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= Victorious Boxers : Ippo 's Road to Glory = Victorious Boxers : Ippo 's Road to Glory , known in Japan as Hajime no Ippo : Victorious Boxers ( はじめの一歩 VICTORIOUS BOXERS , lit . " The First Step : Victorious Boxers " ) , is a Japanese @-@ developed boxing video game created by New Corporation for the Sony PlayStation 2 video game console . It is based on the manga and anime series Hajime no Ippo . Though the original series is very popular in Japan , it is not as widely known in the United States ( US ) . The game was released in Japan on December 14 , 2000 and in North America on November 5 , 2001 . The game features a mix of simulation and arcade style boxing . The storyline , which unfolds in the story mode , takes place in six linear segments that originally overlapped in the manga . The game 's fights mirrored the fights from the manga series . The beginning of the game focuses on Ippo Makunouchi 's rise to the Japanese Featherweight championship , and later switches to Ippo 's fellow gym mates ' careers . Victorious Boxers was the first Fighting Spirit video game on the PlayStation 2 and was met with a mixed reception . It was commercially successful in Japan , but did poorly in the US . Victorious Boxers received positive review scores , though aspects of the game were both criticized and praised . The visual style and graphics were poorly received , while industry experts considered it to be " one of the most technically accurate representation of the sport of boxing " . = = Gameplay = = Victorious Boxers 's gameplay is a mix between simulation and arcade style boxing . It features 3D character models fighting each other within a boxing ring . The game keeps track of the fight records and saves it to the memory card , via an auto @-@ save option . In addition , actual matches can be saved to the memory card as " replay data " and be viewed later . Eighteen camera angles available during matches , some of which include a first person view from either character , a TV camera angle , and overhead views for various angles . The controls were designed to give more realistic movement to characters . Characters can dash , bob and weave in all eight directions . The punches are divided into left and right jabs / hooks . When punches are used in conjunction with " technique " and " special " buttons , extra types of punches can be executed . Combinations and counter @-@ punches are also possible . By combining upper body movements with punches , players can duck down and hit to the body or lean back and throw a quick punch to the head . The initial setup uses the left analog stick for all the character 's bodily movements ; minor movements to the stick control the upper body movements , while larger movements control the lower body and movement within the ring . Victorious Boxers does not use a damage or life meter . Instead , visible damage can be seen on a boxer 's face , which is most noticeable between rounds when the characters are sitting in their corners . The amount of damage taken is reflected by bruises , swelling , and black eyes on the characters ' faces . Another sign of damage is the characters ' speed of movement throughout the fight . The characters begin to move slower and the controls become less responsive to simulate fatigue . The more a boxer is hit or uses special moves , the more their stamina is affected . Distance is a factor in determining a punch 's damage . For example , a jab thrown while next to an opponent will not do as much damage as it would at arms length . Also , right hooks do not do as much damage if the character is positioned to the opponent 's left and vice versa . = = = Modes = = = The game has two modes , a single player story mode and a multi @-@ player versus mode . The story mode follows the boxing careers of the main characters from the original series . All characters available to the player are from the Kamogawa Boxing Gym . Cut scenes are added in before and after matches as the main story telling device , and utilize the same character models as the fights . The game has six story arcs and begins with Makunouchi Ippo , the protagonist from the manga series . Story mode also unlocks more options in the versus mode as a player progresses through the story . Once a character has been played or a special technique learned , they become available in the versus mode . Likewise , once an opponent has been beaten , they are playable in the versus mode . The versus mode is a free fighting mode where multiple players can box . The number of players can range from 0 – 2 ; both fighters can be controlled by either the computer or by a player . Initially there are only two playable characters ; additional characters become accessible by playing through the story mode . Although the characters are grouped by their boxing weight class , any character can be selected to fight another regardless of weight class . Players can choose from ten locations for the bout . Initially , the only available arena is the Kamogawa Boxing Gym basement . New locations become available once a fight occurs there in the story mode . = = Plot = = = = = Setting and characters = = = Victorious Boxers is set in Tokyo , Japan . The story unfolds via cut scenes set in either the Kamogawa Boxing Gym , the fictional boxing gym of the main characters , or the waiting rooms of the boxing arenas . The gameplay takes place in boxing arenas , some of which are based on locations in Japan and include Korakuen Hall , Ryogoku Sports Arena , and the Osaka Prefectural Gymnasium . Other locations include the mountainous area around Niigata , and an outdoor boxing ring set in post @-@ World War II Tokyo , Japan . The game features forty @-@ four playable characters — forty @-@ two characters and two duplicate characters that have handicapped abilities . The protagonist is Ippo Makunouchi , but the story shifts to his friends and fellow contenders as well . The game features most of the boxer up to the 53rd volume of the manga , including Ryuichi Hayami , Ryo Mashiba , Vorg Zangief , Kazuki Sanada , and Ryuhei Sawamura . Excluded are , Itagaki Manabu , Makino Fumito , Hama Dankichi , and Rally Bernard . The different boxers span five different weight classes ; most boxers have a special move derived from the manga series . The two duplicate characters are Ippo and Mamoru Takamura . The two characters are weaker than their normal versions and are embodiments of parts of the original story . The weaker Ippo is the first version of the character available . He wears sweats and a T @-@ shirt rather than the boxing trunks the other characters wear . This version is based on when Ippo began boxing and was training to fight his rival , Ichiro Miyata . The weaker Takamura has less muscle mass and looks ill . He is based on a fight in the manga when Takamura overdid his weight management . = = = Story = = = The game begins with a sparring match with Ichiro Miyata , which is actually a rematch from a previous sparring match with Miyata that took place in the manga series . After winning , Ippo take his professional boxer exam to begin his boxing career . He then enters the East Japan Rookie Champion Tournament , and after succeeding , he faces the West Japan Rookie Champ , Takeshi Sendo . Ippo later enters the Class A tournament where he wins his chance to challenge the Japanese Featherweight Champion , Eiji Date . After losing to Eiji Date , Ippo climbs the ranks again to the featherweight championship , where he faces Sendo , who has become the new champion . After becoming the champion , Ippo then defends the title five times . The story then shifts to one of Ippo 's sempai , Masaru Aoki , who has been boxing for a number of years before Ippo . He enters the Class A Tournament , but loses . Afterward , he begins his comeback and rises through the Lightweight division to win the Lightweight Championship against Katsutaka Imae . Aoki 's story differs from the manga in that Aoki lost several of the fights , and achieved a draw in the Title bout . After Aoki 's story arc , the game shifts again to another of Ippo 's sempai , Tatsuya Kimura , who began boxing with Aoki . His story is very similar to Aoki 's in that he also enters the Class A Tournament and loses . Afterward , he begins his comeback that eventually leads to winning the Junior Lightweight Championship fight against Ryo Mashiba . Kimura 's story is also different than the manga in that he lost several of the fights and did not become the Junior Lightweight Champion . The story switches again to Mamoru Takamura . His story is the most similar to the manga in that he is the only character in the series to have never lost a fight . It begins with Takamura as the Japanese Middleweight Champion , defending his title against the Class A Tournament winner . After winning , Takamura and the others go to a lodge in the mountains to train . While there he encounters a mountain bear that he knocks out . After having a successful boxing career in Japan , Takamura aims for a world title and receives a challenge from the World Junior Middleweight Champion , Brian Hawk . Takamura begins a strict weight management program to drop to Hawk 's weight class . When they eventually fight , Takamura is victorious and becomes the new Junior Middleweight Champion of the world . After the main boxers have been played , Ippo visits his coach , Genji Kamogawa , at the mountain lodge . While there , he learns about Kamogawa 's history as a boxer via a flash back story . Kamogawa and his longtime friend and rival , Ginpachi Nekota , were both boxers before World War II . After the war , they boxed in exhibition matches . The two boxed each other often and once they met Yuki , a young girl from Hiroshima , their rivalry grew . While boxing , Kamogawa severely injured Nekota , but Nekota hide it because of their friendship . One day , Ralph Anderson , an American soldier stationed in their area , challenged and beat up the local boxers to show American dominance over Japanese boxers . Nekota challenges Anderson , but loses due to developing punch @-@ drunk syndrome from his fight with Kamogawa . During the fight , Anderson used an illegal punch on Nekota that worsened his condition . After Nekota 's defeat , Kamogawa begins intensive training to defeat Anderson . Through his training , he develops an " iron fist " technique . He then challenges Anderson , who because of his near loss has also trained extensively . After defeating Anderson , Kamogawa vows to pass on his boxing spirit to his students in order to show his boxing to the world . = = Development = = Victorious Boxers : Ippo 's Road to Glory was produced by Entertainment Software Publishing and was adapted from the Fighting Spirit manga series , at a time when the publishing company was focusing on its licensed comic properties rather than original titles . Development for the game was handled by New Corporation . The developers noted the capacities of the PlayStation 2 allowed them to reproduce the characters of the series accurately . The soundtrack of the game was composed by Takayuki Aihara , Shinji Hosoe and Naoki Tsuchiya . In May 2001 , British video game company Empire Interactive announced it would publish the game in Europe and North America . Since Empire 's presence in the United States market was minimal , a distribution deal was passed with Vivendi Universal for them to distribute the game , along with six other titles , in North America . = = Reception = = In Japan , Victorious Boxers : Ippo 's Road to Glory was the fourth best @-@ selling game of December 14 , 2000 , and sold 256 @,@ 000 copies by February 18 , 2001 . It did not sell well in the United States however , mainly due to very little name recognition and poor marketing . Many reviews commented that the anime / manga style of characters and use of Japanese names were a turn off to US gamers who were more familiar with boxing games like Knockout Kings or Ready 2 Rumble . Despite the lack of sales , it received overall positive reviews and ratings . In 2001 , GameSpot awarded it " Best Game No One Played " . Next Generation Magazine stated , " It 's arguably the best 3D boxing game yet " and the versus mode offered " solid replay value " . Many reviews commented on the graphics , citing there were other games with better graphics at the time . GamePro rated the graphics at 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 . Though the graphics were not well received , the character animations were very well received . The lack of audio dialog , which forced the player to read text for the story mode , was also a negative when many other games on the PS2 at the time were adding in voice overs . GamePro rated the overall sound a 3 out of 5 . Other reviews rated the audio better , particularly the music and sound effects during the fights . The gameplay received mixed reviews . Reviews stated that Victorious Boxers was one of the most technically accurate boxing games of its time . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer described it as dramatically different from the " combo @-@ intensive , somewhat sluggish feel " of Knockout Kings . GameSpot stated the controls gave players " better boxer control " , and the " AI of the computer opponents is extremely advanced " . While many critics complimented the control scheme , they also commented on its difficulty to master . A common complaint was about characters improperly positioning itself in relation to the opponent while circling the ring . GamePro rated both the controls and fun factor a 4 @.@ 5 out of 5 , and mentioned though the controls were very intuitive and precise , " they require a lot of brainwork and dexterity " . Next Generation commented on the initial controls , stating they are problematic at first but can be reconfigured to suit the player . = = Sequels = = Victorious Boxers was followed by sequels on other video game consoles . The first title was Hajime no Ippo : The Fighting ! ( はじめの一歩 THE FIGHTING ！ ) , which was released only in Japan on December 12 , 2002 for the Game Boy Advance . The game features 2D graphics rather than 3D , and uses the Game Link Cable for two @-@ player gameplay . Two titles were released on the PlayStation 2 ; Hajime no Ippo 2 : Victorious Road and Victorious Boxers 2 : Fighting Spirit . Hajime no Ippo 2 : Victorious Road was released on January 29 , 2004 exclusively in Japan , and features a fighter @-@ creation mode and new boxers . Victorious Boxers 2 : Fighting Spirit was originally released in Japan on December 22 , 2004 as Hajime no Ippo : All @-@ Stars ( はじめの一歩 ALL ☆ STARS ) , and features gameplay similar to the first Victorious Boxers . It was later released in Europe in 2005 and in North America in 2006 . A title for the Wii , Victorious Boxers : Revolution ( はじめの一歩 REVOLUTION , Hajime no Ippo : Revolution ) , was released in Japan on June 21 , 2007 . It was later released in North America in October 2007 , and in PAL regions in 2008 . The game uses the Wii 's Wii Remote motion @-@ sensing controllers to simulate punching .
= William W. Chapman = William Williams Chapman ( August 11 , 1808 – October 18 , 1892 ) was an American politician and lawyer in Oregon and Iowa . He was born and raised in Virginia . He served as a United States Attorney in Iowa when it was part of the Michigan and Wisconsin territories , and then represented the Iowa Territory in the United States House of Representatives . He later immigrated to the Oregon Country , where he served in the Oregon Territorial Legislature . After settling in Portland , he helped to found The Oregonian newspaper and promoted economic interests in the city . He also was involved with building Canyon Road near Portland , and fought in the Rogue River War in Oregon . In later years , he served in the Oregon Legislative Assembly and promoted the expansion of railroads from Portland . Chapman Square , a park in downtown Portland , is named for him and was built on land he sold to the city . = = Early life = = William Chapman was born in Clarksburg , Virginia , ( now West Virginia ) on August 11 , 1808 . His father died when William was fourteen , at which time he left home to earn his own way . He was educated in the public schools , and then took a job as a court clerk , while studying law on his own time . In 1832 , after reading law , he earned his law license and began practice in Middletown . Chapman married Margaret F. Ingraham in 1832 , and had seven children with her . They moved to Macomb , Illinois in 1833 , then to what is now Burlington , Iowa ( then part of Michigan Territory ) in 1835 , where they were among the first settlers . The next year he became a prosecuting attorney , and was then appointed by United States President Andrew Jackson as United States Attorney for the Michigan Territory . = = Iowa = = In 1836 , the Wisconsin Territory was formed from the western section of the Michigan Territory . Chapman became the first U.S. Attorney for this new territory when it was created . He was elected as colonel of the militia in 1836 after moving to what is now Dubuque , Iowa . Then in 1838 , the Iowa Territory was carved from the Wisconsin Territory . Chapman was elected as Iowa Territory 's first non @-@ voting delegate to the United States House of Representatives . A Democrat , he served from September 10 , 1838 to October 27 , 1840 , spanning portions of the Twenty @-@ fifth and Twenty @-@ sixth Congresses . While in Congress he introduced legislation for a pre @-@ emption law , the first to do so in Congress . His efforts secured for Iowa the land grant of 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 2 @,@ 000 km2 ) for the support of common schools , and a congressional report on Iowa 's boundary dispute with Missouri that was favorable to Iowa . After his term expired , Chapman returned to Iowa , relocating in 1843 to Agency City in Wapello County . In 1844 , he served as a delegate to Iowa ’ s Constitutional Convention , which was held in Iowa City and led to the entry of Iowa into the Union as the 29th state in 1846 . Chapman left Iowa in 1847 , traveling the Oregon Trail to the Oregon Country . = = Oregon = = He left in May and arrived in November of what was still the unorganized Oregon Country . At this time the region was under the jurisdiction of the United States after the settling of the Oregon boundary dispute with Great Britain the previous year . In Oregon , Chapman settled first in what was then Marysville , and is now Corvallis , in the Willamette Valley . In 1848 , he relocated to Salem , where he learned of the California Gold Rush while at court at Knox Butte . Chapman went to California for a brief time and had some success in the gold fields before returning in 1849 to Oregon , which had become the Oregon Territory in 1848 . He accompanied Joseph Lane , the newly appointed governor of the territory , on his return trip to Oregon . Chapman was elected to the first session of the Oregon Territorial Legislature later in 1849 , representing Champoeg County ( now Marion ) in the legislature 's lower house . After the legislature finished its session , he moved to Oregon City and then Portland , both downstream of Salem on the Willamette River . Later in 1849 , he took a trip to San Francisco , California , where he recruited Thomas J. Dryer to move to Portland and start a newspaper . He also purchased The Gold Hunter newspaper and moved the assets of the paper to Portland . In 1850 , The Oregonian began publishing as a weekly newspaper in Portland . Dryer served as the publisher with Chapman as a co @-@ founder . Chapman gave the paper its name . The assets of The Gold Hunter were used to start the paper . Chapman purchased land in Portland from Stephen Coffin and Daniel H. Lownsdale in 1850 , which he then cleared and built a home . This is now the site of the Multnomah County Courthouse . In Portland , he was a promoter of the city and helped to get Canyon Road built to ensure the city would become the commercial center of Oregon . Chapman practiced law , and in October 1851 he was held in contempt of court by Oregon Supreme Court justice Orville C. Pratt . Chapman was ordered to be sent to jail in the county seat of Hillsboro for 20 days and disbarred , but never went to jail and the order was revoked when Pratt was replaced on the court by justice Thomas Nelson . Chapman had accused Pratt of mistreating lawyers in an affidavit . Chapman left Portland in 1853 for Fort Umpqua in Southern Oregon . There he engaged in cattle ranching while keeping his Portland law practice . He served as a lieutenant colonel in the militia during the Rogue River War that was fought from 1855 to 1856 against the Native Americans in Southern Oregon . After the war he returned to Corvallis in 1856 before moving to Eugene in 1857 . Chapman was appointed as surveyor general of Oregon and served from 1857 to 1861 when he returned to Portland . He left this federal government position due to his opposition to the election of Abraham Lincoln as U.S. President . Oregon entered the Union as the 33rd state in 1859 . = = Later years = = Upon returning to Portland he built a home at 12th and Jefferson streets in what is now Downtown Portland . Chapman then returned to the practice of law . He also worked to secure Portland ’ s economic future by promoting the construction of the railroad line to California to link with the transcontinental rail line . From 1870 to 1876 he started three companies with the goal of creating a railroad connecting Portland to the Union Pacific ’ s transcontinental railroad . Chapman ’ s proposed line would have traveled through the Columbia River Gorge to The Dalles , Oregon , where it would then travel southeast to Salt Lake City , Utah , linking to the Union Pacific line . In 1868 , he returned to the legislature , representing Multnomah County in the Oregon House of Representatives as a Democrat . While in the legislature , he worked to get a $ 30 @,@ 000 government subsidy to purchase and operate a large steam tugboat at the mouth of the Columbia River . This vessel was used to pilot ships across the Columbia Bar and thus improved maritime commerce for Portland . In 1870 , he sold two blocks of land in downtown to the City of Portland , which would become the Plaza Blocks between Third and Fourth avenues at Main Street . William Williams Chapman died in Portland on October 18 , 1892 , at the age of 84 , and was buried at Lone Fir Cemetery in that city . Chapman School in Portland was named in his honor . Chapman Square , part of the Plaza Blocks parks with Lownsdale Square , is also named in his honor . The two blocks were purchased from Chapman for $ 1200 . Lownsdale Square contains the Spanish – American War Soldier 's Monument , erected after Harvey W. Scott wrote an editorial pleading for a monument to the war on June 18 , 1899 . The monument includes the statue of a soldier dressed for the Spanish – American War sculpted by Douglas Tilden . While the granite base is inscribed with Roman numerals indicating 1904 , the base was not received until October 1905 , and the monument was not dedicated until May 30 , 1906 , Memorial Day . The final cost of the monument was $ 14 @,@ 722 , paid for by donations following Scott 's plea . The monument also contains two howitzers , donated by Henry E. Dosch , which he found buried in the beach near Fort Sumter . Dosch noted the howitzers had been used by both sides in the American Civil War . There is also a drinking fountain in the square , Fountain for Company H , donated to the city by the Ladies Auxiliary of Company H ( of the 2nd Oregon Volunteer Infantry Regiment ) . The fountain was a design of John H. Beaver , dedicated on September 2 , 1914 .
= Zita of Bourbon @-@ Parma = Zita of Bourbon @-@ Parma ( Zita Maria delle Grazie Adelgonda Micaela Raffaela Gabriella Giuseppina Antonia Luisa Agnese ; 9 May 1892 – 14 March 1989 ) was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria . As such , she was the last Empress of Austria , Queen of Hungary , and Queen of Bohemia . Born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I , Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal , Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911 . Charles became heir presumptive to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria in 1914 after the assassination of his uncle Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria , and acceded to the throne in 1916 after the old emperor 's death . After the end of World War I in 1918 , the Habsburgs were deposed when the new countries of Austria , Czechoslovakia , Hungary and the State of Slovenes , Croats and Serbs were formed . Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and later Madeira , where Charles died in 1922 . After her husband 's death , Zita and her son Otto served as the symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty . A devout Catholic , she raised a large family after being widowed at the age of 29 , and never remarried . Asteroid 689 Zita is named in her honour . = = Early life = = Princess Zita of Bourbon @-@ Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca , 9 May 1892 . The unusual name Zita was given her after a popular Italian Saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century . She was the third daughter and fifth child of the deposed Robert I , Duke of Parma and his second wife , Maria Antonia of Portugal , a daughter of king Miguel of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein @-@ Wertheim @-@ Rosenberg . Zita 's father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child . He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies ( six of whom were mentally retarded , and three of whom died young ) . Duke Robert became a widower in 1882 , and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal , Zita 's mother . The second marriage produced a further twelve children . Zita was the 17th child among Duke Robert 's 24 children . Robert moved his large family between Villa Pianore ( a large property located between Pietrasanta and Viareggio ) and his castle in Schwarzau in lower Austria . It was mainly in these two residences that Zita spent her formative years . The family spent most of the year in Austria moving to Pianore in the Winter and returning in the Summer . To move between them , they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings . Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian , French , German , Spanish , Portuguese and English She recalled , " We grew up internationally . My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman , and spent a few weeks every year with the elder children at Chambord , his main property on the Loire . I once asked him how we should describe ourselves . He replied , ' We are French princes who reigned in Italy . ' In fact , of the twenty @-@ four children only three including me , were actually born in Italy . At the age of ten , Zita was sent to a boarding school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria , where there was a strict regime of study and religious instruction . She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father . Her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Franziska to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education . Brought up as devout Catholics , the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor . In Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes . Zita and Franziska personally distributed food , clothing , and medicines to the needy in Pianore . Three of Zita 's sisters became nuns and , for a time , she considered following the same path . Zita went through a patch of poor health and was sent for the traditional cure at a European spa for two years . = = Marriage = = In the close vicinity of Schwarzau castle was the Villa Wartholz , residence of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria , Zita ’ s maternal aunt . She was the stepmother of Archduke Otto , who died in 1906 , and the step @-@ grandmother of Archduke Charles of Austria @-@ Este , at that time second @-@ in @-@ line to the Austrian throne . The two daughters of Archduchess Maria Theresa of Austria were Zita ’ s first cousins and Charles ’ half @-@ aunts . They had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years , as each pursued their education . In 1909 , his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandeis an der Elbe ( Brandýs on the Elbe ) , from where he visited his aunt at Franzensbad . It was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted . Charles was under pressure to marry ( Franz Ferdinand , his uncle and first @-@ in @-@ line , had married morganatically , and his children were excluded from the throne ) and Zita had a suitably royal genealogy . Zita later recalled , " We were of course glad to meet again and became close friends . On my side feelings developed gradually over the next two years . He seemed to have made his mind up much more quickly , however , and became even more keen when , in the autumn of 1910 , rumours spread about that I had got engaged to a distant Spanish relative , Don Jaime , the Duke of Madrid . On hearing this , the Archduke came down post haste from his regiment at Brandeis and sought out his grandmother , Archduchess Maria Theresa , who was also my aunt and the natural confidante in such matters . He asked if the rumor was true and when told it was not , he replied , ' Well , I had better hurry in any case or she will get engaged to someone else . ' " Archduke Charles traveled to Villa Pianore and asked for Zita ’ s hand and , on 13 June 1911 , their engagement was announced at the Austrian court . Zita in later years recalled that after her engagement she had expressed to Charles her worries about the fate of the Austrian Empire and the challenges of the monarchy . Charles and Zita were married at the Schwarzau castle on 21 October 1911 . Charles 's great @-@ uncle , the 81 @-@ year @-@ old Emperor Franz Joseph attended and , relieved to see an heir make a suitable marriage , was in good spirits , even leading the toast at the wedding breakfast . Archduchess Zita soon conceived a son , and Otto was born 20 November 1912 . Seven more children would follow in the next decade . = = Wife of the heir to Austrian throne = = At this time , Archduke Charles was in his twenties and did not expect to become emperor for some time , especially while Franz Ferdinand remained in good health . This changed on 28 June 1914 when the heir and his wife Sophie were assassinated in Sarajevo by Bosnian Serb nationalists . Charles and Zita received the news by telegram that day . She said of her husband , " Though it was a beautiful day , I saw his face go white in the sun . In the war that followed , Charles was promoted to General in the Austrian army , taking command of the 20th Corps for an offensive in Tyrol . The war was personally difficult for Zita , as several of her brothers fought on opposing sides in the conflict ( Prince Felix and Prince René had joined the Austrian army , while Prince Sixtus and Prince Xavier lived in France before the war and enlisted in the Belgian army . Also her country of birth , Italy , joined the war against Austria in 1915 , and so rumours of the ' Italian ' Zita began to be muttered . Even as late as 1917 , The German ambassador in Vienna , Count Otto Wedel would write to Berlin saying " The Empress is descended from an Italian princely house ... People do not entirely trust the Italian and her brood of relatives . " At Franz Joseph 's request , Zita and her children left their residence at Hetzendorf and moved into a suite of rooms at Schönbrunn Palace . Here , Zita spent many hours with the old Emperor on both formal and informal occasions , where Franz Joseph confided in her his fears for the future . Emperor Franz Joseph died of bronchitis and pneumonia at the age of 86 on 21 November 1916 . " I remember the dear plump figure of Prince Lobkowitz going up to my husband , " Zita later recounted , " and , with tears in his eyes , making the sign of the cross on Charles 's forehead . As he did so he said , ' May God bless Your Majesty . ' It was the first time we had heard the Imperial title used to us . " = = Empress and Queen = = Charles and Zita were crowned in Budapest on 30 December 1916 . Following the coronation there was a banquet , but after that the festivities ended , as the emperor and empress thought it wrong to have prolonged celebrations during a time of war . At the beginning of the reign , Charles was more often than not away from Vienna , so he had a telephone line installed from Baden ( where Charles 's military headquarters were located ) to the Hofburg . He called Zita several times a day whenever they were separated . Zita had some influence on her husband and would discreetly attend audiences with the Prime Minister or military briefings , and she had a special interest in social policy . However , military matters were the sole domain of Charles . Energetic and strong @-@ willed , Zita accompanied her husband to the provinces and to the front , as well as occupying herself with charitable works and hospital visits to the war @-@ wounded . = = = The Sixtus affair = = = By the spring of 1917 , the War was dragging on towards its fourth year , and Zita 's brother Sixtus of Bourbon @-@ Parma , a serving officer in the Belgian Army , was a main mover behind a plan for Austria @-@ Hungary to make a separate peace with France . Charles initiated contact with Sixtus through contacts in neutral Switzerland , and Zita wrote a letter inviting him to Vienna . Zita 's mother Maria Antonia delivered the letter in person . Sixtus arrived with conditions for talks which had been agreed with the French — the restoration to France of Alsace @-@ Lorraine ( annexed by Germany after the Franco @-@ Prussian War in 1870 ) ; restoration of the independence of Belgium ; independence for the kingdom of Serbia ; and the handover of Constantinople to Russia . Charles agreed , in principle , to the first three points and wrote a letter to Sixtus dated 25 March 1917 which sent " the secret and unofficial message " to the President of France that " I will use all means and all my personal influence " . This attempt at dynastic diplomacy eventually foundered . Germany refused to negotiate over Alsace @-@ Lorraine , and , seeing a Russian collapse on the horizon , was loath to give up the war . Sixtus continued his efforts , even meeting Lloyd George in London about Italy 's territorial demands on Austria in the Treaty of London of 1915 , but the Prime Minister could not persuade his generals that Britain should make peace with Austria . Zita managed a personal achievement during this time by stopping the German plans to send airplanes to bomb the home of the King and Queen of Belgium on their name days . In April 1918 , after the German @-@ Russian Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk , Austrian Foreign Minister Count Ottokar Czernin made a speech attacking incoming French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau as being the main obstacle to a peace favouring the Central Powers . Clemenceau was incensed and , after seeing the Emperor Charles 's letter of 24 March 1917 , had it published . For a while , the life of Sixtus appeared to be in danger , and there were even fears that Germany might occupy Austria . Czernin persuaded Charles to send a ' Word of Honour ' to Austria 's allies saying that Sixtus had not been authorised to show the letter to the French Government , that Belgium had not been mentioned , and that Clemenceau had lied about the mentioning of Alsace . Czernin had actually been in contact with the German Embassy throughout the whole crisis and attempted to persuade the Emperor to step down because of the Affair . After failing to do so , Czernin resigned as Foreign Minister . = = = End of Empire = = = By this time , the war was closing in on the embattled Emperor . A Union of Czech Deputies had already sworn an oath to a new Czechoslovak state independent of the Habsburg Empire on 13 April 1918 , the prestige of the German Army had taken a severe blow at the Battle of Amiens , and , on 25 September 1918 , King Ferdinand of Bulgaria broke away from his allies in the Central Powers and sued for peace independently . Zita was with Charles when he received the telegram of Bulgaria 's collapse . She remembered it " made it even more urgent to start peace talks with the Western Powers while there was still something to talk about . On 16 October , the emperor issued a " People 's Manifesto " proposing the empire be restructured on federal lines with each nationality gaining its own state . Instead , each nation broke away and the empire effectively dissolved . Leaving behind their children at Gödöllő , Charles and Zita travelled to the Schönbrunn Palace . By this time ministers had been appointed by the new state of " German @-@ Austria " , and by 11 November , together with the emperor 's spokesmen , they prepared a manifesto for Charles to sign . Zita , at first glance , mistook it for an abdication and made her famous statement " A sovereign can never abdicate . He can be deposed ... All right . That is force . But abdicate — never , never , never ! I would rather fall here at your side . Then there would be Otto . And even if all of us here were killed , there would still be other Habsburgs ! " Charles gave his permission for the document to be published , and he , his family and the remnants of his Court departed for the Royal shooting lodge at Eckartsau , close to the borders with Hungary and Slovakia . The Republic of German @-@ Austria was pronounced the next day . = = Exile = = After a difficult few months at Eckartsau , the Imperial Family received aid from an unexpected source . Prince Sixtus had met King George V and appealed to him to help the Habsburgs . George was reportedly moved by the request , it being only months since his imperial relatives in Russia had been executed by revolutionaries , and promised " We will immediately do what is necessary . " Several British Army officers were sent to help Charles , most notably Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt , who was a grandson of Lord Belper and a former student at the University of Innsbruck . On 19 March 1919 , orders were received from the War Office to " get the Emperor out of Austria without delay " . With some difficulty , Strutt managed to arrange a train to Switzerland , enabling the Emperor to leave the country with dignity without having to abdicate . Charles , Zita , their children and their household left Eckartsau on 24 March escorted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Honourable Artillery Company under the command of Strutt . = = = Hungary and exile in Madeira = = = The family 's first home in exile was Wartegg Castle in Rorschach , Switzerland , a property owned by the Bourbon @-@ Parmas . However , the Swiss authorities , worried about the implication of the Habsburgs living near the Austrian border , compelled them to move to the western part of the country . The next month , therefore , found them moving to Villa Prangins , near Lake Geneva , where they resumed a quiet family life . This abruptly ended in March 1920 when , after a period of instability in Hungary , Miklós Horthy was elected regent . Charles was still technically King ( as Charles IV ) but Horthy sent an emissary to Prangins advising him not to go to Hungary until the situation had calmed . After the Trianon Treaty Horthy 's ambition soon grew . Charles became concerned and requested the help of Colonel Strutt to get him into Hungary . Charles twice attempted to regain control , once in March 1921 and again in October 1921 . Both attempts failed , despite Zita 's staunch support ( she insisted on travelling with him on the final dramatic train journey to Budapest ) . Charles and Zita temporarily resided at Castle Tata , the home of Count Esterházy , until a suitable permanent exile could be found . Malta was mooted as a possibility , but was declined by Lord Curzon , and French territory was ruled out due to the possibility of Zita 's brothers intriguing on Charles 's behalf . Eventually , the Portuguese island of Madeira was chosen . On 31 October 1921 , the former Imperial couple were taken by rail from Tihany to Baja , where the Royal Navy monitor Glow @-@ worm was waiting . They finally arrived at Funchal on 19 November . Their children were being looked after at Wartegg Castle in Switzerland by Charles 's step @-@ grandmother Maria Theresa , although Zita managed to see them in Zurich when her son Robert needed an operation for appendicitis . The children joined their parents in Madeira in February 1922 . = = = Death of Charles = = = Charles had been in poor health for some time . After going shopping on a chilly day in Funchal to buy toys for Carl Ludwig , he was struck by an attack of bronchitis . This rapidly worsened into pneumonia , not helped by the inadequate medical care available . Several of the children and staff were also ill , and Zita ( at the time eight months pregnant ) helped nurse them all . Charles weakened and died on 1 April , his last words to his wife being " I love you so much . " After his funeral , a witness said of Zita " This woman really is to be admired . She did not , for one second , lose her composure ... she greeted the people on all sides and then spoke to those who had helped out with the funeral . They were all under her charm . " Zita wore mourning black in Charles 's memory throughout sixty @-@ seven years of widowhood . = = Widowhood = = After Charles 's death , the former Austrian imperial family were soon to move again . Alfonso XIII of Spain had approached the British Foreign Office via his ambassador in London , and they agreed to allow Zita and her seven ( soon to be eight ) children to relocate to Spain . Alfonso duly sent the warship Infanta Isabel to Funchal and this took them to Cadiz . They were then escorted to the Pardo Palace in Madrid , where shortly after her arrival Zita gave birth to a posthumous child , Archduchess Elisabeth . Alfonso XIII offered his exiled Habsburg relatives the use of Palacio Uribarren at Lekeitio in the Bay of Biscay . This appealed to Zita , who did not want to be a heavy burden to the state that harboured her . For the next six years Zita settled in Lekeitio , where she got on with the job of raising and educating her children . They lived with straitened finances , mainly living on income from private property in Austria , income from a vineyard in Johannisberg , and voluntary collections . Other members of the exiled Habsburg dynasty , however , claimed much of this money , and there were regular petitions for help from former Imperial officials . = = = Move to Belgium = = = By 1929 , several of the children were approaching the age to attend university and the family sought to move somewhere of a more congenial educational climate than Spain . That September , they moved to the Belgian village of Steenokkerzeel near Brussels , where they were closer to several members of their family . Zita continued her political lobbying on behalf of the Habsburg family , even sounding out links with Mussolini 's Italy . There was even a possibility of a Habsburg restoration under the Austrian Chancellors Engelbert Dollfuss and Kurt Schuschnigg , with Crown Prince Otto visiting Austria numerous times . These overtures were abruptly ended by the annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany in 1938 . As exiles , the Habsburg family took the lead in resisting the Nazis in Austria , but this foundered because of opposition between monarchists and socialists . = = = Flight to America = = = With the Nazi invasion of Belgium on 10 May 1940 , Zita and her family became war refugees . They narrowly missed being killed by a direct hit on the castle by German bombers and fled to Prince Xavier 's French Castle in Bostz . The Habsburgs then fled to the Spanish border , reaching it on 18 May . They moved on to Portugal where the U.S. Government granted the family exit visas on 9 July . After a perilous journey they arrived in New York on 27 July , having family in Long Island and Newark , New Jersey . ; at one point , Zita and several of her children lived , as long @-@ term house @-@ guests , in Tuxedo Park , New York . The Austrian imperial refugees eventually settled in Quebec , which had the advantage of being French @-@ speaking ( the younger children were not yet fluent in English ) . As they were cut off from all European funds , finances were more stretched than ever . At one stage , Zita was reduced to making salad and spinach dishes from dandelion leaves . However , all her sons were active in the war effort . Otto promoted the dynasty 's role in a post @-@ war Europe and met regularly with Franklin Roosevelt ; Robert was the Habsburg representative in London ; Carl Ludwig and Felix joined the United States Army , serving with several American @-@ raised relatives of the Mauerer line ; Rudolf smuggled himself into Austria in the final days of the war to help organise the resistance . In 1945 Empress Zita celebrated her birthday on the first day of peace , 9 May . She was to spend the next two years touring the United States and Canada to raise funds for war @-@ ravaged Austria and Hungary . = = Post @-@ War = = After a period of rest and recovery , Zita found herself regularly going back to Europe for the weddings of her children . She decided to move back to the continent full @-@ time , in 1952 , to Luxembourg , in order to look after her aging mother . Maria Antonia died at the age of 96 in 1959 . The bishop of Chur proposed to Zita that she move into a residence that he administered ( formerly a castle of the Counts de Salis ) at Zizers , Graubünden in Switzerland . As the castle had enough space for visits from her large family , and a nearby chapel ( a necessity for the devoutly Catholic Zita ) , she accepted with ease . Zita occupied her final years with her family . Although the restrictions on the Habsburgs entering Austria had been lifted , this only applied to those born after 10 April 1919 . This meant Zita could not attend the funeral of her daughter Adelheid in 1972 , which was painful for her . She also involved herself in the efforts to have her deceased husband , the " Peace Emperor " canonised . In 1982 , the restrictions were eased , and she returned to Austria after having been absent for six decades . Over the next few years , the Empress made several visits to her former Austrian homeland , even appearing on Austrian television . In a series of interviews with the Viennese tabloid newspaper Kronen Zeitung , Zita expressed her belief that the deaths of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera , at Mayerling , in 1889 , were not a double suicide , but rather murder by French or Austrian agents . = = = Death = = = After a memorable 90th birthday , where she was surrounded by her now vast family , Zita 's strong health began to fail . She developed inoperable cataracts in both eyes . Her last big family gathering took place at Zizers , in 1987 , when her children and grandchildren joined in celebrating Empress Zita 's 95th birthday . While visiting her daughter , in summer 1988 , she developed pneumonia and spent most of the autumn and winter bedridden . Finally , she called Otto , in early March 1989 , and told him she was dying . He and the rest of the family travelled to her bedside and took turns keeping her company until she died in the early hours of 14 March 1989 . She was 96 years old . Her funeral was held in Vienna on 1 April . The government allowed it to take place on Austrian soil providing that the cost was borne by the Habsburgs themselves . Zita 's body was carried to the Imperial Crypt under Capuchin Church in the same funeral coach she had walked behind during the funeral of Emperor Franz Joseph in 1916 . It was attended by over 200 members of the Habsburg and Bourbon @-@ Parma families , and the service had 6 @,@ 000 attendees including leading politicians , state officials and international representatives , including a representative of Pope John Paul II . Following an ancient custom , the Empress had asked that her heart , which was placed in an urn , stay behind at the monastery of Muri , in Switzerland , where the Emperor 's heart had rested for decades . In doing so , Zita assured herself that , in death , she and her husband would remain by each other 's side . When the procession of mourners arrived at the gates of the Imperial Crypt , the herald who knocked on the door during this traditional " admission ceremony " introduced her as Zita , Her Majesty the Empress and Queen . = = Cause of beatification = = On 10 December 2009 , Mgr Yves Le Saux , Bishop of Le Mans , France , opened the diocesan process for the beatification of Zita . Zita was in the habit of spending several months each year in the diocese of Le Mans at St. Cecilia 's Abbey , Solesmes , where three of her sisters were nuns . The actor is the French Association pour la Béatification de l 'Impératrice Zita . The postulator for the cause is Father Alexander Leonhardt . The judge of the tribunal is Father Bruno Bonnet . The promoter of justice is the Father François Scrive . = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 9 May 1892 – 21 October 1911 : Her Royal Highness Princess Zita of Bourbon @-@ Parma 21 October 1911 – 21 November 1916 : Her Imperial and Royal Highness Archduchess and Princess Zita of Austria , Princess of Hungary and Bohemia , Princess of Bourbon @-@ Parma 21 November 1916 – 11 November 1918 : Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty The Empress of Austria , Apostolic Queen of Hungary 11 November 1918 – 14 March 1989 : Her Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Empress Zita of Austria , Apostolic Queen of Hungary ( used outside Austria ) Zita , Duchess of Bar ( inscribed in her passport ) Zita Habsburg @-@ Lothringen ( used in Austria ) = = = Honours = = = Zita was Grand Mistress of the following orders : Order of the Starry Cross Order of Elizabeth Order of Elizabeth and Theresa She was the last grand mistress of these orders to be an effective empress . = = Children = = Charles I , Emperor of Austria and Zita of Bourbon @-@ Parma had eight children and thirty three grandchildren : = = Ancestry = =
= Chau Say Tevoda = Chau Say Tevoda ( Khmer : ប ្ រាសាទចៅសាយទេវតា ) is a temple at Angkor , Cambodia . It is located just east of Angkor Thom , directly south of Thommanon across the Victory Way ( it pre @-@ dates the former and post @-@ dates the latter ) . Built in the mid @-@ 12th century , it is a Hindu temple in the Angkor Wat period . The temple is dedicated to Shiva and Vishnu , and with unique types of female sculptures of devatas enshrined in it . The Buddha images in the temple have been interpreted to have been built during the reign of Dharanindravarman , father of Jayavarman VII , who ruled from Preah Khan of Kompong . The temple was in a dilapidated state with 4 @,@ 000 of its elements lying scattered on the embankment and in the Siem Reap River . Many of these elements were used in the restoration work carried out by a Chinese team between 2000 and 2009 under a restoration project sponsored by the People 's Republic of China . The temple was reopened in late 2009 . = = Location = = Chau Say Tevoda is a temple at Angkor , Cambodia located just to the northeast of the ancient capital Angkor Thom 's east gate , directly south of Thommanon across the Victory Way ( it pre – dates the former and post – dates the latter ) . It is on a road which has the Thomannon temple on its opposite side , 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) from the east gate , and a further away by 200 metres ( 660 ft ) to a bridge built with carved stones from temple ruins in the vicinity ; the bridge is without any river flowing beneath it in view of the shifting nature of the course of the Siem Reap River . = = History = = The temple was reconstructed on the basis of several elements ( about 4 @,@ 000 ) of the temple which were randomly lying around at the site . This restoration was done by a Chinese team between 2000 and 2009 under a restoration project sponsored by the People 's Republic of China . Originally this temple was partly built in the mid @-@ 12th century under the reign of King Suryavarman II . Further supplementation of structures was done under the reign of Jayavarman VII . Though the temple was built under Hindu kings during the 11th and 12th centuries with predominantly Hindu deities such as Shiva and Vishnu , representation of Buddha images was interpreted to have been built during the reign of Dharanindravarman , father of Jayavarman VII , who ruled from Preah Khan of Kompong . = = Features = = The Tevoda is built to a cruciform plan and linked to an entrance hall , similar to the Hindu temples built in India , particularly in Odisha . The temple has four gopuras or towers on the four cardinal signs with an entrance from the east though a raised bridge . The long hall , which links the gopuras and central chamber of the temple , has very elegant flower decorations . The temple consists of a central tower with an attached mandapa , which is achieved through an antarala chamber of small size , and with two libraries on its southern and northern sides . It is enclosed by a compound wall which has four gopuras or towers . To its east , there is a raised causeway that leads to the Siem Reap River . Many of the sculptures depict Vishnu , and are in a fairly good condition . However , the main deity of the temple is Shiva . Some of the sculptures in the temple are also of Buddha but disfigured totally . With time the ceiling has collapsed and led to further deterioration . The defaced Buddhas , which are deified in a lotus posture , flanked by devotees , are in a mandapa behind a pediment from the entrance door which leads to the antarala . The incomplete eastern Gopura I , which is oriented in the western direction , has a roof which is part of the second " pediment of the lateral southern extension " which is not fully restored . The main figure here is of Buddha in a cross legged posture seated on a high platform and is flanked by disfigured carvings which are interpreted as that of Garuda and the king of Nagas . The top pediment of this Gopura I with figure of Buddha has an umbrella cover of a Bodhi tree . Carvings depicting episodes from the life of Buddha are seen on the northern door of the eastern Gopura I. A notable bass relief here is of Sita ( heroine of the epic Ramayana ) in a seated posture over an altar flanked by rakshasis ( female demonesses ) . Hanuman , in a small monkey form , is carved in sitting posture facing Sita and offering her Rama 's ring . A wall built with laterite stones enclosing the temple , which had existed in the past , has disappeared . The temple was in a dilapidated state with 4 @,@ 000 of its elements lying scattered on the embankment and in the Siem Reap River . Between 2000 to 2009 some of these elements were put together under a restoration project initiated by the People 's Republic of China . The temple reopened in late 2009 and is fully accessible .
= Lincoln cent = The Lincoln cent ( or sometimes called Lincoln penny ) is a one @-@ cent coin that has been struck by the United States Mint since 1909 . The obverse or heads side was designed by Victor David Brenner , as was the original reverse . The coin has seen several reverse , or tails , designs and now bears one by Lyndall Bass depicting a Union shield . All coins struck by the United States government with a value of 1 / 100 of a dollar are called cents because the United States has always minted coins using decimals . The penny nickname is a carryover from the coins struck in England which went to decimals for coins in 1971 . In 1905 , sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens was hired by the Mint to redesign the cent and the four gold coins , which did not require congressional approval . Two of Saint @-@ Gaudens 's proposed designs for the cent were eventually adapted for the gold pieces , but Saint @-@ Gaudens died in August 1907 before submitting additional designs for the cent . In January 1909 , the Mint engaged Brenner to design a cent depicting the late president , Abraham Lincoln , 1909 being the centennial year of his birth . Brenner 's design was eventually approved , and the new coins were issued to great public interest on August 2 , 1909 . Brenner 's initials ( VDB ) , on the reverse at its base , were deemed too prominent once the coins were issued , and were removed within days of the release . The initials were restored , this time smaller , on Lincoln 's shoulder , in 1918 . Brenner 's reverse was replaced in 1959 by a depiction of the Lincoln Memorial designed by Frank Gasparro , for the sesquicentennial of his birth year . The Lincoln Memorial reverse was itself replaced in 2009 by commemorative designs marking the bicentennial of Lincoln 's birth . Beginning in 2010 , Bass 's shield design was coined . Originally struck in 95 % copper , the cent coin was changed for one year to steel in 1943 as copper was needed to aid in the war effort . The mint then reverted to 95 % copper until 1982 , when inflation made copper too expensive and the composition was changed to zinc with an outer copper layer . = = Inception = = In 1904 , President Theodore Roosevelt wrote to his Secretary of the Treasury , Leslie Mortier Shaw , complaining that U.S. coinage lacked artistic merit , and enquiring if it would be possible to engage a private artist , such as sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens , to prepare new coin designs . At Roosevelt 's instructions , the Mint hired Saint @-@ Gaudens to redesign the cent and the four gold pieces : the double eagle ( $ 20 ) , eagle ( $ 10 ) , half eagle ( $ 5 ) , and quarter eagle ( $ 2 @.@ 50 ) . As the designs of those pieces had remained the same for 25 years , they could be changed without an act of Congress . The Indian Head cent , which the Lincoln cent replaced , had been introduced in 1859 . Saint @-@ Gaudens originally conceived a flying eagle design for the cent , but at Roosevelt 's request , developed it for the double eagle after learning that by law , an eagle could not appear on the cent . Writer and friend Witter Bynner recalled that in January 1907 , Saint @-@ Gaudens was seriously ill with cancer , and was carried to his studio for ten minutes a day to critique the work of his assistants on current projects , including the cent . Saint @-@ Gaudens sent Roosevelt a design in February for the obverse of the cent showing a figure of Liberty . Roosevelt suggested the addition of a Native American war bonnet , stating , " I don 't see why we should not have a conventional head @-@ dress of purely American type for the Liberty figure . " In May 1907 , Roosevelt instructed that the Indian design be developed for the eagle instead . Saint @-@ Gaudens was by then in declining health ; he died on August 3 , 1907 , without having submitted another design for the cent . With the redesign of the four gold denominations completed by 1908 , Roosevelt turned his attention to the cent . The centennial of the birth of assassinated president Abraham Lincoln would occur in February 1909 , and large numbers of privately manufactured souvenirs were already being issued . Many citizens had written to the Treasury Department , proposing a Lincoln coin , and Roosevelt was interested in honoring his fellow Republican . This was a break with previous American numismatic tradition ; before the Lincoln cent , no regularly circulating U.S. coin had featured an actual person ( as opposed to idealized personifications , as of " liberty " ) . Many writers had suggested a Lincoln half dollar , but that coin 's design had been changed in 1892 and could not yet be altered without congressional approval . By then a lame duck in office , Roosevelt was reluctant to involve Congress . In late 1908 , Roosevelt sat for sculptor Victor David Brenner , who was designing a medal for the Panama Canal Commission . While the contents of their conversations were never recorded , it appears they discussed Roosevelt 's plans for coinage redesign . Roosevelt had admired a 1907 plaque of Lincoln which the artist had produced . It is uncertain how Brenner was selected to design the cent , but in January 1909 , Mint Director Frank A. Leach contacted Brenner to ask his fee for designing the coin . Brenner mentioned in his correspondence with Leach that the President had liked his Lincoln design ; there is no evidence Brenner considered any other concept for the piece . = = Design = = Brenner 's obverse design closely follows a profile of Lincoln he had used in other work , such as the desk plaque he made for the Gorham Manufacturing Company in 1907 . Numismatic historian Roger Burdette suggests that Brenner based his work on an 1864 photograph of Lincoln taken at Mathew Brady 's studio by one of his assistants . However , Burdette adds that in an April 1 , 1909 letter , Brenner mentioned that in producing the design , he envisioned Lincoln reading to a child , when the sculptor felt Lincoln would be at his brightest . This suggests that Brenner may have drawn inspiration from the well @-@ known Brady photograph of Lincoln with his son , Tad . In a 2012 study published in Coin World , numismatic historian Fred Reed suggests that Brenner 's Lincoln work was based on a Brady portrait of Lincoln in right profile which was taken on the same day as the picture with his son ( there were several photos taken at this sitting ) . As the photograph in question only showed Lincoln 's head and shoulders , Reed indicates that Brenner obtained additional detail from an 1860 campaign photograph of a beardless Lincoln . On January 18 , 1909 , Brenner submitted models to the Mint with a Lincoln profile on the obverse , and a reverse design very similar to that on the then @-@ current French silver coins , showing a tree branch . He also proposed designs for a Lincoln half dollar , with the late president to appear on one side , and a standing Liberty design — almost identical to the obverse of the same French coins . Leach replied on February 2 that no change to the half dollar could be made without congressional approval . By February 9 , Leach had discovered the origin of the branch design — although numismatic historian Don Taxay notes that it is odd Leach had not discovered the source of the standing Liberty design , given that they were on opposite sides of the same French coins . Leach did not confront the sculptor with the artistic borrowing , but instead simply ruled out the submitted designs as unsuitable for the reverse of the cent . He urged the sculptor to prepare a simple design , bearing the denomination , the country 's name , and the motto " E pluribus unum " . Brenner worked quickly , and on February 17 , delivered models for both obverse and reverse similar to the eventual coin , though with a somewhat larger bust of Lincoln , and the motto " In God We Trust " omitted . As a design element on the reverse , Brenner used two ears of durum wheat . The designs were shown to President Roosevelt , who approved them although Roosevelt required " UNITED " , which Brenner had spelled " VNITED " , to be spelled in the conventional way . After Leach examined the models , he objected to the fact that Brenner had put his full surname on the obverse . Brenner wrote in return , " I shall take it out and put it in small letters on the reverse . " On March 4 , 1909 , the day on which Roosevelt left office , replaced by William Howard Taft , Brenner met with Mint Engraver Charles E. Barber in Philadelphia . Barber had written to Leach , suggesting that Brenner 's designs would have to be modified to be suitable for coinage . On March 15 , Brenner wrote to Leach stating that Barber seemed in no hurry to have the new coins produced . Brenner also complained that the Mint was losing detail as it reduced the large models to coin @-@ sized hubs . Barber had been stung by criticism that he had lost detail in this way with the new gold coins , and he raised no objection to having the reductions done by an outside silversmith . After several hubs were prepared by the Medallic Art Company of New York , Barber sank a master die and sent it to Brenner for retouching . Patterns were prepared from the dies , but Barber and Leach were unhappy with the pieces . On May 22 , Leach wrote to Brenner , I have to inform you that I was not satisfied with the first proof of the Lincoln cent . I found that you had not dropped the Lincoln portrait down so that the head would come nearer the center of the coin ... Therefore I had Mr. Barber make me a proof of this change , and as this left so much blank space over the top we concluded that it would be better to put on the motto , " In God We Trust " . This change has made a marked improvement in the appearance of the coin . On May 26 , samples of the new coin with and without the motto were shown to President Taft , who selected the mottoed version . The coin was formally approved by Secretary of the Treasury Franklin MacVeagh on July 14 and a release date of August 2 , 1909 , was set . = = Release = = The Philadelphia Mint struck 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 of the new coin even before its design was made official by Secretary MacVeagh . Dies for the San Francisco Mint , prepared at Philadelphia , were ready for shipment to San Francisco on June 22 . There was intense public interest in the new cents , especially since the Mint had not permitted images of the new coin to be printed in the newspapers . The Lincoln craze sparked by the centennial had not yet subsided , and there was widespread speculation about the coin 's design . The Mint decided to plan for a simultaneous release of the coin across the United States on August 2 , and Treasury Department branches were sent what were thought to be adequate supplies . On the morning of August 2 , 1909 , long lines formed outside Treasury facilities across the United States . Some early applicants were able to obtain all the coins they wanted , but soon the pieces were rationed : applicants at the New York Sub @-@ Treasury were allowed 100 pieces per person ; those who sought the coins at the Philadelphia Mint were allowed only two each . Coins passed on the secondary market outside the Philadelphia Mint for a quarter each until prices settled down to five cents per new penny . Many newsboys were among those who profited from the new coins ; crowds gathered around the windows where the coins were for sale in Washington until order was restored . Brenner 's initials , which he had placed at the base of the reverse , immediately became a source of controversy — on the afternoon of August 2 , The Washington Star queried the Treasury as to the initials . Quotes appeared in the papers from ( possibly invented ) unnamed Treasury officials , opining that the coins were illegal because of the initials , which were seen as advertising . On August 5 , Secretary MacVeagh ordered coinage of the cent suspended until the coins could be struck with an inconspicuous " B " for Brenner on the coin . However , removing the initials and striking new pieces with no initials would lead to a three @-@ day delay in coinage ; effacing the initials and inserting an initial " B " would cause a 14 @-@ day delay . Assistant Treasury Secretary Eliot Norton , after meeting with Barber , ordered that the coins be struck with no initial . Treasury Department Solicitor Maurice O 'Connell held that the exclusion of the initials did not constitute a design change which could only have been implemented by waiting 25 years or obtaining congressional approval . Barber also opposed retaining a single initial " B " , fearing that as he had used an identical initial on his Barber coinage , the new coin would be deemed to be his work , and , according to Norton , " He is not willing to be held personally responsible for the Lincoln penny which he has always opposed and does not regard as a successful coin . " Brenner objected to the removal of his initials , but his protests were to no avail . The cents without Brenner 's initials were in production by August 12 , 1909 . During the halt , owners of vending and slot machines complained that the new pennies were too thick to fit in their machines . Barber was recalled from his vacation in Cape May , New Jersey , to deal with the complaints . Leach ordered changes in the new cent , but Barber resisted Leach 's orders , and was in the end successful — vending and slot machine manufacturers modified their machines to suit the new cent , rather than the other way around . By the end of 1909 , supply of the new cents was finally up to demand . Burdette suggests that had MacVeagh been more experienced in his job , he would have been less concerned about the initials . Saint @-@ Gaudens had prominently signed his double eagle on the obverse , and George T. Morgan 's design for the silver dollar contained an " M " marked on both sides of the piece . = = Production = = = = = Wheat cent ( 1909 – 1958 ) = = = Cents with and without Brenner 's initials were struck at both Philadelphia and San Francisco in 1909 . Coins struck at Philadelphia bear no mintmark ; those struck at San Francisco were marked with an S. The 1909 @-@ S with Brenner 's initials ( commonly called the 1909 @-@ S VDB ) is the rarest Lincoln cent by date and mintmark , with only 484 @,@ 000 released for circulation . In 1911 , the Denver Mint began striking cents with the mintmark D , and in most years in the following decades , all three mints struck cents . In 1916 , Barber modified the design , causing Lincoln 's cheek and coat to appear less wrinkled . This modification was done to extend die life . In 1917 , a year which saw Barber 's death in office at age 77 , the wartime economy caused a shortage of cents . At this time , the Lincoln cent had not yet become dominant in circulation ; four @-@ fifths of the cents in circulation were of the older Indian Head design . Demand for the cent continued to increase when a luxury tax was instituted , and cents were needed to make change . In 1918 , Brenner 's initials were restored to the coin , appearing where Lincoln 's shoulder is cut off by the rim of the coin . The recession year of 1922 saw a lower @-@ than @-@ usual demand for coins in commerce , and few cents were coined . At the time , dies were only made at Philadelphia ; the Denver Mint had outstanding orders for cents that year . When Denver applied to the Philadelphia Mint for more dies ( cents were not struck at either Philadelphia or San Francisco that year ) , it was told that the Philadelphia Mint could supply no more cent dies , as it was fully engaged in preparing dies for the Peace dollar . Denver filled its orders by striking with a worn @-@ out obverse die , which impressed the design fainter than usual . On many strikes , the mintmark on the die filled with oil and dirt , producing coins on which the mintmark does not appear , or appears only faintly . The 1922 plain piece is another relatively rare one in the Lincoln cent series . When the 25 @-@ year period during which the Lincoln cent could not be changed without congressional approval expired , there was no interest in replacing the design as the coin had remained popular . Beginning in 1936 , proof coins were struck for collectors for the first time since 1916 . Made only at Philadelphia , these pieces were coined from dies polished to mirror smoothness . With the US entry into World War II in 1941 , copper and tin , which were both used in the cent , were in short supply . Experiments were carried out by several corporations under contract from the Mint ; they tested various metallic and non @-@ metallic substances , including fiber , tempered glass , and several types of plastic . These experiments used various designs , since actual Lincoln cent dies could not leave government custody . As the experiments proceeded , production of bronze cents was cut back drastically in July 1942 , and ceased in December . On December 18 , 1942 , Congress gave the mint authorization to change the composition of the cent for a three @-@ year period , and five days later , Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau announced that the coin would be made out of zinc @-@ coated steel . Zinc and iron form an electromagnetic " couple " ; the two metals soon corrode when in contact with each other in a damp atmosphere . The public soon complained that the new coins were becoming spotted and stained . Another common complaint was confusion with the dime , and some letters suggested that a hole be punched in the center of the new coins . Morgenthau responded that the new pieces would soon become darker , and that the Mint would be willing to darken them if it could figure out a suitable process . In December 1943 , the Treasury Department announced that the steel cent would be discontinued after 1943 , to be replaced with coins containing 95 % copper and 5 % zinc ( pre @-@ 1943 cents contained the same percentage of copper but might also contain tin in place of some of the zinc ) . The Treasury also stated that some of the metal for the new coins would be obtained by melting down small arms ammunition shells . However , numismatic writer Shane Anderson , in his study of the Lincoln cent , doubts that any shells were melted down , except perhaps ceremonially . After the war , the Treasury quietly retired as many steel cents as it could from circulation , while denying it was doing so — no public admission of the program was made until 1959 , as the Treasury feared that were it publicly known , the coins would be hoarded . A few 1943 bronze cents and 1944 steel cents are known to exist , and are valuable . Only one 1943 @-@ D cent in bronze is known ; it sold in September 2010 for $ 1 @.@ 7 million . One of the four known 1943 @-@ S cents in bronze was sold to Texas Rangers baseball team co @-@ chairman Bob R. Simpson for $ 1 million . There are also many cents dated 1943 that were coated with copper to imitate the genuine rarity . These pieces may be distinguished from genuine off @-@ metal strikes by the use of a magnet . The planchets from which the 1943 and 1944 off @-@ metal strikes were coined were most likely concealed in the coining equipment and were struck when coinage resumed after year end . The cent returned to its prewar composition in 1946 . In 1952 , the Mint considered replacing the Lincoln cent with a new design by Mint Chief Engraver Gilroy Roberts , but Mint officials feared that the incoming Eisenhower administration would be hostile to replacing a Republican on the cent . Several thousand 1955 pieces were struck with a doubled die , and display doubling of the date . The Mint was aware of the pieces , and knew they were somewhere within a large production lot , but opted to release them , rather than destroy the entire lot . The variety did not become widely known until several years later . = = = Lincoln Memorial design ( 1959 – 2008 ) = = = On Sunday morning , December 21 , 1958 , President Eisenhower 's press secretary , James Hagerty , issued a press release announcing that a new reverse design for the cent would begin production on January 2 , 1959 . The new design , by Frank Gasparro , had been developed by the Treasury in consultation with the Lincoln Sesquicentennial Commission . Approved by the President and by Secretary of the Treasury Robert B. Anderson , the new design featured the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. The redesign came as a complete surprise , as word of the proposal had not been leaked . The coin was officially released on February 12 , 1959 , the 150th anniversary of Lincoln 's birth , although some pieces entered circulation early . The selected design was the result of an internal competition among the Mint 's engravers . Gasparro did not go in person to see the Lincoln Memorial , a place he had never visited . According to Anderson , Gasparro created an " impressive " image of the Memorial , however , Taxay states that the design " looks at first glance like a trolley car " . Numismatic historian Walter Breen describes Gasparro 's design as " an artistic disaster " . There was considerable public excitement over the " small date " and " large date " 1960 and 1960 @-@ D cents , with the small dates being the rarer . The Mint feared the interior of the zero as punched into the die would break away during the coining process , giving the zero a filled @-@ in appearance . To reduce the chance of this happening , the Mint enlarged the date . Sealed bags of 1960 cents , with a face value of $ 50 , sold for as much as $ 12 @,@ 000 . Prices for the small date coins , of which approximately two million had been struck at Philadelphia , continued to increase until 1964 , when the bubble burst . Approximately 500 million of the Denver small date ( out of a total mintage of 1 @.@ 5 billion ) were struck , and are not particularly rare . Bowers points out that there are enough of the 1960 Philadelphia small date known to supply every member of the American Numismatic Association , and every subscriber to the major coin periodicals . In 1964 , a rise in the price of silver led to silver coins being hoarded by the public . With change short , hoarding extended to the cent , which also became scarce in circulation . Mint Director Eva Adams felt that part of the reason for the shortage was coin collectors taking pieces from circulation , and Adams ordered that mintmarks no longer appear on coins . Coins continued to be dated 1964 until the end of 1965 , using authority given by the Coinage Act of 1965 , and almost all 1965 cents were actually struck in 1966 . The Mint began striking clad dimes and quarters , replacing the silver pieces which the public would not spend . Although coinage had been stopped at San Francisco after 1955 , the California facility began to issue cents again , though without mintmarks . In 1968 , mintmarks were restored to the cent . San Francisco began minting a limited number of circulation strikes ( which it would cease to do after 1974 ) and began striking proof coins . Copper prices began to rise in 1973 , to such an extent that the intrinsic value of the coin approached a cent , and citizens began to hoard cents , hoping to realize a profit . The Mint decided to switch to an aluminum cent . Over a million and a half such pieces were struck in the second half of 1973 , though they were dated 1974 . At congressional hearings , representatives of the vending machine industry testified that aluminum cents would jam their equipment , and the Mint backed away from its proposal . Mint director Mary Brooks sought the return of samples which had been distributed to members of Congress , but 14 remained missing , with the recipients affecting not to know what had become of them . One aluminum cent was donated to the Smithsonian Institution for the National Numismatic Collection ; another was reportedly found by a US Capitol Police Officer . In 1981 , faced with another rise in the price of copper , the Mint decided to change the composition of the cent to copper @-@ covered zinc . After contract difficulties and production delays , the first such cents were struck at the West Point Mint ( without mintmark ) on January 7 , 1982 . Denver did not convert to the new composition until October 21 . A few pennies were struck by error in brass dated 1983 and are extremely rare . A number of small changes were made to the obverse design in the 1990s and early 2000s . = = = Lincoln Bicentennial cents ( 2009 ) = = = The Presidential $ 1 Coin Act of 2005 required that the cent 's reverse be redesigned for 2009 , and that four different designs for the Abraham Lincoln Bicentennial be issued . The coins were to be emblematic of Lincoln 's early life in Kentucky and in Indiana , of his professional life in Illinois , and of his presidency . Unveiled September 22 , 2008 , at a ceremony held at the Lincoln Memorial , these designs were : Birth and early childhood in Kentucky : this design features a log cabin . It was designed by Richard Masters and sculpted by Jim Licaretz . This penny was released into circulation on Lincoln 's 200th birthday , February 12 , 2009 , at a special ceremony at LaRue County High School in Hodgenville , Kentucky , Lincoln 's birthplace . Formative years in Indiana : this design features a young Lincoln reading while taking a break from rail splitting . It was designed and sculpted by Charles Vickers , and released on May 14 , 2009 . Professional life in Illinois : this design features Lincoln as a young lawyer , standing before the Springfield Illinois State Capitol . It was designed by Joel Iskowitz and sculpted by Don Everhart . It was made available on August 13 , 2009 . Presidency in Washington , D.C. : this design features the half completed Capitol dome . It was designed by Susan Gamble and sculpted by Joseph Menna . This fourth cent was released to the public on November 12 , 2009 . The law also required that collector 's sets , in the same alloy used in 1909 , be sold to the public . = = = Union shield reverse ' Shield cent ' ( introduced 2010 ) = = = The Presidential $ 1 Coin Act required that the cent , beginning in 2010 , " shall bear an image emblematic of President Lincoln 's preservation of the United States of America as a single and united country " . On April 16 , 2009 , the Commission of Fine Arts ( CFA ) met and recommended a design that showed 13 wheat sheaves bound together with a ring symbolizing American unity as one nation . Subsequently , this design was withdrawn because it was similar to coins issued in Germany in the 1920s . The Citizens Coinage Advisory Committee ( CCAC ) also met and recommended a design showing a Union shield with ONE CENT superimposed in a scroll ; E pluribus unum was also depicted in the upper portion of the shield . In June 2009 the CFA met again and this time selected a design featuring a modern rendition of the American flag . As a part of the release ceremony for the last of the 2009 cents on November 12 , 2009 , the design for the 2010 cent was announced . The design chosen was the Union shield , that was selected by the CCAC . According to the Mint , the 13 stripes on the shield " represent the states joined in one compact union to support the Federal government , represented by the horizontal bar above . " The new reverse was designed by artist Lyndall Bass and sculpted by US Mint sculptor @-@ engraver Joseph Menna . In January 2010 , the coins were released early in Puerto Rico ; this was prompted by a shortage of cents on the island . The Mint re @-@ engraved the obverse , returning to the original 1909 galvano in preparing new dies . However , the Mint did not return to striking the pieces in the higher relief of 1909 — the piece has long been struck in a much lower relief than the original pieces . Coins of the new design were officially released at a ceremony at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield , Illinois , on February 11 , 2010 .
= New York State Route 78 = New York State Route 78 ( NY 78 ) is a 73 @.@ 49 @-@ mile ( 118 @.@ 27 km ) state highway in western New York in the United States . While it is signed north – south , the southern portion runs in an east – west direction across Wyoming and Erie counties , from its beginning at a junction with NY 19 north of the village of Gainesville to the village of East Aurora . The part of the route north of East Aurora follows a generally north – south alignment to an intersection with NY 18 in the Niagara County town of Newfane ( at the hamlet of Olcott ) , just south of the Lake Ontario shoreline . The route is most closely identified in the region with Transit Road , a major north – south trunk road through the center of Erie and Niagara counties ; however , NY 78 does not follow Transit Road for its entire length , nor does Transit Road comprise more than half its length . The highway joins Transit Road north of East Aurora and stays with the road to its end in the city of Lockport . The section of NY 78 between NY 5 in the town of Amherst and the Lake Ontario shoreline in Newfane was originally designated New York State Route 32 in the mid @-@ 1920s . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 32 was absorbed into NY 78 , which ran from Gainesville to Newfane upon assignment . From East Aurora to Depew , NY 78 originally used a slightly more easterly alignment along several local streets and a section of NY 422 . Two realignments in the 1930s moved the route onto its modern alignment , and NY 78 's original routing between East Aurora and Depew was briefly designated NY 78A during the mid @-@ 1930s . = = Route description = = = = = Wyoming County = = = NY 78 begins at an intersection with NY 19 at the northern end of the Wyoming County village of Gainesville . NY 78 proceeds westward from NY 19 as Delhi Road , a two @-@ lane residential road through the rural sections of Gainesville . At a junction with Dolph Road , NY 78 bends southwest , dropping the Delhi Road moniker , and soon entering the hamlet of Wethersfield , located in the town of the same name . In Wethersfield , NY 78 is a two @-@ lane residential street , intersecting with the northern terminus of County Route 10 ( CR 10 ; Hardys Road ) and southern terminus of CR 4 ( Hermitage Road ) . After the hamlet of Wethersfield , NY 78 continues southwest , crossing through rural farms as a two @-@ lane roadway , intersecting with the southern terminus of CR 57 ( Poplar Tree Road ) . A short distance after CR 57 , NY 78 intersects with the northern terminus of NY 362 while winding southwest through Wethersfield . At the intersection with Maxwell Drive , NY 78 becomes westbound , remaining rural for several miles . After the intersection with Irish Road , NY 78 makes a gradual bend to the southwest , then north . At the end of this bend , NY 78 intersects with the eastern terminus of CR 54 ( Chaffee Road ) and the northern terminus of CR 11 ( East Arcade Road ) . Now in the town of Java , NY 78 uses the right @-@ of @-@ way once used by CR 11 northbound , winding past several farms as it proceeds northward . A short distance to the north , NY 78 intersects with NY 98 southbound . Both NY 78 north and NY 98 south turn west on a wrong @-@ way concurrency through the town of Java , running as a two @-@ lane residential street through dense woods and wide fields . Continuing west through Java , NY 78 and NY 98 cross over a railroad line and enter the hamlet of Java Center . In Java Center , NY 78 and NY 98 intersect with the southern terminus of NY 77 ( Cattaraugus Road ) . This intersection also doubles as the terminus of the NY 78 and NY 98 concurrency as NY 98 proceeds south on NY 77 's right @-@ of @-@ way . NY 78 bends northwest on Main Street and out of Java Center as a two @-@ lane rural roadway through the town of Java . The route soon drops the Main Street moniker , winding northwest into an intersection with CR 44 ( Curriers Road ) . After CR 44 , NY 78 runs northwest as a two @-@ lane residential road , passing numerous houses before intersecting with the eastern terminus of CR 15 ( Holland Road ) . After an intersection with Elm Road , NY 78 regains the Main Street moniker , crossing into the town of Sheldon and into the hamlet of Strykersville . Through Strykersville , NY 78 is a two @-@ lane residential street , intersecting with the western terminus of CR 9 ( Perry Road ) and the southern terminus of CR 35 ( Dutch Hollow Road ) . After CR 35 , NY 78 bends northwest out of Strykersville , crossing into the rural sections of Sheldon surrounding the hamlet . Near the intersection with Chester Street , NY 78 crosses the county line into Erie County and into the town of Wales . = = = Erie County = = = = = = = Wales to West Seneca = = = = Now in the Erie County town of Wales , NY 78 changes monikers from Main Street to Strykersville Road , paralleling Buffalo Creek northwest through the rural section of Wales . A short distance northwest , NY 78 intersects with CR 175 ( Center Line Road ) , which connects to the Wyoming County line a short distance east . For a short distance after the intersection , the two routes parallel , with NY 78 bypassing the hamlet of Wales Hollow and intersecting with the northern terminus of CR 387 ( East Creek Road ) . Still known as Strykersville Road , NY 78 parallels Buffalo Creek into the southern terminus of CR 385 ( Schang Road ) . The two @-@ lane rural roadway remains the same for several miles to the northwest , crossing an intersection with CR 382 ( Hunters Creek Road ) . Continuing northwest through Wales , NY 78 remains a two @-@ lane rural street known as Strykersville Road until intersecting with US 20A ( Big Tree Road ) at a T @-@ intersection . US 20A and NY 78 become concurrent along Big Tree , proceeding west through the town of Wales . The routes remain a two @-@ lane residential street for a distance , intersecting with CR 383 ( Reiter Road ) as it winds west . Now in the town of Aurora , US 20A and NY 78 enter a large interchange with NY 400 ( the Aurora Expressway ) . A short distance later , the routes enter the village of East Aurora . Now known as Main Street , US 20A and NY 78 proceed west as a two @-@ lane village street , intersecting with NY 16 ( Olean Road ) and the southern continuation of CR 6 ( Pine Street ) . NY 16 joins the US 20A and NY 78 concurrency as it proceeds west on Main Street , becoming the main commercial thoroughfare through the village . The routes cross over railroad tracks in the center of East Aurora , returning to the residential street it was earlier , which reverts at Center Street . Several blocks to the west , US 20A , NY 16 and NY 78 enter a roundabout at the western end of East Aurora , where US 20A forks southwest on Hamburg Street , while NY 16 and NY 78 join up with CR 572 ( Buffalo Street ) and proceed northwest out of the village . Now in the town of Aurora once again , NY 16 , NY 78 and CR 572 proceed northwest past Knox Farm State Park , interseciting with CR 377 ( Williardshire Road ) . At CR 377 , the moniker changes from Buffalo Street to Seneca Street as NY 16 , NY 78 and CR 572 enter the town of Elma . Passing the town water tower , NY 16 , NY 78 and CR 572 proceed northwest through Elma as a two @-@ lane commercial and residential road , intersecting with the western terminus of CR 528 ( West Blood Road ) . The routes slowly becomes commercial once again , passing a large industrial building before entering an at @-@ grade interchange with CR 574 ( Jamison Road ) . Before 1980 , this intersection served as the western terminus of NY 422 . After CR 574 , NY 16 , NY 78 and CR 572 continue northwest along Seneca Street as a two @-@ lane residential roadway through Elma . Bending northwest , the routes enter the hamlet of Spring Brook , where it intersects with CR 140 ( Rice Road ) and CR 362 ( North Davis Road ) . Paralleling Cazenovia Creek , NY 16 , NY 78 and CR 572 intersect with the southern terminus of CR 95 ( Pound Road ) . The route remains a two @-@ lane residential road for a distance , soon bending further northwestward into the town of West Seneca . In West Seneca , the three routes intersect with US 20 ( Transit Road ) . At this intersection , NY 78 turns north onto a concurrency with US 20 while NY 16 proceeds northwest along CR 215 . This junction serves as the northern terminus of CR 572 . Now concurrent with US 20 , NY 78 runs north along Transit Road as a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard , quickly entering a cloverleaf interchange with NY 400 ( the Aurora Expressway ) once again . = = = = Transit Road = = = = US 20 and NY 78 proceed northward along Transit Road , remaining a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard after the interchange . After an intersection with CR 330 ( Bullis Road ) , Transit Road winds north through West Seneca , paralleling several residential districts on each side and crossing an intersection with CR 325 ( Seneca Creek Road / Main Street ) . Just after CR 325 , US 20 and NY 78 proceed over Buffalo Creek and into an intersection with NY 354 ( Clinton Street ) . Now on the Lancaster – Cheektowaga town line , US 20 and NY 78 continue northward along Transit Road , intersecting with the western terminus of CR 321 ( French Road ) . Passing several strip malls , US 20 and NY 78 continue north along Transit Road , passing several residential complexes . After Madeira Drive , Transit Road becomes a four @-@ lane industrial boulevard again , passing several factories on each side of the road . The routes become commercial again , intersecting with CR 523 ( Como Park Boulevard ) . Paralleling Cayuga Creek to the west , US 20 and NY 78 become a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard again . A short distance later , the routes cross over Cayuga Creek and enter an intersection with the western terminus of NY 130 ( Broadway ) . At this junction , NY 78 continues north on Transit Road , while US 20 turns east onto Broadway through the village of Depew . Continuing north on Transit Road , NY 78 becomes a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard through Depew , crossing over railroad tracks owned by CSX Transportation and used by Amtrak just east of the village 's Amtrak station . After crossing the tracks , NY 78 intersects with Walden Avenue ( NY 952Q ) , a major arterial out of the city of Buffalo . Continuing north through Depew , NY 78 intersects with the eastern terminus of CR 316 ( George Urban Boulevard ) . Continuing north through Depew , NY 78 and Transit Road remain the four @-@ lane commercial boulevard through the center of town , passing numerous businesses . Outside of the village , NY 78 connects to CR 161 ( Pleasant View Drive ) . NY 78 and Transit Road remain four lanes , passing several commercial businesses and entering an intersection with NY 33 ( Genesee Street ) and crossing over Ellicott Creek . The route crosses over a former railroad grade , soon intersecting with CR 324 ( Aero Drive ) . Just after CR 324 , NY 78 and Transit Road enter an intersection with the feeder roads to exit 49 of the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) . NY 78 and Transit Road continue into the town of Clarence . After crossing Wehrle Drive ( CR 290 and CR 275 ) , the four @-@ lane boulevard crosses into the town of Amherst . In Amherst , Transit Road and NY 78 remain northbound as a four @-@ lane boulevard through a large commercial section . Passing several strip malls , the route expands to eight lanes , entering an intersection with NY 5 ( Main Street ) . The route condenses back to six lanes through Amherst , entering an intersection with a feeder road that connects to NY 324 ( Sheridan Drive ) . NY 78 and Transit Road continue north , crossing under NY 324 and condense down to four lanes once again . NY 78 passes through more strip malls to the north of NY 324 , criss @-@ crossing between the town lines of Amherst and Clarence . Continuing north , NY 78 intersects with the termini of CR 192 ( Maple Road ) and CR 37 ( Greiner Road ) . Remaining a four @-@ lane boulevard , NY 78 and Transit Road cross back into Amherst , passing east of Transit Middle School before crossing back into Clarence . In Clarence , NY 78 intersects with the western terminus of CR 217 ( Clarence Center Road ) . Passing east of Transit Valley Country Club , the route crosses back into Amherst , entering the hamlet of East Amherst at CR 296 ( Casey Road ) . The route continues northward , intersecting with CR 299 ( North French Road ) and CR 282 ( Country Road ) . Soon entering the hamlet of Swormville , NY 78 and Transit Road remain a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard through Amherst . After Swormville , NY 78 and Transit Road become residential , soon becoming two lanes for the first time since West Seneca . Crossing north through Amherst still , NY 78 and Transit Road becomes a mix of commercial and residential , passing large sections of fields north of Swormville . A short distance to the north , NY 78 intersects with the northern terminus of NY 263 ( Millersport Highway ) . After crossing an intersection with Tonawanda Creek Road ( CR 2 and CR 559 ) that also doubled as the former intersection with NY 268 , NY 78 and Transit Road widen to four lanes and cross over Tonawanda Creek into Niagara County . = = = Niagara County = = = After crossing Tonawanda Creek , NY 78 and Transit Road enter the town of Lockport as a four @-@ lane boulevard . Intersecting with the western terminus of CR 117 and the eastern terminus of CR 60 ( both North Tonawanda Creek Road ) , NY 78 and Transit Road continue north as the four @-@ lane commercial boulevard through Lockport . The route remains four lanes , but becomes a boulevard through wide fields for a distance , passing runway 28 of North Buffalo Suburban Airport . Now in the town of Pendleton for a short distance , NY 78 and Transit Road cross through a long stretch of fields , becoming a commercial boulevard to the north . After an intersection with CR 12 ( Rapids Road ) , NY 78 and Transit Road continue north through Pendleton , soon crossing into the town of Lockport once again . In the town of Lockport , NY 78 changes monikers to South Transit Road , passing several commercial businesses , intersecting with NY 93 ( Robinson Road ) . The four @-@ lane boulevard continues north from NY 93 through the town of Lockport , passing a stretch of residences and homes as it enters the city of Lockport . Now a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard , it passes several strip malls along South Transit Road . Now in the South Lockport hamlet outside of the city , in the town of Lockport , NY 78 and South Transit Road continue north , passing several stretches of residences . The route becomes a residential / commercial mix as it passes through the city of Lockport , passing Altro Park before entering the center of the city . In the center of the city , NY 78 intersects with NY 31 ( West Genesee Street and Walnut Street ) just over the Erie Canal . At this junction , NY 78 changes monikers to North Transit Street , becoming a two @-@ lane residential street north of the city center . Crossing over an ex @-@ Erie Railroad line , the route intersects with Grand Street , where NY 78 turns east off North Transit Street onto Grand . East on Grand Street , NY 78 intersects with Clinton Street , where NY 78 turns north . Passing northeast of Upson Park , NY 78 continues northeast through Lockport on Clinton Street . The route becomes a two @-@ lane residential street , passing Dolan Park and turning north on Lake Avenue . Crossing back into the town of Lockport , NY 78 continues north along Lake Avenue , intersecting with CR 31 ( Old Niagara Road ) . A short distance to the north , it enters the hamlet of Highland Park , winding northward as a two @-@ lane commercial roadway . After crossing the western terminus of CR 7 ( Slayton Settlement Road ) , NY 78 enters the Ridgelea Heights section of Lockport , crossing over the East Branch and west of Oak Run Golf Club . After the golf club , NY 78 expands to four lanes in the town of Newfane . In Newfane , NY 78 intersects with NY 104 east ( Ridge Road ) in the hamlet of Wrights Corners . NY 78 and NY 104 become concurrent northbound , becoming a four @-@ lane commercial boulevard through the hamlet . A short distance to the north , NY 78 and NY 104 fork in different directions , with NY 104 following Ridge Road to the northeast and NY 78 running along Lockport – Olcott Road to the northwest . Still in the town of Newfane , NY 78 proceeds northwest as a four @-@ lane ( quickly changing to two @-@ lane ) residential street . The route passes east of Bent @-@ Wing Airport , continuing northwest through Newfane . The route remains residential for a distance , crossing over a brook on its way into the hamlet of Corwin . In Corwin , NY 78 remains a two @-@ lane residential road , crossing over Conrail Shared Assets Operations tracks ( heading for the Somerset Power Plant near Camp Kenan ) north of Jacques Avenue . Now paralleling Eighteenmile Creek , NY 78 intersects with the western terminus of CR 105 ( Hatter Road ) . While winding northwest , the route soon enters the hamlet of Newfane . Through the hamlet of Newfane , NY 78 winds northwest along Eighteenmile Creek , intersecting with CR 137 ( Ewings Road ) . NY 78 through Newfane is a two @-@ lane commercial street , marking the center of the hamlet . The route intersects with the eastern terminus of CR 91 ( East Street ) . Paralleling Eighteenmile Creek out of Newfane , the route intersects with CR 104 ( Ide Road ) ' s eastern terminus . Now running alongside the creek , NY 78 continues north through the town of Newfane , passing west of a public golf course , remaining a two @-@ lane residential road through town . After crossing the eastern terminus of CR 52 ( Wilson – Burt Road ) , NY 78 continues north through the town of Newfane , entering the hamlet of Burt . Through Burt , the route passes a former railroad grade at Railroad Avenue and passes east of Fisherman 's Park . Continuing north , NY 78 enters the hamlet of Olcott . In Olcott , NY 78 retains the name of Lockport – Olcott Road , becoming a two @-@ lane residential road . The route soon bends northwest , intersecting with NY 18 ( Lake Road ) on the shore of Eighteenmile Creek . This intersection serves as the northern terminus of NY 78 , while the right @-@ of @-@ way continues north as Lockport Street , which terminates at the shore of Lake Ontario . = = History = = The north – south roadway connecting NY 5 in Amherst to the Lake Ontario shoreline in Olcott via Lockport was originally designated as NY 32 in the mid @-@ 1920s . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 32 became part of NY 78 , a new route extending from Gainesville in the south to Olcott in the north , mostly along existing but previously unnumbered roads . However , the portion between NY 362 and NY 19 was in the process of being built . NY 78 's early routing was identical to its modern alignment except from East Aurora to Depew . Initially , NY 78 headed north from East Aurora to Lancaster by way of Maple Street , Jamison and Bowen roads , and Clinton ( NY 354 ) and Aurora streets before following NY 35 west to Transit Road in Depew . NY 78 was realigned c . 1932 to follow US 20 ( now US 20A ) west from East Aurora to Transit Road , where it turned north onto Transit Road and followed it to Depew . The former routing of NY 78 between East Aurora and Lancaster was redesignated as NY 78A . NY 78 was rerouted one last time c . 1939 to overlap with NY 16 northwest from East Aurora to its junction with Transit Road in West Seneca . The realignment bypassed the southernmost portion of Transit Road , which became NY 187 in the early 1940s . = = NY 78A = = NY 78A was an alternate route of NY 78 in Erie County between NY 78 in East Aurora and NY 35 ( now US 20 ) in Lancaster . The route began at the modern intersection of Main ( then @-@ US 20 ) and Maple streets in East Aurora and followed Maple Street , Jamison and Bowen roads , and Clinton ( NY 354 ) and Aurora streets to a terminus at Broadway ( NY 35 ) in Lancaster . It was assigned c . 1932 after NY 78 was rerouted to follow US 20 and Transit Road instead between East Aurora and Depew . The NY 78A designation was short @-@ lived as it was removed c . 1938 . Its routing is now part of several county routes as well as NY 354 . = = Major intersections = =
= Jealous ( Beyoncé song ) = " Jealous " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her fifth studio album , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) . The song was written by Beyoncé , Detail , Andre Eric Proctor , Brian Soko and its additional producers Rasool Diaz and Boots . Musically inspired by Hanni El Khatib 's " Roach Cock " , the song is a power ballad with a slow tempo exploring different styles and music genres . Lyrically , " Jealous " is a self @-@ referential song discussing feelings of jealousy , suspicion , and revenge directed at a present love interest . The song received critical acclaim from music critics who praised Beyoncé for successfully executing its lyrics about vulnerability and insecurity , feelings and states she rarely expressed on her other repertoire . Its experimental composition and production were also well received by critics and compared to works by several other artists as well as the singer 's own material , particularly her song " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) . A music video for the song was directed by Beyoncé along with Francesco Carrozzini and Todd Tours and filmed in New York City in November 2013 . It was released through the iTunes Store on December 13 , 2013 on the album itself . The visual was shot as a sequel to the previous song on the album , " Partition " and it shows Beyoncé in different sets — alone at home waiting for her partner to come to dinner , at a party , and out in the streets in search for him . The video and her character received mostly positive reviews from critics . Beyoncé performed " Jealous " live at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards during a medley consisting of songs from her self @-@ titled album . = = Background = = " Jealous " was written by Beyoncé , Detail , Boots , Andre Eric Proctor , Brian Soko , and Rasool Diaz . Beyoncé and Detail also served as its producers with contributions by Boots , Hit @-@ Boy , Hazebanga and Proctor who were credited as additional producers . Beyoncé further served as the vocal producer of the track which also included backing vocals sang by Boots . " Jealous " was recorded in New York City at Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios with guidance from Stuart White . The audio engineering was finished by Ramon Rivas and Rob Suchecki with assistance by Carlos Perezdeanda , while the mixing was done by Tony Maserati at Mirrorball Studios , North Hollywood , California . All instruments in the song were provided by Boots . " Jealous " was initially conceived when Boots first saw it and the song consisted of " some drums and that synth " . He added a " high " melody containing the lines " If you 're keeping your promise I 'm keeping mine " as he felt it seemed " like a shame something more melodic didn 't happen in the song " . When Beyoncé 's creative team was widely searching for the concept of the song 's music video , the singer sent a clip of a song called " Roach Cock " by Hanni El Khatib to Boots . Inspired by its feel , she requested from him to bring elements of that track to " Jealous " . He added a " gnarly fuzz guitar ripping in the background " to the song also present in its final version . Beyoncé explained the meaning of " Jealous " on her iTunes Radio channel , " [ It 's ] a song about being human . We all get jealous . It doesn 't matter who you are . At some point , it 's just inevitable . " = = Composition = = " Jealous " is a power ballad , further described as a " silky slow jam " . Consequence of Sound writer Chris Bosman found elements of " slow down radio R & B to molasses RPMs " in its composition . The song opens with distant yelps heard in the background and continues with a slow beat which is distorted and contains an echoing sound throughout . A " wall of crashing sounds " and backing vocals are also heard . " Jealous " further displays " genre diversity , vocal range and a penchant of musical experimentation " while exploring a brooding beat by mixing different tones and styles throughout . Billboard writers Andrew Hampp and Erika Ramirez found the vibe of the song reminiscent to works by Lana Del Rey , Jeff Bhasker , and Emile Haynie due to its brooding beat . Michael Cragg from The Guardian also compared " Jealous " and its lyrics portraying romance with materials by Del Rey noting that it showed the singer as a " spurned lover " . Chris Kelly of Fact noted that the song 's theme about equality in relationships was similar to her single " If I Were a Boy " ( 2008 ) . The Irish Times editor Una Mullally felt the song offered Robyn @-@ esque sentiments and added that it recalls Beyoncé 's own song , " Halo " ( 2008 ) . Tim Finney from Complex felt that the singer adopted a conversational , " talk @-@ over @-@ the beat " vocal style in the song . Finney argued she adopted that style to convey " unmediated spontaneity or truth @-@ telling " , particularly during the " rueful admission " in the lines , " I know that I 'm being hateful but that ain 't nothin ' . " " Jealous " is a self @-@ referential song as Beyoncé tries to make her love interest envious . Lyrically , the song speaks about " promises , suspicion and potential revenge " . Its lyrics illustrate a woman getting " fierce " when taken for granted as stated by Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune . She questions the loyalty of her male love interest and he is believed to be cheating on her with another woman . Claire Lobendfeld of Complex interpreted the song as being about a person fighting with his own feelings of jealousy . She felt that instead of flirting with other people during a night out to make a lover jealous , the protagonist goes for a " downtrodden " direction and reconnects with old people from her past . The song opens with the singer using sexually explicit language to describe an evening at her home where she is cooking a meal for her love interest while being naked and alone , " I 'm in my penthouse half @-@ naked / I cook this meal for you naked " . Idolator 's Mike Wass interpreted these lines as showing the singer 's " emotional shortcomings " . The Atlantic editor Nolan Feeney felt that these lines showcased many of the singer 's recurring themes present on her other albums — " the empowerment that comes with being a strong , independent woman , and the fulfillment that comes with love and marriage " . Finney wrote that during the beginning of the song , Beyoncé seemed excited about her role as a wife in the kitchen , but afterwards as the events go wrong and she is left alone , the same role feels oppressive.The singer continues singing lines about jealousy and realizes her partner will not come : " I wish you were me / So you could feel this feeling / I never broke one promise , and I know when you 're not honest . " After the chorus , Beyoncé sings the lines " Sometimes I want to walk in your shoes , do the type of things I never ever do . I take one look in the mirror , and I say to myself , ' Baby girl , you can 't survive like this . ' " The protagonist can not tolerate the fact she has been underappreciated and goes on to put on a " freakum dress out my closet " ( a reference to her own song " Freakum Dress " ( 2006 ) ) and stay the night outside further singing about her own attractiveness . As she continues to describe her love – hate relationship detailing her emotions , Beyoncé sings the song 's bridge : And I hate you for your lies and your covers And I hate us for making good love to each other And I love making you jealous but don 't judge me And I know that I 'm being hateful but that ain 't nothing That ain 't nothing I 'm just jealous I 'm just human Don 't judge me = = Critical reception = = " Jealous " has received critical acclaim . Ludovic Hunter @-@ Tilney from the Financial Times concluded the song was similar to Beyoncé 's previously recorded ballads in the sense that it made her albums " uneven " . However , he argued that " Jealous " had an " intriguing dynamic " between invincibility and vulnerability , with the latter being convincingly executed by the singer for the first time . Editor Caitlin White for the website The 405 found the song to offer a glimpse into the singer 's flaws and insecurities . Similarly , James Montgomery writing for MTV News , felt that the song offered a view of the same states , adding , " she is not always perfect , a point she drives home on tracks like ... ' Jealous ' " . A writer from the website Fuse concluded that the feeling of jealousy expressed in the song were rare for the singer , and added " we didn 't even know [ it ] was an emotion she experienced " . Mesfin Fekadu from the Associated Press noted the song to be " self @-@ explanatory " and found the singer more honest than in her previous work . Kevin Fallon from The Daily Beast found the song 's theme about jealousy to be relatable to many people and different from the rest of the album 's central theme about sex . Claire Lobenfeld of Complex felt " Jealous " took the album from its risqué nature to a " softer side " , further describing it as a " grown @-@ up sequel to ' Freakum Dress ' " . Erika Ramirez and Andrew Hampp of Billboard felt that the song mixed " uncanny " styles and noted that as the chorus starts , listeners " can see Beyonce singing this from the stage surrounded by smoke machines . " USA Today writer Elysa Gardner wrote that in " Jealous " along with " Haunted " , the singer " embodies success and privilege on the surface , but there is a sense that her contentment is fragile " . Entertainment Weekly writer Nick Catucci observed that the song " treat [ s ] relationships with the same raw instinct that suffuses her sex songs " on the album . Writing for Clash magazine , Mike Diver praised Beyoncé 's vocal performance noting , " When Beyoncé truly unleashes her vocals on ballad @-@ tempo moments ... ' Jealous ' , she immediately casts long shadows over singers who might have tried to shift her from the top table of pop " . Mike Wass of Idolator considered " Jealous " to be an update of the singer 's " If I Were a Boy " , sang by a grown woman . He went on to praise the " frank , honest and vulnerable " characteristics the singer decided to showcase in the song , opposed to her other material where she was reluctant to discuss about them . Wass finished his review by noting that " Jealous " would be a " dark horse for a radio single down the line " . Brittany Spanos of The Village Voice described the song as a " grown up version " of " If I Were a Boy " with lyrics about " persistent mistrust " . Latifah Muhammad of BET deemed the song a " distant cousin " to " If I Were a Boy " and stated that its turning point comes during several lines of the bridge . Philip Sherburne of Spin magazine wrote " [ w ] hile we 're getting hyperbolic , ' Jealous ' is the most uplifting take on invidiousness " since the song " Suspicious Minds " ( 1968 ) . Jon Pareles , a New York Times writer called it an " accusatory anthem " . Slant Magazine 's Sal Cinquemani described " Jealous " as a " standout " ballad while Rolling Stone 's Jon Dolan hailed it as a " monster " ballad . Nick McCormick of The Daily Telegraph wrote that despite the song lacked a lift off , " there is something impressively dramatic about the restraint she maintains in a song of emotional tension " . Jody Rosen of Vulture , lauded the line " freakum dress out my closet " , but noted , " I want more of a melody from a wronged @-@ woman 's @-@ revenge anthem , but I suspect it 's a grower " . Philadelphia Media Network writer Dan DeLuca gave a more mixed review for the song writing that it was part of the slower material of the album which showed Beyoncé was not flawless . Nolan Feeney of The Atlantic argued that " Jealous " was both one of the album 's best songs and one of singer 's most notable songs overall . Feeney felt that its message was interesting , particularly during the bridge , " It 's not exactly an apology , and it 's not exactly an admission that she 's somehow responsible for her date ( Jay Z , presumably ) not showing . But it is , by my count , only the second time in her solo career that Beyoncé has ever admitted that just maybe it 's she who 's in the wrong . " He went on to say that by moving away from the big and " sweeping " statements present in some of her older material , towards personal narration , Beyoncé managed to effectively examine the themes and statements she explored throughout her career . Feeney concluded by stating : " It 's not a breakup anthem , nor is it a declaration of undying love . It 's angry , it 's introspective , it 's regretful , it 's playful , it 's loving , and it 's everything in between . " = = Music video = = = = = Background and release = = = A music video for " Jealous " was released on December 13 , 2013 to iTunes Store on Beyoncé itself along with sixteen other music videos for every track on the album . Beyoncé served as a director for the video along with Francesco Carrozzini and Todd Tourso , the latter also serving as a creative director for the entire project . On November 24 , 2014 the clip was also uploaded to the singer 's Vevo account . It was shot in New York City , three weeks prior to its release , in November 2013 . An image of Beyoncé while filming the video surfaced online the same month , showing her wearing a red leather trench coat with a matching lipstick and silver stiletto heels . Cinya Burton from E ! praised her look as a " sexy getup " . Beyoncé 's team contacted Carozzini several days prior to the commencing of the shooting for the visual . Carozzini revealed that collaborating with the singer on the video was different than his previous efforts as the precise storyline of the clip was conceived and written by herself containing many references . When shooting the scenes on St. Marks , Beyoncé only got out of a car and her crew immediately started filming . Carozzini told MTV News : " We really shot it — some people in the video did not know we were filming . I think the real idea of the video is in a moment like that — in a private moment like that , she can never be by herself ... This song is not about someone who feels those emotions , it 's about Beyoncé feeling those emotions . It 's personal to her . It 's her that cannot be by herself no matter where she goes or what she does , because she 's who she is . " = = = Synopsis = = = The video of " Jealous " was considered to be a sequel to the one for the previous clip on the album , " Partition " . It opens with Beyoncé watching a man while he is sitting on a table in front of her , reading a newspaper . She stands up and the scene transitions to the singer walking down the stairs in a mansion , wearing a gown . It continues with Beyoncé , sitting alone at an arranged table for dinner , waiting for her love interest to come home . As she waits for him , at one point she angrily sweeps the crystal , dinnerware and candles from the table with her hands as he does not show up . Afterwards , she dresses in a red leather trench coat with a gold choker and goes outside to look for her man . She is seen on a street surrounded by various fans taking pictures of her . The scenes also transition to the singer being at a party in a bar , chatting with people , holding a drink in her hands and straddling a pinball machine . As the song nears its end , sped @-@ up scenes of a car driving on different streets follows . During the end , Beyoncé runs to a man who is seen only from the back , dressed in a hooded coat . She embraces him with teary eyes , sighing with relief . Throughout the video , close @-@ up shots of the singer are also featured , showing her expressions . Beyoncé is seen wearing a high @-@ waist corset and a cropped lace top designed by Ulyana Sergeenko with her look being complete with an earring . She also wears a studded plate cuff , a chain , and a gold bracelet from jewelry by Eddie Borgo . During scenes at the party , she wears a sweatshirt designed by Givenchy . = = = Reception and analysis = = = A writer of The New York Times described the singer 's look in the video as " bold " . Lauren Cochrane from The Guardian also focused on the singer 's look praising the attire she wore as " perfectly acceptable as dinner party " and praising her for wearing the corset with aplomb . An editor of Billboard felt that she " gets sexy " in the song 's visual . A writer of the website Fuse praised the concept of the video , noting that " instead of crying into the steak she just made for her date , she puts on a leather trench coat and hits the town . Ultimately , she wins . " Dan DeLuca of the Philadelphia Media Network noted that the video gave an opportunity to the singer to showcase her " dark side " . Writing on behalf of Vanity Fair , Michelle Collins felt that the set was " bizzaro " , similar to a set as in the film Sliding Doors ( 1998 ) . She further found several of the scenes to accompany the song 's lyrics and story . Melissa Locker from Time magazine wrote in her review that the video follows the steps of " Partition " while also being a " natural precursor to ' Irreplaceable , ' at least in our imagination " . Michael Zelenko from The Fader wrote that it served as a follow @-@ up to " Partition " noting that in " Jealous " , " Bey 's lingering needs are transformed into a burning suspicion of infidelity " . Whitney Phaneuf from the website HitFix described the scene where the singer is seen sweeping the table as " one of her best diva moments " . She also interpreted her character as a " scorned " woman and neglected wife . Similar sentiments were offered by Brenna Ehrlich of MTV News who felt that the man 's role in the video was a neglectful and possibly cheating lover . Ehrlich went on to describe the mansion seen in the beginning of the video as Versailles @-@ esque and felt that the singer unveiled her new alter ego , Yoncé , while seen at the party in a bar , flirting with other people . She concluded that despite the " emotional turmoil " featured throughout , the video ended on a hopeful note . John Walker , writing for the same publication , noted the singer managed to show real madness and jealousy , while " smashing up her home out of insecurity " . A more mixed review came from Brent DiCrescenzo of the magazine Time Out who wrote in his review , " Walking down the street in a leather jacket . A car racing down roads at night . That 's about it . " = = Live performance and other version = = During the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards , Beyoncé performed " Jealous " live during a medley consisting of songs from her self @-@ titled album . She performed the song dressed in a bodysuit and was backed by a clip . In a review of the performance , Nadeska Alexis felt that the singer managed to emphasize " the weight of ... [ the ] lyrics " while performing the song . Writing for Fuse , Hilary Hughes concluded that the rendition of the song was " enough to halt all conversation , silence all phones and pause the internet for a moment , as she got real right off the bat " . A remix of the song was released on April 2 , 2015 featuring additional vocal from singer Chris Brown . According to Brown , it was originally recorded for " the Beyoncé collaboration album but it was never used " . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits are adapted from the singer 's official website and the album 's liner notes . Song credits Video credits
= It 's About Time ! ( Phineas and Ferb ) = " It 's About Time ! " is the twenty @-@ first broadcast episode of the animated television series Phineas and Ferb 's first season . It originally aired on Disney Channel on March 1 , 2008 . The episode concerns stepbrothers Phineas and Ferb fixing a time machine on display in a museum and using it to travel back to prehistoric times . Meanwhile , Perry the Platypus deals with being replaced with a panda bear as the nemesis of the mad scientist Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz . " It 's About Time ! " was written and directed by series co @-@ founder Dan Povenmire , and storyboards were constructed by multiple artists in the show 's production staff . The writers purposely left the time machine available to the boys at the end of the episode in order to reuse it later in the series , which they did in the season 2 episode " Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo . " Critical reception was generally positive , and multiple reviewers applauded Perry and Doofenshmirtz 's relationship in the episode , which they noted was portrayed with possible homosexual subtext . = = Plot = = Stepbrothers Phineas Flynn and Ferb Fletcher attend a museum , where they discover a broken time machine built in the 1880s on display . Endeavoring to travel through time themselves , they begin fixing it to work properly . This catches the attention of their sister , Candace , who desires to inform their mother of their activities to get in trouble . When she finally gets their mother Linda to follow her and view the machine , Linda becomes distracted while Candace continues to walk to the boys , just as their time machine activates . The three are sent back to the Late Cretaceous Period ( erroneously stated to be in 300 million B.C. ) , where a Tyrannosaurus rex immediately destroys the time machine . Now stranded , the three are forced to flee from the T. rex and are eventually saved by a herd of Alamosaurus lounging in a large pond . Meanwhile , Perry the Platypus arrives at Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz 's hideout , where he discovers Doofenshmirtz has gained a new nemesis in the form of Peter the Panda , whom he met in Seattle , Washington . Downtrodden , Perry reminisces about previous battles with Doofenshmirtz when he was his nemesis , while Doofenshmirtz himself grows tired of Peter due to him being much less sympathetic then Perry . Perry and Doofenshmirtz decide to appear on the talk show Dr. Feelbetter , where they decide to once more become nemeses ; however , Doofenshmirtz reveals that the whole situation was merely a scheme to capture the world 's top agents ( who are in the audience ) and freeze them with a large ray . This results in a largescale battle where the agents come out victorious . The boys and Candace return to a muddy area where the T. rex has left a massive footprint , which they recognize will eventually be on display in the museum in the present . Phineas leaves a message in the footprint for Isabella and the Fireside Girls to save them . The girls — in the present — immediately spot the footprint and the message and follow their handbook to create a new time machine . They use the machine to travel back in time and rescue the three . Upon arrival in the present , though , they realize a T. rex returned with them , so Candace flees and tries to expose it to her parents . A stray ray from Doofenshmirtz 's machine freezes the creature , so her parents merely believe it is an exhibit . = = Production = = " It 's About Time ! " was conceived by the series ' four major writers . At a weekly session that Monday , the concept was reviewed and deemed acceptable enough to create . Series co @-@ founder Dan Povenmire was assigned to develop the script , and simultaneously artists Jon Barry , Mike Roth , Kent Osborne , and Aliki Theofilopoulos constructed the episode 's storyboards . A walkthrough of the storyboards was presented to the production staff , whose reaction determined whether certain jokes remained in the finished product . Povenmire directed the episode , which was animated at Rough Draft Studios in South Korea . In the conclusion of the episode , Phineas and Ferb 's time machine is left in positive condition and available for further use at the museum . The writing staff purposely ended it this way so that they could reutilize it later in the series . A concept was eventually conceived as a way to do so , having " Phineas and Ferb go into the future and actually see Candace as an adult ( which ) drags up all kinds of memories of not being able to bust them . " This idea was used for the second season episode , " Phineas and Ferb 's Quantum Boogaloo . " " It 's About Time ! " featured two different musical numbers , entitled " My Nemesis " and " When We Didn 't Get Along . " During the storyboard stage , a note was simply made indicating that a song would be placed at a certain point in a sequence . As with most songs in the series , they were each written by series co @-@ founders Povenmire and Jeff " Swampy " Marsh over the course of approximately one hour . Povenmire and Marsh proceeded by singing their draft of the song into the answering machine of the series ' composer , Danny Jacob , that Friday night . Jacob performed both of the songs . The episode was originally broadcast in the United States on the Disney Channel on March 1 , 2008 . " It 's About Time ! " became available on the DVD compilation Phineas and Ferb : The Fast and the Phineas in 2008 , along with fellow first season episodes , " One Good Scare Ought to Do It ! " , " The Fast and the Phineas , " " Lawn Gnome Beach Party of Terror , " " Flop Starz , " " Raging Bully , " " Lights , Candace , Action ! " and " Are You My Mummy ? " Both " My Nemesis " and " When We Didn 't Get Along " became available in 2009 on the official Phineas and Ferb soundtrack . = = Themes = = Multiple critics have noted that the portrayal of Doofenshmirtz and Perry 's relationship in the episode features a somewhat of a homosexual subtext . The concept behind it is a parody of stereotypical teen romance film , casting Perry and Doofenshmirtz — two males who are of different species — as the teenage couple who is " breaking up . " Perry 's initial suspicions over Doofenshmirtz having a new nemesis are portrayed as if a person discovers their significant other is cheating on them . Perry discovers a paw print on Doofenshmirtz 's face , resembling a lipstick mark on the cheek as if from a lover , and Peter the Panda emerges from Doofenshmirtz 's closet . Doofenshmirtz initially tries to deny having a new nemesis , but eventually admits to the accusation , noting that he " didn 't want [ Perry ] to find out this way , " overtly detailing a common way couples discover their partner is cheating on them . Perry is depressed about their " break up " and reminisces about their past " relationship " together , while music resembling a love song plays in the background . After feeling depressed himself , Doofenshmirtz " dumps " Peter and reunites with Perry on a talk show prone to featuring romantic confrontations . = = Cultural references = = " It 's About Time ! " features multiple cultural references . Aspects of the time machine are based on H.G. Wells ' famous novel The Time Machine . During the " My Nemesis " musical number , caricature of The Archies , a fictional garage band in the animated television series The Archie Show , are shown and begin to sing and play instruments during the course of the sequence . The song itself parodies the style of musician Elvis Costello . The Dr. Feelbetter show incorporates elements of confrontational talk shows Dr. Phil and The Jerry Springer Show . = = Reception = = The episode was mostly well received by critics . Blogcritics reviewer Aaraon Peck applauded the Perry and Doofenshmirtz B @-@ Plot , considering it as both the official Pret episode and an example of the series ' ability to allow " adults [ to ] enjoy the humor " and not strictly focusing on the entertainment of younger viewers . Conversely , Ed Liu of Toon Zone was critical of the episode and other early episodes available on The Fast and the Phineas , calling them " way too manic for their own good , never giving a gag enough time to develop a proper laugh before ripping off to the next one , and refusing to sit still for any length of time . " The production staff reacted positively to the episode , and said that they " really liked " its outcome . Reaction to the episode 's melodies were also positive . Wolfen Moondaughter wrote in her Sequential Tart article , " Five Reasons : Phineas and Ferb , " that both " My Nemesis " and " When We Didn 't Get Along " were among her personal favorite musical pieces from the series , despite the former resembling the styles of Elvis Costello , whom Moondaughter noted she carried a distaste for . A Wired magazine review of the series ' soundtrack observed that despite being drastically different from tracks that proceed and precede it , " When We Didn 't Get Along " " fit perfectly " due to " the genius of the malleable songwriting style of Phineas and Ferb 's musical brain trust . "
= Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders = The Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders were a series of federal prosecutions conducted from 1949 to 1958 in which leaders of the Communist Party of the United States ( CPUSA ) were accused of violating the Smith Act , a statute which imposed penalties on those who advocated violent overthrow of the government . The prosecution argued that the CPUSA 's policies promoted violent revolution ; the defendants countered that they advocated a peaceful transition to socialism , and that the First Amendment 's guarantee of freedom of speech and of association protected their membership of a political party . The trials led to the US Supreme Court decisions Dennis v. United States ( 1951 ) and Yates v. United States ( 1957 ) . The first trial , held in New York in 1949 , was one of the lengthiest trials in American history . Large numbers of supporters of the defendants protested outside the courthouse on a daily basis . The trial featured twice on the cover of Time magazine . The defense frequently antagonized the judge and prosecution , and five defendants were jailed for contempt of court because they disrupted the proceedings . The prosecution 's case relied on undercover informants who described the goals of the CPUSA , interpreted communist texts , and testified that they believed the CPUSA advocated the violent overthrow of the US government . While the first trial was under way , events outside the courtroom influenced public perception of communism : the Soviet Union tested its first nuclear weapon , and communists prevailed in the Chinese Civil War . Public opinion was overwhelmingly against the defendants . After a 10 month trial the jury found all 11 defendants guilty and the judge sentenced them to terms of up to five years in federal prison , further sentencing all five defense attorneys to imprisonment for contempt of court . Two of the attorneys were subsequently disbarred . After the first trial , the prosecutors – encouraged by their success – prosecuted over 100 further CPUSA officers for violating the Smith Act . Some were tried solely because they were members of the Party . Many of these defendants had difficulty finding attorneys to represent them . The trials decimated the leadership of the CPUSA . In 1957 , eight years after the first trial , the US Supreme Court 's Yates decision brought an end to similar prosecutions , holding that defendants could be prosecuted only for their actions , not for their beliefs . = = Background = = After the revolution in Russia in 1917 , the communist movement gradually gained footholds in many countries around the world . In Europe and the US , communist parties were formed , generally allied with trade union and labor causes . During the First Red Scare of 1919 – 1920 , many Americans were fearful that Bolshevism and anarchism would lead to disruption within the US . In the late 1930s , state and federal legislatures passed laws designed to expose communists , including laws requiring loyalty oaths , and laws requiring communists to register with the government . Even the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) , a free @-@ speech advocacy organization , passed a resolution in 1939 expelling communists from its leadership ranks . Following Congressional investigation of left @-@ wing and right @-@ wing extremist political groups in the mid @-@ 1930s , support grew for a statutory prohibition of their activities . The alliance of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the August 1939 Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact and their invasion of Poland in September gave the movement added impetus . In 1940 the Congress passed the Alien Registration Act of 1940 ( known as the Smith Act ) which required all non @-@ citizen adult residents to register with the government , and made it a crime " to knowingly or willfully advocate ... the duty , necessity , desirability , ... of overthrowing or destroying any government in the United States by force or violence ... with the intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States .... " Five million non @-@ citizens were fingerprinted and registered following passage of the Act . The first persons convicted under the Smith Act were members of the Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) in Minneapolis in 1941 . Leaders of the CPUSA , bitter rivals of the Trotskyist SWP , supported the Smith Act prosecution of the SWP – a decision they would later regret . In 1943 , the government used the Smith Act to prosecute American Nazis ; that case ended in a mistrial when the judge died of a heart attack . Anxious to avoid alienating the Soviet Union , then an ally , the government did not prosecute any communists under the law during World War II . The CPUSA 's membership peaked at around 80 @,@ 000 members during World War II under the leadership of Earl Browder , who was not a strict Stalinist and cooperated with the US government during the war . In late 1945 , hardliner William Z. Foster took over leadership of the CPUSA , and steered it on a course adhering to Stalin 's policies . The CPUSA was not very influential in American politics , and by 1948 its membership had declined to 60 @,@ 000 members . Truman did not feel that the CPUSA was a threat ( he dismissed it as a " non problem " ) yet he made the specter of communism a campaign issue during the 1948 election . The perception of communism in the US was shaped by the Cold War , which began after World War II when the Soviet Union failed to uphold the commitments it made at the Yalta Conference . Instead of holding elections for new governments , as agreed at Yalta , the Soviet Union occupied several Eastern European countries , leading to a strained relationship with the US . Subsequent international events served to increase the apparent danger that communism posed to Americans : the Stalinist threats in the Greek Civil War ( 1946 – 1949 ) ; the Czechoslovak coup d 'état of 1948 ; and the 1948 blockade of Berlin . The view of communism was also affected by evidence of espionage in the US conducted by agents of the USSR . In 1945 , a Soviet spy , Elizabeth Bentley , repudiated the USSR and provided a list of Soviet spies in the US to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . The FBI also had access to secret Soviet communications , available from the Venona decryption effort , which revealed significant efforts by Soviet agents to conduct espionage within the US . The growing influence of communism around the world and the evidence of Soviet spies within the US motivated the Department of Justice – spearheaded by the FBI – to initiate an investigation of communists within the US . = = 1949 trial = = In July 1945 , FBI director J. Edgar Hoover instructed his agents to begin gathering information on CPUSA members to support an analysis of the Party 's subversive goals , leading to a 1 @,@ 850 @-@ page report published in 1946 which outlined a case for prosecution . As the Cold War continued to intensify in 1947 , Congress held a hearing at which the Hollywood Ten refused to testify about alleged involvement with the CPUSA , leading to their convictions for contempt of Congress in early 1948 . The same year , Hoover instructed the Department of Justice to bring charges against the CPUSA leaders with the intention of rendering the Party ineffective . John McGohey , a federal prosecutor from the Southern District of New York , was given the lead role in prosecuting the case and charged twelve leaders of the CPUSA with violations of the Smith Act . The specific charges against the defendants were first , that they conspired to overthrow the US government by violent means , and second , that they belonged to an organization that advocated the violent overthrow of the government . The indictment , issued on June 29 , 1948 , asserted that the CPUSA had been in violation of the Smith Act since July 1945 . The twelve defendants , arrested in late July , were all members of the National Board of the CPUSA : Benjamin J. Davis , Jr . – Chairman of the CPUSA 's Legislative Committee and Council @-@ member of New York City Eugene Dennis – CPUSA General Secretary William Z. Foster – CPUSA National Secretary ( indicted ; but not tried due to illness ) John Gates – Leader of the Young Communist League Gil Green – Member of the National Board Gus Hall – Member of the CPUSA National Board Irving Potash – Furriers Union official Jack Stachel – Editor of the Daily Worker Robert G. Thompson – Lead of the New York branch of CPUSA John Williamson – Member of the CPUSA Central Committee Henry Winston – Member of the CPUSA National Board Carl Winter – Lead of the Michigan branch of CPUSA Hoover hoped that all 55 members of the CPUSA 's National Committee would be indicted and was disappointed that the prosecutors chose to pursue only twelve . A week before the arrests , Hoover complained to the Justice Department – recalling the arrests and convictions of over one hundred leaders of the Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW ) in 1917 – " the IWW was crushed and never revived , similar action at this time would have been as effective against the Communist Party . " = = = Start of the trial = = = The 1949 trial was held in New York City at the Foley Square federal courthouse of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York . Judge Harold Medina , a former Columbia University professor who had been on the bench for 18 months when the hearing began , presided . Before becoming a judge , Medina successfully argued the case of Cramer v. United States before the Supreme Court , defending a German @-@ American charged with treason . The trial opened on November 1 , 1948 , and preliminary proceedings and jury selection lasted until January 17 , 1949 ; the defendants first appeared in court on March 7 , and the case concluded on October 14 , 1949 . Although later trials surpassed it , in 1949 it was the longest federal trial in US history . The trial was one of the country 's most contentious legal proceedings and sometimes had a " circus @-@ like atmosphere " . Four hundred police officers were assigned to the site on the opening day of the trial . Magazines , newspapers , and radio reported on the case heavily ; Time magazine featured the trial on its cover twice with stories titled " Communists : The Presence of Evil " and " Communists : The Little Commissar " ( referring to Eugene Dennis ) . Before the trial began , supporters of the defendants decided on a campaign of letter @-@ writing and demonstrations : the CPUSA urged its members to bombard Truman with letters requesting that the charges be dropped . Later , supporters similarly flooded Judge Medina with telegrams and letters urging him to dismiss the charges . During the proceedings , there were days when several thousand picketers protested in Foley Square outside the courthouse , chanting slogans like " Adolf Hitler never died / He 's sitting at Medina 's side " . In response , the US House of Representatives passed a bill in August to outlaw picketing near federal courthouses , but the Senate did not vote on it before the end of the trial . The defense made pre @-@ trial motions arguing that the defendants ' right to trial by a jury of their peers had been denied because , at that time , a potential grand juror had to meet a minimum property requirement , effectively eliminating the less affluent from service . The defense also argued that the jury selection process for the trial was similarly flawed . Their objections to the jury selection process were not successful and jurors included four African Americans and consisted primarily of working @-@ class citizens . = = = Public opinion = = = The opinion of the American public and the news media was overwhelming in favor of conviction . Magazines , newspapers , and radio reported on the case heavily ; Time magazine featured the trial on its cover twice with stories titled " Communists : The Presence of Evil " and " Communists : The Little Commissar " ( referring to Eugene Dennis ) . Most American newspapers supported the prosecution , such as the New York World @-@ Telegram which reported that the Communist Party would soon be punished . The New York Times , in an editorial , felt that the trial was warranted and denied assertions of the Party that the trial was a provocation comparable to the Reichstag fire . The Christian Science Monitor took a more detached view in an editorial : " The outcome of the case will be watched by government and political parties around the world as to how the United States , as an outstanding exponent of democratic government , intends to share the benefits of its civil liberties and yet protect them if and when they appear to be abused by enemies from within " . Support for the prosecutions was not universal , however . During the proceedings , there were days when several thousand picketers protested in Foley Square outside the courthouse , chanting slogans like " Adolf Hitler never died / He 's sitting at Medina 's side " . In response , the US House of Representatives passed a bill in August to outlaw picketing near federal courthouses , but the Senate did not vote on it before the end of the trial . Journalist William L. Shirer was skeptical of the trial , writing " no overt act of trying to forcibly overthrow our government is charged ... The government 's case is simply that by being members and leaders of the Communist Party , its doctrines and tactics being what they are , the accused are guilty of conspiracy " . The Washington Post wrote that the purpose of the government 's legal attack on the CPUSA was " not so much the protection and security of the state as the exploitation of justice for the purpose of propaganda . " Third @-@ party presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace claimed that the trial was an effort by the Truman administration to create an atmosphere of fear , writing " we Americans have far more to fear from those actions which are intended to suppress political freedom than from the teaching of ideas with which we are in disagreement . " Farrell Dobbs of the SWP wrote – despite the fact that the CPUSA had supported Dobbs ' prosecution under the Smith Act in 1941 – " I want to state in no uncertain terms that I as well as the Socialist Workers Party support their struggle against the obnoxious Smith Act , as well as against the indictments under that act " . Before the trial began , supporters of the defendants decided on a campaign of letter @-@ writing and demonstrations : the CPUSA urged its members to bombard Truman with letters requesting that the charges be dropped . Later , supporters similarly flooded Judge Medina with telegrams and letters urging him to dismiss the charges . The defense was not optimistic about the probability of success . After the trial was over , defendant Gates wrote : " The anti @-@ communist hysteria was so intense , and most Americans were so frightened by the Communist issue , that we were convicted before our trial even started " . = = = Prosecution = = = Prosecutor John McGohey did not assert that the defendants had a specific plan to violently overthrow the US government , but rather alleged that the CPUSA 's philosophy generally advocated the violent overthrow of governments . The prosecution called witnesses who were either undercover informants , such as Angela Calomiris and Herbert Philbrick , or former communists who had become disenchanted with the CPUSA , such as Louis Budenz . The prosecution witnesses testified about the goals and policies of the CPUSA , and they interpreted the statements of pamphlets and books ( including The Communist Manifesto ) and works by such authors as Karl Marx and Joseph Stalin . The prosecution argued that the texts advocated violent revolution , and that by adopting the texts as their political foundation , the defendants were guilty of advocating violent overthrow of the government . Calomiris was recruited by the FBI in 1942 and infiltrated the CPUSA , gaining access to a membership roster . She received a salary from the FBI during her seven years as an informant . Calomiris identified four of the defendants as members of the CPUSA and provided information about its organization . She testified that the CPUSA espoused violent revolution against the government , and that the CPUSA – acting on instructions from Moscow – had attempted to recruit members working in key war industries . Budenz , a former communist , was another important witness for the prosecution who testified that the CPUSA subscribed to a philosophy of violent overthrow of the government . He also testified that the clauses of the constitution of the CPUSA that disavowed violence were decoys written in " Aesopian language " which were put in place specifically to protect the CPUSA from prosecution . = = = Defense = = = The five attorneys who volunteered to defend the communists were familiar with leftist causes and supported the defendants ' rights to espouse socialist viewpoints . They were Abraham Isserman , George W. Crockett Jr . , Richard Gladstein , Harry Sacher , and Louis F. McCabe . Defendant Eugene Dennis represented himself . The ACLU was dominated by anti @-@ communist leaders during the 1940s , and did not enthusiastically support persons indicted under the Smith Act ; but it did submit an amicus brief endorsing a motion for dismissal of the charges . The defense employed a three @-@ pronged strategy : First , they sought to portray the CPUSA as a conventional political party , which promoted socialism by peaceful means ; second , they attacked the trial as a capitalist venture which could never provide a fair outcome for proletarian defendants ; and third , they used the trial as an opportunity to publicize CPUSA policies . The defense made pre @-@ trial motions arguing that the defendants ' right to trial by a jury of their peers had been denied because , at that time , a potential grand juror had to meet a minimum property requirement , effectively eliminating the less affluent from service . The defense also argued that the jury selection process for the trial was similarly flawed . Their objections to the jury selection process were not successful and jurors included four African Americans and consisted primarily of working @-@ class citizens . A primary theme of the defense was that the CPUSA sought to convert the US to socialism by education , not by force . The defense claimed that most of the prosecution 's documentary evidence came from older texts that pre @-@ dated the 1935 Seventh World Congress of the Comintern , after which the CPUSA rejected violence as a means of change . The defense attempted to introduce documents into evidence which represented the CPUSA 's advocacy of peace , claiming that these policies superseded the older texts that the prosecution had introduced which emphasized violence . Medina excluded most of the material proposed by the defense because it did not directly pertain to the specific documents the prosecution had produced . As a result , the defense complained that they were unable to portray the totality of their belief system to the jury . The defense attorneys developed a " labor defense " strategy , by which they attacked the entire trial process , including the prosecutor , the judge , and the jury selection process . The strategy involved verbally disparaging the judge and the prosecutors , and may have been an attempt to provoke a mistrial . Another aspect of the labor defense was an effort to rally popular support to free the defendants , in the hope that public pressure would help achieve acquittals . Throughout the course of the trial , thousands of supporters of the defendants flooded the judge with protests , and marched outside the courthouse in Foley Square . The defense used the trial as an opportunity to educate the public about their beliefs , so they focused their defense around the political aspects of communism , rather than rebutting the legal aspects of the prosecution 's evidence . Defendant Dennis chose to represent himself so he could , in his role as attorney , directly address the jury and explain communist principles . = = = Courtroom atmosphere = = = The trial was one of the country 's most contentious legal proceedings and sometimes had a " circus @-@ like atmosphere " . Four hundred police officers were assigned to the site on the opening day of the trial . The defense deliberately antagonized the judge by making a large number of objections and motions , which led to numerous bitter engagements between the attorneys and Judge Medina . Despite the aggressive defense tactics and a voluminous letter @-@ writing campaign directed at Medina , he stated " I will not be intimidated " . Out of the chaos , an atmosphere of " mutual hostility " arose between the judge and attorneys . Judge Medina attempted to maintain order by removing disorderly defendants . In the course of the trial , Medina sent five of the defendants to jail for outbursts , including Hall because he shouted " I 've heard more law in a kangaroo court " , and Winston – an African American – for shouting " more than five thousand Negroes have been lynched in this country " . Several times in July and August , the judge held defense attorneys in contempt of court , and told them their punishment would be meted out upon conclusion of the trial . Fellow judge James L. Oakes described Medina as a fair and reasonable judge , and wrote that " after the judge saw what the lawyers were doing , he gave them a little bit of their own medicine , too . " Legal scholar and historian Michal Belknap writes that Medina was " unfriendly " to the defense , and that " there is reason to believe that Medina was biased against the defendants " , citing a statement Medina made before the trial : " If we let them do that sort of thing [ postpone the trial start ] , they 'll destroy the government " . According to Belknap , Medina 's behavior towards the defense may have been exacerbated by the fact that another federal judge had died of a heart attack during the 1943 trial involving the Smith Act . Some historians speculate that Medina came to believe that the defense was deliberately trying to provoke him into committing a legal error with the goal of achieving a mistrial . = = = Events outside the courtroom = = = During the ten @-@ month trial , several events occurred in America that intensified the nation 's anti @-@ communist sentiment : The Judith Coplon Soviet espionage case was in progress ; former government employee Alger Hiss was tried for perjury stemming from accusations that he was a communist ( a trial also held at the Foley Square courthouse ) ; labor leader Harry Bridges was accused of perjury when he denied being a communist ; and the ACLU passed an anti @-@ communist resolution . Two events during the final month of the trial may have been particularly influential : On September 23 , 1949 , Truman announced that the Soviet Union detonated its first nuclear bomb ; and on October 1 , 1949 , the Communist Party of China prevailed in the Chinese Civil War . Defendants Irving Potash and Benjamin J. Davis were among the audience members attacked as they left a September 4 concert headlined by Paul Robeson in Peekskill , New York . It was given to benefit the Civil Rights Congress ( CRC ) , which was funding the defendants ' legal expenses . Hundreds lined the roads leaving the performance grounds and threw rocks and bottles at the departing vehicles without interference by the police . Over 140 people suffered injuries , including Potash , whose eyes were struck by glass from a broken windshield . The trial was suspended for two days while Potash recovered from his injuries . = = = Convictions and sentencing = = = On October 14 , 1949 , after the defense rested their case , the judge gave the jury instructions to guide them in reaching a verdict . He instructed the jury that the prosecution was not required to prove that the danger of violence was " clear and present " ; instead , the jury should consider if the defendants had advocated communist policy as a " rule or principle of action " with the intention of inciting overthrow by violence " as speedily as circumstances would permit " . This instruction was in response to the defendants , who endorsed the " clear and present danger " test , yet that test was not adopted as law by the Supreme Court . The judge 's instructions included the phrase " I find as a matter of law that there is sufficient danger of a substantive evil ... " which would later be challenged by the defense during their appeals . After deliberating for seven and one @-@ half hours , the jury returned guilty verdicts against all eleven defendants . The judge sentenced ten defendants to five years and a $ 10 @,@ 000 fine each ( $ 99 @,@ 455 in 2016 dollars ) . The eleventh defendant , Robert G. Thompson – a veteran of World War II – was sentenced to three years in consideration of his wartime service . Thompson said that he took " no pleasure that this Wall Street judicial flunky has seen fit to equate my possession of the Distinguished Service Cross to two years in prison . " Immediately after the jury rendered a verdict , Medina turned to the defense attorneys saying he had some " unfinished business " and he held them in contempt of court , and sentenced all of them to jail terms ranging from 30 days to six months ; Dennis , acting as his own attorney , was also cited . Since the contempt sentences were based on behavior witnessed by the judge , no hearings were required for the contempt charges , and the attorneys were immediately handcuffed and led to jail . = = = Public reaction = = = The vast majority of the public , and most news media , endorsed the verdict . Typical was a letter to the New York Times : " The Communist Party may prove to be a hydra @-@ headed monster unless we can discover how to kill the body as well as how to cut off its heads . " The day of the convictions , New York Gov. Thomas E. Dewey and Senator John Foster Dulles praised the verdicts . Some vocal supporters of the defendants spoke out in their defense . A New York resident wrote : " I am not afraid of communism ... I am only afraid of the trend in our country today away from the principles of democracy . " Another wrote : " the trial was a political trial ... Does not the Soviet Union inspire fear in the world at large precisely because masses of human beings have no confidence in the justice of its criminal procedures against dissidents ? ... I trust that the Supreme Court will be able to correct a grave error in the operation of our political machinery by finding the ... Smith bill unconstitutional . " William Z. Foster wrote : " every democratic movement in the United States is menaced by this reactionary verdict ... The Communist Party will not be dismayed by this scandalous verdict , which belies our whole national democratic traditions . It will carry the fight to the higher courts , to the broad masses of the people . " Vito Marcantonio of the American Labor Party wrote that the verdict was " a sharp and instant challenge to the freedom of every American . " The ACLU issued a statement reiterating its opposition to the Smith Act , because it felt the act criminalized political advocacy . Abroad , the trial received little mention in mainstream press , but Communist newspapers were unanimous in their condemnation . The Moscow press wrote that Medina showed " extraordinary prejudice " ; the London communist newspaper wrote that the defendants had been convicted only of " being communists " ; and in France , a paper decried the convictions as " a step on the road that leads to war . " On October 21 , President Truman appointed prosecutor John McGohey to serve as a U.S. District Court judge . Judge Medina was hailed as a national hero and received 50 @,@ 000 letters congratulating him on the trial outcome . On October 24 , Time magazine featured Medina on its cover , and soon thereafter he was asked to consider running for governor of New York . On June 11 , 1951 , Truman nominated Medina to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , where he served until 1980 . = = = Bail and prison = = = After sentencing , the defendants posted bail , enabling them to remain free during the appeal process . The $ 260 @,@ 000 bail ( $ 2 @,@ 585 @,@ 818 in 2016 dollars ) was provided by Civil Rights Congress , a non @-@ profit trust fund which was created to assist CPUSA members with legal expenses . While out on bail , Hall was appointed to a position in the secretariat within the CPUSA . Eugene Dennis was – in addition to his Smith Act charges – fighting contempt of Congress charges stemming from an incident in 1947 when he refused to appear before the House Un @-@ American Activities Committee . He appealed the contempt charge , but the Supreme Court upheld his conviction for contempt in March 1950 , and he began to serve a one @-@ year term at that time . While waiting for their legal appeals to be heard , the CPUSA leaders became convinced that the government would undertake the prosecution of many additional Party officers . To ensure continuity of their leadership , they decided that four of the defendants should go into hiding and lead the CPUSA from outside prison . The defendants were ordered to report to prison on July 2 , 1951 , after the Supreme Court upheld their convictions and their legal appeals were exhausted . When July arrived , only seven defendants reported to prison , and four ( Winston , Green , Thompson , and Hall ) went into hiding , forfeiting $ 80 @,@ 000 bail ( $ 795 @,@ 636 in 2016 dollars ) . Hall was captured in Mexico in 1951 , trying to flee to the Soviet Union . Thompson was captured in California in 1952 . Both had three years added to their five @-@ year sentences . Winston and Green surrendered voluntarily in 1956 after they felt that anti @-@ communist hysteria had diminished . Some of the defendants did not fare well in prison : Thompson was attacked by an anti @-@ communist inmate ; Winston became blind because a brain tumor was not treated promptly ; Gates was put into solitary confinement because he refused to lock the cells of fellow inmates ; and Davis was ordered to mop floors because he protested against racial segregation in prison . = = = Perception of communism after the trial = = = After the convictions , the Cold War continued in the international arena . In December 1950 , Truman declared a national emergency in response to the Korean War . The First Indochina War continued in Vietnam , in which communist forces in the north fought against French Union forces in the south . The US expanded the Radio Free Europe broadcasting system in an effort to promote Western political ideals in Eastern Europe . In March 1951 , American communists Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of spying for the Soviet Union . In 1952 , the US exploded its first hydrogen bomb , and the Soviet Union followed suit in 1953 . Domestically , the Cold War was in the forefront of national consciousness . In February 1950 , Senator Joseph McCarthy rose suddenly to national fame when he claimed " I have here in my hand a list " of over 200 communists who were employed in the State Department . In September 1950 , the US Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security Act , which required communist organizations to register with the government , and formed the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities . High @-@ profile hearings involving alleged communists included the 1950 conviction of Alger Hiss , the 1951 trial of the Rosenbergs , and the 1954 investigation of J. Robert Oppenheimer . The convictions in the 1949 trial encouraged the Department of Justice to prepare for additional prosecutions of CPUSA leaders . Three months after the trial , in January 1950 , a representative of the Justice Department testified before Congress during appropriation hearings to justify an increase in funding to support Smith Act prosecutions . He testified that there were 21 @,@ 105 potential persons that could be indicted under the Smith Act , and that 12 @,@ 000 of those would be indicted if the Smith Act was upheld as constitutional . The FBI had compiled a list of 200 @,@ 000 persons in its Communist Index ; since the CPUSA had only around 32 @,@ 000 members in 1950 , the FBI explained the disparity by asserting that for every official Party member , there were ten persons who were loyal to the CPUSA and ready to carry out its orders . Seven months after the convictions , in May 1950 , Hoover gave a radio address in which he declared " communists have been and are today at work within the very gates of America .... Wherever they may be , they have in common one diabolic ambition : to weaken and to eventually destroy American democracy by stealth and cunning . " Other federal government agencies also worked to undermine organizations , such as the CPUSA , they considered subversive : The Internal Revenue Service investigated 81 organizations that were deemed to be subversive , threatening to revoke their tax exempt status ; Congress passed a law prohibiting members of subversive organizations from obtaining federal housing benefits ; and attempts were made to deny Social Security benefits , veterans benefits , and unemployment benefits to communist sympathizers . = = Legal appeals of 1949 trial = = The 1949 trial defendants appealed to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 1950 . In the appeal they raised issues about the use of informant witnesses , the impartiality of the jury and judge , the judge 's conduct , and free speech . Their free speech arguments raised important constitutional issues : they asserted that their political advocacy was protected by the First Amendment , because the CPUSA did not advocate imminent violence , but instead merely promoted revolution as an abstract concept . = = = Free speech law = = = See also : First Amendment issues related to speech critical of government One of the major issues raised on appeal was that the defendants ' political advocacy was protected by the First Amendment , because the CPUSA did not advocate imminent violence , but instead merely promoted revolution as an abstract concept . In the early twentieth century , the primary legal test used in the United States to determine if speech could be criminalized was the bad tendency test . Rooted in English common law , the test permitted speech to be outlawed if it had a tendency to harm public welfare . One of the earliest cases in which the Supreme Court addressed punishment after material was published was Patterson v. Colorado ( 1907 ) in which the Court used the bad tendency test to uphold contempt charges against a newspaper publisher who accused Colorado judges of acting on behalf of local utility companies . Anti @-@ war protests during World War I gave rise to several important free speech cases related to sedition and inciting violence . In the 1919 case Schenck v. United States the Supreme Court held that an anti @-@ war activist did not have a First Amendment right to speak out against the draft . In his majority opinion , Justice Holmes introduced the clear and present danger test , which would become an important concept in First Amendment law ; but the Schenck decision did not formally adopt the test . Holmes later wrote that he intended the clear and present danger test to refine , not replace , the bad tendency test . Although sometimes mentioned in subsequent rulings , the clear and present danger test was never endorsed by the Supreme Court as a test to be used by lower courts when evaluating the constitutionality of legislation that regulated speech . The Court continued to use the bad tendency test during the early twentieth century in cases such as 1919 's Abrams v. United States which upheld the conviction of anti @-@ war activists who passed out leaflets encouraging workers to impede the war effort . In Abrams , Holmes and Justice Brandeis dissented and encouraged the use of the clear and present test , which provided more protection for speech . In 1925 's Gitlow v. New York , the Court extended the First Amendment to the states , and upheld the conviction of Gitlow for publishing the " Left Wing Manifesto " . Gitlow was decided based on the bad tendency test , but the majority decision acknowledged the validity of the clear and present danger test , yet concluded that its use was limited to Schenck @-@ like situations where the speech was not specifically outlawed by the legislature . Brandeis and Holmes again promoted the clear and present danger test , this time in a concurring opinion in 1927 's Whitney v. California decision . The majority did not adopt or use the clear and present danger test , but the concurring opinion encouraged the Court to support greater protections for speech , and it suggested that " imminent danger " – a more restrictive wording than " present danger " – should be required before speech can be outlawed . After Whitney , bad tendency tests continued to be used by the Court in cases such 1931 's Stromberg v. California , which held that a 1919 California statute banning red flags was unconstitutional . The clear and present danger test was invoked by the majority in the 1940 Thornhill v. Alabama decision in which a state anti @-@ picketing law was invalidated . Although the Court referred to the clear and present danger test in a few decisions following Thornhill , the bad tendency test was not explicitly overruled , and the clear and present danger test was not applied in several subsequent free speech cases involving incitment to violence . = = = Appeal to the federal Court of Appeals = = = In May 1950 , one month before the appeals court heard oral arguments in the CPUSA case , the Supreme Court ruled on free speech issues in American Communications Association v. Douds . In that case the Court considered the clear and present danger test , but rejected it as too mechanical and instead introduced a balancing test . The federal appeals court heard oral arguments in the CPUSA case on June 21 – 23 , 1950 . Two days later , on June 25 , South Korea was invaded by forces from communist North Korea , marking the start of the Korean War ; during the two months that the appeals court judges were forging their opinions , the Korean War dominated the headlines . On August 1 , 1950 , the appeals court unanimously upheld the convictions in an opinion written by Judge Learned Hand . Judge Hand considered the clear and present danger test , but his opinion adopted a balancing approach similar to that suggested in American Communications Association v. Douds . In his opinion , Hand wrote : " In each case they [ the courts ] must ask whether the gravity of the ' evil ' , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger .... The American Communist Party , of which the defendants are the controlling spirits , is a highly articulated , well contrived , far spread organization , numbering thousands of adherents , rigidly and ruthlessly disciplined , many of whom are infused with a passionate Utopian faith that is to redeem mankind .... The violent capture of all existing governments is one article of the creed of that faith [ communism ] , which abjures the possibility of success by lawful means . " The opinion specifically mentioned the contemporary dangers of communism worldwide , with emphasis on the Berlin Airlift . = = = Appeal to the Supreme Court = = = The defendants appealed the Second Circuit 's decision to the Supreme Court in Dennis v. United States . During the Supreme Court appeal , the defendants were assisted by the National Lawyers Guild and the ACLU . The Supreme Court limited its consideration to the questions of the constitutionality of the Smith Act and the jury instructions , and did not rule on the issues of impartiality , jury composition , or informant witnesses . The 6 – 2 decision was issued on June 4 , 1951 , and upheld Hand 's decision . Chief Justice Fred Vinson 's opinion stated that the First Amendment does not require that the government must wait " until the putsch is about to be executed , the plans have been laid and the signal is awaited " before it interrupts seditious plots . In his opinion , Vinson endorsed the balancing approach used by Judge Hand : Chief Judge Learned Hand ... interpreted the [ clear and present danger ] phrase as follows : ' In each case , [ courts ] must ask whether the gravity of the " evil " , discounted by its improbability , justifies such invasion of free speech as is necessary to avoid the danger . ' We adopt this statement of the rule . As articulated by Chief Judge Hand , it is as succinct and inclusive as any other we might devise at this time . It takes into consideration those factors which we deem relevant , and relates their significances . More we cannot expect from words . Vinson 's opinion also addressed the contention that Medina 's jury instructions were faulty . The defendants claimed that Medina 's statement that " as matter of law that there is sufficient danger of a substantive evil that the Congress has a right to prevent to justify the application of the statute under the First Amendment of the Constitution " was erroneous , but Vinson concluded that the instructions were an appropriate interpretation of the Smith Act . The Supreme Court was , in one historian 's words , " bitterly divided " on the First Amendment issues presented by Dennis . Justices Hugo Black and William O. Douglas dissented from the majority opinion . In his dissent , Black wrote " public opinion being what it now is , few will protest the conviction of these Communist petitioners . There is hope , however , that , in calmer times , when present pressures , passions and fears subside , this or some later Court will restore the First Amendment liberties to the high preferred place where they belong in a free society . " Following the Dennis decision , the Court utilized balancing tests for free speech cases , and rarely invoked the clear and present danger test . = = = Appeal of contempt sentences = = = The defense attorneys appealed their contempt sentences , which were handed out by Judge Medina under Rule 42 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure . The attorneys raised a variety of issues on appeal , including the purported misconduct of the judge , and the claim that they were deprived of due process because there was no hearing to evaluate the merits of the contempt charge . They argued that the contempt charges would prevent future CPUSA defendants from obtaining counsel , because attorneys would be afraid of judicial retaliation . The initial appeal to the federal appeals court was not successful : The court reviewed Medina 's actions , and reversed some specifications of contempt , but affirmed the convictions . The attorneys then appealed to the Supreme Court which denied the initial petition , but later reconsidered and accepted the appeal . The Supreme Court limited their review to the question , " was the charge of contempt , as and when certified , one which the accusing judge was authorized under Rule 42 ( a ) to determine and punish himself ; or was it one to be adjudged and punished under Rule 42 ( b ) only by a judge other than the accusing one and after notice , hearing , and opportunity to defend ? " . The Supreme Court , in an opinion written by Justice Robert Jackson , upheld the contempt sentences by a 5 – 3 vote . Jackson 's opinion stated that " summary punishment always , and rightly , is regarded with disfavor , and , if imposed in passion or pettiness , brings discredit to a court as certainly as the conduct it penalizes . But the very practical reasons which have led every system of law to vest a contempt power in one who presides over judicial proceedings also are the reasons which account for it being made summary . " = = Trials of " second @-@ tier " officials = = After the 1949 convictions , prosecutors waited until the constitutional issues were settled by the Supreme Court before they tried additional leaders of the CPUSA . When the 1951 Dennis decision upholding the convictions was announced , prosecutors initiated indictments of 132 additional CPUSA leaders , called " second string " or " second @-@ tier " defendants . The second @-@ tier defendants were prosecuted in three waves : 1951 , 1954 , and 1956 . Their trials were held in over a dozen cities , including Los Angeles ( 15 CPUSA defendants , including Dorothy Healey , leader of the California branch of the CPUSA ) , New York ( 21 defendants , including National Committee members Claudia Jones and Elizabeth Gurley Flynn ) , Honolulu , Pittsburgh , Philadelphia , Cleveland , Baltimore , Seattle , Detroit , St. Louis , Denver , Boston , Puerto Rico , and New Haven . The second @-@ tier defendants had a difficult time finding lawyers to represent them . The five defense attorneys at the 1949 trial had been jailed for contempt of court , and two of them , Abraham Isserman and Harry Sacher , were disbarred . Attorneys for other Smith Act defendants routinely found themselves attacked by courts , attorneys ' groups , and licensing boards , leading many defense attorneys to shun Smith Act cases . Some defendants were forced to contact over one hundred attorneys before finding one that would accept ; defendant Steve Nelson could not find a lawyer in Pennsylvania who would represent him in his Smith Act trial , so he was compelled to represent himself ; and judges sometimes had to appoint unwilling counsel for defendants who could not find a lawyer to take the case . The National Lawyers Guild provided some lawyers to the defendants , but in 1953 Attorney General Herbert Brownell , Jr. threatened to list the Guild as a subversive organization , causing half its members to leave . Some second @-@ tier defendants were unable to post bail because the government refused to permit the Civil Rights Congress ( CRC ) legal defense fund to provide bail funding . The CRC had run afoul of the judicial system because it had posted bail for the 1949 trial defendants , and four of those defendants skipped bail in 1951 . Leaders of the CRC were called before a grand jury and asked to identify the donors who had contributed money to the bail fund . Novelist Dashiell Hammett , a manager of the CRC fund , invoked the Fifth Amendment , refused to identify donors , and was sentenced to six months in prison . To supply witnesses for the second @-@ tier trials , the Justice Department relied on a dozen informants , who traveled full @-@ time from trial to trial , testifying about communism and the CPUSA . The informants were paid for their time ; for example , Budenz earned $ 70 @,@ 000 ( $ 623 @,@ 772 in 2016 dollars ) from his activities as a witness . = = = California convictions reversed = = = The federal appeals courts upheld all convictions of second @-@ tier officials , and the Supreme Court refused to hear their appeals until 1956 , when it agreed to hear the appeal of the California defendants ; this led to the landmark Yates v. United States decision . Fourteen second @-@ tier CPUSA officials from California who had been convicted of Smith Act violations appealed and on June 17 , 1957 , " Red Monday " , the Supreme Court reversed their convictions . By the time the Court ruled 6 – 1 in Yates v. United States , four of the Supreme Court Justices that supported the 1951 Dennis decision had been replaced , including Chief Justice Vinson , who was replaced by Chief Justice Earl Warren . The decision in Yates undermined the 1951 Dennis decision by holding that contemplation of abstract , future violence may not be prohibited by law , but that urging others to act in violent ways may be outlawed . Writing for the majority , Justice John Marshall Harlan introduced the notion of balancing society 's right of self @-@ preservation against the right to free speech . He wrote : We are thus faced with the question whether the Smith Act prohibits advocacy and teaching of forcible overthrow as an abstract principle , divorced from any effort to instigate action to that end , so long as such advocacy or teaching is engaged in with evil intent . We hold that it does not .... In failing to distinguish between advocacy of forcible overthrow as an abstract doctrine and advocacy of action to that end , the District Court appears to have been led astray by the holding in Dennis that advocacy of violent action to be taken at some future time was enough . Yates did not rule the Smith Act unconstitutional or even overrule the Dennis decision , but Yates limited the application of the Act to such a degree that it became nearly unenforceable . The Yates decision outraged some conservative members of Congress , who introduced legislation to limit judicial review of certain sentences related to sedition and treason , which did not pass . = = = Membership clause = = = Four years after the Yates decision , the Supreme Court reversed the conviction of another second @-@ tier CPUSA leader , John Francis Noto of New York , in the 1961 Noto v. United States case . Noto was convicted under the membership clause of the Smith Act , and he challenged the constitutionality of that clause on appeal . The membership clause was in the portion of the Smith Act that made it a crime " to organize or help to organize any society , group , or assembly of persons who teach , advocate , or encourage the overthrow or destruction of any government in the United States by force or violence ; or to be or become a member of , or affiliate with , any such society , group , or assembly of persons , knowing the purposes thereof ... " . In a unanimous decision , the court reversed the conviction because the evidence presented at trial was not sufficient to demonstrate that the Party was advocating action ( as opposed to mere doctrine ) of forcible overthrow of the government . On behalf of the majority , Justice Harlan wrote : The evidence was insufficient to prove that the Communist Party presently advocated forcible overthrow of the Government not as an abstract doctrine , but by the use of language reasonably and ordinarily calculated to incite persons to action , immediately or in the future .... In order to support a conviction under the membership clause of the Smith Act , there must be some substantial direct or circumstantial evidence of a call to violence now or in the future which is both sufficiently strong and sufficiently pervasive to lend color to the otherwise ambiguous theoretical material regarding Communist Party teaching and to justify the inference that such a call to violence may fairly be imputed to the Party as a whole , and not merely to some narrow segment of it . The decision did not rule the membership clause unconstitutional . In their concurring opinions , Justices Black and Douglas argued that the membership clause of the Smith Act was unconstitutional on its face as a violation of the First Amendment , with Douglas writing that " the utterances , attitudes , and associations in this case ... are , in my view , wholly protected by the First Amendment , and not subject to inquiry , examination , or prosecution by the Federal Government . " = = = Final conviction = = = In 1958 , the leader of the North Carolina branch of the CPUSA , Junius Scales , became the final CPUSA member convicted under the Smith Act , and the only one convicted after the Yates decision . Prosecutors pursued Scales ' case because he specifically advocated violent political action and gave demonstrations of martial arts skills . Scales was accused of violating the membership clause of the Smith Act , not the clause prohibiting advocacy of violence against the government . In his appeal to the Supreme Court , Scales contended that the 1950 McCarran Internal Security Act rendered the Smith Act 's membership clause ineffective , because the McCarran Act explicitly stated that membership in a communist party does not constitute a per se violation of any criminal statute . In 1961 , the Supreme Court , in a 5 – 4 decision , upheld Scales ' conviction , finding that the Smith Act membership clause was not obviated by the McCarran Act , because the Smith Act required prosecutors to prove first , that there was direct advocacy of violence ; and second , that the defendant 's membership was substantial and active , not merely passive or technical . Two Justices of the Supreme Court who had supported the Yates decision in 1957 , Harlan and Frankfurter , voted to uphold Scales ' conviction . Scales was the only defendant convicted under the membership clause . All others were convicted of conspiring to overthrow the government . President Kennedy commuted his sentence on Christmas Eve , 1962 , making Scales the final Smith Act defendant released from prison . Scales is the only Supreme Court decision to uphold a conviction based solely upon membership in a political party . = = Aftermath = = The Yates and Noto decisions undermined the Smith Act and marked the beginning of the end of CPUSA membership inquiries . When the trials came to an end in 1958 , 144 people had been indicted , resulting in 105 convictions , with cumulative sentences totaling 418 years and $ 435 @,@ 500 ( $ 3 @,@ 880 @,@ 753 in 2016 dollars ) in fines . Fewer than half the convicted communists served jail time . The Smith Act , 18 U.S.C. § 2385 , though amended several times , has not been repealed . For two decades after the Dennis decision , free speech issues related to advocacy of violence were decided using balancing tests such as the one initially articulated in Dennis . In 1969 , the court established stronger protections for speech in the landmark case Brandenburg v. Ohio which held that " the constitutional guarantees of free speech and free press do not permit a State to forbid or proscribe advocacy of the use of force or of law violation except where such advocacy is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action " . Brandenburg is now the standard applied by the Court to free speech issues related to advocacy of violence . The Smith Act trials decimated the leadership ranks of the CPUSA . Immediately after the 1949 trial , the CPUSA – alarmed at the undercover informants that had testified for the prosecution – initiated efforts to identify and exclude informers from its membership . The FBI encouraged these suspicions by planting fabricated evidence which suggested that many innocent Party members were FBI informants . Dennis attempted to provide leadership from inside the Atlanta penitentiary , but prison officials censored his mail and successfully isolated him from the outside world . Prison officials from the Lewisburg prison prevented Williamson from writing to anyone other than immediate family members . Lacking leadership , the CPUSA suffered from internal dissension and disorder , and by 1953 the CPUSA 's leadership structure was inoperative . In 1956 , Nikita Khrushchev revealed the reality of Stalin 's purges , causing many remaining CPUSA members to quit in disillusionment . By the late 1950s , the CPUSA 's membership had dwindled to 5 @,@ 000 , of whom over 1 @,@ 000 may have been FBI informants . The defendants at the 1949 trial were released from prison in the mid @-@ 1950s . Gus Hall served as a Party leader for another 40 years ; he supported the policies of the Soviet Union , and ran for president four times from 1972 to 1984 . Eugene Dennis continued to be involved in the CPUSA and died in 1961 . Benjamin J. Davis died in 1964 . Jack Stachel , who continued working on the Daily Worker , died in 1966 . John Gates became disillusioned with the CPUSA after the revelation of Stalin 's Great Purge ; he quit the Party in 1958 and later gave a television interview to Mike Wallace in which he blamed the CPUSA 's " unshaken faith " in the Soviet Union for the organization 's downfall . Henry Winston became co @-@ chair of the CPUSA ( with Hall ) in 1966 and was awarded the Order of the October Revolution by the Soviet Union in 1976 . After leaving prison , Carl Winter resumed Party activities , became editor of the Daily Worker in 1966 , and died in 1991 . Gil Green was released from Leavenworth prison in 1961 and continued working with the CPUSA to oppose the Vietnam War . Party leader William Z. Foster , 69 years old at the time of the 1949 trial , was never tried due to ill health ; he retired from the Party in 1957 and died in Moscow in 1961 . John Williamson was released early , in 1955 , and deported to England , although he had lived in the United States since the age of ten . Irving Potash moved to Poland after his release from prison , then re @-@ entered the United States illegally in 1957 , and was arrested and sentenced to two years for violating immigration laws . Robert G. Thompson skipped bail , was captured in 1953 , and sentenced to an additional four years . He died in 1965 and U.S. Army officials refused him burial in Arlington National Cemetery . His wife challenged that decision , first losing in U.S. District Court and then winning in the Court of Appeals . Defense attorney George W. Crockett Jr. later became a Democratic congressman from Michigan .
= The Girl Who Waited = " The Girl Who Waited " is the tenth episode of the sixth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , and was first broadcast on BBC One and BBC America on 10 September 2011 . It was written by Tom MacRae and was directed by Nick Hurran . In the episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) takes his companions Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) and her husband Rory ( Arthur Darvill ) to the planet Apalapucia for a holiday , but they find that the planet is on quarantine as the two @-@ hearted natives are susceptible to a deadly plague . Amy accidentally gets separated from the Doctor and Rory but when they try to rescue her they arrive 36 years later in her timeline . The older Amy does not trust the Doctor , who is forced to remain on the TARDIS as he also has two hearts , and will not allow the Doctor and Rory to leave and rescue her at the correct point in her timeline . " The Girl Who Waited " featured little of the Doctor , due to multiple episodes being filmed at the same time . Gillan played the older version of herself and prosthetics were applied to make her appear older . The episode was filmed on a lower budget , and MacRae decided to make the main sets all white in colour . " The Girl Who Waited " was seen by 7 @.@ 6 million viewers in the UK and received positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = The Doctor takes Rory and Amy to the planet Apalapucia , claiming it is a top holiday destination , but is unaware that the planet is suffering from a fatal plague , Chen7 , that affects beings with two hearts and can kill them within a day . The native population has created " kindness centres " , where those infected by the plague are placed in one of several thousand accelerated time streams , allowing them to live out their lives whilst in communication with their loved ones through a large glass lens in the waiting room . On their arrival , Amy is separated from the Doctor and Rory , and becomes stuck in an accelerated time stream . As the Doctor and Rory discover Amy 's location , they are approached by one of the facility 's Handbots , a faceless white robot with human @-@ like hands . The Handbot explains the plague , and failing to recognise the Doctor or Rory as alien , attempts to administer a dose of medicine that would be fatal . The Doctor uses the glass lens to warn Amy of this , and tells her to wait for him in the kindness centre , promising to rescue her . The Doctor and Rory return to the TARDIS with the glass lens , which the Doctor uses to lock the time machine onto Amy 's timestream . Meanwhile , Amy discovers Interface , providing vocal control over the complex 's computer systems , and learns she can mask her presence from the Handbots using the emissions from the time engines driving the accelerated time streams . The Doctor , unable to leave the TARDIS due to the plague , gives Rory the lens , his sonic screwdriver , and a pair of glasses through which the Doctor can see and communicate with Rory . Rory explores the complex , and runs into a group of Handbots . The robots are quickly defeated by an older and bitter Amy , who is now a vigilante with the aid of Interface , but has otherwise been unable to escape . She is angry with the Doctor , telling him she has been waiting 36 years for rescue . She has been alone except for a reprogrammed Handbot called " Rory " . The Doctor realises they have mistakenly latched onto the wrong time stream , and urges the older Amy to help find her younger self . She refuses , knowing that if the younger Amy is rescued , she will cease to exist . Though Rory considers saving the older Amy , the Doctor warns him that by taking her aboard the TARDIS , they will forgo any chance of rescuing the younger Amy . The Doctor discovers evidence of younger Amy nearby , and instructs Rory to use the lens to communicate with her , hoping that seeing the younger , crying Amy will convince the older one to help with the rescue . The older Amy remembers this discussion from when she was younger Amy and had failed to convince the older Amy to help . However , this time the younger Amy convinces the older Amy to change her mind by asking her to consider Rory . The older Amy agrees to help if the Doctor would take her too ; the Doctor promises to do so despite the difficulty in completing the action since the TARDIS will be unable to handle the paradox of having two Amys from different timestreams aboard together . The Doctor temporarily brings the two Amys into the same time stream by having them synchronise their thoughts whilst having Rory manipulate the time engines . Rory 's glasses begin to malfunction due to feedback from the paradox , forcing the three of them to race through the complex amongst several Handbots to reach the TARDIS without the Doctor 's assistance . As they near its location , the older Amy falls back to protect the other two , but the younger Amy runs into a Handbot and is sedated . As the older Amy covers his back , Rory takes the younger Amy into the TARDIS . Once they are inside the Doctor slams the door behind them and admits to Rory that it is impossible for both Amys to exist in the same timestream . Rory must now choose which Amy he wants . Rory and the older Amy have a tearful farewell at the TARDIS door before the older Amy tells him to move on without her . The older Amy then allows herself to be taken by the Handbots . Amy wakes up and asks " Where is she ? " , and the Doctor leaves Rory to explain to her . = = Production = = Tom MacRae , the writer of the episode , had previously written the two @-@ parter " Rise of the Cybermen " / " The Age of Steel " for the second series , which featured the return of the Cybermen . As bringing back the Cybermen had limited plot opportunities and put MacRae in the " second seat " as a writer , he was pleased that he had the opportunity to do whatever he wanted . MacRae was proud of the finished script , calling it his " most accomplished piece of plotting ever " . The original title of the episode was " The Visitors ' Room " . This was changed to " Visiting Hour " and then " Kindness " . The episode , contrary to some reports , was never at any point titled " The Green Anchor " . " The Girl Who Waited " is a title that has been used to refer to Amy after she waited 12 years for the Doctor to return in " The Eleventh Hour " . Executive producer Beth Willis insisted that Amy 's speech about how Rory was the most beautiful man she had ever met make it into the final version . " The Girl Who Waited " is designed as an episode in which the actor playing the Doctor is not required for much of the shooting — these have become known as " Doctor Lite " episodes . Established with the second series episode " Love & Monsters " because of the production schedule , it has become a tradition that continued with episodes such as " Blink " . MacRae enjoyed exploring Amy and Rory 's characters and their past , as the Doctor was " always to a certain extent mythic " which limited what could be explored with his character . In one draft of the script , the scene near the end in which Rory and the two Amys race to the TARDIS did not include Rory in person ; he was watching the scene from the lens . It also included a sequence that featured a Handbot 's hand being cut and continuing to walk by itself . With " The Girl Who Waited " being a lower @-@ budget episode , MacRae wrote for the Kindess Centre to be entirely white , and described the sets as " big white boxes " . He was pleased with the way it turned out , feeling that the all @-@ white added a " really interesting visual sense to it " . The original idea was to have an older actress play the older Amy , but Karen Gillan volunteered to play the older version of her character with the aid of prosthetics . It was also decided that having Gillan play both characters would be more believable . Gillan developed different body @-@ language , vocal range and attitude for the new individual , whose character has changed after being left behind and in danger . To achieve this , Gillan studied with a voice coach and movement coach . Gillan also wore padding which affected her movement , and stated she spent " hours in make @-@ up " . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Girl Who Waited " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 10 September 2011 and on the same date in the United States on BBC America . Overnight viewing figures showed that it was watched by six million viewers on BBC One , which was an improvement of 0 @.@ 5 million from the previous episode . The episode was also at the number one spot on BBC 's iPlayer , as reported the day after it aired . The episode later topped the iPlayer chart for September . Final consolidated ratings showed a time @-@ shift increase of 1 @.@ 6 million , bringing the total up to 7 @.@ 6 million viewers , up 530 @,@ 000 viewers on the previous episode , " Night Terrors " . The episode received an Appreciation Index of 85 , placing it in the " excellent " category . = = = Critical reception = = = The episode has received critical acclaim from critics . Dan Martin of The Guardian said that it contained " the series ' most tearjerking suckerpunch so far " and the " psychedelic premise [ gave ] the characters the chance to shine " . He praised Karen Gillan 's difference in performance as the old Amy and her improvement in performance since the previous series . Martin later called it a " damn near perfect episode " , rating it the best episode of the series , though the finale was not included in the list . Gavin Fuller of The Daily Telegraph gave the episode four out of five stars , praising MacRae 's ability to overcome budget issues and deliver " quite a powerful and moving drama , with an ending that although inevitable still delivered a well of sadness " . He thought the older Amy 's " technical wizardry seemed a tad unlikely " ( she manages to scrounge up a sonic screwdriver while waiting for the Doctor ) but " the power of Gillan 's performance skated over any minor quibbles " . In a review for The Independent , Neela Debnath said that " critics of the constant tampering with time will not like this episode " but " it is a cracker in terms of time paradoxes and the hypothetical moral dilemmas caused by said paradoxes " . She praised the character development of Rory and the dynamic between the trio that had not been seen with previous characters in the show , as well as " some great moments of comedy " . She also called it a " sumptuous visual delight " in the sets of the garden and the centre . IGN 's Matt Risley rated the episode 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 , praising MacRae for straying away from a complicated time travel narrative and instead give " a simple yet refreshingly new examination of Amy Pond " . He also praised Karen Gillan 's climactic performance and director Nick Hurran . However , he criticised the " iffy time travel rules " and " talkiness " that ensured a slower pace . SFX magazine reviewer Nick Setchfield awarded " The Girl Who Waited " five out of five stars , praising Hurran as well as the performance of the three leads . Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times praised MacRae 's dialogue because " it works so beautifully and is delivered to perfection by Karen Gillan and Arthur Darvill " . He also commented on Gillan 's make @-@ up job for the older Amy , which " is brilliant in its subtlety " but wished her hair could have been " chopped or grey " . Christopher Bahn of the A.V. Club was less positive about the episode , grading it as a B- . He praised the early scene where Amy was abandoned for the " zingy dialogue " but found himself " enjoying the cleverness of the explanation without really buying into it " . He expressed confusion at how the time @-@ shift worked and thought the problem was too thin to carry out the whole episode , and that Amy 's abandonment and love for Rory which was left " [ didn 't ] pull it off " . He thought that the two Amys seen in the mini episodes " Space " and " Time " were more fun to watch and the episode did not reveal anything new about Amy and Rory . However , he praised how the decision the Doctor had to make was portrayed . The episode was nominated for the 2012 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation ( Short Form ) , though it lost to Neil Gaiman 's episode " The Doctor 's Wife " .
= French battleship Charles Martel = The Charles Martel was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy built in the 1890s . She was laid down in April 1891 , launched in August 1893 , and completed in June 1897 . She was a member of a group of five broadly similar battleships , along with Carnot , Jauréguiberry , Bouvet , and Masséna , which were ordered in response to the British Royal Sovereign class . Like her half @-@ sisters , she was armed with a main battery of two 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns and two 274 mm ( 10 @.@ 8 in ) guns in individual turrets . She had a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Charles Martel spent her active career in the Mediterranean Squadron of the French fleet , first in the active squadron , and later in the Reserve Squadron . She regularly participated in fleet maneuvers , and in the 1901 exercises , the submarine Gustave Zédé hit her with a dummy torpedo , which was widely hailed in the press . Charles Martel was out of service by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 , and so she saw no action during the conflict . She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1922 . = = Design = = Charles Martel was the first member of a group of five battleships built to a broadly similar design , but different enough to be considered unique vessels . Design specifications were identical for each of the ships , but different engineers designed each vessel . The ships were based on the previous battleship Brennus , but instead of mounting the main battery all on the centerline , the ships used the lozenge arrangement of the earlier vessel Magenta , which moved two of the main battery guns to single turrets on the wings . The five ships were built in response to the British Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships . An earlier vessel , also named Charles Martel , was laid down in 1884 and cancelled under the tenure of Admiral Théophile Aube . The vessel , along with a sister ship named Brennus , was a modified version of the Marceau @-@ class ironclad battleships . After Aube 's retirement , the plans for the ships were entirely redesigned , though the later pair of ships are sometimes conflated with the earlier , cancelled designs . This may be due to the fact that both of the ships named Brennus were built in the same shipyard , and material assembled for the first vessel was used in the construction of the second . The two pairs of ships were , nevertheless , distinct vessels . = = = General characteristics and machinery = = = Charles Martel was 115 @.@ 49 meters ( 378 ft 11 in ) long between perpendiculars , and had a beam of 21 @.@ 64 m ( 71 ft 0 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 38 m ( 27 ft 6 in ) . She had a displacement of 11 @,@ 639 tonnes ( 11 @,@ 455 long tons ) . Her forecastle gave her a high freeboard forward , but her deck was cut down to the main deck level aft . She was equipped with two heavy military masts . She had a crew of 644 officers and enlisted men . Charles Martel had two vertical triple expansion engines each driving a single screw , with steam supplied by twenty @-@ four Lagrafel d 'Allest water @-@ tube boilers . Her propulsion system was rated at 14 @,@ 900 indicated horsepower ( 11 @,@ 100 kW ) , which allowed the ship to steam at a speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . As built , she could carry 650 t ( 640 long tons ; 720 short tons ) of coal , though additional space allowed for up to 980 t ( 960 long tons ; 1 @,@ 080 short tons ) in total . = = = Armament and armor = = = Charles Martel 's main armament consisted of two Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1887 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one each fore and aft . She also mounted two Canon de 274 mm Modèle 1887 guns in two single @-@ gun turrets , one amidships on each side , sponsoned out over the tumblehome of the ship 's sides . Her secondary armament consisted of eight Canon de 138 @.@ 6 mm Modèle 1888 guns , which were mounted in single turrets at the corners of the superstructure . She also carried four 9 @-@ pounder quick @-@ firing guns , twelve 3 @-@ pounders , and eight 1 @-@ pounder revolving cannons . Her armament suite was rounded out by two 450 mm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , which were submerged in the ship 's hull . The ship 's armor was constructed with nickel steel . The main belt was 460 mm ( 18 in ) thick amidships , and tapered down to 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) at the lower edge . On either end of the central citadel , the belt was reduced to 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) at the waterline and 250 mm on the lower edge ; the belt extended for the entire length of the hull . Above the belt was 101 mm ( 4 @.@ 0 in ) thick side armor . The main battery guns were protected with 380 mm ( 15 in ) of armor , and the secondary turrets had 101 mm thick sides . The main armored deck was 69 mm ( 2 @.@ 7 in ) thick . The conning tower had 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides . = = Career = = Charles Martel was laid down in January April 1891 and launched in August 1893 . After completing fitting @-@ out work , she was commissioned into the French Navy in June 1897 . She was delayed in completing her sea trials , as her boiler tubes had to be replaced with a safer , weld @-@ less design , following an accident aboard Jauréguiberry with her welded tubes . Following her commissioning for service , she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron . In 1900 , she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Roustan , the commander of the Second Division of the Mediterranean Squadron . The Mediterranean Squadron , including Charles Martel , conducted an extensive cruise with the Northern Squadron in June – July 1900 , which culminated in a Grand Review of the fleet in Cherbourg at the end of July . During the 1901 maneuvers , Charles Martel was hit by a training torpedo fired by the submarine Gustave Zédé , which created an uproar in the press . During early Summer 1902 , Charles Martel was transferred to the Reserve Squadron , along with three other battleships and three armored cruisers . The ship did not participate in the annual fleet maneuvers in July – August of the following year . She remained in the Reserve Squadron , which was renamed the Second Squadron in 1906 ; by that time , she was in the Second Division of the Squadron , under the command of Rear Admiral Germinet . The ship was maintained in a state of en disponibilité armée , a state of reduced readiness with a minimal crew . Charles Martel was in full commission for three months of the year , and in reserve with a reduced crew for the remainder . She remained in this status for the duration of 1907 . By the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Charles Martel had been laid up in the port of Brest , along with Carnot . Both ships were retained on the effective list , however , pending the completion of the new Normandie @-@ class battleships . Charles Martel was ultimately stricken from the naval register in 1922 and sold for scrapping that year .
= Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages = The economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages covers all forms of economic activity in the modern boundaries of Scotland , between the departure of the Romans from Northern Britain in the fifth century , until the advent of the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century , including agriculture , crafts and trade . Having between a fifth or sixth of the arable or good pastoral land and roughly the same amount of coastline as England and Wales , marginal pastoral agriculture and fishing were two of the most important aspects of the Medieval Scottish economy . With poor communications , in the early Middle Ages most settlements needed to achieve a degree of self @-@ sufficiency in agriculture . Most farms were operated by a family unit and used an infield and outfield system . Arable farming grew in the High Middle Ages and agriculture entered a period of relative boom between the thirteenth century and late fifteenth century . Unlike England , Scotland had no towns dating from Roman occupation . From the twelfth century there are records of burghs , chartered towns , which became major centre of crafts and trade . There are also Scottish coins , although English coinage probably remained more significant in trade , and until the end of the period barter was probably the most common form of exchange . Craft and industry remained relatively undeveloped before the end of the Middle Ages and , although there were extensive trading networks based in Scotland , while the Scots exported largely raw materials , they imported increasing quantities of luxury goods , resulting in a bullion shortage and perhaps helping to create a financial crisis in the fifteenth century . = = Background = = Scotland is roughly half the size of England and Wales and has approximately the same amount of coastline , but only between a fifth and a sixth of the amount of the arable or good pastoral land , under 60 metres above sea level , and most of this is located in the south and east . This made marginal pastoral farming and fishing the key factors in the pre @-@ modern economy . Its north Atlantic position means that it has very heavy rainfall , which encouraged the spread of blanket peat bog , the acidity of which , combined with high level of wind and salt spray , made most of the western islands treeless . The existence of hills , mountains , quicksands and marshes made internal communication and conquest extremely difficult . After the departure of the Romans from Northern Britain , in the fifth century four major circles of influence had emerged in what is now Scotland . In the east were the Picts , whose kingdoms eventually stretched from the river Forth to Shetland ; in the west the Gaelic ( Goidelic ) -speaking people of Dál Riata with their royal fortress at Dunadd in Argyll , with close links with the island of Ireland , from which they brought with them the name Scots ; in the south was the British ( Brythonic ) Kingdom of Alt Clut , descendants of the peoples of the Roman @-@ influenced kingdoms of " The Old North " ; finally , there were the Angles who had overrun much of southern Britain and held the Kingdom of Bernicia ( later the northern part of Northumbria ) , in the south @-@ east . This situation was transformed from the eighth century when ferocious Viking raids began . Orkney , Shetland and the Western Isles eventually fell to the Norsemen . These threats may have speeded a long term process of gaelicisation of the Pictish kingdoms , which adopted Gaelic language and customs and which probably facilitated a merger of the Gaelic and Pictish crowns . This culminated in the rise of Cínaed mac Ailpín ( Kenneth MacAlpin ) in the 840s , which brought to power the House of Alpin , who became the leaders of a combined Gaelic @-@ Pictish kingdom , known as the Kingdom of Alba and later as Scotland . From the sixth century , Scotland experienced a process of Christianisation , traditionally seen as carried out by Irish @-@ Scots missionaries , including St Ninian , St Kentigern and St Columba and to a lesser extent those from Rome and England . However , Gilbert Markus highlights the fact that most of these figures were not church @-@ founders , but were usually were active in areas where Christianity had already become established , probably through gradual diffusion that is almost invisible in the historical record . This would have included trade , conquest and intermarriage . There are almost no written sources from which to re @-@ construct the demography of Medieval Scotland . Estimates have been for the early period made of a population of 10 @,@ 000 inhabitants in Dál Riata and 80 – 100 @,@ 000 for Pictland , which was probably the largest region . From the formation of the Kingdom of Alba in the tenth century , to before the Black Death reached the country in 1349 , estimates based on the amount of farmable land , suggest that population may have grown from half a million to a million . Although there is no reliable documentation on the impact of the plague , if the pattern followed that in England , then the population may have fallen to as low as half a million by the end of the fifteenth century . = = Agriculture = = In the early Middle Ages , poor transport forced self @-@ sufficiency on small settlements . Lacking the urban centres created under the Romans in the rest of Britain , the economy of Scotland in the early Middle Ages was overwhelmingly agricultural . With a lack of significant transport links and wider markets , most farms had to produce a self @-@ sufficient diet of meat , dairy products and cereals , supplemented by hunter @-@ gathering . Limited archaeological evidence indicates that throughout Northern Britain , farming was done on single homesteads or amongst a small cluster of three or four homes . Each of these probably contained a nuclear family , with kinship relationships likely to be common among neighbouring houses and settlements , reflecting the partition of land through inheritance . A system was adopted that distinguished between the infield , around the settlement , where crops were grown every year , and the outfield , further away , where crops were grown and then left fallow in different years . This would be the predominant system until the eighteenth century . The nature of agricultural production was determined by the land and climate . The cold and wet climate meant that more oats and barley were grown than corn . The evidence of bones indicates that cattle were by far the most important domesticated animal , followed by pigs , sheep and goats , while domesticated fowl were very rare . Bone evidence indicates that there was a significant growth in the fish trade around 1000 . This increased marine exploitation of the Highlands and Islands may have been as a result of the arrival of Scandinavian settlers in this period . The early Middle Ages were a period of climatic deterioration , with a drop in temperature and an increase in rainfall , resulting in more land becoming unproductive . Climate change had a major impact on agriculture in this period and terms emerged to describe different quantities of land . In the period c . 1150 to 1300 , warm dry summers and less severe winters allowed cultivation at much greater heights above sea level and made land more productive . Arable farming grew significantly , but was still more common in low @-@ lying areas than in high @-@ lying areas such as the Highlands , Galloway and the Southern Uplands . The main unit of land measurement in Scotland was the ploughgate , also known as the davoch and in Lennox as the arachor . It may have measured about 104 acres ( 0 @.@ 42 km2 ) , divided into 4 raths . The average amount of land used by a husbandman in Scotland might have been around 26 acres . Most farming was based on the lowland fermtoun or Highland baile , settlements of a handful of families that jointly farmed an area notionally suitable for two or three plough teams , allocated in run rigs to tenant farmers . They usually ran downhill so that they included both wet and dry land , helping to offset some of the problems of extreme weather conditions . Most ploughing was done with a heavy wooden plough with an iron coulter , pulled by oxen , which were more effective in heavy soils and cheaper to feed than horses . Obligations to the local lord usually included supplying oxen for ploughing the lord 's land on an annual basis and the much resented obligation to grind corn at the lord 's mill . In the late Middle Ages , average temperatures began to reduce again , with cooler and wetter conditions limiting the extent of arable agriculture , particularly in the Highlands . The introduction of new monastic orders such as the Cistercians in this period also brought innovations in agriculture . Their monasteries became major landholders , particularly in the Borders . They were sheep farmers and producers of wool for the markets in Flanders . By the late Middle Ages , Melrose Abbey and the Earl of Douglas had about 15 @,@ 000 sheep apiece , making them among the largest sheep farmers in Europe . New farming methods began to transform agriculture in some parts of the country . Monastic agriculture was organised in granges , farms run by lay brothers of the order . Granges were theoretically within 30 miles of the mother monastery , so that those working there could return for services on Sundays and feast days . They were used for variety of purposes , including pastoral , arable and industrial production . However , to manage more distant assets in Ayrshire , Melrose Abbey used Mauchline as a " super grange " , to oversee lesser granges . The rural economy appears to have boomed in the thirteenth century and was still buoyant in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death , which reached Scotland in 1349 , and may have carried off a third of the population . However , by the 1360s there was a severe falling off in incomes that can be seen in clerical benefices , of between a third and half compared with the beginning of the era , to be followed by a slow recovery in the fifteenth century . = = Burghs = = Records of burghs , small towns granted legal privileges from the crown , can be found from the eleventh century . Burghs ( a term derived from the Germanic word for fortress ) , developed rapidly during the reign of David I ( 1124 – 53 ) . Up until this point there were no identifiable towns in Scotland . Most of the burghs that were granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements . Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England , and early citizens , called burgesses , that were usually English or Flemish . They were able to impose tolls and fines on traders within a region outside their settlements . Most of the early burghs were on the east coast , and among them were the largest and wealthiest , including Aberdeen , Berwick , Perth and Edinburgh , whose growth was facilitated by trade with the European continent . In the south @-@ west , Glasgow , Ayr and Kirkcudbright were aided by the less @-@ profitable sea trade with Ireland , and to a lesser extent France and Spain . Burghs had unique layouts and economic functions . They were typically were surrounded by a palisade or possessed a castle , and usually had a marketplace , with a widened high street or junction , often marked by a mercat cross ( market cross ) , beside houses for the burgesses and other inhabitants . The foundations of around 15 burghs can be traced to the reign of David I and there is evidence of 55 burghs by 1296 . In addition to the major royal burghs , the late Middle Ages saw the proliferation of baronial and ecclesiastical burghs , with 51 being created between 1450 and 1516 . Most of these were much smaller than their royal counterparts . Excluded from international trade they mainly acted as local markets and centres of craftsmanship . In general , burghs probably carried out far more local trading with their hinterlands than nationally or internationally , relying on them for food and raw materials . = = Manufacture and trade = = While burghs acted as centres of basic crafts . These included the manufacture of shoes , clothes , dishes , pots , joinery , bread and ale , which would normally be sold to inhabitants and visitors on market days . However , there were relatively few developed manufacturing industries in Scotland for most of this period . By the late fifteenth century , there were the beginnings of a native iron @-@ casting industry , which led to the production of cannon and of the silver and goldsmithing for which the country would later be known . As a result , the most important exports were unprocessed raw materials , including wool , hides , salt , fish , animals and coal , while Scotland remained frequently short of wood , iron and , in years of bad harvests , grain , which was imported in large quantities , particularly from the Baltic ports , through Berwick and Ayr . Limited sources indicate for the early Middle Ages indicate that there was some trade of luxury goods with continental Europe . For most of the period there are not the detailed custom accounts that exist for England , that can provide an understanding of foreign trade , with the first records for Scotland dating to the 1320s . In the early Middle Ages , the rise of Christianity meant that wine and precious metals were imported for use in religious rites , and there are occasional references of trips to and from foreign countries , such as the incident recorded by Adomnán in which St Columba went to a port to await ships bearing news , and presumably other items , from Italy . Imported goods found in archaeological sites of the period include ceramics and glass , while many sites indicate iron and precious metal working . In the High Middle Ages , although the Scottish economy was still dominated by agriculture and by short @-@ distance , local trade , there was an increasing amount of foreign trade . Coins were replacing barter goods , with Scottish coins being struck from the reign of David I. Mints were established at Berwick , Roxburgh , Edinburgh and Perth , but until the end of the period most exchange was done without the use of metal currency , and English coins probably outnumbered Scottish ones . Until the disruption caused by the outbreak of the Wars of Independence in the early fourteenth century , most naval trade was probably coastal and most foreign trade was with England . The wars closed English markets and raised the levels of piracy and disruption to naval trade on both sides . They may have led to an increase in continental trade , and isolated references indicate that Scottish ships were active in Norway and Danzig , and the earliest records from the 1330s indicate that five @-@ sixths of this trade was in the hands of Scottish merchants . Wool and hides were the major exports in the late Middle Ages . From 1327 to 1332 , the earliest period for which figures survive , the annual average was 5 @,@ 700 sacks of wool and 36 @,@ 100 leather hides . The disruption of the Wars of Independence , which not only limited trade but damaged much of the valuable agricultural land of the Borders and Lowlands , meant that this fell in the period 1341 – 42 to 1342 – 43 to 2 @,@ 450 sacks of wool and 17 @,@ 900 hides . The trade recovered to reach a peak in the 1370s , with an annual average of 7 @,@ 360 sacks , but the international recession from the 1380s saw a reduction to an annual average of 3 @,@ 100 sacks . The introduction of sheep @-@ scab was a serious blow to the wool trade from the early fifteenth century . Despite a levelling @-@ off , in the Low Countries there was another drop in exports as the markets collapsed in the early @-@ sixteenth century . Unlike in England , this did not prompt the Scots to turn to large @-@ scale cloth production and only poor @-@ quality rough cloths seem to have been significant . Exports of hides and particularly salmon , where the Scots held a decisive advantage in quality over their rivals , appear to have held up much better than wool , despite the general economic downturn in Europe in the aftermath of the Black Death . Exports of hides averaged 56 @,@ 400 a year from 1380 to 1384 , but fell to an average of 48 @,@ 000 over the next five years and to 34 @,@ 200 by the end of the century . In the late Middle Ages , the growing desire among the court , lords , upper clergy and wealthier merchants for luxury goods , that largely had to be imported ( including fine cloth from Flanders and Italy ) , led to a chronic shortage of bullion . This , and perennial problems in royal finance , led to several debasements of the coinage , with the amount of silver in a penny being cut to almost a fifth between the late fourteenth century and the late fifteenth century . The heavily debased " black money " , introduced in 1480 , had to be withdrawn two years later and may have helped fuel a financial and political crisis .
= Roads to Vegas = " Roads to Vegas " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the eleventh season and the 209th overall episode of Family Guy . It follows Brian and Stewie as they head off to Vegas using a teleporting machine , which malfunctions and creates clones of themselves . The episode , which is the seventh in the series of Road to ... episodes , originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 19 , 2013 , airing before the episode " No Country Club for Old Men " . Together , the two episodes were promoted as being the season finale . First announced at the 2012 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , the episode was written by Steve Callaghan and directed by Greg Colton . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics upon release . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 5 @.@ 28 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances from Alexandra Breckenridge , Ralph Garman , Gary Janetti , Joe Lomonaco , Patrick Meighan , Emily Osment , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , and John Viener . = = Plot = = At the Quahog Gay Pride Day festivities , in a raffle sponsored by Weenie and the Butt , Brian wins tickets to see Celine Dion in Las Vegas . As they prepare to travel , Stewie convinces Brian to use the new teleportation device he has been working on instead . Stewie 's device appears to have malfunctioned , and he believes it failed to work , when it instead created a duplicate set of Brian and Stewie which was teleported to Vegas . The real Brian and Stewie then travel by plane to Vegas . As the duplicated pair check into the Bellagio hotel , their luck makes itself present immediately with the duplicated Brian winning a large jackpot at the slot machines near the entrance . The real Brian and Stewie arrive to find their room has been already taken . As the duplicated pair have the time of their lives , the real pair find themselves in a third @-@ rate hotel . Trying their luck , they quickly lose all of the money they brought . The real Brian is ready to go home but Stewie admits that he already gambled away their return tickets . Brian admits that he cannot call for help after taking money from Lois . Using money they got from a loan shark , they bet on a basketball game and lose yet again . Preparing to leave , the duplicated pair sitting nearby accidentally take the empty backpack from the unlucky pair , while the real Stewie takes the duplicated pair 's backpack , which is full of money . As the pairs go their separate ways , an enforcer for the loan shark catches up with the duplicated pair to get the money back and they discover they have no cash . The enforcer orders Brian to decide whether he kills him or Stewie . Brian initially refuses to choose but when he panics , he tells the enforcer to shoot Stewie in the head , killing him . Meanwhile , the real pair worry about getting caught or endangering the family . Stewie suggests that perhaps they should kill themselves and Brian reluctantly agrees . They prepare to throw themselves off the top balcony of the hotel but Stewie chickens out at the last second , leaving Brian to fall to his death . A panic @-@ stricken Stewie trips over his backpack and finds the money the other pair had won . Returning home the next day , the duplicated Brian and real Stewie bump into each other at the bus terminal . Stewie realizes that the device had made clones of themselves . After deceiving each other about how their respective friend 's deaths transpired , the lucky Brian and unlucky Stewie return home , while the dead Stewie and Brian greet each other coldly at the pearly gates of Heaven . = = Production and development = = " Roads to Vegas " is the seventh episode of the series ' Road to .. hallmark which air through various seasons of the show . The episode was directed by Greg Colton , who previously directed the Road to ... episodes " Road to Germany " , " Road to the Multiverse " , and " Road to the North Pole " . It was written by Family Guy veteran Steve Callaghan . " Roads to Vegas " is Callaghan 's first writing credit for a Road to ... episode . In July 2012 , the Family Guy panel first announced the episode at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con International by giving a brief plot outline . The episode was revealed as the penultimate episode of the series ' eleventh season , airing before the premiere of " No Country Club for Old Men " . Together , the two episodes were promoted as the season finale . On a press release , the Fox Network then officially announced the episode and described it as : Stewie and Brian use Stewie 's time machine to go to Las Vegas for a Bette Midler concert , but chaos ensues when the machine malfunctions and creates alt @-@ versions of the pair : a " lucky " version and an " unlucky " one . Production of the episode began months in advance according to the episode 's writer Steve Callaghan . " We 're actually working over a year ahead of time , " Callaghan says in an interview with Hollywood.com. He added " We work so far ahead I can even tell you the finale [ ... ] the finale is a really cool episode called ' Roads to Vegas . ' It 's like a road show and Stewie and Brian teleport themselves to Las Vegas , but in the process [ they ] unknowingly create a duplicate of one another . " In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Callaghan recalled the scene in the episode where Brian and Stewie consider joint suicide the most difficult scene for him to write in 2012 . In addition to the regular cast , " Roads to Vegas " featured guest performances from actress Alexandra Breckenridge , actor Ralph Garman , voice actor Joe Lomonaco , and actress and singer Emily Osment . Recurring voice actors and series writers Gary Janetti , Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , and John Viener also made minor appearances throughout " Roads to Vegas " . = = Reception = = During its original airing , the episode was viewed by a total of 5 @.@ 28 million viewers according to Nielsen ratings . This made it the most viewed episode to premiere that night on Fox 's Animation Domination , edging out two episodes of The Cleveland Show and two episodes of The Simpsons . The episode received a 2 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic . The episode received generally positive reviews . Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + and said that it " isn 't typically as heavy on the usual stock jokes that weigh the show down , and the adventures of Brian and Stewie drive more interest than most other characters . " Carter Dotson of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4 @.@ 4 rating and called the episode and its sister episode , " No Country Club for Old Men " , " a perfect representation of the wild extremes of this season . " He added " it wasn 't the funniest episode , but the way the parallel stories worked and intertwined was at least extremely interesting , lacking much of the lazy humor that at times plagued this season . Mark Trammell of TV Equals said " All in all , an okay episode that benefited from the combination approach , but MacFarlane might want to retire both the time travel stuff and the " road picture " -approach after this one , as the well is clearly running dry [ ... ] To tell the truth , I didn 't laugh as much as I wanted to " .
= Insanity in English law = Insanity in English law is a defence to criminal charges based on the idea that the defendant was unable to understand what he was doing , or , that he was unable to understand that what he was doing was wrong . The defence comes in two forms ; where the defendant claims he was insane at the time of the crime , and where the defendant asserts he is insane at the time of trial . In the first situation , the defendant must show that he was either suffering from a disease which damaged the functioning of the mind and led to a defect of reason that prevented him from understanding what he was doing , or that he could not tell that what he was doing was wrong . In the second situation , the test is whether or not the defendant can differentiate between " guilty " and " not guilty " verdicts , instruct counsel and recognise the charges he is facing . If successful , he is likely to be detained under the Criminal Procedure ( Insanity ) Act 1964 , although judges have a wide discretion as to what to do . Use of insanity as a concept dates from 1324 , and its criminal application was used until the late 16th century in an almost identical way . The defence , if successful , either allowed the defendant to return home or led to him being incarcerated until he was granted a royal pardon ; after 1542 , a defendant who became insane prior to the trial could not be tried for any crime , up to and including high treason . During the 18th century the test to determine insanity became extremely narrow , with defendants required to prove that they could not distinguish between good and evil and that they suffered from a mental disease which made them incapable of understanding the consequences of their actions . The current wording comes from the M 'Naghten Rules , based on the trial of Daniel M 'Naghten in 1843 . The defence of insanity has been subject to intense criticism , particularly from the Butler Committee , which noted that the rules were " based on too limited a concept of the nature of mental disorder " , highlighting " the outmoded language of the M 'Naghten Rules which gives rise to problems of interpretation " and that the rules were " based on the now obsolete belief in the pre @-@ eminent role of reason in controlling social behaviour ... [ the rules ] are not therefore a satisfactory test of criminal responsibility " . The Committee proposed reform of the law in 1975 , followed by a draft bill from the Law Commission in 1989 ; so far , these have both been ignored by successive governments . = = History = = The idea of insanity in English law dates from 1324 , when the Statute de Praerogativa Regis allowed the King to take the lands of idiots and lunatics . The early law used various words , including " idiot " , " fool " and " sot " to refer to those who had been insane since birth , and " lunatic " for those who had later become insane , or were insane with some lucid intervals . In the criminal law , insanity was used as a defence in a roughly identical way from this point until the late 16th century ; if an insane person commits a crime , he was not punished in the same way that a sane felon who committed the same crime would be . This was for several reasons ; firstly , the cruel punishment usually meted out to felons to set an example would not have the same effect on the insane . Secondly , as felonies required a mens rea , an insane person could not be guilty because they did not have the capacity to hold a mens rea . Thirdly , the phrase furiosus solo fitrere punitur was used ; " a lunatic was punished by his madness alone " . In many cases , the insane defendant was released and allowed to go home ; in some , he was held in prison until the King decided to grant him a pardon . A lunatic who became insane prior to the trial could not be executed , nor , after 1542 , trialled for felonies up to and including high treason . It was then established that somebody found not guilty due to insanity should be immediately released ; up until the beginning of the 19th century , this was almost all that could be done , although the Vagrancy Act 1714 allowed two Justices of the Peace to confine a dangerous lunatic . The test of insanity was extremely narrow ; defendants had to prove that they were incapable of distinguishing between good and evil , and , following the trial of John Firth in 1790 , that they suffered from a mental disease which made them incapable of " forming a judgment upon the consequences of [ their ] actions " . = = = Trial of James Hadfield = = = On 15 May 1800 , James Hadfield attempted to assassinate George III ; he had come to believe that the second coming of Christ would be brought about by his own death , and therefore attempted to be judicially executed . Hadfield approached the King in the royal box at the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane , firing a pistol at him ; however , the King was bowing to the audience at the time , and the shot passed over his head . He was tried on 26 June 1800 at the Court of King 's Bench , and his counsel , Thomas Erskine , argued that although Hadfield 's planning of the attack meant that the normal defence of insanity would not have been sufficient , the true test of insanity is delusions and " frenzy or raving madness " , which Hadfield suffered from . Several medical experts testified that Hadfield 's injuries at the Battle of Tourcoing , where he was repeatedly struck in the head by a sabre , had caused insanity , and Lord Kenyon immediately sent the jury away to reach a decision . Their verdict was " not guilty ; he being under the influence of insanity at the time the act was committed " , the first time a jury had been asked to give a reason for their decision and the origins of the phrase " not guilty by reason of insanity " . The result of the case was the Criminal Lunatics Act 1800 ; Parliament , concerned that similar criminals could be allowed to go free , provided that somebody found " not guilty by reason of insanity " should be remanded in custody until granted a royal pardon . The 1800 Act also put limits on what crimes a defence of insanity could be used for . Prior to the Act , it could be used in any case , but the new legislation limited the defence to indictable offences . = = = The M 'Naghten Case = = = On 20 January 1843 , Daniel M 'Naghten attempted to assassinate Robert Peel , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom . Approaching a man he believed to be Peel , M 'Naghten fired into his back , in fact killing Edward Drummond , Peel 's secretary . Immediately arrested , he was charged with murder and tried on 3 March 1843 at the Old Bailey . He was assisted in his defence by two solicitors , four barristers including Alexander Cockburn and nine medical experts , along with eight lay witnesses . Both sides agreed that M 'Naghten was insane ; the question was what constituted a valid legal defence of insanity . The judges decided that " every man is presumed to be sane , and to possess a sufficient degree of reason to be responsible for his crimes , until the contrary be proved to their satisfaction ; and that to establish a defence on the ground of insanity , it must be clearly proved that , at the time of the committing of the act , the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason , from disease of the mind , as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing ; or , if he did know it , that he did not know what he was doing was wrong " , which was boiled down to " did the defendant know what he was doing , and if so , that what he was doing was wrong ? " . This established the M 'Naghten Rules , which remain the principal method of deciding insanity in English law . = = = Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 = = = The Trial of Lunatics Act 1883 was the next development in the law , allowing the jury to return a verdict that the defendant was guilty , but insane at the time , and should be kept in custody as a " criminal lunatic " . This Act was passed at the request of Queen Victoria , who , the target of frequent attacks by mentally ill individuals , demanded that the verdict be changed from " not guilty " so as to act as a deterrent to other lunatics ; the phrasing of " guilty of the act or omission charged , but insane so as not to be responsible , according to law , for his actions . " remained in use until the Criminal Procedure ( Insanity ) Act 1964 . = = Current law = = Under the current law there are two applications of the insanity defence ; where it is claimed that the defendant was insane at the time that he committed the crime , and where it is claimed that he was insane at the time of the trial and thus unable to effectively defend himself . The defence is most commonly used in the Crown Court , since it was previously believed that it required a jury ; in DPP v Harper [ 1997 ] , it was decided that the defence could also be applied in the Magistrates ' Court . = = = Insanity at the time of the crime = = = Where the defendant is alleged to have been insane at the time of committing the offence , this issue can be raised in one of three ways ; the defendant can claim he was insane , the defendant can raise a defence of Automatism where the judge decides it was instead insanity , or the defendant can raise a plea of diminished responsibility , where the judge or prosecution again show that insanity is more appropriate . Whatever the way in which a plea of insanity is reached , the same test is used each time , as laid out in the M 'Naghten Rules ; " to establish a defence on the ground of insanity , it must be clearly proved that , at the time of the committing of the act , the party accused was labouring under such a defect of reason , from disease of the mind , as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing ; or , if he did know it , that he did not know what he was doing was wrong " . " Disease of the mind " is not a medical term ; it instead means that the defendant must show he was suffering from a disease which affected the functioning of the mind , which does not necessarily have to be a disease of the brain . This was confirmed in the case of R v Kemp [ 1957 ] 1 QB 399 , where the defendant 's arteriosclerosis led to him assaulting his wife while unconscious . It must then be shown that this disease of the mind led to a " defect of reason " ; that the defendant 's ability to reason was impaired by the disease . Alternately , the defendant can try to show that he did not know " the nature or quality of his act or that it was wrong " . The first requires proof that the defendant did not know what he was doing ; that he had no awareness of what he was happening , that he was unaware of the consequences of his act or that he knew what he was doing , but was deluded as to the circumstances ; for the latter , Jonathan Herring gives the example of a man who " thought he was killing a monstrous person when he was in fact killing a person " . When arguing that the defendant was " not knowing the act was wrong " , " wrong " is taken to mean " illegal " , as set out in R v Windle [ 1952 ] 2 QB 826 . = = = Insanity at the time of the trial = = = If a defendant at the time of trial claims he is insane , this hinges on whether or not he is able to understand the charge , the difference between " guilty " and " not guilty " and is able to instruct his lawyers . If he is unable to do these things , he can be found " unfit to plead " under Section 4 of the Criminal Procedure ( Insanity ) Act 1964 . In that situation , the judge has wide discretion as to what to do with the defendant , except in cases of murder , where he must be detained in hospital . = = Criticism and attempted reform = = The law in this area is often criticised because it sets a legal standard for insanity , not a medical one . In R v Quick and Paddison [ 1973 ] QB 910 , for example , the courts decided that an assault committed when the defendant was suffering from hypoglycemia due to the taking of insulin was not insane in nature , while in R v Hennsey [ 1989 ] 1 WLR 287 it was held that a crime committed while the defendant was suffering from hyperglycemia did constitute insanity . As a result , the existing law allows some diabetics to be acquitted while others are declared insane , something one academic describes as " absurd " . In R v Sullivan , a man was charged with grievous bodily harm under the Offences against the Person Act 1861 after assaulting his friend during an epileptic seizure . The House of Lords ruled that Sullivan was indeed insane , and that " it does not lie within the power of the courts to alter [ the insanity test ] " . Some critics have professed " unease " at the powers of the courts to confine people found not guilty by reason of insanity in mental hospitals , arguing that discussion of mental health should be limited to the mens rea of the crime ; if the mental condition of the defendant voided the offence 's mens rea , he should be acquitted . The Butler Committee 's report in 1975 submitted the law of insanity to intense criticism , saying that it is " based on too limited a concept of the nature of mental disorder " , noting " the outmoded language of the M 'Naghten Rules which gives rise to problems of interpretation " and that the rules were " based on the now obsolete belief in the pre @-@ eminent role of reason in controlling social behaviour ... [ the rules ] are not therefore a satisfactory test of criminal responsibility " . An additional criticism given is that the defence puts the burden of proof onto the defendant , while in all other cases the burden is on the prosecution . The Butler Committee proposed reform , which was repeatedly ignored by successive governments ; the Law Commission drafted a Criminal Code Bill in 1989 which altered the rules on insanity , but this was again ignored .
= Odense = Odense ( Danish pronunciation : [ ˈoðˀn ̩ sə ] ) is the third @-@ largest city in Denmark . It has a population of 175 @,@ 245 as of January 2016 , and is the main city of the island of Funen . By road , Odense is located 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) north of Svendborg , 144 kilometres ( 89 mi ) to the south of Aarhus and 167 kilometres ( 104 mi ) to the southwest of Copenhagen . The city is the seat of Odense Municipality and was the seat of Odense County until 1970 , and Funen County from 1970 until 1 January 2007 , when Funen County became part of the Region of Southern Denmark . Odense has close associations with Hans Christian Andersen who is remembered above all for his fairy tales . He was born in the city in 1805 and spent his childhood years there . There has been human settlement in the Odense area for over 4 @,@ 000 years , although the name was not mentioned in writing until 988 , and by 1070 , it had already grown into a thriving city . Canute IV of Denmark , generally considered to be the last Viking king , was murdered by unruly peasants in Odense 's St Alban 's Priory on 10 July 1086 . Although the city was burned in 1249 following a royal rivalry , it quickly recovered and flourished as a centre of commerce in the Middle Ages . After a period of decline , large @-@ scale plans for development were made during the 18th century , which led to the rebuilding of Odense Palace and the building of a canal to the Port of Odense , facilitating trade . In 1865 , one of the largest railway terminals in Denmark was built , further increasing the population and commerce , and by 1900 , Odense had reached a population of 35 @,@ 000 . Odense 's Odinstårnet was one of the tallest towers in Europe when built in 1935 but was destroyed by the Nazis during World War II . The University of Southern Denmark was established in 1966 . In the present day , Odense remains the commercial hub of Funen , and has a notable shopping district with a diversity of stores . Several major industries are located in the city including the Albani Brewery and GASA , Denmark 's major dealer in vegetables , fruits and flowers . The city is home to Odense Palace , erected by King Frederik IV who died there in 1730 , the Odense Theatre , the Odense Symphony Orchestra , and the Hans Christian Andersen Museum , situated in the house that was the birthplace of Hans Christian Andersen . In sports , Odense has a number of football clubs including OB , BM , B1909 , and B1913 , the Odense Bulldogs professional ice hockey team , and the city also hosts the H.C. Andersen Marathon . Odense is served by Hans Christian Andersen Airport and Odense station , which lies on the line between Copenhagen and the Jutland peninsula . = = History = = For the Catholic ecclesiastical history , see Roman Catholic bishopric of Odense = = = Early history = = = The name Odense is derived from Odins Vé , meaning " Odin 's sanctuary " as the area was known as a sanctuary for worshippers of the Nordic god , Odin . Odense is one of Denmark 's oldest cities . Archaeological excavations in the vicinity show proof of settlement for over 4 @,@ 000 years since at least the Stone Age . The earliest community was centred on the higher ground between the Odense River to the south and Naesbyhoved Lake ( now dry ) to the north . Nonnebakken , one of Denmark 's former Viking ring fortresses , lay to the south of the river . Today , Odense 's Møntergården Museum has many artefacts related to the early Viking history in the Odense area . The Vikings built numerous fortifications along the river banks to defend it against invaders coming in from the coast . The city celebrated its thousandth anniversary in 1988 , commemorating the first mention of the town 's name in a letter dated 18 March 988 from the German Emperor Otto III which granted rights to Odense and neighbouring settlements . The first church in Odense appears to have been St Mary 's , probably built in the late 12th century . The territory , previously part of the vast Archbishopric of Hamburg , was created a Catholic diocese in 988 . The first recorded bishops of Odense were Odinkar Hvide and Reginbert , who was consecrated by Archbishop Æthelnoth of Canterbury , in 1022 . Recent excavations have shown that from the early 11th century , the town developed in the area around Albani Torv , Fisketorvet , Overgade and Vestergade . By 1070 , Odense had already grown into a city of stature in Denmark . Canute IV of Denmark , generally considered to be the last Viking king , was murdered by unruly peasants , discontent with the high taxes he imposed on the town , in Odense 's St Alban 's Priory on 10 July 1086 . He was canonized in 1100 . The priory no longer exists , although a church has been situated on the site since about 900 . At the beginning of the 12th century , Benedictine monks from England founded St Canute 's Abbey . It was here the English monk Ælnoth wrote Denmark 's first literary work , Vita et Passio S. Canuti ( The Life and Passion of St Canute ) . Canute 's shrine in Odense Cathedral ( which was attached to the priory ) attracted pilgrims throughout the Middle Ages . = = = Middle Ages = = = In the Middle Ages , a number of churches and monasteries were built in the town . St Canute 's Church ( Skt . Knuds Kirke ) , now the cathedral , dates from the end of the 13th century and was closely connected to the Benedictine Order . The town 's other old churches are St Mary 's ( Vor Frue Kirke ) and St John 's ( Skt . Hans Kirke ) with its adjacent monastery . Greyfriars Monastery ( Gråbrødre Kloster ) was founded by the Franciscans in 1279 . In 1247 Odense was burned by Abel of Denmark during conflicts with his brother King Erik IV . The cathedral had to be completely rebuilt . Nevertheless , the town continued to flourish as a commercial centre , and was charted in 1335 . The city thrived economically during the Middle Ages , attracting many merchants and craftsman who traded their goods . In 1482 Bishop Karl Rønnov brought the German printer Johann Snell to Odense to print a short prayer book , Breviarium Ottoniense , considered to be the first work to be printed in Scandinavia . In parallel Snell printed De obsidione et bello Rhodiano , an account of the Turkish siege of the island of Rhodes . After the Danish Reformation , involving the suppression of the Catholic bishopric in 1536 , the city enjoyed a sustained period of prosperity from the 1530s to the mid @-@ 17th century , becoming northern Funen 's commercial centre . One of the main sources of income was the sale of cattle , providing substantial funds for the construction of fine half @-@ timbered houses for the local merchants . The local nobility also participated in the city 's development by building residences where they spent the winter months . But the city 's prosperity came to an abrupt end in the late 1650s heavy taxes were imposed after the end of the Swedish Wars . A period of stagnation ensued until the end of the 18th century . From the 16th century the town was the meeting @-@ place of several parliaments , and until 1805 Odense was the seat of the provincial assembly of Funen . By 1700 Odense 's population was about 4 @,@ 000 . = = = Development = = = Dramatic changes began in Odense in the 18th century to modernise the city and a great plan was drawn up for development . In 1720 , Frederick IV ordered the rebuilding of Odense Palace , partly on the foundations of the 13th century St. Hans ’ s Monastery , and the construction of St Hans ’ s Church by the Knights Hospitallers . An 8 kilometre ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) long , 7 @.@ 5 metre ( 25 ft ) deep canal from Odense Harbour to Odense Fjord was built between 1796 and 1806 to facilitate the growth of Odense as a port city , radically increasing its level of trade and population . Founded in 1796 , Odense Teater is the first provincial theatre in Denmark and the country 's second oldest . Odense Central Library was established in 1924 and removed to Odense station in 1995 . The Odense Music Library contains Denmark 's largest collection of phonograms . From the 1840s , the city enjoyed a period of rapid expansion beyond its traditional boundaries , becoming Denmark 's second largest city . The city gates were demolished in 1851 and soon afterwards development extended to the area south of the river . Glove production , which had begun in the 18th century , developed into one of the most important industries while the harbour facilities were further expanded . In 1853 Denmark 's first modern water and gas works were opened in Odense . Commerce was further boosted by the building of a railway across Funen in 1865 , and Odense became one of Denmark 's largest rail junctions . All this provided an ideal basis for industrialisation , attracting a wide range of industries including iron and metals , textiles , and food and beverages . Separate areas of the city were devoted to increased industrial and residential expansion , and the population of the city began to grow markedly ; by 1900 it had 35 @,@ 000 inhabitants . = = = Modern history = = = Odense 's most famous landmark was Odinstårnet ( The Odin Tower ) constructed in 1935 , as the second @-@ tallest tower in Europe , only surpassed by the Eiffel Tower with its 177 meters . Odinstårnet was blown up by a Danish Nazi group in 1944 and has never been rebuilt . However , a miniature model now stands in Odinsparken in the area where the original was located . During the German occupation in the Second World War , Odense 's general strike in August 1943 contributed to terminating collaboration with the Germans . Until the beginning of the Danish industrial revolution , Odense was also the second @-@ largest city in modern Denmark , but has in recent times been overtaken by Aarhus . From the 1960s Odense increasingly became a cultural hub , with the establishment of a university in 1966 and the launching of trade shows , including the large Odense Congress Centre . In 1988 a major national television network , TV2 , was established in Odense . In celebration of the thousandth anniversary in 1988 , a forest , Tusindårsskoven ( meaning " The Thousand Year Forest " ) was planted . In 2005 the city celebrated the 200th anniversary of the birth of Hans Christian Andersen . The Odense Steel Shipyard ( Staalskibsvæeft ) , which since 1996 had been Denmark 's largest shipbuilding facility , closed in 2012 as a result of international competition . Opened in 1919 by A.P. Møller , it latterly produced container ships for Mærsk , the parent company . The Lindø site was sold to the Port of Odense ( Odense Havn ) who are developing the Lindø Industrial Park . = = Geography and climate = = Odense is situated in the northeastern centre of the island of Funen . By road , Odense is located 45 kilometres ( 28 mi ) north of Svendborg , 144 kilometres ( 89 mi ) to the south of Aarhus , 167 kilometres ( 104 mi ) to the southwest of Copenhagen , 136 kilometres ( 85 mi ) east of Esbjerg and 69 kilometres ( 43 mi ) southeast of Kolding . Suburbs of Odense include Stige to the north , Seden , Bullerup and Agedrup to the northeast , Blommenslyst to the west , Bellinge to the southwest , and Neder Holluf and Højby to the south . The Odense River flows through Odense , to the south of the main shopping quarter . To the northeast of the city is the Odense Fjord , and to the northeast , along the 165 road to Kerteminde is Kerteminde Fjord . The fjord is accessed through the narrow passage of Gabets , between Hals and Skoven , and is connected by canal to the Port of Odense . The small fishing village of Bregnor lies 2 @.@ 3 miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) to the southeast of the passage . A controlling depth of 11 metres ( 36 ft ) is reported in the northern part of channel between the entrance to the fjord and Lindo Terminal Quay . The bight of Fyns Hoved to the northeast of the harbour curves south to form the approach to Odense Fjord . The eastern side of the bight between Fyns Hoved and Skoven , 5 @.@ 5 metres ( 18 ft ) to the south , is irregular , with a beach and hills behind it , and to the south of the bight is the small , shallow Korshavn Bay , with the Korshavn Light in the vicinity . Skoven is a bare , rugged peninsula , with Dalby Bay ( Dalby Bugt ) to the east . In the southwestern part of the Odense Fjord are the islands of Vigelsø and the 21 hectare Tornø , although the latter is connected to the mainland by a 300 metre ( 980 ft ) -long causeway . Vigelsø is the largest island in the fjord at 132 hectares and is an important breeding ground for migratory birds . It is part of the Special Area of Conservation No . SPC 94 , Odense Fjord under the EU Habitat and Birds Directives and has been subject to close monitoring , with the target to reach at least " good " ecological status by 2015 . The island is low @-@ lying , the highest point of Østerhoved only reaching six metres above the sea . There is a 25 hectare forest on the northern part of the island while the southern part consists of coastal meadows . = = = Climate = = = Odense has a temperate oceanic climate , classified as Köppen zone Cfb . Mild summers feature average maximum temperatures exceeding 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , while winters are characterised by minimum temperatures dropping just below freezing . The hottest months on average are July and August with highs of 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) and daily mean temperatures of 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) and 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) respectively . These are also the wettest months , with August receiving 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) and July 64 mm ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) of rain on average . Extratropical cyclones frequently affect the region , contributing to abundant precipitation . The coldest months are January and February , with a daily mean temperature of 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) , and lows of − 2 ° C ( 28 ° F ) and − 3 ° C ( 26 ° F ) respectively . It is common for Odense Fjord to contain ice between January and March , and the entrance is kept clear by icebreakers . The tidal range in the fjord varies up to 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 ft 0 in ) , and winds from the west and northeast may raise the water level by up to 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) and winds from the east and southwest may lower it by up to 1 @.@ 5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in ) . Climate data for the city are recorded at Hans Christian Andersen Airport ( ICAO : EKOD ) . = = Demographics = = Odense has long been a populated town , and in 1670 it had a population of 3 @,@ 808 people . By 1787 the population had grown to 5 @,@ 363 to and 5 @,@ 782 in 1801 . The population grew markedly during the 19th century , reaching 8 @,@ 709 inhabitants in 1834 , 10 @,@ 238 in 1845 , 12 @,@ 932 in 1855 , 16 @,@ 970 in 1870 , 20 @,@ 804 in 1880 and 20 @,@ 268 in 1890 . With improvements in communications by rail and via the port , the population of Odense grew dramatically in the early 20th century . The 1901 census recorded 40 @,@ 138 people , growing to 47 @,@ 224 in 1911 , 61 @,@ 969 in 1921 and 87 @,@ 090 in 1935 . During the Second World War , the population passed the 100 @,@ 000 mark , reaching 103 @,@ 107 in 1945 . It continued to grow in the post war years , with 120 @,@ 570 recorded in 1955 and 133 @,@ 384 in 1965 ; the city reached a population of 139 @,@ 490 people in 1970 , a time when it was developing as a university city after Odense University was established in 1966 . Residents began to move out of the centre into the suburban areas which were included in Odense Municipality after boundaries were redefined in 1970 . As a result , the population declined slightly in the 1970s and 1980s , falling to 136 @,@ 646 in 1981 . It began climbing again in the late 1980s , and steadily grew to 144 @,@ 518 in 1996 and 145 @,@ 554 in 2004 . In 2010 Odense had a population of 166 @,@ 305 people . As of 2015 it had a population of 173 @,@ 814 . = = Municipal administration = = Odense Municipality is the administrative unit which covers not only the city of Odense but surrounding suburbs and villages . Odense City Council consists of 29 members , including a mayor . The mayor of Odense , Anker Boye , is a member of the Social Democratic Party . His first term was from 1993 to 2005 when he was defeated by Jan Boye , a Conservative . He was re @-@ elected in the 2009 election , forming a coalition with the Red – Green Alliance , the Socialist People 's Party and the Social Democrats . The city council 's motto is At lege er at leve ( Playing is living ) summarising a new approach addressing learning , innovation , development and growth with targets for 2017 . Boye and his administration have been criticised for mismanaging the celebrations for the 200th anniversary of Hans Christian Andersen in 2005 , above all for allegedly signing a contract with Tina Turner for a show which resulted in a deficit of 13 million kroner . In the 2013 municipal elections , Boye was successful in obtaining sufficient support from the Liberals and the left to ensure his continuation as mayor from the beginning of 2014 . = = Economy = = Odense is Funen 's most important industrial and commercial centre , and the city 's central location in Denmark makes it one of the national convention and congress centres . Enterprises include the Albani Brewery , ABB ( Asea Brown Boveri ) , Kansas Workwear ( clothing ) , Plus Pack ( canning and containers ) as well as manufacturers in the electrical sector . In recent years there has been a general trend from manufacturing into the service sector . By 2002 , 51 % of the workforce was employed by the service sector while only 13 % were working in industry . Lindø Wharf , once Denmark 's largest shipbuilding facility , has now been converted into Lindø Industrial Park specialising in the production and storage of components for the offshore industries , creating a variety of new tenants . GASA , a large horticultural centre , supplies fruit , vegetables , flowers and plants to most of the country as well as for export . Established in 1988 , Denmark 's major commercial television channel TV 2 is based in Odense . The Rosengårdcentret shopping centre is located in the south @-@ eastern part of Odense . The centre dates from 1971 and is the second largest in Denmark with 100 @,@ 000 m2 ( 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 sq ft ) floor space and more than 150 shops as well as restaurants , a cinema and a fitness centre . A wide variety of shops can be found in the city centre , especially on Kongensgade and Vestergade and adjacent pedestrian streets . Tourism is an important source of income for the city . In 2008 Odense Municipality was listed seventh in Denmark for turnover on tourism , reaching 1 @.@ 6 million Danish kroner for the year . In 2011 , Odense Zoo was Funen 's most popular tourist attraction and the eleventh most popular in Denmark with 405 @,@ 913 visitors . The zoo was founded in 1930 and covers an area of 3 @.@ 6 hectares ( 8 @.@ 9 acres ) and has roughly 2 @,@ 000 animals , covering 147 species . In 2001 , Odense Zoo inaugurated a DKK 60 million " Oceanium " featuring South American animal life . Nightlife in the city culminates in Brandts Passage , which contains numerous restaurants , bars and cafes , such as the Envy @-@ Lounge , Australian Bar , Brandts Kladefabrik and Cafe Biografen . The jazz club , Jazzhus Dexter , is situated on the Vindegade . Other notable nighlife venues include Franck A , Froggys and Club Retro . Restaurants include the Cuckoos Nest bar and restaurant , the Brasserie Klitgaard , the Den Gamle Kro , set in a 17th @-@ century half @-@ timbered house , Kvægtorvet , run by leading chef Klavs Styrbæk who serves fresh fish and meat dishes , which is now closed , and the Under Lindetraet in an 18th @-@ century cottage opposite the Hans Christian Andersen house which serves Franco @-@ Danish cuisine . Hotels of note include the Radisson SAS HC Andersen Hotel , the First Hotel Grand with its brasserie bar , the 68 @-@ room Old English @-@ style Clarion Collection Hotel Plaza , City Hotel , which is in close proximity to the Hans Christian Andersen museum , and the 140 @-@ room Danhostel Odense City . = = Landmarks = = Nonnebakken , a hill in the Odense area , is the site of one of Denmark 's six former Viking ring castles , built during the reign of Sweyn Forkbeard , who had forced his father Harold Bluetooth to leave the country and seek refuge by the Jomsvikings in Wollin ( modern Poland ) in around 975 . The fort provided its occupier the command of the Odense River passing next to the hill . The archaeological remains of the fort were heavily damaged when a building for the Odd Fellow lodge was constructed on the site during the late nineteenth century . = = = Churches = = = Odense is the see of the bishop of Funen . Saint Canute 's Cathedral ( Danish : Sankt Knuds Kirke ) was formerly connected with the great Benedictine monastery of the same name , and is one of the largest and finest buildings of its kind in Denmark . Originally dating from 1081 – 1093 , the church was rebuilt in the 13th century in brick in a pure Gothic style . Under the altar lies Canute ( Danish : Knud ) , the patron saint of Denmark and his brother on public display . A large fragment of Byzantine cloth is displayed next to the two skeletons . The cathedral also boasts one of Denmark 's most remarkable altarpieces , a magnificent triptych by Claus Berg . Kings Jens and Christian II are buried in the city . St Alban 's Church , built in the Neogothic style and consecrated in 1908 , is the Roman Catholic church of Odense . Its steeple is 54 m ( 177 ft ) high . St Mary 's Church ( Vor Frue Kirke or Our Lady 's Church ) , built in the 13th century and restored in 1851 – 1852 and again in 1864 , contains a carved 16th @-@ century altarpiece by Claus Berg of Lübeck . St John 's Church ( Sankt Hans Kirke ) , first mentioned in 1295 , was built by the Knights Hospitaller , also known as the Order of Saint John . Not much of the original building remains as it was rebuilt in 1636 and subsequently restored . Built of red brick with horizontal decorations on the chancel wall , it has large Gothic windows . The date of 1496 on one of the bells in the step @-@ ribbed tower may well be the year the church was completed . The tower is adjacent to Odense Palace which was originally built as a monastery . Ansgars Church was the first church to be built in Odense since the Middle Ages . Completed in 1902 , it was designed by Niels Jacobsen in the late Romanesque style in red brick on granite foundations . The cross @-@ shaped interior is complemented by a spired bell @-@ tower , 45 m ( 148 ft ) high . The Peace Church ( Fredenskirke ) consecrated in 1920 was so named in gratitude for the end of the First World War . The church was the work of Peder Vilhelm Jensen @-@ Klint who went on to design Copenhagen 's Grundtvig 's Church . = = = City Hall = = = Odense 's City Hall ( Odense Rådhus ) , with its medieval Italian look , was designed by Johan Daniel Herholdt and Carl Lendorf in the Historicist style . Completed in 1883 , it combines red masonry with sandstone decorations , stepped gables and a saw @-@ tooth course . It stands on the site of a smaller building from 1480 . In 1937 Bent Helveg @-@ Møller won the competition for the building 's enlargement . The tower over the main entrance was torn down in 1942 but was not rebuilt . As work was delayed during the war , the extension was not completed until 1955 . In conjunction with Hans Christian Andersen 's 200th anniversary in 2005 , comprehensive renovation work was completed on the building 's interiors , including the entrance halls , meeting rooms , banqueting hall and council chamber . = = = Palaces and theatres = = = Odense Palace was erected by Frederick IV , who died there in 1730 . Now an administrative building , it stands on the site of Sankt Hans Kloster , a 15th @-@ century monastery which was transferred to the Crown in 1536 . The main white Baroque wing with 13 bays was designed by J.C. Krieger for Frederick IV and completed in 1723 . Set in a park , the King 's Garden was constructed to a French design by Johan Cornelius Krieger . Odense Teater , first established in 1796 , is Denmark 's second oldest theatrical enterprise and one of the country 's three main theatres . The original building was on Sortebrødre Torv was used until 1914 when a new building designed by Jacobsen was opened on Jernbanegade . It has three stages : Store Scene , Værkstedet , and Foyerscenen . The theatre also has stages in the former sugar factory Sukkerkogeriet , where it runs the first drama school outside Copenhagen established in 1941 . It is notable in theatrical history for staging the première of Henrik Ibsen 's first contemporary realist drama The Pillars of Society on 14 November 1877 . Teater Momentum or Teater uden Ryglæn , publicly funded by the municipal government and the Ministry of Cultural Affairs , is also of note . Established in 2005 , it signs on a new director each year who is charged with creating the " volume " of the year with a set of plays and performers . It also puts on other cultural entertainment including concerts , debates , lectures and poetry . Odense Symphony Orchestra ( Odense Symfoniorkester ) , one of Denmark 's five regional orchestras , was formally established in 1946 . The orchestra is based in Odense Concert Hall , which was inaugurated in 1982 . Most of the orchestra ’ s concerts are given in the Carl Nielsen Hall , a seating capacity of 1 @,@ 212 and a large 46 @-@ stops organ built by Marcussen & Son . First established in 1948 , Funen Opera ( Den Fynske Opera ) was reopened in 1996 after a period of closure . It specializes in presenting contemporary operas in Danish . = = = Hans Christian Andersen connections = = = Remembered above all for his fairy tales , Hans Christian Andersen was born in Odense in 1805 . It is thought his birthplace is the small yellow house on the corner of Hans Jensens Stræde and Bangs Boder in the old town . In 1908 the house was opened as the Hans Christian Andersen Museum . It documents his life from his childhood years as the son of a struggling shoemaker , to his schooling , career as an author , and later life , with artefacts providing an insight into his acquaintances and adventures . Andersen 's childhood home is on Munkemøllestræde not far from the cathedral . He lived in the little half @-@ timbered house from the age of two until he was 14 . Opened as a museum in 1930 , the house contains an exhibition of the cobbling tools used by his father and other items based on Andersen 's own descriptions . Throughout the city there are numerous statues and sculptures representing characters from the stories of Hans Christian Andersen . They include the Steadfast Tin Soldier , the Mermaid , the Shepherdess and the Chimney Sweep , the Toad , the Darning Needle , the Emperor 's New Clothes , the Sea Horse , the Paper Boat , the Flying Trunk and the Wild Swans . There is also a distinctive statue of Andersen in Eventyrparken ( The Fairy Tale Park ) beside the cathedral . Sculpted by Louis Hasselriis in 1888 , it shows the storyteller with a book in his hand , ready to entertain onlookers with his fairy tales . = = = Museums = = = The museums in Odense are mainly governed by the Odense City Museums , a department of the municipal government . Funen 's Art Museum ( Fyns Kunstmuseum ) , formerly The Museum of Funen 's Abbey , is one of Denmark 's oldest art museums , dating to 1885 . It contains the principal works by Jens Juel , Dankvart Dreyer , P.S. Krøyer and H. A. Brendekilde . The open @-@ air The Funen Village museum ( Den Fynske Landsby ) tries to emulate what country life was like in Denmark at the time of Andersen 's life and contains houses of historical Odense . The Carl Nielsen Museum is dedicated to the life of Carl Nielsen and his wife , the sculptor Anne Marie Carl @-@ Nielsen . It documents his life from his childhood in the town of Nr. Lyndelse , to his career and success on the European music scene , with his violins , his bugle and his grand piano on display , as well as a number of his musical scores , including six symphonies , three concertos , two operas , and chamber music and numerous songs . The Møntergården cultural history museum of Odense is one of the most notable remaining Renaissance buildings of the city , built in 1646 by the nobleman Falk Gøye . It has many artefacts related to the early Viking history in Odense , and is named after the narrow street Møntestræde adjacent to the building , where a coin workshop once operated in around 1420 . Located in a courtyard of half @-@ timbered houses , the museum also has exhibits on Funen 's ancient history , as well as Odense in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance . The Danish Railway Museum is the national railway museum of Denmark , the largest such museum in Scandinavia . It was established in 1975 in a former engine shed adjacent to the city 's main railway station and has an area of over 10 @,@ 000 metres ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) , with some 50 locomotives and railway carriages on 20 rail tracks from all periods of Danish rail history . The oldest steam engine dates back to 1869 . The Brandts Museum of Photographic Art ( Museet for Fotokunst ) in Odense is the only national Danish art museum dedicated specifically to photographic art . It was founded on 13 September 1985 as part of the Brandts International Centre for Art and Culture and opened its own exhibition space in 1987 . The Media Museum of Odense documents the history of the freedom of speech in Denmark since 1849 , and the development of the printing press and the history of Danish broadsheet Berlingske . = = Education = = = = = Odense University = = = Odense University , established by law in 1964 , was the first of three new provincial universities created to relieve pressure on the universities of Copenhagen and Aarhus . Teaching began in 1966 . By the end of the 20th century , there were 11 @,@ 000 students and some 5 @,@ 000 employees . Before it became part of the University of Southern Denmark in 1998 , it had four faculties covering arts , medicine , and natural and social sciences . The university building which opened in 1971 was designed by KHR Arkitekter . = = = University of Southern Denmark = = = The University of Southern Denmark ( Syddansk Universitet ) was established in 1998 as a merger of Odense University , the Southern Denmark Business School ( Handelshøjskole Syd ) , the Southern Engineering School ( Ingeniørhøjskole Syd ) and the South Jutland University Centre ( Sydjysk Universitetscenter ) . The main campus is in Odense but there are also departments in Copenhagen , Esbjerg , Kolding , Slagelse and Sønderborg . With some 26 @,@ 000 students ( 2012 ) , the establishment is Denmark 's third largest university . The Faculty of Engineering ( Det Tekniske Fakultet ) combines several institutions : Odense Maskinteknikum ( a mechanical engineering college which was established in 1905 and in 1962 became the Southern Engineering School ) , the Mads Clausen Institute and the Mærsk Mc @-@ Kinney Møller Institute . = = = Other educational institutions = = = Odense also includes departments of the University College Lillebaelt headquartered in Vejle . The university is the result of a merger between several further education institutions on Funen and in Jelling , Vejle and Svendborg . UCL is currently undertaking comprehensive renovation of the buildings on Niels Bohrs Allé from the 1960s where it will concentrate its Odense interests . It intends to open University College Lillebælt Campus Odense in August 2014 . Aimed at improving employment opportunities in business , the Lillebaelt Academy of Professional Higher Education ( Erhvervsakademiet Lillebælt ) was established in 2009 as a result of a merger between Tietgen Business College , SDE college , Kold College and Vejle Business College . In 2014 , it had 3 @,@ 200 students and a staff of 300 . Its programmes are offered at various locations in Odense and Vejle . Under the auspices of the municipality , the Odense School of Music ( Odense Musikskole ) offers educational courses with an emphasis on music to children and young people up to the age of 25 . Kold College is a privately run institution offering vocational courses in food , agriculture and gardening . Founded in 2004 , after a merger between Datum Tekniske Skole and Gartnerskolen Søhus , it changed its name to Kold College in 2008 . It also offers secondary education courses in the natural sciences . The college is named after Christen Kold who founded vocational schools on Funen in the mid @-@ 19th century . Funen Art Academy is an independent , nationally recognized educational institution located in the Brandts complex in central Odense which offers 5 @-@ year course in the visual arts . Odense is home to eight gymnasiums ( Grammar schools ) , 21 state grade schools as well as a number of private schools . = = Sports = = Odense 's most important football clubs are Odense Boldklub ( OB ) , BK Marienlyst ( BM ) , B1909 , and B1913 . OB has a history going back to 1887 when it was founded as Odense Kricketklub ( Odense Cricket Club ) . It changed its name to Odense Boldklub in 1893 after football was included in its activities . The club has won three national championships , and five cup titles . The club play their home matches at TRE @-@ FOR Park , also known as Odense Stadion . BK Marienlyst , founded in 1922 , are in the Danish 2nd Division West , and play their home matches at Marienlystcentret , which has a capacity of 1 @,@ 200 . The club also has a notable volleyball team . RC Odense represents the city at rugby in combination with Lindø RSC . The Odense Bulldogs are a professional ice hockey team based in Odense . They play in the top Danish League AL @-@ Bank Ligaen , as the only team from Funen . In tennis , Tennis Club Odense is located near the Odense River . The country 's largest tennis centre is due to open in Marienlyst in 2014 . The H.C. Andersen Marathon is held annually in Odense . On Ascension Sunday , children can participate in Eventyrløbet ( the Fairy Tale Run ) with circuits from 2 @.@ 5 to 10 km . There are many smaller sports clubs in Odense covering athletics , badminton , basketball , boxing , climbing , cycling , fencing , football , golf , gymnastics , handball , jujitsu , karate , riding , roller @-@ skating , shooting , swimming , table tennis , tennis , volleyball , yoga and wrestling as well as several specialising in facilities for people with disabilities . = = Transport = = The Port of Odense consists of three main basins and a number of facilities along the canal , with quays measuring roughly 4 @,@ 200 metres ( 13 @,@ 800 ft ) in length in total . Vessels up to a length of 160 metres ( 520 ft ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 8 metres ( 22 ft ) are facilitated in the port . The wharf for tankers is situated outside the harbour on the southern side of the canal , with facilities for tankers , general cargo ships , bulk , and LPG ships , and has a depth of 7 @.@ 5 metres ( 25 ft ) . Accessibility to Odense was greatly increased when the ferry service between the two main Danish islands , Zealand and Funen , was replaced by the Great Belt Bridge – opened in 1997 for rail traffic , 1998 for road traffic . When the bridge opened , it was the second longest suspension bridge in the world . Aarhus can be reached by train in 1 hour and 33 minutes while , thanks to the Great Belt Bridge , trains to Copenhagen can take as little as an hour and a quarter . Odense 's main railway station Odense Station lies on the line between Copenhagen and Jutland , the peninsular mainland . International trains connect the town with Sweden and mainland Europe , for example , Stockholm . SJ has a direct X2000 train to Stockholm daily , taking 7 hours to the capital city . Local and regional trains link Odense to the rest of Denmark . A separate passenger railway , Svendborgbanen , operates between Odense and Svendborg . Formerly , railways connected Odense to most of Funen 's coastal cities , but these links were closed down in the 1950s and 1960s . Today , these regional routes are served by buses operated by the public company FynBus , which also operates the town 's municipal bus service , connecting the town 's suburbs to the city centre . By road , Odense connects to Zealand and Jutland with the Funish Motorway ( Fynske Motorvej ) , a section of the E20 , and to Svendborg on the southern part of Funen by way of the Svendborg Motorway ( Svendborgmotorvejen ) , which comprises the Danish Route 9 . Other , smaller routes connect Odense to the rest of Funen , with direct links to all coastal towns . Odense is served by Odense Airport , which operates flights to tourist resorts , mainly in the summer months . = = Healthcare = = The Odense University Hospital ( OUH ) , established in 1912 , is of major regional importance , not only for healthcare , but for conducting research in collaboration with the Institute of Clinical Research of the University of Southern Denmark . OUH is the largest hospital unit in Denmark and the largest employer in Odense , and as of 2006 it had 1200 beds and a staff of 7700 people , of which 1300 people were doctors . Today there are about 10 @,@ 000 employees covering all fields of medicine . The hospital tower block is 57 metres ( 187 ft ) high , has 15 floors and is Odense 's tallest building . It is the principal hospital for the northern part of Funen but also takes patients from all over Denmark , as it has highly specialized units within hand replantation surgery and special neuro @-@ radiological intervention . The Hans Christian Andersen Children ’ s Hospital , part of the OUH , is the only paediatric department on the island of Funen , and also conducts research into nutrition and gastrointestinal diseases , asthma and allergies , hormonal diseases and others . As of 2013 , the children 's hospital had consisted of seven wards and had 377 employees , with about 10 @,@ 000 admissions and 25 @,@ 000 annual outpatient visits annually . A new DKK 6 @.@ 3 billion hospital is under construction in closer proximity to the University of Southern Denmark , scheduled to be completed in 2018 . The hospital will have a floor area of 212 @,@ 000 square metres ( 2 @,@ 280 @,@ 000 sq ft ) . Odense is home to several other private hospitals , including Privathospitalet H. C. Andersen Klinikken , Privathospitalet Hunderup , and Privathospitalet Mariahjemmet . Odense C is also the location of the renowned dental clinic , Tandlægeselskabet Karen Juel Nissen = = Media = = Odense is the centre for media activity on Funen , and the hub of the regional network . Its principal newspaper is Fyens Stiftstidende , a daily broadsheet owned by Den Fynske Bladfond and published by Fyens Stiftstidende A / S , which was established on 3 January 1772 . Until 1841 the newspaper was known as Kongelig Priviligerede Odense Adresse @-@ Contoirs Efterretninger , and on 13 April 1993 the newspaper changed its 221 @-@ year @-@ old tradition as a midday newspaper , to a morning paper . In 2013 , it had an average circulation of 47 @,@ 738 , down from some 60 @,@ 500 in 2005 . The editor in chief , Per Westergård , chairs the board of the Centre for Journalism at the University of Southern Denmark , one of the two university journalism departments in Denmark . Denmark 's largest university press , the University Press of Southern Denmark , is also based in Odense . It was founded in 1966 as Odense University Press ( Odense Universitetsforlag ) , and its authors are mainly academics from the University of Southern Denmark . The television station TV 2 , fully owned by the state since 2003 , is based in Odense . The station began broadcasting on 1 October 1988 as a privately owned company , thereby ending the television monopoly previously exercised by the Danmarks Radio ( DR ) . Since 2007 , TV 2 has had about 1 @,@ 000 employees . Now operating six channels , TV 2 now broadcasts over 40 @,@ 000 hours of television programmes per year . = = Notable residents = = Hans Christian Andersen ( 1805 – 1875 ) , novelist , poet , fairy tale and short story writer Carl Nielsen ( 1865 – 1931 ) , classical composer , born near Odense , celebrating the 150th anniversary of his birth in 2015 King Knud IV ( c . 1043 – 1086 ) , also known as Canute the Saint and Canute the Holy Carl Frederik Tietgen ( 1829 – 1901 ) , industrialist , banker , and philanthropist Thomas B. Thrige ( 1866 – 1938 ) , inventor and industrialist Anja Andersen ( born 1969 ) , handball player Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester ( born Birgitte Eva Henriksen ; 1946 ) , born and raised in Odense Caroline Wozniacki ( born 1990 ) , tennis player Peter Eastgate ( born 1985 ) , winner of the Main Event at the 2008 World Series of Poker Abraham Kurland ( 1912 – 1999 ) , Olympic wrestling medallist Kim Larsen ( born 1945 ) , rock star Jens Galschiøt ( born 1954 ) , sculptor Frederik Klokker ( born 1983 ) , cricketer Mø ( born 1988 ) , pop star , songwriter Ove Sprogøe ( 1919 – 2004 ) , actor , film star Allan Simonsen ( 1978 – 2013 ) , racing driver = = Twin cities = = Odense has over 20 twin cities . For a full list of twin cities , see Odense Municipality . Several are them are stated below : Kaunas , Lithuania Klaksvík , Faroe Islands Tampere , Finland Kiev , Ukraine Upernavik , Greenland Petah Tikva , Israel Funabashi , Japan Groningen , Netherlands
= Meryl Streep = Mary Louise " Meryl " Streep ( born June 22 , 1949 ) is an American actress . Cited in the media as the " best actress of her generation " , Streep is particularly known for her versatility in her roles , transformation into the characters she plays , and her accent adaptation . She made her professional stage debut in The Playboy of Seville in 1971 , and went on to receive a 1976 Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play for A Memory of Two Mondays / 27 Wagons Full of Cotton . She made her screen debut in the 1977 television film The Deadliest Season , and made her film debut later that same year in Julia . In 1978 , she won an Emmy Award for her role in the miniseries Holocaust , and received her first Academy Award nomination for The Deer Hunter . Nominated for 19 Academy Awards in total , Streep has more nominations than any other actor or actress in history ; she won Best Supporting Actress for Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) , and Best Actress for Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) and for The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) . Streep is one of only six actors to have won three or more competitive Academy Awards for acting . Her other nominated roles are The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , Silkwood ( 1983 ) , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , Ironweed ( 1987 ) , Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) , The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) , One True Thing ( 1998 ) , Music of the Heart ( 1999 ) , Adaptation ( 2002 ) , The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie & Julia ( 2009 ) , August : Osage County ( 2013 ) , and Into the Woods ( 2014 ) . She returned to the stage for the first time in over 20 years in The Public Theater 's 2001 revival of The Seagull , won a second Emmy Award in 2004 for the HBO miniseries Angels in America ( 2003 ) , and starred in the Public Theater 's 2006 production of Mother Courage and Her Children . Streep has also received 29 Golden Globe nominations , winning eight — more nominations , and more competitive ( non @-@ honorary ) wins than any other actor ( male or female ) in the history of the award . Her work has also earned her two Screen Actors Guild Awards , a Cannes Film Festival award , five New York Film Critics Circle Awards , two BAFTA awards , two Australian Film Institute awards , five Grammy Award nominations , and five Drama Desk Award nominations , among several others . She was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award in 2004 and the Kennedy Center Honor in 2011 for her contribution to American culture through performing arts . President Barack Obama awarded her the 2010 National Medal of Arts and in 2014 the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In 2003 , the government of France made her a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters . = = Early life = = Mary Louise Streep was born on June 22 , 1949 in Summit , New Jersey , to Mary Wolf Wilkinson ( 1915 – 2001 ) , a commercial artist and art editor ; and Harry William Streep Jr . ( 1910 – 2003 ) , a pharmaceutical executive . The eldest child , she has two younger brothers , Dana David and Harry William III . Streep 's father was of German and Swiss ancestry . Her father 's lineage traces back to Loffenau , Germany , from where her second great @-@ grandfather , Gottfried Streeb , emigrated to the United States , and where one of her ancestors served as mayor ( the surname was later changed to " Streep " ) . Another line of her father 's family was from Giswil , Switzerland . Her mother had English , German , and Irish ancestry . Some of Streep 's maternal ancestors lived in Pennsylvania and Rhode Island and were descended from 17th @-@ century immigrants from England . Her eighth great @-@ grandfather , Lawrence Wilkinson , was one of the first Europeans to settle in Rhode Island . Streep is also a distant relative of William Penn , the founder of Pennsylvania ; records show that her family is among the first purchasers of land in the state . Streep 's maternal great @-@ great @-@ grandparents , Manus McFadden and Grace Strain , the namesake of Streep 's second daughter , were natives of the Horn Head district of Dunfanaghy , Ireland . Streep 's mother , whom she has compared in both appearance and manner to Dame Judi Dench , strongly encouraged her daughter and instilled confidence in her from a very young age . Streep has said : " She was a mentor because she said to me , ' Meryl , you 're capable . You 're so great . ' She was saying , ' You can do whatever you put your mind to . If you 're lazy , you 're not going to get it done . But if you put your mind to it , you can do anything . ' And I believed her . " Although Streep was naturally more introverted than her mother , at times when she later needed an injection of confidence in adulthood she would consult her mother , asking her for advice . Streep was raised as a Presbyterian in Bernardsville , New Jersey , where she attended Bernards High School . Author Karina Longworth described her as a " gawky kid with glasses and frizzy hair " , yet noted that she liked to show off in front of the camera in family home videos from a young age . At the age of 12 , Streep was selected to sing at a school recital , which led to her having opera lessons from Estelle Liebling . However , despite her talent , she remarked that " I was singing something I didn 't feel and understand . That was an important lesson — not to do that . To find the thing that I could feel through " . She quit after four years . Streep had many Catholic school friends , and regularly attended mass . Although in high school Streep appeared in numerous school plays , she was uninterested in serious theatre until acting in the play Miss Julie at Vassar College in 1969 , in which she gained attention across the campus . Vassar drama professor Clinton J Atkinson noted , " I don 't think anyone ever taught Meryl acting . She really taught herself " . Streep demonstrated an early ability to mimic accents and to quickly memorize her lines . She received her BA cum laude from the college in 1971 , before applying for an MFA from the Yale School of Drama . At Yale she supplemented her course fees by waitressing and typing , and appeared in over a dozen stage productions a year , to the point that she became overworked , developing ulcers . She contemplated quitting acting and switching to study law . Streep played a variety of roles onstage , from Helena in A Midsummer Night 's Dream to an 80 @-@ year @-@ old woman in a wheelchair in a comedy written by then @-@ unknown playwrights Christopher Durang and Albert Innaurato . One of her teachers was Robert Lewis , one of the co @-@ founders of the Actors Studio . Streep disapproved of some of the acting exercises she was asked to do , remarking that the professors " delved into personal lives in a way I find obnoxious " . She received her MFA from Yale in 1975 . Streep also enrolled as a visiting student at Dartmouth College in the fall of 1970 , and received an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from the college in 1981 . = = Career = = = = = 1970s = = = = = = = Theater and film debut = = = = Streep moved to New York City in 1975 , and was cast by Joseph Papp in a production of Trelawny of the Wells at the Public Theater , opposite Mandy Patinkin and John Lithgow . She went on to appear in five more roles in her first year in New York , including in Papp 's New York Shakespeare Festival productions of Henry V , The Taming of the Shrew with Raúl Juliá , and Measure for Measure opposite Sam Waterston and John Cazale . She entered into a relationship with Cazale at this time , and resided with him until his death three years later . She starred in the musical Happy End on Broadway , and won an Obie for her performance in the off @-@ Broadway play Alice at the Palace . Although she had not set out for a film career , Robert De Niro 's performance in Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) had a profound impact on young Streep , who said to herself , " that 's the kind of actor I want to be when I grow up " . Streep began auditioning for film roles , and underwent an unsuccessful audition for the lead role in Dino De Laurentiis 's King Kong . Laurentiis stated in Italian to his son : " This is so ugly . Why did you bring me this " . Unknown to Laurentiis , Streep understood Italian and she remarked , " I 'm very sorry that I 'm not as beautiful as I should be but , you know — this is it . This is what you get " . She continued to work on Broadway , appearing in the 1976 double bill of Tennessee Williams ' 27 Wagons Full of Cotton and Arthur Miller 's A Memory of Two Mondays . For the former , she received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play nomination . Streep 's other Broadway credits include Anton Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard and the Bertolt Brecht @-@ Kurt Weill musical Happy End , in which she had originally appeared off @-@ Broadway at the Chelsea Theater Center . She received Drama Desk Award nominations for both productions . Streep 's first feature film role came opposite Jane Fonda in the 1977 film Julia , in which she had a small role during a flashback sequence . Most of her scenes were edited out , but the brief time on screen horrified the actress : " I had a bad wig and they took the words from the scene I shot with Jane and put them in my mouth in a different scene . I thought , I 've made a terrible mistake , no more movies . I hate this business " . However , Streep cites Fonda as having a lasting influence on her as an actress , and has credited her as " open [ ing ] probably more doors than I probably even know about " . = = = = Breakthrough = = = = Robert De Niro , who had spotted Streep in her stage production of The Cherry Orchard , suggested that she play the role of his girlfriend in the war film The Deer Hunter ( 1978 ) . Cazale , who had been diagnosed with lung cancer , was also cast in the film , and Streep took on the role of a " vague , stock girlfriend " to remain with Cazale for the duration of filming . Longworth notes that Streep " made a case for female empowerment by playing a woman to whom empowerment was a foreign concept — a normal lady from an average American small town , for whom subservience was the only thing she knew " . Pauline Kael , who would later become a strong critic of Streep 's , remarked that Streep was a " real beauty " who brought much freshness to the film with her performance . The film 's success exposed Streep to a wider audience and earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress . In the 1978 miniseries Holocaust , Streep played the leading role of a German woman married to a Jewish artist in Nazi era Germany . She found the material to be " unrelentingly noble " and professed to have taken on the role for financial gain . Streep travelled to Germany and Austria for filming while Cazale remained in New York . Upon her return , Streep found that Cazale 's illness had progressed , and she nursed him until his death on March 12 , 1978 . With an estimated audience of 109 million , Holocaust brought a wider degree of public recognition to Streep , who found herself " on the verge of national visibility " . She won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for her performance . Despite the awards success , Streep was still not enthusiastic towards her film career and preferred acting on stage . Hoping to divert herself from the grief of Cazale 's death , Streep accepted a role in The Seduction of Joe Tynan ( 1979 ) as the chirpy love interest of Alan Alda , later commenting that she played it on " automatic pilot " . She performed the role of Katherine in The Taming of the Shrew for Shakespeare in the Park , and also played a supporting role in Manhattan ( 1979 ) for Woody Allen . Streep later said that Allen did not provide her with a complete script , giving her only the six pages of her own scenes , and did not permit her to improvise a word of her dialogue . In the drama Kramer vs. Kramer , Streep was cast opposite Dustin Hoffman as an unhappily married woman who abandons her husband and child . Streep thought that the script portrayed the female character as " too evil " and insisted that it was not representative of real women who faced marriage breakdown and child custody battles . The makers agreed with her , and the script was revised . In preparing for the part , Streep spoke to her own mother about her life as a wife with a career , and frequented the Upper East Side neighborhood in which the film was set , watching the interactions between parents and children . The director Robert Benton allowed Streep to write her own dialogue in two key scenes , despite some objection from Hoffman , who " hated her guts " . Jaffee and Hoffman later spoke of Streep 's tirelessness , with Hoffman commenting , " She 's extraordinarily hardworking , to the extent that she 's obsessive . I think that she thinks about nothing else but what she 's doing . " The film was controversial among feminists , but it was a role which film critic Stephen Farber believed displayed Streep 's " own emotional intensity " , writing that she was one of the " rare performers who can imbue the most routine moments with a hint of mystery " . For Kramer vs. Kramer , Streep won both the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress . She was also awarded the Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress , National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress and National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress for her collective work in her three film releases of 1979 . Both The Deer Hunter and Kramer vs. Kramer were major commercial successes and were the consecutive winners of the Academy Award for Best Picture . = = = 1980s = = = = = = = Rise to stardom = = = = In 1979 , Streep began workshopping Alice in Concert , a musical version of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland , with writer and composer Elizabeth Swados and director Joseph Papp ; the show was put on at New York 's Public Theater from December 1980 . Frank Rich of The New York Times referred to Streep as the " one wonder " of the production , but questioned why she had devoted so much energy to it . By 1980 , Streep had progressed to leading roles in films . She was featured on the cover of Newsweek magazine with the headline " A Star for the 80s " , with Jack Kroll commenting , " There 's a sense of mystery in her acting ; she doesn 't simply imitate ( although she 's a great mimic in private ) . She transmits a sense of danger , a primal unease lying just below the surface of normal behavior " . Streep denounced the fervent media coverage of her at this time as " excessive hype " . The story within a story drama The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) was Streep 's first leading role . The film paired Streep with Jeremy Irons as contemporary actors , telling their modern story , as well as the Victorian era drama they were performing . Streep perfected an English accent for the part , but considered herself a misfit for the role : " I couldn 't help wishing that I was more beautiful " . A New York Magazine article commented that , while many female stars of the past had cultivated a singular identity in their films , Streep was a " chameleon " , willing to play any type of role . Streep was awarded a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her work . The following year , she reunited with Robert Benton for the psychological thriller , Still of the Night ( 1982 ) , co @-@ starring Roy Scheider and Jessica Tandy . Vincent Canby , writing for The New York Times , noted that the film was an homage to the works of Alfred Hitchcock , but that one of its main weaknesses was a lack of chemistry between Streep and Scheider , concluding that Streep " is stunning , but she 's not on screen anywhere near long enough " . Greater success came later in 1982 , when Streep starred in the drama Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) , portraying a Polish holocaust survivor caught in a love triangle between a young naive writer ( Peter MacNicol ) and a Jewish intellectual ( Kevin Kline ) . Streep 's emotional dramatic performance and her apparent mastery of a Polish accent drew praise . William Styron wrote the novel with Ursula Andress in mind for the role of Sophie , but Streep was determined to get the role . She obtained a bootlegged copy of the script , and threw herself on the ground begging the director Alan J. Pakula to give her the role . Streep filmed the " choice " scene in one take and refused to do it again , finding it extremely painful and emotionally exhausting . Emma Brockes of The Guardian believes the scene in which Streep is ordered by an SS guard at Auschwitz to choose which one of her two children would be gassed and which would proceed to the labor camp , is her most famous scene , remarking : " It 's classic Streep , the kind of scene that makes your scalp tighten , but defter in a way is her handling of smaller , harder @-@ to @-@ grasp emotions " . Among several notable acting awards , Streep won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance , and her characterization was voted the third greatest movie performance of all time by Premiere magazine . Roger Ebert said of her delivery , " Streep plays the Brooklyn scenes with an enchanting Polish @-@ American accent ( she has the first accent I 've ever wanted to hug ) , and she plays the flashbacks in subtitled German and Polish . There is hardly an emotion that Streep doesn 't touch in this movie , and yet we 're never aware of her straining . This is one of the most astonishing and yet one of the most unaffected and natural performances I can imagine . " Pauline Kael on the contrary called the film an " infuriatingly bad movie " and thought that Streep " decorporealizes " herself , which she believed explained why her movie heroines " don 't seem to be full characters , and why there are no incidental joys to be had from watching her " . The year 1983 saw Streep play her first non @-@ fictional character , the nuclear whistleblower and labor union activist Karen Silkwood who died in a suspicious car accident while investigating alleged wrongdoing at the Kerr @-@ McGee plutonium plant , in Mike Nichols 's biographical film Silkwood . Streep felt a personal connection to Silkwood , and in preparation she met with people close to the woman , and in doing so realized that each person saw a different aspect of her personality . She said , " I didn 't try to turn myself into Karen . I just tried to look at what she did . I put together every piece of information I could find about her ... What I finally did was look at the events in her life , and try to understand her from the inside . " Jack Kroll of Newsweek considered Streep 's characterization to have been " brilliant " , while Silkwood 's boyfriend Drew Stephens expressed approval in that Streep had played Karen as a human being rather than a myth , despite Karen 's father Bill thinking that Streep and the film had dumbed his daughter down . Pauline Kael believed that Streep had been miscast . Streep next played opposite Robert De Niro in the romance Falling in Love ( 1984 ) , which was poorly @-@ received , and portrayed a fighter for the French Resistance during World War II in the British drama Plenty ( 1985 ) . For the latter , Roger Ebert wrote that she conveyed " great subtlety ; it is hard to play an unbalanced , neurotic , self @-@ destructive woman , and do it with such gentleness and charm ... Streep creates a whole character around a woman who could have simply been a catalogue of symptoms . " In 2008 , Molly Haskell praised Streep 's performance in Plenty , believing it to be " one of Streep 's most difficult and ambiguous " films and " most feminist " role . = = = = Out of Africa and backlash = = = = Longworth considers Streep 's next release , Out of Africa ( 1985 ) , to have established her as a Hollywood superstar . In the film , Streep starred as the Danish writer Karen Blixen opposite Robert Redford 's Denys Finch Hatton . Director Sydney Pollack was initially dubious about Streep in the role as he did not think she was sexy enough , and had considered Jane Seymour for the part . Pollack recalls that Streep impressed him in a different way : " She was so direct , so honest , so without bullshit . There was no shielding between her and me . " Streep and Pollack often clashed during the 101 @-@ day shoot in Kenya , particularly over Blixen 's voice . Streep had spent much time listening to tapes of Blixen and began speaking in an old @-@ fashioned and aristocratic fashion , which Pollack thought excessive . A significant commercial and critical success , the film earned Streep another Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , also winning Best Picture . Critic Stanley Kaufmann wrote , " Meryl Streep is back in top form . This means her performance in Out of Africa is at the highest level of acting in film today " . Longworth notes that the dramatic success of Out of Africa led to a backlash of critical opinion against Streep in the years that followed , especially as she was now demanding $ 4 million a picture . Unlike other stars at the time such as Sylvester Stallone and Tom Cruise , Streep " never seemed to play herself " , and certain critics felt her technical finesse led people to literally see her acting . Her next films did not appeal to a wide audience ; she co @-@ starred with Jack Nicholson in the dramas Heartburn ( 1986 ) and Ironweed ( 1987 ) , in which she sang onscreen for the first time since the television movie , Secret Service ( 1977 ) . In Evil Angels ( 1988 ) , she played Lindy Chamberlain , an Australian woman who had been convicted of the murder of her infant daughter despite claiming that the baby had been taken by a dingo . Filmed in Australia , Streep won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , a Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival , and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress . Streep has said of perfecting the Australian accent in the film : " I had to study a little bit for Australian because it 's not dissimilar [ to American ] , so it 's like coming from Italian to Spanish . You get a little mixed up " . Vincent Canby of The New York Times referred it to her performance as " another stunning performance " , played with " the kind of virtuosity that seems to redefine the possibilities of screen acting " . In 1989 , Streep lobbied to play the lead role in Oliver Stone 's adaption of the play Evita , but two months before filming was due to commence she dropped out , citing " exhaustion " initially , although it was later revealed that there was a dispute over her salary . By the end of the decade , Streep actively looked to star in a comedy . She found the role in She @-@ Devil ( 1989 ) , a satire that parodied Hollywood 's obsession with beauty and cosmetic surgery , in which she played a glamorous writer . Though not a success , Richard Corliss of Time wrote that Streep was the " one reason " to see the film and observed that it marked a departure from the dramatic roles she was known to play . Reacting to her string of poorly received films , Streep said : " Audiences are shrinking ; as the marketing strategy defines more and more narrowly who they want to reach — males from 16 to 25 — it 's become a chicken @-@ and @-@ egg syndrome . Which came first ? First they release all these summer movies , then do a demographic survey of who 's going to see them " . = = = 1990s = = = = = = = Unsuccessful comedies and The Bridges of Madison County = = = = Biographer Karen Hollinger described the early 1990s as a downturn in the popularity of Streep 's films , attributing this partly to a critical perception that her comedies had been an attempt to convey a lighter image following several serious but commercially unsuccessful dramas , and more significantly to the lack of options available to an actress in her forties . Streep commented that she had limited her options by her preference to work in Los Angeles , close to her family , a situation that she had anticipated in a 1981 interview when she commented , " By the time an actress hits her mid @-@ forties , no one 's interested in her anymore . And if you want to fit a couple of babies into that schedule as well , you 've got to pick your parts with great care . " At the Screen Actor 's Guild National Women 's Conference in 1990 , Streep keynoted the first national event , emphasizing the decline in women 's work opportunities , pay parity , and role models within the film industry . She criticized the film industry for downplaying the importance of women both on screen and off . After roles in the comedy @-@ drama Postcards from the Edge ( 1990 ) and the comedy @-@ fantasy Defending Your Life ( 1991 ) , Streep starred with Goldie Hawn in farcical black comedy , Death Becomes Her ( 1992 ) , with Bruce Willis as their co @-@ star . Streep persuaded writer David Koepp to rewrite several of the scenes , particularly the one in which her character has an affair with a younger man , which she believed was " unrealistically male " in its conception . The seven @-@ month shoot was the longest of Streep 's career , during which she got into character by " thinking about being slightly pissed off all of the time " . Due to Streep 's allergies to numerous cosmetics , special prosthetics had to be designed to age her by ten years to look 54 , although Streep believed that they made her look nearer 70 . Longworth considers Death Becomes Her to have been " the most physical performance Streep had yet committed to screen , all broad weeping , smirking , and eye @-@ rolling " . Although it was a commercial success , earning $ 15 @.@ 1 million in just five days , Streep 's contribution to comedy was generally not taken well by critics . Time 's Richard Corliss wrote approvingly of Streep 's " wicked @-@ witch routine " but dismissed the film as " She @-@ Devil with a make @-@ over " and one which " hates women " . In 1993 , Streep appeared with Jeremy Irons , Glenn Close and Winona Ryder in The House of the Spirits , set during the military dictatorship of Chile . The film was not well received by critics . Anthony Lane of The New Yorker wrote : " This is really quite an achievement . It brings together Jeremy Irons , Meryl Streep , Winona Ryder , Antonio Banderas , and Vanessa Redgrave and insures that , without exception , they all give their worst performances ever " . The following year , Streep featured in The River Wild , as the mother of children on a whitewater rafting trip who encounter two violent criminals ( Kevin Bacon and John C. Reilly ) in the wilderness . Though critical reaction was generally mixed , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone found her to be " strong , sassy and looser than she has ever been onscreen " . Streep 's most successful film of the decade came in the 1995 romance The Bridges of Madison County from director Clint Eastwood , who adapted the film from Robert James Waller 's novel of the same name . It relates the story of Robert Kincaid ( Eastwood ) , a photographer working for National Geographic , who has a love affair with a middle @-@ aged Italian farm wife in Iowa named Francesca ( Streep ) . Though Streep disliked the novel it was based on , she found the script to be a special opportunity for an actress her age . She gained weight for the part , and dressed differently from the character in the book to emulate voluptuous Italian film stars such as Sophia Loren . Both Loren and Anna Magnani were an influence in her portrayal , and Streep viewed Pier Paolo Passolini 's Mamma Roma ( 1962 ) prior to filming . The film was a box office hit and grossed over $ 70 million in the United States . The film , unlike the novel , was warmly received by critics . Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that Eastwood had managed to create " a moving , elegiac love story at the heart of Mr. Waller 's self @-@ congratulatory overkill " , while Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal described it as " one of the most pleasurable films in recent memory " . Longworth believes that Streep 's performance was " crucial to transforming what could have been a weak soap opera into a vibrant work of historical fiction implicitly critiquing postwar America 's stifling culture of domesticity " . She considers it to have been the role in which Streep became " arguably the first middle @-@ aged actress to be taken seriously by Hollywood as a romantic heroine " . = = = = Late 1990s = = = = In 1996 , Streep played the estranged sister of Bessie ( Diane Keaton ) , a woman battling leukemia , in Marvin 's Room , an adaptation of the play by Scott McPherson . Streep recommended Keaton for the role . The film also starred a young Leonardo DiCaprio as Streep 's character 's rebellious son . Roger Ebert stated that " Streep and Keaton , in their different styles , find ways to make Lee and Bessie into much more than the expression of their problems . " The film was critically acclaimed , and Streep earned another Golden Globe nomination for her performance . In 1998 , Streep played an Irishwoman opposite Michael Gambon and Catherine McCormack in Pat O 'Connor 's Dancing at Lughnasa , which was entered into the Venice Film Festival of 1998 . Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked that " Meryl Streep has made many a grand acting gesture in her career , but the way she simply peers out a window in Dancing at Lughnasa ranks with the best . Everything the viewer need know about Kate Mundy , the woman she plays here , is written on that prim , lonely face and its flabbergasted gaze " . Later that year , Streep played a cancer sufferer caught in a difficult family situation , playing the mother of Renée Zellweger and wife of William Hurt in One True Thing . The film was well received by critics . Mick LaSalle in the San Francisco Chronicle declared , " After ' One True Thing ' , critics who persist in the fiction that Streep is a cold and technical actress will need to get their heads examined . She is so instinctive and natural – so thoroughly in the moment and operating on flights of inspiration – that she 's able to give us a woman who 's at once wildly idiosyncratic and utterly believable . " Los Angeles Times film critic Kenneth Turan noted that Streep 's role " is one of the least self @-@ consciously dramatic and surface showy of her career , but that she " adds a level of honesty and reality that makes [ her performance ] one of her most moving . " In 1999 , Streep portrayed Roberta Guaspari , a real @-@ life New Yorker who found passion and enlightenment teaching violin to the inner @-@ city kids of East Harlem , in the music drama Music of the Heart . A departure from director Wes Craven 's previous work on films like A Nightmare on Elm Street and the Scream series , Streep replaced singer Madonna who left the project before filming began due to creative differences with Craven . Required to perform on the violin , Streep went through two months of intense training , five to six hours a day . Streep received nominations for an Academy Award , a Golden Globe and a Screen Actors Guild Award for her performance . Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four and wrote that " Meryl Streep is known for her mastery of accents ; she may be the most versatile speaker in the movies . Here you might think she has no accent , unless you 've heard her real speaking voice ; then you realize that Guaspari 's speaking style is no less a particular achievement than Streep 's other accents . This is not Streep 's voice , but someone else 's – with a certain flat quality , as if later education and refinement came after a somewhat unsophisticated childhood . " = = = 2000s = = = = = = = 2000 – 05 = = = = Streep entered the 2000s with an uncredited voice cameo in Steven Spielberg 's A.I. Artificial Intelligence , a science fiction film about a childlike android , played by Haley Joel Osment . The same year , Streep co @-@ hosted the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert concert with Liam Neeson which was held in Oslo , Norway , on December 11 , 2001 , in honour of the Nobel Peace Prize laureate , the United Nations and Kofi Annan . In 2001 , Streep returned to the stage for the first time in more than twenty years , playing Arkadina in The Public Theater 's revival of Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull , directed by Mike Nichols and co @-@ starring Kevin Kline , Natalie Portman , and Philip Seymour Hoffman . The same year , she began work on Spike Jonze 's comedy @-@ drama Adaptation ( 2002 ) , in which she portrayed real @-@ life journalist Susan Orlean . Lauded by critics and viewers alike , the film won Streep her fourth Golden Globe in the Best Supporting Actress category . A. O. Scott considered Streep 's portrayal of Orlean to have been " played with impish composure " , noting the contrast in her " wittily realized " character with love interest Chris Cooper 's " lank @-@ haired , toothless charisma " as the autodidact arrested for poaching rare orchids . In 2002 Streep appeared alongside Nicole Kidman and Julianne Moore in Stephen Daldry 's The Hours , based on the 1999 novel by Michael Cunningham . Focusing on three women of different generations whose lives are interconnected by the novel Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf , the film was generally well received and won all three leading actresses a Silver Bear for Best Actress . In 2003 , Streep had a cameo as herself in the Farrelly brothers comedy Stuck on You ( 2003 ) and reunited with Mike Nichols to star with Al Pacino and Emma Thompson in the HBO adaptation of Tony Kushner 's six @-@ hour play Angels in America , the story of two couples whose relationships dissolve amidst the backdrop of Reagan Era politics . Streep , who was cast in four roles in the mini @-@ series , received her second Emmy Award and fifth Golden Globe for her performance . In 2004 , Streep was awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award by the board of directors of the American Film Institute . She appeared in Jonathan Demme 's moderately successful remake of The Manchurian Candidate , co @-@ starring Denzel Washington , playing the role of a woman who is both a U.S. senator and the manipulative , ruthless mother of a vice @-@ presidential candidate . The same year , she played the supporting role of Aunt Josephine in Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events alongside Jim Carrey , based on the first three novels in Snicket 's book series . The black comedy received generally favorable reviews from critics , and won the Academy Award for Best Makeup . Inspired by her love of Giverny in France and Claude Monet , Streep did the narration for the film Monet 's Palate , with Alice Waters , Steve Wynn , Daniel Boulud and Helen Rappel Bordman . Streep was next cast in the 2005 comedy film Prime , directed by Ben Younger . In the film , she played Lisa Metzger , the Jewish psychoanalyst of a divorced and lonesome business @-@ woman , played by Uma Thurman , who enters a relationship with Metzger 's 23 @-@ year @-@ old son ( Bryan Greenberg ) . A modest mainstream success , it eventually grossed US $ 67 @.@ 9 million internationally . Roger Ebert noted how Streep had " that ability to cut through the solemnity of a scene with a zinger that reveals how all human effort is " . = = = = 2006 – 09 = = = = In August and September 2006 , Streep starred onstage at The Public Theater 's production of Mother Courage and Her Children at the Delacorte Theatre in Central Park . The Public Theater production was a new translation by playwright Tony Kushner ( Angels in America ) , with songs in the Weill / Brecht style written by composer Jeanine Tesori ( Caroline , or Change ) ; veteran director George C. Wolfe was at the helm . Streep starred alongside Kevin Kline and Austin Pendleton in this three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour play . Also in 2006 , Streep , along with Lily Tomlin , portrayed the last two members of what was once a popular family country music act in Robert Altman 's final film A Prairie Home Companion . A comedic ensemble piece featuring Lindsay Lohan , Tommy Lee Jones , Kevin Kline and Woody Harrelson , the film revolves around the behind @-@ the @-@ scenes activities at the long @-@ running public radio show of the same name . The film grossed more than US $ 26 million , the majority of which came from domestic markets . Commercially , Streep fared better with a role in The Devil Wears Prada ( 2006 ) , a loose screen adaptation of Lauren Weisberger 's 2003 novel of the same name . Streep portrayed the powerful and demanding Miranda Priestly , fashion magazine editor ( and boss of a recent college graduate played by Anne Hathaway ) . Though the overall film received mixed reviews , her portrayal , of what Ebert calls the " poised and imperious Miranda " , drew rave reviews from critics and earned her many award nominations , including her record @-@ setting 14th Oscar bid , as well as another Golden Globe . Upon its commercial release , the film became Streep 's biggest commercial success yet , grossing more than US $ 326 @.@ 5 million worldwide . In 2007 , Streep was cast in four films . She portrayed a wealthy university patron in Chen Shi @-@ zheng 's much @-@ delayed feature drama Dark Matter , a film about a Chinese science graduate student who becomes violent after dealing with academic politics at a U.S. university . Inspired by the events of the 1991 University of Iowa shooting , and initially scheduled for a 2007 release , producers and investors decided to shelve Dark Matter out of respect for the Virginia Tech massacre in April 2007 . The drama received negative to mixed reviews upon its limited 2008 release . Streep played a U.S. government official who investigates an Egyptian foreign national suspected of terrorism in the political thriller Rendition ( 2007 ) , directed by Gavin Hood . Keen to get involved in a thriller film , Streep welcomed the opportunity to star in a film genre for which she was not usually offered scripts and immediately signed on to the project . Upon its release , Rendition was less commercially successful , and received mixed reviews . Also in 2007 , Streep had a short role alongside Vanessa Redgrave , Glenn Close and her eldest daughter Mamie Gummer in Lajos Koltai 's drama film Evening , based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Susan Minot . Switching between the present and the past , it tells the story of a bedridden woman , who remembers her tumultuous life in the mid @-@ 1950s . The film was released to a lukewarm reaction from critics , who called it " beautifully filmed , but decidedly dull [ and ] a colossal waste of a talented cast . " Streep 's last film of 2007 was Robert Redford 's Lions for Lambs , a film about the connection between a platoon of United States soldiers in Afghanistan , a U.S. senator , a reporter , and a California college professor . Like Evening , critics felt that the talent of the cast was wasted and that it suffered from slow pacing , although one critic announced that Streep positively stood out , being " natural , unforced , quietly powerful " , in comparison to Redford 's forced performance . In 2008 , Streep found major commercial success when she starred in Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! , a film adaptation of the musical of the same name , based on the songs of Swedish pop group ABBA . Co @-@ starring Amanda Seyfried , Pierce Brosnan , Stellan Skarsgård and Colin Firth , Streep played a single mother and a former girl @-@ group singer , whose daughter ( Seyfried ) , a bride @-@ to @-@ be who never met her father , invites three likely paternal candidates to her wedding on an idyllic Greek island . An instant box office success , Mamma Mia ! became Streep 's highest @-@ grossing film to date , with box office receipts of US $ 602 @.@ 6 million , also ranking it first among the highest @-@ grossing musical films for now . Nominated for another Golden Globe , Streep 's performance was generally well received by critics , with Wesley Morris of the Boston Globe commenting " the greatest actor in American movies has finally become a movie star . " Streep 's other film of 2008 was Doubt featuring Philip Seymour Hoffman , Amy Adams , and Viola Davis . A drama revolving around the stern principal nun ( Streep ) of a Bronx Catholic school in 1964 who brings charges of pedophilia against a popular priest ( Hoffman ) , the film became a moderate box office success , but was hailed by many critics as one of the best of 2008 . The film received five Academy Awards nominations , for its four lead actors and for Shanley 's script . Ebert , who awarded the film the full four stars , highlighted Streep 's caricature of a nun , who " hates all inroads of the modern world " , while Kelly Vance of The East Bay Express remarked : " It 's thrilling to see a pro like Streep step into an already wildly exaggerated role and then ramp it up a few notches just for the sheer hell of it . Grim , red @-@ eyed , deathly pale Sister Aloysius may be the scariest nun of all time . " In 2009 , Streep played chef Julia Child in Nora Ephron 's Julie & Julia , co @-@ starring Amy Adams and Stanley Tucci . ( Tucci and Streep had worked together earlier in Devil Wears Prada . ) The first major motion picture based on a blog , Julie and Julia contrasts the life of Child in the early years of her culinary career with the life of young New Yorker Julie Powell ( Adams ) , who aspires to cook all 524 recipes in Child 's cookbook Mastering the Art of French Cooking . Longworth believes her caricature of Julia Child was " quite possibly the biggest performance of her career while also drawing on her own experience to bring lived @-@ in truth the story of a late bloomer " . The same year , Streep starred in Nancy Meyers ' romantic comedy It 's Complicated , with Alec Baldwin and Steve Martin . She received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for both Julie & Julia and It 's Complicated ; she won the award for Julie & Julia and later received her 16th Oscar nomination for it . She also lent her voice to Mrs. Felicity Fox in the stop @-@ motion film Fantastic Mr. Fox . = = = 2010s = = = Streep 's first film of the 2010s was Phyllida Lloyd 's The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) , a British biographical film about Margaret Thatcher , which takes a look at the Prime Minister during the Falklands War and her years in retirement . Streep , who sat through a session at the House of Commons to observe British MPs in action in preparation for her role , called her casting " a daunting and exciting challenge . " While the film had a mixed reception , Streep 's performance got rave reviews , earning her Best Actress awards at the Golden Globes and the BAFTAs as well as her third win at the 84th Academy Awards . Former advisers , friends and family of Thatcher criticized Streep 's portrayal of her as inaccurate and biased . The following year , after Thatcher 's death , Streep issued a formal statement describing Thatcher 's " hard @-@ nosed fiscal measures " and " hands @-@ off approach to financial regulation , " while praising her " personal strength and grit . " In 2012 , Streep reunited with Prada director David Frankel on the set of the comedy @-@ drama film Hope Springs , co @-@ starring Tommy Lee Jones and Steve Carell . Streep and Jones play a middle @-@ aged couple , who attend a week of intensive marriage counseling to try to bring back the intimacy missing in their relationship . Reviews for the film were mostly positive , with critics praising the " mesmerizing performances [ ... ] which offer filmgoers some grown @-@ up laughs – and a thoughtful look at mature relationships " . In 2013 , Streep starred alongside Julia Roberts , Ewan McGregor , Chris Cooper , and others in the black comedy drama August : Osage County about a dysfunctional family that reunites into the familial house when their patriarch suddenly disappears . Based on Tracy Letts 's Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning play of the same name , Streep received positive reviews for her portrayal of the family 's strong @-@ willed and contentious matriarch , who is suffering from oral cancer and an addiction to narcotics , and was subsequently nominated for another Golden Globe , SAG , and Academy Award . At the National Board of Review Awards in 2013 , Streep labeled Walt Disney as " anti @-@ semitic " and a " gender bigot . " Former actors , employees and animators who knew Disney during his lifetime rebuffed the comments as misinformed and selective . The Walt Disney Family Museum issued a statement rebuking Streep 's allegations indirectly , citing , among others , Disney 's contributions to Jewish charities and his published letters stating that women " have the right to expect the same chances for advancement as men . " However , Disney 's grandniece , Abigail Disney , wholeheartedly agreed with Streep 's statements , stating that he was an " anti @-@ Semite , " and " racist " who was also an exemplary filmmaker whose work " made billions of people happy . " Streep 's first film of 2014 was the motion picture adaptation of the young adult novel The Giver . Set in 2048 , the social science fiction film tells the story of a post @-@ apocalyptic community without war , pain , suffering , differences or choice , where a young boy is chosen to learn the real world . Streep , who plays the community 's leader , was aware of the book before being offered the role by co @-@ star and producer Jeff Bridges . Upon its release , The Giver was met with generally mixed to negative reviews from critics . The same year , she also had a small role in the period drama film The Homesman , Set in the 1850s midwest , the film stars Hilary Swank and Jones as an unusual pair , who helps three women driven to madness by the frontier to get back East . Streep appears not until the end of the film , playing a preacher 's wife , who takes the women into care . The Homesman premiered at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival where it garnered largely positive reviews from critics . Her final film of 2014 was the Disney film adaptation of the Broadway musical Into the Woods , directed by Rob Marshall . A fantasy genre crossover inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales , it centers on a childless couple , who sets out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch , played by Streep . Though the film was dismissed by some critics such as Mark Kermode as " irritating naffness " , Streep 's performance earned her Academy Award , Golden Globe , SAG , and Critic 's Choice Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In July 2014 , it was announced that Streep would portray Maria Callas in Master Class , but the project was pulled after director Mike Nichols 's death in November of the same year . In 2015 , Streep starred in Jonathan Demme 's Ricki and the Flash , playing a grocery store checkout worker by day who is a rock musician at night , and who has one last chance to reconnect with her estranged family . Streep learned to play the guitar for the semi @-@ autobiographical dramedy film , which reunited her with her eldest daughter Mamie Gummer . Reviews of the film were generally mixed . Streep 's other film of the year was director Sarah Gavron 's period drama Suffragette , co @-@ starring Carey Mulligan and Helena Bonham Carter . In the film , she played the small but pivotal role of Emmeline Pankhurst , a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote . The film received mostly positive reviews , particularly for the performances of the cast , though its distributor earned criticism that Streep 's prominent position within the marketing was misleading . In February 2016 , Streep served in her first appearance as president of the main competition jury at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival . Streep will next be seen in the Stephen Frears @-@ directed comedy Florence Foster Jenkins , a biopic about the eponymous opera singer . Other cast members include Hugh Grant , and Simon Helberg . = = Acting style and legacy = = Such is Streep 's contemporary position in world cinema that Vanity Fair has commented that " it 's hard to imagine that there was a time before Meryl Streep was the greatest @-@ living actress " . Emma Brockes of The Guardian notes that despite Streep 's being " one of the most famous actresses in the world " , it is " strangely hard to pin an image on Streep " , in a career where she has " laboured to establish herself as an actor whose roots lie in ordinary life " . Despite her success , Streep has always been modest about her own acting and achievements in cinema . She has stated that she has no particular method when it comes to acting , learning from the days of her early studies that she can 't be articulate . She said in 1987 , " I have a smattering of things I 've learned from different teachers , but nothing I can put into a valise and open it up and say ' Now which one would you like ' ? Nothing I can count on and that makes it more dangerous . But then the danger makes it more exciting . " She has stated that her ideal director is one who gives her complete artistic control , and allowing a degree of improvization and her to learn from her own mistakes . Karina Longworth notes how " external " Streep 's performances are , " chameleonic " in her impersonation of characters , " subsuming herself into them , rather than personifying them " . In her early roles such as Manhattan and Kramer vs. Kramer , she was compared to both Diane Keaton and Jill Clayburgh , in that her characters were unsympathetic , which Streep has attributed to the tendency to be drawn to playing women who are difficult to like and are devoid of a mutual emotional understanding with others . Streep has stated that many consider her to be a technical actor , but she professed that it comes down to her love of reading the initial script , adding , " I come ready and I don 't want to screw around and waste the first 10 takes on adjusting lighting and everybody else getting comfortable " . Mike Nichols , who directed Streep in Silkwood , Heartburn and Postcards from the Edge , praised Streep 's ability to transform herself into her characters , remarking that " in every role she becomes a totally new human being . As she becomes the person she is portraying , the other performers begin to react to her as if she were that person " . He said that directing her is " so much like falling in love that it has the characteristics of a time which you remember as magical but which is shrouded in mystery " . He also noted that Streep 's acting ability had a profound impact on her co @-@ stars and that " one could improve by 1000 % purely by watching her . " Longworth believes that in nearly every film , Streep has " sly infused " a feminist point of view in her portrayals . However , film critic Molly Haskell has stated , " None of her heroines are feminist , strictly speaking . Yet they uncannily embody various crosscurrents of experience in the last twenty years , as women have redefined themselves against the background of the women 's movement " . Streep is well known for her ability to imitate a wide range of accents , from Danish in Out of Africa ( 1985 ) to English received pronunciation in Plenty ( 1985 ) , The French Lieutenant 's Woman ( 1981 ) , and The Iron Lady ( 2011 ) ; Italian in The Bridges of Madison County ( 1995 ) ; a Minnesota accent in A Prairie Home Companion ( 2006 ) ; Irish @-@ American in Ironweed ; and a heavy Bronx accent in Doubt . Streep has stated that she grew up listening to artists such as Barbra Streisand , The Beatles and Bob Dylan , and she learned a lot about how to use her voice , her " instrument , " by listening to Barbra Streisand 's albums . In the 1988 film Evil Angels , in which she portrays a New Zealand transplant to Australia , Streep perfected a hybrid of Australian & New Zealand English . Her performance received the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role , as well as Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival , and the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress . For her role in the film Sophie 's Choice ( 1982 ) , Streep spoke both English and German with a Polish accent , as well as Polish itself . In The Iron Lady , she reproduced the vocal style of Margaret Thatcher from the time before Thatcher became Britain 's Prime Minister , and after she had taken elocution lessons to change her pitch , pronunciation , and delivery . Streep has commented that using accents as part of her acting is a technique she views as an obvious requirement in her portrayal of a character . When questioned in Belfast as to how she reproduces different accents , Streep replied in a perfect Belfast accent : " I listen . " = = Other work = = After Streep appeared in Mamma Mia ! , her rendition of the song " Mamma Mia " rose to popularity in the Portuguese music charts , where it peaked at No. 8 in October 2008 . At the 35th People 's Choice Awards , her version of " Mamma Mia " won an award for " Favorite Song From A Soundtrack " . In 2008 , Streep was nominated for a Grammy Award ( her fifth nomination ) for her work on the Mamma Mia ! soundtrack . Throughout her career , Streep has narrated numerous audio books , including three by children 's book author William Steig : Brae Irene , Spinky Sulks , and The One and Only Shrek ! . Streep is the spokesperson for the National Women 's History Museum , to which she has donated a significant amount of money ( including her fee for The Iron Lady , which was $ 1 million ) and hosted numerous events . On October 4 , 2012 , Streep donated $ 1 million to The Public Theater in honor of both its late founder , Joseph Papp , and her friend , the author Nora Ephron . She also supports Gucci 's " Chime For Change " campaign that aims to spread female empowerment . Streep , when asked in a 2015 interview by Time Out magazine if she was a feminist , answered , " I am a humanist , I am for nice easy balance . " In 2014 , Streep established two scholarships for students at the University of Massachusetts Lowell – the Meryl Streep Endowed Scholarship for English majors , and the Joan Hertzberg Endowed Scholarship ( named for Streep 's former classmate at Vassar College ) for math majors . In April 2015 , it was announced that Streep had funded a screenwriters lab for female screenwriters over forty years old , called the Writers Lab , to be run by New York Women in Film & Television and the collective IRIS . As of the announcement , the Writers Lab is the only initiative in the world for female screenwriters over forty years old . In 2015 , Streep signed an open letter for which the ONE Campaign had been collecting signatures ; the letter was addressed to Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini @-@ Zuma , urging them to focus on women as they served as the head of the G7 in Germany and the AU in South Africa respectively , which was set to set the priorities in development funding before a main UN summit in September 2015 to establish new development goals for the generation . Also in 2015 , Streep sent each member of the U.S. Congress a letter supporting the Equal Rights Amendment . Each of her letters was sent with a copy of the book Equal Means Equal : Why the Time for the ERA is Now by Jessica Neuwirth , president of the ERA Coalition . In March 2016 Streep , among others , signed a letter asking for gender equality throughout the world , in observance of International Women 's Day ; this was also organized by the ONE Campaign . = = Personal life = = Author Karina Longworth notes that despite her " high level of stardom " for decades , Streep has managed to maintain a relatively normal personal life . Streep lived with actor John Cazale for three years until his death from lung cancer in March 1978 . Al Pacino remarked that " I 've hardly ever seen a person so devoted to someone who is falling away like John was . To see her in that act of love for this man was overwhelming . " Streep said of his death , " I didn 't get over it . I don 't want to get over it . No matter what you do , the pain is always there in some recess of your mind , and it affects everything that happens afterwards . I think you can assimilate the pain and go on without making an obsession of it " . Streep married sculptor Don Gummer six months after Cazale 's death . They have four children : musician Henry ( born 1979 ) , actresses Mamie ( born 1983 ) and Grace ( born 1986 ) , and model Louisa ( born 1991 ) . In August 1985 , the family moved into a $ 1 @.@ 8 @-@ million private estate in Connecticut , with an extensive art studio to facilitate Streep 's husband 's work , and lived there until they bought a $ 3 @-@ million mansion in Brentwood , Los Angeles , in 1990 . They eventually moved back to Connecticut . When asked if religion plays a part in her life in 2009 , Streep replied : " I follow no doctrine . I don 't belong to a church or a temple or a synagogue or an ashram . " In an interview in December 2008 , she also alluded to her lack of religious belief when she said : " So I 've always been really , deeply interested , because I think I can understand the solace that 's available in the whole construct of religion . But I really don 't believe in the power of prayer , or things would have been avoided that have happened , that are awful . So it 's a horrible position as an intelligent , emotional , yearning human being to sit outside of the available comfort there . But I just can 't go there . " When asked from where she draws consolation in the face of aging and death , Streep responded : " Consolation ? I 'm not sure I have it . I have a belief , I guess , in the power of the aggregate human attempt – the best of ourselves . In love and hope and optimism – you know , the magic things that seem inexplicable . Why we are the way we are . I do have a sense of trying to make things better . Where does that come from ? " = = Credits = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= Louse = Louse ( plural : lice ) is the common name for members of the order Phthiraptera , which contains nearly 5 @,@ 000 species of wingless insect . Lice are obligate parasites , living externally on warm @-@ blooded hosts which include every species of bird and mammal , except for monotremes , pangolins , bats and cetaceans . Lice are vectors of diseases such as typhus . Chewing lice live among the hairs or feathers of their host and feed on skin and debris , while sucking lice pierce the host 's skin and feed on blood and other secretions . They usually spend their whole life on a single host , cementing their eggs , which are known as nits , to hairs or feathers . The eggs hatch into nymphs , which moult three times before becoming fully grown , a process that takes about four weeks . Humans host three species of louse , the head louse , the body louse and the pubic louse . The body louse has the smallest genome of any known insect ; it has been used as a model organism and has been the subject of much research . Lice were ubiquitous in human society until at least the Middle Ages . They appear in folktales , songs such as The Kilkenny Louse House , and novels such as James Joyce 's Finnegans Wake . They commonly feature in the psychiatric disorder delusional parasitosis . A louse was one of the early subjects of microscopy , appearing in Robert Hooke 's 1667 book , Micrographia . = = Classification = = The order Phthiraptera is clearly a monophyletic grouping , united as the members are by a number of derived features including their parasitism on warm @-@ blooded vertebrates and the combination of their metathoracic ganglia with their abdominal ganglia to form a single ventral nerve junction . The order has traditionally been divided into two suborders , the sucking lice ( Anoplura ) and the chewing ( Mallophaga ) ; however , recent classifications suggest that the Mallophaga are paraphyletic and four suborders are now recognized : Anoplura : sucking lice , occurring on mammals exclusively Rhynchophthirina : parasites of elephants and warthogs Ischnocera : mostly avian chewing lice , however , one family parasitizes mammals Amblycera : a primitive suborder of chewing lice , widespread on birds , however , also live on South @-@ American and Australian mammals Nearly 5 @,@ 000 species of louse have been identified , about 4 @,@ 000 being parasitic on birds and 800 on mammals . Lice are present on every continent in all the habitats that their host animals and birds occupy . They are found even in the Antarctic , where penguins carry 15 species of lice ( in the genera Austrogonoides and Nesiotinus ) . = = Description = = Sucking lice are small wingless insects ranging from 0 @.@ 5 to 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 to 0 @.@ 20 in ) in length . They have narrow heads and oval , flattened bodies . They have no ocelli , and their compound eyes are reduced in size or absent . Their antennae are short with three to five segments , and their mouth parts , which are retractable into their head , are adapted for piercing and sucking . There is a cibarial pump at the start of the gut ; it is powered by muscles attached to the inside of the cuticle of the head . The mouthparts consist of a proboscis which is toothed , and a set of stylets arranged in a cylinder inside the proboscis , contaiing a salivary canal ( ventrally ) and a food canal ( dorsally ) . The thoracic segments are fused , the abdominal segments are separate , and there is a single large claw at the tip of each of the six legs . Chewing lice are also flattened and can be slightly larger than sucking lice , ranging in length from 0 @.@ 5 to 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 to 0 @.@ 24 in ) . They are similar to sucking lice in form but the head is wider than the thorax and all species have compound eyes . There are no ocelli and the mouthparts are adapted for chewing . The antennae have three to five segments and are slender in the suborder Ischnocera , but club @-@ shaped in the suborder Amblycera . The legs are short and robust , and terminated by one or two claws . Many lice are specific to a single species of host and have co @-@ evolved with it . They are usually cryptically coloured to match the fur or feathers of the host . = = Biology = = Lice are divided into two groups : sucking lice , which obtain their nourishment from feeding on the sebaceous secretions and body fluids of their host ; and chewing lice , which are scavengers , feeding on skin , fragments of feathers or hair , and debris found on the host 's body . Most are found on only specific types of animals , and , in some cases , on only a particular part of the body ; some animals are known to host up to fifteen different species , although one to three is typical for mammals , and two to six for birds . For example , in humans , different species of louse inhabit the scalp and pubic hair . Lice generally cannot survive for long if removed from their host . Some species of chewing lice house symbiotic bacteria in bacteriocytes in their bodies . These may assist in digestion because if the insect is deprived of them , it will die . If their host dies , lice can opportunistically use phoresis to hitch a ride on a fly and attempt to find a new host . A louse 's color varies from pale beige to dark gray ; however , if feeding on blood , it may become considerably darker . Female lice are usually more common than males , and some species are parthenogenetic , with young developing from unfertilized eggs . A louse 's egg is commonly called a nit . Many lice attach their eggs to their hosts ' hair with specialized saliva ; the saliva / hair bond is very difficult to sever without specialized products . Lice inhabiting birds , however , may simply leave their eggs in parts of the body inaccessible to preening , such as the interior of feather shafts . Living louse eggs tend to be pale whitish , whereas dead louse eggs are yellower . Lice are exopterygotes , being born as miniature versions of the adult , known as nymphs . The young moult three times before reaching the final adult form , usually within a month after hatching . = = Ecology = = The average number of lice per host tends to be higher in large @-@ bodied bird species than in small ones . Lice have an aggregated distribution across bird individuals , i.e. most lice live on a few birds , while most birds are relatively free of lice . This pattern is more pronounced in territorial than in colonial — more social — bird species . Host organisms that dive under water to feed on aquatic prey harbor fewer taxa of lice . Bird taxa that are capable of exerting stronger antiparasitic defense — such as stronger T cell immune response or larger uropygial glands — harbor more taxa of Amblyceran lice than others . Reductions in the size of host populations may cause a long @-@ lasting reduction of louse taxonomic richness , for example , birds introduced into New Zealand host fewer species of lice there than in Europe . Louse sex ratios are more balanced in more social hosts and more female @-@ biased in less social hosts , presumably due to the stronger isolation among louse subpopulations ( living on separate birds ) in the latter case . The extinction of a species results in the extinction of its host @-@ specific lice . Host @-@ switching is a random event that would seem very rarely likely to be successful , but speciation has occurred over evolutionary time @-@ scales so it must be successfully accomplished sometimes . Lice may reduce host life expectancy if the infestation is heavy , but most seem to have little effect on their host . The habit of dust bathing in domestic hens is probably an attempt by the birds to rid themselves of lice . Lice may transmit microbial diseases and helminth parasites , but most individuals spend their whole life cycle on a single host and are only able to transfer to a new host opportunistically . Ischnoceran lice may reduce the thermoregulation effect of the plumage ; thus heavily infested birds lose more heat than others . Lice infestation is a disadvantage in the context of sexual rivalry . The human body louse Pediculus humanus humanus had its genome sequenced in 2010 , and at that time it had the smallest insect genome known . This louse can transmit certain diseases while the human head louse ( P. h. capitis ) , to which it is closely related , cannot . With their simple life history and small genomes , the pair make ideal model organisms to study the molecular mechanisms behind the transmission of pathogens and vector competence . In 2015 there were 5 cases of louse @-@ borne relapsing fever being transmitted to locals reported in Italy . = = Interaction with humans = = = = = Prehistory = = = Humans host three different kinds of lice : head lice , body lice , and pubic lice . Lice infestations can be controlled with lice combs , and medicated shampoos or washes . Lice have been the subject of significant DNA research in the 2000s that led to discoveries on human evolution . The three species of sucking lice that parasitize human being belong to two genera : Pediculus and Phthirus. head lice ( Pediculus humanus capitis ) , body lice ( Pediculus humanus corporis ) , and pubic lice ( Phthirus pubis ) . Human head and body lice ( genus Pediculus ) share a common ancestor with chimpanzee lice , while pubic lice ( genus Phthirus ) share a common ancestor with gorilla lice . Using phylogenetic and cophylogenetic analysis , Reed et al. hypothesized that Pediculus and Phthirus are sister taxa and monophyletic . In other words , the two genera descended from the same common ancestor . The age of divergence between Pediculus and its common ancestor is estimated to be 6 @-@ 7 million years ago , which matches the age predicted by chimpanzee @-@ hominid divergence . Because parasites rely on their hosts , host @-@ parasite cospeciation events are likely . For example , genetic evidence suggests that our human ancestors acquired pubic lice from gorillas approximately 3 @-@ 4 million years ago . Unlike the genus Pediculus , the divergence in Phthirus does not match the age of host divergence that likely occurred 7 million years ago . Reed et al. propose a Phthirus species host @-@ switch around 3 @-@ 4 million years ago . While it is difficult to determine if a parasite @-@ host switch occurred in evolutionary history , this explanation is the most parsimonious ( containing the fewest evolutionary changes ) . Additionally , the DNA differences between head lice and body lice provide corroborating evidence that humans used clothing between 80 @,@ 000 and 170 @,@ 000 years ago , before leaving Africa . Human head and body lice occupy distinct ecological zones : head lice live and feed on the scalp , while body lice live on clothing and feed on the body . Because body lice require clothing to survive , the divergence of head and body lice from their common ancestor provides an estimate of the date of introduction of clothing in human evolutionary history . The mitochondrial genome of the human species of body lice ( Pediculus humanus humanus ) , the head louse ( Pediculus humanus capitis ) and the pubic louse ( Phthirus pubis ) fragmented into a number of minichromosomes , at least seven million years ago . Analysis of mitochondrial DNA in human body and hair lice reveals that greater genetic diversity existed in African than in non @-@ African lice . Human lice can also shed light on human migratory patterns in pre @-@ history . The dominating theory of anthropologists regarding human migration is the Out of Africa Hypothesis . Genetic diversity accumulates over time , and mutations occur at a relatively constant rate . Because there is more genetic diversity in African lice , the lice and their human hosts must have existed in Africa before anywhere else . = = = Modern history = = = Lice have been intimately associated with human society throughout history . In the Middle Ages , they were essentially ubiquitous . At the death of Thomas Becket , Archbishop of Canterbury in 1270 , it was recorded that " The vermin boiled over like water in a simmering cauldron , and the onlookers burst into alternate weeping and laughing " . A mediaeval treatment for lice was an ointment made from pork grease , incense , lead , and aloe . Robert Hooke 's 1667 book , Micrographia : or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and Inquiries thereupon , illustrated a human louse , drawn as seen down an early microscope . Margaret Cavendish 's satirical The Description of a New World , Called The Blazing @-@ World ( 1668 ) has " Lice @-@ men " as " mathematicians " , investigating nature by trying to weigh the air like the real scientist Robert Boyle . In 1935 the Harvard medical researcher Hans Zinsser wrote the book Rats , Lice and History , showing that both body and head lice transmit typhus between humans . Despite this , the modern view is that only the body louse can transmit the disease . Soldiers in the trenches of the First World War suffered severely from lice , and the typhus they carried . The Germans boasted that they had lice under effective control , but themselves suffered badly from lice in the Second World War on the Eastern Front , especially in the Battle of Stalingrad . " Delousing " became a grim euphemism for the extermination of Jews in concentration camps such as Auschwitz under the Nazi regime . In the psychiatric disorder delusional parasitosis , patients express a persistent irrational fear of animals such as lice and mites , imagining that they are continually infested and complaining of itching , with " an unshakable false belief that live organisms are present in the skin " . = = = In literature and folklore = = = James Joyce 's 1939 book Finnegans Wake has the character Shem the Penman infested with " foxtrotting fleas , the lieabed lice , ... bats in his belfry " . Clifford E. Trafzer 's A Chemehuevi Song : The Resilience of a Southern Paiute Tribe retells the story of Sinawavi ( Coyote ) ' s love for Poowavi ( Louse ) . Her eggs are sealed in a basket woven by her mother , who gives it to Coyote , instructing him not to open it before he reaches home . Hearing voices coming from it , however , Coyote opens the basket and the people , the world 's first human beings , pour out of it in all directions . The Irish songwriter John Lyons ( b . 1934 ) wrote the popular song The Kilkenny Louse House . The song contains the lines " Well we went up the stairs and we put out the light , Sure in less than five minutes , I had to show fight . For the fleas and the bugs they collected to march , And over me stomach they formed a great arch " . It has been recorded by Christie Purcell ( 1952 ) , Mary Delaney on From Puck to Appleby ( 2003 ) , and the Dubliners on Double Dubliners ( 1972 ) among others . Robert Burns dedicated a poem to the Louse , inspired by witnessing one on a lady 's bonnet in church : " Ye ugly , creepin , blastid wonner , Detested , shunn 'd , by saint and sinner , How dare ye set your fit upon her , sae fine lady ! Gae somewhere else , and seek your dinner on some poor body . " John Milton in Paradise Lost mentioned the biblical plague of lice visited upon pharaoh : " Frogs , lice , and flies must all his palace fill with loathed intrusion , and filled all the land . " John Ray recorded a Scottish proverb , " Gie a beggar a bed and he 'll repay you with a Louse . " In Shakespeare 's Troilus and Cressida , Thersites compares Menelaus , brother of Agamemnon , to a louse : " Ask me not what I would be , if I were not Thersites ; for I care not to be the louse of a lazar , so I were not Menelaus . "
= Genevieve Lhermitte = Genevieve Lhermitte is a Belgian woman who killed her five children on February 28 , 2007 . She killed each of her children by slitting their throats with a kitchen knife stolen from a local grocery store while her husband was visiting family in Morocco . After Lhermitte killed her children , she then tried to kill herself . The suicide attempt failed , and Lhermitte was taken into custody and charged with first @-@ degree murder . She was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment . Lhermitte had regularly seen a psychiatrist and was reported to demonstrate serious mental issues . She claimed that she was driven to kill her children due to troubles at home ( namely , living with an outsider who financially supported the family ) . = = Personal life = = Genevieve Lhermitte was born on November 16 , 1966 in Brussels to Michel Lhermitte , a businessman and student , and Marina Schoevaert , a nurse . Lhermitte had two younger sisters : Catherine in 1969 , and Mireille in 1972 . Though she struggled with her coursework and self @-@ confidence during her secondary studies , Lhermitte graduated in 1991 with a diploma in French and History from the Educational Institute of Social Promotion of the French Community ( IEPSCF ) in Uccle . It was during the 1988 @-@ 1989 year at IEPSCF that Lhermitte met her future husband , Bouchaib Moqadem , who was studying mathematics and physics but did not complete his studies . Lhermitte and Moqadem married on September 22 , 1990 , and moved into the apartment of Dr. Michel Schaar , a physician , with whom Moqadem was residing . Schaar had befriended Moqadem 's family in Morocco in the 1980s and served as the young man 's host in Belgium , and Moqadem considered Schaar as an adoptive father . While Moqadem worked at a convenience store , it was Schaar that was the primary financial provider . Lhermitte did not object to living with Schaar in his apartment as she thought it would be on a temporary basis . In 1991 , Lhermitte was hired as a teacher . Shortly after beginning her new career , Lhermitte gave birth to her first child , Yasmine ( b . August 13 , 1992 ) . Three years later , she delivered her second child , Nora ( b . February 13 , 1995 ) . From June 1 , 1995 to August 31 , 1996 , Lhermitte was granted leave from her teaching position due to postpartum depression . After the birth of Lhermitte 's first child Yasmin , Schaar purchased a house for himself and the couple to live in , and he dedicated his apartment to his practice . In 1996 , Schaar hired Moqadem to serve as his filing assistant part @-@ time , then full @-@ time in 1998 . During this period , Schaar still covered most expenses , including vacations , house repairs , monthly allowances , and life insurance for each family member . Lhermitte gave birth to two more daughters , Miriam ( b . April 20 , 1997 ) and Mina ( May 20 , 1999 ) , before the family 's move from Brussels to the provincial town of Nivelles . Schaar paid the mortgage and lived on the second floor . Tensions began rising between Lhermitte and her husband . Moqadem would spend long hours away from home , becoming a regular at a bar and a spa . In addition , he would take several trips each year to visit his family in Marrakesh , with the length of each trip ranging from a week to a month . Lhermitte 's first son and fifth child , Mehdi , was born on August 9 , 2003 . The following year , Schaar recommended that Lhermitte should see a psychiatrist and she began consulting the psychiatrist Dr. Diderick Veldekens in 2005 . = = Crime = = On February 28 , 2007 , Moqadem was expected to return from a trip to Morocco to visit his family . Lhermitte took her eldest daughter Yasmin to a dermatology appointment . After picking up the rest of her children from school and preparing lunch for them , Lhermitte heard a voice tell her , " the machine is running . " Lhermitte mailed two letters : a letter with jewelry for her sisters , and the other letter to her friend Valerie . In the letter to Valerie , she called Dr. Michel Scharr " a rotten bastard " who " stole " the intimacy between herself , her husband , and her children . She also accused her husband of being " deaf " and " blind " to her concerns regarding Dr. Scharr . After mailing the letters , she went to a grocery store and slipped two knives into her shopping bag . Lhermitte told investigators that , when she returned , she hid the knives in a drawer and called over her youngest daughter Mina while the other children were watching Spy Kids 3 . Lhermitte tried to strangle Mina , but when the child struggled Lhermitte resorted to slashing her throat with one of the stolen knives , all while speaking comforting words and apologizing to the child . Medhi was the next to be killed , the youngest and the only son . When her attempts to strangle her child again failed , Lhermitte cut Medhi 's throat and washed the knife afterward in the bathroom sink . According to her account , Lhermitte then told daughter Myriam that she had a surprise for her in the office . When Myriam entered the office , Lhermitte told her to sit on a chair and wear a blue handkerchief over her eyes . Once Myriam was seated , Lhermitte took a marble plaque she found nearby and smashed it over Myriam 's head , and then cut her throat . Nora , who was allegedly Dr. Schaar 's favorite goddaughter , was asked to sit in a chair while Lhermitte slit her throat from behind . After Nora had been killed , Lhermitte wrote the letters " JUD " on the bathroom mirror in Nora 's blood , and later stated that she had intended to spell the name " Judas . " Lhermitte 's last victim was her eldest daughter , Yasmin . The mother called over Yasmin and told her she had a surprise for her , just like she had done with Myriam . Lhermitte attacked Yasmin from behind as she entered the office , but Yasmin was able to dodge the knife by diving to the ground . After a struggle in which Yasmin suffered multiple stab wounds , Lhermitte stabbed her in the back and slashed her throat . With her children dead , Lhermitte then attempted to kill herself by falling on her knife . When she realized that the wound would not be fatal , she wrote " call the police " in red marker on her door and called emergency services to the house . Investigators found the four children tucked in their beds , some with stuffed toys in their arms . = = Trial = = The trial began on December 8 , 2008 and lasted about two weeks , ending December 19 , 2008 in the Assize Court of Brabant @-@ Wallon in Nivelles . Genevieve Lhermitte 's lawyers were Daniel Spreutels and Xavier Magnee . The jury consisted of eight women and four men . Genevieve Lhermitte confessed to the murder of her children , so the trial focused on what drove Lhermitte commit the crime . Xavier Magnee told the jury , " Your task is to discover why a woman who had hitherto been a perfect mother suddenly exploded . " This statement was made early on in the trial and started the thought process of what made Lhermitte so unstable that she would kill her own children . Prosecutor Pierre Rans began opening statements with a description of the scene that met emergency services on February 28 , 2007 at the former teacher 's home in Nivelles . The prosecutor asked for 30 years in prison . During the trial , Lhermitte testified that her role as wife and mother was disrupted by having the middle @-@ aged Belgian doctor , Michel Schaar , living in the same house as part of the family . According to Lhermitte , Scharr accompanied her and Moqadem on their honeymoon and stayed in their room . Lhermitte stated , " We [ Lhermitte and Moqadem ] had to wait until he fell asleep before we could make love . I found that weird but Bouchaib said he regarded him as his stepfather . I think the doctor loved my husband in a platonic way . " Apart from explaining Scharr 's intrusion on her relationship with her husband , Lhermitte also mentioned their family 's reliance on Dr. Schaar : " He watched TV with us in the evenings and went on holiday with us in the summer . We depended on him financially . " In court , Lhermitte was asked why she laid the dead body of her 13 @-@ year @-@ old daughter Nora in the bathroom used by Dr Schaar . She replied : " I wanted to hurt him . Nora was his favorite . " The trial ended with Lhermitte receiving the maximum sentence for the murder of her five children . The court and the jury did not take any extenuating circumstances into account . In her closing argument , Lhermitte said she would accept any punishment the court gave her and showed remorse for her actions . Earlier in the trial , psychiatrists had found that Lhermitte was not of sound mind when she committed the acts and should not be held accountable for her actions . They felt that she should be admitted into a psychiatric institution rather than going to prison , but the jury did not follow their opinions . Lhermitte had been battling with depression for many years . She concluded that she saw the murder of her children and committing suicide as her only way out . = = Aftermath = = = = = Trial billing = = = Lhermitte filed for and received a judgment of divorce before her trial ; Moqadem at first appealed the decision but later withdrew his objection . Following the trial , Lhermitte was not able to pay for the trial costs , so under Belgian law it fell to her now ex @-@ husband to pick up the bill . This conformed to the Law of Belgium , with the state seeking funds due to have been shared from the sale of their house under their divorce agreement . The overall court expenses and fines were 72 @,@ 743 euros ( about $ 93 @,@ 000 ) . Moqadem said he was “ disgusted and revolted ” by the injustice of this billing system . Moqadem ’ s attorney attempted to have the bill written off , calling for “ administrative requirements to be balanced by decency ” given the nature of the tragedy . In February 2010 , Moqadem remarried Asmae Beldi , a professor of Islamic law at the Faculty of Islamic Sciences in Brussels . A daughter was born to the couple about a year later . In June 2013 , it was reported that Moqadem had lost 30 @,@ 000 euros in an investment scam and that he was being harassed by Lhermitte 's former attorney for further fees . = = = Post @-@ trial lawsuit = = = After being sentenced to life imprisonment , Lhermitte filed a lawsuit seeking € 3m in damages against her psychiatrist , Diderik Veldekens . She said that had her psychiatrist rushed to see her while she was in her disturbed state , the crime would not have been committed . Lhermitte wanted to “ secure recognition of the prejudice genuinely suffered ” due to the psychiatrist ’ s alleged inaction . During the trial , Veldekens reported meeting with Lhermitte after a first alarming letter , but couldn 't meet with her on February 13 , 2007 due to his full schedule . In December 2011 , the case was dismissed against Veldekens . The court ruled that the criminal charges against the psychiatrist were " irrelevant . " = = In popular culture = = Belgian director and screenwriter Joachim Lafosse released Our Children , a film based on the story , to positive reviews in 2012 . One reviewer called the film a " gloomy and penetrating psychological drama " that portrays the claustrophobia of a protagonist who lives in an environment in which " the walls are constantly closing in around her . " Our Children also attained an 93 % rating on the aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes . Émilie Dequenne , a French @-@ speaking Belgian actress , played the character based on Genevieve Lhermitte . Dequenne won the Un Certain Regard Award at the Cannes Film Festival and " Best Actress " at the Saint Petersburg International Film Festival for her role . In December 2010 , Moqadem and Schaar filed a lawsuit against Lafosse demanding that they be able to review the film 's screenplay . The 4th Civil Chamber of the Court of Brussels ruled that the lawsuit was " admissible but unfounded . " However , production had already begun — cast negotiations were finished , and the team had already approached the French government about receiving subsidies — and Lafosse demonstrated no intent to hand over his work . The pair 's lawyer subsequently released an official statement : " Moqadem and Schaar feel that this is a violation of their privacy and do not understand why the filmmakers have so little respect for them . "
= Breakaway ( Kelly Clarkson song ) = " Breakaway " is a song recorded by American pop @-@ rock singer Kelly Clarkson . The song , written by Matthew Gerrard , Bridget Benenate and Avril Lavigne , was originally intended for Lavigne 's debut studio album , Let Go ( 2002 ) . After being deemed unsuitable for the album , it was passed to Clarkson to be recorded as a soundtrack for the film The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . Clarkson , who was finishing her second studio album at that time , recorded " Breakaway " to tide her fans over until the first single from her new album was released . However , the song 's success prompted its inclusion on Clarkson 's second album where she decided to name the album after the song . " Breakaway " was first released by Walt Disney Records as the first single from The Princess Diaries 2 soundtrack on July 19 , 2004 . In May 2006 , Breakaway was reissued as the fifth and final single from the album of the same name . " Breakaway " received positive reviews from music critics , who complimented the song 's message and simple lyrics they could relate to . It incorporates acoustic guitars and airy drums which are interspersed with Clarkson 's controlled voice . The lyrics narrate Clarkson 's journey as a girl growing up in a small town who follows her dream for self @-@ improvement . " Breakaway " was a commercial success outside of the United States , where it peaked within the top 20 of multiple European countries , and in the top 10 in Australia , Belgium , Hungary and the Netherlands . In the US , the song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became her third top ten song in the chart . It also topped the US Adult Contemporary for twenty @-@ one non @-@ consecutive weeks , a record that is now shared between herself and Celine Dion 's " A New Day Has Come " . Directed by Dave Meyers , the accompanying music video for " Breakaway " portrays Clarkson as a young girl from a small town who follows her dream and becomes an international star . It also contained scenes interspersed from The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . Clarkson acted out most of the lyrics in the music video because she felt that the song was autobiographical . Critics responded positively to the music video for being faithful to the central theme shared by the song , the film , and Clarkson 's personal biography . Clarkson performed the song in a series of live appearances such as television shows Saturday Night Live , The Oprah Winfrey Show and The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . She has performed the song in her concert tours , including the Stronger Tour . " Breakaway " has also been covered by many contestants from reality television singing competitions , notably Katie Stevens , a contestant in the ninth season of American Idol , as well as an English pop duo , Belle Amie who finished eleventh in the seventh season of The X Factor . It was also used in Brazilian soap opera Malhação . = = Background and release = = " Breakaway " was originally written by Avril Lavigne , Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard . According to Benenate , the song was written in 2001 when she was working with Gerrard for Lavigne 's first album , Let Go . Benenate explained that Lavigne came to her to write the song , saying Avril talked about her life and what things were important to her – she was the inspiration for the song : - ) : - ) . Matthew began creating the melody and track , and I started working on the lyrics . I remember staying in bed for three days , writing 25 versions of the lyric . I love being in bed and writing lyrics , and having my dog Jet and my kitty Dash on the bed . Anyway , we finally finished the lyric , then we completed the demo . After the production of the song was deemed unsuitable for Lavigne 's album , the song was passed to several artists including Samantha Moore before finally being recorded by Kelly Clarkson . Benenate also added that it was Mitchell Leib , the President of Music and Soundtracks for Walt Disney Pictures and Television / Buena Vista Music Group , who secured " Breakaway " as one of the soundtracks of The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . In an interview with MTV , Clarkson said that she recorded " Breakaway " to tide fans over until September that year before she released the first single from her second album . Nevertheless , the song 's huge success prompted its inclusion on the album where Clarkson decided to name the album as Breakaway . Clarkson expressed that " Breakaway " was different from everything she has done , saying that it " is a simple song , and I think that its simplicity is what 's beautiful about it . Whenever writers or producers come to work with me , they take advantage of the fact that I can really belt it out . What 's cool about ' Breakaway ' is that it doesn 't take advantage of that . The song just uses the simplicity of my voice . " The song was officially released to radio stations on July 20 , 2004 as the first single of the The Princess Diaries soundtrack . Lavigne 's original demo of the song leaked onto the internet nearly a decade later in April 2014 . = = Composition = = " Breakaway " is a folk pop song with a length of three minutes and fifty @-@ seven seconds . It is composed in the key of C major , with a tempo of 160 beats per minute . T.U. Dawood of Dawn lauded the song for being the best track on the album , writing " " Breakaway " is an enchanting single that will have you humming along to its infectious , gentle chorus and the inspiring lyrics . " It has a chord progression of Am7 – GB – C @-@ F ( 9 ) and Clarkson 's vocal range in the song spans two octaves from the low note of G3 to the note of D5 . Sam Lansky of PopCrush.com thought that Clarkson 's vocal floated over strummed guitars and airy drums , a combination which elevated the inspirational message of the song . Dave Donelly of Sputnikmusic noted that " Breakaway " successfully contrasted typical acoustic verse with a soaring pop chorus which was interspersed by Clarkson ’ s controlled but powerful voice . Lyrically , the song is about growing up and moving on in life . Natalie Nichols of The Baltimore Sun considered " Breakaway " as Clarkson 's anthem which is about a small @-@ town girl going for her dreams . Clarkson admitted that she could relate to the song , saying : It describes how I got into the business , verbatim . I did grow up in a small town , I wanted to get out , I felt like there was something ... not better for me , but something different for me . I didn 't feel like I fit in at school . Whether you are a DJ , or if you work with computers , or if you 're a teacher , everyone has that point where they feel , ' I 'm bored and this isn 't what I wanted to do with my life.' = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = While reviewing the album , Shirley Shipin of Rolling Stone opined that " Breakaway " was the highlight of the album where Clarkson sounded " more Avril than Ashlee " . Rhonda Lynn of Florida Entertainment Scene praised the acoustic guitar in the song which is instrumental in holding the whole structure together . Tammy La Gorce of Amazon.com thought that the song would not wear out due to its " rock @-@ friendly thumps , dips , and rolls . " In a different perspective , Joan Anderman of Boston.com remarked that " Breakaway " is not new or exciting @-@ sounding but he admitted that the " hit single accomplishes the rare feat of being thoroughly middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road without sacrificing grace or intelligence " . Chuck Taylor of Billboard felt that the song was a weak choice as a single compared to Clarkson 's previous hits , writing " ' Breakaway ' sounds more like an Irish folk song propped up with pop production than the anthemic material with which Clarkson has won over legions of fans . " Kathi Kamen Goldmark of Disney Family.com felt that the song was tedious , simultaneously dull and so emotionally overwrought that it almost sounds like a parody of itself . Michael Wood of The Village Voice described the song as " a swoony acoustic folk @-@ pop that Goo Goo Doll Johnny Rzeznik would trade his hair gel for " . Jill Salama of Oprah.com listed " Breakaway " as one of her nine favourite Idol singles of all time , writing " There is nothing that gets us more than a song about a girl going out on her own . Making a wish , making a change and , of course , breaking away . But seriously , this song is more than just a high school graduation anthem . " Bill Lamb of About.com ranked " Breakaway " at number four in his list of Top 10 Kelly Clarkson songs . The song received a nomination in the category of Song of the Year : Adult Hit Radio at the 2005 Radio Music Awards but lost to Green Day 's " Boulevard of Broken Dreams " . It was one of the recipients of BDSCertified Spin Awards in November 2004 with 100 @,@ 000 spins accumulated throughout the year . On March 5 , 2013 , Billboard ranked the song # 5 in its list of Top 100 American Idol Hits of All Time . = = = Chart performance = = = On the week ending August 28 , 2004 , " Breakaway " debuted at number sixty on the Billboard Hot 100 . On its tenth week , the song jumped from number twelve to number ten to become Clarkson 's third Top 10 song in the chart , following " A Moment Like This " and " Miss Independent " . It peaked at number six on the week ending November 20 , 2004 . The song spent forty @-@ six weeks in Billboard Hot 100 , a feat that was later achieved by its immediate successor , " Since U Been Gone " . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on February 5 , 2005 . " Breakaway " also debuted at number thirty @-@ seven on the US Pop Songs on the week dated August 21 , 2004 . Three months later , it peaked at number two on the week ending November 13 , 2004 and was held off the top spot by Nelly featuring Tim McGraw 's " Over and Over " . The song entered Billboard Adult Pop Songs at number thirty @-@ six on the week dated August 21 , 2004 before peaking at number two on the week ending February 12 , 2005 . " Breakaway " also made an appearance on the US Adult Contemporary at number thirty on the week ending September 18 , 2004 . The song fell out of the chart after its debut , before re @-@ entering the chart at the same position of number thirty in its second week . Six months later , " Breakaway " topped Billboard Adult Contemporary , dethroning Los Lonely Boys ' " Heaven " on the week ending March 12 , 2005 . The song spent twenty consecutive weeks at number one on the chart before being dethroned by Michael Bublé 's " Home " . However , the song returned to top the Billboard Adult Contemporary for the twenty @-@ first week on the week ending August 6 , 2005 . With this achievement , " Breakaway " tied the record with Celine Dion 's " A New Day Has Come " as the longest @-@ running Adult Contemporary chart @-@ topper by a female artist . " Breakaway " is also the longest @-@ running chart @-@ topper to come from a film in Billboard Adult Contemporary history , surpassing the nineteen @-@ week record held jointly by Phil Collins 's " You 'll Be in My Heart " from Tarzan and Celine Dion 's " Because You Loved Me " from Up Close & Personal . It remains as Clarkson 's longest @-@ running number one in her career . As of October 2012 , " Breakaway " has sold 1 @,@ 850 @,@ 000 paid digital downloads . Internationally , " Breakaway " was a commercial success . In Australia , " Breakaway " debuted at number fourteen on the week ending September 26 , 2004 before peaking at number ten , three weeks later . It was certified gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of over 35 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , " Breakaway " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number nineteen on the week ending October 18 , 2004 . Six weeks later , the song ascended to a new peak of number twelve . On July 8 , 2006 , the song debuted and peaked at number twenty @-@ two in the United Kingdom . In Ireland , it debuted and peaked at number twelve on the week ending June 29 , 2006 . Elsewhere in Europe , " Breakaway " peaked at number six in Belgium , number eight in Austria , as well as number nine in the Netherlands . = = Music video = = The accompanying music video for " Breakaway " was directed by Dave Meyers , which was shot in two days from July 10 to July 11 , 2004 . In the video , the younger version of Clarkson was played by Lindsey Krueger . According to Meyers , working with Clarkson was a pleasant experience because he felt she was good and honest , although he had initial doubts in the beginning . He explained , " I was a little worried , her coming off ' American Idol , ' it inherently feels manufactured and I didn 't know how much of it was true artistry . But when I met her , she really does have a good , solid vibe . It was an honor to bring some of that out of her . " Since the song is autobiographical , Clarkson decided to act out most of the lyrics in the video . Meyers also realized that the song was featured in The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement and he struggled to find a way to address the film @-@ footage in the music video , saying " Since it 's a movie tie @-@ in , the idea stems from trying to figure out a new way of addressing the film @-@ footage requirement they put on you , so we came up with the idea of her attending the premiere , which is very much something she will do in real life . " The video begins with the younger version of Clarkson sitting at the back seat of a station wagon . Singing the first verse , she witnesses a depressing scene of her brother quarreling with her sister who are scolded by their mother . She slowly clasps both her hands before the video shifts to the present day where Clarkson is seen arriving on the red carpet with her publicist for the world premiere of The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement . After posing for the photographers , she enters the cinema and watches the film . The next scene switches back to the younger Clarkson who is sitting and looking around her neighborhood at her house 's rooftop as a plane is seen flying across the sky . The video switches back to the older Clarkson who is now watching the aforementioned film in her laptop inside the plane as it goes through a mild turbulence . Clarkson is also seen reminiscing about her past job as a worker in a movie theater , singing with her co @-@ workers . The next scene shows Clarkson singing with her band in a backyard party which is shown alternately with scenes from the film , as well as a montage of her family and co @-@ workers waving away from her . In the final scene , the younger Clarkson is shown praying by her bedside . The video was uploaded to MTV 's website on August 9 , 2004 . The video reached number five on the AOL Music Top Video chart in September 2004 , with 740 @,@ 176 million streams . Kate Aurthur of The New York Times praised the music video for successfully illustrating the message of a girl following her own dream , which is a central theme shared by the song , the movie and Clarkson 's biography . She also lauded the director of the video , Dave Meyers , for his ability to use Clarkson 's evolution as an element to overshadow the distracting clips from The Princess Diaries : Royal Engagement despite noticing that the use of visual metaphors in the music video was overwrought . = = Live performances = = Clarkson first performed " Breakaway " on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on August 2004 . In February 2005 , she performed " Breakaway " as well as " Since U Been Gone " on Saturday Night Live . On September 23 , 2005 , she appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and performed " Breakaway " as well as " Because of You " . While touring at the Palace Theatre in Cleveland , Ohio during her Breakaway World Tour , Clarkson performed " Breakaway " while signing several autographs for her fans near the stage to purposely let the crowd belt out the chorus . " Breakaway " was also included in the setlist of Clarkson 's 2009 All I Ever Wanted Tour where she performed the song in Hammerstein Ballroom without any dancers , acrobatics , moving set pieces and no special effects . Caryn Ganz noted that Clarkson belted the ballad song effortlessly by walking back and forth across the stage with her right hand on the mic and her left resting on her chest . Jim Cantiello of MTV opined that Clarkson 's " low chest @-@ voice cooed the verses of ' Breakaway ' " and complimented the singer 's vocal prowess throughout the concert . On April 3 , 2012 , Clarkson performed " Breakaway " as an encore to her Stronger Tour at Nokia Theatre L.A. Live , Los Angeles , where she told the audience that people started supporting her because of the song . = = Cover versions and use in media = = " Breakaway " has also been covered by contestants from reality television singing competitions . Katie Stevens covered the song on the ninth season of American Idol . Despite listening to the judges ' comments to sing a contemporary song , her rendition was criticized from the judges ; Randy Jackson thought the note was too big for Stevens while Ellen DeGeneres felt Stevens did not sell the lyrics . Kara DioGuardi said , " I don 't think you know who you are yet as an artist " , an opinion agreed by Simon Cowell . Jim Cantiello of MTV noted that Stevens ' performance of the song was her weakest performance in the show , stating " Unfortunately , her uneven vocals on ' Breakaway ' exposed her youthful inexperience . " The same opinion was echoed by Eric Ditzian of MTV who opined that Stevens failed to resonate her youthful energy favouring the song choice . " Breakaway " was performed by Julie Zorrilla in the semi @-@ finals of American Idol season 10 . Samantha Stephens of The Republican felt Zorrilla 's performance was mediocre , expressing that it wasn 't painful to watch and wasn 't anything special either . Gil Kaufman of MTV remarked that Zorrilla 's voice was shaky and it lacked personality . After landing in the bottom two , Belle Amie , an English pop duo contestant on the seventh season of The X Factor , decided to perform " Breakaway " as their survival song . Nevertheless , they were eliminated in the episode . Swedish Idol contestant , Alice Hagenbrant covered the song which appeared in Det bästa från Idol , an album released from the musical competition . The song was also performed by Megan Hilty on the episode titled " Understudy " of the American television series Smash , which aired on April 7 , 2012 . Matt Tucker of KSiteTV.com thought the performance was " lovely " , describing it as one of the things that stood out in the episode . The song was covered by Jenna Ushkowitz , Kevin McHale and Darren Criss , on the 97th episode , " Frenemies " , of the musical series Glee , which aired on February 25 , 2014 . For the thirteenth season of American Idol , the song is used as the send off song when a contestant is voted off . The contestant who is voted off , their cover of the song is played during the goodbye montage video package . It was also used in thirtieth season of Brazilian soap opera Malhação . = = Track listing = =
= Puella Magi Madoka Magica = Puella Magi Madoka Magica ( 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ , Mahō Shōjo Madoka Magika , " Magical Girl Madoka Magica " ) is a Japanese anime television series produced by Shaft and Aniplex . It was directed by Akiyuki Shinbo and written by Gen Urobuchi , with original character designs by Ume Aoki , character design adaptation by Takahiro Kishida , and music by Yuki Kajiura . The story follows a group of female middle school students who choose to become magical girls and must battle surreal enemies called witches . However , they consequently learn of the anguish and perils associated with their newfound roles . The first ten episodes of the series aired in Japan on TBS and MBS between January and March 2011 , while the final two episodes were delayed until April 2011 due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . A manga adaptation of the series and various spin @-@ off manga series have been published by Houbunsha and licensed in North America by Yen Press . A novelisation by Nitroplus was released in August 2011 , and a dedicated magazine , Manga Time Kirara Magica , was launched by Houbunsha in June 2012 . A video game for the PlayStation Portable was released in March 2012 , with another for PlayStation Vita released in December 2013 . A film series has also been produced , consisting of two films recapping the anime series , released in October 2012 , and a third film featuring an original story which was released on October 26 , 2013 . A concept film acting as a trailer for a new project was screened in December 2015 . Puella Magi Madoka Magica has received widespread critical acclaim , with critics praising the writing , visuals and soundtrack of the series , as well as its unorthodox approach to the magical girl subgenre . It has also been a commercial success , with each BD volume selling more than 50 @,@ 000 copies . The series won several awards in Japan , such as the Television Award at the 16th Animation Kobe Awards , as well as 12 Newtype Anime Awards and the Grand Prize for animation in the 2011 Japan Media Arts awards . = = Plot = = In the fictional city of Mitakihara , Japan , a middle school student named Madoka Kaname and her friend Sayaka Miki encounter a small , cat @-@ like creature named Kyubey . It offers a contract in which a girl may have any wish granted in exchange for obtaining magical powers and being tasked with fighting against witches . Meanwhile , a transfer student and magical girl named Homura Akemi tries to stop Madoka from making the contract with Kyubey at all costs . Madoka and Sayaka then meet Mami Tomoe , an upperclassman at the same school who is also a magical girl and offers to bring them along on her witch hunts so that they may learn of the responsibilities that come with being a magical girl . As Madoka contemplates accepting the contract with Kyubey , she witnesses the death of Mami at the hands of a witch and realizes that a magical girl 's life is filled with danger , anguish , and suffering . This is further enforced by the appearance of Kyoko Sakura , a veteran magical girl whose wish indirectly caused the death of her family . Madoka also discovers that not only do magical girls give up their souls to form their Soul Gems , the source of their magic , but when those Soul Gems become too tainted with despair , they transform into the very witches they fight against . This is exemplified when Sayaka , heavily disillusioned with the current state of the world , falls into an irrecoverable despair that turns her into a witch . It is then revealed that Kyubey 's alien race is harvesting the emotions from magical girls to use as energy to counteract the spread of entropy . Madoka also learns that Homura is a magical girl from a different timeline who has repeated the same month countless times in order to try to save her from a grisly fate . After these revelations , Madoka decides to become a magical girl with the wish to stop witches before they are created . This rewrites the laws of the universe , resulting in Madoka becoming nothing more than a concept and Homura being the only one who remembers her in the new world that is formed . = = Production = = While collaborating on Hidamari Sketch and Bakemonogatari , Akiyuki Shinbo expressed to Aniplex producer Atsuhiro Iwakami his desire to create a new magical girl series , thus spawning the development of Puella Magi Madoka Magica . During the early planning stage , Iwakami decided not to adapt an existing work in order to give Shinbo more freedom in his direction style . Another goal of the project was to develop an anime that could appeal to a wider audience than the usual demographic for media within the magical girl genre . Iwakami and Shinbo intended for their series to be accessible to " the general anime fan . " Shinbo then contacted Gen Urobuchi to work on the project as a scriptwriter and Ume Aoki as a character designer . Takahiro Kishida was also enlisted to adapt Aoki 's character designs for production of the television series . In his role as producer , Iwakami took a mostly hands @-@ off approach . Due to Puella Magi Madoka Magica being an original series rather than an adaptation based off an already existing work , he described the main goal solely as " coming up with a high @-@ quality piece of entertainment " . After helping to recruit the staff , he allowed them mostly free rein in developing the actual content of the story , providing minimal guidance from himself . After viewing the character designs that Aoki created , he became fully assured that he could trust the creative talent of the team . In an interview with Anime News Network after the series finished airing in Japan , Iwakami summed up his philosophy as " I don 't matter much ; it 's up to those talents to do their work . If something comes to a stand @-@ still I might intervene , but they did an excellent job and I was very happy seeing the results in episode one . " = = = Writing = = = During the pre @-@ writing planning phase , Iwakami simply requested that Urobuchi make the storyline " heavy " . Furthermore , Shinbo specified that it should contain copious amounts of blood and violence , elements that were unusual to the magical girl genre . The director also specifically sought for many of the magical girl characters to be killed throughout the series . Urobuchi admitted he had no trouble with these requirements , referencing his past reputation as a writer of very dark and somber stories , the extent of which Shinbo had not fully known . One objective was for the script to starkly contrast with the way the anime was to be marketed . Shinbo planned for the series to be advertised in an innocent and pure manner that would deliberately conceal its dark undertones . For example , the title logo for the anime was rendered using rounded fonts that would appear more harmless to audiences . Urobuchi further misled fans following the development of the anime by using his Twitter account to try to convince them that the plot of the series was very innocuous . The true nature of the series was disguised because Shinbo strongly desired for its dark themes to come as a complete surprise to the viewer . Iwakami later defended the mature themes in the Puella Magi Madoka Magica , stating " the story of Madoka is serious but it 's not entirely inappropriate for children . For example , there 's nothing sexually explicit in it . There 's some death , but it 's not gratuitous ; it can be explained within the context of the story . " Otherwise , Shinbo granted Urobuchi a large amount of autonomy in writing the series and determining the path of the story . In describing his interactions with Iwakami and Shinbo while collaborating on the series , Urobuchi commented that " neither one is the type to show their hand , they would always wait for me to make the next move . " In his effort to create a successful deconstruction of the magical girl genre , Urobuchi studied aspects of traditional magical girl media that were " troubling or overlooked " . He also stated that the development of the plot was heavily influenced by the character drawings he saw Aoki design . Other inspirations he credited for contributing to the series included horror fiction author Stephen King as well as previous projects that Shinbo directed such as Hidamari Sketch and Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha . Urobuchi attributed his past experience working on projects with screenwriters Ichiro Itano and Yōsuke Kuroda as a major influence in his writing for Puella Magi Madoka Magica , and has referred to both of them as his mentors . To set the initial pacing of the series , Urobuchi used a technique he credited as originally from Kuroda . The first episode would throw the viewer into a specific part of the story with unknown context , the second episode would then define the particular rules governing the story 's setting , and the third episode would be responsible for divulging the revelation in the plot so as to hook the viewer . The twist in the third episode was determined during the project proposal stage and involved the death of Mami , a main character figure . This decision was controversial , and Urobuchi recalled production staff members continually approaching him and asking him to reconsider due to their own fondness for the character . However , he refused and the plot remained unchanged during production . Nevertheless , Urobuchi realized that this progression could be very hard for viewers to accept and might hurt the overall series ' success with some audiences , commenting : " I always thought this is an age where entertainment basically is about soothing and healing , like adopting a style where unchanging day @-@ to @-@ day life is to continue forever . " In an interview with Ultra Jump Egg , Urobuchi gave insight into his writing philosophy , stating that he believed the overarching plot of a story was more important than the characters within it . He indicated that he would first determine the actions and the ultimate fate of a character before even assigning it a name , and contrasted this with other writing methods which first focused on developing the characters and then creating a storyline for them to follow . He again defended his decision to have Mami die , claiming that this could actually have the converse effect of making her character even more memorable , saying , " I think there are quite many characters who became immortal exactly because they died , like Caesar Zeppeli in JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure or Raoh in Fist of the North Star . Precisely because of the way they died , they were able to live forever . " = = = Character design = = = Urobuchi stated that Sayaka was his favorite character overall , and remarked that her plotline was the most enjoyable to write . Due to her grim fate by the end of the series , a destiny that Shinbo believed was slightly unfair , he asked Urobuchi if it was possible to change the plot so that Sayaka could be spared . Urobuchi declined , asserting that her death was too integral to the overarching story . Shinbo then inquired if there were any way that she could be brought back to life , admitting he had become very attached to the character . However , Urobuchi again refused , explaining that this would be impossible with regard to the already @-@ established rules governing the story . Shinbo finally acquiesced to this , but remarked that he believed there may have been too large of a burden placed on the characters who were in essence young middle school girls . The alien character Kyubey was also envisioned and designed by Urobuchi . As one of the primary antagonists in the series , Iwakami stated that " the mash @-@ up of cuteness and darkness is the central theme to Madoka , and Kyubey is an epitome of that theme . " A central goal in Urobuchi 's writing was to highlight the moral and ethical dissonance between Kyubey and the young middle school girls , which was done through actions in the series such as Kyubey eating its own corpse in order to recycle energy . He compared the character to monsters occurring in the works of horror fiction author H. P. Lovecraft , commenting of Kyubey : " he isn 't evil , it is his lack of feelings that make him scary . " Urobuchi further remarked upon the moral ambiguity that the series displays in an interview with Asahi Shimbun , stating " Al @-@ Qaeda brought down the Twin Towers due to their self @-@ righteousness . Justice for some people is an evil for others . Good intentions , kindness , and hope will not necessarily make people happy . " Due to unforeseen scheduling problems with Shaft , production for the series was postponed for three years following the completion of its writing . However , once the issues were resolved , production began without any further complications . The animation studio spearheaded the conception and design of the witches in the series , as well as creating each one 's individual backstory . Urobuchi had originally envisioned the witches to be similar to conventional monsters such as Godzilla , but upon seeing the surreal concept art for one of the main witches , Walpurgis Night , he remarked : " How can Homura possibly fight against something like this ? " Designers from Shaft also added quotes from the German folklore legend Faust to the series . Throughout production , the animation production team Gekidan Inu Curry had freedom to insert new details or modify existing ones from the original script . An example is during a scene in the final episode where the team added black wings to Homura , something which was not included in Urobuchi 's writing . Urobuchi praised this aspect of the production , commenting that " additions by the animation production team added more mystery and depth to [ the ] characters , and without them , it would have been very difficult to write any further stories in the world of the series " . = = = Music = = = Iwakami and Shinbo recruited Yuki Kajiura to compose the soundtrack for the series after Urobuchi recommended her . Shinbo had previously worked with Kajiura on Le Portrait de Petit Cossette , and Urobuchi told of the inspiration the music from that series had on him while writing parts of the script . Stating that he had long been a fan of her anime soundtracks , Urobuchi also praised Kajiura 's work ethic , remarking that she would always fully familiarize herself with the plotline of the story while composing for it . Japanese pop music duo ClariS was also commissioned to perform " Connect " ( コネクト , Konekuto ) , the opening theme of the series . Iwakami involved himself directly in the song 's development to ensure that it would fit with the series , marking one of the only times that he explicitly intervened in an aspect of the production . Both " Connect " and the ending theme , " Magia " by Kalafina , were revealed in a television commercial several weeks before the series ' premiere in Japan . = = Broadcast and distribution = = On January 7 , 2011 , Puella Magi Madoka Magica debuted on Mainichi Broadcasting System ( MBS ) , Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , and Chubu @-@ Nippon Broadcasting ( CBC ) in Japan . The first ten episodes aired weekly without interruption , and were also available for streaming on Nico Nico Douga and BIGLOBE 's Anime One service . However , due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in March , the planned broadcasts for the last two episodes were halted . Additionally , TBS elected to cancel its scheduled airing of the 10th episode in order to provide more news coverage of the natural disaster . Due to these delays , Urobuchi issued an apology to viewers . However , he also indicated that the postponements could be viewed in a positive light because they alleviated some production pressures placed on animation studio Shaft due to the tight broadcast schedule . Citing particularly challenging drawings for episodes 11 and 12 , Urobuchi and Iwakami planned to have Shaft continue to improve the episodes immediately up until their new air time . Furthermore , Urobuchi remarked that if episode 11 in its current state had been aired as scheduled , the result most likely would have been disappointing . On March 23 , 2011 , the broadcast for the rest of the series was delayed indefinitely . However , the production team reported that they were continuing to work on the episodes and announced their intention to finish airing the series by April . Finally , on April 10 , 2011 , the official website for Puella Magi Madoka Magica announced that broadcasts would resume on April 21 . Episodes 11 and 12 aired back @-@ to @-@ back on MBS to conclude the series , while TBS and CBC ran episode 10 in addition to 11 and 12 . Iwakami later commented on this unique production experience in an interview with Anime News Network . He mentioned that Shaft was always pressed for time during the production process and only just managed to complete each episode right before its air time . After the earthquake and tsunami occurred , he stated that much of the staff was rattled by the incident and because of this they were not able to work effectively on episodes 11 and 12 . However , in overcoming this situation , he remarked " a week went by , and two weeks went by , and the staff started saying that they couldn 't stay in shock forever , that they had to keep on going , and then production continued . " The series was released on six Blu @-@ ray Disc ( BD ) and DVD volumes between April 27 and September 21 , 2011 , having been delayed from the original release date of March 30 , 2011 due to the earthquake . Drama CDs were included with the first , third and fifth BD / DVD volumes . The sixth and final volume released on September 21 , 2011 contains a director 's edit of episode 12 . The series began streaming on Crunchyroll on February 15 , 2012 , as well as on Hulu and Crackle . Aniplex of America released the series in North America , including an English dub , in three BD and DVD volumes released between February 14 and June 12 , 2012 , along with limited editions containing the original soundtrack CDs and special items . Manga Entertainment licensed the series in the United Kingdom and released it on BD / DVD in a complete collection on October 29 , 2012 . Madman Entertainment licensed the series in Australia , where it began to air on the kids channel ABC3 on June 29 , 2013 , following an early preview on January 6 . The dubbed series began streaming on Viz Media 's streaming service , Neon Alley in late 2013 . = = Related media = = = = = Print media = = = Houbunsha has published several manga series based on the franchise . A direct adaptation of the anime series , illustrated by Hanokage , was published in three tankōbon volumes , each containing four chapters , released between February 12 and May 30 , 2011 . The manga has been licensed in North America by Yen Press . A side story manga , Puella Magi Kazumi Magica : The Innocent Malice ( 魔法少女かずみ ☆ マギカ〜 The innocent malice 〜 , Mahō Shōjo Kazumi Magika : The Innocent Malice ) , written by Masaki Hiramatsu and illustrated by Takashi Tensugi , was serialized between the March 2011 and January 2013 issues of Manga Time Kirara Forward . A third manga , Puella Magi Oriko Magica ( 魔法少女おりこ ☆ マギカ , Mahō Shōjo Oriko Magika ) , written by Kuroe Mura , was released in two tankōbon volumes released on May 12 , 2011 , and June 12 , 2011 , respectively . Both Kazumi Magica and Oriko Magica have been licensed by Yen Press in North America . The first volume of Kazumi Magica was released in May 2013 . Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Wraith Arc ( 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカ［魔獣編］ ) , written and illustrated by Hanokage , began serialization in the 20th issue of Manga Time Kirara Magica released on June 10 , 2015 . The plot depicts the events that happened between Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie : Eternal and Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie : Rebellion . The first volume of an official anthology comic featuring guest artists was released on September 12 , 2011 . A dedicated monthly magazine by Houbunsha , Manga Time Kirara Magica ( まんがタイムきらら ☆ マギカ , Manga Taimu Kirara Magika ) , launched on June 8 , 2012 , and features various manga stories , including spin @-@ off stories of Oriko Magica . A film comic adaptation of the series titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica : Film Memories went on sale on May 26 , 2012 . Another manga by Hanokage , Puella Magi Madoka Magica : The Different Story , was published in three tankōbon volumes between October 12 and November 12 , 2012 , and licensed by Yen Press in 2014 . Puella Magi Suzune Magica ( 魔法少女すずね ☆ マギカ ) , written and illustrated by Gan , released its first volume on November 12 , 2013 , before starting serialization in Manga Time Kirara Magica on November 22 , 2013 . Puella Magi Homura Tamura ( 魔法少女ほむら ☆ たむら ) , written and illustrated by Afro , is serialized in Manga Time Kirara Magica , and released its first volume in October 2013 ; Yen Press licensed the manga . Puella Magi Homura 's Revenge ! ( 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカほむらリベンジ ! ) , written by Kawazukuu and illustrated by Masugitsune , was serialized in Manga Time Kirara Magica , and released two volumes in December 2013 ; Yen Press licensed the manga . A novel adaptation of the series written by Hajime Ninomae and illustrated by Yūpon was published by Nitroplus on August 14 , 2011 . A pre @-@ release was available at Comiket 80 on August 12 , 2011 . A book based on Gen Urobuchi 's original draft treatment for the anime , titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica : The Beginning Story , was released in November 2011 . = = = Video games = = = A video game based on the series titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica Portable ( 魔法少女まどか ☆ マギカポータブル , Mahō Shōjo Madoka Magika Pōtaburu ) for the PlayStation Portable was released by Namco Bandai Games on March 15 , 2012 . The game allows players to take many routes , changing the fate of the original storyline . Urobuchi returned as the writer with Shaft doing the animation production on the title , while Yusuke Tomizawa and Yoshinao Doi acted as producers . The game was released in two editions , a standard box including a bonus DVD , and a limited edition box containing a Madoka Figma , a bonus Blu @-@ ray Disc , a Kyubey pouch , a ' HomuHomu ' handkerchief and a special clear card . An action game for the PlayStation Vita titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica : The Battle Pentagram ( 魔法少女まどかマギカThe Battle Pentagram ) developed by Artdink and published by Namco Bandai Games was later released in Japan on December 19 , 2013 . The game featured an original story created with guidance from Urobochi in which all five magical girls team up to defeat the powerful witch , Walpurgis Night . Upon release , a limited edition version was also available that included codes for additional in @-@ game costumes as well as merchandise such as a CD copy of the original sound track and an art book . A free smartphone application , Mami 's Heart Pounding Tiro Finale ( マミのドキドキティロフィナーレ , Mami no Doki Doki Tiro Fināre ) was released on October 14 , 2011 . A third @-@ person shooter titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica TPS featuring Homura Akemi was released for Android devices in December 2011 . A second TPS title featuring Mami was released on August 2012 and a third featuring Sayaka and Kyoko was released on October 16 , 2012 . A puzzle game for the iPhone titled Puella Magi Madoka Magica Puzzle of Memories was released on March 29 , 2013 . Costumes from Puella Magi Madoka Magica , alongside content based on other anime and games , are available as downloadable content ( DLC ) for the PSP game Gods Eater Burst in Japan . Costumes and accessories are also available as DLC for Tales of Xillia 2 . Costumes and accessories were made available as DLC for Phantasy Star Online 2 in October 2013 . Another collaboration with the mobile game Phantom of the Kill took place for an event that ran from August 8 , 2015 to September 21 , 2015 . During that campaign , players had a chance of obtaining various playable Madoka characters through the Gatcha . There were also Puella Magi Madoka Magica themed missions , weapons , and items during that time . = = = Films = = = In November 2011 , it was announced in the December issue of Kadokawa Shoten 's Newtype magazine that a three @-@ part theatrical film project was in development by Shaft . The first two films , titled Beginnings ( 始まりの物語 , Hajimari no Monogatari ) and Eternal ( 永遠の物語 , Eien no Monogatari ) , are compilations of the anime TV series featuring redone voices and some scenes with new animation . The first film , which covers the first eight episodes of the TV series , was released in theatres on October 6 , 2012 , while the second film , which covers the last four episodes , was released on October 13 , 2012 . The first two films were screened in selected locations in the United States and seven other countries between October 2012 and February 2013 , as well as screened at Anime Festival Asia between November 10 – 11 , 2012 , in Singapore . The two films were released on Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD on July 30 , 2013 , in standard and collector 's edition sets and is being made available for import by Aniplex of America . The third film , titled Rebellion ( 叛逆の物語 , Hangyaku no Monogatari ) , features an all @-@ new story written by Urobuchi and acts as a sequel to the TV series . It was released to Japanese theatres on October 26 , 2013 . The film received a North American imported release on December 3 , 2013 . The first and second films were re @-@ released with an English dub on July 15 , 2014 . A short concept film for a new story , described as a " movie @-@ based image board " , was debuted at Shaft anniversary exhibition Madogatari on November 27 , 2015 . Shaft representative director and president Mitsutoshi Kubota later confirmed in an interview in Newtype that the concept film will launch a new Puella Magi Madoka Magica project . = = Reception = = = = = Critical reception = = = Puella Magi Madoka Magica has received widespread critical acclaim . In his 10 out of 10 review , UK Anime Network 's Andy Hanley lauded the series for its deeply emotional content and described it as immersive and filled with grandiose visuals along with an evocative soundtrack . Additionally , he recommended that viewers watch it several times in order to fully comprehend the complex and multilayered plotline . He went on to claim that it was the greatest TV anime series of the 21st century thus far . Scott Green of Ain 't It Cool News commented that the series was " hugely admirable " and he would give it the highest possible recommendation to anyone even slightly interested in anime . He also praised the animation team 's attention to detail , stating that the series " would not work nearly as well if the characters in general and as magical girls specifically weren 't presently so spectacularly winningly by the production . " T.H.E.M. Anime reviewer Tim Jones criticized what he regarded as weak character development but nevertheless remarked that the series was " beautiful , well @-@ written , and surprisingly dark " and gave it four out of five stars . In the review , Jones also commended the unique animation and design of the backdrops shown during witch fights , which he described as surreal and " trippy " , but beautiful . In his review of the three BD volumes of the anime series , Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network characterized the story as very emotionally dark and " one of the most ambitious and beautiful anime series in recent memory . " He went on to award each of the volumes A or A + overall ratings . The darker approach to the popular magical girl subgenre in Japanese anime and manga was also a point of high praise by reviewers . In its take on the series , the staff at Japanator remarked that this trope " added a level of depth and complexity to the genre that we haven ’ t ever seen , and I don ’ t think we will see again . [ ... ] Adding on that dressing gave the show a more perverse and cruel feeling to it , making it all the more compelling to watch . " Liz Ohanesian of LA Weekly attributed the genre deconstruction of Puella Magi Madoka Magica to the series ' popularity with older , male audiences , an otherwise unusual demographic to the genre . Furthermore , she commented on cultural impact that the series produced , observing that in both Japan and the US there has been incredible fan captivation surrounding the series . She credited the all @-@ star crew including writer Urobuchi , director Shinbo , and the Shaft animation studio as " hitmakers " and described the anime as " a series designed for acclaim . " TechnologyTell 's Jenni Lada warned that the show 's external appearance belied its true " darker and more twisted " essence . She recommended viewers watch at least three episodes in order to discover the series ' true nature . Production I.G 's Katsuyuki Motohiro watched Puella Magi Madoka Magica after hearing opinions that it exceeded Neon Genesis Evangelion . Upon viewing the series , he was so amazed that he began analyzing Urobuchi 's other works and was then motivated to request Urobuchi to write the crime thriller Psycho @-@ Pass . = = = Sales and accolades = = = The first BD volume sold 53 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , 22 @,@ 000 of which were sold on its first day , breaking the record previously held by the sixth BD volume of Bakemonogatari . The second volume sold 54 @,@ 000 copies , breaking its own record . Each subsequent volume has managed to sell over 50 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . This was despite controversy over the pricing of the volumes which some considered to be unfairly high . The staff at Japanator stated they could not recommend that their readers buy the volumes due to the prohibitive cost . Bertschy concurred , writing that the " limited episode count and high price of entry make the show inaccessible to an audience unwilling to shell out . " The Nihon Keizai Shimbun newspaper reported that before the release of the third movie , the anime had grossed a total of 40 billion yen in the sales of related goods . A live broadcast of the entire series streamed on Nico Nico Douga on June 18 , 2011 garnered around 1 million viewers , surpassing the previous record of 570 @,@ 000 held by Lucky Star . The show won the Television Award at the 16th Animation Kobe Awards , as well as 12 Newtype Anime Awards and the Grand Prize for animation in the 2011 Japan Media Arts awards . It also won three Tokyo Anime Awards in the Television Category , Best Director and Best Screenplay , and the Selection Committee Special Prize award at the 2012 Licensing of the Year awards . Madoka Magica was awarded a Seiun Award for " Best Media " at the 2012 Japan Science Fiction Convention . In 2015 , the show was also awarded the inaugural Sugoi Japan Grand Prix , Japan 's nationwide vote for manga , anime , and novels considered as cultural assets that have the potential to be beloved all over the world , among all the works published since 2005 .
= The Rocketeer ( film ) = The Rocketeer is a 1991 American period superhero film from Walt Disney Pictures , produced by Charles Gordon , Lawrence Gordon , and Lloyd Levin , directed by Joe Johnston , and starring Billy Campbell , Jennifer Connelly , Alan Arkin , Timothy Dalton , Paul Sorvino and Tiny Ron Taylor . The film is based upon the character of the same name created by comic book artist and writer Dave Stevens . Set in 1938 Los Angeles , California , The Rocketeer tells the story of stunt pilot Cliff Secord who discovers a rocket powered jet pack that enables him to fly without an aircraft . His heroic deeds soon attract the attention of Howard Hughes and the FBI , who are hunting for the missing jet pack , as well as sadistic Nazi operatives . Development for The Rocketeer started as far back as 1983 , when Stevens sold the film rights . Steve Miner and William Dear considered directing The Rocketeer before Johnston signed on . Screenwriters Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo had creative differences with Disney , which caused the film to languish in development hell . The studio also intended to change the trademark helmet design ; Disney CEO Michael Eisner wanted a straight NASA @-@ type helmet , but Johnston convinced the studio otherwise . Johnston also had to convince Disney to let him cast unknown actor Billy Campbell in the lead role . Filming for The Rocketeer lasted from September 19 , 1990 to January 22 , 1991 . The visual effects sequences were created and designed by Industrial Light & Magic , and were supervised by animation director Wes Takahashi . The film was released on June 21 , 1991 and received generally favorable reviews from critics , although plans for Rocketeer sequels were abandoned after the film failed to perform at the box office . As of 2012 , new efforts were being made for a remake , but there has not been any new announcements since . = = Plot = = In 1938 Los Angeles , two gangsters in Eddie Valentine 's ( Paul Sorvino ) gang steal a rocket pack from Howard Hughes ( Terry O 'Quinn ) . During their escape , they find themselves on an airfield , where they hide the rocket pack , ending in an auto @-@ airplane accident while escaping , with the police in hot pursuit . Stunt pilot Cliff Secord ( Billy Campbell ) , whose Gee Bee racer was totaled during the accident , and airplane mechanic Peevy ( Alan Arkin ) later find the rocket pack hidden in a bi @-@ plane cockpit . Meanwhile , well @-@ known actor Neville Sinclair ( Timothy Dalton ) , who hired Valentine 's gang to steal the rocket pack , sends his monstrous henchman Lothar ( Tiny Ron ) to question the injured getaway driver , who tells him that the rocket pack is at the airfield . Cliff 's aspiring actress girlfriend , Jenny Blake ( Jennifer Connelly ) , has a bit part in the latest Neville Sinclair film . On the set , Sinclair overhears Cliff attempting to tell Jenny about the rocket pack , so he invites her to dinner . Afterward , at a local air show , Cliff uses the rocket pack ( and Peevy 's newly designed face @-@ hiding finned helmet ) to rescue his friend Malcolm ( Eddie Jones ) , who is drunkenly piloting a bi @-@ plane . Having been seen by the newsreel press in the airshow audience ( and Valentine 's gangsters ) , " The Rocketeer " becomes a media sensation . Sinclair sends Lothar to Cliff and Peevy 's home to find the rocket pack . The FBI arrives , but Cliff and Peevy escape , while Lothar steals its detailed schematics drawn up by Peevy . Later , at the airfield diner , Cliff and Peevy , trapped by several Valentine mobsters , learn that Jenny had a date with Sinclair , and of the actor 's involvement in the hunt for the rocket pack . The diner patrons overpower the gangsters , while a bullet ricochet punctures the rocket 's fuel tank , which Peevy temporarily patches with Cliff 's chewing gum . At Sinclair 's home , Jenny discovers that he is a Nazi secret agent , and Jenny knocks him out . She is later detained and forced to leave a message for Cliff to bring the rocket pack to the Griffith Observatory in exchange for her life . Just before he is arrested by the FBI and taken to Howard Hughes , Cliff hides the rocket pack . Hughes reveals his rocket pack is a prototype , similar to one that Nazi scientists have , up to now , been unsuccessful in developing . When Secord asks why there is so much interest in the rocket pack , Hughes shows a horrifying propaganda film depicting flying soldiers invading the United States and hoisting a Nazi flag over the White House . When Hughes demands the return of the rocket pack , Cliff explains that he needs it to rescue Jenny ; he escapes , inadvertently leaving behind a clue to where he is headed . Cliff flies to the rendezvous , where Sinclair demands that Cliff give him the rocket pack . Cliff divulges to the mobsters that the actor is a Nazi spy ; Valentine turns his weapon on Sinclair and Lothar . Sinclair summons 60 heavily armed Nazi S.A. commandos hidden at the observatory . The Nazi rigid airship Luxembourg appears overhead to evacuate Sinclair . FBI agents suddenly announce their presence , having secretly surrounded the area ; they and the mobsters join forces to battle the Nazis . Sinclair and Lothar escape , dragging Jenny with them aboard the airship . Cliff flies to and boards the airship , but during the ensuing showdown , Jenny accidentally sets the bridge on fire using a flare gun . Sinclair takes the rocket pack to save himself , saying " I 'll miss Hollywood " . This proves to be an ironic statement , as Cliff has removed the makeshift chewing gum patch from the tank , which is now leaking . The fuel catches fire , and the fire follows the vapor trail to the rocket pack 's fuel tank , which also catches fire , causing Sinclair to plummet to his death near the " HOLLYWOODLAND " sign ; the resulting explosion destroys the LAND part of the sign . Lothar is engulfed in flames as the airship explodes , but Cliff and Jenny are rescued at the last moment by Hughes and Peevy flying an autogyro . Hughes later presents Cliff with a brand @-@ new Gee Bee air racer and a fresh pack of chewing gum . As Hughes leaves , Jenny returns Peevy 's rocket pack blueprints , which she found in Sinclair 's home ; Peevy decides that , with some modifications , he can build an even better one . = = Cast = = As appearing in The Rocketeer , ( main roles and screen credits identified ) : = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Comic book writer / artist Dave Stevens created the Rocketeer in 1982 and immediately viewed the character as an ideal protagonist for a film adaptation . Steve Miner purchased the film rights from Stevens in 1983 , but he strayed too far from the original concept and the rights reverted to Stevens . In 1985 Stevens gave writers Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo a free option on The Rocketeer rights . Stevens liked that " their ideas for The Rocketeer were heartfelt and affectionate tributes to the 1930s serials with all the right dialogue and atmosphere . Most people would approach my characters contemporarily , but Danny and Paul saw them as pre @-@ war mugs . " Stevens , Bilson and De Meo began to consider making The Rocketeer as a low @-@ budget film , shot in black @-@ and @-@ white and funded by independent investors . Their plan was to make the film a complete homage to the Commando Cody serial films , and use a cast largely associated with character actors . However , that same year , the trio approached William Dear to direct / co @-@ write The Rocketeer , and they eventually dropped the low @-@ budget idea . Bilson , De Meo , and Dear kept the comic book 's basic plot intact , but fleshed it out to include a Hollywood setting and a climactic battle against a Nazi Zeppelin . They also tweaked Cliff 's girlfriend to avoid comparisons to Bettie Page ( Stevens ' original inspiration ) , changing her name from Betty to Jenny and her profession from nude model to Hollywood extra ( a change also made to make the film more family friendly ) . Dear proceeded to transform the climax from a submarine into a Zeppelin setpiece . Stevens , Bilson , De Meo , and Dear began to pitch The Rocketeer in 1986 to the major film studios but were turned down . " This was 1986 , long before Batman or Dick Tracy or anything similar " , Stevens explained . " In those days , no studio was interested at all in an expensive comic book movie . We got there about three years too early for our own good ! " Walt Disney Studios eventually accepted The Rocketeer because they believed the film had toyetic potential and appeal for merchandising . The Rocketeer was set to be released through the studio 's Touchstone Pictures label ; Stevens , Bilson , De Meo , and Dear all signed a contract which would permit them to make a trilogy of Rocketeer films . However , Disney studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg switched the film to a Walt Disney Pictures release . According to Stevens , " immediately , Betty and anything else ' adult ' went right out with the bathwater . They really tried to shoehorn it into a kiddie property so they could sell toys . All they really wanted at the end of the day , was the name " . Initially , Disney executives wanted to set the film in contemporary times , out of concern that a period piece might not appeal to a large audience . However , Bilson and DeMeo argued that the success of the Indiana Jones trilogy proved that ticketgoers would enjoy an adventure film set in the 1930s , and the studio finally agreed . Bilson and DeMeo then submitted their seven @-@ page film treatment to Disney , but the studio put their script through an endless series of revisions . Over five years , Disney fired and rehired Bilson and DeMeo three times . DeMeo explained that " Disney felt that they needed a different approach to the script , which meant bringing in someone else . But those scripts were thrown out and we were always brought back on " . They found the studio 's constant tinkering with the screenplay to be a frustrating process as " executives would like previously excised dialogue three months later . Scenes that had been thrown out two years ago were put back in . What was the point " ? DeMeo said . One of Bilson and De Meo 's significant revisions to the script over the years was to make Cliff and Jenny 's romance more believable and avoid cliché aspects that would stereotype Jenny as a damsel in distress . The numerous project delays forced Dear to drop out as director . Joe Johnston , a fan of the comic book , immediately offered his services as director when he found out Disney owned the film rights . Johnston was quickly hired and pre @-@ production started in early @-@ 1990 . After Bilson and De Meo 's third major rewrite , Disney finally greenlighted The Rocketeer . The characterization of Neville Sinclair was inspired by movie star Errol Flynn , or rather by the image of Flynn that had been popularized by Charles Higham 's unauthorized and fabricated biography of the actor , in which he asserted that Flynn was , among other things , a Nazi spy . The film 's Neville Sinclair is , like Higham 's Flynn , a movie star known for his work in swashbuckler roles , and who is secretly a Nazi spy . Because Higham 's biography of Flynn was not refuted until the late 1980s , the image of Flynn as a closet Nazi remained current all through the arduous process of writing and re @-@ writing the script . The other real @-@ life characterization was of Howard Hughes . = = = Casting = = = Casting the lead role of Cliff Secord was a struggle for the filmmakers . Disney executive Jeffrey Katzenberg even had one of the studio 's then @-@ staff writers , Karey Kirkpatrick , audition for the part . Kevin Costner and Matthew Modine were the first actors considered for the role . When they both proved to be unavailable , Dennis Quaid , Kurt Russell , Bill Paxton and Emilio Estevez auditioned for the part . Johnny Depp was Disney 's favorite choice , while Paxton commented he came " really close " to getting the lead . Vincent D 'Onofrio turned down the role and the filmmakers were forced to continue their search . The decision to cast Billy Campbell as Cliff Secord caused mixed emotions amongst Disney executives . Director Joe Johnston and creator Dave Stevens believed Campbell was perfect for the role , but Disney wanted an A @-@ list actor . Johnston eventually convinced Disney otherwise . Campbell was not familiar with the comic book when he got the part but quickly read it , in addition to books on aviation . He also prepared by listening to 1940s period music . The actor had a fear of flying but overcame it with the help of the film 's aerial coordinator , Craig Hosking . To ensure his safety , Campbell was doubled for almost all of the flying sequences in conventional aircraft . Ultimately , a scale model devised by ILM puppeteer Tom St. Amand was used for all the rocket pack scenes . For the female lead of Cliff 's girlfriend Jenny , Sherilyn Fenn , Kelly Preston , Diane Lane and Elizabeth McGovern were considered before Jennifer Connelly was eventually cast . Campbell and Connelly 's working relationship eventually led to a romantic coupling , which Johnston found to be a technique for method acting that helped with their on @-@ screen chemistry . For Secord 's sidekick , Peevy , Dave Stevens hoped that Lloyd Bridges would play the part , but Bridges turned it down and Alan Arkin was cast . The part of Neville Sinclair was offered to Jeremy Irons and Charles Dance before Timothy Dalton accepted the role . Lastly , the part of Eddie Valentine was written with Joe Pesci in mind , but he turned down the part , which went to Paul Sorvino . Remaining cast members included Tiny Ron Taylor as Lothar , Terry O 'Quinn as Howard Hughes , Jon Polito as Otis Bigelow , Ed Lauter as Agent Fitch , Eddie Jones as Malcolm the Mechanic and Robert Miranda as Spanish Johnny . Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens has a cameo as the German test pilot who is killed when the Nazis ' version of a rocket backpack explodes during the takeoff sequence . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography for The Rocketeer lasted from September 19 , 1990 to January 22 , 1991 . Filming at the Griffith Observatory took place in November 1990 . The film ended up going 50 days over schedule due to weather and mechanical problems . Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens allied himself with director Joe Johnston and production manager Ian Bryce in an effort to be as heavily involved in the production process as possible and to try and secure as much artistic control as he could from Disney . Disney , in particular , was not enthusiastic with Stevens ' involvement . " I was on the set day and night " , Stevens reflected , " from pre @-@ production till post @-@ production ! And initially , I had to fight to prove that I was there for the benefit of the film , and not for my own ego . " The original production budget was set at $ 25 million , but rose to $ 40 million . This happened after Disney became impressed with the dailies ; " they realized this was a bigger movie than they were anticipating " , Johnston explained , " and they approved overages . It never got completely out of control . " An abandoned World War II runway at the Santa Maria , California airport set the scene for the fictional Chaplin Air Field . Additional scenes were shot at Bakersfield . For the air circus scene , 700 Santa Maria extras and 25 vintage aircraft were employed . Aerial coordinator Craig Hosking remarked in an interview , " What makes The Rocketeer so unique was having several one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind planes that hadn 't flown in years , " including a 1916 Standard biplane and a Gee Bee Model Z racer . The sequence where Cliff rescues Malcolm was adapted shot @-@ for @-@ shot from Stevens ' comic book . = = = Design = = = Stevens gave the film 's production designer Jim Bissell and his two art directors his entire reference library pertaining to the Rocketeer at that time period , including blueprints for hangars and bleachers , schematics for building the autogyro , photos and drawings of the Bulldog Cafe , the uniforms for the air circus staff , and contacts for locating the vintage aircraft that were to be used . Stevens remembers that they " literally just took the reference and built the sets " . Disney originally intended to change the Rocketeer 's trademark helmet design completely . President Michael Eisner wanted a straight NASA @-@ type helmet but director Johnston threatened to quit production on The Rocketeer . Disney relented , but only after creating a number of prototype designs that were ultimately rejected by the filmmakers . Stevens asked Johnston for one week to produce a good helmet design . He proceeded to work with a sculptor he knew , made a cast of the film 's main stunt man 's head and brainstormed ideas with the help of his sketches . They produced a helmet that the filmmakers agreed looked appropriate from all angles ; in most respects it was identical to the helmet design Stevens had used for his comics series . Rick Baker designed the Rondo Hatton @-@ inspired prosthetic makeup designs for the Lothar character , portrayed by Tiny Ron Taylor . = = = Visual effects = = = The visual effects were designed and created by George Lucas ' Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) with Ken Ralston ( Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Sony Pictures Imageworks founder ) serving as the VFX supervisor . Rocketeer director Joe Johnston previously worked as an art director / model maker at ILM before his film directing career took off . Johnston 's insistence on a realistic flying rocketman led ILM to devise a lifelike Cliff Secord model that was filmed in " stop @-@ motion @-@ animation " coupled with an 18 " figurine that was manipulated by hand and in " go @-@ motion " to create " motion @-@ blur . " Speeded @-@ up Moviola effects were also used to advantage in the air circus sequence where a combination of live action and stop @-@ motion animation was also employed . The Rocketeer 's attack on the Nazi Zeppelin was filmed near Six Flags Magic Mountain amusement park in Valencia , California over four months through pick @-@ ups . Remaining visual effects footage took place at ILM 's headquarters in San Rafael and Hamilton Air Force Base . There , they constructed a 12 ft scale model of the Zeppelin , which was photographed against matte paintings that resembled 1938 Los Angeles for intercutting purposes . The Zeppelin explosion special effect alone cost $ 400 @,@ 000 . = = = Soundtrack = = = The music for The Rocketeer was composed and conducted by James Horner . The soundtrack received positive reviews and is often mentioned as being one of the film 's stronger elements . The soundtrack was released by Hollywood Records and features nearly an hour of music with eight tracks of score and two vocal tracks performed by actress / singer Melora Hardin . The two songs were arranged by Billy May , who had collaborated with Horner several times in the past . = = Release = = = = = Marketing = = = To promote The Rocketeer , Disney made tie @-@ in endorsements with Pizza Hut and M & M 's / Mars candies . An extensive product line followed of computer games , toys , posters , trading cards , pins , patches , buttons , T @-@ shirts , and children 's clothing , licensed to coincide with the film 's opening . The studio also spent a further $ 19 million on TV advertising alone . A television special documentary , titled The Rocketeer : Excitement in the Air , was broadcast on the Disney Channel in June 1991 . That same month , a young adult novelization written by Peter David was published by Bantam Books , while a similar novelization by Ron Fontes , for younger readers was published by Scholastic Books for Disney Press . The Rocketeer had its premiere at the 1 @,@ 100 seat El Capitan Theatre on June 19 , 1991 . This was the first premiere to take place at the El Capitan in more than two years , due to an Art Deco @-@ like restoration project Disney had been working on . = = = Home media = = = When released on the home video market in 1991 – 1992 in both LaserDisc and VHS / Beta videotape formats , The Rocketeer earned an additional $ 23 @.@ 18 million in rentals . A movie soundtrack , compiled and produced by James Horner , was released in both audio cassette and CD variants . The Rocketeer was released on Region 1 DVD by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in August 1999 . No special features were included on the later DVD release although the 1991 LaserDisc ( # 1239 as ) had included the original theatrical trailer . A Blu @-@ ray Disc was released on December 13 , 2011 for its 20th Anniversary Edition . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = The Rocketeer was released in the United States on June 21 , 1991 , earning $ 9 @.@ 6 million in its opening weekend in 1 @,@ 616 theaters . The film opened # 4 behind Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves , City Slickers and Dying Young . Rocketeer eventually grossed only $ 46 @.@ 6 million in US box office making it a disappointment . Outside the US and Canada , the film was released through Touchstone Pictures rather than Walt Disney Pictures , in an attempt to attract the teenage audience it did not reach in North America . The Disney tag also was seen to have turned off people who assumed that the film was for children . In addition , Rocketeer 's original Art Deco poster was changed because it failed to draw attention to the cast , including then @-@ current James Bond , Timothy Dalton . A new poster was designed to feature Dalton , Billy Campbell and Jennifer Connelly prominently . However , the film also failed in Britain , grossing just over £ 1 million in its first two weeks at just under 250 screens . The new ad campaign was being designed while the British promotional campaign for the film was already under way and some theaters still had the stylized U.S. movie poster . = = = Critical response = = = The film received mixed or average reviews from critics . Based on 57 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 61 % of the critics enjoyed The Rocketeer with an average score of 5 @.@ 9 / 10 . Roger Ebert enjoyed the film , noting its homages to the film serials of the 1930s – 1950s . Although Ebert cited the visual effects as being state of the art , he described them " as charmingly direct as those rockets in the Flash Gordon serials — the ones with sparklers hidden inside of them , which were pulled on wires in front of papier @-@ mâché mountains . " Leonard Maltin wrote that the " film captures the look of the ' 30s , as well as the gee @-@ whiz innocence of Saturday matinée serials , but it 's talky and takes too much time to get where it 's going . Dalton has fun as a villain patterned after Errol Flynn . " Peter Travers of Rolling Stone magazine also gave a positive review . " The Rocketeer is more than one of the best films of the summer ; it 's the kind of movie magic that we don 't see much anymore " , he continued , " the kind that charms us , rather than bullying us , into suspending disbelief . " Internet reviewer James Berardinelli commented that " The Rocketeer may not be perfect , but it 's an excellent example of how to adapt a comic book to the screen . " However , Janet Maslin from The New York Times gave a mixed review . She called The Rocketeer " a benign adventure saga that has attractive stars , elaborate gimmicks and nice production values — everything it needs except a personality of its own . " Maslin believed that by setting the story in 1938 , the filmmakers were more interested in the Art Deco production design and visual effects instead of imbuing the storyline with " inspiration , which may be why it finally feels flat . " Hal Hinson , writing in The Washington Post , felt the film was too concerned with family @-@ friendliness . Jonathan Rosenbaum of Chicago Reader believed both the editing and the storyline were not well balanced and felt The Rocketeer ripped @-@ off elements of Indiana Jones and Back to the Future . Rosenbaum also cited the casting decision of character actors as being too practical . " The whole thing is good @-@ natured enough " , he explained , " but increasingly mechanical . " Rocketeer creator Dave Stevens acknowledged he was " satisfied with 70 % of the film " and highly praised Joe Johnston 's direction . " The overall spirit and sweetness of the series is still there , intact " , Stevens remembers . " We lost some good character stuff in editing for time , but the tone of it is still what I was trying to project in the comic pages . I also thought Joe 's casting choices were excellent . To his credit , Joe did not fill out the cast with a bunch of Beverly Hills , 90210 Barbie and Ken @-@ type kids . " Stevens found Billy Campbell to be " a good @-@ looking guy but he also happens to be Cliff ! I would never have cast him based on good looks alone , but he came into the audition and just nailed it shut . He was made for it . The part was his . " = = = Accolades = = = The Rocketeer was nominated for both the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film , but lost both categories to Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Costume designer Marilyn Vance won the Saturn Award for Best Costumes , while Jennifer Connelly ( Best Supporting Actress ) and VFX supervisor Ken Ralston ( Best Special Effects ) also received nominations . = = Sequels = = From the beginning of the process of making The Rocketeer , creator Dave Stevens and screenwriters Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo envisioned it as the first entry of a trilogy . Disney , in particular , hoped the film would carry a vein similar to the Indiana Jones franchise . Both Campbell and Connelly were contracted for sequels ; Campbell for two more and Connelly for only one . However , with the film 's disappointing box office performance , plans for a sequel were halted in July 1991 . " [ Unfortunately ] the movie didn 't make as much money as Disney had hoped " , Campbell reflected in a January 2008 interview with MTV News . " And that coupled with the acrimonious relationship that the director [ Joe Johnston ] and the studio had , contributed to them not even considering it . " Although the calls for a sequel remain unrequited , as with many films of this genre , the movie has built up a cult following in both the United States and Japan , where until 2008 , Medicom , a major toy manufacturer , issued two versions of 12 " poseable action figures and replica helmets based on the film . The original Dave Stevens comics are still in demand and movie memorabilia continues to have a ready audience . In addition , Johnston 's work on this film led to him being hired 20 years later to direct another period superhero film , Captain America : The First Avenger in 2011 . As of 2012 , Disney was reported to be developing a remake of The Rocketeer . Saw series creator James Wan has talked about directing the film . Further announcements since then have yet to be made .
= TNA Unbreakable = Unbreakable was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion that took place on September 11 , 2005 at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first and only show under the Unbreakable name and ninth event in the 2005 TNA PPV schedule . Nine professional wrestling matches and two pre @-@ show matches were featured on the card , three of which were for championships . The main event at Unbreakable was a Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship , in which then @-@ champion Christopher Daniels defended the title against the challengers A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe . Styles ended up gaining the pinfall in the bout , thus winning the title . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship was defended in a Raven 's Rules match between then @-@ champion Raven and the challenger Rhino . Raven pinned Rhino in the encounter to retain the championship . A Four Way Elimination Tag Team match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship was held at Unbreakable , in which then @-@ champions The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) defeated the teams of Alex Shelley and Johnny Candido , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) , and Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 and Eric Young ) to remain champions . On the undercard , Abyss defeated Sabu in a No Disqualification match during the show . Unbreakable is remembered for the Three Way TNA X Division Championship match , which received a rare 5 Star match rating from wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer , the first and currently the only one the company had received . The main event was ranked by TNA as the fourth greatest moment in the company 's history . Corey David Lacroix of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the show an 8 out of 10 , stating " TNA 's Unbreakable PPV was an astounding buffet of action , catering to the variety of tastes among professional wrestling fans . " = = Production = = = = = Background = = = Unbreakable was announced in June 2005 to take place on September 11 , 2005 . TNA scheduled Unbreakable to be held at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . TNA released a poster to promote the event featuring Raven and Rhino . A thirty @-@ minute pre @-@ show was slatted to take place prior to the telecast . Unbreakable was dedicated to the " unbreakable spirit of the American people . " = = = Storylines = = = Unbreakable featured nine professional wrestling matches and two pre @-@ show matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches . The main event was a Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship , in which then @-@ champion Christopher Daniels defended the title against the challengers A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe . Prior to Unbreakable , TNA held the 2005 TNA Super X Cup Tournament to determine the number @-@ one contender to the TNA X Division Championship . The tournament involved eight men , with Joe and Styles making it to the final round at TNA 's previous PPV event Sacrifice on August 14 . There , Joe defeated Styles after interference from Daniels to earn a shot at the title . On the August 19 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! , TNA commentator Mike Tenay announced that Daniels would defend the title against Joe at the event . Later during the same episode , Daniels assaulted Joe until Styles came out to attack Daniels over his interference in the bout at Sacrifice . Due to Styles ' actions , Daniels demanded that NWA Championship Committee member Larry Zbyszko suspend Styles . Instead , Zbyszko added Styles to the encounter on the August 26 episode of Impact ! , making it a Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship at the event . This match was also promoted as the X Division " Dream Bout " , as the top competitors in the division were being pitted against each other for the championship . The predominant bout on the card was for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between then @-@ champion Raven and the challenger Rhino . At Sacrifice , Raven teamed with Sabu to face the team of Jeff Jarrett and Rhino . On the pre @-@ show of the gathering , Zbyszko announced if Jarrett pinned Raven during the contest then he would earn a future NWA World Heavyweight Championship match . However , he added that if Raven pinned Jarrett during the contest then Jarrett would not have another title match for an entire year . Rhino ended up pinning Raven at the event , with TNA declaring him number @-@ one contender on their website after the show . Tenay promoted Raven versus Rhino for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Unbreakable on the August 19 episode of Impact ! . The NWA World Tag Team Championship was defended at Unbreakable in a Four Way Elimination Tag Team match by then @-@ champions The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) , who were pitted against the teams of Alex Shelley and Sean Waltman , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ; AMW ) , and A @-@ 1 and Eric Young of Team Canada . This match was the combination of several storylines . The Naturals were involved in an on @-@ screen rivalry heading into Unbreakable with A @-@ 1 , Bobby Roode , Petey Williams , and Young — collectively known as Team Canada . At TNA 's Slammiversary PPV event on June 19 , The Naturals defeated Williams and Young to retain the World Tag Team Championship . The Naturals then teamed with Lance Hoyt in a Six Man Tag Team match to face A @-@ 1 , Roode , and Young in a losing effort at TNA 's No Surrender PPV event on July 17 . Afterwards , The Naturals began an alliance with AMW leading to an Eight Man Tag Team match against A @-@ 1 , Roode , Williams , and Young at Sacrifice . Team Canada were the victors at the show . On the August 19 episode of Impact ! , The Naturals defeated A @-@ 1 and Young by disqualification to retain the World Tag Team Championship . Following the bout , Team Canada assaulted The Naturals until AMW came to their aid , which resulted in a brawl between the two teams with The Naturals feeling they did not need AMW 's help . Concurrently at this time TNA held the Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament , which involved eight randomly assigned teams . Zbyszko announced on the August 26 episode of Impact ! that a Four Way Elimination Tag Team match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship was planned for Unbreakable , in which The Naturals would defend against AMW , Team Canada , and the winners of the tournament . The final round of the Tournament was held on the September 9 episode of Impact ! , where the team of Shelley and Waltman defeated the team of Chris Sabin and Shocker to join the match . = = Event = = = = = Pre @-@ Show = = = Prior to Unbreakable , TNA held a thirty @-@ minute pre @-@ show . During the broadcast , TNA interviewer Shane Douglas announced the NWA World Heavyweight Championship match between Raven and Rhino was changed to a Raven 's Rules match . Two bouts were held during the telecast , the first pitted Cassidy Riley against Jerrelle Clark . The encounter went to a no contest at 1 minute and 56 seconds when Monty Brown interfered in the bout attacking both wrestlers and proceeding to challenge the winner of Raven versus Rhino for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to a title defense at TNA 's next PPV event Bound for Glory on October 23 . Shark Boy fought Mikey Batts in the second , winning the contest at 3 minutes and 20 seconds by pinfall after forcing Batts chin into his shoulder with his signature Dead Sea Drop . = = = Miscellaneous = = = Unbreakable featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash ( for the main event only ) and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Rudy Charles , and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Shane Douglas handled the interview duties during the show . Besides employees who appeared in a wrestling role , Traci Brooks , Sonny Siaki , Matt Bentley , Jeff Jarrett , James Mitchell , and Jimmy Hart all appeared on camera , either in backstage or in ringside segments . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The gathering began with a Six Man Tag Team match between the 3Live Kru ( B.G. James , Konnan , and Ron Killings ) and The Diamonds in the Rough ( David Young , Elix Skipper , and Simon Diamond ) . The duration of the bout was 4 minutes and 20 seconds . Konnan used his shoe as a weapon during the encounter . 3Live Kru won the match by pinfall after Konnan slammed Young face @-@ first into the mat with his signature Facejam maneuver . The second bout of the show was between two non @-@ contracted wrestlers , Austin Aries and Roderick Strong . It lasted 8 minutes even . Aries gained the pinfall after slamming Strong head @-@ first into the mat with a brainbuster , followed by a 450 ° aerial splash onto a prone Strong . Sonny Siaki accompanied the team of Apolo and Lance Hoyt for their match with Kip James and Monty Brown next . Kip attempted to kick Apolo with a charging big boot , but accidentally hit Brown . This allowed Apolo to kick Kip in the face and cover for a near @-@ fall . Brown then gained the win for his team after crashing into Apolo with his signature Pounce maneuver at 9 minutes and 58 seconds . The following contest pitted Chris Sabin against Petey Williams , lasting 12 minutes and 34 seconds . The bout was originally scheduled as Sabin facing his tag team partner in the Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament , Shocker . However , Shocker was unable to attend the show and was replaced by Williams . Williams held Sabin by Sabin 's legs in a Sharpshooter submission hold twice during the match , with Sabin forcing Williams to release the hold both times . Near the end , Williams went to perform his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver on Sabin , before Sabin countered the move into his signature Cradle Shock maneuver . After lifting up and slamming Williams back and neck @-@ first into the mat , Sabin followed with the pinfall to win the encounter . Matt Bentley — formally known as Michael Shane — returned to TNA by attacking Sabin and Williams after the bout . Bentley then announced an Ultimate X open challenge to take place at Bound for Glory . TNA held a No Disqualification match between Abyss , who was accompanied by James Mitchell , and Sabu next . Its duration was 11 minutes and 30 seconds . This was originally promoted as Abyss versus Sabu , however , a No Disqualification stipulation was added during the event . In a No Disqualification match , weapons are legal , as well as outside interference , with a victor determined only by pinfall or submission . In the final minutes , Abyss retrieved a bag of thumbtacks which were hidden under the ring . He then poured the contents onto the ring mat before slamming Sabu back @-@ first into the tacks with his signature Black Hole Slam maneuver . Bobby Roode faced Jeff Hardy in the sixth encounter . Roode 's fellow Team Canada member Petey Williams interfered in the contest distracting the referee , allowing Roode to attempt to hit Hardy with the a hockey stick . Hardy dodged the swing and countered with his signature Twist of Fate maneuver , forcing Roode 's chin into his shoulder . Afterwards , Hardy jumped off the top of a padded turnbuckle onto both Williams and Roode at ringside . Later , Roode re @-@ entered the ring with Hardy remaining at ringside , allowing Jeff Jarrett to attack Hardy from behind with a hockey stick . Jarrett then pushed Hardy into the ring with Roode covering for the pinfall victory at 9 minutes and 7 seconds . = = = Main event matches = = = The Four @-@ Way Elimination Tag Team match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship was next , in which The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) , who were accompanied by Jimmy Hart , defended against the teams of Alex Shelley and Sean Waltman , America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) , and Team Canada ( A @-@ 1 and Eric Young ) . The bout duration was 18 minutes and 1 second . Waltman was advertised to team with Shelley for the encounter , but missed the show due to undisclosed reasons . In this bout , if a member of a team is pinned or made to submit , then him and his partner is eliminated from the contest ; the objective is to be the last team standing . Shelley began the bout alone , until Chris Candido 's legitimate brother Johnny Candido , who was in attendance along with several of Candido 's family members , jumped the railing to join Shelley as his tag team partner . A bit later , Douglas kicked Candido in the crotch and pinned him with a roll @-@ up pin , thus eliminating Shelley and Candido from the contest . AMW were the next eliminated ; Young pinned Harris with a roll @-@ up after A @-@ 1 hit Harris across the back with a hockey stick . The Naturals pinned A @-@ 1 after slamming him into the mat face @-@ first with their signature tag team Natural Disaster maneuver . Due to the pin , Team Canada were eliminated from the contest , thus giving the victory to The Naturals who retained the NWA World Tag Team Championship . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship was defended in a Raven 's Rules match by Raven against Rhino in the eighth encounter on the card . A contest conducted under Raven 's Rules means there are no count @-@ outs or no disqualifications , and weapons are provided for the environment ; the only way to win is by pinfall or submission . Raven used a pizza cutter early on in the bout to cut open Rhino 's forehead , causing him to bleed heavily . Later , Raven 's forehead was also cut open due to being hit by a trashcan . Rhino used a staple gun during the contest ; Rhino placed several staples in Raven 's forehead . Cassidy Riley , Jeff Hardy , and Jeff Jarrett interfered in the bout . Riley interfered by accidentally distracting the referee during a pin attempt by Raven , whom Riley was attempting to aid . Jarrett came down to the ring near the end trying to bash Raven in the face with the NWA World Heavyweight Championship belt , but was stopped by Hardy . Raven then performed his signature Raven Effect DDT maneuver on Jarrett , forcing his head into the ring mat . Afterwards , Raven performed the Raven Effect DDT on Rhino and covered for the pinfall victory to retain the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at 14 minutes and 28 seconds . The main event was a Three Way match for what ring announcer Jeremy Borash described as the " TNA X Division Championship of the World " , in which then @-@ champion Christopher Daniels defended against the challengers A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe . Its duration was 22 minutes and 50 seconds . The match began with Joe and Styles double teaming Daniels , with the two engaging in a kicking competition against Daniels ' back to see who could kick the hardest . While Daniels and Joe stood at ringside , Styles used the ropes to slingshot himself up into the air where he performed a backflip onto both competitors in what Styles ' named the Shooting Styles Press . Later back in the ring , Daniels grabbed Styles and fell backwards in the process causing Styles to flip overhead towards Joe . Styles landed on Joe 's shoulders and quickly fell backwards , flipping Joe forward . A few minutes later , Joe held Daniels in his signature Coquina Clutch submission hold , which was broken when Styles ascended a padded turnbuckle and jumped off to perform his signature Spiral Tap aerial technique , landing onto Daniels and Joe . Afterwards , Styles and Daniels fought on the top of a turnbuckle , with Joe ascending as well in order to lift up both and throw them off in a suplex . Joe followed by performing his signature Muscle Buster maneuver on Styles , forcing him back and neck @-@ first into the mat . Daniels then attempted to hit Joe with the TNA X Division Title belt , which Joe countered into a powerslam . Daniels then followed by kicking the belt into the side of Joe 's head . Styles eventually gained the pinfall on Daniels after countering Daniels ' signature Angel 's Wings maneuver into a bridging pin to win the TNA X Division Championship . = = Reception = = A total of 775 people attended Unbreakable . Canadian Online Explorer writer Corey David Lacroix rated the entire event an 8 out of 10 . TNA 's previous event Sacrifice did not receive a rating , however , No Surrender , which took place prior to Sacrifice , was given an 8 out of 10 by Jason Clevett . Unbreakable was ranked lower than TNA 's next event , Bound for Glory , which received a 9 out of 10 from Bob Kapur . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's Unforgiven PPV event held on September 18 , Unbreakable was rated higher , as Chris Sokol gave Unforgiven a 6 out of 10 . Lacroix felt that with Unbreakable TNA " truly cemented the formula needed for delivering great pay per views . " He concluded with " TNA 's Unbreakable PPV was an astounding buffet of action , catering to the variety of tastes among professional wrestling fans . " Lacroix also commented " If you missed it , get the replay . Don 't think , just do it – – the main event is well worth the price . " The main event was given Lacroix 's highest match rating of 10 out of 10 in his review . He gave his lowest rating of 4 out of 10 to the opening Six Man Tag Team match . The NWA World Heavyweight Championship bout was ranked with a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , while a 7 out of 10 was given to the NWA World Tag Team Championship contest . Commenting on the main event , Lacroix spoke of it as a " certified match of the year candidate . " Going onto describe in detail : " Unbreakable came to a close with mind @-@ boggling main event , featuring a three @-@ way dance between Samoa Joe against AJ Styles against X Division champion Christopher Daniels for the championship title . Now , this is the part where I go into a detail review of the match , but I 'm not going to that . Fact is there is no review that could do justice in describing just how stellar this bout was . " Regarding the Four Way Elimination match , Lacroix believed Johnny Candido 's participation was " a nice gesture " , but wonder " if they could have come up with something else , preferably outside of the match . " James Caldwell of the Pro Wrestling Torch published a review of the show . In his review he stated that the main event was an " amazing , special match " , which he felt was " pro wrestling at its finest in 2005 . " As for the Raven 's Rules match , Caldwell thought it was a " brutal hardcore match " , which was a " good adrenaline rush but nothing separated the match from previous TNA hardcore matches . " Regarding the NWA World Tag Team Championship bout , Caldwell say it was a " decent tag match that could have been much better if Waltman and Shelley were around at the end where the formula could have been changed up . " Wrestling journalist Dave Meltzer bestowed a rare 5 Star match rating to the Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship main event between A.J. Styles , Christopher Daniels , and Samoa Joe . TNA released a DVD counting down the top 50 moments in their history in 2007 , with the Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship ranked at number 4 . = = Aftermath = = The Three Way main event began an extended storyline revolving around the participants . At Bound for Glory , A.J. Styles defeated Christopher Daniels in a Thirty @-@ Minute Iron Man match to retain the TNA X Division Championship . TNA then held a Four @-@ on @-@ Four Tag Team Elimination X match at TNA 's Genesis PPV event on November 13 . In that match , Team Ministry ( Alex Shelley , Daniels , Samoa Joe , and Roderick Strong ) defeated the team of Austin Aries , Chris Sabin , Matt Bentley , and Sonjay Dutt . After the contest , Joe assaulted Daniels , performing his signature Muscle Buster maneuver on him twice , the second time on a steel chair . Daniels suffered an injury in the storyline due to the attack , sidelining him until December 11 at TNA 's Turning Point PPV event . At that event , Daniels saved Styles from an assault by Joe following Joe 's victory over Styles to win the TNA X Division Championship . Daniels then challenged Joe for the championship at TNA 's Final Resolution PPV event on January 15 , 2006 , but Joe retained the title . At TNA 's Against All Odds PPV event on February 12 , 2006 , Daniels , Joe , and Styles competed in another Three Way match for the TNA X Division Championship ; Joe gained the pinfall to retain the title . The three competed again , but this time in a Three Way Ultimate X match for the championship at TNA 's Destination X PPV event on March 12 , 2006 . Daniels won , becoming the new TNA X Division Champion . The rivalry ended on the April 13 , 2006 episode of Impact ! when Joe defeated Daniels to win back the championship . TNA promoted an Unbreakable rematch at their 2009 Turning Point PPV event on November 15 . This time it was a Three Way match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship between Styles , Daniels , and Joe . Styles won the match to retain the championship . This encounter reignited the feud between Styles and Daniels , leading to a bout for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at TNA 's Final Resolution PPV event on December 20 , 2009 , which Styles also won . Following Unbreakable , Raven lost the NWA World Heavyweight Championship to Jeff Jarrett at a Border City Wrestling event on September 15 after interference by America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ; AMW ) and Scott D 'Amore to win the championship . Raven did not receive a rematch for the title . Instead , Jarrett was scheduled to defend the championship against a returning Kevin Nash at Bound for Glory . Nash could not attend the event due to a legitimate medical emergency , with TNA holding a Ten @-@ Man Gauntlet match to find his replacement at the show . Rhino won the match and took Nash 's place in the main event . There , Rhino defeated Jarrett to win the NWA World Heavyweight Championship . Rhino also competed in a Four Way Monster 's Ball match at Bound for Glory against Abyss , Jeff Hardy , and Sabu . Rhino was the victor in this encounter as well . The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) defended the NWA World Tag Team Championship against AMW on the October 22 episode of Impact ! . They were unsuccessful in their defense , as AMW won the match by pinfall . AMW and The Naturals fought again at Bound for Glory , where AMW retained the championship . A Three Way Ultimate X match was held at Bound for Glory , with the winner becoming number @-@ one contender to the TNA X Division Championship . Petey Williams defeated Chris Sabin and Matt Bentley in the match . A rematch was held on the November 3 episode of Impact ! , which Williams also won . TNA management were very upset with Sean Waltman after he failed to appear to participate in the Four Way Elimination Tag Team match . This anger was due to Waltman being one @-@ half of the winners of the Chris Candido Memorial Tag Team Tournament . Despite not appearing on the show , Waltman was in Orlando and dressed to compete , but did not arrive at the arena in time . Waltman was not used by TNA until January 15 , 2006 when he appeared at their Final Resolution PPV event . = = Results = = Four Way Elimination Tag Team match 1 . ^
= Digital radio in the United Kingdom = In the United Kingdom , the roll @-@ out of digital radio is proceeding since engineering test transmissions were started by the BBC in 1990 followed by a public launch in September 1995 . The UK currently has the world 's biggest digital radio network , with 103 transmitters , two national DAB ensembles and 48 local and regional DAB ensembles broadcasting over 250 commercial and 34 BBC radio stations across the UK . In the capital , London there are already more than 64 different digital stations available . In addition to DAB , radio stations are also broadcast on digital television platform as well as internet radio in the UK . Between April 2007 and April 2008 the BBC trialled Digital Radio Mondiale on mediumwave and shortwave frequencies . Digital radio ensemble operators and stations need a broadcasting licence from the UK 's media regulator Ofcom to broadcast . Digital radio in the United Kingdom is being promoted by radio stations and the broadcasting industry on the premise that it provides superior quality sound and a wider choice of radio stations , is easier to use , and is resistant to the interference which other broadcast media are susceptible to . Notwithstanding one basic flaw which is not mentioned ; the fact that many sets are inferior mono ones , there is the fact that the price paid for the extra number of stations is that the audio quality on DAB is lower than on FM . Also some areas of the country are not presently covered by DAB ; the BBC says that it may not provide coverage to the final 10 % of the population , and may use Digital Radio Mondiale instead . In 2011 , Ofcom published a consultation with the intent to push DAB coverage across the United Kingdom up to the same level as enjoyed by FM broadcasting in the United Kingdom . The United Kingdom Government intends to migrate the vast majority of AM and FM analogue services to digital between 2015 and 2019 , subject to targets being met for coverage , listening figures for digital radio and agreements in relation to funding and other decisions related to switchover being made under a Memorandum of Understanding between the Department for Culture , Media and Sport , broadcasters and ensemble operators . In the UK , 39 @.@ 9 % of all radio listening hours by the second quarter of 2015 were through digital platforms , with DAB making up for the majority of digital radio listening ( 67 % ) , and twenty six million households claim to have access to a DAB radio set . = = Digital Audio Broadcasting = = Experimental transmissions of the DAB Eureka 147 standard from the Crystal Palace transmitting station by the BBC started in 1990 with permanent transmissions covering London in September 1995 . With the expansion of its single @-@ frequency network in the spring of 1998 , the BBC national ensemble was available to 65 % of the UK population by 2001 and to 85 % by 2004 . The Broadcasting Act of 1996 allowed the introduction of national , regional and local commercial ensembles in the United Kingdom . The first national ensemble licence for DAB from the Radio Authority was advertised in 1998 and one applicant applied for the licence . The licence was awarded to the GWR Group and NTL Broadcast , who since the launch were renamed Arqiva . The two companies formed the Digital One ensemble , which began broadcasting on 15 November 1999 . The Digital One ensemble has grown and is currently available to over 90 % of the UK population although an Ofcom report into Digital Radio in 2013 puts robust household coverage at 89 @.@ 5 % of the UK . = = = Growth and benefits of DAB in the UK = = = In the United Kingdom , the uptake of DAB has increased since the launch of the BBC national DAB ensemble in 1995 . Lower prices , new radio stations and marketing have increased the uptake of DAB radio in the UK . Digital radios were first sold as car radios in 1997 , priced around £ 800 , with hi @-@ fi tuners costing up to £ 2 @,@ 000 being released two years later . In 2001 , Digital One invested in Frontier Silicon to produce a new processing chip which would allow cheaper portable radios to be produced . Roberts Radio , Goodmans and in 2002 , Pure Digital 's award winning Evoke series of radios broke the £ 100 price barrier , and DAB take up has increased since . As the result of the increase of uptake of DAB , electrical retailer Dixons announced in 2006 that it would discontinue selling analogue radios , though Dixons still continues to stock and sell analogue radios , and has given no indication of a timetable , as of August 2011 . The BBC and other DAB broadcasters have been encouraging DAB take up by promoting a number of features which are either new or improve upon former technology in their sales literature . The benefit of DAB is that due to the use of multiplexing technology and encoding technology , broadcasters including the BBC and EMAP have been able to launch exclusive digital radio stations alongside their existing analogue radio stations . Broadcasters also state that DAB offers better reception , without the problems of interference that are more noticeable through analogue radio . DAB radios also come with features such as station lists , so listeners do not need to retune their receivers , as well as scrolling text , providing information such as breaking news , travel information or the latest track information . DAB has also been marketed as having two major advantages over analogue radio broadcasting in that using MPEG @-@ 1 Audio Layer II lossy audio compression technology , parts of the audio spectrum that cannot be heard by humans are discarded , meaning less data needs to be sent over the air . This , as well as multiplexing technology , allows a number of channels to be broadcast together on one frequency as opposed to one channel for analogue radio broadcasts . National , local and regional DAB ensembles use the same frequency for the area they cover . Using a single @-@ frequency network , an ensemble broadcasting a number of stations can cover the same area as a number of FM frequencies which would be required to cover the same area for one station . The BBC carried out successful tests of a single @-@ frequency network in London before launching its national DAB ensemble . = = = Criticisms of DAB in the UK = = = DAB technically provides low audio quality in the UK due to 98 % of stereo stations using a bit rate level of 128 kbit / s. with the MP2 audio codec , which provides poorer sound quality than FM @-@ quality ( assuming good reception on both DAB and FM ) . A bit rate of 256 kbit / s has been judged to provide a high quality stereo broadcast signal . Also , a large and growing number of music stations are only transmitting in mono . Indeed , the bit rates used by the radio stations on other digital platforms , such as cable , terrestrial and satellite are usually higher than on DAB , so the audio quality is also higher . For example , all of the BBC stations use higher bit rates on the digital TV platforms than on DAB apart from the BBC World Service on Freeview . On the other hand , an Ofcom survey , which was undertaken due to many consultation responses citing poor DAB quality , found that 94 % of DAB listeners thought DAB was at least as good as FM . Ofcom estimates that even after extra spectrum has been allocated to DAB , around 90 local radio stations will be unable to transmit on DAB , either because there is no space for them on a local DAB multiplex , or because they cannot afford the high transmission costs of DAB that the multiplex operators are charging . Ofcom announced in 2005 that it regarded Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM ) as an option for local stations unable to secure carriage or unable to pay the high transmission costs of DAB . One of the drawbacks of DAB has not been addressed . In simple terms the frequency of a broadcast is the carrier frequency ( i.e. a sine wave ) In order to carry any information the carrier frequency must be modulated . The signal at the receiver ( radio ) is then demodulated and the information is retrieved . The demodulators for FM signals are almost instantaneous so that one can have radios in different areas and move between those areas to hear the broadcast continuously . In contrast the demodulators for digital signals take a finite time and each digital radio takes a different time to demodulate the broadcast signal , so that if you move between different radios that are spatially apart you are likely to hear the same part of the broadcast twice or miss parts of it depending on the time to demodulate the signal of the individual radios . The other drawback with DAB is that it is all or nothing . If there is any interference or loss due to moving out of the footprint of the broadcast signal you will receive no signal , whereas in the case of FM you can hear something even if it is crackly . On 30 January 2008 , a report in the Daily Mail claimed that there were not enough DAB radios being sold to support the service for the future and that people were favouring their traditional analogue radios over DAB . It also reported that unless sales started to rise , DAB in the UK could follow the same fate as Betamax Video Cassettes did in the 1980s . In January 2009 , the Digital Radio Development Bureau announced that fewer DAB radio sets were sold in Christmas 2008 than in the previous year , although the group states that customer confidence in DAB remains high . On 24 January 2009 , Ofcom allowed electrical retailers to be granted a licence to rebroadcast DAB signals within their stores to demonstrate DAB radio sets within their stores . The United Kingdom consumer charity , Which ? warned that consumers who could not get an adequate DAB signal could be misled by the in @-@ store sets . The Digital Radio Development Bureau replied to the Which ? report stating that stores contain a steel structure which produce a faraday cage effect where DAB signals are blocked out . The DRDB recommended that consumers should check DAB coverage online with their postcode before purchasing a DAB radio to avoid disappointment . On 24 November 2010 , a number of commercial radio operators refused to run an advertisement promoting DAB , one operator stating that it would be " fundamentally immoral and dishonest " until DAB coverage matches that of FM . Commercial radio executives have argued that the BBC should pick up the majority of the cost of expanding the DAB network across the United Kingdom . = = = = Company pullouts of DAB = = = = = = = = = GCap = = = = = On 11 February 2008 GCap Media chief executive Fru Hazlitt presented a new strategy for GCap to fend off a takeover bid from Global Radio . The strategy for DAB included the closure of national DAB stations Planet Rock and theJazz on 31 March 2008 as well as the disposal of Digital One to Arqiva for £ 1 . Hazlitt also said that the DAB platform in the UK was not economically viable and that growth in digital radio would come from FM and Internet Radio , announcing a deal with Apple to stream GCap stations on the iPod touch and iPhone on the same day . The takeover of GCap by Global Radio has led to them keeping Digital One and looking to take a stake in Channel 4 's second national commercial multiplex . The Digital Radio Development Bureau and the 4 Digital Group defended DAB by stating that DAB was showing signs of growth and would become more attractive to consumers and broadcasters . The BBC and 4 Digital Group issued a joint statement on 12 February 2008 stating their commitment to DAB . = = = = = 4 Digital Group = = = = = On 10 October 2008 , Channel 4 announced that it would pull out of the 4 Digital Group consortium , that it would not launch services on the second national multiplex , and that it would axe its three digital radio services , E4 Radio , Channel 4 Radio and Pure 4 . Channel 4 chief executive Andy Duncan admitted that ending Channel 4 's foray into digital radio could cost the corporation £ 9 million . = = = DAB frequency plan = = = DAB radio stations in the United Kingdom are broadcast on a number of frequency blocks on VHF Band III . The original plan devised in Wiesbaden for the framework of DAB in Europe was to allocate frequency blocks 11B to 12D for UK DAB broadcasting . However , as part of its Review of Radio , Ofcom has expanded the frequency allocations for DAB and has advertised local and a national ensemble licence on blocks outside the original Wiesbaden plan on 10B to 10D and 11A . Block 5A has also been reserved for the launch of local ensembles . In 2015 , additional blocks were opened up for small scale DAB trials for nine months . Under a Maastricht plan in 2002 , the UK also has L band allocations for local terrestrial DAB , though there are no plans to broadcast any digital radio stations on L band . Ofcom auctioned spectrum in L band in 2008 for a number of uses , including terrestrial digital radio . On 16 May 2008 , Ofcom declared that Qualcomm UK Spectrum Ltd had won the auction of L band frequencies in the UK . = = = = BBC National DAB = = = = The BBC 's national DAB ensemble broadcasts on frequency block 12B ( 225 @.@ 648 MHz ) across the United Kingdom , with coverage currently at 94 @.@ 4 % . The multiplex is owned and operated by the BBC and is transmitted from a number of transmitter sites across the country . The BBC 's national multiplex carries only BBC national radio stations . Local BBC radio stations are carried on the relevant local DAB ensemble where commercial DAB licences are operating . = = = = Commercial DAB multiplexes = = = = There are a number of commercial DAB multiplexes operators in the UK who run 48 local and regional DAB multiplexes across the United Kingdom. operators include the two national operators , Digital One and Sound Digital as well as local multiplex operators including NOW Digital , Bauer Media Group , UTV , Switch Digital and MuxCo . Local and regional ensembles cover 71 @.@ 7 % of the UK . = = DAB + = = The United Kingdom Government has ruled out any transition from DAB to DAB + for the foreseeable future , a decision backed by the radio industry and the Department for Culture , Media and Sport . The chief executive of the DRDB , Tony Moretta , mirrored the calls by the radio industry and experts to not adopt DAB + in the UK . In an interview with the TechRadar website in 2009 , he stated that DAB + was a " red herring " and may not be introduced in the UK for the foreseeable future due to the growing number of digital radio sets currently being sold and used in the future which cannot decode HE @-@ AAC and therefore access DAB + stations . Moretta also cited greater expense for broadcasters and overall satisfaction with the current audio quality of DAB stations of which a move to DAB + would only benefit a small number of audiophiles as other reasons . Independent radio analyst Grant Goddard also stated that there was an economic decision not to adopt DAB + for both the industry and consumers . The 4Digital Group , led by Channel 4 , who were originally awarded the licence to operate the new national DAB multiplex , had planned to launch a podcast service using the DAB + format . Despite opposition aired to the Government regarding the introduction of DAB + in the United Kingdom by the industry and experts , Ofcom began testing DAB + on the Brighton Experimental ensemble in January 2013 for a period of one month . The Department of Culture , Media and Sport published minimum specifications for digital radio receivers in the UK in February 2013 which states that a receiver sold in the UK must be capable of decoding a DAB + stream of up to 144 capacity units . In March 2014 , the BBC announced that it would undertake a trial of DAB + in the UK later in the year . On September 1 , 2014 , Folder Media began a four @-@ month trial of DAB + on the North East Wales and West Cheshire ensemble . In early 2016 , two new stations launched DAB + services on the Portsmouth trial multiplex . The operators of the second national multiplex , Sound Digital launched three full @-@ time broadcasting DAB + services on 29 February 2016 . As of May 2016 , there are now eight DAB + stations in Portsmouth ( on the trial multiplex ) ; three in Manchester ( on the trial multiplex ) ; and Chris Country on the North Wales , Cheshire and Liverpool local multiplex , plus the three the on the sound digital network . = = Digital terrestrial television = = Digital radio on the digital terrestrial platform started on 30 October 2002 with the launch of the BBC 's digital only radio services , BBC 1Xtra , BBC Five Live Sports Extra , BBC 6 Music , BBC 7 and the BBC Asian Network as well as existing stations BBC Radio Five Live and the BBC World Service . All the stations broadcast on the BBC 's multiplex B. On the same day EMAP Radio ( now owned by Bauer Radio ) launched three radio stations , Smash Hits , Kerrang ! and Kiss . Two other commercial radio stations also launched , oneword and 102 @.@ 2 Jazz FM . The BBC later launched BBC Radio 1 , Radio 2 , Radio 3 and Radio 4 FM on multiplex A on 14 February 2003 . These channels later moved to Multiplex 1 on 3 October 2007 . Currently , the digital terrestrial platform has twenty seven radio stations broadcasting from broadcasters including the BBC , Bauer Radio , GMG Radio and Absolute Radio . = = Digital satellite radio = = Unlike North America , the UK does not have a commercial satellite radio service . The North American service is provided by a company called SiriusXM . There are radio stations broadcasting via Satellite to the United Kingdom , however these are aimed at home users for playback through their televisions since these same satellites are also used for television broadcast and usually use SES ' Astra series of satellites at 28 @.@ 2 ° east or the Eutelsat 28A satellite at 28 @.@ 5 ° east . Radio stations broadcast free @-@ to @-@ air via the Sky Digital , Freesat from Sky platforms and any DVB @-@ S compliant set @-@ top box . The Freesat platform has all the BBC 's national and regional digital radio stations as well as BBC London 94 @.@ 9 from the launch on 6 May 2008 on the EPG . WorldSpace was planning a subscription based digital radio satellite service on the upper frequencies of the L band , however , Qualcomm beat WorldSpace in 2008 , securing the L band frequencies in the Ofcom auction process . = = Digital cable television = = A number of digital radio stations also broadcast through digital cable platforms , including Virgin Media and WightFibre . = = Internet radio = = In the United Kingdom , over 350 of the UK 's radio stations also stream their stations online , not including Restricted Service Licenced radio stations , Hospital radio stations and stations who solely broadcast online . RAJAR figures taken between April and May in 2008 showed that 14 @.@ 5 million people have listened to radio online with 9 @.@ 4 million people listening every week . As well as listening through a media player on a computer , a number of British firms , including BT Group , Reciva , Pure Digital , Roberts Radio , Dixons and Acoustic Energy have brought out Internet radio devices which use the Wi @-@ Fi signal from a router to stream Internet radio stations within range of a Wi @-@ Fi router . Apple and GCap Media made a deal in February 2008 for GCap stations to be broadcast through iPhone and iPod touch devices . Recently , dedicated smartphone and tablet computer applications published by radio stations and third party companies as well as smart TV applications also allow UK radio stations to be listened to . In 2006 , the Phonographic Performance Limited ( PPL ) announced that it would charge additional royalty fees on UK Internet radio stations if they broadcast outside the UK . Radio stations which stream online including GCap Media and GMG Radio , have implemented IP blocking to prevent listeners outside the UK from listening to their radio stations and therefore avoided the increased fees . In March 2007 , a BBC News article reported that the PPL were re @-@ negotiating royalty fees paid by UK Internet radio stations , and the result of the negotiations would be that fees would increase . In 2011 , the BBC and commercial radio operators through the industry body , RadioCentre , launched a unified front end player for UK radio station Internet streams on personal computers and laptops named Radioplayer . The player replaced the various listen now windows on radio station websites and also added listen again capabilities for individual shows if the station supported it . = = Digital Radio Mondiale = = Digital Radio Mondiale ( DRM - not to be confused with Digital Rights Management ) is being considered by Ofcom for introduction in Britain in 2012 , on the present AM medium wave band . In 2005 , tests of DRM on shortwave radio from European transmitters broadcasting into the United Kingdom were performed by Virgin Radio , Classic Gold , Premier Christian Radio , Virgin Radio Classic Rock , Asian Sound and CVC . The British Broadcasting Corporation started broadcasting the BBC World Service on shortwave and mediumwave radio for a few hours a day across Europe from Orford Ness in Suffolk and Kvitsøy in Norway , the latter being receivable across England , Wales and Southern Scotland . The BBC undertook a trial of the digital radio mondiale ( DRM ) technology , which allowed them to explore digital radio using medium @-@ wave frequencies . The trial broadcast BBC Radio Devon using the new technology in the Plymouth area from April 2007 and closed down on 31 October 2008 . In May 2009 , the BBC released a report on the trial in Devon . The report gave a number of conclusions about DRM from the trial : The sound quality from the trial was better than AM quality , but not as good as average DAB quality ; The daytime coverage of the DRM trial extended further than the discontinued AM service . However , the night @-@ time service , as expected to be smaller than daytime coverage due to the characteristics of medium wave broadcasting , did cause problems with interference to the DRM trial . The BBC stated this interference can be avoided , but only with a redesign of the transmission network ; A single frequency network is possible and would be significantly robust . = = Digital Multimedia Broadcasting = = In 2006 , National Grid Wireless carried out a technical trial of T @-@ DMB and DAB @-@ IP on the Stoke & Stafford ( formerly UTV @-@ EMAP / Bauer Stoke ) ensemble . The trial assessed the reception qualities of both technologies in urban and rural areas as well as the mobile television and radio services which could be delivered . There is currently an ongoing experimental DMB multiplex broadcast in London on L @-@ Band and Cambridge on VHF Band III , used for video , audio and data applications . = = Analogue switch @-@ over = = On 29 January 2009 the UK Government 's interim report into digital communication for the future by Lord Carter , Digital Britain , made the suggestion that DAB would be the future direction of digital radio in the United Kingdom . The report stated that only when the following conditions are met , a migration from FM to DAB would begin : Digital radio listening figures hit at least 50 % ; Coverage of DAB matches that of FM , of 90 % which the report stated would not be achieved until 2015 . The report mentioned that the Government would work with the BBC to meet the coverage target . The original Interim Report of the Digital Radio Working Group published in 2008 specified that the 50 % threshold for listening figures should be based on those for DAB . This was subsequently watered down to incorporate listening via any digital platform so as to make it easier to meet the criteria . The main driver behind the proposed move to switch off the FM transmission system is still down to the intense lobbying of the commercial radio sector so that they can save costs . Carter also suggested in his report that manufacturers of devices which can pick up radio signals ensure it is DAB ready for the forthcoming migration . The report also indicates plans to create a Digital Radio Delivery Group ( DRDG ) , made up of the major investors of DAB , whose plan it will be to ensure a smooth transition from AM and FM to DAB for consumers . They will also advise on digital radio migration . On 22 September 2009 the DRDG and Digital Radio Development Bureau were integrated into one organisation for this purpose - Digital Radio UK . On 16 June 2009 the final Digital Britain report concluded that a switchover of all national and local FM services which currently broadcast on DAB multiplexes would take place in 2015 and that DAB would be chosen to take the UK to and beyond switchover . The Digital Economy Act 2010 has a requirement stating that the United Kingdom must prepare for digital switchover . To aid the transition to digital radio , Digital Radio UK started a Radio Amnesty during May and June 2010 where people could trade in an old AM / FM analogue radio for a 10 @-@ 20 % discount on a new DAB digital radio from participating retailers . Analogue sets which can be reconditioned will be sent to southern Africa . On 30 November 2010 it was reported that ministers were considering delaying the switchover to DAB until 2017 at the earliest . , however Ofcom did publish official plans for increasing DAB reception in various places around the same date . On 2 July 2012 , the Department for Culture , Media and Sport created a Memorandum of Understanding ( MoU ) with the BBC and commercial radio broadcasters and ensemble operators as to where the future direction of digital radio should go with a three phase plan toward FM switchoff . A decision on the switchover will be made by the Government in 2013 . The MoU creates three phases toward switchover : Three scenarios drawn up by the DCMS suggest switchover could begin between 2015 and 2019 either in one step or staged across the regions of the United Kingdom . = = Application and licensing = = The United Kingdom media and communications regulator Ofcom ( and before the formation of Ofcom , the Radio Authority ) advertises and provides the licenses for digital radio services in the United Kingdom , under the Broadcasting Acts of 1990 and 1996 . = = = Application and licensing procedures = = = Ofcom awards licenses for digital radio services differently depending on the type of service and the platform . Ofcom advertises the licences of new digital radio ensembles and are subject to an open competition to the highest bidder . Ensemble licence awards are awarded for twelve years . On digital television services , individual stations can apply for either a digital cable and satellite licence to broadcast on the aforementioned platforms , or apply for a digital terrestrial licence to broadcast on digital terrestrial television . On Digital Terrestrial Television and DAB , broadcasters also need to contact the ensemble or multiplex operator of a local or national DAB ensemble or digital terrestrial multiplex to broadcast within a region , subject to a fee payable to the ensemble operator . On Digital Satellite , radio stations need to secure capacity with a transponder operator and an uplink to a satellite . To broadcast on the Sky Digital platform , a broadcaster must also secure an EPG slot allowing viewers to navigate to their channel using the set @-@ top @-@ boxes provided by British Sky Broadcasting . A request for an EPG slot must be done up to nine months in advance . The same procedure applies to secure a slot on the Freesat platform , although stations need to contact Freesat UK Ltd instead of BSkyB . On Digital Cable , broadcasters need to contact a cable supplier for carriage . All stations broadcast in the UK must legally hold a music copyright licence from the Phonographic Performance Limited , PRS for Music and Mechanical @-@ Copyright Protection Society in order for royalties to be paid to the musicians the main bodies represent . = = = First national ensemble = = = On 24 March 1998 , the Radio Authority advertised for the first ( and at the time , the only one planned ) national ensemble to be broadcast on DAB . The three national commercial services on FM and mediumwave had to be included as part of the ensemble , Classic FM , talkSPORT and Virgin Radio . The licence was awarded to the sole applicant , GWR Group and NTL Broadcast to form Digital One . The original licence application included the following stations : After the closure of PrimeTime Radio in 2006 , the original licence was amended to allow the launch of a new classic and contemporary jazz service , theJazz which was launched on 25 December 2006 , before the 31 December 2006 deadline set in the licence amendment . In April 2009 , Global Radio , which had acquired GCap Media - part owner of Digital One , sold its 63 % stake in the ensemble to Arqiva , making them the sole owner and operator of the ensemble . On 26 July 2013 , Digital One extended its broadcasts to Northern Ireland . Previously , only one VHF Band III frequency was allocated to Northern Ireland which was allocated to the local commercial ensemble . Block 11D became available in 2013 after digital television switchover in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland . = = = Local ensembles = = = The Radio Authority ( and subsequently Ofcom ) continue to award regional ensemble licences to a number of radio groups with advertising of the licences starting from 1998 , and licence awards being awarded from 10 May 1999 , with the Birmingham ensemble being the first local licence being issued to CE Digital . The Birmingham ensemble licence award was followed by awards for licences in Manchester , Greater London , Glasgow and South Yorkshire , with more licences being awarded afterwards . In October 2006 , Ofcom announced a timetable of locations which would get its own DAB ensemble , where a local ensemble does not currently offer coverage . Three blocks will be made available in VHF Band III . In May 2007 , Ofcom replaced the York and Scarborough proposed licence area for a licence which covers the whole of North Yorkshire , and the Guildford plus Reigate and Crawley licences were merged to cover Surrey . Areas covered are as follows : As part of the Digital Economy Act 2010 which gained Royal Assent and became law on 8 April . 2010 , some DAB ensembles will be reorganised and merged . As a result , local ensembles waited for both the act to commence on 12 June 2010 and a report on the planning of DAB coverage and frequencies across the UK , with the final publication made to Government on 1 May 2012 before going ahead with announcements on the launch of additional local ensembles . = = = Regional ensembles = = = The first regional licence to cover a greater area of land compared to a local ensemble was awarded on 6 October 2000 to Switch Digital for Central Scotland Other areas which were awarded and classed as regional licences include : In March 2009 , Ofcom made a recommendation to the Government in their Radio in Digital Britain report that the regional ensembles should expand into a nationwide regionalised service to fill the gap made by the 4Digital Group pulling out of the second national ensemble . Ofcom cited that the regions for the second national ensemble would be : The East Midlands , East Anglia , mid and southern Lincolnshire ; London , Southern England , the South East and the South Midlands ; Northern Ireland ; North East England and Cumbria ; North West England ; Scotland ; The West Midlands ; Wales ; The West and South West of England ; Yorkshire , the North Midlands and North Lincolnshire . On 25 September 2012 , it was announced that the MXR mutliplexes will close between July and September 2013 after the shareholders Global Radio & Arqiva decided not to renew the licences . Digital Radio UK stated that the released frequencies of the closed regional multiplexes would be reused for local DAB coverage roll @-@ out . = = = Second national ensemble = = = = = = = First licence advertisement = = = = Ofcom announced in 2005 that they would be advertising for the second national digital ensemble . As a result , GCap threatened to take Ofcom to court after being told by the Radio Authority that there would not be another national ensemble . The court action was dropped after Ofcom assured GCap that none of the stations on the second ensemble would compete with existing stations on the Digital One ensemble . On 1 December 2006 , Ofcom advertised a licence for a second national digital ensemble to launch new digital radio and multimedia services on frequency block 11A ( 216 @.@ 928 MHz ) . Applications needed to be submitted to Ofcom by 28 March 2007 . On 29 March 2007 , Ofcom announced that it had received two applications for the second national digital ensemble , from the 4 Digital Group and National Grid Wireless . The radio channels which made up both applications are as follows : On 6 July 2007 Ofcom awarded the licence for the second national ensemble to the 4 Digital Group , who were required to launch its services one year after its licence award . However , on 10 October 2008 the 4 Digital Group pulled its plans for digital radio , including the launch of the second multiplex . Ofcom held talks with the other remaining shareholders of the 4 Digital Group to see if they were willing to continue with the launch . In March 2009 , Ofcom recommended to the Government that the second national ensemble should be regionalised , formed by the existing regional ensembles . = = = = Second licence advertisement = = = = On 1 July 2014 , Ofcom re @-@ advertised the second national ensemble licence on frequency 11A for interested parties to submit applications by 31 October 2014 . The deadline was extended to 15 : 00 on 29 January 2015 . On 29 January 2015 , it was announced that two bidders had applied for the licence to run the second national ensemble . Listen2Digital , run primarily by Orion Media and Babcock International Group amongst others and Sound Digital , run by Arqiva , Bauer and UTV amongst others . On 27 March , Sound Digital was announced as the winning bidder . The list of proposed radio stations submitted to Ofcom were as follows : = = = Small Scale DAB Trials = = = After experimentation on the Brighton experimental ensemble , Ofcom advertised for small scale DAB multiplexes to broadcast across the United Kingdom on ten localised multiplexes for a nine @-@ month trial period . The trials will test the viability of using free and open source software with low cost equipment to broadcast from a single transmitter , a single frequency network or channel repeaters to allow smaller radio stations to broadcast more cost effectively than is currently possible on local multiplexes . = = Digital Radio UK = = Digital Radio UK is an organisation which represents the interests of the digital radio industry including the BBC , commercial radio companies and transmission network operator , Arqiva . The organisation also promotes the use and take up of DAB in the United Kingdom and ensure that the deadline for digital migration in 2015 is met . Digital Radio UK is formed from the Digital Radio Delivery Group which also absorbed the Digital Radio Development Bureau ( DRDB ) . Part of DRDB 's plans , and under Digital Radio UK still is , will be to promote DAB uptake through a website for consumers as well as print and radio advertising . = = = Official sites = = = Digital Radio UK Guide to digital ( radio and TV ) channels on Astra satellites = = = National and regional multiplex sites operators = = = Bauer Media UK website Digital One website MuxCo website NOW Digital website Sound Digital website = = = Small scale multiplex sites operators = = = Niocast Digital website = = = UK Internet radio = = = Radiofeeds - UK Internet radio station database = = = Other sites = = = DAB Ensembles Worldwide ( also known as " Wohnort " , the main part of the site is a list of services currently transmitting including the UK ) , wohnort.org Radio @-@ now - UK Digital radio news and information LocalDAB - Services on the trial DAB ensembles
= Marina and the Diamonds = Marina Lambrini Diamandis ( Greek : Μαρίνα @-@ Λαμπρινή Διαμαντή ; born 10 October 1985 ) , known professionally as Marina and the Diamonds , is a Welsh singer @-@ songwriter . Born in Brynmawr and raised in nearby Pandy , she moved to London as a teenager to become a professional singer , despite having little formal musical experience . In 2009 , Diamandis came to prominence upon placing second in the BBC 's Sound of 2010 . Her debut studio album , The Family Jewels ( 2010 ) , incorporates indie pop and new wave musical styles . It entered the UK Albums Chart at number five and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . The album 's second song , " Hollywood " , peaked at number 12 on the UK Singles Chart . Her follow @-@ up record Electra Heart ( 2012 ) , is a concept album about a character of the same name . It integrates prominent elements of electropop , and its producers include StarGate , Dr. Luke and Diplo . It became her first number @-@ one project in the United Kingdom , where it was also certified gold , and its lead single " Primadonna " is her highest @-@ charting track in the UK Singles Chart , reaching number 11 . Diamandis describes Electra Heart as " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek " and considers it to have been better received in the United States , while some British fans disliked the change in musical direction . The song " Electra Heart " portrays the death of the character . Diamandis 's synthpop @-@ inspired third studio album Froot ( 2015 ) became her third top @-@ ten album in the United Kingdom , and her first top @-@ ten entry on the US Billboard 200 where it charted at number 8 . Produced entirely by Diamandis and David Kosten , it was praised for its cohesive sound and introspective lyrical content . Diamandis has described herself as an " indie artist with pop goals " and often analyses components of human behaviour in her music . She is additionally recognised for her retro , surreal and cartoonish fashion styles , and has been described as an artist with a cult following , and a gay icon . = = Early life and career beginnings = = Diamandis was born in Brynmawr in Wales , and grew up in the nearby village of Pandy . She has one older sister , Lafina Diamandis . Their Welsh mother and Greek father met at university in Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , and divorced when Marina was four . Following the divorce , her father returned to Greece but would visit on occasion , while Marina lived in a bungalow with her mother , sharing a bedroom with her sister ; she described her childhood as " simple and idyllic , " as well as " peaceful , very normal , poor . " In her childhood , she attended Haberdashers ' Monmouth School for Girls , reflecting that " I sort of found my talent there … I was the one who always skived off choir , but I had an incredible music teacher who managed to convince me I could do anything . " However , she felt that she " stuck out " by being from a lower @-@ income family than the other girls at the school . At the age of 16 , she moved to Greece with her father " to connect with my heritage and learn to speak the language " and sang Greek folk songs with her grandmother . Having earned an International Baccalaureate at St. Catherine 's British Embassy School in Athens , she returned to Wales two years later . She and her mother then moved to Ross @-@ on @-@ Wye , Herefordshire . " Obsessed with becoming a singer , almost as if it was a disease , " she worked for two months at a petrol station in order to earn money to move to London . Despite not having a musical background , Diamandis was able to create lyrics due to her childhood love of writing . She first began writing music when she was 18 years old ; she moved to London to attend dance school , but quit two months later . She studied music at the University of East London and transferred to a classic composition course in Middlesex University the following year , but after two months she dropped out . Knowing that the Spice Girls were formed by an advertisement in The Stage , Diamandis applied for auditions listed in that newspaper . She travelled for several unsuccessful auditions , including opportunities with the musical for The Lion King and a boy band organised by Virgin Records , during which she managed to leave her CV to an A & R Representative , but was unable to audition at the time of the appointment as she felt sick . In 2005 , she created the stage name " Marina and the Diamonds " ; after coming to prominence , " the Diamonds " was established as a reference to her fans , instead of her backing band . Inspired by the example of Daniel Johnston , Diamandis decided to compose her own music and stop going to auditions ; she taught herself how to play the piano and recorded music on a keyboard . She self @-@ composed and produced her earlier demos with GarageBand , and independently released her debut extended play Mermaid vs. Sailor through Myspace in 2007 . She held discussions with fourteen music labels , rejecting all but one as she believed it was the only one which would not dictate her image . She came to the attention of Neon Gold Records ' Derek Davies in 2008 , which managed her for six months , and was hired as the supporting act for Australian recording artist Gotye . In October , Diamandis finalised a recording contract with 679 Recordings ( eventually renamed 679 Artists ) , a subdivision of Warner Music Group . = = Musical career = = = = = 2009 – 10 : The Family Jewels = = = Diamandis 's debut single " Obsessions " was released on 14 February 2009 through Neon Gold Records , while her first extended play The Crown Jewels EP followed on 1 June . That summer , she performed at BBC Radio 1 's Big Weekend , the Glastonbury Festival , and the Reading and Leeds Festivals . She also performed at iTunes Live , releasing a second EP in July 2009 of performances from that festival . In December 2009 , Diamandis was ranked in second place on the Sound of 2010 poll organised by BBC , behind singer @-@ songwriter Ellie Goulding ; she was one of three nominees for the Critics ' Choice Award at the 2010 BRIT Awards , which also went to Goulding . " Mowgli 's Road " was released on 13 November 2009 , with Diamandis describing it as " uncommercial " , but it received attention after its video was shared by bloggers including Perez Hilton and Kanye West . It was followed by " Hollywood " on 1 February , which reached number 12 on the UK Singles Chart . Diamandis 's debut studio album The Family Jewels was released on 15 February 2010 ; it debuted at number five on the UK Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 27 @,@ 618 copies , and was eventually certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry . Atlantic Records signed Diamandis to Chop Shop Records in the United States in March 2010 . Through the label , she released her third extended play The American Jewels EP on 23 March , and later released The Family Jewels in the United States on 25 May . The latter project debuted at number 138 on the US Billboard 200 with first @-@ week sales of 24 @,@ 000 copies . On Billboard 's Top Heatseekers and Top Rock Albums charts , it peaked at numbers 2 and 49 respectively . " I Am Not a Robot " was serviced as the third single from The Family Jewels on 26 April , and peaked at number 26 on the UK Singles Chart . " Oh No ! " followed as the fourth single from the record in July , and reached number 38 in the United Kingdom . The fifth and final single " Shampain " peaked at number 141 on the UK Singles Chart , consequently underperforming by comparison with its preceding singles . To further promote The Family Jewels , Diamandis embarked on The Family Jewels Tour , which visited Europe , North America and Australia throughout 2010 and 2011 . In January 2011 , in an Australian radio interview , she expressed disappointment at her career , particularly in her failure to attract an American audience . She put this down to inaction by her label and American listeners ' contemporary taste for " pumping beats " by artists such as Lady Gaga . = = = 2011 – 13 : Electra Heart = = = In summer 2011 , Diamandis and Swedish recording artist Robyn performed as the opening acts for American recording artist Katy Perry 's California Dreams Tour . On 30 September , Diamandis released the track " Radioactive " through the iTunes Store ; it peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart . Her second studio album was preceded by its lead single " Primadonna " in April 2012 ; the song is notable for being Diamandis 's highest @-@ charting track on the UK Singles Chart , where it reached number 11 . It is certified silver by the BPI and platinum by the respective authorities in Australia , Denmark and New Zealand . The final product Electra Heart is a concept album lyrically united by the ideas of " female identity " and " a recent breakup . " Diamandis created the titular character " Electra Heart " as a protagonist for the project ; she portrays the personas " Teen Idle , " " Primadonna , " " Homewrecker , " and " Housewife , " which represent several female archetypes of stereotypical American culture . The project was released on 27 April 2012 , and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart with first @-@ week sales of 21 @,@ 358 copies . It became Diamandis 's first chart @-@ topping album in the United Kingdom , although at the time it was additionally distinguished as the lowest @-@ selling number @-@ one record of the 21st century in the country . The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for exceeding shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units , and gold by the Irish Recorded Music Association for surpassing 7 @,@ 500 sales . " Power & Control " was released as the second single from Electra Heart on 20 July , although it peaked at number 193 on the UK Singles Chart . Later that month , it was announced that " How to Be a Heartbreaker " would be released as the second single in the United States and the third single in the United Kingdom . Diamandis commented that she had written the track while Electra Heart was being pressed in the United Kingdom , and consequently missed the cut @-@ off for initial inclusion on the record ; however , it was featured in the revised track listing for the American version . It peaked at number 88 in the latter country . Throughout 2012 , Diamandis travelled for The Lonely Hearts Club Tour , her second headlining concert tour , and Mylo Xyloto Tour headlined by Coldplay , for which she served as an opening act . On 8 August 2013 , Diamandis released a music video for the previously unreleased title track " Electra Heart " ; it depicted the death of the character , and symbolically ended the promotional campaign for Electra Heart . = = = 2014 – 16 : Froot = = = After spending one month in New York City , Diamandis announced in February 2013 that she had begun writing material for an upcoming third studio album . The single " Froot " was released on 10 October , her 29th birthday , and announced as the title track . The album was announced to be released on 3 April 2015 with a new track from the album being announced each month . However , due to an Internet leak , the release was brought forward . Entirely produced by Diamandis and David Kosten , the album was praised for its cohesive sound . Froot debuted at number 8 on the Billboard 200 chart , and is currently her highest charting album in the United States . It also peaked at 10 , 6 and 4 in the UK , Canada and Ireland respectively . In early 2015 , it was announced that Diamandis would perform at Lollapalooza Brazil , Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and the Boston Calling Music Festival in March , April and May 2015 respectively . From October 2015 to the following October she embarked on the Neon Nature Tour across Europe and the Americas ; each performance was split into three acts , one for each of her albums , with most songs coming from Froot . Her 4 November performance at the House of Blues in Boston was broadcast live by Yahoo . During a question @-@ and @-@ answer video , Diamandis said that subsequent tours would be different , as her usual tours had been " a hard lifestyle . " In April 2016 , she said she would take a break from music after her tour . She returned to performing two months later , clarifying that she would rather work on a consistent basis than a cycle of touring and resting . = = Artistry = = = = = Musical style and influences = = = As a child , Diamandis took inspiration from the differing musical tastes of her parents – Dolly Parton , Enya and George Michael from her mother , and Haris Alexiou from her father – while also admiring pop acts of the era including the Spice Girls , Britney Spears and S Club 7 . Diamandis has revealed that " Madonna was the reason I wanted to be a pop star from the age of 15 , " however she also stated that she did not listen to music " properly " until the age of 19 , when she took influence from acts including PJ Harvey , Fiona Apple and The Distillers . She began smoking two years later in an attempt to sound like The Distillers ' frontwoman Brody Dalle , " but it never worked , and now I 'm just stuck with a bad habit . " She has cited Dalle and Spears as her musical influences , and has expressed a particular interest in Daniel Johnston and the lo @-@ fi production he uses . She has jokingly stated that " I probably have a bit of a different sound because I don 't really know what I 'm doing ! , " referencing her lack of formal musical training . Diamandis has synesthesia , and as a result associates particular colours with musical notes and days of the week . A self @-@ described " DIY musician " and " indie artist with pop goals , " Diamandis considers her music to be " alternate pop " . Lester wrote in 2008 that Diamandis 's musical direction was " hard to fathom " , given the frequency with which she alternated " simple keyboards @-@ based ballads " and " quirky new wave @-@ inflected numbers . " Whereas The Family Jewels incorporated prominent elements of new wave music , Electra Heart was heavily inspired by electropop musical styles . Diamandis opined that the United States was more welcoming of said musical transition than the United Kingdom , and suggested that the American audience embraced the humour behind the latter " tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek record " . Froot is a pop record , with elements of europop and pop rock . At the start of her career , Diamandis was compared to other British female singer @-@ songwriters , with Paul Lester from The Guardian writing that she had a " zeitgeist @-@ y female essence " , although she took exception at such comparisons and said that all she shared with Kate Nash was " a vagina and a keyboard . " During the Electra Heart era , she called comparisons to Lady Gaga , Katy Perry and Lana Del Rey " really annoying " , preferring to be classed as herself . Her vocals have been compared to those of Karen O , Regina Spektor , Kate Bush , and Florence Welch , with an androgynous timbre akin to those of Annie Lennox and Heather Small . When reviewing The Family Jewels , Joe Copplestone from PopMatters noted that Diamandis 's vocal delivery occasionally overpowers the " inventive " melodies showcased in her songs . Diamandis 's lyrical content typically analyses components of human behaviour ; she has noted that she would have become a psychologist had she been unsuccessful in the music industry . The song " Savages " , from Froot , reflects on humanity 's proneness to violent acts . She is a feminist and wrote her song " Sex Yeah " as a " feminist statement . " Rory Cashin of Slate lauded Diamandis 's lyrics as " esoteric , " likening her to an " emotionally intelligent outsider who knew how to perfectly articulate those weird thoughts and reactions we all have but would never admit to . " Laurence Day of The Line of Best Fit considered Froot to be " an anthology of astute nihilistic , existentialist discussions " . = = = Public image = = = Diamandis has identified Sophia Loren , Leigh Lezark , Shirley Manson and Gwen Stefani as her fashion icons , and Asli Polat and Mary Benson as among her favourite designers . As part of Selfridges ' " Sound of Music " , Diamandis and Paloma Faith designed their own window display for the London Oxford Street branch in May 2010 , and additionally appeared as a " live mannequins " for the display . In November , Diamandis was featured on the website for the British edition of Vogue , where she contributed to the " Today I 'm Wearing " column that month . In February 2011 , she became a brand ambassador for Max Factor , who called her " colourful personality " a perfect fit for the brand . In 2013 , she launched a fashion brand named 11 Diamonds and designed a line of T @-@ shirts for it , but has had little involvement with it since . According to Emily Jupp of The Independent , despite various changes in musical direction , an " unconventional fashion sense " has been a constant in Diamandis 's career . In the video to " How to be a Heartbreaker , " she " subverts the norm " by wearing more clothes than male models in the background ; she reflected that " I don ’ t think it suits me to wear very little clothing , it just wouldn ’ t feel right . I ’ d rather people listen to what I have to say instead of staring at my bum . " In 2011 , when promoting The Family Jewels , Diamandis described her fashion styles as " vintage , cheerleader , and cartoon . " Four years later , she described her costumes then as " very badly put together vintage , kind of glittery ensemble " , and her outfits for Froot as a " mix of ' 70s with digital fiberware ... something surreal and ' 70s . " She has been described as a " pop enigma " , an artist who " never felt like she belonged to the masses " and one with a cult following . She has criticised the Brit Awards for ostensibly being too corporate focussed , and has called for a new ceremony ideologically between the Brits and the " left @-@ field " Mercury Prize . Diamandis used to meet fans after each performance , but ended this practice for safety reasons during the Neon Nature Tour , instead having ten pairs of fans chosen to meet her before the show . Diamandis estimates that gay people comprise 60 % of her concert audience ; she attributes her status as a gay icon to her campness and sense of humour , in addition to lyrics on being a societal outsider . In 2012 , she won the Best Music Award at gay magazine Attitude 's award show . She headlined an NYC Pride event in June 2016 in the aftermath of the Pulse nightclub shooting , wearing a rainbow @-@ striped cape . Diamandis plays down her popularity in the gay community in order to avoid sounding like a " cliché pop star " and hopes for a time when acceptance will mean that people do not label themselves by their sexuality . She has been physically compared to her friend and label mate Charli XCX . In March 2016 , the two feuded over Charli XCX 's photoshoot which Diamandis considered to be derivative of her own image on Froot . = = Discography = = The Family Jewels ( 2010 ) Electra Heart ( 2012 ) Froot ( 2015 ) = = Tours = = Headline Act The Family Jewels Tour ( 2010 – 11 ) The Lonely Hearts Club Tour ( 2012 – 13 ) Neon Nature Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) Opening Act California Dreams Tour ( 2011 ) Mylo Xyloto Tour ( 2011 – 12 ) = = Awards and nominations = =
= Belgium in World War II = Despite being neutral at the start of World War II , Belgium and its colonial possessions found themselves at war after the country was invaded by German forces on 10 May 1940 . After 18 days of fighting in which Belgian forces were pushed back into a small pocket in the north @-@ east of the country , the Belgian military surrendered to the Germans , beginning an occupation that would endure until 1944 . The surrender of 28 May was ordered by King Leopold III without the consultation of his government and sparked a political crisis after the war . Despite the capitulation , many Belgians managed to escape to the United Kingdom where they formed a government and army @-@ in @-@ exile on the Allied side . The Belgian Congo remained loyal to the Belgian government in London and contributed significant material and human resources to the Allied cause . Many Belgians were involved in both armed and passive resistance to German forces , although some chose to collaborate with the German forces . Support from right @-@ wing political factions and sections of the Belgian population allowed the German army to recruit two divisions of the Waffen @-@ SS from Belgium and also facilitated the Nazi persecution of Belgian Jews in which nearly 25 @,@ 000 were killed . Most of the country was liberated by the Allies between September and October 1944 , though areas to the far east of the country remained occupied until early 1945 . In total , approximately 88 @,@ 000 Belgians died during the conflict , a figure representing 1 @.@ 05 percent of the country 's pre @-@ war population , and around 8 percent of the country 's GDP was destroyed . = = Background = = During the 1930s , Belgium was still recovering from the destruction of World War I. Economically , Belgium was experiencing high unemployment in the aftermath of the Great Depression of 1929 , and by 1932 unemployment stood at 23 @.@ 5 percent though under the " New Deal @-@ style " Plan de Man this had been reduced to around 15 percent by 1937 . The 1930s also saw the growth of several authoritarian and fascist political parties in both Wallonia and Flanders . In the 1936 elections , one of these , the French @-@ speaking Rexist party , gained 11 @.@ 6 percent of the national vote . By 1939 however , extremist parties lost many of the seats that they had previously gained in new elections and political stability seemed to be returning . = = = Neutrality = = = As Belgium had suffered so much damage in World War I , there was little appetite within the country to involve itself in any potential European conflict . In October 1936 , King Leopold III announced that Belgium would remain neutral in the event of another war in Europe as part of what he termed an Independent Policy ( Politique d 'Indépendance ) . To this end , the Belgian government tried to steer a path away from alliances : leaving the Locarno Treaty , repudiating a defence pact with France signed in 1920 and receiving a guarantee of neutrality from Nazi Germany in 1937 . The German Government considers that the inviolability and integrity of Belgium are common interests of the Western Powers . It confirms its determination that in no circumstances will it impair this inviolability and integrity and that it will at all times respect Belgian territory ... During this period , the Belgian military was reorganized as an exclusively defensive force and began construction and modernization of fortifications around the country , particularly around Liège near the German border . On the declaration of war between the United Kingdom , France , and Germany in September 1939 , the Belgian government launched a crash re @-@ armament program , augmenting the national defenses by creating the K @-@ W Line linking the National Redoubt at Antwerp with the south along the River Dijle , just behind the main Fortified Position of Liège . = = 18 Days ' Campaign = = With the German invasion of Poland in September 1939 , although still following a policy of neutrality , the Belgian government began general mobilization . By 1940 , the army numbered between 600 @,@ 000 and 650 @,@ 000 men ( nearly 20 percent of the male population of Belgium ) making it approximately four times larger than the British Expeditionary Force and twice as large as the Dutch army at the time . The invasion of Belgium by Nazi Germany started on 10 May 1940 under the codename Fall Gelb ( " Case Yellow " ) as part of the wider invasion of France , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . The Belgian Albert Canal fortifications , some of the most modern defensive networks in Europe , proved almost useless . At Eben @-@ Emael , the fort held by 1 @,@ 200 Belgians was taken when the Germans deployed 500 glider @-@ borne Fallschirmjäger against them , opening the border for Blitzkrieg @-@ style warfare . Almost all of the air force 's modern Hurricane fighters were also destroyed by the Luftwaffe on the ground at Schaffen airfield on May 10 . The German breakthrough at Sedan , which had been thought impassable , meant that defenders of the K @-@ W Line risked being outflanked , and had to withdraw on 16 May . The German invasion triggered a panic amongst Belgian civilians in the path of the advancing German army . By 11 May , the roads leading westwards , away from the fighting , were blocked by refugees , hampering the eastward advance of French and British forces . It is estimated that around two million civilians fled their homes during the campaign . The government 's policy of neutrality had left Belgium with an outdated and ill @-@ equipped army and air force . Above all , the army possessed only 16 battle tanks between its two cavalry divisions for political reasons as they had been considered too " aggressive " for the army of a neutral power . The air force , hurriedly reorganised in May 1940 , was taken by surprise and could only field 180 serviceable aircraft out of its total of 234 . The military held out against German forces for 18 days , against overwhelming odds . On 28 May , forced into a small pocket along the Leie river and after failed attempts to broker a ceasefire on the 27th , the Belgian king and military surrendered unconditionally . Belgian casualties during the campaign numbered some 6 @,@ 000 killed and 15 @,@ 850 wounded . Some 112 @,@ 500 French and Belgian troops escaped to the UK via Dunkirk but the majority of the Belgian survivors were made prisoners of war and many were not released until the end of the war . With the surrender of the Belgian army , the government , led by Hubert Pierlot , fled first to Paris and formed a government in exile in Bordeaux . After the Fall of France , the government transferred to Eaton Square , London . = = = Surrender of Leopold III = = = Leopold III , King and commander in chief of the Belgian army , surrendered personally to German forces on 28 May , contrary to the advice of Pierlot 's government , having personally decided that the Allied cause was lost . His decision was fiercely criticized by the French Prime Minister , Paul Reynaud and by Pierlot in a radio broadcast on 28 June 1940 , where he declared Leopold 's decision to be " an event without precedent in history " . The King remained in Belgium during the war as a German prisoner while the government went into exile and continued military action in the Allied cause . Unlike the Netherlands and Luxembourg where the monarchy was repressed or had joined the government in exile , Leopold III remained prominent in the occupied territory , and coins and stamps produced during the occupation continued to carry his face or monogram . Nevertheless , Leopold remained a focus for resistance , his position explained by the slogan " Belgium is captive ! Long live Belgium ! The King is captive ! Long live the King ! " While imprisoned , he sent a letter to Adolf Hitler in 1942 which has been credited with saving an estimated 500 @,@ 000 Belgian women and children from forced deportation to munitions factories in Germany . In November 1940 , Leopold visited Hitler in Berchtesgaden where he asked for Belgian prisoners of war to be freed . After the war , allegations that Leopold 's surrender had been an act of collaboration provoked a political crisis , known as the Royal Question , about whether he could return to the throne , which ultimately ended with his abdication . = = German occupation = = = = = Life in occupied Belgium = = = Belgium was run by a German military government under General Alexander von Falkenhausen and Eggert Reeder until July 1944 , and then by Reichskommissar Josef Grohé until liberation . The German government levied the costs of the military occupation on the Belgians through taxes , while also demanding " external occupation costs " ( or " Anti @-@ Bolshevik charge " ) to support operations elsewhere . In total , Belgium was forced to pay nearly two @-@ thirds of its national income for these charges , a figure equaling 5 @.@ 7 billion Reichsmarks . As in all occupied countries in Europe , food , fuel and clothing were strictly rationed by the German authorities . Even with the stringent rationing , the food and materials which civilians should officially have been entitled to were not always available . A significant black market also existed in the country , supplying food illegally at very high prices to those that could afford it . Information and the press were strictly controlled by the German government and news was greatly restricted . Nevertheless , the sales of collaborationist newspapers like Le Soir and the newspapers of pro @-@ collaborationist political parties like Le Pays Réel remained high . A large number of underground newspapers were also published and distributed – the underground paper La Libre Belgique achieved a circulation of 30 @,@ 000 . Occupied Belgium was also targeted by the Allied bombers from both the British RAF and American USAAF . The policy led to high civilian casualties as bombs missed their intended targets and fell on civilian areas . In a raid on the Erla Motor Works in the Belgian town of Mortsel ( near Antwerp ) in April 1943 , just two bombs dropped by the B @-@ 17s of the U.S. 8th Air Force fell on the intended target . The remaining 24 tons of bombs fell on civilian areas of the town , killing 936 and injuring 1 @,@ 600 more in just eight minutes . The Allied policy was condemned by many leading figures within Belgium , including Cardinal van Roey . Around 375 @,@ 000 Belgians also served in labour programs within Germany during the war , working in manual jobs in industry or agriculture for the German war effort . Though nearly 180 @,@ 000 Belgians signed up before conscription began in 1941 , most were conscripted after that date and worked as forced labour against their will . 200 @,@ 000 Belgian military prisoners of war , who had been captured in 1940 , were also transported to Germany . Most were used as forced labour and paid only a nominal sum . About 80 @,@ 000 ( mainly Flemish ) prisoners were returned to Belgium between late 1940 and 1941 , but many remained in captivity until the end of the war . They were often kept in very poor conditions and around 2 @,@ 000 died . = = = Collaboration = = = During the period of Nazi occupation , some Belgians collaborated with their occupiers . There were pro @-@ Nazi political organizations in both Flemish and Walloon communities before and during the war . The most significant were DeVlag , Verdinaso and Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ) in Flanders as well as the catholic Rex movement in Wallonia . Each of these movements had subtly different ideologies , their own paramilitary forces and printed their own newspapers . These organisations were also instrumental in encouraging Belgians to enlist into the German Army . Unlike the German @-@ style National Socialist agenda of DeVlag , VNV appealed directly to a Flemish separatist agenda , though this message was never the main source of their popularity . Infighting between the groups , particularly VNV and DeVlag , was considerable . On the whole , the Belgian administrative system was very pliant and became an instrument of collaboration . In a 2007 report by a Belgian research institute , Cegesoma , a panel of historians concluded that Belgium had offered " maximum administrative collaboration " with the German occupation forces . The same report also commented on the apparently higher levels of collaboration in Flanders as part of an attempted integration into a " German @-@ Flemish New Order " . The towns of Brussels and Liège , the report added , " remained [ generally ] patriotic @-@ Belgian and decisively hostile to Germany " . The report also found that many Belgian authorities had been compliant , even active , in the deportation of Jews . Two separate units of the Waffen @-@ SS , the Flemish Legion and the Walloon Legion , were recruited from Belgium during the occupation . Léon Degrelle , founder of the Rexist Party , served as commander of the Walloon Legion , which fought against the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe . A total of 15 @,@ 000 Belgians in the " divisions " ( neither ever greater than brigade strength ) fought on the Eastern Front where the Walloon Legion was nearly annihilated in the Korsun – Cherkassy Pocket in 1944 . After the war , a total of 400 @,@ 000 Belgians were investigated for collaboration . Of these , around 56 @,@ 000 were prosecuted . The majority received prison sentences although several hundred were executed . = = = Resistance = = = Resistance to German occupation came from all levels and regions of Belgium and quarters of the political spectrum , but was highly fragmented and localised . The government in exile dealt only with sympathetic resistance groups , like the Armée Secrète , however even these umbrella organisations had many different agendas or political ideologies . Some groups were very left @-@ wing , like the Communist Partisans armés , but there were also right @-@ wing resistance movements , like the monarchist Mouvement National Royaliste and the fascist Légion Belge , created by members of the pre @-@ war Légion Nationale movement . There were also other groups like Groupe G which had no obvious political affiliation . Resistance to the occupiers chiefly came in the form of helping Allied airmen escape , and numerous lines were set up to organise this effort ; for instance the Comet line which evacuated an estimated 700 Allied servicemen to Gibraltar . The Comet Line had a series of safe houses throughout Belgium . Allied airmen were given civilian clothes and were frequently moved from house to house , staying with Belgian families who supported the resistance . The resistance would aid the airmen by giving them false papers and guiding them to either neutral or Allied occupied territory . As elsewhere , sabotage was employed against enemy military and economic assets , with railway lines and bridges being common targets . The activities of Groupe G , a small student resistance cell based in Brussels , alone are estimated to have cost the Nazis 10 million man @-@ hours of labour to repair damages done . Direct attacks on German troops and military installations were rarer , yet one estimate puts the number of German soldiers killed by the Belgian resistance in 1941 as higher than in all of France . The resistance were instrumental in saving Jews and Roma from deportation to death camps , for instance the attack on the " Twentieth convoy " to Auschwitz . Many Belgians also hid Jews and political dissidents during the occupation , with one estimate putting the number at some 20 @,@ 000 people hidden during the war . There was also significant low @-@ level resistance , for instance in June 1941 , the City Council of Brussels refused to distribute Stars of David badges . Certain high profile members of the Belgian establishment , including Queen Elizabeth and Cardinal van Roey , Archbishop of Malines , spoke out against the German treatment of Jews . So far , 1 @,@ 612 Belgians have been awarded the distinction of " Righteous Among the Nations " by the State of Israel for risking their lives to save Jews from persecution during the occupation . Nevertheless , Belgian civilians were often subject to retaliation by paramilitaries and German forces for resistance activity . In August 1944 , 20 civilians were killed by Rexist paramilitaries in a reprisal for a single attack on a Rexist politician in the Courcelles Massacre . = = = The Holocaust = = = In mid @-@ 1940 , nearly 56 @,@ 000 Jews were living in Belgium out of a population of roughly 8 million . Many had fled to Belgium to escape recent persecution in Germany and elsewhere , meaning that only a minority were Belgian citizens . Most of the Jewish population was focused in communities in the towns of Brussels and Antwerp . Anti @-@ Jewish legislation ( along the lines of the German Nuremberg Laws or French laws on the status of Jews ) was enacted in October 1940 , a few months after the German occupation . Several pogroms took place in 1941 , notably in Antwerp , and economic assets belonging to Jews were seized . In May 1942 , wearing of the yellow Star @-@ of @-@ David badge became compulsory for Jews in Belgium . From June 1942 , as part of the " Final Solution " , Jews living in Belgium were ordered to report to the Mechelen transit camp . Those who did not do so voluntarily were rounded up by the police . Between August 1942 and July 1944 , a total of twenty @-@ six railway convoys deported 25 @,@ 000 Jews and 350 Roma from Belgium to eastern Europe . Most were sent to the Auschwitz death camp , although others went to camps at Bergen @-@ Belsen and Vittel . Of the 25 @,@ 000 deported , over 24 @,@ 000 were killed . Fewer than 1 @,@ 000 were still alive by the time Allied forces liberated the camps . The former Belgian army fort at Breendonk , near Mechelen , was requisitioned by the Nazis and used for detainment and interrogation of Jews , political prisoners and captured members of the resistance . Of the 3 @,@ 500 people incarcerated in Breendonk between 1940 and 1944 , 1 @,@ 733 died . Around 300 people were killed in the camp itself , with at least 98 of them dying from deprivation or torture . = = Belgian government and army in exile = = After the defeat in 1940 , significant numbers of Belgian soldiers and civilians escaped to Britain who , along with Belgian pre @-@ war émigrés in Britain and Canada , formed the Belgian forces in exile . The Belgian government , including ministers from Catholic , Socialist and Liberal parties under Hubert Pierlot , evacuated to London alongside other governments from occupied countries ( including the Netherlands and Luxembourg ) where it remained until the liberation of Belgium in 1944 . The government in exile claimed the authority to speak for the whole of Belgium , leading the Minister of Foreign Affairs , Paul @-@ Henri Spaak , to comment that " all that remains of legal and free Belgium , all that is entitled to speak in her name , is in London " . A Belgian politician , Victor de Laveleye , is also credited with inspiring the Allied " V for Victory " propaganda campaign in 1941 . In a broadcast on French Radio , Pierlot called for the creation of an army in exile to continue the fight : With the same youthful courage that responded to the government 's call , reunited with the elements of the Belgian military in France and Great Britain , a new army will be levied and organized . It will go into the line alongside those of our allies ... all the forces we have will be put at the service of the cause which has become ours ... It is important to assure immediately and in a tangible way , the solidarity which continues to unite the powers which have given us their support ... By 1944 , the Free Belgian forces in the United Kingdom numbered some 4 @,@ 500 men . Belgian soldiers formed the 1st Belgian Infantry Brigade ( which also included an artillery battery of soldiers from Luxembourg ) more often known as the Brigade Piron after its commanding officer , Jean @-@ Baptiste Piron . The Brigade Piron was involved in the Normandy Invasion and the battles in France and the Netherlands until liberation . Belgians also served in British special forces units during the war , forming a troop of No.10 ( Inter @-@ Allied ) Commando , which was involved in the Italian Campaign and the Landings on Walcheren . The 5th Special Air Service ( part of the élite SAS ) was made up entirely of Belgians and was the first Allied unit to enter Belgium in September 1944 . 400 Belgian pilots served in the Royal Air Force . Two all @-@ Belgian fighter units , Nos. 349 and 350 Squadrons , served in the European theatre . No. 350 Squadron alone claimed 51 " kills " between its formation in November 1941 and the end of the war . In total , 1 @,@ 200 Belgians served in the RAF , mainly in British or Free Dutch squadrons . Two corvettes and a group of minesweepers were also operated by the Belgians during the Battle of the Atlantic . By 1943 , 350 Belgians were serving as sailors on these vessels . = = Belgian Congo = = Despite Belgium 's occupation , the Belgian Congo remained loyal to the government in exile and was put at the disposal of the Allies , making a significant contribution to the Allied war effort . Congolese soldiers of the Force Publique were involved in fighting with Italian forces during the East African Campaign and were instrumental to forcing Italian forces out of Abyssinia , suffering 500 casualties . 13 @,@ 000 Congolese troops served under British command in Nigeria . Detachments of Congolese soldiers also served in the Middle East and Burma . In total , the Force Publique comprised approximately 40 @,@ 000 men and was racially segregated meaning that blacks could not become officers . Throughout the war , therefore , it was commanded by white officers . Twice , in 1941 and 1944 , major strikes took place in towns around the country against the extra pressure put on workers by the colonial authorities . The Force Publique garrison in Luluabourg also mutinied in 1944 . These were repressed by military force , often violently . The Congo was also a vitally important economic asset to the Allied powers . The Congo 's gold alone contributed some $ 28 @.@ 5 million to the Allied war effort , while its exports of rubber and uranium provided vital sources of raw materials . Most of the uranium used during the American Manhattan Project – including that used for the nuclear weapons dropped on the Japanese towns of Hiroshima and Nagasaki – was supplied by the Belgian firm Union Minière du Haut Katanga from Katanga Province in the Belgian Congo . = = Liberation = = Belgium was liberated late in 1944 by Allied forces , including British , Canadian , and American armies , which also included the Brigade Piron . On September 3 , 1944 the Welsh Guards liberated Brussels . Just after the liberation , the inhabitants of the Marolles district held a mock funeral for Hitler . The port of Antwerp was an important strategic objective because Allied supply lines were heavily stretched and needed a deep @-@ sea port near the front lines . The British Second Army liberated Antwerp on September 6 , with help from the local resistance . Despite taking control of the city , the port was not accessible until the surrounding waters were safe for cargo ships . The Germans successfully denied access to the port until the Battle of the Scheldt completed in November . Leopold III 's brother , Charles , the Count of Flanders , was appointed Regent , pending a decision about whether the King would be able to regain his former position on the throne . In February 1945 , Achille Van Acker replaced Pierlot as Prime Minister . The resistance was disarmed , and many of its members and other Belgians who had remained in the country during the occupation were mobilised into the regular Belgian army in 57 " Fusilier Battalions " . These battalions served in several battles on the western front . 100 @,@ 000 Belgians were fighting in the Allied armies by VE Day . General Courtney Hodges ' U.S. First Army liberated the region south of Brussels and Maastricht in early September 1944 . While two corps of the First Army were concentrated elsewhere , VIII Corps occupied a long stretch of the front from the area south of Liège , across the Ardennes and into Luxembourg . The length of the deployment meant that the Corps ' front line was only lightly defended , leaving it vulnerable . Following a few months of relative calm in Belgium , on 16 December 1944 the Germans launched the Ardennes Offensive with over a quarter of a million soldiers . Antwerp was the ultimate objective of the German offensive , but the German advance stalled before the Meuse River , at Celles near Dinant , and was pushed back in furious fighting over a period of six weeks in bitterly cold weather by American , British and Belgian troops . Belgian towns and civilians in the Ardennes suffered during the offensive as homes were reduced to ruins , and there were instances of German troops shooting civilians . Around 90 % of the town of La Roche @-@ en @-@ Ardenne was destroyed during fighting . By 4 February 1945 , the country was reported to be free of German troops . In the six months following Allied liberation , Belgian towns were widely targeted by the unpiloted German V @-@ Bombs . A total of 2 @,@ 342 of these rockets ( mostly of the more advanced V @-@ 2 type ) fell in a 10 @-@ mile radius around Antwerp alone . A post @-@ war SHAEF report estimated V @-@ Bombs had been responsible for killing 5 @,@ 000 people and injuring a further 21 @,@ 000 , mostly in the cities of Liège and Antwerp . The period after liberation also saw a wave of prosecutions of those suspected of collaboration during the war . 400 @,@ 000 Belgians were investigated for collaboration of whom 56 @,@ 000 were prosecuted . Nearly 250 were executed . Léon Degrelle , despite being sentenced to death , managed to escape to Francoist Spain where he remained until his death in 1994 . = = Legacy and aftermath = = After the experience of World War II , Belgium abandoned its neutral stance in international politics , in favour of military , political and economic integration . In 1949 , Belgium joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and deployed troops to fight alongside other United Nations forces in the Korean War in 1950 . Belgium was also a key player in the unsuccessful negotiations about the creation of a European Defence Community ( EDC ) in the 1950s . Belgium was assigned a sector of the British zone in West Germany , around the city of Cologne , which it occupied from 1945 . Belgian soldiers remained in Germany until their final withdrawal in 2002 . Economically , Belgium joined the Benelux Economic Union in 1948 and was a founding member of the European Coal and Steel Community from its creation in 1952 . From 1944 until 1960 , Belgium also experienced a period of rapid economic recovery , dubbed the " Belgian Miracle " , partially as a result of the Marshall Plan . The political crisis surrounding Leopold III 's role during the occupation , and whether he could return to the throne , polarized Belgian public opinion in the years following the war between Catholics , notably in Flanders , who broadly supported his return , and Socialists , in Wallonia and Brussels , who were strongly opposed to it . After a general strike and an indecisive referendum , the king resigned in favour of his son , Baudouin , in 1950 . = = = Commemoration = = = In the decades following the war , large numbers of public memorials were erected around the country in memory of Belgian soldiers who had died fighting for the Allied cause during the conflict . There are numerous monuments and streets dedicated to Allied politicians and generals , including Franklin Roosevelt and Bernard Montgomery in Brussels . The large numbers of British and American cemeteries and memorials , particularly in the Ardennes region associated with the Battle of the Bulge , meant that the legacy of the war was very visible . In common with other countries , there are numerous veterans ' associations ( known as " Fraternelle " or " Amicale " in French ) and Belgian towns , particularly Bastogne , are frequently visited by veterans from other countries . There are also numerous war museums around the country , including the Royal Museum of the Army and Military History in Brussels , which aim to inform the public about the war . The Holocaust is commemorated in Belgium by both memorials and museums ; the prison at Fort Breendonk has been preserved as a museum and has been open to the public since 1947 . Since the passing of the Holocaust denial law in 1995 , it is illegal to deny the holocaust . The participation of soldiers from the Belgian Congo was , however , largely forgotten following Congolese independence in 1960 and decades of subsequent war . In recent years the profile of the veterans has been raised by exhibitions creating greater public awareness .
= Eli Whiteside = Dustin Eli Whiteside ( born October 22 , 1979 ) is an American former professional baseball catcher . He stands 6 feet 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 88 m ) tall , weighs 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) . He batted and threw right @-@ handed . He played in Major League Baseball for the Baltimore Orioles , San Francisco Giants , and Chicago Cubs . Whiteside attended Delta State University before being drafted in the sixth round of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft by the Baltimore Orioles . He played in their organization through 2007 , though he only played nine games in the major leagues with the Orioles , all coming in 2005 . He signed with the Minnesota Twins in 2008 but was released after playing for their Triple @-@ A team for a month . The San Francisco Giants then signed him , assigning him to the minor leagues . He was called up to be their backup catcher in May 2009 , and he caught Jonathan Sánchez 's no @-@ hitter on July 10 . In 2010 , he remained the backup catcher and was on the Giants ' roster when they won the World Series , despite not playing any playoff games . After an injury to Buster Posey in May 2011 , Whiteside split time catching with Chris Stewart for the rest of the year . He lost the role of backup to Héctor Sánchez in 2012 and appeared in just 12 games for the Giants during their second World Series @-@ winning season in three years . Following 2012 , Whiteside was claimed off waivers multiple times by different clubs before finally winding up with the Texas Rangers , who assigned him to their Triple @-@ A team in 2013 . In 2014 , he competed for a spot on the Cubs ' roster but was beaten out by John Baker and sent to the minors . In early 2015 , Whiteside decided to retire and currently serves as a coach on the Giants . = = Early life = = Whiteside was born on October 22 , 1979 , in New Albany , Mississippi . He was raised on an 80 @-@ acre farm that belonged to his grandfather . Whiteside attended W. P. Daniel High School , where he played both baseball and soccer before graduation in 1998 . He then spent three years at Delta State University , majoring in business . At Delta State , he was an All @-@ American , an All @-@ Gulf South Conference , and an All @-@ Region player all three years with the baseball team . After his junior year in 2001 , the Baltimore Orioles drafted Whiteside in the sixth round of the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft . = = Professional career = = = = = Baltimore Orioles ( 2005 ) = = = Whiteside began his minor league career in 2001 with the Single @-@ A Delmarva Shorebirds of the South Atlantic League . In 61 games ( 212 at bats ) , he batted .250 with 53 hits , seven home runs , and 28 runs batted in ( RBI ) . He finished second on the club in home runs and had a caught stealing percentage of 41 % . Next season , he played for both the Single @-@ A advanced Frederick Keys of the Carolina League and the Double @-@ A Bowie Baysox of the Eastern League . He spent most of the season with Frederick , batting .259 with 89 hits , eight home runs , and 42 RBI in 80 games ( 313 at bats ) . In 27 games ( 99 at bats ) with Bowie , he hit .263 with 26 hits , two home runs , and 11 RBI . His combined totals for the two leagues were 107 hits , 10 home runs , and 53 RBI in 107 games ( 412 at bats ) . Outside of a rehab assignment , Whiteside spent all of 2003 with Bowie . In 81 games ( 265 at bats ) , he batted .204 with 54 hits , one home run , and 23 RBI . Defensively , he had a .989 fielding percentage and threw out 37 % of baserunners . In 2004 , Whiteside again played with Bowie . He had two @-@ home @-@ run games against the Akron Aeros on May 17 and the Erie SeaWolves on July 28 , finishing fourth in the Orioles ' organization on the season with 18 home runs . He batted .279 before the Eastern League All @-@ Star break but hit just .206 afterwards . In 90 games ( 297 at bats ) , he hit .253 with 75 hits . Defensively , he posted a .986 fielding percentage . He batted .310 in away games as opposed to .187 in home games . Following the season , he played for the Peoria Javelinas of the Arizona Fall League , batting .329 with 20 RBI in 18 games . Whiteside moved up to the Triple @-@ A Ottawa Lynx of the International League in 2005 , and the Orioles signed veteran catcher Sal Fasano to mentor him . On July 4 , Whiteside was called up by the Orioles after Gerónimo Gil was placed on the disabled list . He made his major league debut the next day , entering as a defensive replacement for Fasano in a 12 – 3 loss to the New York Yankees . Four days later , making his first major league start , he got his first hit , an RBI single against Scott Cassidy in a 9 – 1 victory over the Boston Red Sox . He appeared in six games and committed two throwing errors , one of which was important . On July 19 , he made a wild throw to second base on a stolen base attempt that put Joe Mauer in position to score the tying run from third on a wild pitch in a 4 – 3 loss to the Minnesota Twins . Whiteside was sent back to Ottawa on July 25 when Javy López came off the disabled list . In 95 games ( 317 at bats ) with Ottawa , Whiteside hit .233 with 74 hits , four home runs , and 27 RBI while posting a caught stealing percentage of 40 % . He was also called up in September , appearing in three more games . In nine games ( 12 at bats ) with the Orioles , Whiteside had three hits and one RBI . Whiteside was considered a " long shot " to make the Orioles ' roster in 2006 , but he remained in spring training with the Orioles until they made their final cuts on April 1 and sent him to Ottawa . On May 21 , Whiteside had four RBI in a game against the Rochester Red Wings , and he had back @-@ to @-@ back three @-@ hit games against the Norfolk Tides from July 23 through 24 . In 92 games ( 315 at bats ) with Ottawa in 2006 , Whiteside batted .244 with 77 hits , 11 home runs , and 47 RBI . His batting average was .281 at home compared to .201 on the road . In 2007 , Whiteside attended spring training but was reassigned to the minors on March 27 , coinciding with the Orioles ' acquisition of Alberto Castillo . Whiteside began the season with the Orioles ' Triple @-@ A affiliate , which was now the Norfolk Tides , but after he batted .180 in 18 games he was reassigned to Bowie on May 11 . He spent time on the disabled list from June 18 through July 12 with a fractured right cheekbone . Upon returning , he had a seven @-@ game hitting streak , but he was lost for the season on August 6 after suffering a concussion . In 42 games ( 141 at bats ) with Bowie , Whiteside hit .291 with 41 hits , four home runs , and 30 RBI . After 2007 , he filed for free agency , having played in only nine major league games during his seven years with the Orioles . = = = Minnesota Twins organization ( 2008 ) = = = On November 24 , 2007 , Whiteside signed a contract with the Minnesota Twins for the 2008 season . He played in eight games with the Rochester Red Wings of the International League , batting .167 before getting released on April 30 when Ryan Jorgensen returned from serving a suspension for performance @-@ enhancing drugs . = = = San Francisco Giants ( 2009 @-@ 2012 ) = = = Five days after getting released by the Twins , the San Francisco Giants signed Whiteside . He spent the rest of the year with the Triple @-@ A Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League . In 49 games , the most by any catcher with Fresno in 2008 , Whiteside batted .238 with 36 hits , two home runs , and 22 RBI . He had a .986 fielding percentage but only threw out seven percent of attempted base @-@ stealers . In 57 games ( 175 at bats ) between Rochester and Fresno , he hit .229 with 40 hits , three home runs , and 23 RBI . The next season , Whiteside started the year at Fresno again , batting .241 with 28 hits , six home runs , and 24 RBI in 34 games ( 116 at bats ) . However , after an elbow injury prevented Pablo Sandoval from catching , the Giants called up Whiteside to be the backup catcher for Bengie Molina on May 24 , 2009 . The same day , he played his first major league game in four years ( and his first for a National League team ) . He finished the game with a hit and an RBI in three at @-@ bats . Matt Cain said of Whiteside , " He 's been great . He 's a guy who definitely takes advantage of his days in between , when he 's not catching , and asking what guys threw in situations and what the pitches were , so he isn 't thrown into the fire the days he 's starting . Even if he doesn 't see a team , he 's still figuring out how guys got them out . He 's definitely always learning . " On July 10 , 2009 , Molina was scheduled to catch , but was unable to because he went to see his wife , who was having a baby . Whiteside caught in his place , and Jonathan Sánchez , starting in place of the injured Randy Johnson , threw a no @-@ hitter against the San Diego Padres . When asked if he thought it was more unlikely for Sánchez to throw a no @-@ hitter or for him to catch it , he said , " Probably me catching one . " He hit a grand slam , his first Major League home run , against Brian Moehler of the Houston Astros in a 10 – 6 Giants ' victory on August 5 , 2009 . He joined Bobby Bonds , Dave Kingman , and Brian Dallimore as the only Giants to hit a grand slam for their first home run . He finished the year with 29 hits in 49 games ( 126 at @-@ bats ) , two home runs , and 13 RBI . Defensively , he posted a .993 fielding percentage while catching 39 % of attempted base stealers . In 2010 , for the first time in his career , Whiteside made an MLB team out of spring training . He served as Sánchez 's personal catcher for much of the season , catching 19 of his starts . Following Molina 's trade to the Texas Rangers on June 30 , Whiteside saw his playing time reduced as Buster Posey caught more and more games ; Whiteside would only start six of the Giants ' final 57 games . He finished the regular season with a .238 batting average , appearing in 73 games . Though Whiteside did not appear in any playoff games , he was on the team 's roster throughout the playoffs , earning his first career championship title after the Giants won the series against the Rangers . In 2011 , Whiteside again began the year as the backup catcher . However , following Posey 's season @-@ ending leg injury on May 25 , 2011 , he moved into a more prominent role , splitting starting time with Chris Stewart . On June 22 , he had two hits ( including a triple ) and a season @-@ high three RBI in a 5 – 2 victory over the Twins . He had a season @-@ high three hits on July 14 in a 12 @-@ inning , 6 – 2 victory over San Diego . From August 19 through August 25 , he was on the seven @-@ day disabled list with a concussion . In 82 games ( 213 at bats ) , Whiteside hit .197 with 42 hits , four home runs , and 17 RBI . Defensively , he threw out 25 % of attempted base stealers . He was non @-@ tendered after the season and briefly became a free agent before being re @-@ signed to a one @-@ year deal with the Giants . In 2012 spring training , Whiteside competed with Stewart for the backup catcher job . However , the Giants ultimately decided to give the role to prospect Héctor Sánchez , a promising hitter who had been expected to start the season with Fresno to work on his defense . Stewart was traded to the Yankees and Whiteside was sent to Fresno . In 60 games ( 201 at bats ) with Fresno , he hit .224 with 45 hits , one home run , and 20 RBI . On July 18 , 2012 , Whiteside was called up from Fresno when Héctor Sánchez was placed on the disabled list , appearing in six games before being optioned back to Fresno on August 1 when Sánchez returned from the disabled list . He was then recalled on August 26 to be the third @-@ string catcher . Whiteside appeared in 12 games with the Giants in 2012 , having one hit ( an RBI double ) in 11 at bats . He threw out three out of five attempted base stealers . This time , he was left off the playoff roster as the Giants went on to win the World Series in a four @-@ game sweep against the Detroit Tigers . = = = 2012 @-@ 13 offseason = = = Due to the emergence of Héctor Sánchez , Whiteside did not expect to return to the Giants after 2012 . " I didn 't really think I 'd be back with the Giants . Love that team and love that organization . They 've got a good thing going there . Good group of guys and I 've enjoyed the time I 've spent there . " On November 5 , 2012 , Whiteside was claimed off waivers by the New York Yankees , agreeing to terms with them on a one @-@ year contract worth $ 625 @,@ 000 in the Major Leagues and $ 200 @,@ 000 in the Minors on November 26 . Just two days later , the Yankees designated Whiteside for assignment to make room for Andy Pettitte . On December 3 , he was claimed off waivers by the Toronto Blue Jays . = = = Texas Rangers organization ( 2013 ) = = = Nine days later , Whiteside was claimed off waivers by the Texas Rangers . He was designated for assignment by the Rangers on January 3 , 2013 , and removed from the 40 man roster to make room for Jason Frasor . Whiteside cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Rangers ' Triple @-@ A affiliate Round Rock Express of the Pacific Coast League . Whiteside attended 2013 spring training as a non @-@ roster invitee , appearing in five games . He played 2013 with the Round Rock Express , where he split time at catcher with Robinson Chirinos and José Félix . In 67 games ( 225 at bats ) with the Express , he hit .187 with 5 home runs and 25 RBI . On October 1 , he filed for free agency . = = = Chicago Cubs = = = On November 15 , 2013 , Whiteside signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs , with an invitation to spring training . He competed with John Baker and George Kottaras for the backup catcher role , and was assigned to the Triple @-@ A Iowa Cubs of the Pacific Coast League on March 27 when Baker was given the role . His contract was selected from Iowa on June 3 when Welington Castillo was placed on the disabled list . Whiteside appeared in eight games , batting .120 . He was designated for assignment on June 22 when Castillo returned from the disabled list , and sent outright to the Iowa Cubs on June 25 . Whiteside elected free agency in October 2014 . = = = Retirement = = = He signed a minor league contract with the Atlanta Braves during the off @-@ season in 2015 , but decided to retire instead . He returned to the San Francisco Giants as a bullpen catcher . = = Personal life = = Whiteside married his high school sweetheart , Amy , in 2004 . They have two sons : Whit and Wake . Whiteside is easily recognized by his completely gray hair , which he said began to gray when he was in high school . Whiteside said , " I 've come to terms with it . As long as it doesn 't fall out , I 'll be doing all right , I think . " After Whiteside won the 2010 World Series , his hometown of New Albany declared an " Eli Whiteside Day " and presented Whiteside with a key to the city .
= Good Girl Gone Bad Live = Good Girl Gone Bad Live is the first live long @-@ form video by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna . It was first released on June 9 , 2008 by Def Jam Recordings . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray release features Rihanna 's concert at the Manchester Arena in Manchester , United Kingdom held on December 6 , 2007 , as part of her Good Girl Gone Bad Tour ( 2007 — 09 ) which supported singer 's third studio album Good Girl Gone Bad ( 2007 ) . Most of the concert 's set list originates from Good Girl Gone Bad , however , Rihanna also performed songs from her previous albums Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) and A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) . It also contains a special Documentary Feature that presents Rihanna discussing her experiences during the tour . Critics were divided on Good Girl Gone Bad Live ; they praised the show , dancers , Rihanna 's vocals and contrast levels of the video , however , there was criticism towards some technicalities including the close @-@ up frames . At the 2009 Grammy Awards , the video album received a Grammy nomination for Best Long Form Music Video . Commercially , Good Girl Gone Bad Live peaked within the top @-@ ten in nine countries , including at number one in Austria and Switzerland . On the US Billboard Music DVD Chart it peaked at number six and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over 25 @,@ 000 copies . = = Background and release = = Following the release of her two studio albums Music of the Sun ( 2005 ) and A Girl like Me ( 2006 ) , in late 2006 Rihanna started working with songwriters and producers on her third studio album . She worked with some of the producers who were involved on her previous albums including Evan Rogers and Carl Sturken , Ne @-@ Yo , J.R. Rotem , Sean Garrett and Norwegian duo Stargate . Rihanna also collaborated with new music producers on the album such as Timbaland and will.i.am. Most of the album tracks were recorded in Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , parallel to the recording sessions of her second studio album , A Girl like Me . Rihanna began working on the album in late 2006 and was almost finished recording in late February 2007 . On June 4 , 2007 she released the album under the name Good Girl Gone Bad . During an interview with MTV News , Rihanna explained the meaning and reasoning behind the album 's title : We figured Good Girl Gone Bad was the perfect title because it showed people I 'm my own [ person ] now . Not doing what anyone wants me to do . I 'm not the innocent Rihanna anymore . I 'm taking a lot more risks and chances . I felt when I cut my hair , it shows people I 'm not trying to look or be anybody else . The album is very edgy . We have some urban records , some really pop records . " Upon its release , Good Girl Gone Bad received generally positive reviews from most music critics and earned Rihanna a Grammy Award for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration for the lead single " Umbrella " . It became a huge commercial success and spawned eight singles that attained chart success . To further promote the album , Rihanna embarked on her first worldwide and second overall tour entitled Good Girl Gone Bad Tour ( 2007 — 09 ) . During the tour , Rihanna performed in Europe , North America , Oceania , Asia and Africa in a total of 80 concert shows . Good Girl Gone Bad Live was filmed at the Manchester Arena show in Manchester , United Kingdom ; the show was part of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour and held on December 6 , 2007 . The Good Girl Gone Bad Live DVD was released on June 9 and June 13 , 2008 in the United Kingdom and Germany through Mercury Records and Universal Music respectively . It was digitally released via iTunes on June 16 , 2008 in several countries including Australia , Austria , Brazil , France , Germany , the Republic of Ireland , Japan , New Zealand , Spain and the United Kingdom . Universal Music Canada and Def Jam Recordings released the DVD of the concert in Canada and the United States on November 4 , 2008 . A Blu @-@ ray format of Good Girl Gone Bad Live was released in France on November 24 , 2008 . In late 2009 , the same Blu @-@ ray was also released in the United States and Germany . = = Technicalities and synopsis = = Good Girl Gone Bad Live was directed by Paul Caslin and captured with a 14 @-@ camera High Definition shoot . The Blu @-@ ray edition of the video album is presented in an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 78 : 1 , encoded with MPEG @-@ 4 AVC and grants a 1080i transfer . Good Girl Gone Bad Live contains two audio tracks DTS @-@ HD Master Audio 5 @.@ 1 and LPCM 2 @.@ 0 . According to a reviewer of Blu @-@ ray.com the LPCM 2 @.@ 0 is very strong , but it is not as convincing as the DTS @-@ HD Master Audio 5 @.@ 1 track . He stated that " The crowd noise , for example , is pushed back quite a bit when Rihanna sings , yet between the songs , it is as prominent as it is on the DTS @-@ HD Master Audio 5 @.@ 1 track . " It has a length of over 90 minutes and contains five subtitles : English , French , Spanish , Portuguese and German . Good Girl Gone Bad Live opens with a black @-@ and @-@ white video interlude of Rihanna putting on and zipping up leather clothing . Scenes are intercut with an aerial view of the audience in the arena . As the audience is waiting for her to perform , scenes of Rihanna approaching the stage are shown . As she says " Let 's go " the music begins to play . The concert opens as Rihanna emerges from a portable floor behind a giant curtain and starts performing her debut single " Pon de Replay " . The show continues with her performing " Break It Off " and " Let Me " . Before performing " Rehab " , Rihanna reveals that the song was written by Justin Timberlake who is her " very good friend and hopes that the audience like it " . Then , she performs " Breakin ' Dishes " before rendering a cover of " Is This Love " , a song by Jamaican reggae singer Bob Marley and his band The Wailers . " Is This Love " is mashed @-@ up with " Kisses Don 't Lie " . The song is the last from the first set and ends with Rihanna leaving the stage at the portable floor from which she entered . The second set opens with Rihanna performing " SOS " , accompanied with dancers wearing Ancient Egypt inspired outfits who through the performance change their clothes . Rihanna then sits on the stairs on the stage together with her back @-@ up singers Ashley and Erica who are about to help her with the next songs , " Good Girl Gone Bad " and " Hate That I Love You " . Rihanna finishes the set with the performances of the ballad " Unfaithful " and " Sell Me Candy " . In the next set , the disc jockey asks the audience are they ready to party and then Rihanna emerges from behind the stage to perform " Don 't Stop the Music " and " Push Up on Me " ; the latter features Rihanna and the dancers climbing on assembled rods . Before the performance of " Shut Up and Drive " , the back @-@ up singers run through the stage carrying finish racing flags . As Rihanna enters the stage , the dancers also come together with chairs which are set to represent vehicle seats . Rihanna performs " Question Existing " on a leopard @-@ leather inspired sofa which is climbed on a pedestal . The concert ends with the performance of " Umbrella " . Before performing the song , Rihanna speaks to the audience telling that she will perform her " biggest record so far all over the world " . The concert ends with frames of the audience and the fans . = = = Documentary Feature = = = Good Girl Gone Bad Live contains a Documentary Feature of the Good Girl Gone Bad Tour during her course . It begins with the performance of " Umbrella " at the Manchester show when the scenes are intercut with Rihanna talking about how her fans are coming to watch her on the tour concerts . Other scenes of Rihanna and her crew members , dancers and band are also shown backstage . Rihanna then continues with the interview telling about how she went to some places that she never heard in her life including Ischgl and Sofia . She also explains how flying in private jet with her team like " one family " is fun , but very rare . Scenes of Rihanna performing a show in Ischgl and having snowball fight with hear team at the town 's streets are shown . During the interview Rihanna explains that she , her crew members and dancers were touring for a considerable amount of time and became very close so as a result of that , they hang out a lot . One of the crew explains : " It is like a family . Rihanna comes in every day , says hi to every single one of us . Each of us come in every day , we all say hi to each other . " Rihanna further describes herself as a prankster , and a story of her and one of the crew members pranking is shown . Scenes are intercut to Rihanna and her team performing a show . Later , Rihanna jokingly explains that they put probably " the worst show ever " because of her dancers . Rihanna explains what they do when they get to a city : " Sometimes we get to the city that morning . We sometimes come straight to the venue . We pull up , everybody comes out , you shower , then you do your sound check . Then it 's time to get ready . Hair , makeup , that 's the fun part . " Rihanna then shows her dressing room , makeup artists and costumes . She explains how she loves wearing black on stage because she is " good girl gone bad and black is kind of gothic and rock n ' roll " . Rihanna explains how she is nervous before the beginning of the show because of the atmosphere where all of her fans are screaming her name . According to her , the beginning of the show is up @-@ tempo and loud , before becoming a little bit " mellow " at the middle of it . The show then gets " on party " again with their techno club set @-@ list . The encore consists of " Question Existing " and " Umbrella " . According to Rihanna , " Question Existing " is a very personal song which American singer Ne @-@ Yo wrote " on behalf of entertainers " . She concluded that it is very hard for her to call herself a superstar . The Documentary Feature ends with Rihanna announcing that in the end of 2008 she will be hitting the studio again and " she won 't be away for too long " . = = Critical response = = Azeem Ahmad of MusicOMH positively reviewed Good Girl Gone Bad Live giving it four stars and wrote that " it isn 't going to win over any new fans , but buying it won 't disappoint the many that already exist " . According to him the songs are different from their recorded versions and sound " infectiously upbeat but in a more grown @-@ up way than the album " . Ahmad concluded that even the " cringey " American pronunciation of " Manchester " and associated drivel can 't take away the vocal strength of " Rehab " . He further praised the interlude " Scratch " calling it " impressive " . Ahmad concluded that " If anyone was still wondering , Rihanna isn 't miming during this show but the DVD 's audio might be little bit out of sync with the video . " A reviewer of Blu @-@ ray.com was more critical stating that even though the transfer does not has serious technical flaws , the video can not pair to Live from the Royal Albert Hall ( 2009 ) by American rock band The Killers . According to the reviewer there are few close @-@ ups that look soft and also a lot of motion @-@ judder that ranges from mild to strong . He stated that the camera positioning during a lot of acts in not " overly convincing " and some close @-@ ups are too dark . However , according to him contrast levels are good . The reviewer concluded that " all in all , consistency is definitely an issue with Good Girl Gone Bad ; parts of the show look great in high @-@ definition , but there are also certain parts of it that are far from convincing . " At the 2009 Grammy Awards , Good Girl Gone Bad Live received a nomination for Best Long Form Music Video , but lost to Runnin ' Down a Dream ( 2007 ) . = = Commercial performance = = Good Girl Gone Bad Live debuted at its peak of number six on the US Billboard Music DVD chart for the issue dated August 2 , 2008 . The next week it dropped to number 12 , before falling to number 19 for the week dated August 16 , 2008 . The next week it fell off the chart , but re @-@ entered on November 22 , 2008 at number 11 , as a result of its DVD release in the United States . Good Girl Gone Bad Live stayed on the chart for total of 23 weeks . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) denoting shipments of over 25 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , Good Girl Gone Bad Live entered the Australian Music DVD Chart at its peak of number six for the issue dated June 30 , 2008 . The next week it fell to number 11 and stayed on the position for three weeks . The following week the video album dropped two places to number 13 . Good Girl Gone Bad Live was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for selling over 15 @,@ 000 copies in the country . Good Girl Gone Bad Live debuted at number one on the Austrian Music DVD Chart on July 4 , 2008 . However , the next week it fell seven places to number eight and stayed on the position for two weeks . On July 25 , 2008 it started climbing the chart again and eventually reached number five on August 8 , 2008 . Good Girl Gone Bad Live entered the Swiss Music DVD Chart at number three on July 6 , 2008 , however , it rose to number one the following week . On July 13 , 2008 it fell to number five , but climbed to number two the following week . The video album reached a peak of number two on the Belgium Music DVD Chart in both Flanders and Wallonia . Good Girl Gone Bad Live also peaked at number seven on the Dutch Music DVD Chart and Spanish Music DVD Chart and at number nine on the Italian Music DVD Chart . = = Track listing = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the notes of Good Girl Gone Bad Live , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Release history = =
= The Murders in the Rue Morgue = " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe published in Graham 's Magazine in 1841 . It has been recognized as the first modern detective story ; Poe referred to it as one of his " tales of ratiocination " . Two works that share some similarities predate Poe 's stories , including Das Fräulein von Scuderi ( 1819 ) by E. T. A. Hoffmann and Zadig ( 1747 ) by Voltaire . C. Auguste Dupin is a man in Paris who solves the mystery of the brutal murder of two women . Numerous witnesses heard a suspect , though no one agrees on what language was spoken . At the murder scene , Dupin finds a hair that does not appear to be human . As the first fictional detective , Poe 's Dupin displays many traits which became literary conventions in subsequent fictional detectives , including Sherlock Holmes and Hercule Poirot . Many later characters , for example , follow Poe 's model of the brilliant detective , his personal friend who serves as narrator , and the final revelation being presented before the reasoning that leads up to it . Dupin himself reappears in " The Mystery of Marie Rogêt " and " The Purloined Letter " . = = Plot summary = = The story surrounds the baffling double murder of Madame L 'Espanaye and her daughter at their home in the Rue Morgue , a fictional street in Paris . According to newspaper accounts , the mother was found in a yard behind the house , with multiple broken bones and her throat so deeply cut that her head fell off when the body was moved . The daughter was found strangled to death and stuffed upside down into a chimney . The murders occurred in a fourth @-@ floor room that was locked from the inside ; on the floor were found a bloody straight razor , several bloody tufts of gray hair , and two bags of gold coins . Several witnesses reported hearing two voices at the time of the murder , one male and French , but disagreed on the language spoken by the other . The speech was unclear , and every witness admits that he does not know the language he claims to have heard . Paris natives Dupin and his friend , the unnamed narrator of the story , read these newspaper accounts with interest . The two live in seclusion and allow no visitors . They have cut off contact with " former associates " and venture outside only at night . " We existed within ourselves alone " , the narrator explains . When a bank clerk named Adolphe Le Bon is arrested even though no evidence exists pointing to his guilt , Dupin becomes intrigued and remembers a service that Le Bon once performed for him . He decides to offer his assistance to " G – " , the prefect of police . Because none of the witnesses can agree on the language the murderer spoke , Dupin concludes they were not hearing a human voice at all . He and the narrator examine the house thoroughly ; the following day , Dupin dismisses the idea of both Le Bon 's guilt and a robbery motive , citing the fact that the gold was not taken from the room . He formulates a method by which the murderer could have entered the room and killed both women , involving an agile climb up a lightning rod and a leap to a set of open window shutters . Showing an unusual tuft of hair he recovered from the scene , and demonstrating the impossibility of the daughter being strangled by a human hand , Dupin concludes that an " Ourang @-@ Outang " ( orangutan ) killed the women . He has placed an advertisement in the local newspaper asking if anyone has lost such an animal , and a sailor soon arrives looking for it . The sailor offers to pay a reward , but Dupin is interested only in learning the circumstances behind the two murders . The sailor explains that he captured the orangutan while in Borneo and brought it back to Paris , but had trouble keeping it under control . When he saw the orangutan attempting to shave its face with his straight razor , imitating his morning grooming , it fled into the streets and reached the Rue Morgue , where it climbed up and into the house . The orangutan seized the mother by the hair and was waving the razor , imitating a barber ; when she screamed in fear , it flew into a rage , ripped her hair out , slashed her throat , and strangled the daughter . The sailor climbed up the lightning rod in an attempt to catch the animal , and the two voices heard by witnesses belonged to it and to him . Fearing punishment by its master , the orangutan threw the mother 's body out the window and stuffed the daughter into the chimney before fleeing . The sailor sells the orangutan , Le Bon is released from custody , and the prefect of police mentions that people should mind their own business once Dupin tells him the story . Dupin comments to the narrator that G – is " somewhat too cunning to be profound " , but admires his ability " de nier ce qui est , et d 'expliquer ce qui n 'est pas " ( a quote from Julie , or the New Heloise by Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau : " to deny that which is , and explore that which is not " ) . = = Themes and analysis = = In a letter to friend Dr. Joseph Snodgrass , Poe said of " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " , " its theme was the exercise of ingenuity in detecting a murderer . " Dupin is not a professional detective ; he decides to investigate the murders in the Rue Morgue for his personal amusement . He also has a desire for truth and to prove a falsely accused man innocent . His interests are not financial and he even declines a monetary reward from the owner of the orangutan . The revelation of the actual murderer removes the crime , as neither the orangutan nor its owner can be held responsible . Later detective stories would have set up M. Le Bon , the suspect who is arrested , as appearing guilty as a red herring , though Poe chose not to . Poe wrote " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " at a time when crime was at the forefront in people 's minds due to urban development . London had recently established its first professional police force and American cities were beginning to focus on scientific police work as newspapers reported murders and criminal trials . " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " continues an urban theme that was used several times in Poe 's fiction , in particular " The Man of the Crowd " , likely inspired by Poe 's time living in Philadelphia . The tale has an underlying metaphor for the battle of brains vs. brawn . Physical strength , depicted as the orangutan as well as its owner , stand for violence : the orangutan is a murderer , while its owner admits he has abused the animal with a whip . The analyst 's brainpower overcomes their violence . The story also contains Poe 's often @-@ used theme of the death of a beautiful woman , which he called the " most poetical topic in the world " . = = = Dupin 's method = = = Poe defines Dupin 's method , ratiocination , using the example of a card player : " the extent of information obtained ; lies not so much in the validity of the inference as in the quality of the observation . " Poe then provides a narrative example where Dupin explains how he knew the narrator was thinking about the actor Chantilly . Dupin then applies his method to the solving of this crime . Dupin 's method emphasizes the importance of reading and the written word . The newspaper accounts pique his curiosity ; he learns about orangutans from a written account by " Cuvier " — likely Georges Cuvier , the French zoologist . This method also engages the reader , who follows along by reading the clues himself . Poe also emphasizes the power of the spoken word . When Dupin asks the sailor for information about the murders , the sailor himself acts out a partial death : " The sailor 's face flushed up as if he were struggling with suffocation ... the next moment he fell back into his seat , trembling violently , and with the countenance of death itself . " = = Literary significance and reception = = Poe biographer Jeffrey Meyers sums up the significance of " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " : " [ it ] changed the history of world literature . " Often cited as the first detective fiction story , the character of Dupin became the prototype for many future fictional detectives , including Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes and Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot . The genre is distinctive from a general mystery story in that the focus is on analysis . Poe 's role in the creation of the detective story is reflected in the Edgar Awards , given annually by the Mystery Writers of America . " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " also established many tropes that would become common elements in mystery fiction : the eccentric but brilliant detective , the bumbling constabulary , the first @-@ person narration by a close personal friend . Poe also portrays the police in an unsympathetic manner as a sort of foil to the detective . Poe also initiates the storytelling device where the detective announces his solution and then explains the reasoning leading up to it . It is also the first locked room mystery in detective fiction . Upon its release , " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " and its author were praised for the creation of a new profound novelty . The Pennsylvania Inquirer printed that " it proves Mr Poe to be a man of genius ... with an inventive power and skill , of which we know no parallel . " Poe , however , downplayed his achievement in a letter to Philip Pendleton Cooke : These tales of ratiocination owe most of their popularity to being something in a new key . I do not mean to say that they are not ingenious – but people think them more ingenious than they are – on account of their method and air of method . In the " Murders in the Rue Morgue " , for instance , where is the ingenuity in unraveling a web which you yourself ... have woven for the express purpose of unraveling ? " Modern readers are occasionally put off by Poe 's violation of an implicit narrative convention : readers should be able to guess the solution as they read . The twist ending , however , is a sign of " bad faith " on Poe 's part because readers would not reasonably include an orangutan on their list of potential murderers . = = Inspiration = = The word detective did not exist at the time Poe wrote " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " , though there were other stories that featured similar problem @-@ solving characters . Das Fräulein von Scuderi ( 1819 ) , by E. T. A. Hoffmann , in which Mlle. de Scuderi , a kind of 19th @-@ century Miss Marple , establishes the innocence of the police 's favorite suspect in the murder of a jeweler , is sometimes cited as the first detective story . Other forerunners include Voltaire 's Zadig ( 1748 ) , with a main character who performs similar feats of analysis , themselves borrowed from The Three Princes of Serendip , an Italian rendition of Amir Khusro 's " Hasht @-@ Bihisht " . Poe may also have been expanding on previous analytical works of his own including the essay on " Maelzel 's Chess Player " and the comedic " Three Sundays in a Week " . As for the twist in the plot , Poe was likely inspired by the crowd reaction to an orangutan on display at the Masonic Hall in Philadelphia in July 1839 . The name of the main character may have been inspired from the " Dupin " character in a series of stories first published in Burton 's Gentleman 's Magazine in 1828 called " Unpublished passages in the Life of Vidocq , the French Minister of Police " . Poe would likely have known the story , which features an analytical man who discovers a murderer , though the two plots share little resemblance . Murder victims in both stories , however , have their neck cut so badly that the head is almost entirely removed from the body . Dupin actually mentions Vidocq by name , dismissing him as " a good guesser " . = = Publication history = = Poe originally titled the story " Murders in the Rue Trianon " but renamed it to better associate with death . " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " first appeared in Graham 's Magazine in April 1841 while Poe was working as an editor . He was paid an additional $ 56 for it — an unusually high figure ; he was only paid $ 9 for " The Raven " . In 1843 , Poe had the idea to print a series of pamphlets with his stories entitled The Prose Romances of Edgar A. Poe . He printed only one , " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " oddly collected with the satirical " The Man That Was Used Up " . It sold for 12 and a half cents . This version included 52 changes from the original text from Graham 's , including the new line : " The Prefect is somewhat too cunning to be profound " , a change from the original " too cunning to be acute " . " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " was also reprinted in Wiley & Putnam 's collection of Poe 's stories simply called Tales . Poe did not take part in selecting which tales would be collected . Poe 's sequel to " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " was " The Mystery of Marie Rogêt " , first serialized in December 1842 and January 1843 . Though subtitled " A Sequel to ' The Murders in the Rue Morgue ' " , " The Mystery of Marie Rogêt " shares very few common elements with " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " beyond the inclusion of C. Auguste Dupin and the Paris setting . Dupin reappeared in " The Purloined Letter " , which Poe called " perhaps the best of my tales of ratiocination " in a letter to James Russell Lowell in July 1844 . The original manuscript of " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " which was used for its first printing in Graham 's Magazine was discarded in a wastebasket . An apprentice at the office , J. M. Johnston , retrieved it and left it with his father for safekeeping . It was left in a music book , where it survived three house fires before being bought by George William Childs . In 1891 , Childs presented the manuscript , re @-@ bound with a letter explaining its history , to Drexel University . Childs had also donated $ 650 for the completion of Edgar Allan Poe 's new grave monument in Baltimore , Maryland in 1875 . " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " was one of the earliest of Poe 's works to be translated into French . Between June 11 and June 13 , 1846 , " Un meurtre sans exemple dans les Fastes de la Justice " was published in La Quotidienne , a Paris newspaper . Poe 's name was not mentioned and many details , including the name of the Rue Morgue and the main characters ( " Dupin " became " Bernier " ) , were changed . On October 12 , 1846 , another uncredited translation , renamed " Une Sanglante Enigme " , was published in Le Commerce . The editor of Le Commerce was accused of plagiarizing the story from La Quotidienne . The accusation went to trial and the public discussion brought Poe 's name to the attention of the French public . = = Adaptations = = " The Murders in the Rue Morgue " has been adapted for radio , film and television many times . The first film adaptation was a short silent film made in 1914 . [ 1 ] . The first full @-@ length version was Murders in the Rue Morgue by Universal Pictures in 1932 , directed by Robert Florey and starring Bela Lugosi , Leon Ames and Sidney Fox , with Arlene Francis . The film bears little resemblance to the original story . Another adaptation , Phantom of the Rue Morgue , was released in 1954 by Warner Brothers , directed by Roy Del Ruth and starring Karl Malden and Patricia Medina . A TV movie made by Syndicated in 1968 , The Murders in the Rue de Morgue , is an adaptation by James MacTaggart , starring Walter Horsbrugh , Charles Kay and Dennis Edwards . A film in 1971 directed by Gordon Hessler with the title Murders in the Rue Morgue had little to do with the Poe story . On January 7 , 1975 , a radio @-@ play version was broadcast on CBS Radio Mystery Theater . A made @-@ for @-@ TV movie , The Murders in the Rue Morgue , aired in 1986 . It was directed by Jeannot Szwarc and starred George C. Scott , Rebecca De Mornay , Ian McShane , and Val Kilmer . It has also been adapted as a video game by Big Fish Games for their " Dark Tales " franchise under the title " Dark Tales : Edgar Allan Poe 's Murders in the Rue Morgue " . Murders in the Rue Morgue , and The Gold Bug ( 1973 ) , a simplified version by Robert James Dixson , was published by Regents Pub . Co . The British heavy metal band Iron Maiden has a song called Murders in Rue Morgue , based on the story . Morgue Street is a 2012 short film directed by Alberto Viavattene starring Federica Tommasi and Désirée Giorgetti .
= Danielle Rousseau = Danielle Rousseau is a fictional character on the ABC drama television series Lost , which chronicles the lives of over forty people after their plane crashes on a remote island somewhere in the South Pacific . Croatian actress Mira Furlan plays the scientist who shipwrecks on the island sixteen years prior to the crash of Oceanic Flight 815 . After Rousseau is killed in the fourth season , the American actress Melissa Farman portrayed a younger version of the character in the fifth season . Furlan later reappears for one episode in the sixth season . Rousseau is a recurring on @-@ island character who has appeared in nineteen episodes in seasons one through four , as well as one episode where her voice alone is heard , and her final episode in the sixth season . The character , who is commonly known as " The French Woman " among the survivors on the island , is introduced early in the first season . Sixteen years prior to the plane crash , Rousseau was a member of a French research vessel , whose ship ran aground on the island . Two months after being stranded , Rousseau gave birth to her daughter Alex ( Tania Raymonde ) ; however , Alex was taken by the island 's original inhabitants , a group which Rousseau called the " Others " . Rousseau 's primary objective is to reunite with her daughter , which is achieved in the season three finale " Through the Looking Glass " . The reunion is short @-@ lived ; Rousseau is shot and killed by a band of mercenaries in the middle of the fourth season . The writers wrote Rousseau out of the series upon request by Furlan , who did not wish to travel to Hawaii to film her scenes , although she later called this an untrue rumor . The producers planned for Rousseau to get her own flashback episode in season four ; however , this was delayed due to the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The writers stated that Rousseau would be in the fifth season , and her story would be told , but to say that it would be told through a flashback would be " disingenuous " . In the fifth season of Lost , a younger version of Rousseau is shown . Critical reaction to the character has been generally positive ; however , many have expressed disappointment in the execution of Rousseau 's death scene . = = Arc = = = = = Prior to the crash = = = Sixteen years before Oceanic 815 crashes on the island , Rousseau was a heavily pregnant member of a six @-@ person crew aboard a French research vessel three days out of Tahiti . The crew picked up a radio signal emanating from the South Pacific , which was a repeating set of six numbers : 4 , 8 , 15 , 16 , 23 and 42 . While attempting to find the source of the signal , the ship ran aground on rocks surrounding the island . Before reaching the shore , Rousseau and her team found Oceanic 815 survivor Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) in the water , who had been time @-@ travelling as a result of the time shifts which had been moving him and the flight survivors through the island 's history . Rousseau later tells the survivors of Oceanic 815 that two months after their arrival , that the island natives , which she called the Others , carried a disease that the rest of her crew had contracted . She believed that this disease could not be allowed to reach the rest of the world , so she killed her colleagues , including her husband Robert . When Jin time @-@ travels to the past , he witnesses a different version of Rousseau 's past . It is shown that the Smoke Monster , not the Others , was responsible for the " sickness " that forced her to kill her crew . Rousseau confronts the father of her child , Robert , at gunpoint and accuses him of " being changed " inside the temple . Robert denies this , explaining that the Monster is a security system for the temple , and convinces Rousseau to lower her weapon . He attempts to shoot her when she does , but is shot by Rousseau . Rousseau also attempts to kill Jin , having witnessed him vanish moments after her team entered the Smoke Monster 's lair , believing he has the disease . Rousseau hiked to the radio tower and changed the message from the numbers to a repeating distress call . Three days later , Rousseau gave birth to a daughter , Alexandra . One week after Alex 's birth , Benjamin Linus ( Michael Emerson ) came and took Alex from Rousseau . Ben told Rousseau that the child would be safe with them , and that she was lucky for being left alive . Before leaving , Ben tells her that if she hears whispers , she should run the other way . After this , Rousseau began setting traps in the jungle with the hope of catching one of the people responsible for Alex 's kidnapping . = = = After the crash = = = Rousseau makes her first appearance in the season one episode " Solitary " , where she captures Sayid ( Naveen Andrews ) , one of the plane crash survivors . Rousseau tortures him until he eventually convinces her that he is not one of the Others . She allows Sayid to return to his camp , and cautions him to keep a close eye on the other survivors . Over two weeks later , she comes across a delirious Claire ( Emilie de Ravin ) , who had been left in the jungle after being kidnapped by the Others . Noticing that Claire 's shouting is alerting the Others to her presence , Rousseau knocks her unconscious and carries her back to the other survivors . Rousseau makes her next appearance in " Numbers " , where she shoots at Charlie ( Dominic Monaghan ) and Hurley ( Jorge Garcia ) , suspecting them of being Others . In the season one finale , set 43 days after the plane crash , Rousseau arrives on the beach and warns everyone that the Others are coming . After Claire gives birth to her son Aaron , Rousseau steals him and intends to swap him for her own child . When the Others do not come , Rousseau reluctantly returns him to Sayid . In season two , set two weeks later , Rousseau informs Sayid that she has caught one of the Others , who later turns out to be Ben . Later , Rousseau joins Claire and Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) who are searching for medicine for Claire 's baby , in one of the Others ' work stations . Disappointed that she has not found any trace of Alex , she begins to leave them when Claire tells her that she believes Alex helped her escape when the Others captured her . Midway through season three , Kate persuades Rousseau to help some of the survivors find the Others ' home , by informing her that Alex helped her escape from the Others . When they arrive , Rousseau abandons the group and watches from the bushes as Alex walks past . A few days later , Rousseau leads the survivors to the radio tower in order for them to contact a nearby freighter . En route , they encounter Ben and Alex ; Ben explains to . Season four begins with the survivors dividing into two groups , with those who believe the people from the freighter to be dangerous , including Rousseau and Alex , joining Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) . After learning of the freighter crew 's intentions to kill everyone on the island , Ben directs Rousseau , along with Alex and her boyfriend Karl ( Blake Bashoff ) , to head to the Temple where the rest of the Others are located . On their way , Rousseau and Karl are shot by unseen attackers , and both are killed . The buried bodies of both are discovered by Miles ( Ken Leung ) , Sawyer ( Josh Holloway ) , and Claire after they leave Locke and travel back to the beach . = = = Flash @-@ Sideways = = = She 's still the mother of Alex and lives with her . Alex introduces her mother to Dr. Linus because he 's too hurt after being battered by Desmond . Danielle and Alex bring him home for dinner . While Alex is doing her homework , Danielle and Dr. Linus are talking about her . She tells him that since the death of her father when she was two , he 's the closest to a father figure that she ever got . Dr. Linus is visibly touched . = = Development = = Rousseau is named after French @-@ Swiss philosopher Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau . Although Rousseau is French , actress Mira Furlan is Croatian , which led to speculation that Rousseau is not really from France . In one of the official Lost podcasts , producer Carlton Cuse joked , " any French woman who speaks with a Croatian accent and has been living in the woods for sixteen years eating bugs ... has got some issues , and those issues need to be overcome before she can actually go and embrace Alex " . Furlan understood Rousseau 's decision to not meet her daughter , believing that no one can ever be prepared for that moment . Furlan met Raymonde for the first time just minutes before shooting their reunion scene in the season three finale . The actors believed the scene to be a " huge moment " for their characters , which Furlan described as a " basic human moment . " Furlan was glad to have " such a beautiful partner , " and noted their physical resemblance . Furlan is said to have asked for her character to be written out of the series because she did not want to travel to Hawaii to film her scenes , although she later called this an untrue rumor . The producers decided for Rousseau to be shot , with the possibility of her returning in season five . Co @-@ show runners and executive producers Damon Lindelof and Cuse originally intended for Rousseau to get her own flashback episode in season four , however as a result of the Writer 's Strike , this did not come to pass . When asked whether Rousseau would have a flashback in season five , Lindelof said that Rousseau 's story would " definitively " be revealed , but that " to use the word flashback would be disingenuous " . Cuse revealed that they were trying to steer away from the word flashback and were " embracing a whole new word " . He explained that " there will still [ ... ] be flashbacks and flash @-@ forwards on the show , but we 're going to do something different this year . We 're going to mix it up . " Instead of using flashbacks and flashforwards like in previous seasons , stories of the fifth season will play out both on and off the island stories in different points in time . The writers were supposedly scheduling an appearance by Furlan for the fifth season , but Furlan did not end up making an appearance . However , she returns in the form of Rousseau 's " sideways " counterpart ( who never crashed on the Island , lost Alex or went insane ) in the sixth season . = = Reception = = In a review of the first season episode " Solitary " , Chris Carabott of IGN commented that Rousseau appeared to be more emotionally fragile than in later seasons , and was like a " loose cannon " . Carabott found that as the series progressed and the mystery around the character was lessened , Rousseau was unable to deliver the same impact she made in her first appearance . In his review of " Numbers " , in which Rousseau makes her second appearance , Carabott described Hurley and Rousseau 's encounter as " the episode 's best moment " , as " Hurley finds comfort with someone who we would least expect . " Lost co @-@ creator J.J. Abrams commended Furlan for giving the character " heart and soul " , and managed to make her " identifiable and complex " . Rousseau 's unknown fate in " Meet Kevin Johnson " was heavily discussed among critics . Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger felt that the relationship between Rousseau and Alex after their reunion remained unexplored , which made Rousseau 's death a wasted opportunity for a powerful death scene . BuddyTV 's Don Williams believed that Rousseau would survive , mainly because he had been waiting to see her flashback for four seasons , and thought her death would ensure it would not happen . Dan Compora from SyFy Portal was disappointed in her death scene , noting , " I wasn 't shocked to see Danielle get killed , but the scene felt like it was tossed in just in case this had to serve as the season finale . " Compora felt that Rousseau deserved more screen time in the episode leading up to her death . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Tim Goodman described it as " a rude and lazy way to get rid of Rousseau " . John Kubicek , also of BuddyTV , found her death scene unsatisfactory , commenting , " Then we have that entirely tacked on scene at the end which felt so artificial , like I accidentally flipped over to a different show . While I agree Danielle Rousseau being shot with an arrow is shocking , is this really what the show has come to ? Arbitrarily putting a recurring character 's life in peril to pose as a cliffhanger ? " = = Appearances in Lost = = Key : = Recurring Key : = Guest
= Günther Specht = Günther Specht ( 13 November 1914 – 1 January 1945 ) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II . Having joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 and completed his pilot training , at the start of the war Specht was a Leutnant in 3 . / ZG 26 " Horst Wessel " ( the 3rd squadron of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing ) . In 1939 he was wounded by an RAF tail gunner and blinded in one eye . He returned to active duty and was shot down six times during the war . After his recovery in 1939 , he chose to return to active service but was shot down again in France and was seriously injured . These injuries kept him grounded for the next two years . In 1942 he returned to active duty with 1st Fighter Wing ( Jagdgeschwader 1 Oesau ; JG 1 ) ) . He was then made Group Commander ( Gruppenkommandeur ) of II Group of JG 11 ( II . / JG 11 ) and promoted to Major . He was appointed as Wing Commander ( Geschwaderkommodore ) of JG 11 and was listed as missing in action during the attack on the Allied bases at Asch and Ophoven as part of Operation Bodenplatte . He was posthumously promoted to lieutenant colonel ( German : Oberstleutnant ) and was recommended for the Oak Leaves ( German : Eichenlaub ) to the Knight 's Cross , which was never actioned amongst all the confusion in the last months of the war . Specht was considered as one of the best fighter leaders during the war and was a recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) . During his combat career he was credited with 34 enemy aircraft destroyed , all downed on the Western Front . = = Personality = = Specht was born on 13 November 1914 in Frankenstein ( modern Ząbkowice Śląskie ) of Prussia ( modern Poland ) . Specht was short in stature but full of energy . He had a distinguishing patch of gray in his hair just above his forehead . He was a perfectionist with a high sense of duty , and expected his men to follow his high standards . Although he lost his left eye in late 1939 , according to Squadron Leader ( German : Staffelkapitän ) Heinz Knoke of 5 . / JG 11 , he could see like a vulture and was an excellent marksman . Specht also had an eye for detail , and he wrote detailed mission log reports for future use . Specht 's personal emblems adorning his aircraft included a design by Specht of a pencil superimposed on a chevron ( termed a winged pencil ) as a wry comment on being deskbound following his injuries . His single @-@ engine aircraft with JG 11 sported a green spinner and a Knight 's Cross painted on the cowling after he was awarded the honour in April 1944 . Specht would not allow women on the group base , considering them an unnecessary diversion . According to Knoke , one time Specht 's wife came to visit him on the II . / JG 11 base but was held at the guard room on Specht 's orders and refused to receive calls from the guard . Instead he asked Knoke to pass a message to her to ' put herself on ice ' , saying that he would only have time for her after the war . Specht however did not survive , dying five months before the war in Europe came to an end . = = = Formation leadership = = = After taking command of II . / JG 11 , Specht led the group on every mission in which it participated . Following each mission , he wrote detailed and analytical mission reports . He soon gained a reputation as one of the most reliable formation leaders , with II . / JG 11 reputed to be one of the best units among the fighter force ( German : jagdwaffe ) on Reich air defense ( German : Reichsluftverteidigung ) . On 17 August 1943 Specht led the group from Gilze en Rijen on an intercept and sighted the B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses of 381 Bombing Group near Antwerp . He waited for 30 minutes until the escorts turned back at Eupen before attacking . Within the next half hour , sixty percent of the bombers went down . Specht himself was credited with downing two as his 16th and 17th victories . On 11 September 1944 Specht and the JG 11 Headquarters @-@ flight ( German : Stabsschwarm ) led a combined formation of II . / JG 4 ( Sturm ) ( German : Sturmgruppen ) and III . / JG 4 . Due to Specht 's skills , they positioned themselves against thirty @-@ four B @-@ 17s of the " Bloody 100th " and fifteen B @-@ 17s were downed before the escorting P @-@ 51s arrived . Specht was credited with one P @-@ 51 . = = Military career = = Having joined the Luftwaffe in 1935 and completed his pilot training , when war started in September 1939 Specht was a Leutnant in 3 . / ZG 26 " Horst Wessel " ( the 3rd squadron of the 26th Heavy Fighter Wing ) . Supposedly equipped with the new , twin @-@ engine , Bf 110 heavy fighter , its production was so far behind schedule that 7 of the 10 Zerstörergruppen ( including Specht ’ s I. / ZG 26 ) had to be equipped with old Messerschmitt Bf 109C and D single @-@ engined fighters . They thus took no role in the Polish campaign , instead based on the North Sea coast near Wilhelmshaven . This was virtually the only part of the Western Front , during the Phoney War , where there was significant aerial activity in the early months of the war , as RAF bombers flew unescorted raids on the German naval bases . So it did not take long for Specht to score his first victories : two Handley Page Hampden medium bombers in a squadron conducting an armed reconnaissance operation near Heligoland , shot down on 29 September . Needing a long @-@ range fighter to better intercept the British bombers at distance , I. / ZG 26 was thus the next Gruppe selected for re @-@ equipping onto the Bf 110 . On 3 December 1939 , 24 RAF Vickers Wellington bombers from Marham and Mildenhall bases attacked Heligoland . These were intercepted by I. / ZG 26 along with other Messerschmitt Bf 109 units . Specht scored his third victory , shooting down a bomber over the North Sea . But he was also seriously injured by return fire from the Wellington 's tail gunner , seriously wounding him in the face . Ditching into the sea , he was picked up by rescue craft . Losing the sight in his left eye , he spent the next six months in recovery . He was shot down by Corporal Copley of No. 38 Squadron RAF . However , he returned to active service , as Gruppe Adjutant of I. / ZG 26 . Still able to fly combat missions , his aircraft sported a pencil under his Adjutant ’ s chevron – bemoaning the combat pilot ’ s universal loathing of paperwork ! During the French campaign , on 23 May 1940 , Spitfires were encountered by Bf 110s and Bf 109s for the first time . The engagement resulted in the loss of two Bf 110s and two Bf 109s . However , Specht would claim three RAF Supermarine Spitfire fighters shot down . The British No. 92 Squadron RAF involved lost three Spitfires in the entire engagement . Squadron Leader Roger J Bushell became a prisoner of war while Paul H. Klipsch and Patrick Alexander George Learmond were killed in action . During the course of this battle , Specht and his rear gunner / radio operator were wounded , force land near Calais and Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer with a damaged aircraft . Again he was badly injured and spent further time in hospital . After recovering he took up staff duties for a year , until 16 September 1941 , when he was made Staffelkapitän ( Squadron leader ) of a newly formed night @-@ fighter training unit , 2 . / Nachtjagdschule 1 ( coming out of 2 . / Zerstörerschule 1 ) . Soon after , on 31 October , Hauptmann ( Captain ) Specht was promoted to Kommandeur of III . / NJS 1 . Located at Ingolstadt @-@ Manching , Specht instructed pilots in conversion to night fighting . Paul Zorner , a future night fighter expert , was one of his students . Leading the Gruppe for exactly one year , this was the last time Specht flew a twin engine aircraft , whereupon he returned to combat duties . Initially reassigned to 10 . / JG 1 based in the Ruhr , he shot down his first Viermot ( four @-@ engined bomber ) , his 7th victory , on 26 February 1943 . This was the beginning of a new war for Specht – the 8th USAAF was starting its bombing offensive on the Reich ’ s industrial complex . Soon afterward , on 27 March , he was appointed StaKa of the newly reformed 7 . / JG 1 , then in May 1943 he was promoted to Kommandeur of II / JG 11 . Jagdgeschwader 11 was a new fighter wing , created in April 1943 by dividing Jagdgeschwader 1 ( flying Fw 190s ) in half and filling it out into a full wing with new Gruppen flying Me 109G @-@ 6 ' gunboats ' , to increase the homeland protection . He was based back near his original airfields on the North Sea coast , his unit the first line of defense against the bomber streams and their fighter escorts . Throughout 1943 , as the Luftwaffe took the fight to the bombers flying unescorted over the Reich , Specht scored regularly . Leading by example , he soon became one of the top Viermot aces shooting down 14 bombers out of his 18 victories that year . This included his 13th victory on 26 July , during Blitz Week , when bombers targeted the Blohm & Voss U Boat yards in Hamburg and the synthetic rubber factories of Continental AG and Nordhafen in Hanover . ; as well a pair on 17 August on the infamous Schweinfurt raid . He was awarded the Ehrenpokal ( Goblet of Honour ) on 23 August , and the German Cross in Gold on 25 November . Specht became increasingly critical of the relatively weak armament of the Bf 109 during this time . Towards the end of 1943 , with longer @-@ ranged fighter @-@ escorts accompanying the Allied bombers , tactics had to change : The single @-@ engined fighters would engage the fighter screen while a Zerstörergruppe would take on the bombers . Coincidentally , for a while Specht ’ s II . / JG 11 was paired up with his old unit , I. / ZG 26 . He continued his success into 1944 : On 11 February 1944 II . / JG 11 engaged escort fighters returning from a raid on Frankfurt with Specht downing 2nd Lieutenant Richard McDonald of the 354th Fighter Group , who crashed his P @-@ 51 Mustang " Plane Jane " near Oberalben . Nine days later , ( the opening of the 8th USAAF 's " Big Week " ) Specht had to crash land on the Ærø Island as a result of technical problems with his Bf 109G . Despite that , he was back in the air the next day claiming a P @-@ 47 fighter , and a bomber and a fighter the day after , to take his tally to 30 . On 15 March II . / JG 11 lost six killed in action , two wounded , and eight aircraft lost , resulting in Specht declaring the unit non @-@ operational for six weeks to rest and replace losses . On 8 April 1944 Specht was awarded the Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes for his 30 victories on the Western Front . On 15 April after his commander , Hermann Graf was injured , he gave up his command of II . / JG 11 , and moved to the Geschwaderstab ( Wing Command flight ) as Kommodore @-@ in @-@ training , under Herbert Ihlefeld . Promoted to Major on 1 May , he was given full command of JG 11 on 15 May , replacing Ihlefeld who was himself transferred to command JG 1 . But little could be done as the Allied bombing offensive stepped up a gear . His units were decimated over the skies of Normandy in June and July . He himself was injured in July , suffering head injuries in yet another crash @-@ landing . Despite severe pain from his injuries Specht remained on combat duty . His wing was retired to the Rhineland to be rebuilt , but they were crushed again in the latter half of 1944 . The Allies were now sending overwhelming numbers of bombers to destroy the German industrial and military factories and now protected by the advent of the P @-@ 51 Mustang , providing fighter cover right into the heart of the Reich and back . During Operation Market Garden , the Allied parachute landings in the Netherlands , JG 11 was credited with 22 aircraft downed on 22 September , with two credited to Specht . Four days later , Specht claimed two RAF Hawker Typhoons near Deventer . According to RAF records only three Typhoons were shot down on 26 September ; two to flak and one in aerial combat against Jagdgeschwader 53 Bf 109s near Apeldoorn . No fighters were recorded lost near Deventer . However , it may be the case that loss records were lost or not well kept , meaning Specht 's claims cannot be traced and may well be accurate . = = = Operation Bodenplatte = = = In December , Hitler ordered his final , desperate attack in the west - through the snow @-@ covered forests of the Ardennes . Poor weather kept the promised air support grounded , but early on the morning of New Year 's Day , long after it was tactically useful or relevant , the Luftwaffe launched Operation Bodenplatte ( ' Baseplate ' ) - not against the devastating strategic bombers , but on the frontline fighter airbases . Virtually all available fighter groups in the west were allocated to this mission , JG 11 was assigned the USAAF airfield at Asch ( Code Name Y – 29 ) and the RAF airfield at Ophoven north of Asch . The 366th Fighter Group ( 366th FG , Ninth Air Force ) and the 352nd Fighter Group ( 352 FG , Eighth Air Force ) were based at Asch . No. 41 , No. 130 , 350 and No. 610 Squadrons of the 2nd Tactical Wing were based at Ophoven . For this mission Specht wore his full dress uniform with medals instead of his flight suit . JG 11 was based at Darmstadt @-@ Griesheim , Zellhausen , and Gross @-@ Ostheim . I. / JG 11 , III . / JG 11 ( Fw 190 A – 9 ) , and II . / JG 11 ( Bf 109G ) mustered sixty @-@ five aircraft for this mission . Specht flew Fw 190 A @-@ 9 ( Wk . Nr. 205033 ) " Black 4 " . Overall the operation was a major failure . With the large proportion of inexperienced , green pilots , flight coordination was extremely difficult and due to the extreme secrecy many pilots were shot down by their own FlaK antiaircraft , who were not pre @-@ warned of the operation . It also resulted in the loss of a number of irreplaceable combat leaders . As regards JG 11 specifically , at 8 : 08 am the aircraft took off and assembled over Aschaffenburg with two Junkers Ju 188 ' Pathfinders ' to navigate . After assembling , Specht ordered all aircraft to fly at 400 feet ( 120 m ) to the target area , climbing to 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) prior to commencing the attack . Some P @-@ 47 Thunderbolts of the 390th Fighter Squadron , 366th FG , were already airborne and Mustangs of the 487th Fighter Squadron , 352nd FG , were on the runway . The formation was disrupted by flak , and several German aircraft were shot down . The P @-@ 47 and P @-@ 51s took a heavy toll of JG 11 ; some 25 pilots were lost , including Specht , who was posted as Missing In Action , along with other senior officers of JG 11 . = = = Death and subsequent confusion = = = There was some confusion over the circumstance of Specht 's death . Lt. Melvin Paisley and his wingman Flight Officer Dave Johnson were flying 366th FG P @-@ 47s ; Johnson shot down two German fighters before his aircraft was heavily damaged from return fire . Bailing out , he landed in a field near Asch . A Bf 109 he had shot down had belly landed close by and Johnson rode a borrowed bicycle over to inspect it . The aircraft was intact but the pilot was dead . Johnson took the pilot 's identification card and gun and rode back to base . The identification card identified the pilot as an Oberstleutnant ( Lt Colonel ) ; however , the card actually belonged to Oberleutnant ( German : Oberleutnant ) August Engel of 8 Staffel . Further research has revealed more detail . German records confirmed Specht flew a Fw 190 , not a Bf 109 , and that he was a Major at the time , confirming Johnson 's victim was most likely to have been Engel . Johnson 's claim form revealed he had claimed a Bf 109 , not an Fw 190 . The ID card of Johnson 's victim was passed on to a member of the ground crew who spoke German . This individual stated that the rank was given as Lieutenant Colonel . The incorrect identification was most likely a language error and misunderstanding of German ranks . This may have caused the belief that Johnson had killed Specht . Johnson died in October 1976 , and aviation historians were unable to secure his version of events . Specht was officially listed as Missing In Action over Maastricht , but he has recently been confirmed dead . He crashed his plane after taking heavy fire . Specht was promoted posthumously to Oberstleutnant and nominated for the Eichenlaub ( Oak Leaves to the Knight 's Cross ) though this was never awarded in the bedlam of the final weeks of the war . Shot down six times in his career , he preferred to ride the plane to a landing rather than taking to his parachute . Specht was credited with 34 aerial victories , which included 15 Viermots , all achieved over the Western Front . = = Summary of career = = = = = Awards = = = Iron Cross in 1939 2nd and 1st Class . Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe on 23 August 1943 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of II . / JG 11 . German Cross in Gold on 25 November 1943 while serving in the II . / JG 11 . Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 8 April 1944 as Major and Gruppenkommandeur of the II . / JG 11 . = = = Dates of rank = = = = = Victories = = = = Military Offices held = =
= Sega Pico = The Sega Pico , also known as Kids Computer Pico ( キッズコンピューター・ピコ , Kizzu Konpyūtā Piko ) , is an educational video game console by Sega . Marketed as " edutainment " , the main focus of the Pico was educational video games for children between 3 and 7 years old . The Pico was released in 1993 in Japan and 1994 in North America and Europe , and later reached China . It was later succeeded by the Advanced Pico Beena , which was released in Japan in 2005 . Though the Pico was sold continuously in Japan through the release of the Beena , in North America and Europe the Pico was less successful and was discontinued in early 1998 , later being rereleased by Majesco . Releases for the Pico were focused on education for children and included titles supported by licensed franchised animated characters , including Disney and Sega 's own Sonic the Hedgehog series . Overall , Sega claims sales of 3 @.@ 4 million Pico consoles and 11 @.@ 2 million game cartridges , and over 350 @,@ 000 Beena consoles and 800 @,@ 000 cartridges . = = Design and software = = Powered by the same hardware used in the Sega Genesis , the physical shape of the Pico was designed to appear similar to a laptop . Included in the Pico are a stylus called the " Magic Pen " and a pad to draw on . Controlling the games for the system is accomplished either by using the Magic Pen like a mouse or by pressing the directional buttons on the console . The Pico does not include its own screen or RF output , and instead must be connected to a monitor through a VCR in order to be played . Touching the pen to the pad would either allow drawing or animate a character on the screen . Cartridges for the system were referred to as " Storyware " , and take the form of picture books with a cartridge slot on the bottom . The Pico changes the television display and the set of tasks for the player to accomplish each time a page is turned . Sound , including voices and music , also accompanied every page . Games for the Pico focused on education , including on subjects such as music , counting , spelling , reading , matching , and coloring . Titles included licensed animated characters from various franchises , such as Disney 's The Lion King : Adventures at Pride Rock and A Year at Pooh Corner . Sega also released titles including their mascot , Sonic the Hedgehog , including Sonic Gameworld and Tails and the Music Maker . = = History = = Released at a price of JP ¥ 13 @,@ 440 , the Pico was released in Japan in June 1993 . In North America , Sega unveiled the Pico at the 1994 American International Toy Fair , showcasing its drawing and display abilities . It was later released in North America in November 1994 , advertised before release at a price of approximately US $ 160 but eventually released at US $ 139 . " Storyware " cartridges sold for US $ 39 @.@ 99 to US $ 49 @.@ 99 . The Pico 's slogan was : " The computer that thinks it 's a toy . " After a lack of success , Sega discontinued the Pico in North America in early 1998 . Later , a remake of the Pico made by Majesco was released in North America in August 1999 at a price of US $ 49 @.@ 99 , with Storyware selling at $ 19 @.@ 99 . The Pico would later be released in China in 2002 , priced at CN ¥ 690 . In 2000 , Sega claimed that the Pico had sold 2 @.@ 5 million units . As of April 2005 , Sega claims that 3 @.@ 4 million Pico consoles and 11 @.@ 2 million software cartridges had been sold worldwide . The Pico was recognized in 1995 by being listed on Dr. Toy 's 100 Best Products , as well as being listed in Child as one of the best computer games available . According to Joseph Szadkowski of The Washington Times , " Pico has enough power to be a serious learning aid that teaches counting , spelling , matching , problem solving , memory , logic , hand / eye coordination and important , basic computer skills . " Former Sega of America vice president of product development Joe Miller claims that he named his dog after the system because of his passion for the console . By contrast , Steven L. Kent claims that Sega of Japan CEO Hayao Nakayama watched the Pico " utterly fail " in North America . According to Warren Buckleitner of Children 's Software Revenue , the Pico failed in North America due to a lack of credibility in the product . = = Advanced Pico Beena = = The Advanced Pico Beena , also known simply as Beena or BeenaLite , is an educational console system targeted at young children sold by Sega Toys , released in 2005 in Japan . It is the successor of the Pico , and marketed around the " learn while playing " concept . According to Sega Toys , the focus of the Advanced Pico Beena is on learning in a new social environment , and is listed as their upper @-@ end product . Topics listed as being educational focuses for the Beena include intellectual , moral , physical , dietary and safety education . The name of the console was chosen to sound like the first syllables of " Be Natural " . Compared to the Pico , the Beena adds several functions . Beena can be played without a television , and supports multiplayer by a separately sold additional Magic Pen . The console also supports data saving . Play time can be limited by settings in the system . Some games for the Beena also offer adaptive difficulty , which becomes more difficult to play based on the skill level of the player . The Beena Lite , a cheaper version of the console , was released on July 17 , 2008 . At the time of its release , Sega estimated that 350 @,@ 000 Beena consoles had been sold , and 800 @,@ 000 game cartridges .
= Nursehound = The nursehound ( Scyliorhinus stellaris ) , also known as the large @-@ spotted dogfish , greater spotted dogfish , or bull huss , is a species of catshark , belonging to the family Scyliorhinidae , found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean . It is generally found among rocks or algae at a depth of 20 – 60 m ( 66 – 197 ft ) . Growing up to 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) long , the nursehound has a robust body with a broad , rounded head and two dorsal fins placed far back . It shares its range with the more common and closely related small @-@ spotted catshark ( S. canicula ) , which it resembles in appearance but can be distinguished from , in having larger spots and nasal skin flaps that do not extend to the mouth . Nursehounds have nocturnal habits and generally hide inside small holes during the day , often associating with other members of its species . A benthic predator , it feeds on a range of bony fishes , smaller sharks , crustaceans , and cephalopods . Like other catsharks , the nursehound is oviparous in reproduction . Females deposit large , thick @-@ walled egg cases , two at a time , from March to October , securing them to bunches of seaweed . The eggs take 7 – 12 months to hatch . Nursehounds are marketed as food in several European countries under various names , including " flake " , " catfish " , " rock eel " , and " rock salmon " . It was once also valued for its rough skin ( called " rubskin " ) , which was used as an abrasive . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has assessed the nursehound as Near Threatened , as its population in the Mediterranean Sea seems to have declined substantially from overfishing . = = Taxonomy = = The first scientific description of the nursehound was published by Carl Linnaeus , in the 1758 tenth edition of Systema Naturae . He gave it the name Squalus stellaris , the specific epithet stellaris being Latin for " starry " . No type specimen was designated . In 1973 , Stewart Springer moved this species to the genus Scyliorhinus . The common name " nursehound " came from an old belief by English fishermen that this shark attends to its smaller relatives , while the name " huss " may have come from a distortion of the word " nurse " over time . = = Distribution and habitat = = The nursehound is found in the northeastern Atlantic from southern Norway and Sweden to Senegal , including off the British Isles , throughout the Mediterranean Sea , and the Canary Islands . It may occur as far south as the mouth of the Congo River , though these West African records may represent misidentifications of the West African catshark ( S. cervigoni ) . Its range seems to be rather patchy , particularly around offshore islands , where there are small local populations with limited exchange between them . The nursehound can be found from the intertidal zone to a depth of 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) , though it is most common between 20 m ( 66 ft ) and 60 – 125 m ( 197 – 410 ft ) . This bottom @-@ dwelling species prefers quiet water over rough or rocky terrain , including sites with algal cover . In the Mediterranean , it favors algae @-@ covered coral . = = Description = = The nursehound attains a length of 1 @.@ 6 m ( 5 @.@ 2 ft ) , though most measure less than 1 @.@ 3 m ( 4 @.@ 3 ft ) . This shark has a broad , rounded head and a stout body that tapers towards the tail . The eyes are oval in shape , with a thick fold of skin on the lower rim but no nictitating membrane . Unlike in the small @-@ spotted catshark , the large flaps of skin beside the nares do not reach the mouth . In the upper jaw , there are 22 – 27 tooth rows on either side and 0 – 2 teeth at the symphysis ( center ) ; in the lower jaw , there are 18 – 21 tooth rows on either side and 2 – 4 teeth at the symphysis . The teeth are Y @-@ shaped and smooth @-@ edged ; the anterior teeth have a single central cusp , while the posterior teeth have an additional pair of lateral cusplets . Towards the rear of the jaws , the teeth become progressively smaller and more angled , with proportionately larger lateral cusplets . The five pairs of gill slits are small , with the last two over the pectoral fin bases . The two dorsal fins are placed far back on the body ; the first is larger than the second and originates over the bases of the pelvic fins . The pectoral fins are large . In males , the inner margins of the pelvic fins are merged into an " apron " over the claspers . The caudal fin is broad and nearly horizontal , with an indistinct lower lobe . The skin is very rough , due to a covering of large , upright dermal denticles . The nursehound has small black dots covering its back and sides , interspersed with brown spots of varying shapes larger than the pupil , on a grayish or brownish background . The pattern is highly variable across individuals and ages ; there may also be white spots , or the brown spots may be expanded so that almost the whole body is dark , or a series of faint " saddles " may be present . The underside is plain white . = = Biology and ecology = = Primarily nocturnal , nursehounds spend the day inside small holes in rocks and swim into deeper water at night to hunt . Sometimes two sharks will squeeze into the same hole , and several individuals will seek out refuges within the same local area . In one tracking study , a single immature nursehound was observed to use five different refuges in succession over a period of 168 days , consistently returning to each one over a number of days before moving on . Nursehounds may occupy refuges to hide from predators , avoid harassment by mature conspecifics , and / or to facilitate thermoregulation . In captivity , these sharks are gregarious and tend to rest in groups , though the individuals comprising any particular group changes frequently . This species is less common than the small @-@ spotted catshark . The nursehound feeds on a variety of benthic organisms , including bony fishes such mackerel , deepwater cardinalfishes , dragonets , gurnards , flatfishes , and herring , and smaller sharks such as the small @-@ spotted catshark . It also consumes crustaceans , in particular crabs but also hermit crabs and large shrimp , and cephalopods . Given the opportunity , this shark will scavenge . Adults consume relatively more bony fish and cephalopods , and fewer crustaceans , than juveniles . Known parasites of this species include the monogeneans Hexabothrium appendiculatum and Leptocotyle major , the tapeworm Acanthobothrium coronatum , the trypanosome Trypanosoma scyllii , the isopod Ceratothoa oxyrrhynchaena , and the copepod Lernaeopoda galei . The netted dog whelk ( Nassarius reticulatus ) preys on the nursehound 's eggs by piercing the case and extracting the yolk . = = = Life history = = = Like other members of its family , the nursehound is oviparous . Known breeding grounds include the River Fal estuary and Wembury Bay in England , and a number of coastal sites around the Italian Peninsula , in particular the Santa Croce Bank in the Gulf of Naples . Adults move into shallow water in the spring or early summer , and mate only at night . The eggs are deposited in the shallows from March to October . Although a single female produces 77 – 109 oocytes per year , not all of these are ovulated and estimates of the actual number of eggs laid range from 9 to 41 . The eggs mature and are released two at a time , one from each oviduct . Each egg is enclosed in a thick , dark brown case measuring 10 – 13 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 5 @.@ 1 in ) long and 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) wide . There are tendrils at the four corners , that allow the female to secure the egg cases to bunches of seaweed ( usually Cystoseira spp. or Laminaria saccharina ) . Eggs in the North Sea and the Atlantic take 10 – 12 months to hatch , while those from the southern Mediterranean take 7 months to hatch . The length at hatching is 16 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) off Britain , and 10 – 12 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) off France . Newly hatched sharks grow at a rate of 0 @.@ 45 – 0 @.@ 56 mm ( 0 @.@ 018 – 0 @.@ 022 in ) per day , and have prominent saddle markings . Sexual maturity is attained at a length of 77 – 79 cm ( 30 – 31 in ) , which corresponds to an age of four years if hatchling growth rates remain constant . This species has a lifespan of at least 19 years . = = Human interactions = = Nursehounds are generally harmless to humans . However , 19th @-@ century British naturalist Jonathan Couch noted that " although not so formidable with its teeth as many other sharks , this fish is well able to defend itself from an enemy . When seized it throws its body round the arm that holds it , and by a contractile and reversed action of its body grates over the surface of its enemy with the rugged spines of its skin , like a rasp . There are few animals that can bear so severe an infliction , by which their surface is torn with lacerated wounds . " This shark is displayed by many public aquariums and has been bred in captivity . The rough skin ( called " rubskin " ) of the nursehound was once used to polish wood and alabaster , to smooth arrows and barrels , and to raise the hairs of beaver hats as a replacement for pumice . Rubskin was so valued that a pound of it was worth a hundredweight of sandpaper . The liver was also used as a source of oil , and the carcasses cut up and used to bait crab traps . The meat of this species is marketed fresh or dried and salted , though it is considered " coarse " in some quarters . In the United Kingdom , it is one of the species sold under the names " flake " , " catfish " , " huss " " rock eel " , or " rock salmon " . In France , it is sold as grande rousette or saumonette , as after being skinned and beheaded it resembles salmon . This species is also sometimes processed into fishmeal , or its fins dried and exported to the Asian market . In European waters , commercial production of this species is led by France , followed by the UK and Portugal ; it is caught using bottom trawls , gillnets , bottom set longlines , handlines and fixed bottom nets . In 2004 , a total catch of 208 tons was reported from the northeastern Atlantic . The impact of fishing activities on the nursehound is difficult to assess as species @-@ specific data is generally lacking . This species is more susceptible to overfishing than the small @-@ spotted catshark because of its larger size and fragmented distribution , which limits the recovery potential of depleted local stocks . There is evidence that its numbers have declined significantly in the Gulf of Lion , off Albania , and around the Balearic Islands . In the upper Tyrrhenian Sea , its numbers have fallen by over 99 % since the 1970s . These declines have led the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) to list the nursehound under Near Threatened .
= Typhoon Soudelor ( 2003 ) = Typhoon Soudelor , known in the Philippines as Typhoon Egay , was a powerful typhoon that underwent rapid deepening east of Taiwan in the 2003 Pacific typhoon season . It was the sixth named storm by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) of the season , as well as the third typhoon . It formed on June 12 from a disturbance in the monsoon trough , located east of the Philippines . The system moved generally to the northwest after its genesis , gradually intensifying into a tropical storm . While offshore the Philippines , Soudelor dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding and left thousands homeless . The storm caused $ 2 @.@ 46 million in damage , and 12 deaths . After affecting the Philippines , Soudelor moved into an area of low wind shear and with favorable outflow . It became a typhoon on June 17 , and quickly developed an eye while rapidly intensifying . The storm struck the Japanese island of Iriomote @-@ jima , where wind gusts reached 204 km / h ( 127 mph ) . It also affected Taiwan , where floods covered highways and caused mudslides . Early on June 18 , Soudelor reached peak 10 ‑ minute sustained winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) . Subsequently , an increase in shear and the passage of a trough weakened the typhoon and caused it to turn to the northeast . Soudelor weakened to a tropical storm on June 19 , and subsequently it passed between Japan and South Korea . It became an extratropical cyclone that day , dissipating on June 24 . In Japan , the storm caused widespread power outages , although damage was minimal , and there were 21 injuries . In South Korea , there was $ 12 @.@ 1 million in damage and two deaths . = = Meteorological history = = The origins of Soudelor were from a tropical disturbance that persisted a short distance northwest of Pohnpei on June 7 . By two days later , it had a large area of convection , and it moved generally westward . Late on June 9 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert ( TCFA ) , although the system initially failed to develop due to wind shear in the region . The thunderstorms decreased over the increasingly exposed circulation . On June 11 , the shear decreased , and convection became better organized . The JTWC initiated warnings on Tropical Depression 07W late that day , and at 0000 UTC on June 12 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) also remarked that a tropical depression had formed to the northeast of Palau . After forming , the depression tracked generally westward due to a subtropical ridge to the north . Around that time , it was still located within the monsoon trough , and it interacted with another circulation to its east @-@ southeast , causing a motion to the west @-@ northwest . As it moved away from the other circulation , the depression was able to intensify , and the wind shear decreased . On June 13 the JMA upgraded the depression to Tropical Storm Soudelor to the east of Samar Island in the Philippines . That day , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration PAGASA initiated advisories and gave it the local name " Egay " . Upon becoming a tropical storm , Soudelor developed rainbands to the north and south , although it could not intensify significantly due to a tropical upper tropospheric trough to the east . A mid @-@ latitude trough to the north weakened the ridge , which allowed Soudelor to turn more to the northwest off the northeast coast of the Philippines . The circulation became exposed from the deepest convection , and around that time the storm was located about 160 km ( 100 mi ) east of Samar Island . Thunderstorms gradually increased , and the outflow improved . Late on June 16 , the JTWC upgraded Soudelor to a typhoon , and the next day the JMA followed suit when the storm was located southeast of Taiwan . Around the time that Soudelor became a typhoon , it began moving toward the north , influenced by an approaching trough , and it passed about 95 km ( 60 mi ) northeast of Luzon . A ragged eye developed early on June 17 , which quickly became better organized . With its outflow enhanced by the approaching trough , Soudelor rapidly intensified to the east of Taiwan . The typhoon struck the Japanese island of Iriomote @-@ jima at around 2030 UTC on June 17 . At 0600 UTC on June 18 , the JTWC estimated peak 1 ‑ minute winds of 215 km / h ( 135 mph ) . At the same time , JMA estimated peak 10 ‑ minute winds of 150 km / h ( 90 mph ) when it was located west of Okinawa . While at its maximum strength , Soudelor had a circular eye 33 km ( 21 mi ) in diameter . It turned to the north @-@ northeast , maintaining its peak winds for about 12 hours before increased shear from the westerlies caused weakening . The eye quickly dissipated , and the system began transitioning into an extratropical cyclone . Early on June 19 , the JMA downgraded Soudelor below typhoon status , and the storm later crossed between Japan and South Korea into the Sea of Japan . At 1500 UTC that day , the JMA declared the storm as extratropical while it was near the Oki Islands ; the JTWC followed suit three hours later . The extratropical remnants of Soudelor continued to the northeast , crossing northern Japan on June 20 . The storm slowed and turned to the east , dissipating on June 24 . = = Preparations = = By June 16 , PAGASA raised storm signal number 3 for Batanes and the provinces of Cagayan and Isabela ; storm signal number 2 for all or portions of nine provinces and for Polillo Island ; and storm signal number 1 was raised for portions of four provinces . The signals refer to the potential for winds , from lowest to highest representing weakest to strongest winds ; number 3 refers to the potential for winds of 100 to 185 km / h ( 62 to 115 mph ) within 18 hours . On June 16 , the Central Weather Bureau issued sea and land warnings in Taiwan as Soudelor was anticipated to produce torrential rains , gale @-@ force winds , and rough seas . All fishermen in the area were urged to return to port before the onset of the typhoon . As the typhoon tracked near Taiwan , the Japan Meteorological Agency began advising residents in Okinawa to closely monitor the storm . One of the major airlines in Japan , All Nippon Airways , cancelled 66 domestic flights the same day , stranding an estimated 6 @,@ 000 people . During the storm , 257 domestic flights were canceled , and train and ferry service was canceled . In Nagasaki Prefecture , 732 schools were closed during the storm . Hundreds of people voluntarily evacuated in Japan . On June 17 , the Korean Meteorological Agency issued rain warnings for Jeju Island and coastal areas of South Korea . They also urged residents to take all precautions for the storm . The Korea Airports Corporation reported that 111 flights to southern areas of the country were cancelled due to the typhoon . = = Impact and aftermath = = While Soudelor was moving to the northwest off the east coast of the Philippines , it dropped heavy rainfall , including 300 mm ( 12 in ) in 24 hours in Catarman , Northern Samar . Rainfall in six hours reached 118 mm ( 4 @.@ 6 in ) at Virac Airport . The rains caused flooding throughout the Philippines , which left thousands of people homeless . Throughout the country , the storm damaged 157 houses and destroyed 94 . Soudelor also left crop damage . An estimated 45 @,@ 400 people were affected by Soudelor . Overall damage was estimated at ₱ 131 million ( 2003 Philippine pesos , $ 2 @.@ 46 million 2003 USD ) . There were 12 deaths , with two missing , as well as two people injured . In Taiwan , Soudelor dropped heavy rainfall that resulted in flooding and landslides . One of the mudslides covered a 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) section of the Yenhsi Highway between Hsitou and Luku . Road crews were quickly dispatched to the area but had to suspend cleanup efforts due to continuing impacts from Soudelor . Dozens of tour buses carrying tourists who were being evacuated from the mountains were blocked several times by mudslides covering roads . The Sungshan Airport in Taipei was shut down during the morning of June 19 due to unsettled weather produced by the typhoon . The Feitsui Dam increased by 2 @.@ 5 m ( 8 @.@ 2 ft ) due to the storm 's rainfall , raising it to near peak capacity . For eight hours , the Japanese island of Iriomote @-@ jima reported gale @-@ force winds , except for during the eye passage of Soudelor . The island reported sustained winds of 108 km / h ( 67 mph ) , with gusts to 204 km / h ( 127 mph ) . On Ishigaki Island , the storm caused ¥ 77 @.@ 9 million ( 2003 JPY , $ 655 @,@ 000 2003 USD ) in agriculture damage , mostly from high waves . Soudelor dropped heavy rainfall throughout Japan , peaking at 497 mm ( 19 @.@ 6 in ) in Kagoshima Prefecture ; most of the precipitation fell in about 24 hours . A North Korean cargo ship was stranded off the northwest coast of Japan after being refused entry into the Japanese port of Toyama . During the storm , about 10 @,@ 000 houses lost power , including 3 @,@ 400 houses in Okinawa Prefecture . Damage was minor , with only 26 damaged houses , varying from blown off roof tiles to shattered windows . Soudelor injured 21 people in the country , mostly due to falling objects . There were at least 22 landslides nationwide . Four bridges along the Yoshino River were flooded during the storm . In South Korea , Soudelor dropped about 500 mm ( 20 in ) of rainfall at Hallasan in Jeju Province in South Korea . The storm also caused 4 m ( 13 ft ) seas . Typhoon Soudelor killed two people in South Korea and caused $ 12 @.@ 1 million in damages .
= Novomessor ensifer = Novomessor ensifer is a species of ant endemic to Mexico . A member of the genus Novomessor in the subfamily Myrmicinae , it was first described by Swiss entomologist Auguste Forel in 1899 . N. ensifer was originally a part of the genus Aphaenogaster until a recent phylogenetic study concluded that Novomessor was genetically distinct and should be separated . The ant is a medium @-@ sized species , measuring 5 @.@ 5 to 10 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) . The ant is ferruginous @-@ colored in some certain parts of the body , and small workers ( nanitics ) in incipient colonies are noticeably different in color and body structure . N. ensifer is active throughout the day , where they forage on the ground and sometimes on low herbs . Colonies are found under stones and other objects in tropical dry forests and pine @-@ oak forests . These ants are solitary foragers and predominately feed on insects such as wasps and months . The only known predator of N. ensifer is the giant horned lizard ( Phrynosoma asio ) . While nothing is known about its reproduction , nuptial flight may take place during spring or summer , where queens establish their nests under stones and other objects . = = Taxonomy = = Novomessor ensifer was originally described as Aphaenogaster ensifera in 1899 by Swiss entomologist Auguste Forel , who provided the first dscription of N. ensifer in his third volume of Biologia Centrali @-@ Americana . Among the genus Aphaenogaster , Italian entomologist Carlo Emery placed N. ensifer in the subgenus Deromyrma in 1915 , although this is now a synonym . In 1934 , the taxon Novomessor manni was described as a new species of Novomessor based on workers collected by William M. Mann at Colima , Mexico . However , a study showed that N. manni was a synonym of N. ensifer . Brown comments that N. manni was described as a new species because of the supposed distinct features between two type specimens of N. ensifer , but Brown noticed no morphological differences . The exact type locality for N. manni is unknown , but entomologist Paul Kannowski speculates that the ant is restricted to arid scrub forests around the Pacific Slope in Mexico . This speculation is consistent with the preferred habitat of N. ensifer . Novomessor was synonymized in 1974 , although evidence to retain it as a valid genus emerged when scientists discovered an exocrine gastral glandular system in two Novomessor species and none in Aphaenogaster . However , N. ensifer does not have this glandular system . English myrmecologist Barry Bolton argues that basing the genus on such feature cannot justify the separation of Novomessor and Aphaenogaster . In 2015 , a phylogenetic study concluded that Novomessor was genetically distinct from Aphaenogaster , and the genus was revived from synonymy to include N. ensifer , N. albisetosus and N. cockerelli as members of it . = = Description = = N. ensifer is a medium @-@ sized species , measuring 5 @.@ 5 to 10 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) . Excluding the mandibles , the head is 1 @.@ 93 – 2 @.@ 53 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 076 – 0 @.@ 100 in ) long and 1 @.@ 25 – 1 @.@ 69 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 049 – 0 @.@ 067 in ) wide . The scapes of the antennae surpass the occipital margin , and the second segment of the funiculus is longer than the first . The third and fourth segments are the same length as each other , although they are longer than the second . Between the fifth and second last segments , they are much shorter except for the last one . The head is twice as long than broad , and it is widest behind the eyes . The larvae measure 8 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 3 in ) in length and appear similar to that of N. albisetosus . The larvae can be distinguished by the abundance of hair with long stouts found on the body . The apical teeth of the mandibles are long and straight , whereas the medial teeth are much smaller . The posterior to the eyes are convex , where it converges towards the occiput ( the back of the head ) and forms a collar seen in several Aphaenogaster species . The ants have large , triangular mandibles with three apical teeth and a flat clypeus . The eyes are large with 400 facets , but workers from small incipient colonies only have 200 facets . Workers from incipient also differ from workers living in mature colonies , notably in size , body shape and coloration . The average length is 5 @.@ 56 – 6 @.@ 5 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 219 – 0 @.@ 256 in ) ; the head is 1 @.@ 52 – 1 @.@ 69 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 060 – 0 @.@ 067 in ) long and 0 @.@ 98 – 1 @.@ 12 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 039 – 0 @.@ 044 in ) wide . The epinotal spines ( spines found on the first abdominal segment that protect the pedicel ) are much shorter . Hair is also less noticeable on the workers . The ant has pubescence ( soft short hair ) abundant throughout some certain parts of the body , including the funiculi and tarsi . It is more sparse on the coxae , genae ( an area on both sides of the head below the eyes ) , gaster and gula ( the reduced sternite of the first segment of the thorax ) . Hairs on the scapes point downwards . Erect and suberect hair are seen all over the body in sparse numbers , although this varies . These hairs are not as abundant in comparison to other Novomessor species . The head and thorax are both ferruginous @-@ colored , and the epinotal spines , legs and node are yellowish red . The antennal scapes are reddish brown and the abdomen is piceous brown . The hair exhibits a gold @-@ like color . The suture is absent from the thorax , and the mesonotum is wider than the epinotum . The front portion of the mesonotum is narrow whereas the back is rectangular . The node is evenly round and oval shaped , the postpetiole is narrow at the front and the dorsum is feebly convex . The gaster is large and oval shaped . = = Distribution and habitat = = N. ensifer is endemic to Mexico and can be found in tropical dry forests at altitudes of between 115 and 1 @,@ 700 ft ( 35 and 518 m ) above sea level . In some cases , colonies have been found 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) below the Pacific Slope . The ant is found throughout several Mexican states within the east , including Guerrero and Michoacán from the south , and Colima and Jalisco from the north . Nests are commonly found in basins and mountains along the Pacific Slope in pine @-@ oak forests . Scrub @-@ thorn forests are also abundant , consisting of trees and shrubs that are 15 and 25 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 and 7 @.@ 6 m ) tall , but other areas may contain low herbs and grasses . Plants and trees such as thorn trees ( Acacia ) , poinciana plants ( Caesalpinia pulcherrima ) and Casearia corymbosa have been identified in these habitats . Other identified plants and trees include Indian mallows ( Abutilon ) , spurred anodas ( Anoda cristata ) , Cathestecum erectum , dayflowers ( Commelina ) , cigar plants ( Cuphea ) , hairy crabgrass ( Digitaria sanguinalis ) , crane grass ( Ixophorus unisetus ) , Mimosa , Mexican panicgrass ( Panicum hirticaule ) , Senna uniflora and Setaria liebmannii . These habitats usually have a wet season in summer and autumn and a dry season in spring . N. ensifer is a xerophilous species that can thrive in dry climates . In Colima , colonies are frequent among the basins , but rarely are they found in the mountainous regions . N. ensifer ants prefer to nest in the sand and under large stones , as certain areas in Manzanillo had no stones buried in the soil and no colonies were found alongside hills with plain soil . Most colonies are found under stones with no noticeable craters surrounding the nest entrance , although one colony was found under an Acacia plant . These nest holes are usually 1 in ( 2 @.@ 5 cm ) in diameter . A single path connects the entrance to the main nest site , followed by a passage that descends straight into the dirt several inches deep . This passage widens under a stone which forms a gallery for the larvae and pupae . Wherever stones are formed , passageways may descend further into the ground and form more chambers . Although it is unknown how deep these passages go , excavated nests are as deep as 15 in ( 38 cm ) . = = Behavior and ecology = = Unlike other Novomessor species , workers forage early in the morning and late afternoon , whereas N. cockerelli and N. albisetosus forage during the afternoon and evening . However , it is unknown whether or not these ants are active during the night . Foragers first emerge from their nests at 9 A.M. and return by 5 P.M. They are rarely seen during the middle of the day when temperatures reach 95 – 100 ° F ( 35 – 38 ° C ) , although the ground temperature is considerably higher . Workers are commonly seen foraging between 9 and 11 A.M. and 3 to 5 P.M. Most workers forage on the ground , but sometimes they can be seen walking on low herbage without feeding on the plants or collecting any seeds . Excavated nests showed no evidence that these ants collect seeds , and no workers were seen collecting them or carrying them back to the nest . N. ensifer ants are solitary foragers that work 25 ft ( 7 m ) away from their home nest . N. ensifer predominately feeds on insects they prey on , consuming dead insects such as ichneumon wasps , bembicine wasps and small moths . When a worker discovers a dead insect , it will start to pull and carry it back to the nest immediately , and other nestmates will join once they detect it . Workers do not cooperate with each other and pull the insect from all directions , accidentally tearing it apart . However , the workers will eventually have a piece of the insect left and return it to the nest . The only known predator of N. ensifer is the giant horned lizard ( Phrynosoma asio ) . Mites and Springtail arthropods are known to dwell inside nests , but their function or purpose within a colony is unknown . Nothing is known about its reproduction or nuptial flight . Collectors note that no alates or pupae resembling alate forms were found in excavated colonies between August and February , and the larvae collected were not large enough to be reproductive ants . However , it is possible that nuptial flight takes place in spring or summer , and like N. albisetosus and N.cockerelli , alates most likely start to occur by June . After nuptial flight , queens search for a suitable colony by building a chamber under objects such as stones and exposed roots of woody plants . This theory stated by entomologist Paul Kannowski is supported by the fact that these ants depend on stones buried in the soil for nest construction . The larvae and pupae are unsorted in the upper chambers of the nest that are joined together by hooked hairs on the side of the larvae . This arrangement most likely helps workers move the brood efficiently and keep them together in a group . Incipient colonies may only have 30 workers and brood in all life stages . Unlike the larvae and pupae , the eggs and queen are not found in the uppermost galleries , but rather they are found in the deepest chambers of the nest . In large nests , small workers resembling the first generation of brood are either rare or absent .
= Songs in the Key of X : Music from and Inspired by the X @-@ Files = Songs in the Key of X : Music from and Inspired by The X @-@ Files is a 1996 compilation album released in association with the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The album contained a mixture of songs that were either featured in the series , or shared thematic elements with it . Songs in the Key of X peaked at No. 47 on the Billboard 200 album sales chart after its release . The album has received positive reviews from critics , with one review describing it as " easily the most ambitious record ever assembled for a TV soundtrack " . The song " Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) " received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1997 , losing to Rage Against the Machine . The album also features two songs hidden in the pregap before the start of the first track , both recorded by Nick Cave . = = Production = = When plans for the album were initially proposed , executives at both Fox Broadcasting Company — the network responsible for the series — and Warner Bros. Records began compiling a list of possible inclusions , most of which were eventually rejected . Artists such as Tom Petty , Bruce Springsteen and Seal were approached to possibly contribute material . Although all three were admitted fans of the series , none were able to get involved in the project — Petty was unable to commit due to a tour , Springsteen was contractually tied to Sony Music Entertainment , while Seal was " snowboarding in South America or somewhere " . Elvis Costello and Brian Eno 's track , " My Dark Life " , came about as a result of album producer David Was asking Costello to provide a song that would sound like " ' you went into the studio with Brian Eno " — the two musicians had recently met at a film screening at Paul McCartney 's home , and reconvened to record the song the following week . R.E.M. and author William S. Burroughs collaborated on a new version of " Star Me Kitten " , a song that had originally appeared on the band 's 1992 album Automatic for the People . Rob Zombie has described his collaboration with Alice Cooper on the song " Hands of Death ( Burn Baby Burn ) " as one of the " great moments where you really feel like you 've made your dreams come true " . Zombie and Cooper were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance in 1997 for the song , losing out to Rage Against the Machine 's " Tire Me " . Several of the songs on the album were used in episodes of the series . Soul Coughing 's " Unmarked Helicopters " appeared in the fourth season episode " Max " , while Nick Cave 's " Red Right Hand " was heard during the second season episode " Ascension " . Three of the artists featured on the album would also go on to contribute songs to The X @-@ Files : The Album , the soundtrack to the series ' 1998 feature film adaptation — Foo Fighters ' " Walking After You " , Soul Coughing 's " 16 Horses " and Filter 's " One " . = = Track listing = = Producers used the Compact Disc 's pregap , so a listener would have to actually manually rewind the first track a full nine minutes to hear two additional hidden tracks , " Time Jesum Transeuntum Et Non Riverentum " and a cover of The X @-@ Files theme song , both performed by Nick Cave and Dirty Three . This is hinted at in the album 's liner booklet , which notes " Nick Cave and the Dirty Three would like you to know that " 0 " is also a number " . The use of these hidden tracks has been described as " just the sort of surprise one might have suspected from a show that deals in unexplainable mysteries " . Not all CD or DVD players will allow the album to be " rewound " back to these tracks as this violates Red Book standards . = = Release and reception = = Songs in the Key of X was released on March 19 , 1996 . It would eventually reach a peak chart position of 47 in the Billboard 200 album chart on April 13 that same year , spending a total of ten weeks in the chart . The album also spent five weeks in the Swedish Sverigetopplistan charts , peaking at number 42 , and six weeks in the Finland 's Official List chart , reaching a peak at number 24 . Reviews for Songs in the Key of X were generally positive . Upon the album 's release , Entertainment Weekly 's David Browne rated it a B , calling it " easily the most ambitious record ever assembled for a TV soundtrack " . Browne felt that the contributions to the album by Sheryl Crow and William S. Burroughs were amongst its highlights , though felt that the compilation was " dragged down by ponderous contributions " from Nick Cave and Elvis Costello . AllMusic 's Steven McDonald was mostly positive towards the album , rating it three stars out of five and stating that " while not perfect , the album makes a nice alternative compilation " , noting that it shares the television series ' " blue @-@ light glow of twisted mystery " . McDonald felt that the Foo Fighters cover of Gary Numan 's " Down in the Park " and Elvis Costello 's " My Dark Life " , along with Mark Snow 's theme for the series , were the highlights of the compilation . Sandy Masuo , writing for the Los Angeles Times , rated the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four , finding that the compilation 's " unsettling ambience " suited the " deliciously creepy " atmosphere of the series . Masuo felt that the collaborations between R.E.M. and William S. Burroughs , and Elvis Costello and Brian Eno , ultimately turned out to be " more interesting in theory than in practice " ; although adding that " Down in the Park " was the best track present on the compilation , with the contributions of Rob Zombie , Alice Cooper and P.M. Dawn also noted as highlights . A review for the album in The Independent noted that none of the songs " can really hold a candle to Cave 's " Red Right Hand " in capturing the show 's sense of fatalistic futility " , adding that there seemed to be " a shared soul thing " between Cave and Carter . Ted Cox , writing for the Daily Herald , described the album as " a who 's who of modern rock " . Cox rated the album three stars out of five , noting that " most of the material hits the fair @-@ to @-@ middling quality level of a neglected album cut or a good B @-@ side " ; adding , however , that the album 's overall " atmosphere of paranoia and alienation " helped to tie it together . Writing for The Buffalo News , Anthony Violanti rated the album four stars out of five , calling it " a strange , delightful trip " . Violanti felt that " Star Me Kitten " was the album 's best song , and that Danzig 's " Deep " was its " weakest cut " . Writing for the Los Angeles Daily News , Fred Shuster felt that compared to other television tie @-@ ins that " aren 't worth the aluminum they 're recorded on " , Songs in the Key of X " is a rare exception because of the unusual quality and rarity of the tracks " . Shuster rated the album three stars out of five , describing it as " more imaginative than the show that inspired it " .
= Netherlands in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 = The Netherlands participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 with the song " Calm After the Storm " , written by Ilse DeLange , JB Meijers , Rob Crosby , Matthew Crosby and Jake Etheridge . The song was performed by The Common Linnets , a duo consisting of DeLange and Waylon , two well @-@ known and popular Dutch artists , and formed by DeLange as a platform for Dutch artists to create country , Americana , and bluegrass music . In November 2013 the Dutch broadcaster AVROTROS announced that they had internally selected The Common Linnets to represent the Netherlands at the 2014 contest in Copenhagen , Denmark , with their song first presented to the public in March 2014 . In the weeks leading up to the contest , the Netherlands was considered by the bookmakers to be one of the countries most likely to qualify for the final . In the first of two Eurovision semi @-@ finals " Calm After the Storm " came first of the sixteen participating countries , securing its place among the twenty @-@ five other countries in the final . In the Netherlands fifty @-@ fifth Eurovision appearance on 10 May , " Calm After the Storm " finished in second place , receiving 238 points and full marks from eight countries . This was the Netherlands best finish in the contest since 1975 . After the show , the song went on to chart in several European countries , reaching number one in Belgium , Iceland and the Netherlands , as well as reaching the top ten in several other countries . The group 's self @-@ titled début album , released in May 2014 , was also a success in the Netherlands and in other countries . The success of The Common Linnets in the contest was met with wide praise , with many commenting that their triumph was a boost to the musicality and credibility of the contest . = = Background = = Prior to the 2014 contest , the Netherlands had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest fifty @-@ four times since its début as one of seven countries to take part in the inaugural contest . Since then , the country has won the contest four times : in the 1957 contest with the song " Net als toen " performed by Corry Brokken ; in the 1959 contest with the song " ' n Beetje " performed by Teddy Scholten ; in the 1969 contest as one of four countries to tie for first place with " De troubadour " performed by Lenny Kuhr ; and in the 1975 contest with " Ding @-@ a @-@ Dong " performed by the group Teach @-@ In . Following the introduction of semi @-@ finals for the 2004 contest , the Netherlands had been featured in only two finals . The Netherlands ' least successful result has been last place , which they have achieved on five occasions , most recently in the 2011 contest . The Netherlands has also received nul points on two occasions ; in the 1962 and 1963 contests . In 2014 The Dutch broadcaster AVROTROS organised the selection process for the Netherlands ' Eurovision entrant and broadcast the event nationally . AVROTROS had been formed in January 2014 when the Dutch government merged former public broadcasters TROS , who had organised the Dutch entry between 2010 and 2013 , and AVRO . Various methods have been used to select the Dutch entry in the past , such as the Nationaal Songfestival , a live televised national final to choose either the performer , the song or both that would compete at Eurovision . However , internal selections had also been held on occasions , which was the method of selection for the Dutch entry in 2013 . An internal selection would again be used in 2014 by AVROTROS . = = Before Eurovision = = = = = Selection process = = = After the Netherlands qualified for the final for the first time in nine years at the 2013 contest , media interest was high over who would succeed Anouk as the Dutch representative at Eurovision in 2014 . One of the artists tipped early on as a possible candidate was DJ Armin van Buuren , who announced in June 2013 that he was open to participating at the contest as long as AVROTROS gave him full artistic freedom and abandoned plans for a national final to select the entry . Shirma Rouse , one of the backing singers for Anouk at the 2013 contest , was another candidate mentioned after being promoted by Anouk at several events in 2013 . On 5 November 2013 , TROS announced that they would publish the name of the Dutch entrant on 25 November . On the same day , various news media reported that DeLange , well known in the Netherlands for several pop and country hits and as a juror on The Voice of Holland , had been selected by the broadcaster . Also reported was that Waylon , runner @-@ up in the first series of Holland 's Got Talent in 2008 , would represent the Netherlands with a song written by DeLange . Waylon had previously competed in the Dutch selection for Eurovision 2005 , but had failed to qualify for the final . Contrary to popular speculation , Van Buuren announced on 13 November that he would not be the Dutch entrant . At a press conference on 25 November 2013 at the Wisseloord Studios in Hilversum , AVROTROS announced that DeLange and Waylon would both represent the Netherlands at the 2014 Eurovision contest , performing as a duo under the name The Common Linnets . The band 's name , taken from a songbird commonly found in rural areas of the Netherlands , can also be a colloquial term for " homely country folk . " Having known each other since adolescence , the two artists had been working on an album in Nashville as a " side project " when the idea of competing at Eurovision as a duo was formed . On 4 March 2014 during the Dutch talkshow De Wereld Draait Door the group announced that " Calm After the Storm " would be the title of their Eurovision entry . The first public performance of the song was an acoustic version on the same show on 12 March , while the official version premièred on the radio show De Gouden Uren the following day . The official music video of the song , directed by Paul Bellaart , was released on 17 March . = = = Promotion = = = A small European promotional tour was planned for The Common Linnets , visiting smaller countries such as San Marino and Malta , as well as neighbouring Belgium . However it was later decided that the group would focus their attention before Eurovision on media in the Netherlands , promoting their self @-@ titled début album and DeLange 's theatre tour , and would then turn their focus to international promotion on their arrival in Denmark . This method proved successful for " Calm After the Storm " in the Netherlands , having sold over 10 @,@ 000 copies by April 2014 and earning the song a gold record . = = = = Eurovision in Concert 2014 = = = = Since 2009 , Eurovision in Concert has been held in the Netherlands , and has become the largest gathering of Eurovision artists outside of the concert itself . Created by a group of Dutch Eurovision fans , the event was designed to keep the spirit in Eurovision alive in the Netherlands after several disappointing results for the Netherlands and declining interest in the contest in the country . The 2014 event , attended by 1 @,@ 500 Eurovision fans , was held on 5 April 2014 in the Melkweg music venue in Amsterdam . It featured 25 of the competing countries from the 2014 Eurovision , including the Dutch act The Common Linnets . The event was hosted by singer Sandra Reemer , former Dutch Eurovision representative at the 1972 , 1976 and 1979 contests , and Dutch Eurovision commentator Cornald Maas . Special guests included 2013 Eurovision winner Emmelie de Forest and Frizzle Sizzle , Dutch representative in the 1986 contest . Jan Lagermand Lundme , the Head of Show for the 2014 contest , also made a short presentation where the press were shown how the stage would look , as well as a presentation of the postcards for some of the participating countries . = = At Eurovision = = All countries except the " Big 5 " ( France , Germany , Italy , Spain and the United Kingdom ) and the host country , were required to qualify from one of two semi @-@ finals in order to compete for the final ; the top ten countries from each semi @-@ final progressed to the final . The European Broadcasting Union split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests , with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot . On 20 January 2014 , a special allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi @-@ finals , as well as which half of the show they would perform in . The Netherlands was placed into the first semi @-@ final , to be held on 6 May 2014 , and was scheduled to perform in the second half of the show . Once all the competing songs for the 2014 contest had been released , the running order for the semi @-@ finals was decided by the show 's producers rather than through another draw , so that similar songs were not placed next to each other . The Netherlands was set to perform in position 14 , after the entry from Portugal and before the entry from Montenegro . All three shows were broadcast by Nederland 1 and satellite channel BVN , with commentary provided by Cornald Maas and Jan Smit . The Dutch spokesperson , who announced the Dutch votes during the final , was Tim Douwsma . = = = Semi @-@ final = = = The Common Linnets took part in technical rehearsals on 29 April and 2 May , followed by dress rehearsals on 5 and 6 May . This included the jury final where professional juries of each country , responsible for 50 percent of each country 's vote , watched and voted on the competing entries . The Dutch stage show featured DeLange and Waylon using a specially @-@ designed microphone stand to allow them to face each other , both playing guitars , while a bassist , a drummer and a cellist performed in the background . Low lighting was used throughout the performance , with large swooping camera shots at the beginning and end of the song implemented along with several close @-@ ups during the rest of the performance . On the floor of the stage LED screens simulated road markings , while further screens on the background showed a rainy forest scene , transforming into a dry forest scene towards the end of the song 's performance . At the end of the show , the Netherlands was announced as having finished in the top ten and subsequently qualifying for the grand final . It was later revealed that the Netherlands won the semi @-@ final , receiving a total of 150 points . = = = Final = = = Shortly after the first semi @-@ final , a winner 's press conference was held for the ten qualifying countries . As part of this press conference , the qualifying artists took part in a draw to determine which half of the grand final they would subsequently participate in . This draw was done in the order the countries were announced during the semi @-@ final . The Netherlands was drawn to compete in the second half . Following the second semi @-@ final , where the remaining ten qualifiers for the final were decided , the show 's producers decided upon the running order of the final , as they had done for the semi @-@ finals . The Netherlands were subsequently placed to perform in position 24 , following the entry from Denmark and before the entry from San Marino . Following their qualification , the Netherlands was considered to be a major competitor for the Eurovision title , with bookmakers on the day of the final considering the Netherlands to be the third most likely country to win the competition . The Common Linnets once again took part in dress rehearsals on 9 and 10 May before the final , including the jury final where the professional juries cast their final votes before the live show . After a short technical delay following the Danish entry , the group performed a repeat of their semi @-@ final performance during the final , and finished in second place at the end of the voting behind the winning entry from Austria , receiving a total of 238 points and having received 12 points , the maximum number of points a country can give to another , from eight countries . The broadcast of the final was watched by 5 @.@ 1 million people in the Netherlands , representing a 65 percent market share , while during the Dutch performance a peak of 6 @.@ 2 million people was registered . = = = = Marcel Bezençon Awards = = = = The Marcel Bezençon Awards , first awarded during the 2002 contest , are awards honouring the best competing songs in the final each year . Named after the creator of the annual contest , Marcel Bezençon , the awards are divided into three categories : the Press Award , given to the best entry as voted on by the accredited media and press during the event ; the Artistic Award , presented to the best artist as voted on by the shows ' commentators ; and the Composer Award , given to the best and most original composition as voted by the participating composers . The Netherlands was voted the winners of two of the awards : The Common Linnets received the Artistic Award ; and DeLange , Rob and Matthew Crosby , Meijers , and Etheridge received the Composer Award for " Calm After the Storm " . DeLange and Waylon were in attendance at the award ceremony to receive the awards . = = = Voting = = = Voting during the three shows consisted of 50 percent public televoting and 50 percent from a jury deliberation . The jury consisted of five music industry professionals who were citizens of the country they represent , with their names published before the contest to ensure transparency . This jury was asked to judge each contestant based on : vocal capacity ; the stage performance ; the song 's composition and originality ; and the overall impression by the act . In addition , no member of a national jury could be related in any way to any of the competing acts in such a way that they cannot vote impartially and independently . The individual rankings of each jury member were released shortly after the grand final . Below is a breakdown of points awarded to and from the Netherlands in the first semi @-@ final and grand final of the contest , and the breakdown of the jury voting and televoting conducted during the two shows : = = = = Points awarded to the Netherlands = = = = = = = = Points awarded by the Netherlands = = = = = = = = Split voting results = = = = The following five members comprised the Dutch jury : Antonius van de Berkt – Chairperson – record company CEO Freek Bartels – singer , musical actor Marlayne – singer , television host , represented the Netherlands in the 1999 Contest Ruth Jacott – singer , represented the Netherlands in the 1993 Contest Sander Lantinga – radio DJ 3FM = = After Eurovision = = In a contest that had been referred to as " gimmicky " , the success of " Calm After the Storm " received wide praise in the media , with some suggesting that the song 's triumph had provided a boost to the musicality and credibility of the contest . Following the contest , the song went on to become a success across Europe , featuring in the top three in iTunes download charts in sixteen different countries . " Calm After the Storm " also went on to reach the top ten in charts in sixteen countries , including reaching number one in Belgium , Iceland and the Netherlands . In many cases the song out @-@ performed the contest 's winning song , " Rise Like a Phoenix " . In the UK Singles Chart " Calm After the Storm " charted at number nine , becoming only the fourth non @-@ winning Eurovision song to chart in the top ten . The group 's début album The Common Linnets was also a success , charting in several European countries and entering the top ten in the Netherlands and Austria . The Common Linnets capitalised on their Eurovision success with several events across Europe , including in Belgium , Germany and a secret concert in Vienna , Austria . However some controversy erupted when Waylon was absent from several scheduled events in May 2014 , as well as inactivity from his official Twitter account for over a week . After becoming active again on social media , he expressed bemusement over the media frenzy over his absence . He also stated that The Common Linnets was always DeLange 's vehicle and that his continuing participation in the group was always agreed to be in a varying capacity , and that he wished to focus on his solo career , including the release of his new album , which had already been delayed . Waylon stepped down from the group after their performance at the Tuckerville Festival in Enschede . In July 2014 it was announced that The Common Linnets would embark on a European tour . The tour which started on 5 October 2014 at the TivoliVredenburg , in Utrecht , Netherlands ; continued to visit various European countries including , Austria , Belgium , Germany , Switzerland , and the United Kingdom . The tour concluded on 2 November 2014 at the 013 music venue , in the Dutch city of Tilburg .
= Episode 6188 = " Episode 6188 " is the 6188th episode of the Australian soap opera Neighbours . It premiered on Eleven on 22 June 2011 . The episode was written by Sarah Mayberry , directed by Jonathon Dutton , and executively produced by Susan Bower . " Episode 6188 " revolves around Mark Brennan 's ( Scott McGregor ) departure from the soap . The storyline sees Mark tell his girlfriend , Kate Ramsay ( Ashleigh Brewer ) , that he is going into witness protection . He reveals that she has just 30 minutes to decide whether to stay behind in Erinsborough or leave with him . However , when she makes the choice to leave , she has trouble convincing her younger sister to come too . The soap 's executive producer , Susan Bower , revealed that the team wanted Mark " to go out with a bang " and they took inspiration from the US drama 24 to create a special real @-@ time episode . The show 's script producer thought the technique was " the best way to do justice " to the character and his exit , although it proved to be a challenge for the crew as it was different from the normal storytelling process . " Episode 6188 " focused on a 30 @-@ minute timeframe between 6 : 30 pm and 7 : 00 pm , which is when Neighbours is broadcast in Australia . The episode was filmed over two nights and extra effort went into ensuring the continuity was right throughout . The episode received generally positive attention . A TV Week writer stated that it was " unmissable " . The Sydney Morning Herald 's Andrew Murfett believed the real @-@ time aspect was " a clever device " for fans of the show who may have fallen out of touch with it . Cameron Adams from the Herald Sun chose the episode for his feature on the best television programs being broadcast on 22 June . Channel 5 included the episode in their " Top 20 Aussie Soap Moments of 2011 " program , while Inside Soap proclaimed the episode was one of " The Best Bits of July " in their annual yearbook . Dutton earned a nomination for Best Direction in a TV Drama at the 2012 Australian Directors ' Guild Awards . = = Plot = = Mark Brennan ( Scott McGregor ) waits nervously for an answer from his girlfriend , Kate Ramsay ( Ashleigh Brewer ) , about going into witness protection with him . He states that it is too dangerous for him to stay in Erinsborough and that she can bring her younger sister , Sophie ( Kaiya Jones ) , with them . Kate tells Mark that she does not want to lose him and agrees to go . Mark reveals that they only have half an hour and heads over to his house to pack . Sophie returns home and Kate tells her that they are leaving town that night . An upset Sophie explains that she cannot pack her life up in a bag and refuses to go . Kate tells her the decision has already been made and they are leaving . As Mark is wondering whether to call his parents , his housemate , Jade Mitchell ( Gemma Pranita ) , arrives home unexpectedly . When she enquires about his bag , he tells her he needs a change of clothes for a double shift . Kate finds Mark and asks for more time , but Mark tells her they do not have any . He gives her the details of the meeting point and they kiss , before Kate leaves him . Mark 's other housemate , Kyle Canning ( Chris Milligan ) , gets in from work and realises Mark is leaving because of the harassment he has received due to exposing the corruption within the police force . Mark admits he is going into witness protection and he and Kyle say their goodbyes . Sophie decides to go with Kate and they hurry to meet Mark . At the meeting point , Mark 's boss , Duncan Hayes ( Paul Ireland ) , arrives and asks if Mark is ready . He replies that Kate is on her way , as he hands his wallet and phone over . Sophie struggles to keep up with her sister and tells her to go to Mark , as they can collect her on the way . Kate continues running , just as it starts to rain . Hayes tells Mark that they need to leave , but Mark asks him to wait for a few more minutes . When Kate reaches the meeting point , she finds no one there . Sophie questions whether Mark changed his mind and Kate runs home to Ramsay Street . She enters Mark 's house calling his name and then receives a text message saying " I love you " , which Mark sent from Hayes ' phone . Kyle comforts Kate while she cries about Mark . = = Production = = = = = Conception and development = = = In February 2011 , McGregor announced his departure from Neighbours and a Herald Sun reporter stated that he would film his final scenes in April . On screen , his character was seen exposing corruption within the local police force and then receiving threats from some of his colleagues . McGregor later explained to a Press Association reporter that Mark 's exit storyline would not be a happy one , as he is forced out of Ramsay Street . Mark is asked to enter a witness protection program and the night before he leaves , he realises he is still in love with his ex @-@ girlfriend , Kate ( Brewer ) . McGregor told Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap " He hasn 't been able to tell Kate that he 's leaving before now – but he just can 't say goodbye , and asks her to come along with him . It 's such a very big ask , so of course she has to give it a lot of thought . " Mark 's departure was shown during a special real @-@ time episode , which focused on a 30 @-@ minute timeframe . Executive producer Susan Bower revealed that the team wanted Mark " to go out with a bang " and commented that while the episode features about half a dozen people , it is mostly about Mark and Kate . The show 's script producer , Emma Gordon , agreed that the real @-@ time episode was " the best way to do justice " to the character and his exit . McGregor explained that while the producers were planning his character 's exit , they took inspiration from the US drama 24 . Gordon admitted to Tiffany Fox from The West Australian that the technique was a real challenge for Neighbours . She said " It is a bit different and a bit out of our normal storytelling process but it gives such a sense of tension which is exactly the feeling we wanted to create . When you have half an hour to make a decision that will affect the rest of your life , every excruciating minute counts . " = = = Filming = = = The episode sees Mark reveal that he only has 30 minutes before he has to leave for witness protection . He then tries to convince Kate to come with him . The storyline takes place between 6 : 30pm and 7 : 00pm , which is when Neighbours airs in Australia . The episode was filmed over two nights and Gordon told Fox that extra effort went into ensuring the continuity was " perfect . " Every minute had to be accounted for , including the commercial breaks and the time taken up by the actors walking from one house to another . Gordon commented that clocks and watches are used throughout the episode to keep the tension high . During an interview with a Channel 5 website reporter , Brewer said that filming the episode was similar to filming a regular episode of the soap , as the scenes were still shot out of order . She thought it was nice working in a short time period that did not jump from day to day . During the filming of the final scenes on location , the weather took a turn for the worse and it began to rain . However , Gordon added that it looked " spectacular and adds such an atmosphere . " Brewer told a Channel 5 website writer that the rain was the biggest challenge of the night shoot , as it was " beyond freezing " . She also revealed that she ran in shoes that she had not broken in and they made her feet bleed . The actress added " It was incredibly stressful but I guess it was stress in a good way . There were months of preparation involved so that it could run like clockwork . So I guess it was stressful in the sense the emotional stakes were heightened for a two @-@ week period . It was exhausting and I think we can all say we were happy once it was over . But the final result was worth it . " McGregor filmed his final scene out of sequence at the Melbourne studios . He explained that they had already shot Mark 's last scene on location , then went back inside to do the studio shots . He revealed " The final thing I filmed was a conversation between Mark and Kyle , where they 're saying goodbye . It was a bit sad , but it was basically just these two guys hugging each other – with the cast and crew watching ! " = = Reception = = The real @-@ time episode was broadcast on 22 June 2011 in Australia and on 20 July in the UK . It was watched by 408 @,@ 000 Australian viewers upon its first airing , making Neighbours the highest rated show on digital multi @-@ channels that night . In the UK , an audience of 1 @.@ 30 million watched the episode . For his work on " Episode 6188 " , Dutton earned a nomination for Best Direction in a TV Drama at the 2012 Australian Directors ' Guild Awards . A TV Week website writer called the episode " an edge @-@ of @-@ your @-@ seat special " , which was " unmissable " . The Sydney Morning Herald 's readers gave the episode three out of five stars , while the paper 's television critic , Andrew Murfett , commented " The clock is omnipresent in tonight 's ' real @-@ time ' Neighbours episode . The gimmick of the formatting – the episode unfolds in real time over an action @-@ packed 30 minutes on Ramsay Street – means the clock appears almost every minute to remind us of what is a pressing deadline . It 's a clever device for fans who have perhaps fallen out of touch with the folks at Erinsborough . In fact it 's almost impossible not be at least mildly interested about the future prospects of Scott McGregor and Ashleigh Brewer in the aftermath of this 24 @-@ style ep . " A reporter for PopSugar Australia said " We love it when our favourite , long @-@ running TV soapies surprise us with something new and a little different . " Cameron Adams from the Herald Sun included the episode in his feature on the best television programs being broadcast on 22 June , saying " Brooding cop Mark Brennan ( Scott McGregor ) has 30 minutes to leave Erinsborough before the poop goes down with the dodgy police investigation that 's been dragging on for months . Girlfriend Kate plans to leave with him , but her sister Sophie 's not so keen on a life change . " Channel 5 included the episode in their " Top 20 Aussie Soap Moments of 2011 " program , where it came second overall . A writer for the channel 's website believed that it was clear from the start that Mark would be worthy of a memorable send @-@ off , during a feature on the character 's " best bits " . A writer for the Inside Soap Yearbook , which was published at the end of 2011 , proclaimed the episode was one of " The Best Bits of July " . A reporter for the Daily Record stated " Goodbye Brennan – we enjoyed having you and your hunky good looks around , but all good things must come to an end . "
= Batman : Anarky = Batman : Anarky is a 1999 trade paperback published by DC Comics . The book collects prominent appearances of Anarky , a comic book character created by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . Although all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , various artists contributed to individual stories . Dual introductions were written by the creators — both of whom introduce the character and give insight into their role in Anarky 's creation and development . Featured as an antagonist in various Batman comics during the ' 90s , stories based on the character were highly thematic , political , and philosophical in tone . The majority of the collected stories ( " Anarky in Gotham City " , " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , " Anarky " ) are influenced by the philosophy of anarchism , while the final story ( " Metamorphosis " ) is influenced by Frank R. Wallace . Although anti @-@ statism is the overarching theme of the collection , other concepts are explored . Anarky 's characterization was expanded throughout the stories to present him first as a libertarian socialist and anarchist , and in the final story as a vehicle for explorations into atheism , rationalism , and bicameralism . Literary references are also utilized throughout the collected stories to stress the philosophical foundations of the character . The collection also tracks the character 's evolution from a petty , street @-@ crime fighting vigilante , to a competent freedom fighter in opposition to powerful forces of evil . Critics have positively received some of the stories within the collection , analyzing Anarky as a unique force for political commentary and discussion within DC Comics ' storytelling . However , the expansive growth of the character 's unique abilities and characterization has also fueled criticism as having overpowered the character beyond suspension of disbelief . = = Collection history = = = = = Character creation and development = = = In the late ' 80s , writer Alan Grant considered drawing upon his own anarchist sympathies and utilizing them for a character in the Detective Comics , which he was writing at the time . In a bid to replicate the success of Chopper , a rebellious youth in the " Judge Dredd " comic strip , Grant created Anarky as a twelve @-@ year @-@ old political radical , far more mature , violent , and intelligent than his peers . Influenced by V , the protagonist of Alan Moore 's V for Vendetta , Grant 's only instructions to illustrator Norm Breyfogle were that Anarky be designed as a cross between V and the black spy from Mad magazine 's Spy vs. Spy . In his own intro to the collection , Norm Breyfogle explains that , pressured by deadlines , and failing to recognize the character 's long @-@ term potential , he " made no preliminary sketches , simply draping [ Anarky ] in long red sheets " . As the character was intended to wear a costume that disguised his youth , Breyfogle designed a crude " head extender " that elongated Anarky 's neck , creating a jarring appearance . The first appearance of Anarky was in " Anarky in Gotham City " , Detective Comics # 608 , in November 1989 . Grant 's initial script portrayed Anarky as vicious , killing his first victim . Dennis O 'Neil , then editor of Detective Comics , balked at this proposal , believing that the depiction of a twelve @-@ year @-@ old becoming a murderer was morally reprehensible . Grant consented to O 'Neil 's request that the script be changed , and rewrote it to portray Anarky as violent , but non @-@ lethal . Grant later expressed relief with this early decision , coming to believe that " Anarky would have compromised his own beliefs if he had taken the route of the criminal @-@ killer . " Although Grant had not created Anarky to be used beyond the two @-@ part debut story , the positive reception Anarky received among readers and his editor caused Grant to change his mind . In the following years , Grant developed the character to contrast with typical heroic characters . Based on a theme of philosophy , Anarky was not given a tragic past — a common motivator in comic books — but was instead given motivation by his convictions and beliefs . In his introduction to the trade paperback , Grant compared this with Batman , who fought crime due to personal tragedy . Grant also contrasted Anarky with common teenage superheroes . Rejecting the tradition established by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby , Grant avoided saddling Anarky with personal problems , a girlfriend , or social life . This was intended to convey the idea that Anarky was self @-@ assured in his goals . The singular problem the character did have was tending to his secret activities while escaping from juvenile detention centers , or hiding his actions from his parents , who did not approve of his activism . These aspects of the character were incorporated into " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " and " Anarky " , each respectively published in 1995 , as this period of the character 's portrayal came to a conclusion . Leading into the character 's next phase of publication , the Anarky limited series , " Metamorphosis " , was published in 1997 . Coinciding with Alan Grant 's transition from the philosophy of anarchism to Neo @-@ Tech , Grant chose to re @-@ characterize Anarky accordingly . Norm Breyfogle also took the opportunity to redesign Anarky 's costume , excising the head extender with the explanation that the character had grown up and filled out his costume . The golden mask was also redesigned as a reflective but flexible material that wrapped around Anarky 's head , allowing for the display of facial movement and emotion which had previously been impossible due to the inflexible metal that the first mask was made of . With the success of the limited series , Darren Vincenzo , an assistant editor at DC Comics , and the editor of the Anarky mini @-@ series , promoted the continuation of the comic into a regular monthly title . In the lead @-@ up to the publication of both ventures , Breyfogle and Grant wrote introductory essays intended for the trade paperback in June 1998 . Breyfogle also continued the character costume adjustments he 'd begun for the limited series . Fully redesigning the suit , Breyfogle retained the red jumpsuit , flexible gold mask , and hat , but eliminated the red robes in favor of a more traditional outfit . New additions to the suit included a red cape , golden utility belt , and a single , large Circle @-@ A insignia across the chest , akin to Superman 's iconic " S " shield . Batman : Anarky was published several months later with the new costume featured on the cover page , despite the fact that it does not appear in any of the collected stories . = = = Collected comics = = = Published on February 22 , 1999 , Batman : Anarky collected nine Batman @-@ related comic books , comprising four unique stories connected by their featured character : Anarky . The collected material , originally published in 1989 , 1995 , and 1997 , includes Anarky 's first appearance ; the revelation of Anarky 's origin story ; and Anarky 's first limited series . The first story , " Anarky in Gotham City " , was published in Detective Comics # 608 and # 609 . Although Anarky was not intended to be used beyond this debut story , the positive reception the character received convinced Alan Grant to continue using the character in future issues . The next collected story , " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , was published in The Batman Chronicles # 1 . Published quarterly , this comic anthology collected short stories with an emphasis on Batman supporting characters . The eponymous story , " Anarky " , was originally published in Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 40 and # 41 . The only storyline in the collection which is not self @-@ contained , it alludes to other story elements taking place within the Batman mythos at the time , including the temporary resignation of Alfred Pennyworth and the mid @-@ life crisis of James Gordon . The story reveals Anarky 's origin story and includes the character 's faked death scene — an important plot point in the last collected story . The last of these four stories , " Metamorphosis " , was published as a spin @-@ off limited series between May and August of 1997 , as a result of a request Norm Breyfogle made to DC Comics for employment following the comic book crash of the mid @-@ 1990s . Darren Vincenzo suggested multiple projects which Breyfogle could take part in , among them an Anarky mini @-@ series written by Alan Grant , which was eventually the project decided upon . The Anarky limited series was received with positive reviews and sales , and was later declared by Grant to be among his " career highlights " . With the continuation of the series as an ongoing monthly in 1999 , these four issues were retroactively categorized as the first Anarky volume . Both volumes of Anarky are unique as the only comic books ever thematically based on the philosophy of Neo @-@ Tech . = = = Collection contributors = = = Collecting four stories , Batman : Anarky gathers the work of a total of sixteen contributors employed by DC Comics over the course of eight years . While all of the collected stories were written by Alan Grant , contributing pencillers include Norm Breyfogle , Staz Johnson , and John Paul Leon , with various artists assisting as inkers , colorists , and letterers . Each of the artists who worked on the Anarky limited series , " Metamorphosis " , would later return to continue their work on the Anarky ongoing series in 1999 . Alan Grant , a writer from Scotland , got his start on 2000 AD as an assistant writer for John Wagner . Grant rose to prominence as an equal of Wagner 's in the creation of Judge Dredd comic strips . These stories were noted favorably for their use of socio @-@ political commentary and satire . Together , the duo acquired employment with DC Comics . Dennis O 'Neil assigned them to Detective Comics in 1988 , hoping they would bring their gritty , violent take on Judge Dredd to Batman storylines . Soon after , Wagner left the company , leaving Grant to continue the run on his own . Drawing on his work for Judge Dredd , Grant began injecting social commentary into the comic book , and avoided using common Batman rogues in favor of his own creations . Some of these villains were influenced by characters from the Judge Dredd universe . Anarky was conceived singularly by Grant as a result of these circumstances , and Grant 's own intellectual and philosophical meditations influenced the portrayal of the character over the following years . Collaborating with Grant during these early years on Detective Comics was illustrator Norm Breyfogle , who designed and later modified the appearance of Anarky . Frequently noted as the co @-@ creator of the characters Alan Grant conceived of during their Detective Comics run together , Breygole has confessed to personally believing that this credit is unwarranted . Contending that he merely drew the characters Grant conceived , he has nonetheless accepted credit for the development of Anarky , as he eventually took part in frequent correspondence over fax @-@ transmission with Grant during the Anarky limited series . These faxed letters to each other fueled discussion and debate regarding the character and plot development , and influenced both men in their later work . Of the collected illustrators , he is the only artist to have penciled more than a single story for the character . Other contributing illustrators include Staz Johnson , who after penciling " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , would go on to work exclusively for DC Comics for several more years . Illustrator John Paul Leon collaborated on " Anarky " in 1995 , just a year after he received his Bachelor 's in Fine Arts from School of Visual Arts in 1994 . Steve Mitchell , the regular inker for Detective Comics during Grant and Breyfogle 's collaborative run , inked " Anarky in Gotham City " . Cam Smith , Ray McCarthy , and Josef Rubinstein completed the ink work for " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , " Anarky " , and " Metamorphosis , respectively . Todd Klein , an award winning letter and logo designer , mainly worked for DC Comics during the 1980s . A freelancer , Klein designed logos and title headers for various comics , while at other times created lettering for many of the decades most prominent titles . Klein would also create the lettering for Alan Grant 's run on Detective Comics , where he would work together with Grant and Breyfogle in the creation of " Anarky in Gotham City . " Bill Oakley , a letterer well respected among his peers for his distinctive style , contributed to " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs To Us " . John Costanza , who has won awards on multiple occasions in the field of comic book lettering , contributed to both " Anarky " and " Metamorphosis " . Adrienne Roy , a colorist predominantly associated with many of the Batman franchise comics of the late ' 80s and early ' 90s , provided coloring for " Anarky in Gotham City " . Phil Allen was tapped for " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs To Us " , while Sherilyn van Valkenburgh colored " Anarky " , as well as the Batman : Anarky cover illustration . After serving as color editor for Milestone Media between 1992 and 1995 , Noelle Giddings joined DC Comics and produced the coloring for " Metamorphosis " . = = Stories = = = = = " Anarky in Gotham City " = = = During a late night drug raid , Batman , the vigilante protector of Gotham City , discovers that the drug dealer he was tracking has already been assaulted and left for police to find . Next to his unconscious body is a spray painted Circle @-@ A , announcing the arrival of a new vigilante , Anarky . Anarky continues his war against crime by targeting a business owner dumping pollutants in a river . Batman recognizes his M.O. and realizes he is attacking people based on the complaints raised in letters to the editor in a local newspaper . He alerts the police , who plan stake @-@ outs at several events based on the letters . When Anarky strikes next , however , it is at a construction site unlisted in the paper . Anarky rallies the homeless to riot in response to the destruction of their " Cardboard City " , which has been bulldozed to build a new bank . Batman arrives but is attacked by the homeless mob so that Anarky may flee . The mob includes Legs , a homeless Vietnam veteran who Alan Grant would utilize as a partner for Anarky in future stories . Batman eventually catches Anarky , revealing him to be a disguised , twelve @-@ year @-@ old paperboy named Lonnie Machin . As a child prodigy with extensive knowledge of both radical philosophy and improvised munitions , Lonnie was confident that violent change was necessary to improve social conditions . Batman condemns his actions , but expresses admiration for his idealism . = = = " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " = = = While serving time in a juvenile correction facility , Lonnie Machin creates a makeshift hologram projector and two @-@ way communicator , and uses it to leave the impression that he is still held in detention . He then escapes and sabotages a politician 's ad campaign in order to promote anti @-@ electoral propaganda , with the assistance of Legs , who acts as a diversion against a local guard . Anarky uses his communicator during his adventure to carryout a political dialogue with his fellow detainees , narrowly returning before guards notice his absence . = = = " Anarky " = = = Several months after the events of " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , Lonnie Machin has been released from juvenile detention on parole , and uses the internet to create a company , " Anarco " . Through Anarco , Machin sells anarchist literature online , secretly acquiring millions of dollars . He channels this wealth through a proxy organization , " The Anarkist Foundation " , to donate the funds to political groups he supports , including gun protesters , eco @-@ warriors , and clean energy lobbies . Meanwhile , he successfully hides this activity from his parents , Mike and Roxanne Machin , who do not approve of his behavior , believing themselves to have failed to raise their son properly . Their relationship with him becomes strained , as they attempt to rehabilitate him into normality , while he wishes they would be proud of his vigilante activism . Continuing his secret philanthropy , he supports Malochia , a self @-@ proclaimed " prophet of doom " who spreads a message that current social conditions are intolerable . Anarky comes to suspect that this " prophet " has an ulterior motive , and hires private detective , Joe Potato , to investigate his actions . Meanwhile , Batman and Robin have also placed Malochia under their watch , and discover his connections to Lonni Machin . Anarky , Joe Potato , and Batman confront Malochia , but are each captured and tied to a blimp . The blimp is loaded with high explosives and set to detonate near the center of the city . Malochia hopes this act will set into effect his own delusional predictions of calamity . Anarky and Joe Potato revive and steer the blimp towards the water front , still set to explode . Anarky releases both Potato and Batman into the water , but is tangled in ropes and presumably caught in the explosion . During the story , Lonnie 's parents find a letter he wrote in the event of his death . The letter acts as a literary device to explain his origin as Anarky and the personal reasons behind his decision to become a vigilante . Lonnie Machin 's father and mother , Mike and Roxanne raise their son to be a happy child , and encourage his intelligence and thirst for knowledge with trips to bookstores . Through his research , Lonnie eventually grows to become the political radical , Anarky . = = = " Metamorphosis " = = = " Metamorphosis " chronicles Machin 's narrow survival of an explosion and use of the confusion in its aftermath to fake his death . Several months later , he is now stated to be fifteen @-@ years old and has begun a new plan to liberate the world of government . As Anarky , he attempts to create a device which will emit beams of light on frequencies which will trigger the human brain of all who see it . The people will then be " de @-@ brainwashed " of all the social constraints which society has placed on the individual . Utilizing a makeshift teleportation device capable of summoning a boom tube , he begins a quest to capture the power sources his invention will need : the madness of Etrigan , the evil of Darkseid , and the goodness of Batman . Desiring to tempt Batman into confronting him , Anarky successfully lures Batman 's attention by hiring Legs and other homeless men to monitor Batman 's movements . During the confrontation between Anarky and Batman , the device is damaged . Thus , when Machin activates it , it only affects himself . The vision that follows reveals what may have happened if he had succeeded , with nightmarish consequences . In the hallucination , the slightest infraction against a smooth @-@ running society is met with banishment to a prison @-@ city . The effects of his machine eventually wear off , and the most dangerous elements of the prison escape , causing havoc . The conclusion Anarky draws from this is that if society is to change , individuals must accept that change voluntarily . When Batman turns off the machine , Anarky awakens and promptly escapes , vowing to continue his mission , " until they all learn to choose for themselves ... " = = Themes = = = = = Literary references = = = Within the books , the nature of the character 's political opinions was often expressed through his rhetoric , and by heavy use of the Circle @-@ A as a character gimmick . However , other themes were often used when Anarky was a featured character in a comic . In early stories , books would often be referenced to express the character 's philosophical agenda . The earliest example of this was in the " Anarky in Gotham City " and " Anarky " storylines , in which Anarky makes references to Universe by Scudder Klyce , an extremely rare book , and cites passages within it as having inspired his actions . Various books can be seen in Lonnie Machin 's bedroom in the " Anarky " storyline , including tomes named after the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle , and the Swedish scientist , Emanuel Swedenborg . Within the same storyline , Anarky 's father comments on the political books in the teenager 's room , referring to the Russian anarchist , Mikhail Bakunin , German philosopher , Karl Marx and the founder of Objectivism , Ayn Rand . " The " Metamorphosis " storyline later continued the theme , displaying an edition of Buckminster Fuller 's Synergetics near the story 's climax . When asked if he was concerned readers would be unable to follow some of the more obscure literary references , Grant responded that he didn 't expect many to do so , but was " pleased to say several did , " and reported carrying on a correspondence with at least one reader over the course of several years . Besides books , fluttering newspapers were also used as a literary element to convey ideas , often included in street settings and bearing headlines alluding to social problems such as white @-@ collar crime and poverty . Several newspapers also include the titles of political books on their pages . One page bears the title of Noam Chomsky 's series of interviews with David Barsamian , Keeping the Rabble in Line ; another Bill Devall 's Clearcut : The Tragedy of Industrial Forestry ; while a third refers to Urban Indians : Drums from the cities by Gregory W. Frazier . = = = Philosophical shift = = = As an antagonist in a limited number of Batman comics during the 90 's , Anarky was largely reserved for stories in which Grant wished to press a political point . Early incarnations of Anarky portrayed the character as an anarchist , and were intended to act as a medium for Grant 's personal meditations on political philosophy , and specifically for his own anarchist , socialist , and populist leanings . However , according to Grant , anarchists with whom he associated were hostile to his creation of the character , seeing it as an act of recuperation for commercial gain . With libertarian socialism being the primary theme of the first three storylines in the collection , other concepts explored in the stories were informed by the umbrella of anarchist theory . Anti @-@ electoralism and the tactic of non @-@ voting are the dual focuses of " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " , while economic exploitation , environmental issues , and political corruption are repeatedly referenced in the three remaining stories . Over the course of several years , Grant 's political opinions shifted from libertarian socialism to free market @-@ based philosophies . Alan Grant commented on the philosophical pattern the character 's transformation took for a 1997 interview : " Although I haven ’ t read them in chronological order I would think it would be quite easy to see the parallel between Anarky ’ s thought processes and my own thought processes . " By 1997 he had settled on the philosophy of Neo @-@ Tech , a philosophy developed by Frank R. Wallace . At approximately the same time he was when given the opportunity to write an Anarky mini @-@ series , and so decided to revamp the character accordingly . Grant laid out his reasoning in an interview just before the first issue 's publication . " I felt he was the perfect character " to express Neo @-@ Tech philosophy , Grant explained , " because he 's human , he has no special powers , the only power he 's got is the power of his own rational consciousness " . This new characterization was later carried on in the 1999 Anarky ongoing series . The " Metamorphosis " storyline led the character away from many of the philosophical concepts previously espoused , but the primary theme of the collection remained anti @-@ statism . New emphasis was placed on previously unexplored themes , including the mind , consciousness and bicameralism . Anarky 's characterization was also expanded to present him as an atheist and rationalist . A recurring theme in " Metamorphosis " was a scene of Anarky expounding philosophy to his pet dog , and indirectly to the reader , for a single page in each part of the story , for a total of four pages . These monologues included an explanation of bicameralism , a comparative summary of the political philosophy of Plato and Aristotle , a description of the concept of economic " parasites , " and a final description of how the elimination of irrationality would allow society to progress . Another important theme to the final storyline is a discourse on the nature of evil , as a subplot of the story . Anarky 's pursuit , as Grant put it , " ... is to find out why anyone would make the decision to be evil . " To that end , Grant pitted Anarky against Etrigan and Darkseid with the intention of providing a setting for a series of dialogues on the topic . = = = Heroic evolution = = = Aside from the philosophical themes present throughout the collection , the steady progression of Anarky 's abilities and enemies is also highlighted . In the earliest stories , Anarky 's targets are minor criminals , contrasting with the last story , " Metamorphosis " . This final story portrays Anarky facing more dangerous opponents — those who , as Grant wrote , are " virtual embodiments of evil " . Anarky 's steady growth in fighting ability , technological innovation , and wealth is also documented within the collection . In " Anarky in Gotham City " , Lonnie Machin is described as being highly intelligent , but lacking in any other skill . This changed in " Anarky " , where he begins developing his skills in hand to hand combat , begins experimenting on his brain to increase his intelligence , and creates a front company to begin amassing money . By the final storyline , Anarky is capable of creating advanced , high tech gadgets and devices , such as a teleportation device ; has fused his brain and magnified his intelligence to genius levels ; has studied multiple styles of martial arts , and created his own hybrid martial art ; and has millions of dollars with which to fund his plans . The progression of Anarky 's abilities was also mirrored by the change in the character 's costume . The design shift from an early suit intended to disguise Lonnie 's age , to one that fit him more fully , was commented on by Norm Breyfogle , who wrote , " … during his existence he 's gained quite a few inches and pounds , filling out his costume ! The change from black eyes to white may also be seen as indicating that Lonnie 's real eyes now peer out of the mask . He 's literally grown into the role ! " = = Media information = = = = = Editions = = = The DC Comics edition , distributed throughout North America , contained an error on page 130 , in which the lettering was removed from a speech balloon . The publication was shipped with a sticker of the missing text , which readers could place over the wordless balloon to complete the page . Batman : Anarky ( February 2 , 1999 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics , ISBN 1 @-@ 56389 @-@ 437 @-@ 8 The Titan Books Ltd edition , published several months after the North American release , is distributed throughout the United Kingdom . Batman : Anarky ( April 16 , 1999 ) , London : Titan Books Ltd , ISBN 1 @-@ 85286 @-@ 995 @-@ X = = = Collected issues = = = The issues collected in the trade paperback are : Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Mitchell , Steve ( i ) . " Anarky in Gotham City , Part One : Letters to the Editor " Detective Comics 608 ( November 1989 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Mitchell , Steve ( i ) . " Anarky in Gotham City , Part Two : Facts About Bats " Detective Comics 609 ( December 1989 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Johnson , Staz ( p ) , Smith , Cam ( i ) . " Anarky : Tomorrow Belongs to Us " The Batman Chronicles 1 ( Summer 1995 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Paul Leon , John ( p ) , McCarthy , Ray ( i ) . " Anarky , Part One : Prophet of Doom " Batman : Shadow of the Bat 40 ( July 1995 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Paul Leon , John ( p ) , McCarthy , Ray ( i ) . " Anarky , Part One : The Anarkist Manifesto " Batman : Shadow of the Bat 41 ( August 1995 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Rubinstein , Josef ( i ) . " Metamorphosis , Part One : Does a Dog Have a Buddha Nature ? " Anarky 1 ( May 1 , 1997 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Rubinstein , Josef ( i ) . " Metamorphosis , Part Two : Revolution Number 9 " Anarky 2 ( June 1 , 1997 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Rubinstein , Josef ( i ) . " Metamorphosis Part Three : The Economics of The Madhouse " Anarky 3 ( July 1 , 1997 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics Grant , Alan ( w ) , Breyfogle , Norm ( p ) , Rubinstein , Josef ( i ) . " Metamorphosis Part Four : Fanfare for the Common Man " Anarky 4 ( August 1 , 1997 ) , New York City , NY : DC Comics
= Chennai Express = Chennai Express / tʃᵻˈnaɪ / / ɪkˈsprɛs / is a 2013 Indian romantic action comedy film directed by Rohit Shetty , and produced by Gauri Khan for Red Chillies Entertainment . The film features Shahrukh Khan and Deepika Padukone in lead roles ; it is the second collaboration between Khan and Padukone after Om Shanti Om ( 2007 ) . The film is about a man 's journey from Mumbai to Rameswaram , and what happens along the way after he falls in love with the daughter of a local don . Principal photography began on 27 September 2012 , filming began in October 2012 and was completed by May 2013 . Chennai Express was released in the overseas markets on 8 August 2013 , and a day later in India . Extensive paid previews were held in India on 8 August as well . Although the film received mixed reviews from critics , it broke several box office records in India and abroad , becoming the quickest film to collect ₹ 1 billion ( US $ 15 million ) net domestically . The film surpassed 3 Idiots to become the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film worldwide ; a record it held until it was surpassed by Dhoom 3 in December , 2013 . According to Box Office India , Chennai Express currently ranks as the fourth highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film worldwide . = = Plot = = Rahul Mithaiwala ( Shah Rukh Khan ) is a forty @-@ year @-@ old bachelor living in Mumbai . His parents died in a car accident when he was eight years old , so his grandparents raised him . His grandfather ( Lekh Tandon ) owns a chain of confectionery shops . Before his grandfather 's 100th birthday celebration , two of Rahul 's friends invite him to accompany them on a vacation in Goa , which he accepts . Rahul 's grandfather dies on the eve of the celebration , just when he witnesses Sachin Tendulkar on TV in a cricket match get dismissed on his 99th run . His grandmother tells Rahul that his grandfather wanted his ashes to be divided into two parts — one of each to be immersed in the Ganges and Rameswaram . She asks Rahul to take the ashes to Rameswaram and disperse them . Reluctantly , he accepts her request but is also eager to attend the Goa trip . Rahul and his friends plan to dump the ashes at Goa but his grandmother wants to see him off , forcing Rahul to travel by train . He books a single ticket on the Chennai Express , planning to meet his friends along the way . However , Rahul forgets to take the ashes , and he almost misses the train when he returns to collect them . As he tries to leave the train , he notices a young woman running to board it . He helps her and four other people board the moving train , but the train leaves the station before he can get off . Rahul tries to flirt with the woman , who starts communicating by singing parodies of Hindi film songs , and explains that the four men are trying to kidnap her . Rahul lends her his mobile phone so that she can contact her friends , but the men with her grab it and throw it from the train . Rahul is annoyed , but says nothing because the men are carrying weapons . Rahul tells the ticket inspector about them , but they push the inspector into a river below a bridge . Panicked , Rahul learns that the men are her cousins , and that her name is Meenalochni " Meena " Azhagusundaram ( Deepika Padukone ) . She is fleeing from a forced marriage to Tangaballi ( Nikitin Dheer ) . Her father , Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram ( Sathyaraj ) is a powerful headman of the local mafia in Tamil Nadu . Meena takes Rahul to her father and introduces him as her lover . Tangaballi challenges Rahul to a duel that Rahul unknowingly accepts , due to his lack of knowledge in Tamil . On the night of the duel , Rahul escapes with the help of a local policeman , Shamsher ( Mukesh Tiwari ) , but he ends up on a ship with Sri Lankan terrorists and smugglers . A gun battle ensues between the police force and the terrorists . When the police officers investigate and take Rahul into custody , he tells his story and ends up back in Komban . Terrified and once again surrounded by Azhagusundaram 's sickle @-@ wielding henchmen , Rahul pretends to take Meena hostage and escapes with her in her father 's car , battling Azhagasundaram 's men . When the car has a breakdown , Rahul and Meena quarrel and part ways . Rahul , not knowing which way to go , returns to Meena , who takes him to the Vidhamba village . Meena tells the villagers that they are a married couple who needs protection and rest , to which the villagers agree . Meena then realises that she has fallen in love with Rahul . When Rahul plans to sneak away , she argues , not wanting to earn the villagers ' distrust . Tangaballi catches Rahul as he tries to leave , but the villagers help them escape again . Meena persuades Rahul to disperse his grandfather 's ashes and travels with him to Rameswaram , where they complete the rites . On their way back , Rahul realises that he has fallen in love with Meena , and does not tell her where they are going . He takes Meena back to her father and tries to make him understand and honour his daughter 's wish . He also tells Meena that he loves her . Rahul tells Tangaballi and his goons that he is ready for the fight this time . In the fight that follows , Rahul is severely injured but emerges victorious . Meena 's father and Tangaballi reform , accepting that the love of a common man like Rahul is bigger than their physical ability and political influence . Azhagusundaram allows Rahul to marry Meena . Rahul then leaves a message that love knows no regional or language barriers and that with a strong heart , there is no limit to what the common man can achieve . = = Cast = = Deepika Padukone as Meenalochni " Meena " Azhagusundaram Shah Rukh Khan as Rahul Mithaiwala Sathyaraj as Durgeshwara Azhagusundaram , Meena 's father Nikitin Dheer as Tangaballi Kamini Kaushal as Rahul 's grandmother Lekh Tandon as Y. Y. Mithaiwala ( Rahul 's grandfather ) Mukesh Tiwari as Inspector Shamsher Singh , in @-@ charge of Komban area Priyamani in an item song , " 1 2 3 4 Get on the Dance Floor " Mohan V. Raman as Vidamba village priest Delhi Ganesh as Vidamba villager Gobinath Chandran as Vidamba villager King Kong as Vidamba villager Yogi Babu as Vidamba villager Jasper as a Henchman Rakesh Kukreti as Bobby ( Rahul 's friend ) = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Mayank and Rohit Shetty had originally planned to team up for a remake of the 1982 film , Angoor . After the 2011 blockbuster Singham , Shetty had begun writing the script of the film but left it half @-@ finished . The script of Chennai Express was ready for Shah Rukh Khan as a back @-@ up , because of the difficulty of obtaining the actor 's filming dates . Upon reading the script , Khan liked the idea and agreed to star in it before the Angoor remake , causing Angoor 's remake to be postponed . Shetty said the film is " a hard @-@ core commercial film with a romantic angle . The story is about this man 's travel from Mumbai to Rameshwaram and what happens during the journey . " About 68 minutes of footage were enhanced with CGI by Reliance MediaWorks . Shah Rukh Khan was the first actor to be approached with the script and was the first lead actor to be signed for the film . Rohit Shetty stated that despite the title , Khan would not play a South Indian in the film . The casting of the lead heroine was the subject of much press speculation ; Kareena Kapoor , Asin Thottumkal and Deepika Padukone were rumoured to be involved . Shetty denied those rumours , stating that the cast would be finalised in April 2012 , and that he was going to cast an established actress in the role . In October 2012 , it was confirmed that Deepika Padukone had been signed to play the female lead opposite Khan , and photographs showing Padukone and Khan shooting were released . This was Padukone 's second film opposite Khan , with whom she made her Bollywood debut in the 2007 blockbuster Om Shanti Om . Starting with this film , which was released on Women 's Day , Khan wished to have the name of his female co @-@ star appear above his own in the credits . Sathyaraj was cast to play the role of Padukone 's father — the film 's main antagonist — making his debut in Bollywood . Actress Priyamani was signed in January 2013 for an item number in the film . Other personalities from Tamil cinema , including Delhi Ganesh and Mohan V. Raman , appear in minor roles . = = = Filming = = = Filming on the project began at Mehboob Studio in Mumbai on 5 October 2012 @.@ additional filming was done at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station with a minimal crew . Stills of the lead actor were unofficially released in mid @-@ October 2012 . In November 2012 , the cast and crew went to Goa to begin filming the scenes set there . The railway station at Vasco da Gama was used to portray Kalyan . A romantic scene on board a train passing next to Dudhsagar Falls was also shot . In December 2012 , the crew went to Jakarta to film certain scenes . In January 2013 , a shoot was supposedly scheduled to take place in Ooty , but since Khan felt that Ooty was too far from Mumbai , several locations from Ooty were reconstructed on the outskirts of Panchgani in Wai by the art director Narendra Ruharikar . It took over 40 days and ₹ 15 million to build the required sets . Filming in Wai took the entire month of March 2013 . A 10 @-@ day shooting schedule in Munnar , Kerala , began in mid @-@ April 2013 ; scenes were filmed at Devikulam Lake , Meesapulimala , Wagavara and Kannimala . Filming was stopped for several days because of heavy rainfall , resulting in the schedule being slightly extended until end of the same month . A press conference was held in Munnar . In May 2013 , scenes were filmed in North Goa . Padukone finished shooting on 25 May 2013 . Khan flew to Hyderabad in May 2013 to film his remaining scenes . The film has several Tamil dialogues , but to retain context no subtitles were used . = = Soundtrack = = The score of Chennai Express was composed by Amar Mohile ; the songs were composed by the duo Vishal @-@ Shekhar , and the lyrics were written by Amitabh Bhattacharya and Yo Yo Honey Singh . Recording of the songs began in late October 2012 . The track " Ready Steady Po " was recorded in November 2012 by the music 's composers . Several sources said that the director and actor were unsatisfied with the score . The director was reportedly asked to plan for a different musical composition . However , the composers denied these rumours . In mid @-@ April 2013 , singer S. P. Balasubrahmanyam recorded the title track for the film , marking his return to Bollywood for playback after an absence of fifteen years . He said the song celebrated the spirit of togetherness . Initially , Balasubrahmanyam was apprehensive , but chose to sing due to the content and leads of the film . The song " 1 2 3 4 get on the dance floor " was released as a promotional single on World Music Day . On 27 June 2013 , the video promo of the song " Titli " was released , and on 11 July 2013 , the promo video of " Kashmir Main Tu Kanyakumari " was released . On 19 July 2013 , T @-@ Series uploaded a song to its official channel on YouTube ; sung by Honey Singh . The song was titled " Lungi Dance – The ' Thalaivar ( r ) ' Tribute " in honour of the south Indian film actor Rajinikanth . On 25 July 2013 , a promotional video of the song " Tera Rasta Main Chhodoon Na " was released . The music album was launched on 1 July 2013 . = = = Critical response = = = The soundtrack album of Chennai Express received positive reviews . Devesh Sharma of Filmfare gave the album 4 / 5 , saying that it is " a robust offering , which is full of new sounds and zany surprises " , and that Vishal @-@ Shekhar put in a lot of effort to bring out their best for the film . IBN Live gave the album 3 @.@ 5 / 5 and stated that the album was another " winner " from Vishal @-@ Shekhar . The composers were critically praised for blending different forms of music which " pepped " the otherwise usual Bollywood music . Yashika Mathur of DNA gave the album 3 @.@ 5 / 5 and said that Chennai Express is " another winner from Vishal @-@ Shekhar " that " boasts of a soothing bouquet of typical Bollywood numbers and some peppy tracks with exceptional mixing . " She wrote that it " is likely to appeal to music lovers of all age @-@ groups and sentiments " and called it " [ a ] n entertaining all @-@ rounder , the composers must be applauded for fusing different music and beats to pep up the otherwise usual Bollywood music . " Joginder Tuteja of Rediff.com gave the album 3 / 5 and wrote that the title song , " Chennai Express " , is " just about average " . He expressed his displeasure over Balasubramaniam 's ill @-@ suiting of voice for Shah Rukh Khan , and said that in all the song was not remarkable . He however complimented that the overall outcome was " satisfactory " with a few of the songs even standing out . Anand Holla of Mumbai Mirror said , " It 's easy to imagine director Rohit Shetty 's crystal clear brief to Vishal @-@ Shekhar , involving words such as catchy , peppy , fun , and of course ' hit songs ' . Given how happily formulaic the soundtrack has turned out , V – S have given us a fair idea of what awaits us this Eid . " = = Release = = The film had paid previews in India on 8 August 2013 , with ten to twelve shows at multiplexes . Chennai Express was scheduled to be released in non @-@ traditional international markets . In Peru , it was the first Hindi film to be released on the same day as in India . Chennai Express was also released in Morocco , Germany , Switzerland , Austria , France , and Israel . The price of tickets for Chennai Express was increased 40 percent above the usual tariff during the weekday shows and up to 20 percent on weekends ; although this increase was not uniformly applied in all multiplexes . The film was released in 2 @,@ 550 cinemas across 3 @,@ 550 screens in India , and across 700 screens internationally — including 196 screens in the United States , 175 in the United Kingdom , 55 in the Middle East , and 30 in Australia — the widest Bollywood release up to that point . = = = Marketing = = = A first look of Chennai Express was released on 1 January 2013 . A thirty @-@ one second title track teaser , sung by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam , was released on 23 May 2013 . The official trailer of the film was released at an event in Mumbai on 13 June 2013 ; two days after its launch it exceeded four million views on YouTube . A platform running game titled Chennai Express : Escape from Rameshwaram , based on the film and featuring Shahrukh Khan & Deepika Padukone , was developed by Disney UTV 's digital wing , and launched on 24 July 2013 for Android systems . In the game , the player rides a virtual roller @-@ coaster , fighting off goons and dodging obstacles while they attempt to collect over 10 @,@ 000 coins in order to unlock Padukone 's game avatar . The outfits worn by Khan and Padukone in the film were auctioned ; proceeds from the sale were donated to a charity . The auction took place around the day of the film 's release . A Karaoke app developed by Singbox — a Swedish gaming studio — was launched on 2 August 2013 for Android and iOS based smartphones . Khan promoted his film on the reality television shows Comedy Nights with Kapil , Madhubala Ek Ishq Ek Junoon , DID Super Moms , Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 6 and Indian Idol Junior . The Zeitgeist — Google 's year @-@ end compilation of the most frequent search queries — named Chennai Express the most trending topic of 2013 in India . The film 's satellite television rights were sold to Zee Network for ₹ 480 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 1 million ) . The agreement was linked to the film 's box office revenue — the first deal of its kind in Indian cinema . If Chennai Express collected over ₹ 1 @.@ 3 billion ( US $ 19 million ) net , then for every ₹ 100 million earned after that , the producers would get an additional ₹ 20 million . The film had its television premiere on 20 October 2013 , and was seen by a record number of viewers , almost doubling that of the highest rated fiction show . It helped its broadcaster , Zee TV , to reach the top position among General Entertainment Channels that month . = = = Legal issues = = = Along with Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara ! , Chennai Express was initially abandoned by Pakistani distributors and exhibitors because four Pakistani films were released on the same day . The release dates were postponed to 15 and 9 August , respectively . During its Wai schedule of filming , the film 's unit ran into trouble for using too much water from Dhom Dam , in the drought @-@ stricken Satara district of Maharashtra . The state 's relief and rehabilitation minister , Patangrao Kadam , addressed the problem . The film 's poster and trailer , released on Twitter and YouTube , were criticised by some Tamil media for their depiction of Tamil ethos . They said Padukone 's heavily accented dialogue resembled a Malayalee accent rather than a Tamil one . Padukone defended the film , saying that it did not parody South Indian culture and that most of the crew , including herself , are South Indians . She later said , " Why would we spoof our own culture ? " On 31 July 2013 , the Nationalist political party Maharashtra Navnirman Sena 's film wing threatened to disrupt the film 's premiere ; it reportedly attempted to dislodge ongoing popular Marathi movies from cinemas that show only one film at a time . The party was upset with reports that the distributors of Chennai Express had demanded prime slots in single screen cinemas , and at some multiplexes , where the superhit Marathi film Duniyadari had been popular since 19 July . On 1 August 2013 , both the film directors , Rohit Shetty and Sanjay Jadhav were called on by Raj Thackeray to find a solution . After listening to both parties , Thackeray ruled that if Duniyadari was not removed from single screen cinemas across the state , then the MNS would not object to the release of Chennai Express in Maharashtra . = = Critical reception = = Chennai Express received mixed reviews from critics worldwide . = = = India = = = Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars and wrote , " On the whole , ' Chennai Express ' has the trademark Rohit Shetty stamp all over . You seek entertainment , entertainment and entertainment in a film like ' Chennai Express ' and the movie lives up to the hype and hoopla surrounding it . " Rachit Gupta of Filmfare rated the movie 4 of 5 stars , stating , " The film 's peppered with humorous set pieces and colourful locales and songs . Rohit Shetty makes chettinad @-@ style masala movies . And that 's the perfect description of this film . If you don 't plan to engage in a multi @-@ lateral critique of dramatic elements and narrative , this film can be fun . " Sarita Tanwar Of DNA gave the movie 3 @.@ 5 of 5 stars and said , " This is a treat for all Hindi film lovers . It has all the ingredients you 'd expect from a big commercial masala film — big star cast , drama , action , comedy , songs , the car chases and the big finish , all delivered in Rohit Shetty 's unapologetic ishtyle ... Overall , this is a bubblegum blockbuster . " Meena Iyer of Times of India gave the movie 3 @.@ 5 of 5 stars , saying , " Chennai Express is a magnificently mounted film . In an ode to his own cinema — read Golmaal series or Bol Bachchan , Rohit Shetty , the director , who has grossers in Bollywood 's 100 @-@ crore club , ups the scale for his Eid offering . " Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the movie 3 of 5 stars and said that , " The whole @-@ hearted zeal that SRK and Deepika bring to the table and the steady flow of funny one @-@ liners serve Shetty 's purpose well , turning Chennai Express into a full @-@ on masala film that is completely unapologetic about its intentions . And that is its USP [ Unique Selling Point ] . " Zee News rated the movie 3 of 5 stars , stating that if one ignores the platitudes , the absence of " punch " in the script and predictability , then the person is " onboard for a fun ride " with Chennai Express . India Today gave the film 3 stars : " The good news first . ' Chennai Express ' is a pleasant and likeable film in parts . The bad news is , it does nothing for Shah Rukh Khan 's imdomitable star power except to tell us he can still play a 40 @-@ year [ old ] Rahul without faltering . " Abhishek Gupta of India TV gave it 2 @.@ 5 stars and wrote , " The comedy along with the action is rarely served with equal entertainment in today 's cinema . We discern Rohit Shetty for his mass leisure which includes cars fluttering from the unknown corners and comedy which isn 't slapstick but works . " Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express gave the movie 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , and wrote that the film comes up with some genuinely funny moments . She commended Padukone 's looks , although she criticized aspects of her stagecraft skills . Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave the film 2 @.@ 5 stars , saying , " Chennai Express evokes a few laughs but otherwise it decides to shift tracks from droll comedy to dreadful drama . " Khalid Mohamed of Deccan Chronicle gave the film 2 @.@ 5 stars and wrote , " board Chennai Express at your own risk " . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN gave the film 2 / 5 rating and said the film was a " big , fat " bore . He commented that Chennai Express was a " bloated vanity project " , and felt that the lead actor could have performed better . Mayank Shekhar of Dainik Bhaskar rated it 1 star out of 5 , saying , " You 've paid for the ticket ? Yes . Now just sit back and suffer . " = = = Overseas = = = Rachel Saltz of The New York Times wrote , " ' Chennai Express ' feels like a sumptuous meal with carefully chosen wine and tasty appetizers but a botched main course . Money and visual care have been lavished on this Bollywood action @-@ comedy @-@ romance and glossy stars engaged ( Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone ) . But the movie chugs along for most of its 2 hours and 20 minutes searching for comedy and characters in a frantically overplotted story . " Sneha May Francis of Emirates 24 / 7 wrote , " Rohit Shetty 's s ( h ) tyle of romance relies heavily on buffoonery and will be applauded mainly by Shah Rukh Khan loyalists " . She added , " Rohit 's carnival @-@ like comedy coaxes some laughs , but can leave you exhausted . " Sneha said that Padukone 's performance " outshines " that of Khan . Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote , " Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone are ill matched in this overworked comedy / romance / actioner ... Shetty 's need to maintain his characters ' romantic heroism constantly grates against his depictions of their ridiculousness . " Simon Foster of the Special Broadcasting Service gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and described it as " a loud , lame @-@ brained romantic comedy from the ( very ) broad directorial brush of Rohit Shetty , SRK 's over @-@ hyped vehicle sees the charismatic but ageing actor badly miscast and easily overshadowed by his leading lady , Deepika Padukone . " = = Box office = = At the time , Chennai Express became the highest grossing Bollywood film , both in India and around the world , collecting ₹ 3 @.@ 96 billion ( US $ 59 million ) by the end of its run . It currently stands as the fourth @-@ highest grossing Bollywood film worldwide . The film 's gross broke the ₹ 3 @.@ 92 billion ( US $ 58 million ) record set by 3 Idiots , according to Box Office India . = = = India = = = During paid previews , Chennai Express performed well , with the Hindi version collecting ₹ 67 @.@ 5 million , surpassing the previous record held by 3 Idiots , according to Box Office India . The film collected ₹ 292 @.@ 5 million on its opening day , making it the second highest opening day collection behind Ek Tha Tiger . The film broke the second and third day box office records , collecting ₹ 264 @.@ 30 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 9 million ) , and ₹ 292 @.@ 10 million ( US $ 4 @.@ 3 million ) respectively , and collected ₹ 870 @.@ 8 million ( US $ 13 million ) ( ₹ 938 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 14 million ) including paid previews ) , breaking the previous weekend record set by Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani . Chennai Express set another record for worldwide opening gross , earning ₹ 1 @.@ 59 billion ( US $ 24 million ) in the three @-@ day weekend . The film performed well on Monday , collecting over ₹ 120 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 8 million ) . It grossed ₹ 115 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 7 million ) on its first Tuesday , becoming Shah Rukh Khan 's highest grossing film in India . The film grossed ₹ 125 @.@ 60 million ( US $ 1 @.@ 9 million ) on Wednesday . Box Office India reported that the film grossed ₹ 190 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 8 million ) net on Thursday , taking its first week total ( including paid previews ) to ₹ 1 @.@ 461 @.@ 50 billion ( US $ 22 million ) , beating the previous record of Ek Tha Tiger . It had a worldwide gross of ₹ 2 @.@ 5 billion ( US $ 37 million ) in the first seven days . The film collected ₹ 237 @.@ 50 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 5 million ) on its second weekend , taking the total domestic net to ₹ 1 @.@ 68 billion ( US $ 25 million ) , and also became the second highest grossing Bollywood film in ten days with a worldwide gross of ₹ 3 @.@ 14 billion ( US $ 47 million ) . The film earned ₹ 1 @.@ 85 billion ( US $ 27 million ) in two weeks and had collected ₹ 1 @.@ 94 billion ( US $ 29 million ) after its third weekend in the domestic market . It grossed ₹ 160 million ( US $ 2 @.@ 4 million ) in its third week , bringing up its total to ₹ 2 @.@ 00 @.@ 75 billion ( US $ 30 million ) . Chennai Express broke the domestic net record set by 3 Idiots in its fourth weekend and added around ₹ 57 @.@ 40 million ( US $ 850 @,@ 000 ) in week four to take the total to ₹ 2 @.@ 06 billion ( US $ 31 million ) . The film collected ₹ 3 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 52 @,@ 000 ) on its sixth week , for a final total of ₹ 2 @.@ 08 @.@ 25 billion ( US $ 31 million ) . The film 's lifetime domestic distributor share stands at ₹ 1 @.@ 15 billion ( US $ 17 million ) , breaking Ek Tha Tiger 's previous record of ₹ 1 @.@ 07 billion ( US $ 16 million ) . = = = Overseas = = = Chennai Express also broke overseas records ; during paid previews in the UK the film collected more than any first day of a Bollywood film in the UK . The film broke opening weekend records in foreign territories , taking in ₹ 504 @.@ 70 million ( US $ 7 @.@ 5 million ) , including record collections from key markets in the US ( $ 2 @.@ 22 million ) , the UAE ( AED 7 @.@ 73 million ) and the UK ( £ 934 @,@ 118 ) . Chennai Express set a record for opening weekends overseas , grossing US $ 7 @.@ 1 million . It was also successful in Pakistan , where it collected ₨ 18 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 180 @,@ 000 ) in its opening weekend . By 18 August , the film had broken all box office records in Karachi by grossing over ₨ 40 million ( US $ 390 @,@ 000 ) . The film earned ₹ 720 million ( US $ 11 million ) in just nine days in overseas markets . By the second weekend , it had grossed approximately US $ 14 million . Chennai Express had grossed about US $ 16 million by its third weekend overseas and US $ 16 @.@ 85 million by the fourth weekend . By the fifth weekend , the film had grossed about US $ 17 @.@ 25 million abroad . It was still collecting in its sixth weekend , taking its total to US $ 17 @.@ 40 million . = = = Records = = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= The Girl Is Mine = " The Girl Is Mine " is a song recorded by Michael Jackson and Paul McCartney . The track was written by Jackson and produced by Jackson and Quincy Jones . It was released as the first single for Jackson 's sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . The song was recorded at Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , from April 14 to 16 , 1982 . The year before , Jackson and McCartney had recorded " Say Say Say " and " The Man " for the latter 's fifth solo album , Pipes of Peace ( 1983 ) . Although it was released as a single , Jackson never performed the song live . " The Girl Is Mine " achieved success in the music charts . Aside from topping the R & B singles chart , the single peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and number eight in the UK . By 1985 , it had sold 1 @.@ 3 million copies , and was eventually certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of at least one million units . Despite the song 's success , it received generally mixed reviews from critics who consider it to be the weakest song on Thriller . " The Girl Is Mine " has been the subject of two plagiarism lawsuits , the first in 1984 and the latter in 1993 . Both instances required Jackson to testify in court , and each lawsuit found in the favour of the singer and his record label . In 2008 , for the 25th anniversary edition of Thriller , Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am remixed " The Girl Is Mine " . The remix received generally unfavourable reviews from music critics . = = Recording = = The writing of " The Girl Is Mine " was completed by Jackson as he watched cartoons with Paul McCartney . Producer Quincy Jones had initially told Jackson to write a song about two men fighting over a girl . Inspired , Jackson awoke during the night and sang the song into a tape recorder . He later said , " I sang exactly what I heard in my head , starting with the melody and the keyboard and the strings and everything . So , I just orally put it all on tape . " Jones also asked Jackson to add a rap verse . The song was then recorded by Jackson and McCartney at Westlake Studios , Los Angeles , from April 14 to 16 , 1982 . The year before , the duo had recorded " Say Say Say " and " The Man " for McCartney 's fifth solo album , Pipes of Peace ( 1983 ) . Jackson said that the recording of " The Girl Is Mine " was one of his most enjoyable moments in the studio . He stated , " One of my favourite songs to record , of all my recordings as a solo artist , is probably " The Girl Is Mine " , because working with Paul McCartney was pretty exciting and we just literally had fun . It was like lots of kibitzing and playing , and throwing stuff at each other , and making jokes . We actually recorded the ( instrumental ) track and the vocals pretty much live at the same time , and we do have footage of it , but it 's never been shown . " He concluded , " Maybe one day we 'll give you a sneak preview of it . " The footage of the pair was later shown at The Paul McCartney World Tour . Many members of the band Toto participated in the recording of this song , including David Paich ( piano ) , Jeff Porcaro ( drums ) , Steve Lukather ( guitars ) and Steve Porcaro ( synthesizers ) . = = Music = = The musical structuring of " The Girl Is Mine " uses the AABA form , in which the song 's title serves as the main source of needed repetition . When used to the maximum , this structuring , also known as the thirty @-@ two @-@ bar form , has the title repeat itself in the same place , in at least two of the three A verses . Author Sheila Davis ' book , The Craft of Lyric Writing , notes that " the repeated title line simultaneously outlines the framework of the design and drives home the main point of the lyric " . Jackson 's " She 's Out of My Life " also uses this musical structuring , as does " Body and Soul " , " Oh , Lady Be Good ! " and " Try a Little Tenderness " . The musical chords in " The Girl Is Mine " are seen in several songs written by Jackson . " That 's What You Get for Being Polite " , from The Jacksons ' Destiny album , and two unreleased songs ( " Why Can 't I Be " and " Thank You for Life " ) used the chords before " The Girl Is Mine " . = = Release and reception = = Despite recording " Say Say Say " and " The Man " a year prior , " The Girl Is Mine " was the first song to gain a release from the duo and the first single from the Thriller album . " The Girl Is Mine " was released as a single on October 18 , 1982 . The single 's cover photograph was taken by McCartney 's wife , Linda . Listeners were not impressed by " The Girl Is Mine " , and thought that Jackson 's Thriller would also be a disappointment . The public felt that Jackson and the producer , Quincy Jones , had created a song for the white pop audience . Despite some of the public 's concerns , " The Girl Is Mine " achieved success in the music charts . Topping the R & B singles chart , the single peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 ( behind " Maneater " by Hall & Oates and " Down Under " by Men at Work ) and the Norwegian Singles Chart . " The Girl Is Mine " reached number one on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart . The song charted at number eight in the UK , peaking within the New Zealand Top 20 . By 1985 , the single had sold 1 @.@ 3 million copies . The single was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America , for shipments of at least one million units . Since its release , " The Girl Is Mine " has received mixed reviews from journalists and music critics . Journalist Robert Christgau described the pairing of McCartney and Jackson as " Michael 's worst idea since " Ben " " . Rolling Stone stated that the song was a " wimpoid MOR [ middle of the road ] ballad " and that McCartney was " tame " . Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic noted that the song had a " sweet schmaltz " . Jackson 's breakdown with the " irrepressibly silly Paul McCartney " was " disarmingly goofy " , according to Stylus Magazine . Salon.com later described " The Girl Is Mine " as a " sappy duet " . They concluded that McCartney had become a " wimpy old fart " . The song garnered a favourable review from Jackson 's biographer , J. Randy Taraborrelli . The writer stated that the song was " cute " but lacked substance . He added that the track had a " middle @-@ of @-@ the @-@ road calm " and was the antithesis of the " rambunctious " " Beat It " . = = Charts = = = = Personnel = = Written and composed by Michael Jackson Produced by Quincy Jones & Michael Jackson Rhodes : Greg Phillinganes Acoustic piano : David Paich Synthesizer : David Foster Synthesizer programming : Steve Porcaro Guitar : Dean Parks and Steve Lukather Bass guitar : Louis Johnson Drums : Jeff Porcaro Vocals : Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson Vocal arrangement by Michael Jackson and Quincy Jones Rhythm arrangement by Quincy Jones and David Paich Synthesizer arrangement by David Foster Strings arranged and conducted by Jerry Hey Concertmaster : Jerry Vinci = = Plagiarism lawsuits = = " The Girl Is Mine " has been the subject of two plagiarism lawsuits . Both instances required Jackson to testify in court , and each lawsuit found in the favour of the singer and his record label . The first legal trial occurred in 1984 , with Fred Sanford claiming that Jackson had cut a tape of his song , " Please Love Me Now " . Jackson , however , insisted that he composed " The Girl Is Mine " . The $ 5 million copyright suit was closed after the jury of five men and a woman reached a verdict in the favour of Jackson . Their verdict was reached after a three @-@ day deliberation . Jackson was not a defendant in the trial but testified to maintain his credibility . James Klenk , Jackson 's attorney , praised the singer upon the jury 's verdict . " The man is a genius . He doesn 't need anyone else 's songs . His own words were the key . " During the court proceedings , Jackson revealed how he composes his songs . " I put them in a tape recorder and I orally sing them into the tape , and that 's how it happens . " One juror stated , " His presentation indicated that he was well able to develop his own songs . " The song 's second plagiarism trial was in 1993 . Reynaud Jones and Robert Smith alleged that " The Girl Is Mine " , along with " Thriller " — written by Rod Temperton — and " We Are the World " , resembled their musical works . The pair added that they had been childhood neighbours of the Jackson family when they had resided in Gary , Indiana . Jackson , Lionel Richie — co @-@ writer of " We Are the World " — and Quincy Jones were named as the defendants . The plaintiffs asserted that Joseph Jackson had received a demo tape from them . From the tapes , the defendants were alleged to have stolen the three hit songs . Reynaud Jones also claimed that he had considered suing Jackson over " Billie Jean " . Jackson appeared in court via a taped testimony . Following the testimony , the nine @-@ member jury found Jackson to be the writer and composer of " The Girl Is Mine " in early 1994 . They also ruled that the defendants had not plagiarized " Thriller " or " We Are the World " . = = The Girl Is Mine 2008 = = For Thriller 25 , an album celebrating Thriller 's 25th anniversary , Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am remixed " The Girl Is Mine " . Entitled " The Girl Is Mine 2008 " , the remix featured an original solo demo of the song by Jackson , before he had recorded the duet with McCartney. will.i.am added his own vocals and new verse . Though the remix sampled the demo , The Daily Telegraph alleged that McCartney was omitted because he and Jackson had fallen out over the latter 's purchase of Sony / ATV Music Publishing and the Beatles ' song catalogue in 1985 . Despite the allegation , the original version of " The Girl Is Mine " was included on the album , with McCartney 's vocals included . Upon its release in 2008 , the song reached number 12 in New Zealand . Peaking at 22 in France , the song charted within the Top 50 of Denmark , Sweden and Switzerland . The remix peaked at number 51 in Switzerland . = = = Reception = = = " The Girl Is Mine 2008 " received mostly unfavourable reviews from music critics . Journalist Christopher Rees stated that will.i.am had " done a fantastic job of murdering a classic song " . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone noted that will.i.am 's production was " dumb @-@ thug bluster " and criticized him for trying to hide the " goofy ' doggone ' hook " — " the whole point of the song " . Music journalist Aidin Vaziri criticized the song , stating , " [ the ] Black Eyed Peas rapper completely erases Paul McCartney 's vocal track from the original duet to make room for himself spouting nonsense such as , ' I call her mommy and she call me papa / I 'm sorry Mike , but she loves the way I rock @-@ a . ' " Stephen Erlewine of Allmusic claimed that will.i.am had turned " The Girl Is Mine " into a " hapless dance number " . Kelefa Sanneh of Blender noted that " will.i.am contributes beats ( why ? ) and rhymes ( why , oh , why ? ) to " The Girl Is Mine 2008 " " . IGN 's Todd Gilchrist stated that will.i.am 's " The Girl Is Mine " remix was an offense . The offense was made even more " egregious " by the insertion of his own " atonal vocal presence " in place of McCartney 's . Pitchfork Media added to the unfavourable reviews , stating of will.i.am , " He takes Macca off ' The Girl Is Mine ' but decides it can 't work without someone sounding like an idiot and steps manfully in himself . " The Times stated that whoever thought it was a good idea for will.i.am to participate in the song ought to be " locked in a windowless cell with nothing but those songs on a continuous loop " . PopMatters , however , praised Thriller 25 and the remix of " The Girl Is Mine " . They wrote , " Any album good enough to make you forgive ( although maybe not forget ) a song as bad as the Paul McCartney duet ' The Girl is Mine ' has got to be damn good . " They added that will.i.am had put a " breezy spin " on the track and that the song 's omission of McCartney did not suffer because of it . = = = Charts = = = = = = Track listing = = = CD single " The Girl Is Mine 2008 with will.i.am " – 3 : 10 " The Girl Is Mine 2008 Club Mix with will.i.am " - 3 : 25 " The Girl Is Mine " Original Demo Recording - 3 : 13 = = = Remix credits = = = Written by Michael Jackson , William " will.i.am " Adams , Keith Harris Produced by William " will.i.am " Adams Engineered by William " will.i.am " Adams Mixed by William " will.i.am " Adams Drums : William " will.i.am " Adams Keyboards : William " will.i.am " Adams Keys and synths : Keith Harris Recorded in November 2007
= Ferrari P4 / 5 by Pininfarina = The Ferrari P4 / 5 ( officially known as the Ferrari P4 / 5 by Pininfarina ) is a one @-@ off sports car made by Italian sports car manufacturer Ferrari but redesigned by Pininfarina for film director and stock exchange magnate James Glickenhaus . The car was initially an Enzo Ferrari but the owner James Glickenhaus preferred the styling of Ferrari 's 1960s race cars , the P Series . The project cost Glickenhaus US $ 4 million and was officially presented to the public in August 2006 at the Pebble Beach Concours d 'Elégance . Several websites were allowed to publish images of the clay model in July 2006 . = = Development = = In March 2005 Glickenhaus , stock exchange magnate and car collector , was approached by Pininfarina who asked if he was interested in commissioning a one @-@ off car . Andrea Pininfarina , grandson of the company ’ s founder later said " The Ferrari 612 Kappa and this P4 / 5 are the first . But we want to grow this business . " indicating that Pininfarina is interested in producing other unique cars . Glickenhaus replied that he would like a modern Ferrari P , and in June of that year he signed a contract with Pininfarina to produce the car including the price , approximately US $ 4 million though in an interview he said " I feel they gave me more than I expected " . Glickenhaus purchased the last unsold Enzo Ferrari and upon receipt of the car he took it to Pininfarina to be redesigned similar to his 1967 Ferrari 330 P3 / 4 chassis 0846 which he also delivered to Pininfarina . Pininfarina 's styling team leader , Ken Okuyama said that " Pininfarina wanted to stay away from retro design and move towards a more forward thinking supercar " as they were excited by the opportunity to build the car , not just design it . Its design began in September 2005 with sketches by Jason Castriota moving through computer aided sculpture and stringent wind tunnel testing . More than 200 components were designed especially for the car . Most components , including the engine , drivetrain , are modified from the original Enzo Ferrari . The Vehicle Identification Number ( VIN ) is unchanged from the Enzo from which it was derived . The P4 / 5 was publicly revealed on August 18 , 2006 at the Pebble Beach Concours d 'Elégance and shown again at the Paris Motor Show in late September . Upon seeing P 4 / 5 Luca di Montezemolo felt that the car deserved to be officially badged as a Ferrari and along with Andrea Pininfarina and James Glickenhaus agreed that its official name would be " Ferrari P 4 / 5 by Pininfarina " . Ted West wrote an article in Car and Driver about how this came to be " The Beast of Turin " . On September 2009 , Glickenhaus announced his intention to race a new version of the P4 / 5 in the 2010 24 Hours Nürburgring . The car , called the P4 / 5 Competizione , would not be a conversion of his road car but instead an entirely new car with a Ferrari chassis , VIN and drivetrain . On May 2010 however , it was revealed that the Competizione would in fact be raced in 2011 , based on a 430 Scuderia . It would be built to FIA GT2 standards and raced by Scuderia Cameron Glickenhaus in an Experimental Class under the direction of Paolo Garella , former Head of Special Projects at Pininfarina . Ferrari completely distanced themselves from the P4 / 5 Competizione project in 2011 , refusing to sell the team parts for vital engine rebuilds between races . The car finished 39th in the 2011 24 Hours Nürburgring ( after bursting into flames ) and in 2012 won its class and finished 12th overall . = = Specifications = = The Ferrari P4 / 5 can accelerate from 0 @-@ 100 kilometres per hour ( 0 @-@ 62 mph ) in 3 @.@ 0 seconds ( 0 @.@ 14 seconds quicker than the Enzo ) . It has a top speed of 233 mph ( 375 km / h ) . The car has a frontal area of 1 @.@ 906 square metres ( 20 @.@ 52 sq ft ) and the sharp nose and smooth curves mean it has a drag coefficient of only 0 @.@ 34 . = = = Interior = = = The interior of the P4 / 5 was designed by Glickenhaus himself with an iPod nano stereo and a tablet PC which features not only GPS but a 3D model of the car as well as a complete parts list and manual for easy servicing . The P4 / 5 also sports improved air conditioning over the Enzo and a high @-@ strength alloy roll bar redesigned because the original was too thick and obstructed Glickenhaus ' view . The seats are custom built , Glickenhaus ' and his son 's bodies were scanned so Pininfarina could mould the seats for their comfort , accessibility and view of the road ( as with race cars ) . With a frame of carbon fibre composite , the seats are covered with a black mesh and red leather as selected by Glickenhaus ' daughter . Pininfarina rearranged the wiring of the car so as to make the car easier to service and 595 lb ( 270 kg ) lighter than the Enzo . = = = Exterior = = = The exterior of the car is made entirely of carbon fibre reinforced plastic and is similar in shape to the Ferrari 330 P4 as Glickenhaus requested , however it has been called a " rolling history of Ferrari @-@ racing @-@ DNA " sharing elements from several historic Ferrari vehicles , not just the 330 P4 . The rear window is similar to that of the Ferrari 512S , the side vents are similar to the Ferrari 330 P3 and the nose is similar to that of the Ferrari 333 SP which improves cooling and the car 's frontal crash safety . The butterfly doors ( similar to those of the McLaren F1 ) are designed such that even at 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) there is no wind noise . The improved aerodynamics give the car greater downforce , yet less drag , than the Enzo , which makes the car more stable than the Enzo at high speeds . = = = Powertrain = = = The P4 / 5 has the same engine as the Enzo Ferrari it was built on , a 65 ° Ferrari F140 B V12 . The 12 cylinders have a total capacity of 5 @,@ 998 cc ( 366 cu in ) , each with 4 valves . The redline rpm at 8200 and the torque of 485 lb · ft ( 658 N · m ) at 5500 rpm are both the same as the Enzo , but it produces marginally more power with 660 brake horsepower ( 492 kW ) at 7800 rpm . The P4 / 5 uses the 6 speed semi @-@ automatic transmission of the Enzo with black shifting paddles behind the wheel . It has two directional indicator buttons , one mounted on each side of the steering wheel . = = = Chassis = = = Much of the suspension was unchanged from the original Enzo , with the same push @-@ rod suspension at the front and rear , and the same Brembo carbon @-@ ceramic anti @-@ lock disc brakes with diameter of 340 millimetres ( 13 @.@ 4 in ) at the front and rear . The aluminium alloy wheels are 510 millimetres ( 20 in ) in diameter , the front tyres have codes of ZR 255 / 35 and the rear , ZR 335 / 30 .
= Rugby World Cup = The Rugby World Cup is a men 's rugby union tournament contested every four years between the top international teams . The tournament was first held in 1987 , when the tournament was co @-@ hosted by New Zealand and Australia . New Zealand are the current champions , having defeated Australia in the final of the 2015 tournament in England . The winners are awarded the William Webb Ellis Cup , named after William Webb Ellis , the Rugby School pupil who — according to a popular legend — invented rugby by picking up the ball during a football game . Four countries have won the trophy ; New Zealand have won it three times , two teams have won twice , Australia and South Africa , while England have won it once . The tournament is administered by World Rugby , the sport 's international governing body . Sixteen teams were invited to participate in the inaugural tournament in 1987 , however since 1999 twenty teams have taken part . Japan will host the next event in 2019 . = = Format = = = = = Qualification = = = Qualifying tournaments were introduced for the second tournament , where eight of the sixteen places were contested in a twenty @-@ four @-@ nation tournament . The inaugural World Cup in 1987 , did not involve any qualifying process ; instead , the 16 places were automatically filled by seven eligible International Rugby Football Board ( IRFB , now World Rugby ) member nations , and the rest by invitation . In 2003 and 2007 , the qualifying format allowed for eight of the twenty available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the eight quarter finalists of the previous tournament enter its successor . The remaining twelve positions were filled by continental qualifying tournaments . Positions were filled by three teams from the Americas , one from Asia , one from Africa , three from Europe and two from Oceania . Another two places were allocated for repechage . The first repechage place was determined by a match between the runners @-@ up from the Africa and Europe qualifying tournaments , with that winner then playing the Americas runner @-@ up to determine the place . The second repechage position was determined between the runners @-@ up from the Asia and Oceania qualifiers . The current format allows for 12 of the 20 available positions to be filled by automatic qualification , as the teams who finish third or better in the group ( pool ) stages of the previous tournament enter its successor ( where they will be seeded ) . The qualification system for the remaining eight places is region @-@ based , with a total eight teams allocated for Europe , five for Oceania , three for the Americas , two for Africa , and one for Asia . The last place is determined by an intercontinental play @-@ off . = = = Tournament = = = The 2015 tournament involved twenty nations competing over six weeks . There were two stages , a pool and a knockout . Nations were divided into four pools , A through to D , of five nations each . The teams were seeded before the start of the tournament , with the seedings taken from the World Rankings in December 2012 . The four highest @-@ ranked teams were drawn into pools A to D. The next four highest @-@ ranked teams were then drawn into pools A to D , followed by the next four . The remaining positions in each pool were filled by the qualifiers . Nations play four pool games , playing their respective pool members once each . A bonus points system is used during pool play . If two or more teams are level on points , a system of criteria is used to determine the higher ranked ; the sixth and final criterion decides the higher rank through the official World Rankings . The winner and runner @-@ up of each pool enter the knockout stage . The knockout stage consists of quarter- and semi @-@ finals , and then the final . The winner of each pool is placed against a runner @-@ up of a different pool in a quarter @-@ final . The winner of each quarter @-@ final goes on to the semi @-@ finals , and the respective winners proceed to the final . Losers of the semi @-@ finals contest for third place , called the ' Bronze Final ' . If a match in the knockout stages ends in a draw , the winner is determined through extra time . If that fails , the match goes into sudden death and the next team to score any points is the winner . As a last resort , a kicking competition is used . = = History = = Prior to the Rugby World Cup , there was no truly global rugby union competition , but there were a number of other tournaments . One of the oldest is the annual Six Nations Championship , which started in 1883 as the Home Nations Championship , a tournament between England , Ireland , Scotland and Wales . It expanded to the Five Nations in 1910 , when France joined the tournament . France did not participate from 1931 to 1939 , during which period it reverted to a Home Nations championship . In 2000 , Italy joined the competition , which became the Six Nations . Rugby union was also played at the Summer Olympic Games , first appearing at the 1900 Paris games and subsequently at London in 1908 , Antwerp in 1920 , and Paris again in 1924 . France won the first gold medal , then Australasia , with the last two being won by the United States . However rugby union ceased to be on Olympic program after 1924 . The idea of a Rugby World Cup had been suggested on numerous occasions going back to the 1950s , but met with opposition from most unions in the IRFB . The idea resurfaced several times in the early 1980s , with the Australian Rugby Union ( ARU ) in 1983 , and the New Zealand Rugby Union ( NZRU ) in 1984 independently proposing the establishment of a world cup . A proposal was again put to the IRFB in 1985 and this time successfully passed 10 – 6 . The delegates from Australia , France , New Zealand and South Africa all voted for the proposal , and the delegates from Ireland and Scotland against ; the English and Welsh delegates were split , with one from each country for and one against . The inaugural tournament , jointly hosted by Australia and New Zealand , was held in May and June 1987 , with sixteen nations taking part . New Zealand became the first ever champions , defeating France 29 – 9 in the final . The subsequent 1991 tournament was hosted by England , with matches played throughout Britain , Ireland and France . This tournament saw the introduction of a qualifying tournament ; eight places were allocated to the quarter @-@ finalists from 1987 , and the remaining eight decided by a thirty @-@ five nation qualifying tournament . Australia won the second tournament , defeating England 12 – 6 in the final . In 1992 , eight years after their last official series , South Africa hosted New Zealand in a one @-@ off test match . The resumption of international rugby in South Africa came after the dismantling of the apartheid system , and was only done with permission of the African National Congress . With their return to test rugby , South Africa were selected to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup . After upsetting Australia in the opening match , South Africa continued to advance through the tournament until they met New Zealand in the final . After a tense final that went into extra time , South Africa emerged 15 – 12 winners , with then President Nelson Mandela , wearing a Springbok jersey , presenting the trophy to South Africa 's captain , Francois Pienaar . The tournament in 1999 was hosted by Wales with matches also being held throughout the rest of the United Kingdom , Ireland and France . The tournament included a repechage system , alongside specific regional qualifying places , and an increase from sixteen to twenty participating nations . Australia claimed their second title , defeating France in the final . The 2003 event was hosted by Australia , although it was originally intended to be held jointly with New Zealand . England emerged as champions defeating Australia in extra time . England 's win was unique in that it broke the southern hemisphere 's dominance in the event . Such was the celebration of England 's victory , that an estimated 750 @,@ 000 people gathered in central London to greet the team , making the day the largest sporting celebration of its kind ever in the United Kingdom . The 2007 competition was hosted by France , with matches also being held in Wales and Scotland . South Africa claimed their second title by defeating defending champions England 15 – 6 . The 2011 tournament was awarded to New Zealand in November 2005 , ahead of bids from Japan and South Africa . The All Blacks reclaimed their place atop the rugby world with a narrow 8 – 7 win over France in the 2011 final . In the 2015 edition of tournament , hosted by England , New Zealand once again won the final , this time against established rivals , Australia . In doing so , they became the first team in World Cup history to win three titles , as well as the first to successfully defend a title . It was also New Zealand 's first title victory on foreign soil . = = Trophy = = The Webb Ellis Cup is the prize presented to winners of the Rugby World Cup , named after William Webb Ellis . The trophy is also referred to simply as the Rugby World Cup . The trophy was chosen in 1987 as an appropriate cup for use in the competition , and was created in 1906 by Garrard 's Crown Jewellers . The trophy is restored after each game by fellow Royal Warrant holder Thomas Lyte . The words ' The International Rugby Football Board ' and ' The Webb Ellis Cup ' are engraved on the face of the cup . It stands thirty @-@ eight centimetres high and is silver gilded in gold , and supported by two cast scroll handles , one with the head of a satyr , and the other a head of a nymph . In Australia the trophy is colloquially known as " Bill " — a reference to William Webb Ellis . = = Selection of hosts = = Tournaments are organised by Rugby World Cup Ltd ( RWCL ) , which is itself owned by World Rugby . The selection of host is decided by a vote of World Rugby Council members . The voting procedure is managed by a team of independent auditors , and the voting kept secret . The allocation of a tournament to a host nation is now made five or six years prior to the commencement of the event , for example New Zealand were awarded the 2011 event in late 2005 . The tournament has been hosted by multiple nations . For example , the 1987 tournament was co @-@ hosted by Australia and New Zealand . World Rugby requires that the hosts must have a venue with a capacity of at least 60 @,@ 000 spectators for the final . Host nations sometimes construct or upgrade stadia in preparation for the World Cup , such as Millennium Stadium – purpose built for the 1999 tournament – and Eden Park , upgraded for 2011 . The first country outside of the traditional rugby nations of SANZAR or the Six Nations to be awarded the hosting rights was Japan , who will host the 2019 tournament . = = Tournament growth = = = = = Media coverage = = = Organizers of the 2015 tournament in England claim that the Rugby World Cup is the third largest sporting event in the World , behind only the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics . Although significant evidence suggests that is untrue . Reports emanating from World Rugby and its business partners have frequently touted the tournament 's media growth , with cumulative worldwide television audiences of 300 million for the inaugural 1987 tournament , 1 @.@ 75 billion in 1991 , 2 @.@ 67 billion in 1995 , 3 billion in 1999 , 3 @.@ 5 billion in 2003 , and 4 billion in 2007 . The 4 billion figure was widely dismissed as the global audience for television is estimated to be about 4 @.@ 2 billion . However , independent reviews have called into question the methodology of those growth estimates , pointing to factual inconsistencies . The event 's supposed drawing power outside of a handful of rugby strongholds was also downplayed significantly , with an estimated 97 percent of the 33 million average audience produced by the 2007 final coming from Australasia , South Africa , the British Isles and France . Other sports have been accused of exaggerating their television reach over the years ; such claims are not exclusive to the Rugby World Cup . While the event 's global popularity remains a matter of dispute , high interest in traditional rugby nations is well documented . The 2003 final , between Australia and England , became the most watched rugby union match in the history of Australian television . = = = Attendance = = = = = = Revenue = = = Notes : The host union keeps revenue from gate receipts . World Rugby , through RWCL , receive revenue from sources including broadcasting rights , sponsorship and tournament fees . = = Results = = = = = Tournaments = = = = = = Performance of nations = = = Twenty @-@ five nations have participated at the Rugby World Cup ( excluding qualifying tournaments ) . Of the eight tournaments that have been held , all but one have been won by a national team from the southern hemisphere . The southern hemisphere 's dominance has been broken only in 2003 , when England beat Australia in the final . Thus far the only nations to host and win a tournament are New Zealand ( 1987 and 2011 ) and South Africa ( 1995 ) . The performance of other host nations includes England ( 1991 final hosts ) and Australia ( 2003 hosts ) finishing runners @-@ up . France ( 2007 hosts ) finished fourth , while Wales ( 1999 hosts ) failed to reach the semi @-@ finals . Wales became the first host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 1991 , while , England became the first solo host nation to be eliminated at the pool stages in 2015 . Of the twenty @-@ five nations that have ever participated in at least one tournament , twelve of them have never missed a tournament . = = = Team records = = = = = Records and statistics = = The record for most points overall is held by English player Jonny Wilkinson , who scored 277 over his World Cup career . Grant Fox of New Zealand holds the record for most points in one competition , with 126 in 1987 ; Jason Leonard of England holds the record for most World Cup matches : 22 between 1991 and 2003 . Simon Culhane holds the record for most points in a match by one player , 45 , as well as the record for most conversions in a match , 20 . Marc Ellis holds the record for most tries in a match , six , which he scored against Japan in 1995 . All Black Jonah Lomu is the youngest player to appear in a final – aged 20 years and 43 days at the 1995 Final , . Lomu shares 2 records with South African Bryan Habana . Most tries in a tournament ( 8 ) : Lomu in 1999 and Habana in 2007 and total world cup tournament tries , both scored 15 . The record for most penalties in a match is 8 , held by Matt Burke , Gonzalo Quesada , Gavin Hastings and Thierry Lacroix , and the record for most penalties in a tournament , 31 , is held by Gonzalo Quesada . South Africa 's Jannie de Beer kicked five drop @-@ goals against England in 1999 – an individual record for a single World Cup match . The most points scored in a game is 145 — by the All Blacks against Japan in 1995 , while the widest winning margin is 142 , held by Australia in a match against Namibia in 2003 . A total of 16 players have been sent off ( red carded ) in the tournament . Welsh lock Huw Richards was the first , while playing against New Zealand in 1987 . No player has been red carded more than once . = = = Printed sources = = = Collins , Tony ( 2008 ) . " ' The First Principle of Our Game ' : The rise and fall of amateurism : 1886 – 1995 " . In Ryan , Greg . The Changing Face of Rugby : The Union Game and Professionalism since 1995 . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . ISBN 1 @-@ 84718 @-@ 530 @-@ 4 . Davies , Gerald ( 2004 ) . The History of the Rugby World Cup Sanctuary Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 @-@ 86074 @-@ 602 @-@ 0 . Farr @-@ Jones , Nick , ( 2003 ) . Story of the Rugby World Cup , Australian Post Corporation . ISBN 0 @-@ 642 @-@ 36811 @-@ 2 . Harding , Grant ; Williams , David ( 2000 ) . The Toughest of Them All : New Zealand and South Africa : The Struggle for Rugby Supremacy . Auckland , New Zealand : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 029577 @-@ 1 . Martin , Gerard John ( 2005 ) . The Game is not the Same – a History of Professional Rugby in New Zealand ( Thesis ) . Auckland University of Technology . Peatey , Lance ( 2011 ) . In Pursuit of Bill : A Complete History of the Rugby World Cup . New Holland Publishers . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 74257 @-@ 191 @-@ 1 . Phillpots , Kyle ( 2000 ) . The Professionalisation of Rugby Union ( Thesis ) . University of Warwick . Williams , Peter ( 2002 ) . " Battle Lines on Three Fronts : The RFU and the Lost War Against Professionalism " . The International Journal of the History of Sport ( Routledge ) 19 ( 4 ) : 114 – 136 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1080 / 714001793 .
= Amalthea ( moon ) = Amalthea ( / æməlˈθiːə / am @-@ əl @-@ THEE @-@ ə ; Greek : Αμάλθεια ) is the third moon of Jupiter in order of distance from the planet . It was discovered on 9 September 1892 , by Edward Emerson Barnard and named after Amalthea , a nymph in Greek mythology . It is also known as Jupiter V. Amalthea is in a close orbit around Jupiter and is within the outer edge of the Amalthea Gossamer Ring , which is formed from dust ejected from its surface . From its surface , Jupiter would appear 46 @.@ 5 degrees in diameter . Amalthea is the largest of the inner satellites of Jupiter . Irregularly shaped and reddish in color , it is thought to consist of porous water ice with unknown amounts of other materials . Its surface features include large craters and ridges . Amalthea was photographed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft , and later , in more detail , by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s . = = History = = = = = Discovery = = = Amalthea was discovered on 9 September 1892 , by Edward Emerson Barnard using the 36 inch ( 91 cm ) refractor telescope at Lick Observatory . It was the last planetary satellite to be discovered by direct visual observation ( as opposed to photographically ) and was the first new satellite of Jupiter since Galileo Galilei 's discovery of the Galilean satellites in 1610 . = = = Name = = = Amalthea is named after the nymph Amalthea from Greek mythology , who nursed the infant Zeus ( the Greek equivalent of Jupiter ) with goat 's milk . Its Roman numeral designation is Jupiter V. The name " Amalthea " was not formally adopted by the IAU until 1976 , although it had been in informal use for many decades . The name was initially suggested by Camille Flammarion . Before 1976 , Amalthea was most commonly known simply as Jupiter V. The adjectival form of the name is Amalthean . = = Orbit = = Amalthea orbits Jupiter at a distance of 181 000 km ( 2 @.@ 54 Jupiter radii ) . The orbit of Amalthea has an eccentricity of 0 @.@ 003 and an inclination of 0 @.@ 37 ° relative to the equator of Jupiter . Such appreciably nonzero values of inclination and eccentricity , though still small , are unusual for an inner satellite and can be explained by the influence of the innermost Galilean satellite , Io : in the past Amalthea has passed through several mean @-@ motion resonances with Io that have excited its inclination and eccentricity ( in a mean @-@ motion resonance the ratio of orbital periods of two bodies is a rational number like m : n ) . Amalthea 's orbit lies near the outer edge of the Amalthea Gossamer Ring , which is composed of the dust ejected from the satellite . = = Physical characteristics = = The surface of Amalthea is very red ( that is , its reflectivity increases with the wavelength from the green to near @-@ infrared ) . The reddish color may be due to sulfur originating from Io or some other non @-@ ice material . Bright patches of less red tint appear on the major slopes of Amalthea , but the nature of this color is currently unknown . The surface of Amalthea is slightly brighter than surfaces of other inner satellites of Jupiter . There is also a substantial asymmetry between leading and trailing hemispheres : the leading hemisphere is 1 @.@ 3 times brighter than the trailing one . The asymmetry is probably caused by the higher velocity and frequency of impacts on the leading hemisphere , which excavate a bright material — presumably ice — from the interior of the moon . Amalthea is irregularly shaped , with the best ellipsoidal approximation being 250 × 146 × 128 km . From this , Amalthea 's surface area is likely between 88 @,@ 000 and 170 @,@ 000 square kilometers , or somewhere near 130 @,@ 000 . Like all other inner moons of Jupiter it is tidally locked with the planet , the long axis pointing towards Jupiter at all times . Its surface is heavily scarred by craters , some of which are extremely large relative to the size of the moon : Pan , the largest crater , measures 100 km across and is at least 8 km deep . Another crater , Gaea , measures 80 km across and is likely twice as deep as Pan . Amalthea has several prominent bright spots , two of which are named . They are Lyctos Facula and Ida Facula , with width reaching up to 25 km . They are located on the edge of ridges . Amalthea 's irregular shape and large size led in the past to a conclusion that it is a fairly strong , rigid body , where it was argued that a body composed of ices or other weak materials would have been pulled into a more spherical shape by its own gravity . However , on 5 November 2002 , the Galileo orbiter made a targeted flyby that came within 160 km of Amalthea and the deflection of its orbit was used to compute the moon 's mass ( its volume had been calculated previously — to within 10 % or so — from a careful analysis of all extant images ) . In the end , Amalthea 's density was found to be as low as 0 @.@ 86 g / cm3 , so it must be either a relatively icy body or very porous " rubble pile " or , more likely , something in between . Recent measurements of infrared spectra from the Subaru telescope suggest that the moon indeed contains hydrous minerals ( or organic materials ) , indicating that it cannot have formed in its current position , since the hot primordial Jupiter would have melted it . It is therefore likely to have formed farther from the planet or to be a captured Solar System body . Unfortunately , no images were taken during this flyby ( Galileo 's cameras had been deactivated due to radiation damage in January 2002 ) , and the resolution of other available images is generally low . Amalthea radiates slightly more heat than it receives from the Sun , which is probably due to the influence of Jovian heat flux ( < 9 kelvin ) , sunlight reflected from the planet ( < 5 K ) , and charged particle bombardment ( < 2 K ) . This is a trait shared with Io , although for very different reasons . = = = Named geological features = = = There are four named geological features on Amalthea : two craters and two faculae ( bright spots ) . The faculae are located on the edge of a ridge on the anti @-@ Jupiter side of Amalthea . = = Relationship with Jupiter 's rings = = Due to tidal force from Jupiter and Amalthea 's low density and irregular shape , the escape velocity at its surface points closest to and furthest from Jupiter is no more than 1 m / s and dust can easily escape from it after , e.g. micrometeorite impacts ; this dust forms the Amalthea Gossamer Ring . During its flyby of Amalthea , the Galileo orbiter 's star scanner detected nine flashes that appear to be small moonlets near the orbit of Amalthea . Because they were sighted only from one location , their true distances could not be measured . These moonlets may be anywhere in size from gravel to stadium @-@ sized . Their origins are unknown , but they may be gravitationally captured into current orbit or they may be ejecta from meteor impacts on Amalthea . On the next and final orbit ( just an hour before destruction ) , Galileo detected one more such moonlet . However , this time Amalthea was on the other side of the planet , so it is probable that the particles form a ring around the planet near Amalthea 's orbit . = = Views to and from Amalthea = = From Jupiter 's surface — or rather , from just above its cloudtops — Amalthea would appear very bright , shining with a magnitude of − 4 @.@ 7 , similar to that of Venus from Earth . At only 8 arcminutes across , its disc would be barely discernible . Amalthea 's orbital period is only slightly longer than its parent planet 's day ( about 20 % in this case ) , which means it would cross Jupiter 's sky very slowly . The time between moonrise and moonset would be over 29 hours . From the surface of Amalthea , Jupiter would look enormous : 46 degrees across , it would appear roughly 92 times larger than the full moon . Because Amalthea is in synchronous rotation , Jupiter would not appear to move , and would not be visible from one side of Amalthea . The Sun would disappear behind Jupiter 's bulk for an hour and a half each revolution , and Amalthea 's short rotation period gives it just under six hours of daylight . Though Jupiter would appear 900 times brighter than the full moon , its light would be spread over an area some 8500 times greater and it would not look as bright per surface unit . = = Exploration = = During 1979 , the unmanned Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes made the first images of Amalthea , which resolved its surface . They also measured the visible and infrared spectra and surface temperature . Later , the Galileo orbiter completed the imaging of Amalthea 's surface . Amalthea provided the final satellite fly @-@ by for Galileo on 5 November 2002 , at a distance from the moon 's center of approximately 244 km ( 152 mi ) ( height about 160 – 170 km ) , permitting the moon 's mass to be accurately determined , while changing Galileo 's trajectory so that it would plunge into Jupiter in September 2003 , having finished its mission . In 2006 Amalthea 's orbit was refined by New Horizons spacecraft 's instruments . = = In fiction = = Amalthea is the setting of several works of science fiction , including stories by Arthur C. Clarke and James Blish .
= Emery Molyneux = Emery Molyneux ( / ˈɛməri ˈmɒlᵻnoʊ / EM @-@ ə @-@ ree MOL @-@ ə @-@ noh ; died June 1598 ) was an English Elizabethan maker of globes , mathematical instruments and ordnance . His terrestrial and celestial globes , first published in 1592 , were the first to be made in England and the first to be made by an Englishman . Molyneux was known as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments such as compasses and hourglasses . He became acquainted with many prominent men of the day , including the writer Richard Hakluyt and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright . He also knew the explorers Thomas Cavendish , Francis Drake , Walter Raleigh and John Davis . Davis probably introduced Molyneux to his own patron , the London merchant William Sanderson , who largely financed the construction of the globes . When completed , the globes were presented to Elizabeth I. Larger globes were acquired by royalty , noblemen and academic institutions , while smaller ones were purchased as practical navigation aids for sailors and students . The globes were the first to be made in such a way that they were unaffected by the humidity at sea , and they came into general use on ships . Molyneux emigrated to Amsterdam with his wife in 1596 or 1597 . He succeeded in interesting the States @-@ General , the parliament of the United Provinces , in a cannon he had invented , but he died suddenly in June 1598 , apparently in poverty . The globe @-@ making industry in England died with him . Only six of his globes are believed still to be in existence . Three are in England , of which one pair consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe is owned by Middle Temple and displayed in its library , while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth , West Sussex . = = Globe @-@ maker = = = = = Construction = = = Emery Molyneux is regarded as the maker of the first terrestrial and celestial globes in England and as the first English globe @-@ maker . Little is known about the man himself . Petruccio Ubaldini , an Italian calligraphist , illuminator and ambassador who was acquainted with him , said he was " of obscure and humble family background " . It seems likely that he was the " Emery Molynox " who was presented to the Worshipful Company of Stationers as the apprentice of one William Cooke in October 1557 . By the 1580s he had a workshop in Lambeth , on the south bank of the Thames , and enjoyed a reputation as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments . Richard Polter , in his book The Pathway to Perfect Sayling ( 1605 ) , mentioned that Molyneux had been a skilful maker of compasses and hourglasses . Through his trade , Molyneux was known to the explorers Thomas Cavendish , John Davis , Francis Drake and Walter Raleigh , the writer Richard Hakluyt , and the mathematicians Robert Hues and Edward Wright . The construction of globes by Molyneux appears to have been suggested by Davis to his patron William Sanderson , a London merchant who has been described as " one of the most munificent and patriotic of merchant @-@ princes of London in the days of Elizabeth I " . Sanderson readily agreed to bear the manufacturing costs , and financed initial production of the globes with a capital investment of £ 1 @,@ 000 ( almost £ 160 @,@ 000 as of 2007 ) . = = = = Terrestrial globes = = = = In making his terrestrial globes , Molyneux examined ruttiers ( instructions for directions at sea ) and pilots ( navigational handbooks ) . He is known to have given a ruttier for Brazil and the West Indies to Thomas Harriot in 1590 . He also received advice and assistance from navigators and mathematicians . It is likely , for instance , that Sir Walter Raleigh advised him on a legend in Spanish about the Solomon Islands that appeared on the terrestrial globe . Raleigh came by the information from Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa , a Galician explorer sent by King Philip II of Spain to fortify the Strait of Magellan after Francis Drake had passed through it . In 1584 , the Spaniard was Raleigh 's guest in London for a few weeks , after being captured by Raleigh on a journey to Europe . Molyneux accompanied Francis Drake on his 1577 – 1580 circumnavigation of the world ; as Ubaldini reported , " [ h ] e himself has been in those seas and on those coasts in the service of the same Drake " . A legend in Latin on the terrestrial globe , explaining why Molyneux had left out the polar lands and corrected the distance across the Atlantic Ocean between The Lizard and Cape Race in Newfoundland , concluded : Quod equide [ m ] effeci tu [ m ] ex meis navigationibus primo , tum deinceps ex felici illa sub clariss . Fran . Drako ad Indos Occident , expeditione , in qua non modo optimas quasqu [ e ] alioru [ m ] descriptiones , sed quidquid mea quantulacu [ m ] que , vel scie [ n ] ta vel experientia ad integru [ m ] hoc qui [ n ] quen [ n ] io pr [ a ] estare potuit , ad hujus operis perfectione [ m ] co [ m ] paravi ... [ I have been able to do this both in the first place from my own voyages and secondly from that successful expedition to the West Indies under the most illustrious Francis Drake : in which expedition I have put together not only all the best delineations of others , but everything my own humble knowledge or experience has been able to furnish in the last five years to the perfecting of this work . ] On the terrestrial globe , tracks of the voyages of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish around the world are marked by red and blue lines respectively . These lines were applied when the globe was first made . They are mentioned in a description of Molyneux 's globes in Blundeville His Exercises ( 1594 ) by Thomas Blundeville , a country gentleman who was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation . Thomas Cavendish appears to have helped Molyneux with his globes , and it is possible that Molyneux accompanied him on his 1587 voyage around the world , which returned to England on 9 September 1588 . In 1889 , Sir Clements Markham , an English explorer , author and geographer , pointed out that a Latin legend on the terrestrial globe , placed off the Patagonian coast , states : " Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 hæc terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolæ maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis " . However , Helen Wallis , former Map Curator of the British Library , observed in 1951 that this was unlikely , because Molyneux incorrectly plotted Cavendish 's course in Maritime Southeast Asia . She suggested , however , that another legend on the globe may indicate that he sailed on at least one if not all of John Davis 's voyages . The mathematician and cartographer Edward Wright assisted Molyneux in plotting coastlines on the terrestrial globe and translated some of the legends into Latin . On 10 April 1591 , the astrologer and physician Simon Forman visited Molyneux 's workshop and taught him how to find longitude . It appears that after Molyneux had prepared the manuscript gores ( the flat map segments attached to the globes ) , he had them printed by the celebrated Flemish engraver and cartographer Jodocus Hondius , who lived in London between 1584 and 1593 to escape religious difficulties in Flanders . This can be deduced from the phrase " Iodocus Hon : / dius Flan. sc . / 1592 " that appears on the celestial globe along with Sanderson 's coat of arms and a dedication to the Queen dated 1592 . Molyneux 's own name is recorded on the Middle Temple terrestrial globe in the phrase " Emerius Mulleneux Angl . ' / sumptibus Gulielmi — / Sandersoni Londinē : / sis descripsit " ( " Emery Molyneux of England , at the expense of William Sanderson of London , described this " ) . = = = = Celestial globes = = = = Molyneux 's celestial globe was virtually a copy of Gerardus Mercator 's globe of 1551 , which itself was based on a globe of 1537 by Gemma Frisius that Mercator had helped to construct . To the constellations featured on Mercator 's globe , Molyneux added the Southern Cross and Southern Triangle , though somewhat to the west of their true positions . His source appears to have been Andrea Corsali 's diagram of the Antarctic sky published in 1550 . Molyneux 's globes were the first to be constructed in such a way that they were unaffected by humidity at sea . They were made of flour @-@ paste , an unusual material for the time . Simon Forman remarked that Molyneux 's moulding or casting process was " the only way to caste [ anything ] whatsoever in perfecte forme ... and yt is the perfectest and trewest waie of all wayes ... and this was the wai that Mullenax did use to cast flowere [ flour ] in the verie forme " . = = = Publication = = = In 1589 , Richard Hakluyt announced the forthcoming publication of Molyneux 's terrestrial globe at the end of the preface to The Principall Navigations , Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation . Referring to the map that was inserted into the volume — a reproduction of the " Typus Orbis Terrarum " engraved by Franciscus Hogenberg for Abraham Ortelius ' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ( 1570 ) — he wrote : I have contented myselfe with inserting into the worke one of the best generall mappes of the world onely , untill the comming out of a very large and most exact terrestriall globe , collected and reformed according to the newest , secretest , and latest discoveries , both Spanish , Portugall and English , composed by Mr. Emmerie Molineux of Lambeth , a rare Gentleman in his profession , being therin for divers yeeres , greatly supported by the purse and liberalitie of the worshipfull merchant M. William Sanderson . Ubaldini reported Molyneux 's progress in manufacturing the globes to the Duke of Milan . He was in attendance when Molyneux presented a pair of manuscript globes to Elizabeth I at Greenwich in July 1591 . Ubaldini noted that " he gave her the globe to let her see at a glance how much of the world she could control by means of her naval forces " . According to Wallis , the printed globes , which at 2 feet 1 inch ( 0 @.@ 64 m ) in diameter were then the largest ever made , were published after some delay in late 1592 or early 1593 . Sanderson arranged entertainments at his home in Newington Butts to mark the presentation of these globes to the Queen . His son William later reported the Queen 's words on accepting the terrestrial globe : " The whole earth , a present for a Prince ... " ; and on accepting the celestial globe , she said : " Thou hast presented me with the Heavens also : God guide me , to Govern my part of the one , that I may enjoy but a mansion place in this other . " Elizabeth I saw globes and armillary spheres as symbols of her empire and spiritual mission on earth . The royal coat of arms was emblazoned across North America on the terrestrial globe . Several treatises were published to describe the Molyneux globes and provide guides on their use . Molyneux himself wrote a treatise , now lost , entitled The Globes Celestial and Terrestrial Set Forth in Plano , which Sanderson published in 1592 . In the same year , Thomas Hood , a London @-@ based mathematics lecturer who had written a 1590 work on the use of celestial globes , published The Vse of Both the Globes , Celestiall and Terrestriall . This was followed in 1594 by two works , one of which was Blundeville 's book . The other , Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu ( Treatise on Globes and their Use ) , was published by the mathematician Robert Hues . This work went into at least 13 printings and was translated from Latin into Dutch , English and French . In 1599 , Edward Wright published Certaine Errors in Navigation , which included commentary on the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes developed by Molyneux . According to Markham , " the appearance of the globes naturally created a great sensation , and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator . " The largest and most prestigious globes were priced at up to £ 20 each : these were purchased by royalty , noblemen and academic institutions . Among the purchasers were Thomas Bodley and the Warden of All Souls College , for their libraries in Oxford . William Sanderson presented the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge with a pair each . The public preacher Thomas Laughton made an inaugural gift of a Molyneux globe to the Shrewsbury School library . Smaller globes were also made , though no examples have survived . Sanderson is known to have presented one of these to Robert Cecil in 1595 , together with Hues ' " Latin booke that teacheth the use of my great globes " . Intended as practical navigation aids , they cost as little as £ 2 . The globes provided navigators and students with methods for finding the place of the sun , latitude , course , distance , amplitudes , azimuths , time and declination . They proved such a boon to navigation that they came into widespread use on ships . In the dedication of his 1595 book The Seamans Secrets to the Lord High Admiral , Charles Howard , the 1st Earl of Nottingham , navigator John Davis spoke of " the mechanical practices drawn from the Arts of Mathematick , [ in which ] our Country doth yield men of principal excellency " , and he noted " Mr Emery Mullenenx for the exquisite making of Globes bodies " . = = Later life = = In the 1590s , Molyneux sought Elizabeth I 's patronage for the production of a cannon , which he described as his " new invention , of shot and artillery , to be used principally in naval warfare : protection of ports and harbours , a new shot to discharge a thousand musket shot ; with wildfire not to be quenched " . In March 1593 , Molyneux was issued with a royal warrant . Two years later , the merchant Robert Parkes purchased coal , saltpetre , pitch , oils and waxes for him , possibly for the cannon . On 4 November 1596 the Privy Council urged the Lord Admiral " to speak to Molyneux , Bussy and the two Engelberts about their offensive engines " as part of measures to defend England 's south coast . It appears the request was ignored . On 27 September 1594 , the Queen granted Molyneux a gift of £ 200 and an annuity of £ 50 . He chose to surrender the latter when , some time between March or April 1596 and 4 June 1597 , he and his wife Anne emigrated to Amsterdam , Holland . Wallis has conjectured that he took with him the printing plates for the globes and sold them to Hondius , who had returned to Amsterdam in 1593 . Why Molyneux left England for Holland is unclear . The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography suggests it was to be able to personally distribute his globes to European princes , since Amsterdam was then quickly establishing itself as the centre of globe- and map @-@ making . However , this could not have been his intention if he had sold the globes ' plates to Hondius . It is possible that he had decided to concentrate on manufacturing ordnance . On 26 January 1598 , the States @-@ General , the parliament of the United Provinces , showed interest in Molyneux 's cannon and granted him a 12 @-@ year privilege on an invention . On 6 June he lodged a second application , but he died in Amsterdam almost immediately afterwards . His wife was granted administration of his estate in England later that month . It seems that Molyneux died in poverty , because Anne was granted a Dutch compassionate pension of 50 florins on 9 April 1599 . Molyneux apparently had no surviving family , and the English globe @-@ making industry died with him . No other globes appear to have been manufactured in England until the appearance in the 1670s of globes by Robert Morden and William Berry , and by Joseph Moxon . However , over 40 years after Molyneux 's death , William Sanderson the younger wrote that his globes were " yet in being , great and small ones , Celestiall and Terrestriall , in both our Universities and severall Libraries ( here , and beyond Seas ) " . = = Influence = = = = = Cartography = = = In the second volume of the greatly expanded version of his book The Principal Navigations , Voiages , Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation ( 1599 ) , Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright – Molyneux Map . Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux 's terrestrial globe , it was the first map to use Wright 's improvements on Mercator 's projection . Having , it is believed , purchased the plates of Molyneux 's globes , Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten @-@ year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe . In that year , he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues ' Tractatus de Globis . On 31 October 1598 , despite a legal challenge by rival globe @-@ maker Jacob van Langeren , Hondius obtained another privilege for ten years . He duly published globes in 1600 and 1601 , and his sons Henricus and Jodocus published a pair in 1613 . Hondius also published a world map in 1608 on the Mercator projection . Its reliance on the Molyneux globe is shown by a number of legends , names and outlines which must have been copied directly from it . In his globes of 1612 , van Langeren incorporated the improvements made by Hondius the Elder to Molyneux 's globe . It is believed that the Hondius globes also spurred Willem Blaeu to start constructing his large globes in 1616 , which were published in 1622 . Molyneux 's globes therefore may have indirectly influenced the evolution of Dutch globe @-@ making . = = = Culture = = = The appearance of Molyneux 's globes had a significant influence on the culture of his time . In Shakespeare 's The Comedy of Errors , written between 1592 and 1594 , one of the protagonists , Dromio of Syracuse , compares a kitchen maid to a terrestrial globe : " No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip : she is spherical , like a globe ; I could find out countries in her . " The jest gained its point from the publication of the globes ; Shakespeare may even have seen them himself . Elizabethan dramatist Thomas Dekker wrote in one of his plays published in The Gull 's Horn @-@ book ( 1609 ) : What an excellent workman , therefore , were he that could cast the globe of it into a new mould . And not to make it look like Molyneux his globe , with a round face sleeked and washed over with white of eggs , but have it in plano as it was at first , with all the ancient circles , lines , parallels and figures . It has been suggested that the Lord Chamberlain 's Men , the playing company that Shakespeare worked for as an actor and playwright for most of his career , named their playing space the Globe Theatre , built in 1599 , as a response to the growing enthusiasm for terrestrial and celestial globes stimulated by those of Molyneux . In Twelfth Night ( 1600 – 1601 ) , Shakespeare alluded to the Wright – Molyneux Map when Maria says of Malvolio : " He does smile his face into more lynes , than is in the new Mappe , with the augmentation of the Indies . " = = Globes today = = Only six Molyneux globes are known to exist today , two terrestrial globes and four celestial globes . Three celestial globes are in Germany , one each in Zerbst , Nuremberg ( at the Germanisches Nationalmuseum ( German National Museum ) ) and Kassel ( Hessisches Landesmuseum ( Hesse Museum ) , Kassel ) . The Hessisches Landesmuseum once had a 1592 terrestrial globe , but it is believed to have been destroyed during World War II . Three globes remain in England : one pair , consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe , is owned by Middle Temple in London and displayed in its library , while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth , West Sussex . = = = Petworth House globe = = = A terrestrial globe was discovered in Lord Leconfield 's library at Petworth House in Petworth , West Sussex , in July 1949 . According to the tradition of the Wyndham family , who are descended from Henry Percy , the 9th Earl of Northumberland , the globe belonged to Sir Walter Raleigh , who gave it to Northumberland when they were imprisoned together in the Tower of London . Northumberland , known as the " Wizard Earl " for his interest in scientific and alchemical experiments and his library , was suspected of being involved in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605 because his relative Thomas Percy was among the conspirators . James I imprisoned Raleigh in the Tower for his supposed involvement in the Main Plot . Although the theory is supported by circumstantial evidence , a number of entries in Northumberland 's accounts relating to the mending of globes , one dating back to 1596 , suggest that the Molyneux globe may have belonged to him from the beginning and was not Raleigh 's . The globe , however , almost certainly spent many years in the Tower before its transfer to Petworth House , where Northumberland was confined upon his release in 1621 . The Petworth House globe , now in the North Gallery , is the only Molyneux terrestrial globe preserved in its original 1592 state . One of Molyneux 's " great globes " , measuring 2 feet 1 inch ( 0 @.@ 64 m ) in diameter , it was reported in 1952 to be in poor condition despite restoration by the British Museum the previous year . The northern hemisphere was darkened by dirt and badly rubbed in places , to the extent that it was hard to read . Parts of it , and large sections of the southern hemisphere , are missing altogether . The restoration work revealed that the globe is weighted with sand and made from layers of small pieces of paper overlaid with a coat of plaster about 1 ⁄ 8 inch ( 3 mm ) thick . On top of this is another layer of paper over which the gores are pasted . The globe retains its wooden horizon circle and brass meridian ring , but its hour circle and index are missing . Further restoration took place between 1995 and 1997 . The globe was exhibited at the Royal Geographical Society in 1951 and 1952 . = = = Middle Temple globes = = = A bill in the accounts of 11 April 1717 for " repairing the globes in the library " is the earliest reference to the Middle Temple 's ownership of the Molyneux terrestrial and celestial globes . Markham 's view was that Robert Ashley ( 1565 – 1641 ) , a barrister of the Middle Temple who was also an ardent geographer , was likely to have left the globes to the Inn in his will , together with his books . Ashley 's books formed the nucleus of the Inn 's original library and included copies of the second edition of Hues ' Tractatus de Globis and other works on cosmography . On the other hand , Wallis has said that Markham 's view is not supported by any available evidence and the globes are not mentioned in the will . She believes that they were probably acquired by Middle Temple on their publication in 1603 . The celestial globe is dated 1592 , but the terrestrial globe bears the year 1603 and is the only example of its kind . Wallis has surmised that the globes were made by Hondius in Amsterdam in 1603 for a purchaser in England , perhaps the Middle Temple itself . The celestial globe was made from the original 1592 printing plates , while the terrestrial globe was produced using revised plates redated to 1603 . The Middle Temple terrestrial globe differs from the Petworth House globe of 1592 by incorporating Raleigh 's discoveries in Guiana and adding new place @-@ names in Brazil , Peru and Africa , as well as an island marked " Corea " off the coast of China . The most extensive revision altered the Northeast Passage to take account of discoveries made on Willem Barentsz 's third voyage to Novaya Zemlya in 1596 . It appears that the revisions to the original plates of Molyneux 's globe were completed by 1597 , because no discoveries after that year are included . It is possible that Molyneux helped Hondius to update the plates in 1596 or 1597 . For instance , if Hondius had obtained a copy of Raleigh 's map of Guiana , Molyneux was the most likely source . Unlike the Petworth House globe , the Middle Temple globes are heavily varnished . The varnish could have been first applied as early as 1818 when the globes were repaired by J. and W. Newton ; they were certainly varnished by Messrs. Holland Hannen & Cubitts , Ltd. during maintenance work in 1930 . At the start of World War II , the globes were sent to Beaconsfield and stored with part of the Wallace Collection at Hall Barn in the care of Lady Burnham . They were brought back to London in 1945 and were at one stage kept in the King 's Library on loan to the British Museum . The globes were installed in their present position in the Middle Temple Library when the current library building opened in 1958 . In 2003 , they were loaned to the National Maritime Museum for an exhibition commemorating the life of Elizabeth I. In 2004 , Middle Temple proposed selling the Molyneux globes , valued at over £ 1 million , to create a scholarship fund for the education and training of needy would @-@ be barristers . Its members eventually decided by a large majority against such a move . There was also a general feeling that the globes should be made more accessible to those wishing to see them . The Middle Temple 's Molyneux globes are the subject of a book @-@ length project , The Molyneux Globes : Mathematical Practice and Theory , by Dr. Lesley B. Cormack , Professor and Chair of the Department of History and Classics of the Faculty of Arts , University of Alberta . The project examines the community of mathematicians , natural philosophers , instrument @-@ makers , and gentlemen @-@ virtuosi that developed around the creation of the Molyneux globes , particularly the histories of four men who wrote treatises about the globes and the larger mathematical community . = = = Hessisches Landesmuseum globe = = = The Molyneux globes at the Hessisches Landesmuseum , Kassel , were inherited from the collection of William IV ( William the Wise ) , the Landgrave of Hesse @-@ Kassel ( or Hesse @-@ Cassel ) , a pioneer of astronomical research . William himself died in 1592 , so it has been surmised that his son and successor , Maurice , purchased the globes for the collection . They were first mentioned in 1765 in the index of the Mathematische Kammer ( Mathematics Chamber ) of the Fürstliches Kunsthaus ( Princely Art Gallery ) in Kassel , during the reign of Landgrave Frederick III . Only a celestial globe survives today ; it is believed that the terrestrial globe was destroyed during World War II . = = Early books about Molyneux 's globes = = Hood , Thomas ( 1592 ) , The Vse of both the Globes , Celestiall , and Terrestriall most Plainely Deliuered in Forme of a Dialogue . Containing most Pleasant , and Profitable Conclusions for the Mariner , and Generally for all those , that are Addicted to these Kinde of Mathematicall Instrumentes . VVritten by T. Hood Mathematicall Lecturer in the Citie of London , sometime Fellow of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge , London : Imprinted ... at the three Cranes in the Vintree , by Thomas Dawson , OCLC 222243462 . A modern reprint was published as : Hood , Thomas ( 1971 ) , The Use of Both the Globes , Celestiall and Terrestriall , Amsterdam ; New York , N.Y. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 90 @-@ 221 @-@ 0389 @-@ 0 . Hues , Robert ( 1594 ) , Tractatus de globis et eorum usu : accommodatus iis qui Londini editi sunt anno 1593 , sumptibus Gulielmi Sandersoni civis Londinensis , conscriptus à Roberto Hues [ Treatise on Globes and their Use : Adapted to those which have been Published in London in the Year 1593 , at the Expense of William Sanderson , a London Resident , Written by Robert Hues ] , London : In ædibus Thomæ Dawson [ in the house of Thomas Dawson ] , OCLC 61370973 ( in Latin ) . Octavo . The work went into 12 other printings in Dutch ( 1597 , 1613 and 1622 ) , English ( 1638 and 1659 ) , French ( 1618 ) and Latin ( 1611 , 1613 , 1617 , 1627 , 1659 and 1663 ) , and a modern reprint of the English version was published as : Hues , Robert ; Markham , Clements R. ( ed . ) ( 1889 ) , Tractatus de globis et eorum usu : A Treatise Descriptive of the Globes Constructed by Emery Molyneux and Published in 1592 [ Hakluyt Society , 1st ser . , pt . II , no . 79a ] , London : Hakluyt Society , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8337 @-@ 1759 @-@ 7 , OCLC 149869781 . Blundeville , Thomas ( 1594 ) , M. Blundevile His Exercises containing Sixe Treatises , the Titles wherof are Set Down in the Next Printed Page : Which Treatises are Verie Necessarie to be Read and Learned of all Yoong Gentlemen that haue not bene Exercised in such Disciplines , and yet are Desirous to haue Knowledge as well in Cosmographie , Astronomie , and Geographie , as also in the Arte of Navigation ... To the Furtherance of which Arte of Navigation , the said M. Blundevile Speciallie Wrote the said Treatises and of Meere Good Will doth Dedicate the same to all the Young Gentlemen of this Realme , London : Printed by Iohn Windet , dwelling at the signe of the crosse Keies , neere Paules wharffe , and are there to be solde , OCLC 55186822 . Further editions were published , including those in 1606 ( 3rd ) , 1613 ( 4th ) , 1636 ( 7th ) and 1638 ( 7th , " corrected and somewhat enlarged " ) . The work includes ( at pp. 515 – 519 of the 7th ed . ) , a description of Molyneux 's globes and an account of Sir Francis Drake 's voyage around the world . Wright , Edward ( 1599 ) , Certaine Errors in Navigation : Arising either of the Ordinarie Erroneous Making or Vsing of the Sea Chart , Compasse , Crosse Staffe , and Tables of Declination of the Sunne , and Fixed Starres Detected and Corrected , London : Printed ... by Valentine Sims . Another version of the work published in the same year was entitled Wright , Edward ( 1599 ) , Errors in nauigation 1 Error of two , or three whole points of the compas , and more somtimes [ sic ] , by reason of making the sea @-@ chart after the accustomed maner ... 2 Error of one whole point , and more many times , by neglecting the variation of the compasse . 3 Error of a degree and more sometimes , in the vse of the crosse staffe ... 4 Error of 11 @.@ or 12 @.@ minures [ sic ] in the declination of the sunne , as it is set foorth in the regiments most commonly vsed among mariners : and consequently error of halfe a degree in the place of the sunne . 5 Error of halfe a degree , yea an whole degree and more many times in the declinations of the principall fixed starres , set forth to be obserued by mariners at sea . Detected and corrected by often and diligent obseruation . Whereto is adioyned , the right H. the Earle of Cumberland his voyage to the Azores in the yeere 1589 @.@ wherin were taken 19 . Spanish and Leaguers ships , together with the towne and platforme of Fayal , London : Printed ... [ by Valentine Simmes and W. White ] for Ed . Agas , OCLC 55176994 . Mentions the use of Molyneux 's terrestrial and celestial globes . Two further editions were published in 1610 and 1657 , and the work was reprinted as : Wright , Edward ( 1974 ) , Certaine errors in navigation ; the voyage of ... George Earle of Cumberl. to the Azores , Amsterdam ; Norwood , N.J. : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum ; Walter J. Johnson , OCLC 1359008 . = = = Articles and book chapters = = = Wallis , Helen M. ( 1968 ) , " The use of terrestrial and celestial globes in England " , Actes du XI Congres International d 'Histoire des Sciences , Wroclaw , London , pp. 204 – 212 . Fisher , R. M. ( February 1974 ) , " William Crashawe and the Middle Temple Globes 1605 – 15 " , The Geographical Journal 140 ( 1 ) : 105 – 112 , doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 1797012 , JSTOR 1797012 . Crinò , Anna Maria ; Wallis , Helen ( 1987 ) , " New researches on the Molyneux globes " , Der Globusfreund 35 : 1120 . Wallis , Helen M. ( 1989 ) , " Opera mundi : Emery Molyneux , Jodocus Hondius and the first English globes " , in van Uchelen , Ton Croiset ; van der Horst , Koert ; Schilder , Günter , Theatrum Orbis Librorum : Liber Amicorum Presented to Nico Israel . , Utrecht : HES , ISBN 978 @-@ 90 @-@ 6194 @-@ 367 @-@ 9 . Barber , Peter ( 2004 ) , " Was Elizabeth I interested in maps – and did it matter ? " , Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14 ( 14 ) : 185 – 198 , doi : 10 @.@ 1017 / S0080440104000131 . McConnell , Anita ( May 2007 ) [ January 2006 ] , Scientific instrument makers ( online ed . ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , retrieved 28 January 2008 Cohen , Adam Max ( Winter 2006 ) , " Englishing the globe : Molyneux 's globes and Shakespeare 's theatrical career " , The Sixteenth Century Journal 37 ( 4 ) : 963 – 984 , doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 20478124 . Lesser , Zachary ( 2007 ) , " Shakespeare and Technology : Dramatizing Early Modern Technological Revolutions . By Adam Max Cohen [ book review ] " , The Review of English Studies 58 ( 233 ) : 97 – 99 , doi : 10 @.@ 1093 / res / hgm019 . = = = Books = = = Williamson , John Bruce ( 1930 ) , Catalogue of silver plate ; the property of the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple with notes and illustrations , including some particulars regarding the Molyneux globes , [ London ] : Printed by Bonner , OCLC 901552 . Williamson , John Bruce ( 1930 ) , Notes on the Molyneux Globes , [ London ] : Honourable Society of the Middle Temple , OCLC 9845317 .
= Jet Moto ( video game ) = Jet Moto ( known as Jet Rider in Europe ) is a 1996 racing video game developed by SingleTrac and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation video game console and PC . The PlayStation version was released in North America on October 31 , 1996 , in Europe in February 1997 , and Japan on August 7 , 1997 . The PC version was released on November 30 , 1997 . On February 4 , 2007 Jet Moto was made available for the PlayStation Portable and PlayStation 3 via the PlayStation Network . Developers chose fictional hovering bikes instead of wheeled motorcycles initially to resolve performance concerns . Other performance concerns led the team to develop two different physics systems — one for the player , and one for the 19 computer racers . Gameplay in Jet Moto revolves around the use of hoverbikes to traverse a race course , similar to modern day motorcross , but with the added ability to traverse water . Reviews for the game were mixed , with the PC version holding 75 % and the PlayStation version 78 @.@ 9 % at gaming aggregator GameRankings . Reviewers felt the game had solid gameplay , but criticized its high difficulty . Jet Moto 's popularity would earn it a spot in the PlayStation Greatest Hits in August 1998 , and it went on to gain two additional sequels , Jet Moto 2 and Jet Moto 3 . = = Gameplay = = Jet Moto differs from that of a traditional racing game with cars or motorcycles . Players are introduced to the fictional sport of Jet Moto . The bikes , known as jet motos , are hovercraft which can traverse both land and water . The bikes race in groups of twenty in the game 's equivalent of motorcross . Characters are split into teams , and bikes are adorned with logos of products such as Mountain Dew , Butterfinger and K2 Sports similar to real @-@ life sponsored racing . In Jet Moto players control hoverbikes in a fictional motor sport . Players race three laps on a given course and earn series points based on their placement at the end of the race . Players can choose to race a single race , a season of races , or a custom season . Players can also unlock additional tracks and a stunt mode by doing well in season competitions . Courses range from beaches with debris @-@ littered water to swamps and ice @-@ covered mountains . The game has its variant of the traditional race track , but also introduces a new course type known as a Suicide course . Instead of being a continuous loop , these tracks have checkpoints at either end of the course , and the starting grid in the center . Riders race to one end , then turn around to head for the other checkpoint , repeating the process until all laps are complete . This provides a new gameplay dynamic as often the player must navigate oncoming traffic . Jet Moto also utilizes a magnetic grappling system . Pressing the assigned button near a red energy pole creates a magnetic attraction between the player 's bike and the pole , allowing riders to traverse tight turns and clear large chasms otherwise be impossible . In addition to the grapple system players are given four boosts per lap , which provide a temporary burst of speed . The PlayStation version of the game allows for two player splitscreen multiplayer , however no AI racers are present , which limits the competitors to two . A cheat code would allow two human players to race with the entire field . The PC version allows for fourteen players over an IPX network , Internet TCP / IP and modem @-@ to @-@ modem connections . = = Development = = Jet Moto was conceived as a " science fiction motorcross . " The developers chose to create jet motos instead of wheeled motorcycles due to concerns over polygon limitations . Travis Hilton , one of the programmers for the game designed Jet Moto 's physics engine . Due to hardware limitations of the PlayStation , only the player used this physics system . Programmer Jay Barnson was tasked with developing a simpler physics system to handle the nineteen AI riders . During development a set of courses set in a stadium were dropped as the developers felt it did not fit the theme of the game . Developers originally intended for players to be permanently out of a race when falling far off a track , however they came to realize that it was not fun for players " to be forced to go slow or suffer an instant defeat . " An attempt was made to give three " strikes " to a rider . Once the rider fell for the third time they were out of the race . However once implemented developers noticed that the number of racers remaining at the end of the race was too random to be deemed any fun . In the end the decision was made to simply respawn the character on the track . The PC version was ported in large part by John Olsen , who worked on the port as his first task at SingleTrac . The PC version also features 3Dfx hardware acceleration , which allows for higher resolution gameplay and visual enhancements such as reflective water . Axiom Design created the user interface shell for the game , which has a comic book @-@ inspired feel . The music for Jet Moto was produced by Big Idea Music Productions . = = Reception = = Jet Moto received varied reviews among critics , with the PC version averaging 75 % and the PlayStation version averaging 78 @.@ 9 % at gaming aggregator GameRankings . Due to the game 's popularity it was added Sony 's budget line known as PlayStation Greatest Hits in August 1998 . Several reviewers praised the overall gameplay of Jet Moto . Chris Roper of IGN called it one of the best racing games available for the PlayStation . In its PlayStation 3 Retro Roundup , IGN pointed out the game 's direct competitors at the time , Wave Race 64 and the Wipeout series , then stated Jet Moto was " still a pretty fun experience more than 10 years after its original release . " Electric Playground 's Victor Lucas praised the design of the jet moto bikes , stating the design was imaginative and vibrant . Several reviewers also praised the soundtrack to the game . Mark Cooke of Game Revolution called the Dick Dale @-@ esque music which seemed reminiscent of spy films such as the James Bond theme . The surf guitar was a strong point for Victor Lucas of Electric Playground , who cited it as one of the best video game soundtracks of 1996 . GameSpot reviewer Shane Mooney also praised the energy of the soundtrack . Reviewers felt the game had an extremely high degree of difficulty . GamePro 's reviewer cited overly skilled AI racers and poor collision detections as reasons to avoid Jet Moto . Several reviewers cited the games graphics as a down point in the game , although GameSpot 's review of the PC port praised the 3Dfx support . Electric Playground also compared it to Wave Race 64 , but called the game " light on the great graphics " . = = Legacy = = Jet Moto 's popularity would spawn two additional sequels , Jet Moto 2 , also developed by SingleTrac , and Jet Moto 3 , developed by Pacific Coast Power & Light . Two other titles were cancelled during their development . Pacific Coast Power & Light was also developing Jet Moto 2124 for the PlayStation , set over a century after the first three games , however the game was cancelled when Jet Moto 3 showed poor sales . Jet Moto : SOLAR , developed by RedZone Interactive , was also cancelled . SOLAR would have been the first title in the series to appear on the PlayStation 2 . Present @-@ day wishlists for video game sequels have often included Jet Moto . 1UP.com listed a fourth Jet Moto in their " Sequels We Want , and the Formulas They Need " feature , stating that Jet Moto " symbolized everything that made the original PlayStation cooler than anything else at the time " . IGN felt similarly , listing Jet Moto in their " Dirty Dozen : Revival of the Fittest " feature , calling the game " a novel racer with enough staying power to make it an instant hit " .
= Henry Burrell ( admiral ) = Vice Admiral Sir Henry Mackay Burrell , KBE , CB ( 13 August 1904 – 9 February 1988 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Navy ( RAN ) . He served as Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) from 1959 to 1962 . Born in the Blue Mountains , Burrell entered the Royal Australian Naval College in 1918 as a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old cadet . His first posting at sea was aboard the cruiser HMAS Sydney . During the 1920s and 1930s , Burrell served for several years on exchange with the Royal Navy , specialising as a navigator . Following the outbreak of World War II , he filled a key liaison post with the US Navy , and later saw action as commander of the destroyer HMAS Norman , earning a mention in despatches . Promoted captain in 1946 , Burrell played a major role in the formation of the RAN 's Fleet Air Arm , before commanding the flagship HMAS Australia in 1948 – 49 . He captained the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance in 1953 – 54 , and was twice Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet , in 1955 – 56 and 1958 . Burrell was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1955 and a Companion of the Order of the Bath in 1959 . As CNS , he began a major program of acquisitions for the Navy , including new helicopters , minesweepers , submarines and guided @-@ missile destroyers . He also acted to reverse a plan by the government of the day to dismantle the Fleet Air Arm . Knighted in 1960 , Burrell retired to his farm near Canberra in 1962 and published his memoirs , Mermaids Do Exist , in 1986 . He died two years later , aged eighty @-@ three . = = Early career = = Henry Mackay Burrell was born at Wentworth Falls , in the Blue Mountains district of New South Wales . He was the third child and only son of schoolteacher Thomas Burrell and his wife Eliza . Henry 's father , who had emigrated from England , joined the Australian Imperial Force at the age of fifty @-@ five during World War I , seeing active service in Egypt . His grandfather and great @-@ grandfather had served in the Royal Navy . Henry attended Parramatta High School before entering the Royal Australian Naval College , Jervis Bay , on 1 January 1918 , at the age of thirteen . A keen sportsman , he competed in rugby union , tennis and hockey , winning colours for hockey . Burrell graduated from the college in 1921 and became a midshipman the next year . He went to sea first aboard the light cruiser HMAS Sydney and then the destroyer HMAS Stalwart . Posted to the United Kingdom for further training in 1924 , he served on the light cruiser HMS Caledon and the battleship HMS Malaya . In April 1925 , he was promoted to sub @-@ lieutenant , rising to lieutenant by July 1926 . After attending a Royal Navy course in 1930 , Burrell became a specialist navigator , and saw service aboard the minesweeper HMS Pangbourne , destroyers HMAS Tattoo and Stuart , and cruiser HMAS Brisbane . He married Margaret MacKay at Scots ' Church , Melbourne , on 27 December 1933 . Burrell was promoted to lieutenant commander in July 1934 , and graduated from an advanced navigation course the following year . Burrell served on exchange with the Royal Navy as navigator aboard the cruisers HMS Coventry and HMS Devonshire , the latter during her tour of duty in the Spanish Civil War . Described as being " egalitarian " and " approachable " , his familiarity with ratings earned him the criticism of Devonshire 's captain ; Burrell however believed that a close relationship between officers and men was necessary for the smooth running of a ship . After completing the Royal Navy 's staff course in 1938 , he returned to Australia and was appointed staff officer ( operations ) at the Navy Office , Melbourne , in March 1939 . It was Burrell 's first shore @-@ based position , and he spent the next four months bringing naval sections of the War Book ( preparations for war ) up to date . = = World War II = = Burrell was still based at the Navy Office when World War II broke out in September 1939 . A reorganisation of the headquarters in May 1940 saw him promoted to commander and given the new role of Director of Operations , overseeing troop convoys and their air cover , local defence , and staffing issues . Burrell 's " full knowledge of Australian naval plans and resources " led to Prime Minister Robert Menzies personally nominating him to participate in staff talks with representatives of the Royal Navy and US Navy in October . Soon after , he was posted as the first Australian naval attaché to Washington , D.C. , in an effort to improve communications with the US in light of the threat from Japan . Burrell was credited with helping to foster closer cooperation between the two navies in the Pacific region . He also warned the Australian government that Britain and the US would adopt a " Germany @-@ first " strategy in the event of war with Japan , and that the US was prepared to weaken its Pacific fleet to help secure the Atlantic . Posted to Britain , Burrell was appointed commanding officer of the newly commissioned N @-@ class destroyer HMAS Norman on 15 September 1941 . The ship 's first operation was transporting a Trade Union Congress delegation led by Sir Walter Citrine to Archangel , Russia . After returning to Britain , she steamed to the Indian Ocean to join Admiral Sir James Somerville 's Eastern Fleet at Addu Atoll , Maldives , on 26 February 1942 . Following the Eastern Fleet 's withdrawal to Kilindini , Kenya , Norman took part in the capture of Diego Suarez on Madagascar on 7 May . Later that month , she was reassigned to the Mediterranean and in June was involved in Operation Vigorous , an unsuccessful attempt to resupply the besieged island of Malta . Transferred back to the Indian Ocean , Burrell led Norman in the second campaign of the Battle of Madagascar in September , and was mentioned in despatches on 19 February 1943 for his " bravery and resource " during the operation . By this time Norman was escorting convoys in the Pacific , before deploying to the South Atlantic for anti @-@ submarine duties in April – May . On 23 June 1943 , Burrell relinquished command of Norman and returned to the Navy Office , Melbourne , as Director of Plans . Having been divorced from his first wife Margaret in November 1941 , he married mineralogist Ada Weller ( also known as Ada Coggan ) on 21 April 1944 ; the couple had a son and two daughters . Burrell took charge of the RAN 's latest Tribal @-@ class destroyer , HMAS Bataan , at her commissioning in Sydney on 25 May 1945 . Arriving on the scene too late to see action , the ship was deployed to Japan via the Philippines in July , docking in Tokyo on 31 August . There she participated in the formal surrender ceremonies that took place on 2 September aboard USS Missouri . Bataan remained in Japan as Australian Squadron representative until November , assisting with the repatriation of inmates from Japanese prisoner @-@ of @-@ war camps . On a mission to one such camp at Sendai , Burrell located crewmen from the light cruiser HMAS Perth , which had been sunk in the early hours of 1 March 1942 during the Battle of Sunda Strait ; 320 of her complement of 680 survived the sinking , 105 dying in captivity . = = Post @-@ war career = = Burrell 's first appointment following the cessation of hostilities was as commander of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla . He was promoted captain in June 1946 , and became Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff ( DCNS ) that October . As DCNS , Burrell played a major role in establishing the Navy 's Fleet Air Arm and preparing for the introduction of carrier @-@ based aircraft . He was appointed an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Governor @-@ General William McKell in July 1947 . From October 1948 to the end of 1949 , Burrell served as commanding officer of the heavy cruiser HMAS Australia , flagship of the RAN . Posted to Britain in 1950 , he attended the Imperial Defence College , London , and spent two years as Assistant Australian Defence Representative . He took command of the light aircraft carrier HMAS Vengeance on 2 December 1952 , less than three weeks after she was commissioned into the RAN after transfer from the Royal Navy . The ship began working up for deployment to the Korean War in June 1953 , but in the end her place was taken by the carrier HMAS Sydney . Vengeance was involved in a collision with HMAS Bataan near the Cocos Islands on 5 April 1954 , while acting as part of the escort for the Royal Yacht of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip during their inaugural tour of Australia , but continued on duty . Completing his tour as captain of Vengeance , Burrell briefly resumed the role of Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in August 1954 . The following month he was made an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to the Queen . Burrell was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1955 New Year Honours . In February he became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet , with the acting rank of rear admiral ; this was made substantive in July . On 12 May 1956 , he hoisted his standard aboard the recently arrived aircraft carrier HMAS Melbourne , marking her replacement of sister ship HMAS Sydney as flagship of the RAN . Burrell was posted soon afterwards to the Navy Office , Canberra , to redevelop the service 's officer structure , leading to a new General List of officers ' seniority . He served as Second Naval Member ( Personnel ) from September 1956 until January 1958 , when he again became Flag Officer of the Australian Fleet . Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1959 New Years Honours , Burrell was raised to vice admiral on 24 February and became First Naval Member , the Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) . He succeeded Vice Admiral Sir Roy Dowling . As CNS , Vice Admiral Burrell had to contend with a threat by Defence Minister Athol Townley to disband the Navy 's fixed @-@ wing Fleet Air Arm capability by 1963 , but gained approval for a major vessel re @-@ equipment drive that was to include new submarines , destroyers , minesweepers , and auxiliaries . This led among other things to the procurement of British Oberon @-@ class submarines , selected by Burrell when his original preference for an Australian @-@ built craft proved too expensive , as well as Ton @-@ class minesweepers and the Navy 's first purpose @-@ designed hydrographic survey ship , HMAS Moresby . The re @-@ equipment program also resulted in augmentation of the RAN 's rotary @-@ wing assets with Westland Wessex anti @-@ submarine warfare helicopters . Most significant was the purchase of three Charles F. Adams @-@ class guided @-@ missile destroyers , a decision of " ingenuity and forethought " on the part of Burrell and Navy Minister John Gorton , according to historian Tom Frame . The CNS and his minister enjoyed a close working relationship ; Burrell declared that Gorton " deserves our thanks for his efforts " , and Gorton called Burrell " one of the most honest , sincere and most dedicated sailors " . The purchase of the destroyers signalled a shift in reliance for equipment from Britain to the United States that was contrary to prevailing Australian defence policy at the time , particularly in what historian Jeffrey Grey described as " the most British of the Australian services , the RAN " , and provoked pressure from the Royal Navy and UK shipbuilders , which had lobbied for purchase of their County @-@ class destroyer . Burrell later declared that the superiority of the US weapons system was a key factor in his preference for the Adams design over the County class . On a mission overseas to discuss trends and acquisitions in January 1960 , he was rebuffed by Britain 's Chief of the Defence Staff , Admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten , who mistakenly thought him responsible for the imminent dissolution of the RAN 's Fleet Air Arm , but warmly welcomed by the US Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Arleigh Burke . As it happened , Burrell would gain credit for maintaining the integrity of the FAA , and its fixed @-@ wing component remained viable until the early 1980s . He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the Queen 's Birthday Honours , gazetted on 3 June 1960 . In June 1961 , he met with his opposite numbers in the Army and Air Force at a Chiefs of Staff Committee conference to discuss the necessity of Australia acquiring nuclear weapons ; the chiefs agreed that the probability such a capability would be required was remote but that it should remain an option under certain circumstances , a position the defence forces maintained during the ensuing decade . = = Retirement = = Burrell made his farewell to the Australian Fleet aboard HMAS Melbourne at Jervis Bay on 8 February 1962 . He left the Navy on 23 February , and was succeeded as CNS by Vice Admiral Hastings Harrington . Burrell retired to Illogan Park , his property near Braidwood in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales . His son Stuart followed him into the Royal Australian Naval College in 1963 . In retirement Burrell enjoyed horse racing both as a gambler and as the owner of several successful mounts . During the 1960s , he was also a member of the ACT Regional Selection Committee of the Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts . Burrell suffered a serious heart attack in 1980 , having been diagnosed with cardiac problems shortly after his retirement from the Navy . His wife Ada died in August the following year . In 1986 , Burrell published his memoirs as Mermaids Do Exist : The Autobiography of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Henry Burrell , reflecting on what he described as a " lucky " career , and offering his thoughts on maritime strategy . He died on 9 February 1988 in Woden Valley Hospital . Survived by his three children , Sir Henry Burrell was buried in Gungahlin , Australian Capital Territory , following a private funeral . The Burrell Cup doubles tennis trophy , established by the admiral in 1955 , completed its fifty @-@ eighth year of competition in March 2013 .
= Glasser v. United States = Glasser v. United States , 315 U.S. 60 ( 1942 ) , is a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision on two issues of constitutional criminal procedure . Glasser was the first Supreme Court decision to hold that the Assistance of Counsel Clause of the Sixth Amendment required the reversal of a criminal defendant 's conviction if his lawyer 's representation of him was limited by a conflict of interest . Further , Glasser held that the exclusion of women ( other than members of the League of Women Voters who had taken a jury training class ) from the jury pool violated both the Impartial Jury Clause of the Sixth Amendment , but declined to reverse the other two convictions on this ground for technical reasons . Glasser is the first majority opinion of the Court to use the phrase " cross @-@ section of the community . " Glasser was also the first jury discrimination case to invoke the Sixth Amendment ( rather than Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment ) . The facts of Glasser were unusual as well . According to a contemporary Chicago Tribune article , it was " the first time federal employees here have been charged with tampering with federal court justice . " The five @-@ week trial involved more than 100 witnesses , more than 4 @,@ 000 transcript pages of testimony and argument , and 228 exhibits . = = Background = = All of the Court 's prior jury pool discrimination cases had involved the exclusion of African @-@ Americans and been litigated under the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause . The Court had come the closest to articulating a " fair cross @-@ section of the community " doctrine in Smith v. Texas ( 1940 ) . There , the Court stated : " It is part of the established tradition in the use of juries as instruments of public justice that the jury be a body truly representative of the community . " Daniel D. Glasser and Norton I. Kretske were Assistant United States Attorneys in the Northern District of Illinois , specializing in liquor and revenue offenses . Glasser and Kretske solicited bribes from defendants under indictment , or soon to be indicted . Glasser and six other assistants resigned on April 7 , 1939 , during the tenure of U.S. Attorney William Joseph Campbell . According to Campbell : " Mr. Glasser has the best record of convictions of any one in this office and his conviction record in alcohol cases is the best in the entire country . Since I have been in office , Mr. Glasser has prosecuted ninety @-@ nine cases and lost only one . He hasn 't lost a jury case in three and a half years . " = = Prior history = = = = = District Court = = = = = = = Indictment = = = = U.S. Attorney Campbell presented the case to the grand jury personally . Glasser , Kretske , Alfred E. Roth , Anthony Horton , and Louis Kaplan were indicted in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois on two counts of a bribery conspiracy on September 29 , 1939 . Glasser and Kretske were former Assistant U.S. Attorneys ; Roth was a defense attorney representing the bribe payors in the majority of the cases alleged to be fixed ; and Horton and Kaplan were " go @-@ betweens " for the bribes . Horton was an African @-@ American bail bondsman ; Kaplan was a purveyor of untaxed liquor . The allegations were that the prosecutors either agreed to recommend the dismissal of charges or ensured that the grand jury would not return an indictment . The maximum authorized sentence under the charges was two years imprisonment and a $ 10 @,@ 000 fine . All five made bail of $ 1 @,@ 500 each . = = = = Prosecution 's case = = = = The trial began on February 6 , 1940 before Judge Patrick Thomas Stone , of the Western District of Wisconsin , sitting by designation . The prosecution 's opening statement was delivered by Martin Ward , the chief of the criminal division . Defense attorney William Scott Stewart 's opening statement argued that Glasser and Kretske were set up by E.C. Yellowly , the head of the alcohol tax unit . Stewart was the leader of a " battery of high priced defense counsel . " The government 's first witness , U.S. Attorneys ' Office clerk Gordon Morgan testified that Glasser had suggested that Sidney S. Eckstone be appointed foreperson of a grand jury that returned only eight out of twenty indictments and that Glasser and Eckstone had conferred frequently . Another prosecution witness , illegal distillery landlord William F. Workman , testified that Capone @-@ affiliated Louis Schiavone had posted approximately $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in bail bonds . On the sixth day of trial , alcohol tax agent Patrick Donoghue testified that , in a case that Donoghue had investigated , Glasser persuaded a grand jury to reverse itself after returning an indictment by placing the matter on the pending call indefinitely . Another government witness , bootlegging handyman Ralph Sharp testified that he had paid Kretske $ 250 in order for Kretske , as prosecutor , to recommend that the charges against him be dismissed ( which they were ) . Frank Hodorowicz , another bootlegger turned government witness , testified that he had paid Kretske $ 1 @,@ 300 to recommend the dismissal of two cases and was convicted in the third case after he refused to pay $ 1 @,@ 000 . After he was indicted the third time , he testified , Glasser declined to intervene on his behalf , saying : " You 're going to jail for five years ; I can 't do anything about it . For all the money in the world I couldn 't help you . This isn 't an ordinary case . Agents are in town from Washington . " Still another , Walter Kwiatkowski , testified that he paid Horton $ 600 ( in addition to the $ 200 bond ) to have the case against him dropped where Glasser was acting as prosecutor . And another , Victor Raubunas , testified that he twice paid bribes to Kretske in cases that Glasser was handling ( Raubunas was convicted a third time , after refusing to pay Kretske , in a case prosecuted by Ward himself ) . Mae and Anthony Jurkas , two small @-@ time bootleggers , testified that Glasser declined to prosecute them in exchange for the name of their bootlegging boss . Bootlegger Nicholas Abosketes and his accountant William Brantman testified that Abosketes transferred $ 3 @,@ 000 to Brantman that was paid to Kretske . Alexander Campbell , an Assistant U.S. Attorney from Indiana testified that Roth had offered him a bribe in a bootlegging case , saying : " That 's the way we handle things in Chicago . " The government 's final witness , alcohol tax investigator Thomas Bailey , testified that Glasser had repeatedly delayed a grand jury in a case he was involved with . The government rested its case on February 26 . Judge Stone denied the defense 's motion for a directed verdict . = = = = Defense case = = = = Three judges testified as character witnesses : John Peter Barnes ( N.D. Ill . ) on behalf of Glasser , Kretske , and Roth ; Charles Edgar Woodward ( N.D. Ill . ) on behalf of Glasser and Kretske ; and state judge John F. Haas on behalf of Kretske . Kaplan and Horton both took the stand , denying that they ever paid money to Glasser or Kretske . Two defense attorneys , Henry Balaban and Edward J. Hess ( who was representing Kaplan at the trial ) , who had also defended clients in cases the government 's case @-@ in @-@ chief had alleged to be fixed , denying paying bribes to Glasser or Kretske ( although the government had not accused them of this ) . Glasser 's testimony took three hours , as he was cross @-@ examined individually about every single case that the government had alleged to have been fixed . The defense rested on March 4 , after five weeks of trial . Assistant United States Attorney Francis McGreal delivered the prosecution 's closing argument . Stewart and George Callaghan closed for Glasser and Kretske ; Hess for Kaplan ; Cassius Poust for Roth ; Ward concluded the government 's argument . Stewart 's closing focused on the credibility of the prosecution 's witnesses , many of whom had been transported from prison to testify . Stewart urged the jury not to take the word of " crooks and convicts . " = = = = Conviction and sentencing = = = = The jury retired at 3 : 30 p.m. March 7 . At 11 : 30 p.m. , Judge Stone ordered the jury to continue deliberating through the night . The jury returned at 7 : 20 a.m. March 8 , after 16 hours of deliberation ; all five were convicted of a conspiracy to defraud the United States . For several hours , the jury had been deadlocked 11 to 1 for conviction , with one female juror as the holdout . Judge Stone denied the defendants ' motion for a new trial . Glasser and Kretske were sentenced to 14 months imprisonment . Roth was fined $ 500 ; Horton was placed on two @-@ years probation with a suspended sentence of one year and one day . Kaplan was sentenced to 14 months imprisonment , failed to surrender on June 28 , and was captured on August 1 . Revenue department special intelligence agent Clarence L. Converse had observed the entire trial with an eye towards a follow @-@ on tax prosecution . On June 3 , Judge Philip Leo Sullivan sentenced three of the government witnesses in the trial to probation . = = = Seventh Circuit = = = Glasser , Kretske , and Roth appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . Oral arguments were heard on October 17 before Judges William Morris Sparks , Walter Emanuel Treanor , and Otto Kerner , Sr. The Seventh Circuit , in an opinion by Judge Kerner , affirmed their convictions on December 13 , 1940 . " On oral argument the principal point stressed was that the evidence failed to sustain the verdict of the jury , although other points were raised in the briefs . " The defendants argued : ( 1 ) that the indictment should have been quashed because of the absence of women from the grand jury ; ( 2 ) that the indictment was not returned in open court ; ( 3 ) that the indictment was duplicitous , inconsistent , and vague ; ( 4 ) that there was insufficient evidence to support the verdict ; ( 5 ) that the trial judge should have granted a continuance , rather than appoint Stewart to represent Kretske ; ( 6 ) that Roth should have been severed from the other defendants ; ( 7 ) that the reports of the Alcohol Tax Unit were hearsay ; ( 7 ) that the two government exhibits not admitted into evidence were sent to the jury during its deliberations ; ( 8 ) that Glasser had been cross @-@ examined on matters not pertinent to the charge and not within the scope of his direct examination ; ( 9 ) that the cross @-@ examination of U.S. Attorney Campbell had been unduly restricted ; ( 10 ) that evidence beyond the scope of the bill of particulars had been introduced ; ( 11 ) that there was insufficient corroboration of the accomplice testimony against Kretske ; ( 12 ) that certain testimony of Alexander Campbell was erroneously admitted ; ( 13 ) that the admission of various prejudicial evidence had the cumulative effect of denying the defendants a fair trial ; ( 14 ) that the trial judge 's cross @-@ examination of witnesses and other comments crossed the line into advocacy ; and ( 15 ) that the trial judge should have granted a new trial because of the exclusion of women from the jury pool . Former United States Attorney General Homer S. Cummings petitioned the Supreme Court for certiorari , which was granted on April 7 , 1941 . Ralph M. Snyder also represented Glasser before the Supreme Court . By this time , J. Albert Woll was the U.S. Attorney in the Northern District . = = Opinion of the Court = = In an opinion by Justice Murphy , the Court reversed the conviction of Glasser ( No. 30 ) and affirmed the convictions of the other two defendants ( Nos. 31 and 32 ) . = = = Conflict @-@ free counsel = = = Glasser was represented by Callaghan and Stewart . Kretske was dis @-@ satisfied with his prior retained counsel , and the trial judge proposed appointing Stewart to also represent Kretske . Stewart explained the potential conflict thus : [ There is ] some little inconsistency in the defense , and the main part of it is this : There will be conversations here where Mr. Glasser wasn 't present , where people have seen Mr. Kretske and they have talked about , that they gave money to take care of Glasser , that is not binding on Mr. Glasser , and there is a divergency there , and Mr. Glasser feels that if I would represent Mr. Kretske the jury would get an idea that they are together . . . . The trial judge , over the prior objection of Glasser , appointed Stewart to represent Kretske . Stewart represented both Glasser and Kretske throughout the proceeding . Glasser did not raise the issue again until the appeal was filed . The Court reversed Glasser 's conviction because his counsel had a conflict of interest . The Court held that : [ T ] he " assistance of counsel " guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment contemplates that such assistance be untrammeled and unimpaired by a court order requiring that one lawyer shall simultaneously represent conflicting interests . If the right to the assistance of counsel means less than this , a valued constitutional safeguard is substantially impaired . The Court rejected the suggestions that Glasser had waived his Sixth Amendment right by failing to re @-@ object or that Glasser 's status an experienced former federal prosecutor precluded relief . The Court concluded that the conflict of interest materialized in a few ways . First , Stewart declined to cross @-@ examine one of the witnesses , who could implicate Kretske but not Glasser , for fear that it would strengthen the case against Kretske . Stewart also failed to object to the testimony of other witnesses regarding prior statements of Kretske ; under the rules of hearsay , these statements were obviously admissible against Kretske , but less obviously admissible against Glasser without a predicate showing that Glasser was a co @-@ conspirator . Stewart feared that an objection only on behalf of Glasser would highlight the admissibility of the statements against Kretske . In addition to finding that Glasser was prejudiced by the conflict , the Court further stated that : Glasser wished the benefit of the undivided assistance of counsel of his own choice . We think that such a desire on the part of an accused should be respected . Irrespective of any conflict of interest , the additional burden of representing another party may conceivably impair counsel 's effectiveness . To determine the precise degree of prejudice sustained by Glasser as a result of the court 's appointment of Stewart as counsel for Kretske is at once difficult and unnecessary . The right to have the assistance of counsel is too fundamental and absolute to allow courts to indulge in nice calculations as to the amount of prejudice arising from its denial . But , the court declined to reverse the convictions of Kretske and Roth on this basis , concluding that they were not prejudiced . = = = Exclusion of women from the jury pool = = = The defendants alleged in an affidavit that only women who were members of the Illinois League of Women Voters and who had completed a jury training class ( taught by a local prosecutor ) were included in the jury pool . The defendants ' jury was composed of six men and six women . The Court dwelt at length on the defendants ' claim . The Court held that : [ Federal jury selectors ] must not allow the desire for competent jurors to lead them into selections which do not comport with the concept of the jury as a cross @-@ section of the community . Tendencies , no matter how slight , toward the selection of jurors by any method other than a process which will insure a trial by a representative group are undermining processes weakening the institution of jury trial , and should be sturdily resisted . That the motives influencing such tendencies may be of the best must not blind us to the dangers of allowing any encroachment whatsoever on this essential right . Steps innocently taken may , one by one , lead to the irretrievable impairment of substantial liberties . The Court further held that : " The deliberate selection of jurors from the membership of particular private organizations definitely does not conform to the traditional requirements of jury trial . " But , the Court held that the submission of an affidavit , even if un @-@ contradicted , which contained an offer to prove the exclusion of women from the jury pool was insufficient to preserve the error ; instead , the defendants must actually introduce evidence , or attempt to formally offer evidence , to support the claim . = = = Other issues = = = The court rejected the defendant 's other arguments : ( 1 ) that women were improperly excluded from the grand jury under Illinois law ( as incorporated by federal jury selection law at the time ) ; ( 2 ) that the indictment was not returned in open court because the notation indicating that the indictment was returned in open court was added after the fact ; ( 3 ) that the indictment was insufficiently definite ; ( 4 ) that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conviction ; ( 5 ) that the admission of certain evidence was prejudicial ; and ( 6 ) that the trial judge 's own questioning of certain witnesses and limitations on cross @-@ examination were prejudicial . The Court stated that : " Since we are of opinion that a new trial must be ordered as to Glasser , we do not at this time feel that it is proper to comment on the sufficiency of the evidence against Glasser . " = = = Frankfurter 's dissent = = = Justice Frankfurter , joined by Chief Justice Stone , in dissent , would not have reversed Glasser 's conviction . They argued that Glasser had acquiesced to the appointment by his silence , especially in light of his years of experience as a federal criminal prosecutor , and had failed to preserve the error by not objecting . Further , the dissent argued that the joint representation was beneficial : A conspiracy trial presents complicated questions of strategy for the defense . There are advantages and disadvantages in having separate counsel for each defendant or a single counsel for more than one . Joint representation is a means of insuring against reciprocal recrimination . A common defense often gives strength against a common attack . Further , the dissent denied that prejudice had arisen in the two examples highlighted by the majority . = = Subsequent developments = = On remand , Judge Stone denied Kretske probation and set his sentence to begin on April 10 , 1942 . Judge Sullivan dismissed a different indictment against Kretske on April 9 . Judge F. Ryan Duffy , of the Eastern District of Wisconsin , sitting by designation , denied a government motion to dismiss Kretske 's habeas petition on April 14 and set a hearing for the following day . Judge Duffy denied Kretske bail and denied the petition of April 15 . Pending retrial , Glasser was free on $ 2 @,@ 500 bail . Attorney General Francis Biddle appointed Edward A. Kelly as a special assistant to consider whether Glasser should be retried . Kelly recommended that Glasser not be retried , and Biddle wrote to Judge Evan Alfred Evans of the Seventh Circuit asking him to assign a judge to the nol pros motion ; Judge Evans assigned himself . Over the protests of Judge Evans , all charges against Glasser were dropped on January 6 , 1943 . Kelly argued to Judge Evans that there would be insufficient evidence at a retrial because much of the original evidence would not be admissible if Glasser were retried alone . Judge Evans was " suspicious " of the motion and " all but argued that the case had been fixed . " Glasser returned to private practice . = = Legacy = = = = = Conflict @-@ free counsel = = = Glasser was " the Supreme Court 's first vehicle for the examination of joint representation . " The Court continued to deal with this issue in Dukes v. Warden ( 1972 ) , Holloway v. Arkansas ( 1978 ) , Cuyler v. Sullivan ( 1980 ) , Burger v. Kemp ( 1987 ) , Wheat v. United States ( 1988 ) , and Mickens v. Taylor ( 2002 ) . Cuyler summarized Glasser as follows : Glasser established that unconstitutional multiple representation is never harmless error . Once the Court concluded that Glasser 's lawyer had an actual conflict of interest , it refused " to indulge in nice calculations as to the amount of prejudice " attributable to the conflict . The conflict itself demonstrated a denial of the " right to have the effective assistance of counsel . " Thus , a defendant who shows that a conflict of interest actually affected the adequacy of his representation need not demonstrate prejudice in order to obtain relief . But until a defendant shows that his counsel actively represented conflicting interests , he has not established the constitutional predicate for his claim of ineffective assistance . Justice Frankfurther 's statement in dissent that " A common defense often gives strength against a common attack " was quoted by the majority in Holloway . = = = Fair cross @-@ section of the community = = = Glasser is the first majority opinion of the Court to use the phrase " cross @-@ section of the community , " and the first jury discrimination case to invoke the Sixth Amendment ( rather than equal protection ) . " The democratic overhaul of the jury began with the Supreme Court 's decision in Glasser v. United States . " Prof. Barbara Underwood has opined that : Equal protection may have seemed inapt to the litigants or to the Court for a case of sex discrimination in 1942 , or it may have seemed inapt for a case of cross @-@ group challenge . The Sixth Amendment was not again invoked by the Supreme Court against jury discrimination for thirty years ; the Sixth Amendment did not ( yet ) apply to state juries , and in federal cases the Court seemed to prefer its supervisory power over lower federal courts . The Supreme Court would eventually reverse criminal convictions due to the exclusion of women from the jury pool in Taylor v. Louisiana ( 1975 ) and Duren v. Missouri ( 1979 ) . The fair cross @-@ section requirement was extended to civil cases in Thiel v. Southern Pacific Co . ( 1946 ) , where wage earners had been excluded from the jury pool .
= SMS Hildebrand = SMS Hildebrand was the fifth vessel of the six @-@ member Siegfried class of coastal defense ships ( Küstenpanzerschiffe ) built for the German Imperial Navy . Her sister ships were Siegfried , Beowulf , Frithjof , Heimdall , and Hagen . Hildebrand was built by the Kaiserliche Werft Kiel shipyard between 1890 and 1893 , and was armed with a main battery of three 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns . She served in the German fleet throughout the 1890s and was rebuilt in 1900 – 1902 . She served in the VI Battle Squadron after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , but saw no action . Hildebrand was demobilized in 1915 and used as a barracks ship thereafter . She ran aground while en route to the Netherlands for scrapping in 1919 , and was eventually broken up in situ in 1933 . = = Design = = Hildebrand was 79 meters ( 259 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 @.@ 9 m ( 49 ft ) and a maximum draft of 5 @.@ 74 m ( 18 @.@ 8 ft ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 741 long tons ( 3 @,@ 801 t ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two vertical 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines . Steam for the engines was provided by four coal @-@ fired boilers . The ship 's propulsion system provided a top speed of 14 @.@ 8 kn ( 27 @.@ 4 km / h ; 17 @.@ 0 mph ) and a range of approximately 1 @,@ 490 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 760 km ; 1 @,@ 710 mi ) at 10 kn ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Hildebrand had a crew of 20 officers and 256 enlisted men . The ship was armed with three 24 cm K L / 35 guns mounted in three single gun turrets . Two were placed side by side forward , and the third was located aft of the main superstructure . They were supplied with a total of 204 rounds of ammunition . The ship was also equipped with eight 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 30 guns in single mounts . Hildebrand also carried four 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes , all in swivel mounts on the deck . One was at the bow , another at the stern , and two amidships . The ship was protected by an armored belt that was 240 mm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) amidships , and an armored deck that was 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The conning tower had 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = Hildebrand was laid down in 1890 at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Kiel . She was launched on 6 August 1892 , and completed on 28 October 1893 . Hildebrand participated in the fleet maneuvers in 1894 , alongside two of her sister ships in the IV Division of the fleet . The Division was based in Danzig with some torpedo boats and operated as the German fleet in mock engagements with the I Division , which simulated the Russian Baltic Fleet . In 1897 , Hildebrand again participated in the annual summer maneuvers in the III Division , along with Siegfried and Beowulf . Her other three sisters were assigned to the IV Division . Hildebrand , Siegfried , Heimdall , and Ägir simulated the hostile fleet during the 1900 summer exercises . Hildebrand served on active duty with the fleet until 1901 , when she was taken into drydock at the Kaiserliche Werft shipyard in Danzig for an extensive reconstruction . The ship was lengthened to 86 @.@ 13 m ( 282 @.@ 6 ft ) , which increased displacement to 4 @,@ 236 t ( 4 @,@ 169 long tons ; 4 @,@ 669 short tons ) . Her old boilers were replaced with eight new Marine type boilers , and a second funnel was added . Her secondary battery was increased to ten 8 @.@ 8 cm guns , and the 35 cm torpedo tubes were replaced with three 45 cm ( 18 in ) tubes . Work was completed by 1902 . Hildebrand returned to the fleet after her modernization was completed , assigned to the II Squadron , alongside Heimdall , Hagen , and Beowulf . She remained in the fleet where she remained until the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , when she was mobilized into the VI Battle Squadron for coastal defense , along with her sister ships . On 31 August 1915 , the VI Battle Squadron was demobilized , and Hildebrand 's crew was transferred to other warships . She was then used as a barracks ship in Windau . On 17 June 1919 , she was stricken from the naval register . She was sold to the Netherlands for scrapping , but ran aground while en route to the breakers . In 1933 , her wreck was blown up and subsequently broken up in situ .
= Swayamvaram = Swayamvaram ( English : One 's Own Choice ) is a 1972 Indian Malayalam @-@ language drama film co @-@ written and directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan , starring Madhu and Sharada in the lead roles . Notable smaller roles were played by Thikkurisi Sukumaran Nair , Adoor Bhavani , K. P. A. C. Lalitha , and Bharath Gopi . The film depicts the life of a couple — Vishwam ( Madhu ) and Sita ( Sharada ) — who have married against their parents ' wishes and want to start a new life at a new place . The title is an allusion to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors . Swayamvaram marked several debuts — directorial of Gopalakrishnan , acting of the Malayalam star Bharath Gopi , and film producing of the Chitralekha Film Cooperative , an organisation cofounded by Gopalakrishnan himself . The film features an original score by M. B. Sreenivasan , camerawork by Mankada Ravi Varma , and film editing by Ramesan . Writer @-@ director K. P. Kumaran co @-@ scripted the film with Gopalakrishnan . It took seven years for Gopalakrishnan to get the project rolling when his initial proposal for a loan to make a film was turned down by the Film Finance Corporation ( FFC ) . The FFC later partially financed the film when Chitralekha provided the rest . The film received widespread critical acclaim . It pioneered the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema and became one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and outdoor locales . The film also became the first Indian film to use sound as a leitmotif . It was shown at various film festivals around the world , and won four National Film Awards at the 20th National Film Awards in 1973 , including Best Feature Film , Best Director for Gopalakrishnan , and Best Actress for Sharada . = = Plot = = A newly wed couple , Vishwam ( Madhu ) and Sita ( Sharada ) , have married against the preference of their families , and left their hometown . Both want to start a new life at a new place . Initially , they stay in a decent hotel but soon due to financial reasons they move to another , ordinary hotel . Vishwam , an educated , unemployed youth , is an aspiring writer and had some of his short stories published in the newspapers earlier . He dreams of having his novel , titled Nirvriti ( Ecstasy ) , published in the newspaper . He meets one of the newspaper editors ( Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair ) , who agrees to read his novel but declines to publish it as Vishwam does not have many writings to his credit . Sita is offered a job as a sales girl but cannot accept it because she is unable to pay the required security deposit of ₹ 1 @,@ 000 . With several unsuccessful attempts to get a job , the increasing financial pressure forces them to shift to a slum . With an old lady named Janaki ( Adoor Bhavani ) and a prostitute named Kalyani ( K. P. A. C. Lalitha ) as their neighbours , things do not work as desired for the couple and they end up selling Sita 's jewellery . Vishwam takes a job as a zoology teacher in college but soon loses it . He then accepts a job as a clerk in a timber shop with a meager salary , replacing one of the dismissed employees ( Bharath Gopi ) . Vishwam and Sita try to set up a happy home with their newborn baby , but soon their dreams fade as they struggle on precariously . When Vishwam falls ill , Sita tries for his betterment with all her capabilities but is unable to afford the medicines . She finally decides to call a doctor . However , Vishwam dies , leaving her alone with their infant baby . When Sita is advised to return to her parents after Vishwam 's death , she declines . The film ends with Sita feeding her baby and gazing at a painting from an Indian Hindu epic , Ramayana , depicting Sita Swayamvara and a closed door . = = Cast = = Madhu as Vishwam Sharada as Sita Adoor Bhavani as Janaki K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Kalyani , a prostitute Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair as a college principal P. K. Venukuttan Nair as Vasu , a small @-@ time smuggler Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair as an editor Karamana Janardanan Nair Bharath Gopi as a dismissed employee = = Production = = = = = Title = = = The title refers to the ancient Indian practice of a girl of marriageable age choosing a husband from among a list of suitors . It was also an affirmation to one of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 's beliefs about an individual 's right to make own choices . The film 's English title for international release was mainly One 's Own Choice , however it was shown at the Moscow International Film Festival under the title , On Own Will . Other translations of the Malayalam title have also been used , such as By Choice , Her Own Choice , Marriage by Choice , Betrothal by Choice , The Betrothal , and The Selection . = = = Development = = = While studying in the Film and Television Institute of India , Pune , Gopalakrishnan was influenced by the New Wave movement of global cinema and formed a film society in Kerala , named " Chitralekha Film Cooperative " , with his classmates in 1965 . Gopalakrishnan had initially submitted a romantic script Kamuki to the Film Finance Corporation ( now National Film Development Corporation of India or NFDC ) which they declined to finance . Later , he submitted the script for Swayamvaram , which Film Finance Corporation accepted and approved the loan of a ₹ 150 @,@ 000 ( US $ 2 @,@ 200 ) . However , it took seven years for him to get the film rolling , after he passed out of the Film and Television Institute of India . Gopalakrishnan co @-@ scripted the film with writer @-@ director K. P. Kumaran . The film was produced by Chitralekha Film Co @-@ operative , Kerala 's first film co @-@ operative society for film production , with Swayamvaram being their first feature film production . The film 's total budget was ₹ 250 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 700 ) and Gopalakrishnan used the money he had collected from his documentary productions . Initially , Chitralekha Film Co @-@ operative , the producer of the film had trouble distributing the film , so they decided to do it by themselves . = = = Casting = = = Gopalakrishan wanted fresh faces for both the lead roles and he had written letters to various heads of colleges and universities for the auditions . However , he did not receive any response from anywhere . For the female lead , Gopalakrishnan approached Sharada , one of the most successful actresses of her time . She was acting in commercial films when Gopalakrishnan asked her to star in Swayamvaram . Sharada was initially reluctant to commit herself to an art film , but agreed when Gopalakrishnan narrated the complete story to her at Prasad Studios , in Chennai . The male lead for the film , Madhu , was an old friend of Gopalakrishnan and had expressed a desire to act in one of his films . By the time Gopalakrishnan finished his studies and returned from FTII , Madhu was already a star in Malayalam cinema . Gopalakrishnan then decided to cast him opposite Sharada . Mentioning about his experience working with Gopalakrishnan and Swayamvaram , Madhu recollected in an interview that " [ ... ] when Gopalakrishnan narrated the story of Swayamvaram , I knew it was going to be different . " Years later he also mentioned that he " sometimes wished Prem Nazir had acted in Adoor 's Swayamvaram . He might have won a Bharath award . But he was very busy those days . " Malayalam actor @-@ director Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair was cast as a college principal . Bharath Gopi , who later became a major actor in the Malayalam film industry , made his film debut in Swayamvaram , doing a minor role as the dismissed factory employee who gets replaced by Madhu . Gopi was a noted stage actor before Swayamvaram and would later play the lead role in Gopalakrishnan 's second feature film , Kodiyettam , which earned him a reputation as one of the finest actors in Indian cinema and also inspired his screen name as " Bharath Gopi " or " Kodiyettam Gopi " . He won a Best Actor award , then known as " Bharat Award " , for the role at the 25th National Film Awards in 1977 . K. P. A. C. Lalitha , who would later play notable characters in many of Gopalakrishnan 's films , played a small role as a prostitute in Swayamvaram . Noted Malayalam writer and journalist Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair played a newspaper editor in the film . Gopalakrishnan praised him for his performance , expressing the difficulties of performing as oneself onscreen . = = = Filming = = = Due to financial crises , it took more than one and a half years for Gopalakrishnan to finish the film . Swayamvaram was one of the first Malayalam films to use synchronised sound and to be filmed in outdoor locales , for which Gopalakrishnan used his Nagra audio recorder . The film was shot in two schedules . It was delayed due to scheduling conflicts of the lead actress , Sharada . She was working in several films at that time , so Gopalakrishnan had to arrange the schedule to suit her convenience . The lead actor , Madhu , mentioned in an interview that Gopalakrishnan was clear about his characters and their behaviour . Gopalakrishnan also used to discuss the shoot with his crew before the shooting . The film marked the beginning of a collaboration between Gopalakrishnan and cinematographer Mankada Ravi Varma . Gopalakrishnan had seen Varma 's work in his second film as a cinematographer , Olavum Theeravum ( 1970 ) , and when he decided to work on Swayamvaram , Gopalakrishnan approached Varma with the script . Initially reluctant , Varma agreed to do the film due to its " extensive " and " very well written " script . Incidentally , Varma won his only National Film Award for Best Cinematography , with a career spanned over thirty years , for Swayamvaram . The film featured no songs and has only an original score by M. B. Sreenivasan . The editing of the film was done by Ramesan , whereas S. S. Nair and Devadathan worked together on the production design . Sound mixing was done by P. Devadas . The total budget of the film was ₹ 250 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 700 ) , where the Film Finance Corporation provided ₹ 150 @,@ 000 as a loan . = = Reception = = = = = Theatrical = = = The film had a lukewarm initial theatrical response . Gopalakrishnan was told that " If only he had some songs in it , it would have done well " . After the announcement of the National Film Awards , the film was re @-@ released in theatres and gathered better response this time , which also helped Gopalakrishnan repay the loan to FFC , the main producer of the film . The film participated in the competition section of the 8th Moscow International Film Festival in 1973 . = = = Critical = = = The previews of the film were held at various places , where it was well received by critics and audiences . Noted writer M. Govindan wrote a cover story in his magazine Sameeksha , and organised a seminar on the film in Chennai , then known as Madras . Various intellectuals and writers took part in it , including noted film experts like P. Bhaskaran and director Balu Mahendra . Noted critic and film director Vijayakrishnan mentioned that Devadas 's sound mixing work was one of the major attractions of the film . Considerable use of natural sound , apart from background music , was new for Malayalam cinema . Cast performances were also praised by critics . Bharath Gopi received considerable attention even for his minimal screen appearance . Though Madhu had acted previously in several films , including Ramu Kariat 's National Award @-@ winning film , Chemmeen ( 1965 ) , Swayamvaram marked a turning point in his career . Although most of the reviews were positive , some film experts were critical about the film . Amaresh Datta , in his book The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature , criticised the film for " following the neo @-@ realistic style " and showcasing " same old love story without any freshness added " . Poet and journalist C. P. Surendran called the film " disturbing " in one of his articles , criticising Gopalakrishnan and his films . Shyam Benegal , a film director and a well @-@ known admirer of Gopalakrishnan 's films , also mentioned that he was not particularly pleased with Swayamvaram . Some critics have pointed out its resemblance to Ritwik Ghatak 's Subarnarekha ( 1965 ) . Gopalakrishnan agreed on influences of Ghatak and Satyajit Ray but pointed that Swayamvaram 's treatment is different from Ghatak 's Subarnarekha as Swayamvaram is more about the trip . The film received little critical response in Kerala , which Gopalakrishnan referred to as " more of a question of insensitivity rather than personal enmity . " However , some noted critics like Moorkoth Kunhappa and T. M. P. Nedungadi praised the movie , with Nedungadi writing a response titled " Swayamvaram over , what next in Malayalam cinema ? " = = Legacy = = Swayamvaram pioneered the new wave cinema movement in Malayalam cinema . The film did not feature any dance numbers , comedy or melodramatic scenes , which were " usual ingredients " of films at that time , but it introduced viewers to then unknown techniques of film presentation , in which it was not merely used for " story @-@ telling " . It was an inevitable development for Malayalam cinema , as the film focused mainly on cinema rather than its story . The film also introduced film @-@ goers to a new cinematic art through the impulses generated by the film , which in turn were more important than the film itself . The film is also said to have divided Malayalam films into three different categories , " uncompromising art films " , " compromising films " which aimed at commercial success but tried maintaining a good deal of the artistic qualities , and the " commercial films " which purely aimed at box office success . Through Swayamvaram , Gopalakrishnan became the first Indian director to use sound as a leitmotif ( a recurring musical theme ) . The film provided a new experience to Indian cinema @-@ goers , as it used ample amounts of natural sounds with a minimalistic background score . = = Digital restoration = = The National Film Archive of India has digitally restored the film , and the restored version with improved subtitles in English was screened at the International Film Festival of India in November 2012 . Also , the University of Wisconsin – Milwaukee has acquired all of Gopalakrishnan 's features , including Swayamvaram , to restore and preserve . = = Awards = = 1973 Moscow International Film Festival ( Russia ) Adoor Gopalakrishnan – Nominated 1973 National Film Awards ( India ) National Film Award for Best Feature Film National Film Award for Best Director : Adoor Gopalakrishnan National Film Award for Best Actress : Sharada National Film Award for Best Cinematography : Mankada Ravi Varma 1973 Kerala State Film Awards ( India ) Kerala State Film Award for Best Photography ( Black @-@ and @-@ white ) : Mankada Ravi Varma Kerala State Film Award for Best Art Direction : Devadathan
= New York State Route 32B = New York State Route 32B ( NY 32B ) was a state highway in the Capital District region of New York , in the United States . The western terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 32 in Queensbury . Its eastern terminus was at a junction with U.S. Route 4 ( US 4 ) in Hudson Falls . NY 32B , named Warren Street in Queensbury and River Street in Hudson Falls , ran along the banks of the Hudson River as it went from Glens Falls to Hudson Falls . It crossed over the Glens Falls Feeder Canal near its junction with NY 32 in Queensbury . When NY 32B was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , it began at an intersection with US 4 and NY 32 in Northumberland and ended at US 9 in Glens Falls . The portion of the route between Northumberland and Hudson Falls was concurrent with US 4 upon assignment while the segment west of Boulevard in Queensbury became concurrent with NY 32 in 1949 . NY 32B was truncated north to Hudson Falls in the early 1940s and east to Boulevard c . 1962 . The route was partially replaced with NY 254 c . 1965 . = = Route description = = NY 32B , as routed at the time of its removal , began at the intersection of Boulevard ( then @-@ NY 32 ) , Warren Street ( NY 32 west of Boulevard ) , and Highland Avenue east of Glens Falls in the Warren County town of Queensbury . The route headed east along Warren Street ( here named Lower Warren Street ) , paralleling the eastern bank of the Hudson River . It crossed over the Glens Falls Feeder Canal prior to reaching the Warren – Washington county line . Here , Warren Street turns north to straddle the county line ; however , NY 32B continued southeastward into Hudson Falls on River Street . NY 32B ended five blocks later at a junction with US 4 in downtown Hudson Falls . = = History = = In 1924 , Warren Street in Glens Falls and River Street in Hudson Falls became part of NY 30 , a highway that initially extended from Mechanicville to the Vermont state line near Fair Haven by way of Glens Falls and Whitehall . It was realigned by 1926 to continue north from Whitehall toward the Canadian border . In 1926 , the portion of NY 30 between Glens Falls and Whitehall was included in the new US 4 , which began in Glens Falls and continued east from Whitehall into Vermont by way of NY 30 's former routing . It was rerouted to follow its modern alignment south of Hudson Falls as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . US 4 's former routing between Glens Falls and Hudson Falls became part of NY 32B , a new route assigned in the renumbering that continued south to NY 32 in Northumberland by way of an overlap with US 4 . NY 32B was gradually truncated as time went on . In the early 1940s , NY 32B was cut back on its east end to its junction with US 4 in Hudson Falls , eliminating its lengthy overlap with US 4 along the Hudson River . The route would have been severed from its parent , NY 32 , as a result ; however , NY 32 was extended northeastward along US 9 from South Glens Falls to NY 32B in Glens Falls by this time . On January 1 , 1949 , NY 32 was extended east to US 4 in Hudson Falls by way of Warren Street , Boulevard , and Feeder Street . The resulting overlap between NY 32 and NY 32B along Warren Street from downtown Glens Falls to Boulevard remained in place until c . 1962 when NY 32B was truncated on its western end to the eastern terminus of the overlap . NY 32B ceased to exist altogether c . 1965 when the portion of NY 32B east of the newly constructed Quaker Road was incorporated into the new NY 254 . The segment of former NY 32B that did not become part of NY 254 — located on Lower Warren Street in Queensbury — is now NY 911E , an unsigned reference route 0 @.@ 20 miles ( 0 @.@ 32 km ) in length . It is one of three reference routes in Warren County . The NY 656 designation is reserved by the New York State Department of Transportation as a signed replacement for NY 911E ; however , there is no timetable for its assignment . = = Major intersections = =
= Garnet Malley = Garnet Francis Malley , MC , AFC ( 2 November 1892 – 20 May 1961 ) was an Australian fighter ace of World War I , credited with six aerial victories . He was an aviation adviser to Chiang Kai @-@ shek 's government in China during the 1930s , and an intelligence officer in World War II . Born in Sydney , Malley first saw service in World War I as an artilleryman with the Australian Imperial Force . He transferred to the Australian Flying Corps in 1917 , and the following year flew Sopwith Camels with No. 4 Squadron on the Western Front . Malley was awarded the Military Cross for his achievements in combat , and his subsequent work as a flying instructor in England earned him the Air Force Cross . After a spell in civilian life following the war , Malley joined the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) in 1925 , serving with No. 3 Squadron . He became an aviation adviser to China in 1931 , and worked closely with Madame Chiang Kai @-@ shek , Soong Mei @-@ ling , from 1937 . Malley was able to observe air tactics in the Sino @-@ Japanese War at first hand , though his reports were given little weight in Australia . Returning home in 1940 , he served in intelligence roles with the RAAF and later the Commonwealth government . After the war he bought a plantation in Fiji , where he died in 1961 . = = Early life = = Garnet Francis Malley , the second youngest of six children of Clara Ellen Merritt and Francis Malley , was born in Mosman , a suburb of Sydney , on 2 November 1892 . His father , an ironworker originally from Gosford , founded the whitegoods firm Malley 's . He later served two terms as alderman of Mosman Council . Garnet Malley attended the Church of England Preparatory School in Mosman , The School in Mount Victoria , and Hawkesbury Agricultural College in Richmond . At the outbreak of World War I he was an apprentice mechanic at Malley 's . = = World War I = = Malley joined the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) on 12 October 1915 . He departed Melbourne for Egypt as a gunner with reinforcements of the 1st Field Artillery Brigade aboard HMAT Wandilla on 9 November . In March 1916 , he was posted to the Western Front in France , and joined his unit in May . The 1st Brigade took part in the Battles of Pozières and Mouquet Farm in July and August 1916 . Malley transferred to the Australian Flying Corps ( AFC ) as a mechanic in April 1917 , before undertaking flying instruction at the Oxford University air school . He was commissioned a second lieutenant on 9 October and assigned to No. 4 Squadron AFC , then based in Birmingham . Equipped with Sopwith Camel fighters , No. 4 Squadron deployed to Bruay , France , in December 1917 , and commenced operations on 9 January 1918 . That same day Malley , nicknamed " Garnie " ( or " George " , by No. 4 Squadron 's leading ace , Harry Cobby ) , was promoted lieutenant . On 16 March , he achieved his first aerial victory , sending a fighter belonging to Manfred von Richthofen 's Red Circus out of control above Annoeullin , near Douai . Early reports identified the German plane as an Albatros , but later sources record it as a Pfalz D.III. Malley claimed two Albatroses on 23 March 1918 , during an attack on German positions in Vaulx @-@ Vraucourt , near Bapaume . Three days later he was promoted captain and appointed a flight commander . The official history of Australia in the war credits Malley with the destruction of a Pfalz over Wytschaete on 10 May , though it does not appear in other accounts of his final tally . Four days later , he and Lieutenant Roy King each claimed a German two @-@ seater spotting for artillery between Ypres and Bailleul . On 30 May , Malley and Cobby led their flights on a bombing mission in the Lys region , after which they each destroyed a German observation balloon over Estaires . Malley 's final victory , over the Lys on 1 June , was a Pfalz D.III. His official tally was six German aircraft destroyed — four fighters , an observation balloon , and an unidentified observation plane — and he was wounded in action twice , by a bullet through the leg in March , and by shrapnel from anti @-@ aircraft fire in May . He was awarded the Military Cross on 22 June . The citation was promulgated in The London Gazette : Lt. ( T. / Capt. ) Garnet Francis Malley , Aust . F.C. , attd . R.F.C. For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty . When on offensive and low @-@ flying patrol he attacked one of two hostile scouts , which eventually turned over and fell out of control , being seen to crash by another pilot . Later , a general engagement ensued with four enemy scouts , one of which he attacked , with the result that it fell completely out of control and crashed . Prior to this occasion he had also shot down out of control another hostile machine . His courage and able leadership have resulted in his patrol carrying out excellent work under the most adverse conditions . Malley took temporary command of No. 4 Squadron at the end of June 1918 , overseeing its move from Clairmarais North to a new airfield at Reclinghem . In August , he was posted to No. 5 ( Training ) Squadron AFC at Minchinhampton , England . The squadron was part of the 1st Training Wing , led by Lieutenant Colonel Oswald Watt . Malley 's rotation to home establishment was in accordance with Royal Air Force policy requiring pilots to be rested and serve as instructors after nine to twelve months in combat . Known for flying a white Camel trainer , he received the Air Force Cross for his instructional work ; the award was promulgated on 3 June 1919 . = = Inter @-@ war years = = No. 5 Squadron was disbanded in May 1919 . Along with many other Australian Flying Corps personnel , including Colonel Watt , Major King , and Captain Les Holden , Malley returned to Australia aboard the troopship Kaisar @-@ i @-@ Hind , disembarking in Sydney on 19 June . He subsequently toured the country to promote the Peace Loan . On 24 August , while travelling from Melbourne to Sydney to commence his series of demonstration flights around New South Wales , Malley crashed his Avro 504K during takeoff from Benalla , Victoria . He was uninjured but had to return to Melbourne and eventually made his way north by train . Resuming his aerial program , he was reported on 17 September as having " thrilled " lunch @-@ time crowds in Sydney the previous day with " three daring spiral dives " over Hyde Park . Malley was discharged from the AIF on 4 October 1919 , and commissioned a captain in the Commonwealth Military Forces Reserve on 1 July 1920 . He rejoined Malley 's as a warehouse manager in 1921 . In May that year , he served with Les Holden and other veteran pilots as a pall @-@ bearer at Watt 's funeral in Randwick . On 25 January 1922 , Malley married Phyllis Kathleen Dare in Mosman . The union would produce one son , Maldon . Malley was acknowledged as both a source and a reviewer by F.M. Cutlack in the latter 's volume on the Australian Flying Corps , first published in 1923 as part of the official history of Australia in the war . Malley relinquished his appointment in the Commonwealth Military Forces on 18 June 1925 . The following day , he was commissioned a flight lieutenant in the Citizen Air Force , the part @-@ time active reserve of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He served as a pilot with No. 3 Squadron , which operated Airco DH.9s and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s. Formed at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria , the squadron transferred to the newly opened RAAF Richmond , New South Wales , on 30 June . From 1925 to 1928 , Malley was vice president of the Australian Flying Corps Association . In January 1928 , he was promoted to honorary squadron leader , and temporarily commanded No. 3 Squadron in March – April . That year , he gave up his position with Malley 's to become an aviation consultant to Australian National Airways ( ANA ) , as well as a director of the company . In January – February 1929 , he again temporarily commanded No. 3 Squadron . That April , he was a member of the citizens ' committee responsible for organising and funding the search for the Southern Cross and its crew , Charles Kingsford Smith and Charles Ulm , who had force @-@ landed in North West Australia during a flight from Richmond to England . Les Holden eventually located the missing airmen near the Kimberley region . In 1930 , Malley transferred to the ( inactive ) RAAF Reserve . By 1931 , ANA was in financial difficulties and Malley travelled to China to take up a position as an aviation adviser to Chiang Kai @-@ shek 's government in Kwangtung . Details of Malley 's exact duties over the next five years — a time of civil war and Japanese infiltration — remain uncertain . He spent some time in Australia on holiday in 1936 , after which he returned to his advisory role in China . On 1 February 1937 , through the influence of the British Foreign Office , Malley 's status was enhanced when he was made an honorary wing commander in the RAAF Reserve . He was by now serving as adviser to Madame Chiang Kai @-@ shek , Soong Mei @-@ ling , in her capacity as secretary @-@ general of the aeronautical commission that directed China 's air force ; May @-@ Ling extended to Malley her " warmest congratulations " for his " well deserved " promotion . One of the tasks she assigned him was investigating corrupt procurement practices in the government . Malley found that the air ministry was being defrauded by foreign agents and Chinese officials colluding to charge inflated prices for military equipment . Malley 's stay increasingly involved him in the fighting in China ; his wife would relate three years of night @-@ time air raids to her friends upon the couple 's return to Australia in 1940 . In May 1938 , he advised the Chief of the Air Staff , Air Vice @-@ Marshal Richard Williams : " there is a first @-@ class war on here , which must eventually affect Australia and its defence schemes " . Williams and other members of the RAAF may , however , have perceived Malley as exaggerating the importance of his role in China , particularly given his apparent delight in its ceremonial aspects . In one letter , he regaled Williams with stories of an inspection tour around the country , declaring : " I ... can just imagine how much you would have enjoyed it – landing on aerodromes that were all polished up for inspection . Being met by provincial dignitaries and lavishly entertained . I had to drink every conceivable Chinese wine that was ever made , and to eat foods unheard of in Australia ! " At any rate , Malley 's reports of Japanese air tactics , and the value his observations might have held for Australia in the event of war in the Pacific , were largely discounted by his home government . = = World War II and later life = = Malley was recalled to Australia in July 1940 , departing China with a note of thanks from May @-@ Ling for his " loyal service " before rejoining the RAAF on active service as a squadron leader in October . He became the Air Force representative at the Combined Operational Intelligence Centre ( COIC ) , Melbourne , a tri @-@ service organisation responsible for intelligence collection , analysis and dissemination . Drawing on his knowledge of Japanese raids on Chinese airfields in the 1930s , Malley visited several RAAF stations in northern Australia to advise on protective measures ; it became evident in the wake of the attack on Darwin in February 1942 that none of his recommendations had been implemented . COIC primarily handled naval intelligence , so Army and Air Force participation was part @-@ time initially . By April 1941 , Malley had been assigned a full @-@ time role , and the RAAF was maintaining a round @-@ the @-@ clock presence . He was promoted to honorary wing commander in October 1941 , and two months later succeeded Commander Rupert Long as Director of COIC . Malley was raised to acting group captain on 1 July 1942 , but ill health forced him to relinquish his post on 3 October . He was discharged from the Air Force as medically unfit on 9 June 1943 . General Douglas MacArthur praised Malley for his " foresight , planning , and organizational ability " . The former aviator went on to work as officer @-@ in @-@ charge of the Chinese section at the Commonwealth Security Service in Canberra from January 1944 to March 1947 as an honorary group captain . In 1948 , Malley 's war service was recognised by the United States with the award of the Legion of Merit . By 1949 , he had procured a yacht , the Royal Flight , which was used as a setting in the film The Blue Lagoon . The following year , the family bought a coconut plantation on Vanua Balavu , Fiji . In September 1951 , Malley and his wife toured the world , visiting Algiers , Guadaloupe , Curaçao , Martinique , and Tahiti . They subsequently returned to live on their Fijian plantation , and rode out the 1953 Suva earthquake and tidal wave . Garnet Malley died of a heart attack on 20 May 1961 . Survived by his wife and son , he was buried at sea in an Anglican ceremony . The commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Taiwanese air force sent condolences , paying tribute to the " invaluable " contribution Malley had made during his decade in China , which would " be long remembered " .
= Praise You In This Storm = " Praise You In This Storm " is a song recorded by contemporary Christian music band Casting Crowns , released by Beach Street and Reunion Records . Written by Mark Hall and Bernie Herms and produced by Mark A. Miller , it was released on January 28 , 2006 as the second radio single from the band 's 2005 album Lifesong . Inspired by the band 's experience with a girl , Erin Browning , who died of cancer , the song has the lyrical theme of maintaining faith through difficult circumstances . A power ballad , " Praise You In This Storm " incorporates a wall of sound dynamic into its alternative CCM and adult alternative sound . " Praise You In This Storm " received positive reviews from music critics , who praised the song 's sound and lyrical theme . It was nominated for two awards at the 38th GMA Dove Awards , winning the award for Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year . It peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts and also topped the Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational charts . It has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , signifying sales of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . = = Background and recording = = Lead vocalist Mark Hall says that " Praise You In This Storm " was inspired by the band 's experience with a young girl , Erin Browning . The band made arrangements to meet Erin , who had performed a dance at her public school to one of the band 's songs , and her family on Valentine 's Day 2004 before one of their concerts . Right around the time the band connected with Erin and her family was when she was found to have cancer . Erin died on November 1 , 2004 . According to Hall , " Watching [ Erin 's mother ] walk through this really showed me truth about my worship . Watching her walk through a real storm showed me that my worship was extremely situational " . Hall began writing the song before Erin 's death and told her about it , but was not able to complete it before she died . " Praise You In This Storm " was written by Mark Hall and Bernie Herms . It was produced by Mark A. Miller , with recording and mixing done by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional recording was done at Lifesong Studio in McDonough , Georgia . It was mastered by Richard Dodd and engineered by Dale Oliver and John Lewis Lee III . The strings on " Praise You In This Storm " were arranged by Bobby Huff and were recorded at Little Big Studio by Boeho Shin and Daewoo Kim . = = Composition = = " Praise You In This Storm " is a song with a length of four minutes and fifty @-@ seven seconds . According to the sheet music published by Musicnotes.com , it is set in common time in the key of G ♯ minor and has a tempo of 84 beats per minute . Mark Hall 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B3 to the high note of E5 . A power ballad , " Praise You In This Storm " is an alternative CCM and adult alternative song . It utilizes a wall of sound dynamic and its lyrical theme , " maintaining faith through difficult circumstances " , has been compared to that of the biblical character Job . = = Critical reception and accolades = = " Praise You In This Storm " received positive reviews from music critics following the release of Lifesong . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today said " it 's vertical in focus and a typical @-@ sounding power ballad , but it 's not hard to imagine people latching on to its powerful Job @-@ like expression of faith and hope . " . John DiBiase of Jesus Freak Hideout praised it as " sonic " and called it a " passionate and emotional worship experience " . Brian Mansfield of USA Today felt that the song 's lyric " I was sure by now that You would have reached down and wiped our tears away / Stepped in and saved the day / But once again , I say ' Amen , ' and it 's still raining " would resonate with listeners . " Praise You In This Storm " won the award for Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards ; it was also nominated for Song of the Year at that same event . At the 39th GMA Dove Awards , " Praise You In This Storm " was nominated for Worship Song of the Year . = = Release and chart performance = = " Praise You In This Storm " was included as the second track on Casting Crowns ' album Lifesong , which was released on August 30 , 2005 . It was later released as a single to Christian AC , Christian CHR , and Soft AC / Inspirational radio on January 28 , 2006 . It debuted at number twenty @-@ five on the Billboard Hot Christian Songs chart for the chart week of February 18 , 2006 . It advanced to number nineteen in its second chart week and to number ten in its sixth week . It entered the top five in its eight chart week , moving to number three , and advanced to number two in its twelfth chart week . In its fifteenth chart week , " Praise You In This Storm " hit the number one position ; it held that spot for a total of seven consecutive weeks . In total , " Praise You In This Storm " spent a total of forty weeks on the Hot Christian Songs chart . It also peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Christian AC chart and the Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational charts . On the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart , " Praise You In This Storm " peaked at number three . " Praise You In This Storm " ranked at number two on the 2006 year @-@ end Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Hot Christian AC charts . It also ranked at number two on the 2006 year @-@ end Radio & Records Christian AC and Soft AC / Inspirational charts and number five on the 2006 year @-@ end Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . It ranked at number eleven on the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian AC chart and at number thirteen on the 2000s decade @-@ end Hot Christian Songs chart . The song was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on September 26 , 2011 , signifying sales of over 500 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States , and was certified Platinum on November 13 , 2015 , certifying sales of over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . = = Live performances = = Since the release of Lifesong , Casting Crowns has performed " Praise You In This Storm " in concert . At a concert on November 12 , 2005 at Stabler Arena in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , Casting Crowns performed the song as the fifth one on their set list . The performed it at a concert on March 22 , 2008 at Jacksonville Veterans Memorial Arena in Jacksonville , Florida and at a concert on February 3 , 2010 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City , Missouri . On February 28 , 2010 in Hershey , Pennsylvania , they performed it as the fourth @-@ to @-@ last song of the concert . Casting Crowns performed " Praise You In This Storm " in concert on February 16 , 2012 at the Van Andel Arena in Grand Rapids , Michigan and on March 8 , 2012 at the Freedom Hall in Johnson City , Tennessee . = = Track listing = = Digital download " Praise You In This Storm " – 4 : 57 = = Credits and personnel = = Credits lifted from the album liner notes of Lifesong . = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release and radio history = =
= Ranulf Flambard = Ranulf Flambard ( sometimes Ralph Flambard , Ranulph Flambard , or Ranulf Passiflamme ; c . 1060 – 5 September 1128 ) was a medieval Norman Bishop of Durham and an influential government minister of King William Rufus of England . Ranulf was the son of a priest of Bayeux , Normandy , and his nickname Flambard means incendiary or torch @-@ bearer , and may have referred to his personality . He started his career under King William I of England , probably in the compilation of the Domesday Book , as well as being the keeper of the king 's seal . On the death of William I , Ranulf chose to serve the new king of England , William Rufus . Under Rufus , he continued to hold the king 's seal , and also became involved in the financial administration of the kingdom , where he quickly made a name for himself by his novel methods of raising revenue . He was given custody of a number of vacant ecclesiastical offices , administering at one point sixteen vacant bishoprics or abbeys . His many duties have led to him being considered the first Chief Justiciar of England . During Rufus ' reign , Ranulf supervised the construction of the first stone bridge in London and oversaw the construction of the king 's hall at Westminster . In 1099 he was rewarded with the bishopric of Durham . On the death of Rufus in 1100 , Ranulf was imprisoned in the Tower of London by Rufus ' successor Henry I of England . Ranulf was a convenient scapegoat for the financial extortions of Rufus ' reign . He became the first prisoner to escape from the Tower and went into exile in Normandy with Rufus ' and Henry 's older brother Robert Curthose , the Duke of Normandy . Ranulf became a leading advisor to Robert , and assisted in his unsuccessful invasion of England , an attempt to oust Henry from the throne . The brothers reconciled , but although Ranulf was restored to office he spent the next few years in Normandy , returning only after Henry had defeated Robert at the Battle of Tinchebray . Ranulf subsequently retired from political life , with only occasional appearances in public . He remained active in ecclesiastical affairs , attending councils and working to defend the rights of his see . = = Early life = = Ranulf was a Norman and the son of Thurstin , a parish priest in the diocese of Bayeux . Ranulf was probably born about 1060 , as he was close to 70 when he died in 1128 . Originally he worked for Odo of Bayeux , but he soon entered the chancery of King William I , Odo 's half @-@ brother . He stood out amongst the other clerks for his intelligence and his good looks . His nickname , Flambard , means torch @-@ bearer , incendiary or devouring flame ; and may have been given to him for his high @-@ spirited personality . Orderic Vitalis , a medieval chronicler , records that Robert fitzThurstin gave the nickname to Ranulf , because Robert resented the fact that Ranulf , though of low birth , ordered the nobility around . Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury told the pope that the nickname came from Ranulf 's cruelty , which Anselm likened to a consuming flame . Orderic went on to claim that Ranulf was " educated from boyhood with base parasites among the hangers @-@ on of the court " . Ranulf acquired the reputation of an able financier and administrator , and helped to increase the royal revenues . He appears to have played an important part in the compilation of the Domesday survey , perhaps even the main orchestrator of the project . Domesday Book gives his profession as clerk , and records him holding land in a number of counties . Before the death of the old king he became chaplain to Maurice , Bishop of London , whom he had formerly served in the chancery . Some sources call him " almost illiterate " , but this probably meant he was not formally educated in the liberal arts . His work in the chancery and as an administrator would have required knowledge of Latin . He also served as the keeper of the king 's seal from about 1085 . Once , while he was traveling in the Thames estuary with the seal , he was captured by pirates . Thinking quickly , he prevented the capture of the seal by throwing the seal into the sea . Although he served William the Conqueror , he does not attest a single genuine charter or writ of William 's , which implies he was not a leading servant . When King William died and his lands were split between his elder son Robert Curthose , who received Normandy , and the third son , William Rufus , who received England , Ranulf chose to serve Rufus in England . = = Work under Rufus = = Before the death of William the Conqueror , Ranulf held a prebend in the diocese of Salisbury . Early in the reign of Rufus he held the offices of dean of Christchurch in Twynham , Hampshire and was a prebendary of London and Lincoln . He was still keeper of the king 's seal , and also may have been in charge of the royal scriptorium . He is usually described as the chaplain of Rufus , but he is also called treasurer and sometimes capitalis justicaiarius . Other times his role is given the title procurator . William of Malmesbury calls him the " manager of the whole kingdom " . At Christchurch , he reduced the number of canons serving the church from 25 to 13 , through not replacing clerks who died . Ranulf kept the revenues that would have gone to the missing canons and used it to rebuild the church . Some medieval sources claim that in rebuilding the church at Twynham , he not only demolished the church he was replacing , but nine others that were nearby . As chief financial administrator , he bore the brunt of the chronicler 's condemnations for extortion and efforts to increase royal revenues . Besides attempts to increase the efficiency of collection and the rate of taxation , Ranulf created new methods of raising money . One of his new measures in revenue collection came in 1094 , when the fyrd , or English militia , was assembled in order to fight in Normandy against the king 's brother Robert Curthose . When all the men had assembled , instead of sending them to Normandy , Ranulf dismissed them , after collecting the 10 shillings that each man had been given by their district for maintenance . Ranulf then spent the money on mercenaries . Ranulf also actively pressed lawsuits , including bringing suit against Anselm on the day of Anselm 's consecration as Archbishop of Canterbury . Another innovation was the attempt to collect a relief , much like the relief due from vassals at the death of an overlord , from the under @-@ tenants of church lands when the church office changed hands . This attempt came at the death of Wulfstan , Bishop of Worcester in 1095 , when the king sent writs to the free tenants of the bishop , setting the amount of relief owed to the king . This attempt was not repeated , however . He administered for the king a large proportion of the vacant ecclesiastical offices . He personally managed sixteen abbeys or bishoprics . Eventually he obtained the wealthy see of Durham for himself in May 1099 , being consecrated on 5 June 1099 . He had been the custodian of the see since the death of the previous bishop in early 1096 . At his consecration , he managed to avoid giving a profession of obedience to Thomas the Archbishop of York , just as his predecessor had done . William of Malmesbury , a medieval chronicler , accused Ranulf of paying 1 @,@ 000 pounds for the bishopric . He was given ecclesiastical jurisdiction over Carlisle and Cumbria , because his predecessors had done so as bishops of Lindisfarne , but he only exercised this for a short time , as after the accession of Henry I jurisdiction over these areas was transferred to the diocese of York . It has been suggested that Ranulf may have been the first Justiciar of all England ( or chief justiciar ) , although he never held the title and it is not clear if his power was as extensive as Roger of Salisbury in the following reign . He ran the government of England while Rufus was fighting in Normandy , not only raising money , but issuing writs and judging court cases . William of Malmesbury in describing Ranulf 's financial efforts said that he " skinned the rich , ground the down the poor , and swept other men 's inheritances into his net . " Another medieval chronicler , Orderic Vitalis , said that Ranulf planned to revise the survey of England , almost certainly Domesday Book , and that he planned to use that revised survey to confiscate all excess holdings over a certain amount . If this was really planned , it was never carried out . Ranulf often worked in concert with Haimo the dapifer , or seneschal , and Urse d 'Abetot in carrying out royal judgements . On one occasion , they , along with Robert Bloet the Bishop of Lincoln , reassessed the lands of Thorney Abbey for taxes . On another occasion , they were ordered along with Ralph de Luffa Bishop of Chichester to see that the abbey of Fecamp received custody of a church at Steyning . Others who often worked with Ranulf were Robert FitzHaimo , Roger Bigod , and Eudo the dapifer . These men are sometimes considered by historians to be the first Barons of the Exchequer . There are also signs during Ranulf 's administration of resident justices in the counties who held courts for the king . Itinerant justices were probably also used to hear pleas that were reserved to the crown . While administering England for Rufus , Ranulf also supervised construction projects . Under his management , the first stone bridge in London was constructed . Ranulf also built a wall around the White Tower in London , enclosing the inner ward . A new hall at Westminster was also built , of which the outside walls of Westminster Hall are still surviving . He started building the church at Christchurch at Twynham , which he had been granted by Rufus . After Rufus ' death , the church was confiscated from Ranulf , and building work ceased . The crypts and transepts of the current church , however , date from Ranulf 's construction work . = = Under Henry I = = At the succession of King Henry I , the new king imprisoned Ranulf in the Tower of London on 15 August 1100 on charges of embezzlement . His custodian , William de Mandeville , allowed the bishop to escape on 3 February 1101 . Flambard was not only the first inmate of the prison , but also the first person to escape from it . A popular legend represents the bishop as descending from the window of his cell by a rope which friends had smuggled to him in a flagon of wine . Ranulf gave the wine to his guards , and after they were drunk and asleep , climbed down the rope to escape . His friends had arranged a ship to transport Ranulf , some of the bishop 's treasure , and the bishop 's elderly mother to Normandy . He took refuge across the English Channel with Henry 's brother Robert Curthose , where he became one of the duke 's principal advisors . King Henry dispossessed Ranulf of his lands at Whitsun in 1101 , and the new Archbishop of York Gerard deposed him from his bishopric . The Archbishop of Canterbury , Anselm arranged for Flambard 's trial in a papal court for simony , and a papal decree was issued against Ranulf . As Robert 's advisor , he pressed the duke to dispute Henry 's claim to the crown of England . The historian David Crouch says that Ranulf " had to provide the strategic vision and energy that Duke Robert lacked " , and other historians have agreed that Ranulf 's arrival was the catalyst to Curthose 's ability to mount an invasion . Ranulf was in charge of organizing transport for the duke 's invasion of England , and also secured the defection of some of Henry 's ships , thus allowing the fleet to land safely . Robert invaded England in July 1101 along with Ranulf , but Robert agreed at the Treaty of Alton on 2 August 1101 to renounce his claim to the English throne . Although no chronicler mentions Ranulf being present at Alton , he probably was there . Ranulf was pardoned in the treaty and restored to his bishopric , but he chose to stay with Robert for five more years . Some historians , including C. W. Hollister , see the treaty as mainly Ranulf 's work , as mainly an attempt to salvage his ecclesiastical career in England , along with a displacement of Ranulf from being the chief councillor of Curthose to merely being one of many . Robert rewarded Ranulf for his advice during the invasion by entrusting him with the administration of the see of Lisieux . After Robert 's defeat by Henry at Tinchebray in 1106 , the bishop was among the first to make his peace with Henry , and returned to Durham . He retired from political life . Henry had already replaced him with Roger of Salisbury an able financier who was infinitely more acceptable to the nation . Although some historians have theorized that Ranulf 's time in Normandy was as an agent of Henry , it appears that Ranulf was mainly looking out for his own interests and those of his family . In 1108 , Ranulf was dragged into the middle of the ongoing dispute between Archbishop Anselm and the newly appointed Archbishop of York , Thomas over whether or not Thomas should profess obedience to Anselm . Because Anselm refused to consecrate Thomas without a profession , and Thomas refused to profess , Thomas was unable to consecrate bishops himself . Ranulf wrote to Anselm , asking that he might act as Thomas ' surrogate and consecrate Thurgot as Bishop of St Andrew 's . In September 1108 , Anselm wrote to Ranulf forbidding anyone but Thomas or Anselm himself to consecrate Thurgot or any other bishops . Later , Ranulf tried to bribe King Henry to take Thomas ' side . Thurgot had been prior of the cathedral chapter at Durham , but had disagreed with Ranulf , who arranged for him to be elected to St Andrew 's as a solution to the quarrel . It was Ranulf who ordained Thurstan , the archbishop @-@ elect of York , as a priest in 1115 , although Thurstan had to wait for consecration as bishop for another four years . Ranulf attended the Council of Reims in 1119 held by Pope Callixtus II . In 1125 John of Crema , the papal legate to England , visited Durham to investigate charges against the bishop . Medieval chroniclers told the story that the legate was much taken with Ranulf 's niece , and after sleeping with the girl , took no action on the charges against Ranulf . The story is unlikely to be true . = = Death and legacy = = Ranulf worked to complete the cathedral which his predecessor , William de St @-@ Calais , had begun ; fortified Durham with a wall around Durham Castle , built Norham Castle to help defend the Tweed River ; and endowed the collegiate church of Christchurch , Hampshire . He built or expanded other churches , including the one at Christchurch in Hampshire which he had endowed , and St. Martin 's in Dover . The first stone bridge at Durham was completed by his instruction in 1120 , the so @-@ called Framwellgate Bridge , a bridge described as " of wonderful workmanship . " He cleared and levelled the Palace Green in Durham between the castle and the cathedral . While the chroniclers mainly condemned Ranulf for his morals , his own cathedral chapter held him in high esteem because of his building activities and his defence of the rights of Durham . Although he usurped some of the income of the cathedral chapter , the money from those rights was used to complete the cathedral rebuilding , and later restored the income to the monks as well as increasing the endowment . At his death , the cathedral walls were complete up to " the covering " , which probably means the vault instead of the roof . Flambard attracted scholars to his household , and reformed the administration of the diocese , by dividing it into archdeaconries . Ranulf oversaw the translation of Saint Cuthbert 's relics to a new tomb in a lavish ceremony . He was also a patron to the hermit Saint Godric , whom he befriended . One of Ranulf 's brothers was Fulcher , who was Bishop of Lisieux in 1101 . Another brother was Osbern , who was a royal clerk for Rufus , and the last brother was Geoffrey . Fulcher may have been appointed bishop to enable Ranulf to exploit the see while Ranulf was in exile in Normandy . Ranulf had a son , Thomas , who also held the see of Lisieux , right after his uncle . Like his uncle , he may have been appointed as a placeholder to allow his father to appropriate the revenues of Lisieux . Ranulf 's mistress was an Englishwoman named Alveva or Ælfgifu , who was the mother of at least two of his sons . Alveva 's sons were Ranulf , who was an archdeacon , and Elias . When Ranulf became bishop , he married her to a burgess of Huntingdon , but remained on good terms with both Alveva and her spouse , often staying with them when he travelled away from Durham . Alveva was the aunt of Christina of Markyate , and Christina is said to have rebuffed the bishop 's attempts to seduce her in 1114 . Alveva and Ranulf 's son Elias held a prebend at London and was a royal clerk under Henry I. Ranulf 's son Ralf was parson of Middleham and held a prebend at London too . He was a member of Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury 's household after 1138 . Some of Ranulf 's sons were educated at Laon under William de Corbeil , who was one of Ranulf 's clerks . One of Ranulf 's nephews , Ralf , was archdeacon of Northumberland and during the reign of King Stephen helped to hold the diocese of Durham loyal to Stephen . Other nephews were Osbert , who was sheriff of Durham , and Robert , Richard , and William who held fiefs . Unrelated to Ranulf , William of Corbeil became one of Ranulf 's household clerks , and was eventually to be elected Archbishop of Canterbury in 1123 . Ranulf died on 5 September 1128 . He was buried in his chapter house in Durham , where his tomb was opened in 1874 . His skeleton is still extant , and examination of it reveals that he would have been about 5 ft 9 in ( 1 @.@ 75 m ) tall . He was fond of clothes and was always richly dressed . While he was efficient in collecting the royal revenues , he was generous to his own men , and later in life gave liberally to the poor . His crozier and signet ring were found in his grave , and they were rather plain . An oddity of his grave was that he was buried on top of a layer of charcoal that was laid over alternating layers of lime and dirt . Ranulf 's reputation has suffered because of the hostility of the monastic chroniclers to both himself and to Rufus . Many chroniclers decried his financial ruthlessness and his lax morals . Orderic described Ranulf 's career as " addicted to feasts and carousals and lusts ; cruel and ambitious , prodigal to his own adherents , but rapacious in seizing the goods of other men " . Besides the chroniclers , Archbishop Anselm of Canterbury wrote to Pope Paschal II , while Ranulf was in exile , describing Ranulf as " a rent collector of the worst possible reputation . " William of Malmesbury said that Flambard was a " plunderer of the rich , destroyer of the poor " . Victorian historians , including E. A. Freeman , vilified Ranulf , and Freeman especially held that Ranulf was a " malignant genius " . Modern historians have embraced a more moderate view , starting with Richard Southern in 1933 . The historian David Bates felt that he , along with his successor Roger of Salisbury , " were essentially the chief managers of the king 's finance and justice " .
= 2007 – 08 Pittsburgh Penguins season = The 2007 – 08 Pittsburgh Penguins season was the franchise 's 41st season in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . Their regular season began on October 5 , 2007 , against the Carolina Hurricanes and concluded on April 6 , 2008 , against the rival Philadelphia Flyers . The Penguins looked to improve upon their progress in the 2006 – 07 season after being eliminated in the first round of the Eastern Conference playoffs by the Ottawa Senators . During the season , the Penguins wore gold patches with " 250 " on them , honoring the city of Pittsburgh 's 250th anniversary in 2008 . Evgeni Malkin scored 106 points in the regular season , helping to offset the gap left while Sidney Crosby was injured . Goaltender Ty Conklin replaced Marc @-@ Andre Fleury , who was also injured , to win 18 games . The team surpassed their record for total attendance , selling out all 41 home games for the first time in franchise history . The Penguins also participated in the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic , which set the NHL single @-@ game attendance record . During the regular season , the Penguins finished second in the Eastern Conference , behind the Montreal Canadiens . With a 12 – 2 record in the playoffs , the team eliminated the Senators , the New York Rangers and the Flyers , on their way to the 2008 Stanley Cup Finals , the franchise 's first in 16 years . The team was defeated in the Stanley Cup Final by the Detroit Red Wings in six games . = = Regular season = = The Penguins ' offseason activities began in May 2007 , with the team naming Sidney Crosby its captain . At just 19 years old , Crosby became the youngest captain in NHL history . Crosby was named the first Penguins captain since the retirement of Mario Lemieux in January 2006 ; Crosby , Mark Recchi , Sergei Gonchar and John LeClair served as alternate captains after Lemieux 's retirement . Veteran Gary Roberts was named as an alternate captain for the new season , joining Recchi and Gonchar . The Penguins also extended head coach Michel Therrien 's contract through the 2008 – 09 season . On September 17 , the NHL announced that on January 1 , 2008 , the Penguins would travel to Orchard Park , New York to play the Buffalo Sabres outdoors at Ralph Wilson Stadium in the AMP Energy NHL Winter Classic . The event marked the first time a regular @-@ season contest was played outdoors in the United States . The Penguins began the regular season on October 5 visiting the Carolina Hurricanes . The team played their home @-@ opener against the Anaheim Ducks on October 6 in front of a standing @-@ room @-@ only crowd of 17 @,@ 132 , the first of 41 sellouts over the course of the season . Through November 21 , the Penguins acquired a record of 8 – 11 – 2 , going 2 – 6 – 1 against Atlantic Division teams in November including a four @-@ game losing streak , their longest of the season . Following a Thanksgiving Day shootout victory against the Ottawa Senators , the Penguins won seven of the next eight games , including the franchise 's first sweep of a Western Canada road trip . Beginning on December 23 , the Penguins compiled a point streak of ten games , including eight consecutive victories , the longest winning streak for the Penguins in nearly ten years . In January and February , the team was 16 – 6 – 5 , climbing the conference standings with the help of goaltender Ty Conklin and center Evgeni Malkin . During the final full month , in March , the team was 10 – 4 – 1 , and 7 – 0 – 0 at home in Mellon Arena . The team concluded the regular season with a home @-@ and @-@ home series against the Philadelphia Flyers , with each team winning a game . The Penguins suffered from several injuries during the season . Many of the injuries were long @-@ term . By the end of the season , the team had missed a combined total of over 280 man games due to injury . Goalie Marc @-@ Andre Fleury sustained a high @-@ ankle sprain against the Calgary Flames on December 6 . Following the injury , Fleury was ruled out for six to eight weeks . The Penguins recalled Ty Conklin from the American Hockey League to serve as a back @-@ up to Dany Sabourin on an emergency basis . Conklin started for the first time on December 20 , winning the game 5 – 4 in a shootout . After winning his first nine starts and supplanting Sabourin as the starting goaltender , Conklin lost his first game , a shootout , on January 12 against the Atlanta Thrashers . Before Fleury 's eventual return as a starter on March 2 , Conklin recorded a mark of 17 – 6 – 5 , while Sabourin went 4 – 6 – 0 . Crosby also sustained a high ankle sprain on January 18 against the Tampa Bay Lightning and was ruled out for six to eight weeks . Crosby returned on March 4 , playing in three games before being removed from the lineup again on March 12 . After missing the next seven games , Crosby returned against the New York Islanders on March 27 , after missing 28 games . The injury forced Crosby to miss the All @-@ Star Game , where he was the leading vote @-@ getter for the second year in a row . Teammate Evgeni Malkin was selected to play for the Eastern Conference team in place of the injured Crosby . Following the release of Recchi in early December and injuries to Crosby and Roberts ( Recchi 's replacement ) , Sergei Gonchar remained the Penguins ' only active captain . The team assigned two new alternate captains , with Ryan Malone and Darryl Sydor serving during the injuries . After the injury to Crosby on January 18 , a makeshift line composed of Malkin , Malone and Petr Sykora , dubbed the “ Steel City Line , " helped sustain the Penguins ' standing . Malkin scored 46 points during Crosby 's absence . = = = Winter Classic = = = With an attendance of 71 @,@ 417 , the Winter Classic , held on January 1 , 2008 , at Ralph Wilson Stadium , surpassed the NHL single @-@ game attendance record set on November 22 , 2003 , when the Edmonton Oilers hosted the Montreal Canadiens at Commonwealth Stadium in Edmonton before 57 @,@ 167 fans in the 2003 Heritage Classic . The New Year 's Day game between the Penguins and the Buffalo Sabres was broadcast nationwide on NBC in the United States , CBC in Canada , all Westwood One affiliates in the US and Canada and on XM satellite radio . The Penguins defeated the Sabres , 2 – 1 , with a shootout goal from Crosby . = = = Fan support = = = On December 21 , 2007 , at a game against the New York Islanders , the Penguins tied a franchise record with 30 straight regular @-@ season sellouts , dating to the second half of the 2006 – 07 season . The record was surpassed at the next home game against the Boston Bruins on December 23 , with the 31st consecutive sellout of the regular season . On March 12 , against the Buffalo Sabres , with a standing @-@ room @-@ only crowd of 17 @,@ 132 , the Penguins set a franchise record after selling out all 35 games to date , surpassing the record set during the 1988 – 89 and 1989 – 90 seasons when the Penguins sold out 34 of 40 home games . For the first time in the franchise 's 41 @-@ year history , the team sold out all 41 home games , concluding with their Atlantic Division @-@ clinching victory over the Philadelphia Flyers on April 2 . At 17 @,@ 089 , the average attendance for a home game was greater than Mellon Arena 's seating capacity of 16 @,@ 940 , causing the team 's season attendance to exceed 100 % capacity . The 67 consecutive sellouts attracted 888 @,@ 653 total fans , a record for home attendance for the franchise . The March 27 game against the Islanders received a television rating of 10 @.@ 7 , the second @-@ highest rating all @-@ time for a Penguins game . The only game to draw a higher rating , at 15 @.@ 9 , was the comeback of Mario Lemieux against the Toronto Maple Leafs on December 27 , 2000 . The flagship station for Penguins television broadcasts , FSN Pittsburgh , had the highest @-@ rated NHL broadcasts of any of the Fox Sports Net regional affiliates for the second year in a row . Strong support from fans continued into the playoffs , as the Penguins sold out their first two home games in 11 minutes . The team erected a 12 by 16 foot LED screen on the lawn directly outside Mellon Arena , allowing fans to watch all playoff games outside of the stadium , free of charge . A rally scheduled by Allegheny County executive Dan Onorato and Mayor Luke Ravenstahl took place in front of the Allegheny County Courthouse prior to Game 2 of the team 's first @-@ round series on April 11 . The Penguins ' third game of the playoffs attracted the third @-@ highest regional viewing audience all @-@ time for a Penguins game . The 4 @,@ 200 tickets offered for the team 's first two home games of Round Two sold out within 10 minutes . As the playoffs advanced into the later rounds , the team had growing support from players and coaches of other teams in Pittsburgh , including the Steelers and Pirates , and many of the players attended games . Steelers head coach Mike Tomlin watched Game 6 of the Finals outside Mellon Arena , along with 3 @,@ 000 other fans . Prior to the Stanley Cup Final , Mayor Ravenstahl led a rally in the city 's Market Square , which featured chanting by the several hundred people in attendance ; cooked octopus was also served by Wholey 's Fish Market , in reference to the Detroit tradition of throwing octopi onto the ice . The team also opened up Mellon Arena for fans to watch away games on the JumboTron during the Stanley Cup Final ; over 13 @,@ 500 people attended Game 1 . Fans who watched the three games played in Detroit raised over $ 85 @,@ 000 for the Mario Lemieux Foundation for cancer research . The Penguins also ranked first in the league in merchandise sales . In an annual survey of over 80 @,@ 000 fans conducted by ESPN The Magazine titled " Ultimate Standings : Fan Satisfaction Rankings , " the Penguins ranked as the best National Hockey League team in terms of fan relations . The team also ranked third in that category , out of all 122 major sports franchises of the National Football League , National Basketball Association , Major League Baseball and the NHL . In the overall standings , the Penguins ranked seventh in the NHL , and 24th of the 122 teams in all four leagues . During the 2006 – 07 season , the team ranked 11th in the NHL , and 35th overall . = = = Plans for the future = = = During the All @-@ Star break , the league announced that the Penguins would open the 2008 – 09 season with games on October 4 and 5 against the Ottawa Senators at the Globe Arena in Stockholm , Sweden . Also , the New York Rangers would open against the Tampa Bay Lightning in Prague , Czech Republic . Later , on March 12 , the league and the NHL Players Association announced that the Penguins would play an exhibition game against Jokerit of the SM @-@ liiga , the top professional league in Finland , on October 2 , at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki . Progress was made towards the team 's new arena on March 22 , when the former St. Francis Hospital , across the street from Mellon Arena , was imploded . Following debris removal and site preparation , groundbreaking for construction began in the summer . = = = Season results = = = The Penguins clinched their second consecutive playoff berth on March 25 in a 2 – 0 victory against the New Jersey Devils and earned the second @-@ seed in the Eastern Conference . Two years removed from their last @-@ place Eastern Conference finish in 2006 , the Penguins clinched the Atlantic Division for the first time ever , when they defeated the Philadelphia Flyers , 4 – 2 . The division championship was the first for the Penguins since winning the Northeast Division in 1998 . It was the best finish by the team since finishing second in the 1997 – 98 season . The 102 points the Penguins gained during the season was the team 's fifth 100 @-@ point season . The Penguins raised banners for their top finish in the Atlantic Division and subsequent Eastern Conference playoff championship prior to the first Mellon Arena home game of the 2008 – 09 season . This was the first time since the New York Rangers won the 1994 Stanley Cup that the Atlantic Division title was not won by either the New Jersey Devils or the Philadelphia Flyers . = = = Game log = = = = = = Divisional standings = = = = = = Conference standings = = = Divisions : AT – Atlantic , NE – Northeast , SE – Southeast bold – qualified for playoffs , y – division winner , z – placed first in conference ( and division ) = = = Detailed records = = = Final = = Playoffs = = = = = Eastern Conference Quarter @-@ final = = = The Penguins opened the playoffs against the 7th @-@ seed Ottawa Senators , in the Eastern Conference quarter @-@ final . In the opening game on April 9 in Pittsburgh 's Mellon Arena , the Penguins defeated the Senators 4 – 0 . In the game , Evgeni Malkin scored his first career playoff goal , Marc @-@ Andre Fleury recorded his first career playoff shutout , Petr Sykora added a goal and Gary Roberts scored twice . In Game 2 , the Penguins took a lead of 3 – 0 following a goal from Sergei Gonchar and two from Sykora . The Senators came back to tie the game in the third period , before Ryan Malone scored twice to give the Penguins their second victory in the series . The Pens scored four unanswered goals from Maxime Talbot , Sidney Crosby , Jordan Staal and Marian Hossa to defeat the Senators 4 – 1 in Game 3 , the first game in Ottawa 's Scotiabank Place . Two days later , the Penguins managed to eliminate the Senators in four games , the only team to do so in the first round . The team got goals from Malkin , Crosby and the series @-@ winner from Jarkko Ruutu in the second period to defeat the Senators , 3 – 1 . The Penguins were the first team to advance from the opening round . The series win was the team 's first since the 2001 Stanley Cup playoffs , and the first sweep of a playoff series in 16 years . = = = Eastern Conference Semi @-@ finals = = = The Penguins began the Eastern Conference Semi @-@ final against their Atlantic Division rival New York Rangers on April 25 . The team overcame a 3 – 0 deficit to defeat the Rangers , 5 – 4 in Game 1 . Hossa tied the game 4 : 40 into the third period , and Sykora took the lead twenty seconds later . After Scott Gomez tied the game at four , Malkin scored the game @-@ winning goal , deflecting a shot by Crosby with 1 : 41 left . In Game 2 , Staal scored a powerplay goal to take a 1 – 0 lead . In the last minute , Adam Hall shot the puck down ice , and it drifted into the empty net . Marc @-@ Andre Fleury saved all 26 shots , and the Penguins took a 2 – 0 lead in the series . The Penguins entered Game 3 at Madison Square Gardens after going 0 – 3 – 1 in the building during the regular season . They led 3 – 1 after the first period , before Jaromir Jagr tied the game . Malkin scored on the powerplay with 2 : 07 left in the second period to take the lead , and Malone added a goal in the third to give the Pens a 5 – 3 win , and a 3 – 0 series lead . The Penguins lost their first game of the post @-@ season in Game 4 against the Rangers . Jagr scored in the second period , Brandon Dubinsky in the third and Jagr scored again on an empty net goal in the last minute to force Game 5 . In Game 5 , the Penguins took a 2 – 0 lead in the second period after goals from Malkin and Hossa before the Rangers tied in the third . The game entered overtime , the first of the playoffs for the Penguins , where Hossa scored his second goal of the game 7 : 10 in . With the goal , the Penguins advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals . = = = Eastern Conference Final = = = The Eastern Conference Final began between the Penguins and the Philadelphia Flyers on May 9 . Malkin scored with 7 seconds left in the first period to take a 3 – 2 lead , and extended the advantage with a shorthanded goal in the second period , giving the Penguins a 1 – 0 advantage in the series after Game 1 . In Game 2 , Talbot scored to take the lead in the third period , and Staal added an empty @-@ net goal to give the Penguins a 4 – 2 win and a 2 – 0 series lead . The win was the Penguins ' seventh consecutive home playoff win , a franchise record , improving on a six @-@ game streak in the 1992 playoffs . The Penguins also became only the fifth team to start the playoffs with a 10 – 1 record , and the first since the Detroit Red Wings in 1995 . Game 3 saw the series move across state to Philadelphia ; the Penguins struck quickly with goals from Ryan Whitney and Hossa within the first eight minutes . Hossa added his second goal on an empty net to seal the victory . With the win , the Penguins become the first team since the 1983 Edmonton Oilers to start the playoffs 11 – 1 . The Penguins failed to close out the Eastern Conference Finals with a sweep of the Flyers in Game 4 , losing 4 – 2 . The Flyers jumped out to a 3 – 0 lead in the first period . The Penguins fought back getting two goals from Jordan Staal in the third period , but Joffrey Lupul 's second goal on an empty net sealed the win for the Flyers . The series returned to Pittsburgh for Game 5 , where the Penguins won their eighth consecutive home game by a final score of 6 – 0 , the Prince of Wales Trophy , and a trip to the Stanley Cup Final . = = = Stanley Cup Final = = = The Penguins faced the Western Conference Champion Detroit Red Wings for the Stanley Cup . The best @-@ of @-@ seven series began in Detroit on May 24 , the first series the Penguins opened on the road . It was the third Stanley Cup Final appearance for the Penguins franchise , the first since consecutive victories during the 1991 and 1992 Stanley Cup Finals . The Red Wings made their 23rd appearance , and first since 2002 . The series ended on June 4 with the Red Wings winning in six games . In game one at Detroit 's Joe Louis Arena , the Red Wings opened scoring in the second period with a goal from Mikael Samuelsson before finishing with three goals in the third period from Samuelsson , Dan Cleary and Henrik Zetterberg , shutting out the Penguins 4 – 0 . In preparation for Game 2 , Head Coach Michel Therrien revised Pittsburgh 's lines ; the changes included starting Gary Roberts , who did not play in Game 1 . In Game 2 , the Penguins were shut @-@ out for a second time . Detroit 's Brad Stuart and Tomas Holmstrom scored in the first period and Valtteri Filppula added a third goal in the third period . Pittsburgh struggled , failing to direct a shot on goal for the first 12 minutes of the game . Pittsburgh shuffled their lineup again prior to Game 3 , replacing defensman Kris Letang with Darryl Sydor . Game 3 saw the Penguins score their first goal of the Final when Crosby netted a wrist shot 17 : 25 into the opening period . Crosby added his second goal of the game early in the second period . In the third , Adam Hall added the game @-@ winning goal in the final period with assists from Maxime Talbot and Roberts . The Penguins held off a late charge by the Red Wings to win their first game of the Stanley Cup Final by a score of 3 – 2 . Entering Game 4 , Sykora said the game was a must @-@ win for the Penguins : " For us , basically , [ Game 4 ] is a do @-@ or @-@ die game . " Despite an early goal from Marian Hossa , the Penguins were unable to hold off the Red Wings , who got goals from Nicklas Lidstrom and Jiri Hudler . The Penguins inability to capitalize on a 5 @-@ on @-@ 3 man advantage which lasted for 1 : 26 , sealed the third victory of the series for the Red Wings . In Game 5 of the series , Pittsburgh faced elimination in Detroit , where they had not yet won in the series . Down 3 – 2 with 35 seconds remaining in regulation , Talbot scored for the Penguins , who had removed goaltender Marc @-@ Andre Fleury to gain an extra skater . The goal tied the game at three , forcing it into sudden @-@ death overtime . In the third overtime period , Sykora scored at the 109 : 21 mark of the game to give the Penguins the victory and force Game 6 . Sykora 's goal was assisted by Malkin , who had struggled in the series , and Gonchar , who was returning for his first shift in 50 minutes due to an injury . In the fifth @-@ longest Stanley Cup game in history , goaltender Fleury stopped 55 shots , with 24 in overtime . Ryan Malone played in Game 6 , despite being hit in the face with the puck in Game 5 . Dave Molinari of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette wrote that the team " seemed almost in awe of the way Malone reacted to a significant facial injury the way most people would a paper cut . " In Game 6 , Pittsburgh got goals from Malkin , his first in the Finals , and Hossa . Entering the final minute and trailing by one , Pittsburgh pulled Fleury for the second time that game , hoping to score with circumstances similar to Hossa 's earlier goal . A tipped shot which passed in between Chris Osgood and the goal line as time expired did not enter the net , giving Detroit the victory . Pittsburgh 's final defeat of the season was by a score of 3 – 2 . = = = Playoff log = = = Player in italics scored winning goal . = = Player statistics = = Skaters Goaltenders † Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Team . Stats reflect time with the Team only . ‡ Denotes player was traded mid @-@ season . Stats reflect time with the Team only . = = Awards and records = = Tyler Kennedy , Jonathan Filewich , Chris Minard and Alex Goligoski played in their first NHL games . Kennedy , Minard and Connor James scored their first goals , while Goligoski , Ryan Stone and Ty Conklin recorded first points . Evgeni Malkin recorded his first hat trick on January 3 . In addition , Evgeni Malkin , Maxime Talbot and Ryan Malone scored their first playoff goals . Rob Scuderi , Tyler Kennedy and Kris Letang recorded their first playoff points . Marc @-@ Andre Fleury recorded his first playoff shutout . = = = Awards = = = Evgeni Malkin was added to the All @-@ Star Game on January 22 as a replacement following an injury to Sidney Crosby . In the game , Malkin recorded two assists . On April 29 , the NHL announced that Malkin , along with Alexander Ovechkin and Jarome Iginla , was named as a finalist for the Hart Memorial Trophy , awarded to the player most valuable to his team . With 106 points , Malkin was the Penguins ' leader in scoring . He finished second in the League only to Ovechkin . At one point in the season , Malkin recorded a 15 @-@ game point streak , the longest by a Russian player in the NHL . In June , he was announced as the League 's top center and honored on the First All @-@ Star Team alongside Ovechkin and Iginla , defensemen Nicklas Lidstrom and Dion Phaneuf , and goaltender Evgeni Nabokov . The Penguins benefited from the success of several players who were called up from the team 's American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins . Forward Tyler Kennedy was first recalled on October 27 . Defenseman Kris Letang was recalled on November 13 and immediately contributed to the Penguins shootout , scoring on all of his first five attempts , including during the Winter Classic on January 1 . Of his five shots , three won the game for the Penguins . Kennedy and Letang were selected to compete in the YoungStars competition for rookies during the All @-@ Star break . On April 2 , following the final home game against the Philadelphia Flyers , the team announced its award winners for the season . Awards were given by the Pittsburgh chapter of the Professional Hockey Writers Association , the Penguins Booster Club , as well as voted amongst the team . = = Transactions = = = = = Free agents = = = The free agency period began on July 1 . The Penguins saw forward Michel Ouellet and goaltender Jocelyn Thibault leave as free agents to the Tampa Bay Lightning and Buffalo Sabres , respectively . To fill openings in the Penguins roster , the team signed goaltender Dany Sabourin , defenseman Darryl Sydor and forwards Petr Sykora and Adam Hall . The organization also signed forwards Nathan Smith , Chris Minard and Jeff Taffe , as well as goaltender Ty Conklin for their AHL minor league affiliate , the Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins . = = = Trades = = = On December 5 , following talk of the team 's future with Mark Recchi , the team placed the veteran right wing on waivers . After clearing without being claimed , Recchi was assigned to the Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins of the AHL the next day . The following day , before playing a game with Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton , Recchi was placed on re @-@ entry waivers , where he could again be claimed by another team . On Saturday , December 8 , Recchi was claimed by the Atlanta Thrashers , with whom he joined the following Tuesday . The Penguins and the Thrashers would split the remaining cost of his US $ 1 @.@ 75 million contract . On February 26 , just minutes before the trade deadline , the Penguins made a deal with the Atlanta Thrashers to acquire right wings Marian Hossa and Pascal Dupuis in exchange for wing Colby Armstrong , center Erik Christensen , prospect Angelo Esposito and a first @-@ round pick in 2008 . In another trade , the Pens brought in the 6 @-@ foot @-@ 7 defenseman Hal Gill from the Toronto Maple Leafs for a second @-@ round pick in 2008 and a fifth @-@ round pick in 2009 . = = Draft picks = = The 2007 NHL Entry Draft took place on June 22 and 23 at Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio . With the 20th overall pick , the Penguins selected Angelo Esposito of the Quebec Remparts in the first round . The Penguins selected eight players ( five forwards and three defensemen ) in six of the seven rounds . All of the players remained with their junior league teams in Canada . Draft notes a The Atlanta Thrashers ' third @-@ round pick ( from the New York Rangers ) went to the Pittsburgh Penguins as a result of a February 27 , 2007 trade that sent Chris Thorburn to the Thrashers in exchange for this pick . b The Minnesota Wild 's third @-@ round pick went to the Pittsburgh Penguins as a result of a February 27 , 2007 trade that sent Dominic Moore to the Wild in exchange for this pick . The Pittsburgh Penguins ' third @-@ round pick went to the Nashville Predators as the result of a July 19 , 2006 trade that sent Libor Pivko and the rights to Dominic Moore to the Penguins in exchange for this pick . c The Detroit Red Wings ' fourth @-@ round pick went to the Pittsburgh Penguins as a result of a March 9 , 2006 trade that sent Cory Cross to the Red Wings in exchange for this pick . The Pittsburgh Penguins ' seventh @-@ round pick went to the San Jose Sharks as the result of a February 27 , 2007 trade that sent Nolan Schaefer to the Penguins in exchange for this pick . = = Farm teams = = The Wilkes @-@ Barre / Scranton Penguins finished first in the AHL East Division during the 2007 – 08 season . In the Calder Cup Playoffs , the " Baby Penguins " advanced through the Eastern Conference bracket with a record of 12 – 5 . In the Calder Cup Final , they lost to the Chicago Wolves ( ATL ) , four games to two . In the ECHL , the Wheeling Nailers , a joint affiliate with the Philadelphia Flyers , finished last in the Northern Division , with a final record of 22 – 43 – 3 – 4 . = = Personnel = =
= Portland Monthly = Portland Monthly ( also referred to as Portland Monthly Magazine ) is a monthly news and general interest magazine which covers events and culture in Portland , Oregon . The magazine was co @-@ founded in 2003 by siblings Nicole and Scott Vogel . Nicole had previously worked for Cendant Corporation and Time Warner , and Scott had been a journalist at The New York Times . Though the magazine had some trouble with funding in its first year , it grew to a stable circulation of 56 @,@ 000 and by 2006 was the seventh @-@ largest city magazine in the United States . The magazine 's editor in 2008 was Ted Katauskas . The Portland Monthly has received generally positive reception in other new publications , including a mixed review of the magazine 's first issue in The Columbian , and subsequent positive reviews in The Oregonian and The Seattle Times . Rachel Dresbeck wrote favorably of the magazine in her 2007 book Insiders ' Guide to Portland , Oregon . = = History = = = = = First year = = = The magazine was co @-@ founded in 2003 by Nicole Vogel and her brother journalist Scott Vogel , and began as a glossy magazine with a focus on the lifestyle of Portland . Nicole Vogel had previously been a vice president at Cendant Corporation , and had worked at Time Warner for five years and was a vice president at CNN . Scott Vogel had previously worked as a journalist for The New York Times . The niche market focus of the magazine was for " 25- to 65 @-@ year @-@ olds with household incomes of at least $ 100 @,@ 000 " . Nicole Vogel used Texas Monthly as one of her models for the magazine , which she had read growing up in Texas . Planning and research for the magazine included conducting 200 interviews with residents of Portland , in addition to raising US $ 40 @,@ 000 from angel investors . Nicole Vogel had previously sought out seed capital from investors at the Oregon Entrepreneurs Forum in February 2003 , and in total raised less than $ 1 million from investors . One of the first investors in Portland Monthly was the " Women ’ s Investors Network " , a Portland @-@ based group of women @-@ investors which is part of the Oregon Entrepreneurs ' Foundation . A formal gathering was held on September 27 , 2003 at the Portland Armory to celebrate the launch of the magazine , and the magazine debuted September 29 , 2003 . The first issue was 104 pages , and due to initial funding issues the magazine appeared bimonthly for the first year . 40 @,@ 000 copies were produced for the first issue . The first issue was dedicated to the theme : " Why We Love This Town " . The magazine was profitable in its first year and brought in $ 1 million in revenue . = = = 2004 to present = = = Scott Vogel served as the magazine 's first editor @-@ in @-@ chief , and left Portland Monthly in late 2004 to join the The Washington Post . Russ Rymer served as the magazine 's editor after Scott Vogel left , but he left in February 2005 to become editor of Mother Jones . After Rymer the magazine went to " employment contracts " for editors . Journalist Louise Lague became the next editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the magazine on April 11 , 2005 . In 2005 the magazine maintained a staff of 22 in addition to hiring freelancers . In August 2005 the Portland Magazine purchased a local magazine related to weddings , the Portland Bride and Groom , which was founded in 2001 . Portland Monthly 's style editor Jill Spitznass became the editor of the Portland Bride and Groom . Ted Katauskas , who had formerly worked as managing editor of Portland Magazine , was promoted to the magazine 's editor @-@ in @-@ chief in August 2005 . Katauskas was the fifth employee of the company . Circulation of the Portland Monthly in 2005 numbered 56 @,@ 000 , and in 2006 paid circulation was 56 @,@ 000 with an additional 18 @,@ 000 to 22 @,@ 000 sold on newsstands . In February 2006 the magazine was the seventh @-@ largest city magazine in the United States . The magazine has reported on the effects of methamphetamine abuse in Oregon , and Enron 's usage of the electric utility in Portland . The magazine maintains a website at www.portlandmonthlymag.com , and includes the first few paragraphs of selected articles on the site . Ted Katauskas was editor of the magazine in 2008 . = = Reception = = Writing for The Columbian , Angela Allen commented that the first issue of the magazine " shows attitude and literary writing , tosses off lots of names , does a terrific fall culture calendar and digs into a couple of issues , including the Trail Blazers " , but was also critical , noting : " Its design is crowded and the type is too small to read for most of us without wearing a pair of ' reader ' specs . " Tom Boyer of The Seattle Times described the magazine as " a smart mix of reader @-@ friendly features and award @-@ winning journalism " . Writing in The Oregonian , Steve Duin commented that he appreciated the lists published in the magazine : " Because I 'm addicted to lists -- and the bigger the better -- the best part of my month is the morning that copy of Portland Monthly lands like a wounded halibut on my desk . " The magazine won three awards in the City and Regional Magazine Association 's 20th Annual National City and Regional Magazine Awards in 2005 , receiving recognition in Civic Journalism , Excellence in Writing and General Excellence . The magazine was one of three companies nominated by the Oregon Entrepreneurs Forum as a finalist for Working Capital Stage Company of the Year . In 2006 Portland Monthly was a finalist for " Best Overall Design " of a consumer magazine , in the Folio : Gold Ozzie Awards . In her 2007 book Insiders ' Guide to Portland , Oregon , author Rachel Dresbeck wrote that the magazine " maintains an excellent calendar " of events going on in the city . In July 2007 Nicole Vogel was a finalist among nominees for an individual entrepreneurship award from the Oregon Entrepreneurs Network .
= Loaded ( band ) = Loaded ( also known as Duff McKagan 's Loaded ) is an American hard rock band from Seattle , Washington , formed in 1999 . Since 2001 , the band 's line @-@ up has included vocalist and rhythm guitarist Duff McKagan ( Velvet Revolver and Guns N ' Roses ) , lead guitarist Mike Squires ( formerly of Nevada Bachelors and Alien Crime Syndicate ) and bassist Jeff Rouse ( formerly of Alien Crime Syndicate , Sirens Sister , and Vendetta Red ) . Since 2009 , Isaac Carpenter ( formerly of Loudermilk , Gosling , and The Exies ) has been the band 's drummer , replacing Geoff Reading ( formerly of New American Shame and Green Apple Quick Step ) . McKagan first formed Loaded to be his touring band in support of his unreleased solo album Beautiful Disease . The first lineup included Michael Barragan ( formerly of Plexi ) , Dez Cadena ( formerly of Black Flag ) , and Taz Bentley ( formerly of The Reverend Horton Heat ) . The band disbanded before the end of 1999 . After working on new material with drummer Geoff Reading , Loaded was reformed in 2001 , adding guitarist Mike Squires and Jeff Rouse to the line @-@ up , though both were briefly replaced by guitarist Dave Kushner ( Velvet Revolver , formerly of Wasted Youth and Electric Love Hogs ) and bassist George Stuart Dahlquist ( formerly of Asva and Burning Witch ) in 2002 . Following McKagan and Kushner 's involvement in " The Project " that later became Velvet Revolver , Loaded were put on hiatus , though they still played shows on occasion . Following the departure of Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland from Velvet Revolver , Loaded returned from hiatus in 2008 to record and release their second album . The following year , Reading left the group and was replaced by Isaac Carpenter . To date , Loaded have released three studio albums , Dark Days ( 2001 ) , Sick ( 2009 ) and The Taking ( 2011 ) , one extended play called Wasted Heart ( 2008 ) , and one live album called Episode 1999 : Live ( 1999 ) . = = History = = = = = Early years and Formation ( 1999 ) = = = Duff McKagan was previously a member of Guns N ' Roses from the mid @-@ 1980s to late 1990s . Guns N ' Roses achieved international success , going on to sell over 100 million albums worldwide , but the strain between singer Axl Rose and the rest of the band led to a number of members leaving or being fired , with McKagan departing in 1997 . McKagan moved back to Seattle , reforming previous group 10 Minute Warning , releasing one self @-@ titled album on Sub Pop in 1998 , before recording his second solo album Beautiful Disease the same year . Featuring collaborations with former Faith No More drummer Mike Bordin , former Black Flag singer Dez Cadena and his former Guns N ' Roses band mates Slash and Izzy Stradlin , Beautiful Disease was scheduled to be released through Geffen in 1999 . McKagan formed Loaded , initially as The Gentlemen , to be his band for the tour supporting the album . With McKagan performing lead vocals and bass duties , Loaded 's line @-@ up consisted of guitarists Dez Cadena and Michael Barragan as well as drummer Taz Bentley . McKagan began promoting the album ; however , following the merger between Geffen and Interscope Records , he was dropped from the label and lost all commercial rights to release the record with only a few promo copies being leaked . Loaded continued to tour and released a live album , Episode 1999 : Live , independently , which was recorded and mixed by Nick Raskulinecz . They re @-@ recorded half of Beautiful Disease and received offers from four labels . However , they disbanded before the end of the year , with McKagan and Bentley becoming part of Izzy Stradlin 's rhythm section for his tour of Japan supporting Ride On . = = = Reformation and Dark Days ( 2000 – 2002 ) = = = By early 2000 , McKagan had begun working on a new project with singer Mark Lanegan and drummer Geoff Reading . Though they recorded a number of songs , Lanegan left to join Queens of the Stone Age . After being convinced by Reading and Martin Feveyear to take over lead vocals , they continued to write and record new material at Jupiter Studios . With nearly an album 's worth of material recorded , they decided to re @-@ record some of the songs from Beautiful Disease to add to the material they already had . Though primarily recorded by McKagan and Reading , Dave Dederer , who joined the band as bassist , and Mike Squires recorded additional drums , while Feveyear , who also produced the album , recorded additional keyboards . The resulting album , titled Dark Days , was released in the United States and Japan in July 2001 , through Artistdirect and EMI , while it was released in Europe , through Locomotive Music , a year later . Rather than releasing the album under his own name , McKagan readopted the Loaded moniker . They announced three dates at the House of Blues taking place in Anaheim , California , Las Vegas , Nevada , and West Hollywood , California ( where they were joined onstage by Slash ) in November 2001 , adding Mike Squires and Jeff Rouse , who replaced Dederer , to the lineup on lead and bass guitar , respectively , while Feveyear performed keyboards and percussion . Loaded played more shows in the US ( where they were joined on stage by Billy Duffy and Matt Sorum during a show in Los Angeles ) before going on to tour Japan . They toured Japan as part of Fire Wire , supporting J and Zilch , where McKagan first met guitarist Dave Kushner , who was , then , the Zilch guitarist . Following the tour , Rouse and Squires departed the band when Alien Crime Syndicate signed with V2 Records for the re @-@ release of their latest album . Loaded enlisted Dave Kushner and George Stuart Dahlquist and announced a tour of Europe , playing shows in the Netherlands , Germany , France , Italy , and Spain , as well as shows in the UK . = = = Hiatus and Velvet Revolver ( 2002 – 2008 ) = = = After performing at a benefit gig for Randy Castillo in 2002 , McKagan began collaborating with his former Guns N ' Roses band mates , Slash and Matt Sorum , on a new project . Because of this , Loaded 's tour of Europe was cancelled . Loaded played a show at Hollywood 's Viper Room , where afterwards , McKagan introduced Kushner to Slash , who were previously friends in junior high and high school . Kushner was invited to play with the group and soon after became a member of " The Project " which , after auditioning a number of singers , became known as Velvet Revolver following the addition of Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland to the line @-@ up . Loaded were effectively put on hiatus . However , they would still continue to play shows on occasion , though they did not play together again until December 2006 for the benefit show for Jerry Allen 's Cancer Fund , with both Squires and Rouse returning to the group . During the hiatus , the Loaded members continued to work on various projects . Reading formed the group The Disciples ( that later became The Chelsea Smiles ) with Christian Martucci , Todd Youth , and Howie Pyro . Rouse would release another album with Alien Crime Syndicate , titled Ten Songs in the Key of Betrayal , who went on the perform as Tommy Stinson 's backing band in support of his solo album Village Gorilla Head . Following the tour , Rouse joined Vendetta Red , replacing previous bassist Michael Vermillion , on their tour in support of their latest album Sisters of the Red Death . However , they disbanded in March 2006 , with Rouse and former Vendetta Red members Zach Davidson and Leif Andersen , as well as local drummer Ben Libay , forming the group Sirens Sister . They released one album in 2006 , before Rouse left the group in 2007 . Squires re @-@ joined The Long Winters , having been a member prior to joining Loaded , playing with the group for less than a year before departing . = = = Reunion , Wasted Heart and Sick ( 2008 – 2009 ) = = = While on tour with Velvet Revolver in 2008 , McKagan stated that Loaded were to release a new album in the summer and were to enter the studio in April . Soon after the end of their tour , Velvet Revolver announced the departure of Weiland , putting the group on hiatus until they find a new singer . Previously , the Loaded members worked on material by sending mp3 files to each other . They rented a rehearsal space and began working on the new material before going on to record the album at Jupiter Studios with producer Martin Feveyear . They released a series of Webisodes during this time , featuring footage from the recording sessions for the group 's new album . They booked a tour of the UK and Ireland and were added to the lineups of few European festivals . The album was completed in less than two weeks and cost only $ 20 @,@ 000 . Loaded subsequently signed a deal with Century Media and , at the suggestion of the label , voted to change the name of the group to Duff McKagan 's Loaded , stating that " [ they could ] always just turn it back to Loaded once [ they ] get [ their ] foot in the door . " The album 's release was pushed back to 2009 . However , to coincide with their European Tour , an EP entitled Wasted Heart was released on September 22 , 2008 . They released a music video for the song " No More " for the EP release . Loaded 's second album , Sick , was released on March 20 , 2009 in Europe and April 7 in the US , peaking at number 43 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart . Sick sold 1 @,@ 400 copies in the first week , while " Flatline " was chosen as the first single to go to radio . The album received generally positive reviews , with Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic stating " Loaded is the sound of a working band working and an old rocker staying sober , kicking out some lead @-@ heavy grooves and sculptured pieces of sleaze . " In support of Sick , Loaded played a number of shows in the United States , South America , and Europe , while also appearing at a number of festivals such as Download in the UK , Rock am Ring and Rock im Park in Germany , Rockfest in the United States , and the Sauna Open Air Festival in Finland . They also opened for Mötley Crüe and Black Stone Cherry on their tours of Europe . At a number of shows , Loaded were joined onstage by other musicians such as Ron " Bumblefoot " Thal ( Guns N ' Roses ) , Corey Taylor ( Slipknot and Stone Sour ) , and Michael Monroe ( formerly of Hanoi Rocks ) . In September 2009 , Reading departed the group and was replaced by Isaac Carpenter formerly of Gosling and The Exies . In the middle of touring , McKagan posted an update on his Twitter stating that the group will " be writing new songs tonight and tomorrow . " He added , " Some great ideas and riffs have come on this latest tour. excited , for sure ! " In December , Loaded , along with Queensrÿche , were confirmed at the " KISW Salutes the Shield " benefit show that took place on December 19 at the Snoqualmie Casino in Snoqualmie , Washington where , during the show , they were joined on stage by Queensrÿche singer Geoff Tate . = = = The Taking and film ( 2010 – present ) = = = In February 2010 , Loaded parted ways with Century Media and began looking for a new label , having already written and demoed new material . The same month , both McKagan and Rouse performed at the Hootenanny For Haiti at the Showbox at the Market in Seattle with Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready and Fastbacks bassist Kim Warnick , as well as Truly and former Screaming Trees drummer Mark Pickerel , among others . While Loaded were briefly inactive , guitarist Mike Squires performed with Green Apple Quick Step on a few occasions and McKagan began writing and recording with Jane 's Addiction . McKagan was confirmed as a permanent member of the group , in April , performing at shows in the United States and Europe . His tenure with the band only lasted five months , with his departure from the group announced on September 6 . In a statement , the band commented : " We wanted to thank Duff for helping us write songs for our new record . We love the songs we worked on with him — and the gigs were a blast — but musically we were all headed in different directions . From here Duff is off to work on his own stuff so we wish him all the best " . During his time with Jane 's Addiction , McKagan stated that they were writing material for their new album , while he also stated that " Loaded will ALWAYS be something I do . It is more a way of life and a way to express music and have a fucking blast with those guys than anything else . " Loaded entered the studio in August with Terry Date , who had approached the band about producing their album , and they completed it by the beginning of September . A new song by the band entitled " We Win " is being used by ESPN and Major League Baseball for their coverage of the American League Championship Series , the National League Championship Series , and the World Series . They also signed a deal with Eagle Rock Entertainment for the release of their new album , titled The Soundtrack , to be released on March 22 , 2011 , and the label is also re @-@ releasing their previous album , Sick , in April of the same year . It was later revealed in interviews with guitarist Mike Squires and filmmaker Jamie Burton Chamberlin that the album title was changed to The Taking and was to be released on April 19 . The band are also collaborating with filmmaker and documentarian Jamie Burton Chamberlin on a film based on the album . Chamberlin stated that the film would be more " about designing a fictitious story line which will be a part of the larger project , and will be a contemporary version of , say , Hard Days Night meets ( Led Zeppelin 's ) Song Remains the Same , with aspects of documentary , music video , and live performance , all interconnected by an underlying motivation " and that the " album will serve as the soundtrack . " Chamberlin filmed Loaded at the Seattle Seahawks Veterans Day half @-@ time show on November 7 . The film is to feature a number of cameos from various musicians , including John Roderick of The Long Winters , Chris Ballew of The Presidents of the United States of America , Soundgarden members Ben Shepherd and Kim Thayil , and Lemmy of Motörhead . Shooting locations for the film include Seattle , with the band planning to perform unannounced acoustic shows for filming , and Los Angeles . Chamberlin hopes to premier the film at the 2011 SXSW and a trailer for it was released in January 2011 . Loaded were confirmed to play at the Download Festival , which took place in June 2011 . The Taking was released on April 18 , 2011 in Europe and April 19 in the US , and charted at number 12 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart , selling over 2 @,@ 300 copies in the first week . They released a video for the song " Dead Skin , " directed by Chamberlin , and the album received positive reviews . Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three out of five stars stating that McKagan " turns in his hardest record in recent memory " and that the album " does make a brute impression [ ... ] playing with a vitality that almost compensates for how they fetishize the past . " Revolver magazine 's Kory Grow complimented its " big hooks and driving riffs " while noting punk influences on the album . = = Musical style and influences = = Loaded 's music has often been described as hard rock with elements of punk , earning comparisons to the Ramones , Iggy Pop and Lou Reed , as well as McKagan 's then @-@ former band Guns N ' Roses . The band cites influences from groups such as The Rolling Stones , The Saints , Thin Lizzy , Black Flag and Fear among others . Blogcritics reviewer Chris Beaumont stated that their music " is bluesy hard rock that occasionally borders on the punk side of the coin . It is simultaneously slick and raw , yet it lacks the power and fury of old school Guns N ' Roses or the full @-@ on force of Velvet Revolver . Regardless , there is something decidedly infectious in its stripped @-@ down nature . " = = Band members = = = = Discography = = Dark Days ( 2001 ) Sick ( 2009 ) The Taking ( 2011 )
= Denver = Denver ( / ˈdɛnvər / ) , officially the City and County of Denver , is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado . Denver is located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains . The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River , approximately 12 mi ( 19 km ) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains . Denver is nicknamed the Mile @-@ High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile ( 5 @,@ 280 ft or 1 @,@ 610 m ) above sea level , making it one of the highest major cities in the United States . The 105th meridian west of Greenwich , the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone , passes directly through Denver Union Station . Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network . With a 2015 estimated population of 682 @,@ 545 , Denver ranks as the 19th @-@ most populous U.S. city , and with a 2 @.@ 8 % increase in 2015 , the city is also the fastest growing major city in the United States . The 10 @-@ county Denver @-@ Aurora @-@ Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 2 @,@ 814 @,@ 330 and ranked as the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area . The 12 @-@ city Denver @-@ Aurora , CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2015 population of 3 @,@ 418 @,@ 876 , which ranks as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city of the 18 @-@ county Front Range Urban Corridor , an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2015 population of 4 @,@ 757 @,@ 713 . Denver is the most populous city within a 500 @-@ mile ( 800 km ) radius , the most populous city in the Mountain West and the second @-@ most populous city in the Southwestern United States after Phoenix , Arizona . In 2016 , Denver was named the best place to live in the USA by U.S. News & World Report . = = History = = Denver City was founded in November 1858 as a mining town during the Pike 's Peak Gold Rush in western Kansas Territory . That summer , a group of gold prospectors from Lawrence , Kansas , had arrived and established Montana City on the banks of the South Platte River . This was the first settlement in what was later to become the city of Denver . The site faded quickly , however , and by the summer of 1859 it was abandoned in favor of Auraria ( named after the gold mining town of Auraria , Georgia ) , and St. Charles City . On November 22 , 1858 , General William Larimer , a land speculator from eastern Kansas Territory , placed cottonwood logs to stake a claim on the bluff overlooking the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek , across the creek from the existing mining settlement of Auraria , and on the site of the existing townsite of St. Charles . Larimer named the town site Denver City to curry favor with Kansas Territorial Governor James W. Denver . Larimer hoped that the town 's name would help make it the county seat of Arapaho County , but unknown to him Governor Denver had already resigned from office . The location was accessible to existing trails and was across the South Platte River from the site of seasonal encampments of the Cheyenne and Arapaho . The site of these first towns is now the site of Confluence Park near downtown Denver . Larimer , along with associates in the St. Charles City Land Company , sold parcels in the town to merchants and miners , with the intention of creating a major city that would cater to new emigrants . Denver City was a frontier town , with an economy based on servicing local miners with gambling , saloons , livestock and goods trading . In the early years , land parcels were often traded for grubstakes or gambled away by miners in Auraria . In May 1859 , Denver City residents donated 53 lots to the Leavenworth & Pike 's Peak Express in order to secure the region 's first overland wagon route . Offering daily service for " passengers , mail , freight , and gold , " the Express reached Denver on a trail that trimmed westward travel time from twelve days to six . In 1863 , Western Union furthered Denver 's dominance of the region by choosing the city for its regional terminus . The Colorado Territory was created on February 28 , 1861 , Arapahoe County was formed on November 1 , 1861 , and Denver City was incorporated on November 7 , 1861 . Denver City served as the Arapahoe County Seat from 1861 until consolidation in 1902 . In 1867 , Denver City became the Territorial Capital . With its new @-@ found importance , Denver City shortened its name to Denver . On August 1 , 1876 , Colorado was admitted to the Union . Although by the close of the 1860s , Denver residents could look with pride at their success establishing a vibrant supply and service center , the decision to route the nation 's first transcontinental railroad through Cheyenne , rather than Denver , threatened the prosperity of the young town . A daunting 100 miles away , citizens mobilized to build a railroad to connect Denver to the transcontinental railroad . Spearheaded by visionary leaders including Territorial Governor John Evans , David Moffat , and Walter Cheesman , fundraising began . Within three days , $ 300 @,@ 000 had been raised , and citizens were optimistic . Fundraising stalled before enough was raised , forcing these visionary leaders to take control of the debt @-@ ridden railroad . Despite challenges , on June 24 , 1870 , citizens cheered as the Denver Pacific completed the link to the transcontinental railroad , ushering in a new age of prosperity for Denver . Finally linked to the rest of the nation by rail , Denver prospered as a service and supply center . The young city grew during these years , attracting millionaires with their mansions , as well as the poverty and crime of a rapidly growing city . Denver citizens were proud when the rich chose Denver and were thrilled that Horace Tabor , the Leadville mining millionaire , built an impressive business block at 16th and Larimer as well as the elegant Tabor Grand Opera House . Luxurious hotels , including the much @-@ loved Brown Palace Hotel , soon followed , as well as splendid homes for millionaires like the Croke , Patterson , Campbell Mansion at 11th and Pennsylvania and the now @-@ demolished Moffat Mansion at 8th and Grant . Intent on transforming Denver into one of the world 's great cities , leaders wooed industry and enticed laborers to work in these factories . Soon , in addition to the elite and a large middle class , Denver had a growing population of German , Italian , and Chinese laborers , soon followed by African @-@ Americans and Spanish @-@ surname workers . Unprepared for this influx , the Silver Crash of 1893 unsettled political , social , and economic balances , laying the foundation for ethnic bigotry , such as the Red Scare and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan , as well as corruption and crime . Between 1880 and 1895 the city experienced a huge rise in corruption , as crime bosses , such as Soapy Smith , worked side by side with elected officials and the police to control elections , gambling , and the bunko gangs . The city also experienced a depression in 1893 after the crash of silver prices . In 1887 , the precursor to the international charity United Way was formed in Denver by local religious leaders who raised funds and coordinated various charities to help Denver 's poor . By 1890 , Denver had grown to be the second @-@ largest city west of Omaha , Nebraska . In 1900 , whites represented 96 @.@ 8 % of Denver 's population . Between the 1880s and 1930s , Denver 's floriculture industry developed and thrived . This period became known locally as the Carnation Gold Rush . In 1901 , the Colorado General Assembly voted to split Arapahoe County into three parts : a new consolidated City and County of Denver , a new Adams County , and the remainder of the Arapahoe County to be renamed South Arapahoe County . A ruling by the Colorado Supreme Court , subsequent legislation , and a referendum delayed the creation of the City and County of Denver until November 15 , 1902 . Denver has hosted the Democratic National Convention twice , during the years of 1908 , and again in 2008 , taking the opportunity to promote the city 's status on the national , political , and socioeconomic stage . Early in the 20th century , Denver , like many other cities , was home to a pioneering Brass Era car company . The Colburn Automobile Company made cars copied from the contemporary Renault . From 1953 to 1989 , the Rocky Flats Plant , a DOE nuclear weapon facility formerly located about 15 miles from Denver , produced fissile plutonium " pits " for nuclear warheads . A major fire at the facility in 1957 , as well as leakage from nuclear waste stored at the site between 1958 and 1968 , resulted in the contamination of some parts of Denver , to varying degrees , with plutonium @-@ 239 , a harmful radioactive substance with a half @-@ life of 24 @,@ 200 years . A study by the Jefferson County health director , Dr. Carl Johnson , in 1981 linked the contamination to an increase in birth defects and cancer incidence in central Denver and nearer Rocky Flats . Later studies confirmed many of his findings . Plutonium contamination was still present outside the former plant site as of August 2010 , and presents risks to building the envisioned Jefferson Parkway , which would complete Denver 's automotive beltway . Denver was selected in 1970 to host the 1976 Winter Olympics to coincide with Colorado 's centennial celebration , but in November 1972 Colorado voters struck down ballot initiatives allocating public funds to pay for the high costs of the games , which were subsequently moved to Innsbruck , Austria . The notoriety of becoming the only city ever to decline to host an Olympiad after being selected has made subsequent bids difficult . The movement against hosting the games was based largely on environmental issues and was led by State Representative Richard Lamm , who was subsequently elected to three terms ( 1975 – 87 ) as Colorado governor . Denver explored a potential bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics , but no bid will be submitted . In 2010 , Denver adopted a comprehensive update of its zoning code . The new zoning was developed to guide development as envisioned in adopted plans such as Blueprint Denver , Transit Oriented Development Strategic Plan , Greenprint Denver , and the Strategic Transportation Plan . Denver has also been known historically as the Queen City of the Plains and the Queen City of the West , because of its important role in the agricultural industry of the high @-@ plains region in eastern Colorado and along the foothills of the Colorado Front Range . Several US Navy ships have been named USS Denver in honor of the city . = = Geography = = Denver is located in the center of the Front Range Urban Corridor , between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east . Denver 's topography consists of plains in the city center with hilly areas to the north , west and south . According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 155 square miles ( 401 km2 ) , of which 153 square miles ( 396 km2 ) is land and 1 @.@ 6 square miles ( 4 @.@ 1 km2 ) ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) is water . The City and County of Denver is surrounded by only three other counties : Adams County to the north and east , Arapahoe County to the south and east , and Jefferson County to the west . Although Denver 's nickname is the " Mile @-@ High City " because its official elevation is one mile above sea level , defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capitol building , the elevation of the entire city ranges from 5 @,@ 130 to 5 @,@ 690 feet ( 1 @,@ 560 to 1 @,@ 730 m ) . According to Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS ) and the National Elevation Dataset , the city 's elevation is 5 @,@ 278 feet ( 1 @,@ 609 m ) , which is reflected on various websites such as that of the National Weather Service . = = = Neighborhoods = = = As of January 2013 , the City and County of Denver has defined 78 official neighborhoods that the city and community groups use for planning and administration . Although the city 's delineation of the neighborhood boundaries is somewhat arbitrary , it corresponds roughly to the definitions used by residents . These " neighborhoods " should not be confused with cities or suburbs , which may be separate entities within the metro area . The character of the neighborhoods varies significantly from one to another and includes everything from large skyscrapers to houses from the late 19th century to modern , suburban style developments . Generally , the neighborhoods closest to the city center are denser , older and contain more brick building material . Many neighborhoods away from the city center were developed after World War II , and are built with more modern materials and style . Some of the neighborhoods even farther from the city center , or recently redeveloped parcels anywhere in the city have either very suburban characteristics or are new urbanist developments that attempt to recreate the feel of older neighborhoods . Most neighborhoods contain parks or other features that are the focal point for the neighborhood . Denver does not have larger area designations , unlike the City of Chicago , which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods ( IE : Northwest Side ) . Denver residents use the terms " north " " south " " east " and " west " . Denver also has a number of neighborhoods not reflected in the administrative boundaries . These neighborhoods may reflect the way people in an area identify themselves or they might reflect how others , such as real estate developers , have defined those areas . Well @-@ known non @-@ administrative neighborhoods include the historic and trendy LoDo ( short for " Lower Downtown " ) , part of the city 's Union Station neighborhood ; Uptown , straddling North Capitol Hill and City Park West ; Curtis Park , part of the Five Points neighborhood ; Alamo Placita , the northern part of the Speer neighborhood ; Park Hill , a successful example of intentional racial integration ; and Golden Triangle , in the Civic Center . = = = Adjacent counties , municipalities and CDPs = = = = = = Climate = = = Denver lies within the semi @-@ arid , continental climate zone ( Köppen climate classification BSk ) . It has four distinct seasons and receives a modest amount of precipitation spread through the year . Due to its inland location on the High Plains , at the foot of the Rocky Mountains , Denver , like all cities along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains , is subject to sudden changes in weather . Denver can typically count on having about 115 clear days , 130 partly cloudy days and 120 cloudy days each year . July is the warmest month , with a daily average temperature of 74 @.@ 2 ° F ( 23 @.@ 4 ° C ) . Summers range from mild to hot with occasional afternoon thunderstorms and high temperatures reaching 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) on 38 days annually , and occasionally 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) . December , the coldest month of the year , has a daily average temperature of 29 @.@ 9 ° F ( − 1 @.@ 2 ° C ) . Winters range from mild to occasional bitter cold , consisting of periods of snow and very low temperatures alternating with periods of relatively milder weather . In winter , highs can reach up to 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) , but can also sometimes be below 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) . Snowfall is common throughout the late fall , winter and early spring , averaging 53 @.@ 5 inches ( 136 cm ) for 1981 – 2010 . The average window for measurable ( ≥ 0 @.@ 1 in or 0 @.@ 25 cm ) snow is October 17 through April 27 although measurable snowfall has fallen in Denver as early as September 4 and as late as June 3 . Extremes in temperature range from − 29 ° F ( − 34 ° C ) on January 9 , 1875 up to 105 ° F ( 41 ° C ) as recently as June 25 and 26 , 2012 . Tornadoes are rare in Denver , though one notable exception was an F3 tornado that struck 4 @.@ 4 miles south of downtown on June 15 , 1988 . However , the eastern suburbs of Denver , and the city 's east @-@ northeastern extension which is the Denver International Airport , can see a few small tornadoes in the spring and summer months , especially during June in the Denver Convergence Vorticity Zone ( DCVZ ) . The DCVZ , also known as the Denver Cyclone , is a variable vortex of storm @-@ forming air flow usually found north and east of downtown , and which often includes the airport . Heavy weather from the DCVZ can disrupt airport operations . In a study looking at hail events in areas with a population of at least 50 @,@ 000 , Denver was found to be ranked 10th most prone to hail storms in the continental United States . Based on 30 @-@ year averages obtained from NOAA 's National Climatic Data Center for the months of December , January and February , Weather Channel ranked Denver the 18th coldest major U.S. city as of 2014 . = = Demographics = = As of the 2010 census , the population of the City and County of Denver was 600 @,@ 158 , making it the 24th most populous U.S. city . The Denver @-@ Aurora @-@ Lakewood , CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 2 @,@ 697 @,@ 476 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area , and the larger Denver @-@ Aurora @-@ Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 3 @,@ 277 @,@ 309 and ranked as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area . Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550 miles ( 885 km ) magnitude . Denverites is a term used for residents of Denver . According to the 2010 census , the City and County of Denver contains 600 @,@ 158 people and 285 @,@ 797 households . The population density is 3 @,@ 698 inhabitants per square mile ( 1 @,@ 428 / km ² ) including the airport . There are 285 @,@ 797 housing units at an average density of 1 @,@ 751 per square mile ( 676 / km ² ) . However , the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher . Without the 80249 zip code ( 47 @.@ 3 sq mi , 8 @,@ 407 residents ) near the airport , the average density increases to around 5 @,@ 470 per square mile . According to the 2010 United States Census , the racial composition of Denver was as follows : White : 68 @.@ 9 % ( Non @-@ Hispanic Whites : 52 @.@ 2 % ) Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) : 31 @.@ 8 % ; Mexican Americans made up 24 @.@ 9 % of the city 's population . Black or African American : 10 @.@ 2 % Asian : 3 @.@ 4 % ( 0 @.@ 8 % Vietnamese , 0 @.@ 6 % Chinese , 0 @.@ 5 % Indian , 0 @.@ 3 % Korean , 0 @.@ 3 % Japanese , 0 @.@ 3 % Filipino , 0 @.@ 2 % Burmese , 0 @.@ 1 % Cambodian ) Native American : 1 @.@ 4 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander : 0 @.@ 1 % Some other race : 9 @.@ 2 % Two or more races : 4 @.@ 1 % Approximately 70 @.@ 3 % of the population ( over five years old ) spoke only English at home . An additional 23 @.@ 5 % of the population spoke Spanish at home . In terms of ancestry , 31 @.@ 2 % were Mexican , 14 @.@ 6 % of the population were of German ancestry , 9 @.@ 7 % were of Irish ancestry , 8 @.@ 9 % were of English ancestry , and 4 @.@ 0 % were of Italian ancestry . There are 250 @,@ 906 households , of which 23 @.@ 2 % have children under the age of 18 living with them , 34 @.@ 7 % are married couples living together , 10 @.@ 8 % have a female householder with no husband present , and 50 @.@ 1 % are non @-@ families . 39 @.@ 3 % of all households are made up of individuals and 9 @.@ 4 % have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older . The average household size is 2 @.@ 27 and the average family size is 3 @.@ 14 . Age distribution is 22 @.@ 0 % under the age of 18 , 10 @.@ 7 % from 18 to 24 , 36 @.@ 1 % from 25 to 44 , 20 @.@ 0 % from 45 to 64 , and 11 @.@ 3 % who are 65 years of age or older . The median age is 33 years . For every 100 females there are 102 @.@ 1 males . The median household income is $ 45 @,@ 438 , and the median family income is $ 48 @,@ 195 . Males have a median income of $ 36 @,@ 232 versus $ 33 @,@ 768 for females . The per capita income for the city is $ 24 @,@ 101 . 19 @.@ 1 % of the population and 14 @.@ 6 % of families are below the poverty line . Out of the total population , 25 @.@ 3 % of those under the age of 18 and 13 @.@ 7 % of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line . = = = Languages = = = As of 2010 , 72 @.@ 28 % ( 386 @,@ 815 ) of Denver residents aged five and older spoke only English at home , while 21 @.@ 42 % ( 114 @,@ 635 ) spoke Spanish , 0 @.@ 85 % ( 4 @,@ 550 ) Vietnamese , 0 @.@ 57 % ( 3 @,@ 073 ) African languages , 0 @.@ 53 % ( 2 @,@ 845 ) Russian , 0 @.@ 50 % ( 2 @,@ 681 ) Chinese , 0 @.@ 47 % ( 2 @,@ 527 ) French , and German by 0 @.@ 46 % ( 2 @,@ 465 ) of the population over the age of five . In total , 27 @.@ 72 % ( 148 @,@ 335 ) of Denver 's population age five and older spoke a language other than English . = = Economy = = The Denver MSA has a gross metropolitan product of $ 157 @.@ 6 billion in 2010 , making it the 18th largest metro economy in the United States . Denver 's economy is based partially on its geographic position and its connection to some of the major transportation systems of the country . Because Denver is the largest city within 500 miles ( 800 km ) , it has become a natural location for storage and distribution of goods and services to the Mountain States , Southwest states , as well as all western states . Another benefit for distribution is that Denver is nearly equidistant from large cities of the Midwest , such as Chicago and St. Louis and some large cities of the West Coast , such as Los Angeles and San Francisco . Over the years , the city has been home to other large corporations in the central United States , making Denver a key trade point for the country . Several well @-@ known companies originated in or have relocated to Denver . William Ainsworth opened the Denver Instrument Company in 1895 to make analytical balances for gold assayers . Its factory is now in Arvada . AIMCO ( NYSE : AIV ) — the largest owner and operator of apartment communities in the United States , with approximately 870 communities comprising nearly 136 @,@ 000 units in 44 states — is headquartered in Denver , employing approximately 3 @,@ 500 people . Also Samsonite Corp. , the world 's largest luggage manufacturer , began in Denver in 1910 as Shwayder Trunk Manufacturing Company , but Samsonite closed its NE Denver factory in 2001 , and moved its headquarters to Massachusetts after a change of ownership in 2006 . The Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Company , founded in Denver in 1911 , is now a part of telecommunications giant CenturyLink . MediaNews Group purchased the Denver Post in 1987 ; the company is based in Denver . The Gates Corporation , the world 's largest producer of automotive belts and hoses , was established in S. Denver in 1919 . Russell Stover Candies Inc. made its first chocolate candy in Denver in 1923 , but moved to Kansas City in 1969 . The Wright & McGill Company has been making its Eagle Claw brand of fishing gear in NE Denver since 1925 . The original Frontier Airlines began operations at Denver 's old Stapleton International Airport in 1950 . Frontier was reincarnated at DIA in 1994 . Scott 's Liquid Gold , Inc . , has been making furniture polish in Denver since 1954 . Village Inn restaurants began as a single pancake house in Denver in 1958 . Big O Tires , LLC , of Centennial opened its first franchise in 1962 in Denver . The Shane Company sold its first diamond jewelry in 1971 in Denver . Johns Manville Corp. , a manufacturer of insulation and roofing products , relocated its headquarters to Denver from New York in 1972 . CH2M HILL Inc . , an engineering and construction firm , relocated from Oregon to the Denver Technological Center in 1980 . The Ball Corporation sold its glass business in Indiana in the 1990s and moved to suburban Broomfield . Ball has several operations in greater Denver . Molson Coors Brewing Company established its U.S. headquarters in Denver in 2005 . Its subsidiary and regional wholesale distributor , Coors Distributing Company , is in NW Denver . The Newmont Mining Corporation , the 2nd largest gold producer in North America and one of the largest in the world , is headquartered in Denver . Large Denver @-@ area employers that have headquarters elsewhere include Lockheed Martin Corp. , United Airlines , Kroger Co. and Xcel Energy , Inc . MapQuest , an online site for maps , directions and business listings , is headquartered in Denver 's LODO district . Geography also allows Denver to have a considerable government presence , with many federal agencies based or having offices in the Denver area . Along with federal agencies come many companies based on US defense and space projects , and more jobs are brought to the city by virtue of its being the capital of the state of Colorado . The Denver area is home to the former nuclear weapons plant Rocky Flats , the Denver Federal Center , Byron G. Rogers Federal Building and United States Courthouse , the Denver Mint , and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory . In 2005 , a $ 310 @.@ 7 million expansion for the Colorado Convention Center was completed , doubling its size . The hope was that the center 's expansion would elevate the city to one of the top 10 cities in the nation for holding a convention . Denver 's position near the mineral @-@ rich Rocky Mountains encouraged mining and energy companies to spring up in the area . In the early days of the city , gold and silver booms and busts played a large role in the economic success of the city . In the 1970s and early 1980s , the energy crisis in America and resulting high oil prices created an energy boom in Denver captured in the soap opera Dynasty . Denver was built up considerably during this time with the construction of many new downtown skyscrapers . When the price of oil dropped from $ 34 a barrel in 1981 to $ 9 a barrel in 1986 , the Denver economy dropped with it , leaving almost 15 @,@ 000 oil industry workers in the area unemployed ( including former mayor and current governor John Hickenlooper , a former geologist ) , and the highest office vacancy rate in the nation ( 30 % ) . Since then , the industry has recovered and there remain 700 employed petroleum engineers in the region . Advances is hydraulic fracturing has made the DJ Basin of Colorado into an accessible and lucrative oil play . Energy and mining are still important in Denver 's economy today , with companies such as EnCana , Halliburton , Smith International , Rio Tinto Group , Newmont Mining , Noble Energy , and Anadarko headquartered or having significant operations in the area . Denver 's west @-@ central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone ( UTC − 7 ) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts , South America , Europe , and Asia in the same business day . Denver 's location on the 105th meridian at over one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a " one @-@ bounce " real @-@ time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day . Qwest Communications , Dish Network Corporation , Starz @-@ Encore , DIRECTV , and Comcast are a few of the many telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area . These and other high @-@ tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s . Denver had one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 3 @.@ 8 % in October 2007 . As of April 2015 , the unemployment rate for the Denver @-@ Aurora @-@ Broomfield MSA is 4 @.@ 2 % . The Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment with the construction of several new skyscrapers set to be completed in 2010 – 2013 . Denver has also enjoyed success as a pioneer in the fast casual restaurant industry , with many popular national chain restaurants founded and based in Denver . Chipotle Mexican Grill , Quizno 's , and Smashburger were founded and headquartered in Denver . Qdoba Mexican Grill , Noodles & Company , and Good Times Burgers & Frozen Custard originated in Denver , but have moved their headquarters to the nearby suburbs of Wheat Ridge , Broomfield , and Golden . In 2015 , Denver ranked No. 1 on Forbes ' list of the Best Places for Business and Careers . = = Culture and contemporary life = = Apollo Hall opened quickly after the city 's founding in 1859 and staged many plays for eager settlers . In the 1880s Horace Tabor built Denver 's first Opera House . After the start of the 20th century , city leaders embarked on a city beautification program that created many of the city 's parks , parkways , museums , and the Municipal Auditorium , which was home to the 1908 Democratic National Convention and is now known as the Ellie Caulkins Opera House . Denver and the metropolitan areas around it continued to support culture . In 1988 , voters in the Denver Metropolitan Area approved the Scientific and Cultural Facilities Tax ( commonly known as SCFD ) , a 1 cent sales tax that contributes money to various cultural and scientific facilities and organizations throughout the Metro area . The tax was renewed by voters in 1994 and 2004 and allows the SCFD to operate until 2018 . Denver is home to many nationally recognized museums , including a new wing for the Denver Art Museum by world @-@ renowned architect Daniel Libeskind , the second largest Performing Arts Center in the nation after Lincoln Center in New York City and bustling neighborhoods such as LoDo , filled with art galleries , restaurants , bars and clubs . That is part of the reason why Denver was recently recognized for the third year in a row as the best city for singles . Denver 's neighborhoods also continue their influx of diverse people and businesses while the city 's cultural institutions grow and prosper . The city acquired the estate of abstract expressionist painter Clyfford Still in 2004 and built a museum to exhibit his works near the Denver Art Museum . The Denver Museum of Nature and Science currently holds an aquamarine specimen valued at over one million dollars , as well as specimens of the state mineral , rhodochrosite . Every September the Denver Mart , located at 451 E. 58th Avenue hosts a gem and mineral show . The state history museum , History Colorado Center , opened in April 2012 . It features hands @-@ on and interactive exhibits , artifacts and programs about Colorado history . It was named in 2013 by True West Magazine as one of the top @-@ ten " must see " history museums in the country . History Colorado 's Byers @-@ Evans House Museum and the Molly Brown House are nearby . Denver has numerous art districts around the city , including Denver 's Art District on Santa Fe and the River North Art District ( RiNo ) . While Denver may not be as recognized for historical musical prominence as some other American cities , it still manages to have a very active pop , jazz , jam , folk , and classical music scene , which has nurtured several artists and genres to regional , national , and even international attention . Of particular note is Denver 's importance in the folk scene of the 1960s and 1970s . Well @-@ known folk artists such as Bob Dylan , Judy Collins and John Denver lived in Denver at various points during this time , and performed at local clubs . Also , three members of the widely popular group Earth , Wind , and Fire are from Denver . More recent Denver @-@ based artists include The Lumineers , Air Dubai , The Fray , Flobots , Cephalic Carnage , Axe Murder Boyz , Deuce Mob , and Five Iron Frenzy . Because of its proximity to the mountains and generally sunny weather , Denver has gained a reputation as being a very active , outdoor @-@ oriented city . Many Denver residents spend the weekends in the mountains ; skiing in the winter and hiking , climbing , kayaking , and camping in the summer . Denver and surrounding cities are home to a large number of local and national breweries . Many restaurants in the region have on @-@ site breweries , and some of the larger brewers offer tours , including Coors and New Belgium Brewing Company . The city also welcomes visitors from around the world when it hosts the annual Great American Beer Festival each fall . Denver used to be a major trading center for beef and livestock when ranchers would drive ( or later transport ) cattle to the Denver Union Stockyards for sale . As a celebration of that history , for more than a century Denver has hosted the annual National Western Stock Show , attracting as many as 10 @,@ 000 animals and 700 @,@ 000 attendees . The show is held every January at the National Western Complex northeast of downtown . Denver has one of the country 's largest populations of Mexican Americans and hosts four large Mexican American celebrations : Cinco de Mayo ( with over 500 @,@ 000 attendees ) , in May , El Grito de la Independencia , in September , the annual Lowrider show , and the Dia De Los Muertos art shows / events in North Denver 's Highland neighborhood , and the Lincoln Park neighborhood in the original section of West Denver . Denver is also famous for its dedication to New Mexican cuisine and the chile . It 's best known for its green and red chile sauce , Colorado burrito , Southwest ( Denver ) omelette , breakfast burrito , chiles rellenos , and tamales . Denver is also well known for other types of food such as Rocky Mountain oysters , rainbow trout , and the Denver sandwich . The Dragon Boat Festival in July , Moon Festival in September and Chinese New Year are annual events in Denver for the Chinese and Asian residents . Chinese hot pot ( huo guo ) and Korean BBQ restaurants have been growing in popularity . The Denver area has 2 Chinese newspapers , the Chinese American Post and the Colorado Chinese News . Denver is the setting for The Bill Engvall Show , and the 18th season of MTV 's The Real World . It was also the setting for the prime time drama Dynasty from 1981 to 1989 ( although the show was mostly filmed in Los Angeles ) . From 1998 to 2002 the city 's Alameda East Veterinary Hospital was home to the Animal Planet series Emergency Vets , which spun off three one @-@ off documentary specials and the current Animal Planet series E @-@ Vet Interns . The city is also the setting for the Disney Channel Original TV Show , Good Luck Charlie . = = Sports = = Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and is one of the U.S. cities with teams from four major sports ( the Denver metro area is the smallest metropolitan area to have a team in all four major sports ) . The Denver Broncos of the National Football League have drawn crowds of over 70 @,@ 000 since their origins in the early 1960s , and continue to draw fans today to their current home Sports Authority Field at Mile High . The Broncos have sold out every home game ( except for strike @-@ replacement games ) since 1970 . The Broncos have advanced to eight Super Bowls and won back @-@ to @-@ back titles in 1997 and 1998 , and won again in 2015 . The Colorado Rockies were created as an expansion franchise in 1993 and Coors Field opened in 1995 . The Rockies advanced to the playoffs that year , but were eliminated in the first round . In 2007 , they advanced to the playoffs as a wild @-@ card entrant , won the NL Championship Series , and brought the World Series to Denver for the first time but were swept in four games by the Boston Red Sox . Denver is also home to the Colorado Avalanche , a National Hockey League team that relocated from Quebec City in 1995 . While in Denver , they have won two Stanley Cups in 1996 and in 2001 , and they play at Pepsi Center . The Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association also play at the Pepsi Center . The Major League Soccer team Colorado Rapids play in Dick 's Sporting Goods Park , an 18 @,@ 000 seat soccer @-@ specific stadium opened for the 2007 MLS season , located in the Denver suburb of Commerce City . The Rapids won the MLS Cup in 2010 . Denver has several additional professional teams . In 2006 Denver established a Major League Lacrosse team , the Denver Outlaws . They play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High . In 2006 , the Denver Outlaws won the Western Conference Championship . The Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League play at the Pepsi Center . The Denver Stampede plays at Infinity Park . Denver submitted the winning bid to host the 1976 Winter Olympics , but subsequently withdrew , giving it the dubious distinction of being the only city to back out after winning a bid to host the Olympics . Denver and Colorado Springs hosted the 1962 World Ice Hockey Championships . = = Parks and recreation = = As of 2006 , Denver had over 200 parks , from small mini @-@ parks all over the city to the giant 314 acres ( 1 @.@ 27 km2 ) City Park . Denver also has 29 recreation centers providing places and programming for resident 's recreation and relaxation . Many of Denver 's parks were acquired from state lands in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This coincided with the City Beautiful movement , and Denver mayor Robert Speer ( 1904 – 12 and 1916 – 18 ) set out to expand and beautify the city 's parks . Reinhard Schuetze was the city 's first landscape architect , and he brought his German @-@ educated landscaping genius to Washington Park , Cheesman Park , and City Park among others . Speer used Schuetze as well as other landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted , Jr. and Saco Rienk DeBoer to design not only parks such as Civic Center Park , but many city parkways and tree @-@ lawns . All of this greenery was fed with South Platte River water diverted through the city ditch . In addition to the parks within Denver itself , the city acquired land for mountain parks starting in the 1911s . Over the years , Denver has acquired , built and maintained approximately 14 @,@ 000 acres ( 57 km2 ) of mountain parks , including Red Rocks Park , which is known for its scenery and musical history revolving around the unique Red Rocks Amphitheatre . Denver also owns the mountain on which the Winter Park Resort ski area is operated in Grand County , 67 miles ( 110 km ) west of Denver . City parks are important places for both Denverites and visitors , inciting controversy with every change . Denver continues to grow its park system with the development of many new parks along the Platte River through the city , and with Central Park and Bluff Lake Nature Center in the Stapleton neighborhood redevelopment . All of these parks are important gathering places for residents and allow what was once a dry plain to be lush , active , and green . Denver is also home to a large network of public community gardens , most of which are managed by Denver Urban Gardens , a non @-@ profit organization . Since 1974 , Denver and the surrounding jurisdictions have rehabilitated the urban South Platte River and its tributaries for recreational use by hikers and cyclists . The main stem of the South Platte River Greenway runs along the South Platte from Chatfield Reservoir 35 miles ( 56 km ) into Adams County in the north . The Greenway project is recognized as one of the best urban reclamation projects in the U.S. , winning , for example , the Silver Medal Rudy Bruner Award for Urban Excellence in 2001 . In its 2013 ParkScore ranking , The Trust for Public Land , a national land conservation organization , reported that Denver had the 17th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities . = = Government = = Denver is a consolidated city @-@ county with a mayor elected on a nonpartisan ballot , a 13 @-@ member city council and an auditor . The Denver City Council is elected from 11 districts with two at @-@ large council @-@ members and is responsible for passing and changing all laws , resolutions , and ordinances , usually after a public hearing , and can also call for misconduct investigations of Denver 's departmental officials . All elected officials have four @-@ year terms , with a maximum of three terms . The current mayor is Michael Hancock . Denver has a strong mayor / weak city council government . The mayor can approve or veto any ordinances or resolutions approved by the council , makes sure all contracts with the city are kept and performed , signs all bonds and contracts , is responsible for the city budget , and can appoint people to various city departments , organizations , and commissions . However , the council can override the mayor 's veto with a nine out of thirteen member vote , and the city budget must be approved and can be changed by a simple majority vote of the council . The auditor checks all expenditures and may refuse to allow specific ones , usually based on financial reasons . The Denver Department of Safety oversees three branches : the Denver Police Department , Denver Fire Department , and Denver Sheriff Department . The Denver County Court is an integrated Colorado County Court and Municipal Court and is managed by Denver instead of the state . = = = Politics = = = While Denver elections are non @-@ partisan , Democrats have long held the majority sway on Denver politics with most officials elected citywide having Democratic Party affiliation . In federal elections , Denverites also tend to vote for Democratic candidates , voting for the Democratic Presidential nominee in every election since 1960 ( excluding 1980 and 1972 ) . The office of Denver 's Mayor has been occupied by a Democrat since the municipal general election of 1963 . Denver is represented at the federal level by congresswoman Diana DeGette , a Democrat representing Colorado 's 1st congressional district , which includes all of Denver and parts of Arapahoe County . Benjamin F. Stapleton was the mayor of Denver , Colorado , for two periods , the first from 1923 to 1931 and the second from 1935 to 1947 . Stapleton was responsible for many civic improvements during his term , notably during his second stint as mayor when he had access to funds and manpower from the New Deal . During this time , the park system was considerably expanded and the Civic Center completed . His signature project was the construction of Denver Municipal Airport , which began in 1929 amidst heavy criticism . It was later renamed Stapleton International Airport in his honor . Today , the airport no longer stands , but has been replaced by a neighborhood also named Stapleton . Stapleton Street continues to bear his name . During the 1960s and 1970s , Denver was one of the epicenters of the Chicano Movement . The boxer @-@ turned @-@ activist Rodolfo " Corky " Gonzales formed an organization called the Crusade for Justice , which battled police brutality , fought for bilingual education , and , most notably , hosted the First National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference in March 1969 . In recent years , Denver has taken a stance on helping people who are or become homeless , particularly under the administrations of mayors John Hickenlooper and Wellington Webb . At a rate of 19 homeless per 10 @,@ 000 residents in 2011 as compared to 50 or more per 10 @,@ 000 residents for the four metro areas with the highest rate of homelessness , Denver 's homeless population and rate of homeless are both considerably lower than many other major cities . However , residents of the city streets suffer Denver winters - which , although mild and dry much of the time , can have brief periods of extremely cold temperatures and snow . In 2005 , Denver became the first major city in the U.S. to vote to make the private possession of less than an ounce of marijuana legal for adults 21 and older . The city voted 53 @.@ 5 percent in favor of the marijuana legalization measure , which , as then @-@ mayor John Hickenlooper pointed out , was without effect , because the city cannot usurp state law , which at that time treated marijuana possession in much the same way as a speeding ticket , with fines of up to $ 100 and no jail time . Denver passed an initiative in the fourth quarter of 2007 requiring the mayor to appoint an 11 @-@ member review panel to monitor the city 's compliance with the 2005 ordinance . In 2012 , Colorado Amendment 64 was signed into law by Governor John Hickenlooper and at the beginning of 2014 Colorado became the first state to allow the sale of marijuana for recreational use . Former Denver mayor John Hickenlooper was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition , an organization formed in 2006 and co @-@ chaired by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg and Boston mayor Thomas Menino . Denver hosted the 2008 Democratic National Convention , which was the centennial of the city 's first hosting of the landmark 1908 convention . It also hosted the G7 ( now G8 ) summit between June 20 and 22 in 1997 and the 2000 National Convention of the Green Party . On October 31 , 2011 it was announced that The University of Denver in Denver was selected as the host of the first of three 2012 presidential debates to be held on October 3 , 2012 . = = = Taxes = = = The City and County of Denver levies an Occupational Privilege Tax ( OPT or Head Tax ) on employers and employees . If any employee performs work in the city limits and is paid over $ 500 for that work in a single month , the employee and employer are both liable for the OPT regardless of where the main business office is located or headquartered . The employer is liable for $ 4 per employee per month and the employee is liable for $ 5 @.@ 75 per month . It is the employer 's responsibility to withhold , remit , and file the OPT returns . If an employer does not comply , the employer can be held liable for both portions of the OPT as well as penalties and interest . = = Education = = Denver Public Schools ( DPS ) is the public school system in Denver . It currently educates about 73 @,@ 000 students in 73 elementary schools , 15 K @-@ 8 schools , 17 middle schools , 14 high schools , and 19 charter schools . The first school of what is now DPS was a log cabin that opened in 1859 on the corner of 12th Street between Market and Larimer Streets . The district boundaries are coextensive with the city limits . The Cherry Creek School District serves some areas with Denver postal addresses that are outside the city limits . Denver 's many colleges and universities range in age and study programs . Three major public schools constitute the Auraria Campus , University of Colorado Denver , Metropolitan State University of Denver , and Community College of Denver . The private University of Denver was the first institution of higher learning in the city and was founded in 1864 . Other prominent Denver higher education institutions include Johnson & Wales University , Catholic ( Jesuit ) Regis University and the city has Roman Catholic and Jewish institutions , as well as a health sciences school . In addition to those schools within the city , there are a number of schools located throughout the surrounding metro area . = = Media = = The Denver Metropolitan Area is served by a variety of media outlets in print , radio , television , and the Internet . = = = Television stations = = = Denver is the 16th @-@ largest market in the country for television , according to the 2009 – 2010 rankings from Nielsen Media Research . KWGN @-@ TV , channel 2 , is a CW affiliate owned by Tribune Broadcasting . Tribune also owns KDVR , the Fox affiliate on channel 31 , and KWGN is controlled by KDVR management . KWGN is Colorado 's first television station , signing on the air in July 1952 . KCNC @-@ TV , channel 4 , is a CBS owned and operated station . KRMA @-@ TV , channel 6 , is the flagship outlet of Rocky Mountain PBS , a statewide network of Public Broadcasting Service stations . Programming on KRMA is rebroadcast to four other stations throughout Colorado . KMGH @-@ TV , channel 7 , is an ABC affiliate owned by the E.W. Scripps Company , previously owned by the McGraw @-@ Hill company from 1972 to January 2012 . KUSA @-@ TV , channel 9 , is an NBC affiliate , owned by Tegna , Inc .. TEGNA also owns KTVD , the My Network TV affiliate on channel 20 . KBDI @-@ TV , channel 12 , is Denver 's secondary PBS affiliate . KDEN @-@ TV , channel 25 , is a Telemundo @-@ owned station . KPJR @-@ TV , channel 38 , is a Trinity Broadcasting Network @-@ owned station . KCEC , channel 50 , is the Univision affiliate . KETD , channel 53 , is a Christian station owned by the LeSea Broadcasting group . = = = Radio stations = = = Denver is also served by over 40 AM and FM radio stations , covering a wide variety of formats and styles . Denver @-@ Boulder radio is the No. 19 market in the United States , according to the Spring 2011 Arbitron ranking ( up from No. 20 in Fall 2009 ) . For a list of radio stations , see Radio Stations in Colorado = = = Print = = = After a continued rivalry between Denver 's two main newspapers , the Denver Post and Rocky Mountain News , the papers merged operations in 2001 under a Joint Operating Agreement which formed the Denver Newspaper Agency until February 2009 when E. W. Scripps Company , the owner of the Rocky Mountain News closed the paper . There are also several alternative or localized newspapers published in Denver , including the Westword and Out Front Colorado . Denver is home to multiple regional magazines such as 5280 , which takes its name from the city 's mile @-@ high ( 5 @,@ 280 feet or 1 @,@ 609 meters ) elevation . = = Transportation = = = = = City streets = = = Most of Denver has a straightforward street grid oriented to the four cardinal directions . Blocks are usually identified in hundreds from the median streets , identified as " 00 " , which are Broadway ( the east – west median , running north – south ) and Ellsworth Avenue ( the north – south median , running east – west ) . Colfax Avenue , a major east – west artery through Denver , is 15 blocks ( 1500 ) north of the median . Avenues north of Ellsworth are numbered ( with the exception of Colfax Avenue and several others , such as Martin Luther King , Jr . Blvd and Montview Blvd . ) , while avenues south of Ellsworth are named . There is also an older downtown grid system that was designed to be parallel to the confluence of the South Platte River and Cherry Creek . Most of the streets downtown and in LoDo run northeast – southwest and northwest – southeast . This system has an unplanned benefit for snow removal ; if the streets were in a normal N – S / E – W grid , only the N – S streets would receive sunlight . With the grid oriented to the diagonal directions , the NW – SE streets receive sunlight to melt snow in the morning and the NE – SW streets receive it in the afternoon . This idea was from Henry Brown the founder of the Brown Palace Hotel . There is now a plaque across the street from the Brown Palace Hotel which honors this idea . The NW – SE streets are numbered , while the NE – SW streets are named . The named streets start at the intersection of Colfax Avenue and Broadway with the block @-@ long Cheyenne Place . The numbered streets start underneath the Colfax and I @-@ 25 viaducts . There are 27 named and 44 numbered streets on this grid . There are also a few vestiges of the old grid system in the normal grid , such as Park Avenue , Morrison Road , and Speer Boulevard . Larimer Street , named after William Larimer , Jr . , the founder of Denver , which is located in the heart of LoDo , is the oldest street in Denver . All roads in the downtown grid system are streets ( e.g. 16th Street , Stout Street ) . Roads outside that system that travel east / west are given the suffix " avenue " and those that head north and south are given the " street " suffix ( e.g. Colfax Avenue , Lincoln Street ) . Boulevards are higher capacity streets and travel any direction ( more commonly north and south ) . Smaller roads are sometimes referred to as places , drives ( though not all drives are smaller capacity roads , some are major thoroughfares ) or courts . Most streets outside the area between Broadway and Colorado Boulevard are organized alphabetically from the city 's center . Many Denver streets have bicycle lanes , and there are over 850 miles of paved , off @-@ road , bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water , like Cherry Creek and the South Platte . This allows for a significant portion of Denver 's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle friendly city . In addition to the many bike paths , Denver launched B @-@ Cycle – a city @-@ wide bicycle sharing program – in late April 2010 . The B @-@ Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch , boasting 400 bicycles . The Denver Boot , a car @-@ disabling device was first used in Denver . = = = Cycling = = = The League of American Bicyclists has rated Colorado as the sixth most bicycle @-@ friendly state in the nation for the year 2014 . This is due in large part to Front Range cities like Boulder , Fort Collins and Denver placing an emphasis on legislation , programs and infrastructure developments that promote cycling as a mode of transportation . Walk score has rated Denver as the third most bicycle @-@ friendly large city in the United States . Many Denver streets have bicycle lanes , and there are over 850 miles of paved , off @-@ road , bike paths in Denver parks and along bodies of water , like Cherry Creek and the South Platte . This allows for a significant portion of Denver 's population to be bicycle commuters and has led to Denver being known as a bicycle friendly city . According to data from the 2011 American Community Survey , Denver ranks 6th among US cities with populations over 400 @,@ 000 in terms of the percentage of workers who commute by bicycle at 2 @.@ 2 % of commuters . In addition to the many bike paths , Denver launched B @-@ Cycle – a city @-@ wide bicycle sharing program – in late April 2010 . The B @-@ Cycle network was the largest in the United States at the time of its launch , boasting 400 bicycles . Through the acquisition of new grants , the program has continued to expand each year , adding dozens of new stations , hundreds of bikes , and by beginning service during the winter months . = = = Walkability = = = A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Denver sixteenth most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities . = = = Freeways and highways = = = Denver is primarily served by the interstate freeways I @-@ 25 and I @-@ 70 . The intersection of the two interstates is referred to locally as " the mousetrap " , because when viewed from the air , the junction ( and subsequent vehicles ) resemble mice in a large trap . Interstate 25 runs north – south from New Mexico through Denver to Wyoming Interstate 225 traverses neighboring Aurora . I @-@ 225 was designed to link Aurora with I @-@ 25 in the southeastern corner of Denver , and I @-@ 70 to the north of Aurora , with construction starting May 1964 and ending May 21 , 1976 . Interstate 70 runs east – west from Utah to Maryland . Interstate 270 runs concurrently with US 36 from an interchange with Interstate 70 in northeast Denver to an interchange with Interstate 25 north of Denver . The freeway continues as US 36 from the interchange with Interstate 25 . Interstate 76 begins from I @-@ 70 just west of the city in Arvada . It intersects I @-@ 25 north of the city and runs northeast to Nebraska where it ends at I @-@ 80 . US 6 follows the alignment of 6th Avenue west of I @-@ 25 , and connects downtown Denver to the west @-@ central suburbs of Golden and Lakewood . It continues west through Utah and Nevada to Bishop , California . To the east , it continues as far as Provincetown , on Cape Cod in Massachusetts . US 36 connects Denver to Boulder and Rocky Mountain National Park near Estes Park . It runs east into Ohio , after crossing four other states . State Highway 470 ( C @-@ 470 , SH 470 ) is the southwestern portion of the Denver metro area 's beltway . Originally planned as Interstate 470 in the 1960s , the beltway project was attacked on environmental impact grounds and the interstate beltway was never built . The portion of " Interstate 470 " that was built as a state highway is the present @-@ day SH 470 , which is a freeway for its entire length . Denver also has a nearly complete beltway known as " the 470 's " . These are SH 470 ( also known as C @-@ 470 ) , a freeway in the southwest Metro area , and two toll highways , E @-@ 470 ( from southeast to northeast ) and Northwest Parkway ( from terminus of E @-@ 470 to US 36 ) . SH 470 was originally intended to be I @-@ 470 and built with federal highway funds , but the funding was redirected to complete conversion of downtown Denver 's 16th Street to a pedestrian mall . As a result , construction was delayed until 1980 after state and local legislation was passed . I @-@ 470 was also once called " The Silver Stake Highway " , from Gov. Lamm 's declared intention to drive a silver stake through it and kill it . A highway expansion and transit project for the southern I @-@ 25 corridor , dubbed T @-@ REX ( Transportation Expansion Project ) , was completed on November 17 , 2006 . The project installed wider and additional highway lanes , and improved highway access and drainage . The project also includes a light rail line that traverses from downtown to the south end of the metro area at Lincoln Avenue . The project spanned almost 19 miles ( 31 km ) along the highway with an additional line traveling parallel to part of I @-@ 225 , stopping just short of Parker Road . Metro Denver highway conditions can be accessed on the Colorado Department of Transportation website Traffic Conditions . = = = Mass transportation = = = Mass transportation throughout the Denver metropolitan area is managed and coordinated by the Regional Transportation District ( RTD ) . RTD currently operates more than 1 @,@ 000 buses serving over 10 @,@ 000 bus stops in 38 municipal jurisdictions in eight counties around the Denver and Boulder metropolitan areas . Additionally , RTD operates seven rail lines , the A , C , D , E , F , W , and H with a total of 57 @.@ 9 miles ( 93 @.@ 2 km ) of track , serving 44 stations . All lines are light rail except the A , a commuter rail line . FasTracks is a light rail / bus / rail expansion project approved by voters in 2004 which will serve neighboring suburbs and communities . The W line , or West line , opened in April 2013 serving Golden / Federal Center . CDOT runs a bus system named Bustang that offers weekday service between Union Station in Denver , Glenwood Springs , Colorado Springs , and Fort Collins . Greyhound Lines , the intercity bus operator , has a major hub in Denver , with routes to New York City , Portland , Reno , Las Vegas , and their headquarters , Dallas . Subsidiary Autobuses Americanos provides service to El Paso . Allied bus operators Black Hills Trailways , and Burlington Trailways provide service to Billings , Omaha , Indianapolis , and Alamosa . Amtrak , the national passenger rail system , provides service to Denver , operating its California Zephyr daily in both directions between Chicago and Emeryville , California , across the bay from San Francisco . Amtrak Thruway service operated by private bus companies links the Denver station with Rocky Mountain points . At Albuquerque , New Mexico , Denver Thruway connections are made daily with the Amtrak Southwest Chief . Additionally , the Ski Train operated on the former Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad , which took passengers between Denver and the Winter Park Ski Resort , but it is no longer in service . The Ski Train made its final run to Winter Park on March 29 , 2009 . Denver 's early years as a major train hub of the west are still very visible today . Trains stop in Denver at historic Union Station , where travelers can access RTD 's 16th Street Free MallRide or use light rail to tour the city . Union Station will also serve as the main juncture for rail travel in the metro area , at the completion of FasTracks . = = = Airports = = = Denver International Airport ( IATA : DEN , ICAO : KDEN ) , commonly known as DIA , serves as the primary airport for a large region surrounding Denver . DIA is located 18 @.@ 6 miles ( 30 km ) east @-@ northeast of the Colorado State Capitol . DIA is the tenth busiest airport in the world and ranks fourth in the United States , with 51 @,@ 245 @,@ 334 passengers passing through it in 2008 . It covers more than 53 square miles ( 137 @.@ 3 km2 ) , making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of Manhattan . Denver serves as a major hub for United Airlines , is the headquarters for Frontier Airlines , and is the fastest @-@ growing focus city for Southwest Airlines . Three general aviation airports serve the Denver area . Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport ( KBJC ) is 13 @.@ 7 miles ( 22 km ) north @-@ northwest , Centennial Airport ( KAPA ) is 13 @.@ 7 miles ( 22 km ) south @-@ southeast , and Front Range Airport ( KFTG ) is located 23 @.@ 7 miles ( 38 km ) east of the state capitol . In the past , Denver has been home to several other airports that are no longer operational . Stapleton International Airport was closed in 1995 when it was replaced by DIA . Lowry Air Force Base was a military flight training facility that ceased flight operations in 1966 , with the base finally being closed in 1994 . It is currently being used for residential purposes . Buckley Air Force Base , a former Air National Guard base , is currently the only military facility in the Denver @-@ Metro area . = = Notable people = = = = Sister cities = = Denver 's relationship with Brest , France , began in 1948 , making it the second @-@ oldest sister city in the United States . Since then , Denver has established relationships with additional sister cities , and currently has a total of ten partnerships : Brest , France , ( 1948 ) Takayama , Japan ( 1960 ) Nairobi , Kenya ( 1975 ) Karmiel , Israel ( 1977 ) Cuernavaca , Mexico ( 1983 ) Potenza , Italy ( 1983 ) Chennai , India ( 1984 ) Kunming , China ( 1985 ) Axum , Ethiopia ( 1995 ) Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia ( 2001 ) In addition to these , the Denver Regional Council of Governments ( consisting of the city and 51 other local governments ) has established a " sister city " relationship with the Baghdad Governorate , one of Iraq 's eighteen provinces .
= Little Green Men ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Little Green Men " is the first episode of the second season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on September 16 , 1994 in the United States . It was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on August 28 , 1995 . The episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by David Nutter . The episode helped explore the series ' overarching mythology . " Little Green Men " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 @.@ 3 , being watched by 9 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In the episode , Mulder goes to the Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico to continue his search for proof on extraterrestrial life . Meanwhile , Scully attempts to aid him after being separated following the closure of the X @-@ Files . " Little Green Men " was written specifically as a way for Mulder to question his belief in aliens . The episode features the first appearance of an extraterrestrial , because series creator Chris Carter felt it was time to unveil one . In addition , the episode introduces the character of Senator Richard Matheson . Matheson was named after the sci @-@ fi and horror writer Richard Matheson , who wrote many episodes of The Twilight Zone . = = Plot = = In the episode 's prologue , Fox Mulder narrates a history of NASA 's Voyager program and the now @-@ defunct High Resolution Microwave Survey , which sought to contact extraterrestrial life in outer space . At the Survey 's abandoned observatory in Arecibo , Puerto Rico , the equipment inside suddenly activates , indicating a response from an alien intelligence . Since the closure of the X @-@ Files , the FBI has reassigned Mulder to a low @-@ level wiretap while his former partner , Dana Scully , has returned to teaching at the FBI Academy . The two have a discreet meeting at the parking lot of the Watergate Hotel , where Mulder admits that he has been doubting his belief in the paranormal since Deep Throat 's assassination . Mulder flashes back to the night when his sister , Samantha , was abducted . Mulder is summoned to a meeting with Richard Matheson , a U.S. senator who is a patron for his work . Matheson directs Mulder to Arecibo , assuring the agent that he will try to hold off a Blue Beret UFO retrieval team said to be headed there in twenty @-@ four hours . Mulder arrives at the Survey station , where he finds a frightened Puerto Rican man , Jorge , who draws a picture of an alien that he claims to have seen . Meanwhile , Scully , unaware of Mulder 's whereabouts , tries to find him . Reviewing a list of flights from Washington , Scully tracks Mulder down to Puerto Rico . Mulder discovers a signal , possibly originating from an extraterrestrial intelligence . During a storm , Jorge gets scared and runs outside . Mulder finds him dead of fright . When Scully goes to an airport to fly to Puerto Rico , she realizes she 's being tracked by a couple , but manages to escape from them . Meanwhile , as Mulder investigates Jorge 's corpse , the room shakes . The door opens and the shadowy figure of an alien appears . Scully wakes Mulder up the next morning , finding him excited about the readouts and tapes of the signals — the proof of aliens he has sought for so long . However , the Blue Beret team arrives , forcing them to flee with only a tape reel . Upon his return to Washington , Mulder is admonished by Assistant Director Walter Skinner and the Smoking Man for his actions . Mulder claims he still had enough evidence with the days missed to prosecute the subject of his assigned wiretap , and that his own phone calls were being monitored . Skinner then demands that the Smoking Man leave the room , and decides to not discipline Mulder . Investigating the tape reel , Mulder finds it blank due to a power surge during the storm , but vows to continue his work regardless . = = Production = = = = = Writing and casting = = = This episode was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong and directed by David Nutter . Originally , the season two premiere was supposed to be written by series creator Chris Carter . In the rough draft of this version , Mulder would have been sent to Moscow . Carter , instead , assigned Morgan and Wong the task of writing the season opener . Before working on The X @-@ Files , Morgan had written a script with the same name about a man who goes to a telescope located in Chile . The script was never made , but Morgan liked various elements of it , so he cannibalized parts for " Little Green Men " . In addition , the episode was specifically written for Mulder to question himself and his beliefs . According to the two writers , one of the main themes of the episode is “ the idea that we all have to fight our own little green men and carry on . ” Senator Matheson was named after the sci @-@ fi and horror writer Richard Matheson , who wrote many episodes of The Twilight Zone . Matheson was also originally the character who was to recite the episode 's opening monologue . Darren McGavin , of Kolchak : The Night Stalker , was the casting directors ' first choice for the role of Senator Matheson . McGavin was later sought out to be Mulder 's dad , but he again eluded the staff . In the end , McGavin finally agreed to appear on the show during its fifth season ; he was first introduced in the episode " Travelers " as Arthur Dales , the agent who originally founded the X @-@ Files . The role of Matheson eventually went to Raymond J. Barry . The episode marks the first visualization of Samantha 's abduction by aliens . Although there are discrepancies between the depiction of her abduction in this episode and Mulder 's description of it in both " Pilot " and " Conduit " , Carter has attributed this to the unreliability of Mulder 's hypnosis @-@ induced memories . = = = Filming = = = The Puerto Rican scenes were filmed at the Seymour Demonstration Forest in North Vancouver District , while the Plaza of Nations doubled for the Miami Airport . Gillian Anderson revealed on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien that when she and Duchovny were filming the final scene escaping the Blue Berets , the actors portraying the soldiers had to pretend to shoot their guns with their own sound effects , and that " it was very hard to focus without breaking out laughing . " At the airport , Scully is pretending to read the fictional Miami Post Tribune but closer inspection reveals that she is actually reading the " Facts And Arguments " page from Canada 's national paper , The Globe and Mail . The flight manifest that Scully is scanning in search for Mulder is a list of X @-@ Files fans . Extraterrestrials make their first appearance in this episode , as Carter thought it would be a good moment to reveal them . The image of the alien was stretched in post @-@ production to make it look taller and skinnier . The writers for the episode researched various abductee reports and conspiracy theories in order to get the right feel for the episode and make the aliens appear realistic and not " fanciful " . The episode makes several mentions to the Voyager program and the Voyager Golden Record ; Mulder and Senator Matheson listen to Brandenburg Concerto No. 2 in F. First Movement while in the latter 's office . The concerto 's first movement is the first piece of music on the Voyager record . In addition , the episode relies heavily on mentions of the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence ( SETI ) program , the collective name for a number of activities people undertake to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life . Morgan later explained , “ I always wanted to do something with the SETI background . Hope that kids at school check out SETI , because it was factual as to what exists . ” = = Broadcast and reception = = " Little Green Men " premiered on the Fox network on September 16 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on August 28 , 1995 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 3 , with a 19 share , meaning that roughly 10 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 19 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 9 @.@ 8 million households . In addition , the episode won its time period among the " advertiser @-@ friendly " 18 @-@ 49 age ratings group . The episode garnered a largely positive reception from critics . Entertainment Weekly wrote that the episode " Powerfully depicts both Mulder 's gnawing sense of defeat and his bond with Scully , strangely growing stronger with separation " before concluding that the episode was " fairly standard . " The site ultimately gave the episode a B. Reviewer Zack Handlen of The A.V. Club positively compared and contrasted the episode to the cartoon Scooby Doo , Where Are You ? writing that , " I used to be a huge " Scooby Doo " fan . [ ... ] Of course , none of [ the villains ] were really monsters . [ ... ] The X @-@ Files exploited a simple truth : we all want to believe . We might be afraid of what 's lurking in the dark , but isn 't there always a bit of wishing inside that fear ? A hope that what we think we know isn 't everything there is to know . That just once it might be nice to reach for a zipper and instead find nothing but cool scales . " Handlen ultimately called the episode " Essential . " Reviewer Dan Barrett from the 400 Club wrote that " The X @-@ Files is off to a stonking good start with this season 2 opening . " Bob Curtright , writing for the Los Angeles Daily News , called the episode " an engrossing chiller about potential contact from outer space . " He compared the episode positively to Close Encounters of the Third Kind and noted that the episode was " both scary and wondrous " and " offer [ ed ] no pat answers that might tend to blow the credibility . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode five stars out of five , writing that the episode was not " what the fans were expecting , and its reputation isn 't great . But I think this clever and claustrophobic little take , which does so much not only to refresh the show but to analyze what it 's actually about , is one of the very best . "
= Treehouse of Horror XXV = " Treehouse of Horror XXV " is the fourth episode of the 26th season of The Simpsons , the 25th episode in the Treehouse of Horror series of Halloween specials , and the 556th episode overall . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 19 , 2014 . The episode , like the other Treehouse of Horror episodes , comprises three self @-@ contained segments . In " School Is Hell " , Bart finds his ideal new school in Hell ; in " A Clockwork Yellow " , Moe leads a Clockwork Orange gang ; and in " The Others " , the Simpson family are visited by their former selves . A clip from the episode was first shown to the San Diego Comic @-@ Con in July 2014 , and showrunner Al Jean gave an interview about " The Others " in September . The final segment features a sequence in which the Simpson family is animated in the styles of several other media franchises , in which Pixar 's John Ratzenberger provides the guest voice of a computer @-@ generated Homer . The episode was watched by an audience of 7 @.@ 76 million . It received a positive reception from critics , although opinions were divided on which segments were the strongest , and there were differing views on the quality of the Stanley Kubrick references in " A Clockwork Yellow " . " Treehouse of Horror XXV " was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program . = = Plot = = The episode opens with Kang and Kodos hosting a TV special , in which all of the celebrity guests have been killed and displayed to spell the episode 's title . = = = School Is Hell = = = Principal Skinner has put Bart in detention . While dusting a desk , he finds an Aramaic inscription . Lisa uses an app to translate it which transports the pair to Hell , which is a school . Bart excels in the diabolical subjects and asks his parents if he can study there permanently , to which they allow . For his final test , he must torture his father Homer ; despite Bart 's hesitation , Homer encourages him to do so as he wants Bart to succeed . A disfigured Homer and the rest of the family proudly watch Bart graduate from Hell school as class valedictorian . = = = A Clockwork Yellow = = = Moe has a Clockwork Orange @-@ style gang in London along with Lenny , Carl and Homer . Homer falls for a girl ( Marge ) who convinces him to quit and the gang falls apart . Years later , Moe is attacked at home in a style similar to his gang 's former ways and asks Homer to bring the gang back together ; Lenny and Carl ( who have become police officers ) join them . They attack an Eyes Wide Shut @-@ style masked orgy and several other of Stanley Kubrick 's films are parodied in a fight sequence . As Moe gets beaten by two party guests , he narrates that he was " Beaten , bruised " and " couldn 't score at an orgy " but was happy to be back with his old gang . Kubrick is then shown in an editing room and asks for the entire film to be re @-@ shot . = = = The Others = = = In a parody of The Others , the Simpson family find unexplained frosty chocolate milkshakes and that their TV only shows Married ... with Children . After a ghost attacks him in his sleep , Homer summons the ghosts , who are the family 's former selves from The Tracey Ullman Show . Homer is attracted to the ghost Marge who prefers him to the former grumpy Homer , so the jealous living Marge kills herself to become a ghost . The ghost Homer becomes jealous and bludgeons the living Homer to death with a toaster while he is in the bathtub . Bart fakes suicide to join the ghosts , tricking Lisa into actually killing herself , her ghost then murders Bart as revenge . Groundskeeper Willie takes the children 's corpses to make stew and it is implied that he murdered Maggie . Homer chooses his modern @-@ day wife over the older ghost . The next morning at the breakfast table , Lisa asks if there could ever be any other incarnations of the Simpsons and a range of Simpson families based on other animations are then shown . The segment ends with the original version of Homer unsuccessfully trying to photograph a good portrait of the two families together . = = Production = = A clip from " A Clockwork Yellow " was first shown at the San Diego Comic @-@ Con in July 2014 . Executive producer Al Jean spoke to Entertainment Weekly in September 2014 about the third segment of the episode , and the difference in voices between the older and newer versions of the characters . He said that although Dan Castellaneta ’ s portrayal of Homer is better remembered for its evolution over time , Nancy Cartwright ’ s voicing of Bart changed as well , because " it was lower @-@ register , and you can see in the difference in this segment . It was really funny to get the interplay [ between the two versions of the Simpsons ] and for the actors to see the voice evolution . The great thing is we didn ’ t have to ask — we already had the cast hired for the Tracey Ullman Simpsons . " He also revealed that the segment expanded on an earlier episode which implied that the Ullman Simpsons were murdered and buried under the family home , stating " if people want a real Halloween bloodbath , they get it . " In the first segment , Bart summons Hot Stuff the Little Devil , who has been sentenced to Hell for his " lame " comics . The second segment in this episode titled " A Clockwork Yellow " parodies Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange , and features references to his other films , including Eyes Wide Shut . In the finale of the third segment , Lisa asks if there is a possibility that " an evil marketing entity " could produce millions of others . The family is then reproduced in the animation styles of numerous other series including Adventure Time , Archer and South Park , as well as Japanese anime and alternate versions from other episodes of The Simpsons . A computer @-@ generated Homer is voiced by guest star , Pixar voice actor John Ratzenberger . = = Reception = = The episode received an audience of 7 @.@ 76 million , a rise of 0 @.@ 31 million viewers from the previous week 's episode , " Super Franchise Me " . It was the second most watched show on Fox that night , after The OT ; however , it was the least watched in its timeslot across the four major networks , behind NBC 's Football Night in America , CBS ' Madam Secretary and ABC 's Once Upon a Time . The episode received positive reviews . Dennis Perkins of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B , praising the cinematic quality of the first two segments while concluding that the third was the poorest . He was impressed by how the Kubrick references in the second segment used originality rather than being a " perfunctory checklist " , and how the director 's " ow " at the end had " comic aplomb " . Writing for the New York Daily News , Don Kaplan gave the episode four stars out of five , singling the third segment out as the best , and deeming the Kubrick homage " smart and silly " . A more mixed review came from Alex Strachan on Postmedia News ' Canada.com , who found the second segment to be the best and the other two to be average , although he admitted that the Kubrick references were " occasionally a little too inside or self @-@ indulgent for their own good " . He concluded that " there ’ s something in Treehouse of Horror XXV for everyone . A little like a Halloween bag of candy " . The episode was nominated for the Award for Outstanding Animated Program at the 67th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards , losing to the Cartoon Network miniseries Over the Garden Wall .
= Delaware Route 9A = Delaware Route 9A ( DE 9A ) is a two- to four @-@ lane road in Wilmington , Delaware that serves as the primary access route to the Port of Wilmington as well as provide access to Interstate 495 ( I @-@ 495 ) . The official designation of the route runs 0 @.@ 78 miles ( 1 @.@ 26 km ) along Terminal Avenue between DE 9 and the Port of Wilmington , interchanging with I @-@ 495 . Signage has the route continuing north along Christiana Avenue to an intersection with U.S. Route 13 ( US 13 ) and DE 9 for a total length of 2 @.@ 0 mi ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . Christiana Avenue originally became a state highway in the 1920s , becoming a part of US 40 that connected to a ferry across the Delaware River to Penns Grove , New Jersey . US 40 was removed from this road in the 1930s and it later became part of DE 48 , which was subsequently removed in the 1950s following the discontinuance of the ferry . DE 9A was designated by 1971 . = = Route description = = DE 9A begins at an intersection with DE 9 in Wilmington , heading east @-@ southeast as two @-@ lane undivided Terminal Avenue through residential areas . The road widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with I @-@ 495 . Past I @-@ 495 , the road heads through industrial areas , becoming an undivided road as it crosses over Norfolk Southern 's New Castle Secondary railroad line at a grade crossing . The road crosses another railroad branch before reaching the entrance to the Port of Wilmington at the Christiana Avenue intersection . At this point , DelDOT officially marks the end of DE 9A , but signage shows it turning north onto Christiana Avenue . DE 9A proceeds north @-@ northwest as a two @-@ lane road , passing through more industrial areas and crossing under I @-@ 495 again , this time underneath of the I @-@ 495 bridge over the Christina River . After this , the route crosses over both the Norfolk Southern 's New Castle Secondary and Shellpot Branch at grade crossings in marshland . The road continues between residential and commercial areas to the west and industrial areas to the east before terminating at both US 13 and DE 9 near the Christina River drawbridge leading into Wilmington 's central business district . DE 9A has an annual average daily traffic count of 8 @,@ 527 vehicles along Terminal Avenue . The portion of DE 9A along Terminal Avenue between I @-@ 495 and the entrance to the Port of Wilmington at Christiana Avenue is part of the National Highway System . = = History = = What is now DE 9A was a county road by 1920 . By 1924 , the Christiana Avenue portion of the route was constructed as a state highway . Christiana Avenue became a portion of US 40 in 1926 , running from US 13 to a ferry that went across the Delaware River to Penns Grove , New Jersey . By 1931 , US 40 was removed from this road . The road became the easternmost portion of DE 48 by 1936 , which crossed the Delaware River on the ferry to connect to New Jersey Route 48 in Penns Grove . DE 48 was removed from this road by 1952 after the ferry between Wilmington and Penns Grove was discontinued in 1949 . DE 9A was designated around 1971 onto its current alignment . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Wilmington , New Castle County .
= Pacific Tower ( Seattle ) = The Pacific Tower , formerly the Pacific Medical Center , is a 16 @-@ story building on Beacon Hill in Seattle , Washington . It is located at 1200 12th Avenue South . It was completed in 1932 and opened in 1933 as a Marine Hospital Service facility . The lower floors of the facility still function as a medical center today . Amazon.com occupied much of the building as its headquarters for several years . Much of the space was left vacant after Amazon relocated to South Lake Union . In 2013 , the State of Washington agreed to a 30 @-@ year lease of 13 floors . Seattle Central Community College subleases six floors for its healthcare training program . The building was designed by Carl Frelinghuysen Gould of Bebb and Gould with assistance from John Graham & Company . The architecture has a distinctive Art Deco style . The structure is perched on a hill overlooking downtown Seattle and is a prominent piece of the city 's skyline . It has been listed in the National Register of Historic Places and has been recognized as a landmark by the City of Seattle . The building was retrofitted to better withstand an earthquake in the 1990s . However , portions of the building suffered significant damage and required repair due to the 2001 Nisqually earthquake . = = History = = The building was opened in 1933 by the U.S. government as a United States Marine Hospital Service hospital . Replacing a facility in Port Townsend , it opened with 312 beds in 1933 . The hospital originally served veterans , merchant seamen , the US Coast Guard , the US Lighthouse Service , and poor and indigent people defined as “ federal compensation cases ” . In 1951 , it was re @-@ designated as a US Public Health Service facility along with all other Marine hospitals . In 1953 , a three @-@ story annex was constructed on the east end of the building to serve outpatient clinics . Two stair towers were added to the south face in 1975 . The building continued to grow in 1980 as a laboratory and primary care addition were built . The federal government ceased operation of the facility and other similar hospitals in 1981 . Control was shifted to Seattle , and the city chartered the Pacific Hospital Preservation and Development Authority ( PHPDA ) . The PHPDA owns the property and uses long @-@ term tenants with leases . Lease revenues are advance the PHPDA ’ s mission of providing health care services to low @-@ income uninsured and under @-@ insured persons in King County . The lease agreement with WRC.Com Tower LLC was signed in 1998 and was terminated in 2012 . A $ 9 @.@ 3 million county bond paid for seismic improvements between 1991 and 1994 . A new tower was constructed on the north side of the building to create a buttress for the original structure . The addition was designed by architects Zimmer Gunsul Frasca , and received an award from the American Institute of Architects for is innovate design that was inline with the building 's historical facade . The project created 70 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 6 @,@ 500 m2 ) of additional space that was not initially occupied . As the medical organization struggled financially , attempts to lease at least 155 @,@ 000 sq ft ( 14 @,@ 400 m2 ) of the building failed over the course of several years . With medical facilities continuing to occupy the bottom two floors of the building in 1998 , Amazon.com signed a sublease for $ 1 @.@ 5 million a year through 2010 . The building suffered substantial damage during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake as the structure 's upper floor twisted in a corkscrew fashion . On the top three floors , 80 percent of the perimeter walls were damaged . A brick pinnacle on the upper roof collapsed and fell through a roof on the 10th floor . An elevator shaft and five floors were flooded when a mechanical water line ruptured . There were no injuries but it was estimated that the repairs would cost $ 6 million . During repairs , efforts were made to reuse the brick and terracotta , and the same colors and style were sourced when replacement was needed . Amazon continued to occupy their floors during rehabilitation of the structure . In 2003 , the clinical group practice of the PHPDA officially split off to form a 501 ( c ) 3 health care organization , PacMed Clinics ( doing business as Pacific Medical Centers or PMC ) . The Pacific Medical Center Clinic continues to operate in the first two floors of the building . In 2010 , Amazon.com ended its sub @-@ lease with WRC.Com Tower LLC and began the move of its headquarters to a new campus in the city 's South Lake Union neighborhood . Much of the building was left vacant without new tenants moving into the space . The location outside of downtown Seattle was a constraint for businesses . Washington State House Speaker Frank Chopp spearheaded a plan to use government funding to move community college health programs into the building . In August 2013 , the PHPDA announced a 30 @-@ year lease with the Washington State Department of Commerce for 13 stories of Pacific Tower . Six of the stories will be subleased to Seattle Central Community College for its healthcare training programs . Multiple nonprofits are prospective tenants . Chopp and other state lawmakers planned on consolidating several district offices into the location . = = Design = = Architectural firm Bebb and Gould , assisted by the John Graham Company , designed the original structure . Carl Frelinghuysen Gould designed it in an Art Deco style . Located 350 ft ( 110 m ) above sea level at the northern edge of Beacon Hill , the 239 ft ( 73 m ) tower overlooks downtown Seattle and Elliott Bay . The 259 @,@ 703 sq ft ( 24 @,@ 127 @.@ 2 m2 ) building sits on a 9 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 3 @.@ 8 ha ) landscaped property . It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 . In 1992 , the building received landmark status from the city . The northern addition completed in 1994 was considered significant by the American Institute of Architects . It was noted that the exterior of the building could have been supported by new beams and trusses . Instead , the new space integrated almost seamlessly with the original building while being seismically beneficial . The main building and its surrounding campus are surrounded by manicured grounds . The property includes six buildings near the primary structure . These were originally quarters for officers but have since been converted into laboratory and office space . The buildings are in the same style as the main building with facades that include terracotta and brick in patterns resembling woven baskets . Other additions include a parking garage and smaller metal buildings . The property is surrounded by a detailed wrought iron fence .
= Forth ( programming language ) = Forth is an imperative stack @-@ based computer programming language and environment originally designed by Charles " Chuck " Moore . Language features include structured programming , reflection ( the ability to modify the program structure during program execution ) , concatenative programming ( functions are composed with juxtaposition ) and extensibility ( the programmer can create new commands ) . Although not an acronym , the language 's name is sometimes spelled with all capital letters as FORTH , following the customary usage during its earlier years . A procedural programming language without type checking , Forth features both interactive execution of commands ( making it suitable as a shell for systems that lack a more formal operating system ) and the ability to compile sequences of commands for later execution . Some Forth implementations ( usually early versions or those written to be extremely portable ) compile threaded code , but many implementations today generate optimized machine code like other language compilers . Forth is used in the Open Firmware boot loader , in space applications , such as the Philae spacecraft and other embedded systems which involve interaction with hardware . The bestselling 1986 DOS game Starflight , from Electronic Arts , was written with a custom Forth . The free software Gforth implementation is actively maintained , as are several commercially supported systems . = = Overview = = A Forth environment combines the compiler with an interactive shell , where the user defines and runs subroutines called words . Words can be tested , redefined , and debugged as the source is entered without recompiling or restarting the whole program . All syntactic elements , including variables and basic operators , are defined as words . Forth environments vary in how the resulting program is stored , but ideally running the program has the same effect as manually re @-@ entering the source . = = = Stacks = = = Most programming environments with recursive subroutines use a stack for control flow . This structure typically also stores local variables , including subroutine parameters ( in call by value system such as C ) . Forth often does not have local variables , however , nor is it call @-@ by @-@ value . Instead , intermediate values are kept in a second stack . Words operate directly on the topmost values in the first stack . It may therefore be called the " parameter " or " data " stack , but most often simply " the " stack . The second , function @-@ call stack is then called the " linkage " or " return " stack , abbreviated rstack . Special rstack manipulation functions provided by the kernel allow it to be used for temporary storage within a word , but otherwise it cannot be used to pass parameters or manipulate data . Most words are specified in terms of their effect on the stack . Typically , parameters are placed on the top of the stack before the word executes . After execution , the parameters have been erased and replaced with any return values . For arithmetic operators , this follows the rule of reverse Polish notation . See below for examples illustrating stack usage . = = = Maintenance = = = Forth is a simple yet extensible language ; its modularity and extensibility permit the writing of high @-@ level programs such as CAD systems . Forth has been used successfully in large , complex projects , while applications developed by competent , disciplined professionals have proven to be easily maintained on evolving hardware platforms over decades of use . Forth has a niche both in astronomical and space applications . Forth is still used today in many embedded systems ( small computerized devices ) because of its portability , efficient memory use , short development time , and fast execution speed . It has been implemented efficiently on modern RISC processors , and processors that use Forth as machine language have been produced . Other uses of Forth include the Open Firmware boot ROMs used by Apple , IBM , Sun , and OLPC XO @-@ 1 ; and the FICL @-@ based first stage boot controller of the FreeBSD operating system . = = History = = Forth evolved from Charles H. Moore 's personal programming system , which had been in continuous development since 1968 . Forth was first exposed to other programmers in the early 1970s , starting with Elizabeth Rather at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory . After their work at NRAO , Charles Moore and Elizabeth Rather formed FORTH , Inc. in 1973 , refining and porting Forth systems to dozens of other platforms in the next decade . Forth is so named because in 1968 " the file holding the interpreter was labeled FOURTH , for 4th ( next ) generation software — but the IBM 1130 operating system restricted file names to 5 characters . " Moore saw Forth as a successor to compile @-@ link @-@ go third @-@ generation programming languages , or software for " fourth generation " hardware , not a fourth @-@ generation programming language as the term has come to be used . Because Charles Moore frequently moved from job to job over his career , an early pressure on the developing language was ease of porting to different computer architectures . A Forth system has often been used to bring up new hardware . For example , Forth was the first resident software on the new Intel 8086 chip in 1978 and MacFORTH was the first resident development system for the first Apple Macintosh in 1984 . FORTH , Inc . ' s microFORTH was developed for the Intel 8080 , Motorola 6800 , and Zilog Z80 microprocessors starting in 1976 . MicroFORTH was later used by hobbyists to generate Forth systems for other architectures , such as the 6502 in 1978 . Wide dissemination finally led to standardization of the language . Common practice was codified in the de facto standards FORTH @-@ 79 and FORTH @-@ 83 in the years 1979 and 1983 , respectively . These standards were unified by ANSI in 1994 , commonly referred to as ANS Forth . Forth became very popular in the 1980s because it was well suited to the small microcomputers of that time , being compact and portable . At least one home computer , the British Jupiter ACE , had Forth in its ROM @-@ resident operating system . The Canon Cat also used Forth for its system programming , and Rockwell produced single @-@ chip microcomputers with resident Forth kernels , the R65F11 and R65F12 . A complete family tree is at TU @-@ Wien . Insoft GraFORTH was a version of Forth with graphics expansions for the Apple II . ASYST was a Forth expansion for measuring and controlling on PCs . = = Programmer 's perspective = = Forth relies heavily on explicit use of a data stack and reverse Polish notation ( RPN or postfix notation ) , commonly used in calculators from Hewlett @-@ Packard . In RPN , the operator is placed after its operands , as opposed to the more common infix notation where the operator is placed between its operands . Postfix notation makes the language easier to parse and extend ; Forth 's flexibility makes a static BNF grammar inappropriate , and it does not have a monolithic compiler . Extending the compiler only requires writing a new word , instead of modifying a grammar and changing the underlying implementation . Using RPN , one could get the result of the mathematical expression ( 25 * 10 + 50 ) this way : 25 10 * 50 + CR . 300 ok This command line first puts the numbers 25 and 10 on the implied stack . The word * multiplies the two numbers on the top of the stack and replaces them with their product . Then the number 50 is placed on the stack . The word + adds it to the previous product . The CR moves the output to a new line ( it is only for formatting purposes and could be omitted but - in most implementations - without it the output would occur on the same line as the input and would be less readable in the example ) . Finally , the . command prints the result to the user 's terminal . As everything has completed successfully at that point , the text interpreter then outputs the prompt " ok " and moves to a new line to get more input without needing anything explicit to do that . Even Forth 's structural features are stack @-@ based . For example : : FLOOR5 ( n -- n ' ) DUP 6 < IF DROP 5 ELSE 1 - THEN ; This code defines a new word ( again , word is the term used for a subroutine ) called FLOOR5 using the following commands : DUP duplicates the number on the stack ; 6 places a 6 on top of the stack ; < compares the top two numbers on the stack ( 6 and the DUPed input ) , and replaces them with a true @-@ or @-@ false value ; IF takes a true @-@ or @-@ false value and chooses to execute commands immediately after it or to skip to the ELSE ; DROP discards the value on the stack ; and THEN ends the conditional . The text in parentheses is a comment , advising that this word expects a number on the stack and will return a possibly changed number . The FLOOR5 word is equivalent to this function written in the C programming language using the ternary operator : This function is written more succinctly as : : FLOOR5 ( n -- n ' ) 1- 5 MAX ; You could run this word as follows : 1 FLOOR5 CR . 5 ok 8 FLOOR5 CR . 7 ok First the interpreter pushes a number ( 1 or 8 ) onto the stack , then it calls FLOOR5 , which pops off this number again and pushes the result . The CR moves the output to a new line ( again , this is only here for readability ) . Finally , a call to " . " pops the result and prints it to the user 's terminal . = = Facilities = = Forth has no explicit grammar . The interpreter reads a line of input from the user input device , which is then parsed for a word using spaces as a delimiter ; some systems recognise additional whitespace characters . When the interpreter finds a word , it looks the word up in the dictionary . If the word is found , the interpreter executes the code associated with the word , and then returns to parse the rest of the input stream . If the word isn 't found , the word is assumed to be a number and an attempt is made to convert it into a number and push it on the stack ; if successful , the interpreter continues parsing the input stream . Otherwise , if both the lookup and the number conversion fail , the interpreter prints the word followed by an error message indicating the word is not recognised , flushes the input stream , and waits for new user input . The definition of a new word is started with the word : ( colon ) and ends with the word ; ( semi @-@ colon ) . For example , : X DUP 1 + . . ; will compile the word X , and makes the name findable in the dictionary . When executed by typing 10 X at the console this will print 11 10 . Most Forth systems include an assembler that allows one to specify words using the processor 's facilities at its lowest level . Mostly the assembler is tucked away in a separate namespace ( wordlist ) as relatively few users want to use it . Forth assemblers may use a reverse @-@ polish syntax in which the parameters of an instruction precede the instruction , but designs vary widely and are specific to the Forth implementation . A typical reverse @-@ polish assembler prepares the operands on the stack and have the mnemonic copy the whole instruction into memory as the last step . A Forth assembler is by nature a macro assembler , so that it is easy to define an alias for registers according to their role in the Forth system : e.g. " datastackpointer " for the register used as a stack pointer . = = = Operating system , files , and multitasking = = = Most Forth systems run under a host operating system such as Microsoft Windows , Linux or a version of Unix and use the host operating system 's file system for source and data files ; the ANSI Forth Standard describes the words used for I / O. All modern Forth systems use normal text files for source , even if they are embedded . An embedded system with a resident compiler gets its source via a serial line . Classic Forth systems traditionally use neither operating system nor file system . Instead of storing code in files , source code is stored in disk blocks written to physical disk addresses . The word BLOCK is employed to translate the number of a 1K @-@ sized block of disk space into the address of a buffer containing the data , which is managed automatically by the Forth system . Block use has become rare since the mid @-@ 1990s . In a hosted system those blocks too are allocated in a normal file in any case . Multitasking , most commonly cooperative round @-@ robin scheduling , is normally available ( although multitasking words and support are not covered by the ANSI Forth Standard ) . The word PAUSE is used to save the current task 's execution context , to locate the next task , and restore its execution context . Each task has its own stacks , private copies of some control variables and a scratch area . Swapping tasks is simple and efficient ; as a result , Forth multitaskers are available even on very simple microcontrollers , such as the Intel 8051 , Atmel AVR , and TI MSP430 . Other non @-@ standard facilities include a mechanism for issuing calls to the host OS or windowing systems , and many provide extensions that employ the scheduling provided by the operating system . Typically they have a larger and different set of words from the stand @-@ alone Forth 's PAUSE word for task creation , suspension , destruction and modification of priority . = = = Self @-@ compilation and cross compilation = = = A fully featured Forth system with all source code will compile itself , a technique commonly called meta @-@ compilation by Forth programmers ( although the term doesn 't exactly match meta @-@ compilation as it is normally defined ) . The usual method is to redefine the handful of words that place compiled bits into memory . The compiler 's words use specially named versions of fetch and store that can be redirected to a buffer area in memory . The buffer area simulates or accesses a memory area beginning at a different address than the code buffer . Such compilers define words to access both the target computer 's memory , and the host ( compiling ) computer 's memory . After the fetch and store operations are redefined for the code space , the compiler , assembler , etc. are recompiled using the new definitions of fetch and store . This effectively reuses all the code of the compiler and interpreter . Then , the Forth system 's code is compiled , but this version is stored in the buffer . The buffer in memory is written to disk , and ways are provided to load it temporarily into memory for testing . When the new version appears to work , it is written over the previous version . Numerous variations of such compilers exist for different environments . For embedded systems , the code may instead be written to another computer , a technique known as cross compilation , over a serial port or even a single TTL bit , while keeping the word names and other non @-@ executing parts of the dictionary in the original compiling computer . The minimum definitions for such a Forth compiler are the words that fetch and store a byte , and the word that commands a Forth word to be executed . Often the most time @-@ consuming part of writing a remote port is constructing the initial program to implement fetch , store and execute , but many modern microprocessors have integrated debugging features ( such as the Motorola CPU32 ) that eliminate this task . = = Structure of the language = = The basic data structure of Forth is the " dictionary " which maps " words " to executable code or named data structures . The dictionary is laid out in memory as a tree of linked lists with the links proceeding from the latest ( most recently ) defined word to the oldest , until a sentinel value , usually a NULL pointer , is found . A context switch causes a list search to start at a different leaf . A linked list search continues as the branch merges into the main trunk leading eventually back to the sentinel , the root . There can be several dictionaries . In rare cases such as meta @-@ compilation a dictionary might be isolated and stand @-@ alone . The effect resembles that of nesting namespaces and can overload keywords depending on the context . A defined word generally consists of head and body with the head consisting of the name field ( NF ) and the link field ( LF ) and body consisting of the code field ( CF ) and the parameter field ( PF ) . Head and body of a dictionary entry are treated separately because they may not be contiguous . For example , when a Forth program is recompiled for a new platform , the head may remain on the compiling computer , while the body goes to the new platform . In some environments ( such as embedded systems ) the heads occupy memory unnecessarily . However , some cross @-@ compilers may put heads in the target if the target itself is expected to support an interactive Forth . = = = Dictionary entry = = = The exact format of a dictionary entry is not prescribed , and implementations vary . However , certain components are almost always present , though the exact size and order may vary . Described as a structure , a dictionary entry might look this way : structure byte : flag \ 3bit flags + length of word 's name char @-@ array : name \ name 's runtime length isn 't known at compile time address : previous \ link field , backward ptr to previous word address : codeword \ ptr to the code to execute this word any @-@ array : parameterfield \ unknown length of data , words , or opcodes end @-@ structure forthword The name field starts with a prefix giving the length of the word 's name ( typically up to 32 bytes ) , and several bits for flags . The character representation of the word 's name then follows the prefix . Depending on the particular implementation of Forth , there may be one or more NUL ( ' \ 0 ' ) bytes for alignment . The link field contains a pointer to the previously defined word . The pointer may be a relative displacement or an absolute address that points to the next oldest sibling . The code field pointer will be either the address of the word which will execute the code or data in the parameter field or the beginning of machine code that the processor will execute directly . For colon defined words , the code field pointer points to the word that will save the current Forth instruction pointer ( IP ) on the return stack , and load the IP with the new address from which to continue execution of words . This is the same as what a processor 's call / return instructions does . = = = Structure of the compiler = = = The compiler itself is not a monolithic program . It consists of Forth words visible to the system , and usable by a programmer . This allows a programmer to change the compiler 's words for special purposes . The " compile time " flag in the name field is set for words with " compile time " behavior . Most simple words execute the same code whether they are typed on a command line , or embedded in code . When compiling these , the compiler simply places code or a threaded pointer to the word . The classic examples of compile @-@ time words are the control structures such as IF and WHILE . Almost all of Forth 's control structures and almost all of its compiler are implemented as compile @-@ time words . Apart from some rarely used control flow words only found in a few implementations , such as a conditional return , all of Forth 's control flow words are executed during compilation to compile various combinations of primitive words along with their branch addresses . For instance , IF and WHILE , and the words that match with those , set up BRANCH ( unconditional branch ) and ? BRANCH ( pop a value off the stack , and branch if it is false ) . Counted loop control flow words work similarly but set up combinations of primitive words that work with a counter , and so on . During compilation , the data stack is used to support control structure balancing , nesting , and back @-@ patching of branch addresses . The snippet : ... DUP 6 < IF DROP 5 ELSE 1 - THEN ... would be compiled to the following sequence inside a definition : ... DUP LIT 6 < ? BRANCH 5 DROP LIT 5 BRANCH 3 LIT 1 - ... The numbers after BRANCH represent relative jump addresses . LIT is the primitive word for pushing a " literal " number onto the data stack . = = = = Compilation state and interpretation state = = = = The word : ( colon ) parses a name as a parameter , creates a dictionary entry ( a colon definition ) and enters compilation state . The interpreter continues to read space @-@ delimited words from the user input device . If a word is found , the interpreter executes the compilation semantics associated with the word , instead of the interpretation semantics . The default compilation semantics of a word are to append its interpretation semantics to the current definition . The word ; ( semi @-@ colon ) finishes the current definition and returns to interpretation state . It is an example of a word whose compilation semantics differ from the default . The interpretation semantics of ; ( semi @-@ colon ) , most control flow words , and several other words are undefined in ANS Forth , meaning that they must only be used inside of definitions and not on the interactive command line . The interpreter state can be changed manually with the words [ ( left @-@ bracket ) and ] ( right @-@ bracket ) which enter interpretation state or compilation state , respectively . These words can be used with the word LITERAL to calculate a value during a compilation and to insert the calculated value into the current colon definition . LITERAL has the compilation semantics to take an object from the data stack and to append semantics to the current colon definition to place that object on the data stack . In ANS Forth , the current state of the interpreter can be read from the flag STATE which contains the value true when in compilation state and false otherwise . This allows the implementation of so @-@ called state @-@ smart words with behavior that changes according to the current state of the interpreter . = = = = Immediate words = = = = The word IMMEDIATE marks the most recent colon definition as an immediate word , effectively replacing its compilation semantics with its interpretation semantics . Immediate words are normally executed during compilation , not compiled but this can be overridden by the programmer , in either state . ; is an example of an immediate word . In ANS Forth , the word POSTPONE takes a name as a parameter and appends the compilation semantics of the named word to the current definition even if the word was marked immediate . Forth @-@ 83 defined separate words COMPILE and [ COMPILE ] to force the compilation of non @-@ immediate and immediate words , respectively . = = = = Unnamed words and execution tokens = = = = In ANS Forth , unnamed words can be defined with the word : NONAME which compiles the following words up to the next ; ( semi @-@ colon ) and leaves an execution token on the data stack . The execution token provides an opaque handle for the compiled semantics , similar to the function pointers of the C programming language . Execution tokens can be stored in variables . The word EXECUTE takes an execution token from the data stack and performs the associated semantics . The word COMPILE , ( compile @-@ comma ) takes an execution token from the data stack and appends the associated semantics to the current definition . The word ' ( tick ) takes the name of a word as a parameter and returns the execution token associated with that word on the data stack . In interpretation state , ' RANDOM @-@ WORD EXECUTE is equivalent to RANDOM @-@ WORD . = = = = Parsing words and comments = = = = The words : ( colon ) , POSTPONE , ' ( tick ) are examples of parsing words that take their arguments from the user input device instead of the data stack . Another example is the word ( ( paren ) which reads and ignores the following words up to and including the next right parenthesis and is used to place comments in a colon definition . Similarly , the word \ ( backslash ) is used for comments that continue to the end of the current line . To be parsed correctly , ( ( paren ) and \ ( backslash ) must be separated by whitespace from the following comment text . = = = Structure of code = = = In most Forth systems , the body of a code definition consists of either machine language , or some form of threaded code . The original Forth which follows the informal FIG standard ( Forth Interest Group ) , is a TIL ( Threaded Interpretive Language ) . This is also called indirect @-@ threaded code , but direct @-@ threaded and subroutine threaded Forths have also become popular in modern times . The fastest modern Forths use subroutine threading , insert simple words as macros , and perform peephole optimization or other optimizing strategies to make the code smaller and faster . = = = Data objects = = = When a word is a variable or other data object , the CF points to the runtime code associated with the defining word that created it . A defining word has a characteristic " defining behavior " ( creating a dictionary entry plus possibly allocating and initializing data space ) and also specifies the behavior of an instance of the class of words constructed by this defining word . Examples include : VARIABLE Names an uninitialized , one @-@ cell memory location . Instance behavior of a VARIABLE returns its address on the stack . CONSTANT Names a value ( specified as an argument to CONSTANT ) . Instance behavior returns the value . CREATE Names a location ; space may be allocated at this location , or it can be set to contain a string or other initialized value . Instance behavior returns the address of the beginning of this space . Forth also provides a facility by which a programmer can define new application @-@ specific defining words , specifying both a custom defining behavior and instance behavior . Some examples include circular buffers , named bits on an I / O port , and automatically indexed arrays . Data objects defined by these and similar words are global in scope . The function provided by local variables in other languages is provided by the data stack in Forth ( although Forth also has real local variables ) . Forth programming style uses very few named data objects compared with other languages ; typically such data objects are used to contain data which is used by a number of words or tasks ( in a multitasked implementation ) . Forth does not enforce consistency of data type usage ; it is the programmer 's responsibility to use appropriate operators to fetch and store values or perform other operations on data . = = Programming = = Words written in Forth are compiled into an executable form . The classical " indirect threaded " implementations compile lists of addresses of words to be executed in turn ; many modern systems generate actual machine code ( including calls to some external words and code for others expanded in place ) . Some systems have optimizing compilers . Generally speaking , a Forth program is saved as the memory image of the compiled program with a single command ( e.g. , RUN ) that is executed when the compiled version is loaded . During development , the programmer uses the interpreter in REPL mode to execute and test each little piece as it is developed . Most Forth programmers therefore advocate a loose top @-@ down design , and bottom @-@ up development with continuous testing and integration . The top @-@ down design is usually separation of the program into " vocabularies " that are then used as high @-@ level sets of tools to write the final program . A well @-@ designed Forth program reads like natural language , and implements not just a single solution , but also sets of tools to attack related problems . = = Code examples = = = = = Hello world = = = One possible implementation : : HELLO ( -- ) CR . " Hello , world ! " ; HELLO < cr > Hello , world ! The word CR ( Carriage Return ) causes the following output to be displayed on a new line . The parsing word . " ( dot @-@ quote ) reads a double @-@ quote delimited string and appends code to the current definition so that the parsed string will be displayed on execution . The space character separating the word . " from the string Hello , world ! is not included as part of the string . It is needed so that the parser recognizes . " as a Forth word . A standard Forth system is also an interpreter , and the same output can be obtained by typing the following code fragment into the Forth console : CR . ( Hello , world ! ) . ( ( dot @-@ paren ) is an immediate word that parses a parenthesis @-@ delimited string and displays it . As with the word . " the space character separating . ( from Hello , world ! is not part of the string . The word CR comes before the text to print . By convention , the Forth interpreter does not start output on a new line . Also by convention , the interpreter waits for input at the end of the previous line , after an ok prompt . There is no implied " flush @-@ buffer " action in Forth 's CR , as sometimes is in other programming languages . = = = Mixing states of compiling and interpreting = = = Here is the definition of a word EMIT @-@ Q which when executed emits the single character Q : : EMIT @-@ Q 81 ( the ASCII value for the character ' Q ' ) EMIT ; This definition was written to use the ASCII value of the Q character ( 81 ) directly . The text between the parentheses is a comment and is ignored by the compiler . The word EMIT takes a value from the data stack and displays the corresponding character . The following redefinition of EMIT @-@ Q uses the words [ ( left @-@ bracket ) , ] ( right @-@ bracket ) , CHAR and LITERAL to temporarily switch to interpreter state , calculate the ASCII value of the Q character , return to compilation state and append the calculated value to the current colon definition : : EMIT @-@ Q [ CHAR Q ] LITERAL EMIT ; The parsing word CHAR takes a space @-@ delimited word as parameter and places the value of its first character on the data stack . The word [ CHAR ] is an immediate version of CHAR . Using [ CHAR ] , the example definition for EMIT @-@ Q could be rewritten like this : : EMIT @-@ Q [ CHAR ] Q EMIT ; \ Emit the single character ' Q' This definition used \ ( backslash ) for the describing comment . Both CHAR and [ CHAR ] are predefined in ANS Forth . Using IMMEDIATE and POSTPONE , [ CHAR ] could have been defined like this : : [ CHAR ] CHAR POSTPONE LITERAL ; IMMEDIATE = = = A complete RC4 cipher program = = = In 1987 , Ron Rivest developed the RC4 cipher @-@ system for RSA Data Security , Inc . The code is extremely simple and can be written by most programmers from the description : We have an array of 256 bytes , all different . Every time the array is used it changes by swapping two bytes . The swaps are controlled by counters i and j , each initially 0 . To get a new i , add 1 . To get a new j , add the array byte at the new i . Exchange the array bytes at i and j . The code is the array byte at the sum of the array bytes at i and j . This is XORed with a byte of the plaintext to encrypt , or the ciphertext to decrypt . The array is initialized by first setting it to 0 through 255 . Then step through it using i and j , getting the new j by adding to it the array byte at i and a key byte , and swapping the array bytes at i and j . Finally , i and j are set to 0 . All additions are modulo 256 . The following Standard Forth version uses Core and Core Extension words only . 0 value ii 0 value jj 0 value KeyAddr 0 value KeyLen create SArray 256 allot \ state array of 256 bytes : KeyArray KeyLen mod KeyAddr ; : get _ byte + c @ ; : set _ byte + c ! ; : as _ byte 255 and ; : reset _ ij 0 TO ii 0 TO jj ; : i _ update 1 + as _ byte TO ii ; : j _ update ii SArray get _ byte + as _ byte TO jj ; : swap _ s _ ij jj SArray get _ byte ii SArray get _ byte jj SArray set _ byte ii SArray set _ byte ; : rc4 _ init ( KeyAddr KeyLen -- ) 256 min TO KeyLen TO KeyAddr 256 0 DO i i SArray set _ byte LOOP reset _ ij BEGIN ii KeyArray get _ byte jj + j _ update swap _ s _ ij ii 255 < WHILE ii i _ update REPEAT reset _ ij ; : rc4 _ byte ii i _ update jj j _ update swap _ s _ ij ii SArray get _ byte jj SArray get _ byte + as _ byte SArray get _ byte xor ; This is one of many ways to test the code : hex create AKey 61 c , 8A c , 63 c , D2 c , FB c , : test cr 0 DO rc4 _ byte . LOOP cr ; AKey 5 rc4 _ init 2C F9 4C EE DC 5 test \ output should be : F1 38 29 C9 DE = = Implementations = = Because the Forth virtual machine is simple to implement and has no standard reference implementation , there are numerous implementations of the language . In addition to supporting the standard varieties of desktop computer systems ( POSIX , Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X ) , many of these Forth systems also target a variety of embedded systems . Listed here are some of the more prominent systems which conform to the 1994 ANS Forth standard . Gforth - a portable ANS Forth implementation from the GNU Project SwiftForth - native code desktop and embedded Forths by Forth , Inc . , originators of the language ; VFX Forth - highly @-@ optimizing native code Forth Open Firmware - a bootloader and BIOS standard based on ANS Forth
= New Jersey Route 54 = Route 54 ( known locally as 12th Street ) is a state highway located in Atlantic County in New Jersey , United States . It is considered to be a southern extension of U.S. Route 206 ( US 206 ) , running 11 @.@ 86 mi ( 19 @.@ 09 km ) from an intersection with US 206 and US 30 in Hammonton to an intersection with US 40 in Buena Vista Township . The road passes through the center of Hammonton before running into rural areas . It intersects US 322 and Route 73 in Folsom and the Atlantic City Expressway in Hammonton . What is now Route 54 was originally legislated in 1938 to run from US 30 / US 206 in Hammonton south to Main Road in Landis Township ( part of present @-@ day Vineland ) . The only part taken over as a state highway and designated Route 54 was north of US 40 in Buena , the proposed route south of this point remained as county @-@ maintained Lincoln Avenue . In 1953 , Route 54 was defined onto its current alignment . A freeway was proposed along the Route 54 corridor in the late 1960s to connect the southern terminus of US 206 in Hammonton to Route 55 in the Vineland / Millville area ; it was eventually canceled . = = Route description = = Route 54 begins at an intersection with US 40 / County Route 557 ( CR 557 ) and CR 619 on the border of Buena and Buena Vista Township . Known as Buena Hammonton Road , it proceeds north @-@ northeast as a two @-@ lane undivided road through agricultural areas , forming the border between Buena to the west and Buena Vista Township to the east . After fully entering Buena Vista Township and becoming 12th Street , the road reaches an intersection with CR 690 and makes a turn more to the northeast . At this point , Route 54 enters forested areas , with a few breaks for residences . Upon entering Folsom , the route passes over a Conrail Shared Assets Operations railroad line before coming to a cloverleaf interchange with US 322 ( Black Horse Pike ) . After this interchange , the road comes to a crossroads with Route 73 , which is signed as County Route 561 Spur . Following this intersection , Route 54 heads through a mix of woods and farm fields as it enters Hammonton and reaches an interchange with the Atlantic City Expressway . In the area of this interchange , the route is a four @-@ lane divided highway . Past the Atlantic City Expressway , the two @-@ lane undivided road comes to an intersection with CR 559 . From this point , Route 54 is lined with residences and businesses as it comes into downtown Hammonton . The road crosses New Jersey Transit ’ s Atlantic City Line immediately before a junction with CR 561 . After CR 561 , the route becomes Bellevue Avenue and encounters the western terminus of CR 542 . As the road leaves the downtown area , the surroundings become more residential . Route 54 ends at an intersection with US 30 and US 206 , where the road continues north as US 206 . = = History = = By 1927 , what is now Route 54 was an unnumbered , unpaved road connecting Buena to Hammonton . Route 54 was legislated in 1938 to run from US 30 / Route 43 and US 206 / Route 39 in Hammonton south along Lincoln Avenue to an intersection with Main Road in Landis Township , Cumberland County ( now a part of Vineland ) . The only portion of Route 54 that was taken over as a state highway was north of the US 40 / Route 48 intersection in Buena . The portion of Lincoln Avenue south of US 40 remained a county route called CR 25 in Cumberland County and CR 55 and CR 19 in Atlantic County . This road is presently both Cumberland and Atlantic CRs 655 and a part of Atlantic CR 619 . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 54 was defined onto its current alignment between US 40 in Buena Vista and US 30 / US 206 in Hammonton . In the late 1960s , a freeway was proposed for the US 206 / Route 54 corridor , running from US 30 in Hammonton south to Route 55 and the proposed Route 60 near Vineland and Millville . The freeway between Vineland / Millville and Hammonton was to cost $ 47 million and was intended to provide a better route between the two areas than the existing two @-@ lane roads . This proposed freeway was never built due to environmental and financial issues . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Atlantic County .
= SMS Hamburg = SMS Hamburg ( " His Majesty 's Ship Hamburg " ) was the second of seven Bremen @-@ class cruisers of the Imperial German Navy , named after the city of Hamburg . She was begun by AG Vulcan Stettin in Stettin in 1902 , launched on 25 July 1903 and commissioned on 8 March 1904 . Throughout her over 40 @-@ year long career , she served with the Imperial Navy , the Reichsmarine , and the Kriegsmarine . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Hamburg was capable of a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . Hamburg served with the High Seas Fleet for the first eight years on active duty . For the rest of her career , she served with U @-@ boat flotillas , first as a flagship for the I U @-@ boat Flotilla and later as a barracks ship for U @-@ boat crews during World War I. she returned to fleet duty with the Reichsmarine after the end of the war , but returned to barracks ship duties starting in 1936 , though 1944 . She was towed to her namesake city in early July 1944 for scrapping , but was sunk by British bombers toward the end of the month . The wreck was raised in 1949 and subsequently dismantled in 1956 . = = Construction = = Hamburg was ordered under the contract name " K " and was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in 1902 and launched on 25 July 1903 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 8 March 1904 . The ship was 111 @.@ 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 28 m ( 17 @.@ 3 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 651 t ( 3 @,@ 593 long tons ; 4 @,@ 025 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines , designed to give 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Hamburg carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 4 @,@ 270 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 910 km ; 4 @,@ 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 – 287 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = After her commissioning , Hamburg served with the fleet . She was assigned to I Subdivision of the Cruiser Division of the Active Fleet . The unit consisted of the light cruisers Frauenlob and Arcona and the armored cruiser Friedrich Carl , the flagship . The ships were attached to the I Squadron of the Active Fleet . A second subdivision , composed of an armored cruiser and three light cruisers was attached to the II Squadron . In April 1909 , Hamburg was cruising in the Mediterranean . On 21 April , she was dispatched from Corfu to Mersin , where rioting threatened German interests . She was joined there the following day by several British and French warships , including the battleship HMS Swiftsure . By 1912 , she was withdrawn from front @-@ line service for use as the second command flagship for the I U @-@ boat Flotilla . After the outbreak of World War I , she rejoined the fleet , but continued in her role as the I Flotilla flagship . On 6 August , she and the cruiser Stettin escorted a flotilla of U @-@ boats into the North Sea in an attempt to draw out the British fleet , which could then be attacked by the U @-@ boats . The force returned to port on 11 August , without having encountered any British warships . On 15 – 16 December , Hamburg participated in the bombardment of Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby . She was assigned to the cruiser screen of the High Seas Fleet , which was providing distant cover to Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's battlecruisers while they were conducting the bombardment . Following reports of British destroyers from Hamburg and the armored cruiser Roon , Admiral von Ingenohl ordered the High Seas Fleet to turn to port and head for Germany . At 06 : 59 , Hamburg , Roon , and Stuttgart encountered Commander Jones ' destroyers . Jones shadowed the Germans until 07 : 40 , at which point Hamburg and Stuttgart were detached to sink their pursuers . At 08 : 02 , Roon signaled the two light cruisers and ordered them to abandon the pursuit and retreat along with the rest of the High Seas Fleet . Hamburg was assigned to the IV Scouting Group during the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 . The IV Scouting Group , under the command of Commodore Ludwig von Reuter , departed Wilhelmshaven at 03 : 30 on 31 May , along with the rest of the fleet . Tasked with screening for the fleet , Hamburg and the torpedo boat V73 were positioned on the port side of the fleet , abreast of the II Battle Squadron . Hamburg and the IV Scouting Group were not heavily engaged during the early phases of the battle , but around 21 : 30 , they encountered the British 3rd Light Cruiser Squadron ( 3rd LCS ) . Reuter 's ships were leading the High Seas Fleet south , away from the deployed Grand Fleet . Due to the long range and poor visibility , only München and Stettin were able to engage the British cruisers . Hamburg only fired one salvo , since the haze rendered it impossible to spot the fall of shot . Reuter turned his ships hard to starboard , in order to draw the British closer to the capital ships of the German fleet , but the 3rd LCS refused to take the bait and disengaged . Later in the war , Hamburg was reduced to a barracks ship for the U @-@ boat flotilla in Wilhelmshaven . During this period , among others , her commanding officers was Korvettenkapitän Friedrich Lützow , who commanded Hamburg from 16 March 1917 to 12 May 1918 . She was among the six light cruisers Germany was permitted to retain by the Treaty of Versailles . In the service of the newly reorganized Reichsmarine , Hamburg served in the active fleet starting in 1920 . In 1922 , Hamburg was assigned to the North Sea Squadron , with the old battleship Braunschweig and the cruiser Arcona . She remained in the fleet until 1923 , when she was withdrawn from active service for use as a training cruiser for naval cadets . She served in this capacity from 1924 to 1927 ; she remained in the Reichsmarine inventory until she was stricken from the naval register on 31 March 1931 . Promoted to Kapitän zur See , Lützow again served as her commander form 27 September 1924 to 2 May 1925 . She was again used as a barracks ship for submarine crews starting in 1936 by the Kriegsmarine , this time in Kiel . She continued in this duty until 1944 , when the Kriegsmarine decided to break her up for scrap . She was towed to her namesake city on 7 July 1944 for dismantling , where she was later sunk by British bombers on 27 July . The wreck was raised in 1949 and ultimately broken up in 1956 .
= Freddie Mitchell = Freddie Lee Mitchell , Jr . ( born November 28 , 1978 ) is a former American football wide receiver who played for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League ( NFL ) for four seasons . He was chosen as a consensus All @-@ American in 2000 while playing college football for the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . The Philadelphia Eagles selected him in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft , and he spent four seasons as a member of the Eagles , culminating in an appearance in Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2004 NFL season . A four @-@ sport athlete at Kathleen High School , Mitchell committed to UCLA to play football for the Bruins . In his collegiate debut in 1998 , he had four receptions for 108 yards , including a 79 @-@ yard touchdown from Cade McNown , as well as a 34 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brian Poli @-@ Dixon . Mitchell broke his femur the following week against Houston and missed most of the season . Limited by a knee cartilage injury throughout the 1999 season , he finished with 38 receptions for 533 yards . As a junior in 2000 , Mitchell was a Fred Biletnikoff Award finalist and earned first @-@ team All @-@ Pac @-@ 10 honors at the conclusion of the season . In the 2000 Sun Bowl , he had nine catches for a Sun Bowl record of 180 yards . He declared for the 2001 NFL Draft following the 2000 season and finished his college career with 77 catches for 1 @,@ 494 yards and nine touchdowns . Mitchell was drafted by the Eagles with the 25th selection in the first round of the 2001 NFL Draft . He began the 2001 season as the fourth wide receiver , but surpassed Na Brown to become the team 's slot receiver in week eight . Mitchell became the fourth receiver again after the Eagles signed Antonio Freeman before the 2002 season and caught only twelve passes the entire year . Mitchell became the slot receiver once again during the 2003 season , after Freeman left . In the NFC Divisional Playoff Game against the Green Bay Packers , with the Eagles facing a 4th and 26 situation , he caught a 28 @-@ yard pass from Donovan McNabb to help led the team to a win in overtime . He finished the 2003 season with a career @-@ high 35 catches for 498 yards and two touchdowns . The presence of Terrell Owens in 2004 led to limited opportunities for Mitchell to catch passes and he showed his frustration on and off the field . When Owens went down with an ankle injury towards the end of the season , Mitchell replaced him as the starter and had a two @-@ touchdown performance in the Divisional Playoff Game against the Minnesota Vikings . After the game , Mitchell said , " I just want to thank my hands for being so great . " In the week prior to Super Bowl XXXIX against the New England Patriots , he created controversy by offending members of the Patriots ' secondary , including Rodney Harrison . He caught one pass for 11 yards in the Super Bowl and was released by the Eagles on May 6 , 2005 . The Kansas City Chiefs signed him shortly after , but he declined to have arthroscopic surgery on his injured knee and he was released before the start of the season . After his NFL career ended , Mitchell bought a barbecue restaurant in Lakeland in 2008 , but the venue was closed in September 2009 . Mitchell is currently serving a 37 @-@ month sentence for tax fraud . = = Early years = = Mitchell grew up as the son of a pastor in Lakeland , Florida . He attended Kathleen High School in Lakeland , where he lettered in cross country , baseball , football , and basketball . In baseball , Mitchell was used as a pinch hitter and played outfielder . He played in the Polk County East – West Senior All @-@ Star Game in 1997 for the West squad . He had a .388 batting average , three home runs , and eleven runs batted in ( RBI ) . Mitchell was drafted by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 47th round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft after graduating from Kathleen . He was a guard in basketball , and scored 11 points in the 1997 Class 4A boys ' high school basketball state championship for Kathleen as the Red Devils won their first ever title . Mitchell , who had three steals in the game , was called for a technical foul after he went out @-@ of @-@ bounds and punched a cooler . In football , he contributed as a wide receiver , kick returner , punt returner , holder for kicker Paul Edinger , and defensive back . Mitchell earned The Ledger second @-@ team all @-@ Lakeland area honors as a utility player following the 1995 season . Mitchell visited the University of Florida , Florida State University , the University of Miami , and Michigan State University before he committed to the University of California , Los Angeles to play football for the Bruins . He chose to play on the West Coast mainly because of the opportunities presented for his career after football . = = College career = = While attending the University of California , Los Angeles , Mitchell played for the UCLA Bruins football team from 1997 to 2000 . He sat out the 1997 season by taking a redshirt and subsequently lengthening his college football eligibility . In his first game , a 49 – 31 win over Texas on September 12 , 1998 , Mitchell threw a 34 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brian Poli @-@ Dixon and had four catches for 108 yards and one touchdown pass ( 79 yards ) from quarterback Cade McNown . He had one rushing attempt for 30 yards on a reverse , 78 yards on three kickoff returns , and 17 yards on three punt returns . He was named the Pacific @-@ 10 Conference Offensive Player of the Week for his efforts in the game . On September 19 , Mitchell had surgery on his left femur after suffering a fracture at the end of a kickoff return in the first quarter of a 42 – 24 win over Houston the same day . Mitchell was expected to miss the rest of the season . However , after a " remarkable " recovery , according to a member of the UCLA medical staff , Mitchell was able to play for eleven snaps in the Rose Bowl on January 1 , 1999 . He threw a 61 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Durell Price on a flea flicker play in the first quarter of the loss to Wisconsin . In the summer prior to the 1999 season , Mitchell and Poli @-@ Dixon trained with Minnesota Vikings receivers Randy Moss and Cris Carter in Florida . Mitchell , Poli @-@ Dixon , Danny Farmer , and the rest of the UCLA receiving corps called themselves " The Birds " for their ability to " fly all over the field . " Mitchell was hampered by a knee cartilage issue throughout his redshirt sophomore season . In his first career start , replacing the injured Farmer in the season @-@ opener against Boise State , Mitchell had one catch for 11 yards from Drew Bennett , one kickoff return for 15 yards , and four punt returns for 33 yards . In the next week in a loss against the Ohio State Buckeyes , Mitchell again started in place of Farmer and gained 31 yards on two reverses , had four kickoff returns for 73 yards and completed a pass for 18 yards . In a 35 – 21 win over Fresno State on September 18 , Mitchell , again starting in place of Farmer , caught nine passes for 149 yards , both career @-@ highs . Mitchell caught 10 passes for 103 total yards in the next four games . He led the team in receiving for three consecutive weeks to follow : in his sixth start of the season , a 55 – 7 blowout loss to Oregon State , he caught five passes for 58 yards ; in the Bruins ' third @-@ straight loss , this time to Arizona , he had 42 yards on four receptions ; and in a 23 – 20 win in overtime against Washington , he successfully received four passes for 82 yards , including a 43 @-@ yard pass from Ryan McCann . In the final game of the season , against USC , Mitchell caught five passes for 88 yards . He had a total of 38 catches for 533 yards with no touchdowns and six starts in 1999 , and finished 15th in the Pac @-@ 10 in receptions with 3 @.@ 5 per game and 17th in receiving yards with 48 @.@ 5 per game . Mitchell played baseball for the Bruins in the offseason prior to the 2000 football season . He was teammates with future Philadelphia Phillies second baseman Chase Utley and introduced Utley to his future wife , Jennifer Cooper . Mitchell was drafted in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft in the 50th round by the Chicago White Sox . Utley said of Mitchell 's decision not to play baseball professionally , " he chose the right sport in football , that 's for sure . He was a good batting practice hitter — that 's about it . He wasn 't quite the same once the game got going . " The Bruins earned the Pac @-@ 10 Conference Championship with Mitchell as a member in 2000 . Mitchell earned preseason first @-@ team All @-@ Pac @-@ 10 honors from The Sporting News and Lindy 's Sports before the 2000 season as he prepared to take over the starting wide receiver job following Farmer 's graduation . Mitchell , along with teammate Poli @-@ Dixon , was named to the Fred Biletnikoff Award watchlist for the best wide receiver in college football during the preseason . In the season @-@ opener against third @-@ ranked Alabama , Mitchell threw a 31 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Poli @-@ Dixon on a trick play in the first quarter and made a 46 @-@ yard touchdown reception from McCann in the third quarter . He finished the game with four catches for 91 yards in the upset win . In the 24 – 21 win over Fresno State on September 9 , Mitchell led the team in receiving with six receptions for 58 yards and a 20 @-@ yard touchdown pass from McCann . Mitchell 's catches went into the double @-@ digits against third @-@ ranked Michigan , as he had ten receptions for 137 yards in the 23 – 20 upset win on September 16 . On September 23 , in the third quarter of a 29 – 10 loss against Oregon , Mitchell caught what appeared to be a touchdown in the corner of the end zone , but was ruled out @-@ of @-@ bounds by the officials . The Bruins settled for a field goal on the drive and Mitchell explained after the game that " I knew it was a touchdown , you knew it was a touchdown , everybody does . The ref [ eree ] knew it too because he looked at me like he was sorry . " On the next series , however , Mitchell caught a 54 @-@ yard touchdown pass from backup quarterback Bennett . Mitchell finished the game with eight receptions for 158 yards . In a 38 – 31 comeback win over Arizona State on September 30 , he caught two touchdown passes from Cory Paus in the third quarter , one of which was for 80 yards , and had four total catches for 125 yards in the game . On October 14 , in a triple @-@ overtime loss to California , Mitchell made eight receptions for 167 yards and caught a 35 @-@ yard touchdown from Paus in the fourth quarter . Mitchell was named to the BCSfootball.com Midseason All @-@ America team after posting 38 receptions for 736 yards and six touchdowns midway through the season . Over the next four games , Mitchell recorded 26 catches for 438 yards , including a seven @-@ catch , 185 @-@ yard game against Stanford on November 4 . He caught a 41 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Paus in the game . In a 38 – 35 loss to USC on November 18 , Mitchell broke Farmer 's single @-@ season record of 1 @,@ 274 yards in 1998 with 1 @,@ 314 yards . He made four receptions for 140 yards and a four @-@ yard touchdown in the game , and threw a 45 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Poli @-@ Dixon . Mitchell was named a semi @-@ finalist for the Biletnikoff Award in late October . He was named a finalist for the award in late November alongside Antonio Bryant of Pittsburgh and Marvin Minnis of Florida State , but lost out to Bryant . Mitchell earned first @-@ team All @-@ America honors by the Walter Camp Football Foundation following the season , as well as first @-@ team All @-@ Pac @-@ 10 honors . He earned CNNSI.com honorable mention All @-@ America honors . He was named a winner of UCLA 's Henry R. " Red " Sanders Award for Most Valuable Player , the winner of the George W. Dickerson Award for Outstanding Offensive Player against USC , and a winner of the Team Captain Award at the UCLA football award banquet . In the 2000 Sun Bowl against Wisconsin on December 29 , Mitchell made nine receptions for a Sun Bowl @-@ record 180 yards , including a 64 @-@ yard touchdown catch . Though the Bruins lost the game 21 – 20 , Mitchell said Badgers cornerback Jamar Fletcher " couldn 't stop [ him ] . " Mitchell was called for two taunting penalties on Fletcher , but still won MVP honors following the game . Mitchell finished the season with 77 catches for 1 @,@ 494 yards and nine touchdowns . In October 2000 , Mitchell told the Eugene Register @-@ Guard that he was " definitely returning " for his senior season . By mid @-@ November , however , he told the Associated Press that he was " leaning to staying , but nothing 's firm . " Mitchell instead chose to forgo his senior year and entered the NFL Draft in early January 2001 . He stated , " I have had a great time , but it 's time for me to give something back to my family . " Mitchell said he would be quieter in the NFL : " You won 't hear no more trash talking from Freddie Mitchell , those are the big boys , I 'm just a little kid again . I 'm humble . " He had 119 catches for 2 @,@ 135 yards and 10 touchdowns in his career as a Bruin . = = Professional career = = = = = Pre @-@ draft = = = After Mitchell declared for the 2001 NFL Draft , one NFL scout told the Milwaukee Journal @-@ Sentinel in February , " I don 't think he 's as fast as people in the press try to say he is . He 's absolutely fearless over the middle but he prefers to trap the ball instead of to extend for it . I don 't think he has nearly the explosion to be considered a first . " Mitchell was also criticized by scouts for his small frame and potential character issues . Draft analyst Mel Kiper , Jr. rated Mitchell as the 16th @-@ best prospect in the draft following the NFL Scouting Combine in which he ran a 4 @.@ 4 @-@ second 40 @-@ yard dash , and called him a player on the rise . Kiper also rated him as the fifth @-@ best wide receiver in the draft and projected Mitchell to be drafted in the mid @-@ first round following his performance at the Combine . In rating players several times leading up to the draft , Kiper re @-@ watched game film of each player and adjusted their rankings accordingly . In his March 5 mock draft , Kiper projected Mitchell to be drafted by the Green Bay Packers with the tenth overall selection . He ranked Mitchell as the 18th @-@ best player in the draft on March 30 . NFLDraftScout.com projected Mitchell to be drafted in the second round and rated him as the eighth @-@ best wide receiver in the draft . Kiper ranked him the fourth @-@ best wide receiver in the draft on April 2 . In his April 10 mock draft , Kiper projected Mitchell to be drafted by the Denver Broncos with the 24th overall selection . Ed Bouchette of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette ranked Mitchell as the sixth @-@ best wide receiver in the draft . Mitchell hired Tom Condon of IMG Football as his agent leading up to the draft . = = = Philadelphia Eagles = = = = = = = 2001 season = = = = Mitchell was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round ( 25th overall ) of the 2001 NFL Draft . He was the fifth wide receiver taken in the draft . He worked out with his new quarterback Donovan McNabb in Arizona and Los Angeles before mini @-@ camp started . Because of NCAA rules regarding graduation , Mitchell was unable to attend the Eagles ' mini @-@ camp until after UCLA 's senior class graduated . He studied the Eagles ' playbook in the meantime . He asked the NFL for an exemption , but the league refused , and he arrived for his first practice on June 18 , 2001 . Mitchell signed a five @-@ year , $ 5 @.@ 5 million contract with the Eagles on July 26 , in time for the start of training camp . During training camp , Mitchell practiced as a backup behind James Thrash and Todd Pinkston . Special teams coordinator John Harbaugh asked Mitchell if he was willing to practice as a kickoff returner in practice , but Mitchell declined , citing the fracture of his femur on a kickoff return in college . Nonetheless , he still practiced on the kickoff coverage team , and on the punt coverage team as a gunner . Mitchell suffered a hip pointer during the morning session on July 31 , but returned for the afternoon session without limitation . A hamstring injury limited him at the end of training camp . Before the start of the 2001 season , head coach Andy Reid said , " Mentally , [ Mitchell is ] right there . He 's picked everything up , he 's a smart kid . He 's wide @-@ eyed , ready to learn . He 's done a nice job when he 's been in there . " Mitchell began the season as the team 's fourth wide receiver behind Thrash , Pinkston , and Na Brown . Mitchell 's difficulty in learning the complex playbook , as well as the lingering hamstring injury , limited him in the Eagles ' first six games of the season . In his first career NFL game , a week one matchup against the St. Louis Rams on September 9 , Mitchell played in a few snaps but was not thrown to . Mitchell was listed as " questionable " due to his hamstring injury before the start of the week two game against the Seattle Seahawks on September 23 , and was not activated . Against the Dallas Cowboys in week three on September 30 , Mitchell returned to the field and caught his first pass , which went for no gain . In weeks four and six , against the Arizona Cardinals and New York Giants , respectively , Mitchell recorded no catches . In week seven against the Oakland Raiders , he made a catch for 15 yards . Due to Brown 's ineffective play , Mitchell replaced him as the Eagles ' slot receiver in week eight against the Cardinals and had four receptions for 62 yards . In a week nine game against the Minnesota Vikings on November 11 , Mitchell caught three passes for 38 yards and had one rushing attempt for 12 yards . He caught two passes for 15 yards and had one rush for a loss of 16 yards in week ten against the Cowboys . Mitchell was listed as " probable " on the team 's injury report due to a shoulder injury before a week eleven game against the Washington Redskins , but did not record any catches in the game . He made three receptions for 60 yards in a week twelve win over the Kansas City Chiefs on November 29 , and Reid said , " Every week we 're giving Freddie a little bit more responsibility and he 's coming along very well right now . " In a week thirteen game against the San Diego Chargers , Mitchell caught one pass for five yards and attempted a pass off of a reverse that was knocked down . Against Washington in week 14 , Mitchell caught his first career touchdown pass , a four @-@ yard reception in the second quarter . He had two catches for 27 yards in the game . Mitchell caught two passes in each of the next two games for a total of 61 yards . Mitchell made his first two career starts in week seventeen and in a wild card playoff game win against the Buccaneers . He did not record any receptions in either game . Against the Chicago Bears in a divisional playoff game win on January 19 , Mitchell caught two passes for 14 yards . In the NFC Championship Game against the Rams on January 27 , Mitchell caught one pass for two yards . A pass intended for him on a fourth @-@ down play was intercepted by Rams defensive back Aeneas Williams to clinch the win for St. Louis . Mitchell finished the season with 21 receptions for 283 yards and one touchdown . = = = = 2002 season = = = = After the Eagles signed Antonio Freeman to a one @-@ year contract in August 2002 , Mitchell was demoted to the fourth wide receiver behind Pinkston , Thrash , and Freeman . Mitchell mainly contributed on special teams for the Eagles throughout the 2002 season . In the first fifteen weeks of the season , Mitchell caught a total of six passes for 53 yards as a backup . Against the Cowboys in week sixteen , Pinkston left the game due to turf toe , and Mitchell caught two passes for 17 yards in his place . Mitchell started in place of Pinkston in the last regular season game against the Giants on December 28 , and led the team in receiving with four catches for 35 yards . Mitchell only caught twelve passes for 105 yards over the entire season . It was after this dismal performance , despite having the benefit of Pro Bowl quarterback Donovan McNabb passing to him , that Mitchell began to be labeled as a " bust . " = = = = 2003 season = = = = Mitchell competed with rookie Billy McMullen for the third wide receiver position in 2003 after Freeman left the Eagles following the 2002 season . He eventually beat out McMullen for the slot receiver job . Eagles staff , players , and media called Mitchell one of the most improved players in training camp . Donovan McNabb commented that Mitchell 's " offseason workouts as well as his mindset has been a whole lot different . " In the first four weeks of the season , Mitchell caught six passes for 55 yards . Mitchell had one catch for 29 yards against the Redskins on October 5 , and he recovered a Redskins onside kick to clinch the win for the Eagles . He had one reception for 27 yards in a game against the Cowboys in week six . Mitchell started in week seven in place of Pinkston against the Giants but recorded no catches . Against the New York Jets in week eight , he had two catches for 29 yards . In week nine against the Atlanta Falcons , Mitchell caught a 37 @-@ yard touchdown pass from McNabb and finished with two catches for 43 yards . He made seven receptions in the next two games for 83 yards . Against the New Orleans Saints in week twelve , Mitchell started and made two receptions for 24 yards . In weeks thirteen and fourteen , he had a combined six catches for 98 yards . On December 15 , in a week fifteen game against the Miami Dolphins , Mitchell threw his first touchdown pass , a 25 @-@ yard pass to Brian Westbrook , and caught two passes for 30 yards in the 34 – 27 win . Against the San Francisco 49ers in week sixteen on December 21 , Mitchell made two catches for 23 yards and caught an eight @-@ yard touchdown pass in the second quarter of a week seventeen game against the Redskins on December 27 . He had four catches for 47 yards in the game . Mitchell 's most significant play , according to Philadelphia media and fans , came on January 11 , 2004 , in the NFC Divisional Playoff Game against the Packers . Late in the game , with the Eagles losing by three points and facing a 4th and 26 situation , Mitchell caught a 28 @-@ yard pass for a first down . The Eagles tied the score on the same drive and won the game in overtime . Mitchell had another catch for nine yards in the game . In the NFC Championship Game on January 18 against the Carolina Panthers , he caught four passes for 38 yards in the loss . Mitchell had 35 catches for 498 yards and two touchdowns in 2003 . = = = = 2004 season = = = = With the Eagles ' acquisition of wide receiver Terrell Owens and the departure of Thrash , Mitchell kept his role as the slot receiver in 2004 . Peter King said Mitchell had " a great training camp " and that he " might be having the best camp of any player I 've seen this summer . " He made seven receptions in the first four weeks of the season for a total of 118 yards receiving , including three catches for 71 yards against the Detroit Lions in week three . He started against the Panthers on October 17 in week six but did not record any catches . In the following three weeks , Mitchell only had two receptions for 31 yards , with both catches coming against the Cleveland Browns in week seven . His most notable catch of the season was a 60 @-@ yard reception during the Eagles ' November 15 , 2004 , Monday Night Football game against the Cowboys . This catch is remembered primarily for the manner in which McNabb extended the play by eluding the Cowboys ' pass rush for 14 @.@ 1 seconds before eventually throwing to Mitchell . Over the subsequent four weeks , Mitchell had one reception in each game for a combined 54 yards . He began to openly voice his frustration over the limited role he continued to play in the Eagles ' offense due to Owens ' prominence . At one point during the season , after he made a catch , Mitchell would point to his wrist as if to say " it 's about time . " In a week fifteen game against the Cowboys , Owens suffered an ankle injury and was expected to miss the remainder of the season . Mitchell , who suffered a quad contusion during the game , did not make a catch against Dallas , but was named the starter in Owens ' place opposite Pinkston . Against the Rams in week sixteen , Mitchell caught a seven @-@ yard touchdown pass from McNabb in the first quarter and finished the game with two receptions for 28 yards . In the final game of the regular season against the Cincinnati Bengals , Mitchell had six receptions for 76 yards and a touchdown . He finished the season with only 22 catches . In a divisional playoff game against the Vikings on January 16 , 2005 , Mitchell caught a two @-@ yard touchdown pass in the first quarter and celebrated by feigning to pull his pants up , a reference to the touchdown celebration by Vikings ' wide receiver Randy Moss , who pretended to pull his pants down to moon Green Bay fans the week before and was heavily criticized for doing so . Mitchell recovered an L. J. Smith fumble in the endzone for a touchdown in the second quarter , and finished the game with a team @-@ high five receptions for 65 yards . In a press conference after the game , Mitchell said , " I just want to thank my hands for being so great . " He had two receptions for 20 yards against the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship Game on January 23 . In the game , Mitchell sported a well @-@ publicized frohawk . = = = = = Super Bowl controversy = = = = = The Eagles finished the 2004 season with a 13 – 3 record and earned a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they were to play the AFC Champion New England Patriots . During the week leading up to the game , Mitchell sat for a short ESPN interview conducted by Dan Patrick . Asked to identify the members of the Patriots ' secondary , Mitchell claimed he did not know them by name , only by number , and then deliberately stated each of their numbers incorrectly . Finally , he said he " had something " for safety Rodney Harrison . Harrison responded by calling Mitchell a " jerk . " Normally tight @-@ lipped coach Patriots head coach Bill Belichick later said of Mitchell , " [ a ] ll he does is talk . He 's terrible , and you can print that . I was happy when he was in the game . " Mitchell caught only one pass for 11 yards in the 24 – 21 loss . After the Super Bowl , Mitchell continued to sound off in interviews in which he criticized the Patriots , as well as Belichick , saying that the way the Patriots reacted reminded him of " little girls . " = = = Later career = = = Mitchell held out from the Eagles ' mini @-@ camp in late April 2005 , with Andy Reid stating , " I did not want him here . " Mitchell was released from the team on May 6 . He finished his career with the Eagles with 90 receptions for 1 @,@ 263 yards and five touchdowns . Mitchell worked out for the Kansas City Chiefs on June 6 , 2005 , following his release from the Eagles . He signed with the Chiefs on June 17 after Az @-@ Zahir Hakim decided against signing with the team . Mitchell did not receive a signing bonus . He began practicing with the team on the last day of mini @-@ camps , June 18 , and received extra practice with the coaches the following week . He suffered a knee injury during practice on July 30 and was scheduled to undergo arthroscopic surgery the following week , but declined to go through with it . He was released on September 2 due to concerns about his knee . Mitchell elected to have knee surgery on September 6 following his release . Mitchell worked out for several teams after his release from the Chiefs , but did not sign a contract with any of them . He worked out for the Green Bay Packers on October 25 , 2005 , the Dallas Cowboys on August 6 , 2006 , the Cleveland Browns on October 11 , 2006 , the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League on February 11 , 2007 , the Tennessee Titans on July 26 , 2007 , and the Baltimore Ravens on May 29 , 2008 . The Philadelphia Soul of the Arena Football League expressed interest in signing Mitchell in January 2006 , but president Ron Jaworski , a former Eagles quarterback , had difficulties contacting him . = = Personal = = Mitchell 's first cousin is former running back Rod Smart , who played on the Eagles with Mitchell in 2001 . Mitchell enjoys country music . Mitchell had several nicknames during his tenure in Philadelphia . These included " Fast Freddie , " the " Sultan of Slot , " " First Down Freddie , " " FredEx " ( claiming he " always delivers " ) , the " People 's Champ , " and " Hollywood . " Mitchell appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno while on UCLA 's campus , deliberately answering questions incorrectly . He appeared on A Dating Story , a reality television show , in May 2002 . In the episode , Mitchell took Tiffany Schmid , a model in the Philadelphia area , to Great Adventure Amusement Park for their date . Mitchell , as well as several other NFL players , received threatening hate mail in 2003 , apparently due to his appearance on the reality show with Schmid as a mixed @-@ race couple at the time . According to sports blog Deadspin 's editor @-@ in @-@ chief Will Leitch , on November 27 , 2006 , Mitchell served as a substitute teacher at Mishawaka High School in Mishawaka , Indiana . In 2008 , Mitchell returned to Lakeland and bought a local barbecue restaurant called " Brothers ' Bar @-@ B @-@ Que . " In February 2009 , Mitchell was under investigation when a package containing 7 pounds ( 3 @.@ 2 kg ) of marijuana was delivered to his business . Mitchell was briefly detained , but was not charged . The restaurant was closed briefly in June for violations , but reopened shortly thereafter . On September 3 , 2009 , the restaurant was closed and Mitchell was named in a suit for failure to make payments on the business . Mitchell officially lost the restaurant in September 2009 after a court ruling . In December 2009 , Mitchell was pulled over for speeding in suburban Philadelphia . Due to an outstanding warrant for failure to pay child support , he was arrested on charges of being a fugitive from justice , and was later released on $ 250 @,@ 000 bail . In January 2011 , Mitchell appeared on Bravo 's Millionaire Matchmaker , a dating show in which Patti Stanger sets millionaires up to find love . Mitchell 's fiancée left him after Super Bowl XXXIX in February 2005 after they had been together for two years . On May 4 , 2012 , Mitchell participated in a charity golfing event to benefit the Palm Beach State College Foundation . Mitchell turned himself in to authorities on March 12 , 2012 , after being indicted on federal tax fraud charges . He was arraigned on March 22 on the charges , and a warrant for his arrest in Indiana for failure to pay child support led to his incarceration in Orange County , Florida . In May 2012 , Mitchell filed a lawsuit against a married couple , who were defendants in his previous charges , citing fraud , breach of contract , and intentional infliction of emotional distress . Mitchell pleaded guilty on March 8 , 2013 , to one count of conspiring to file a false tax claim with the federal government . At a hearing on October 24 , 2013 , in Orlando , Florida , he claimed that his crime stemmed from concussions he suffered during his career in the NFL , adding that he suffers from headaches , insomnia , and memory loss . His attorneys asked the judge in the case that Mitchell only be sentenced to community service and probation . On October 29 , he was sentenced to serve 37 months in prison . He began his sentence on December 6 .
= Wendell H. Ford = Wendell Hampton Ford ( September 8 , 1924 – January 22 , 2015 ) was an American politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky . He served for twenty @-@ four years in the U.S. Senate and was the 53rd Governor of Kentucky . He was the first person to be successively elected lieutenant governor , governor and United States senator in Kentucky history . The Senate Democratic whip from 1991 to 1999 , he was considered the leader of the state 's Democratic Party from his election to governor in 1971 until his retirement from the Senate in 1999 . At the time of his retirement , he was the longest @-@ serving senator in Kentucky 's history , a mark which was then surpassed by Mitch McConnell in 2009 . Born in Daviess County , Kentucky , Ford attended the University of Kentucky , but his studies were interrupted by his service in World War II . After the war , he graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance and returned to Kentucky to help his father with the family insurance business . He also continued his military service in the Kentucky Army National Guard . He worked on the gubernatorial campaign of Bert T. Combs in 1959 , and became Combs ' executive assistant when Combs was elected governor . Encouraged to run for the Kentucky Senate by Combs ' ally and successor , Ned Breathitt , Ford won the seat and served one four @-@ year term before running for lieutenant governor in 1967 . He was elected on a split ticket with Republican Louie B. Nunn . Four years later , Ford defeated Combs in an upset in the Democratic primary en route to the governorship . As governor , Ford made government more efficient by reorganizing and consolidating some departments in the executive branch . He raised revenue for the state through a severance tax on coal and enacted reforms to the educational system . He purged most of the Republicans from statewide office , including helping Walter " Dee " Huddleston win the Senate seat vacated by the retirement of Republican stalwart John Sherman Cooper . In 1974 , Ford himself ousted the other incumbent senator , Republican Marlow Cook . Following the rapid rise of Ford and many of his political allies , he and his lieutenant governor , Julian Carroll , were investigated on charges of political corruption , but a grand jury refused to indict them . As senator , Ford was a staunch defender of Kentucky 's tobacco industry . He also formed the Senate National Guard Caucus with Missouri senator Kit Bond . Chosen as Democratic party whip in 1991 , Ford considered running for floor leader in 1994 before throwing his support to Connecticut 's Christopher Dodd . He retired from the Senate in 1999 and returned to Owensboro , where he taught politics to youth at the Owensboro Museum of Science and History . = = Early life = = Wendell Ford was born near Owensboro , in Daviess County , Kentucky , on September 8 , 1924 . He was the son of Ernest M. and Irene Woolfork ( Schenk ) Ford . His father was a state senator and ally of Kentucky Governor Earle C. Clements . Ford obtained his early education in the public schools of Daviess County and graduated from Daviess County High School . From 1942 to 1943 , he attended the University of Kentucky . On September 18 , 1943 , Ford married Jean Neel of Owensboro at the home of the bride 's parents . The couple had two children . Daughter Shirley ( Ford ) Dexter was born in 1950 and son Steven Ford was born in 1954 . The family attended First Baptist Church in Owensboro . In 1944 , Ford left the University of Kentucky to join the army , enlisting for service in World War II on July 22 , 1944 . He was trained as an administrative non @-@ commissioned officer and promoted to the rank of technical sergeant on November 17 , 1945 . Over the course of his service , he received the American Campaign Medal and the World War II Victory Medal and earned the Expert Infantryman Badge and Good Conduct Medal . He was honorably discharged on June 18 , 1946 . Following the war , Ford returned home to work with his father in the family insurance business , and graduated from the Maryland School of Insurance in 1947 . On June 7 , 1949 , he enlisted in the Kentucky Army National Guard and was assigned to Company I of the 149th Infantry Regimental Combat Team in Owensboro . On August 7 , 1949 , he was promoted to Second Lieutenant of Infantry . In 1949 , Ford 's company was converted from infantry to tanks , and Ford served as a Company Commander in the 240th Tank Battalion . Promoted to First Lieutenant of Armor , he transferred to the inactive Guard in 1956 , before being discharged in 1962 . = = Political career = = Ford was very active in civic affairs , becoming the first Kentuckian to serve as president of the Jaycees in 1954 . He was a youth chairman of Bert T. Combs ' 1959 gubernatorial campaign . After Combs ' election , Ford served as Combs ' executive assistant from 1959 to 1963 . When his mother died in 1963 , Ford returned to Owensboro to help his father with the family insurance agency . Although it was speculated he would run for lieutenant governor that year , Ford later insisted he had decided not to re @-@ enter politics until Governor Ned Breathitt asked him to run against Casper " Cap " Gardner , the state senate 's majority leader and a major obstacle to Breathitt 's progressive legislative agenda . Ford won the 1965 election by only 305 votes but quickly became a key player in the state senate . Representing the Eighth District , including Daviess and Hancock counties , Ford introduced 22 major pieces of legislation that became law during his single term in the senate . In 1967 , Ford ran for lieutenant governor , this time against the wishes of Breathitt and Combs , whose pick was state attorney general Robert Matthews . Ford defeated Matthews by 631 votes , 0 @.@ 2 % of the total vote count in the primary . He ran an independent campaign and won in the general election even as Combs @-@ Breathitt pick Henry Ward lost the race for governor to Republican Louie B. Nunn . Republicans and Democrats split the state offices , with five going to Republicans and four going to Democrats . During his time as lieutenant governor , Ford rebuilt the state 's Democratic machine , which would help elect him and others , including Senator Walter Huddleston and Governor Martha Layne Collins . When Governor Nunn asked the legislature to increase the state sales tax in 1968 from 3 percent to 5 percent , Ford opposed the measure , saying it should only pass if food and medicine were exempted . Ford lost this battle ; the increase passed without exemptions . From 1970 to 1971 , Ford was a member of the Executive Committee of the National Conference of Lieutenant Governors . = = = Governor of Kentucky = = = At the expiration of his term as lieutenant governor , Ford was one of eight candidates to enter the 1971 Democratic gubernatorial primary . The favorite of the field was Ford 's mentor , Combs . During the campaign , Ford attacked Combs ' age and the sales tax enacted during Combs ' administration . He also questioned why Combs would leave his better @-@ paying federal judgeship to run for a second term as governor . Ford garnered more votes than Combs and the other six candidates combined , and attributed his unlikely win over Combs in the primary to superior strategy and Combs ' underestimation of his candidacy . Following the election , Combs correctly predicted " This is the end of the road for me politically . " Ford went on to win the governorship in a four @-@ way general election that included another former Democratic governor , A. B. " Happy " Chandler , who ran as an independent . Ford finished more than 58 @,@ 000 votes ahead of his closest rival , Republican Tom Emberton . With Combs and Chandler out of politics , factionalism in the Kentucky Democratic Party began to wane . As governor , Ford raised revenue from a severance tax on coal , a two @-@ cent @-@ per @-@ gallon tax on gasoline , and an increased corporate tax . He balanced these increases by exempting food from the state sales tax . The resulting large budget surplus allowed him to propose several construction projects . His victory in the primary had been largely due to Jefferson County , and he returned the favor by approving funds to build the Commonwealth Convention Center and expand the Kentucky Fair and Exposition Center . He also shepherded a package of reforms to the state 's criminal justice system through the first legislative session of his term . Ford oversaw the transition of the University of Louisville from municipal to state funding . He pushed for reforms to the state 's education system , giving up his own chairmanship of the University of Kentucky board of trustees and extending voting rights to student and faculty members of university boards . These changes generally shifted administration positions in the state 's colleges from political rewards to professional appointments . He increased funding to the state 's education budget and gave expanded powers to the Council on Higher Education . He vetoed a measure that would have allowed collective bargaining for teachers . Ford drew praise for his attention to the mundane task of improving the efficiency and organization of executive departments , creating several " super cabinets " under which many departments were consolidated . During the 1972 legislative session , he created the Department of Finance and Administration , combining the functions of the Kentucky Program Development Office and the Department of Finance . Constitutional limits sometimes prevented him from combining like functions , but Ford made the reorganization a top priority and realized some savings to the state . On March 21 , 1972 , the U.S. Supreme Court handed down its ruling in the case of Dunn v. Blumstein that found that a citizen who had lived in a state for 30 days was resident in that state and thus eligible to vote there . Kentucky 's Constitution required residency of one year in the state , six months in the county had and sixty days in the precinct to establish voting eligibility . This issue had to be resolved before the 1972 presidential election in November , so Ford called a special legislative session to enact the necessary corrections . In addition , Ford added to the General Assembly 's agenda the creation of a state environmental protection agency , a refinement of congressional districts in line with the latest census figures and ratification of the recently passed Equal Rights Amendment . All of these measures passed . Despite surgery for a brain aneurysm in June 1972 , Ford attended the 1972 Democratic National Convention in Miami Beach , Florida . He supported Edmund Muskie for president , but later greeted nominee George McGovern when he visited Kentucky . The convention was the beginning of Ford 's role in national politics . Offended by the McGovern campaign 's treatment of Democratic finance chairman Robert Schwarz Strauss , he helped Strauss get elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee following McGovern 's defeat . As a result of his involvement in Strauss ' election , Ford was elected chair of the Democratic Governors ' Conference from 1973 to 1974 . He also served as vice @-@ chair of the Conference 's Natural Resources and Environmental Management Committee . During the 1974 legislative session , Ford proposed a six @-@ year study of coal liquefaction and gasification in response to the 1973 oil crisis . He also increased funding to human resources and continued his reorganization of the executive branch , creating cabinets for transportation , development , education and the arts , human resources , consumer protection and regulation , safety and justice . He was considered less ruthless than previous governors in firing state officials hired by the previous administration , and expanded the state merit system to cover some previously exempt state workers . Despite the expansion , he was criticized for the replacements he made , particularly that of the state personnel commissioner appointed during the Nunn administration . Critics also cited the fact that employees found qualified by the merit examination were still required to obtain political clearance before they were hired . Ford united the state 's Democratic Party , allowing them to capture a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1972 for the first time since 1956 . The seat was vacated by the retirement of Republican John Sherman Cooper and won by Ford 's campaign manager , Walter " Dee " Huddleston . Ford 's friends then began lobbying him to try and unseat Kentucky 's other Republican senator , one @-@ term legislator Marlow Cook . Ford wanted lieutenant governor Julian Carroll , who had run on an informal slate with Combs in the 1971 primary , to run for Cook 's seat , but Carroll already had his eye on the governor 's chair . Ford 's allies did not have a gubernatorial candidate stronger than Carroll , and when a poll showed that Ford was the only Democrat who could defeat Cook , he agreed to run , announcing his candidacy immediately following the 1974 legislative session . A primary issue during the election was the construction of a dam on the Red River . Cook opposed the dam , but Ford supported it and allocated some of the state 's budget surplus to its construction . In the election , Ford defeated Cook by a vote of 399 @,@ 406 to 328 @,@ 982 , completing his revitalization of the state 's Democratic party by personally ousting the last Republican from major office . Cook resigned his seat in December so that Ford would have a higher standing in seniority in the Senate . Ford resigned as governor to accept the seat , leaving the governorship to Carroll , who dropped state support for the project , killing it . In the wake of the rapid ascent of Ford and members of his faction to the state 's major political offices , he and Carroll were investigated in a corruption probe . The four @-@ year investigation began in 1977 and focused on a state insurance kickback scheme alleged to have operated during Ford 's tenure . In June 1972 , Ford had purchased insurance policies for state workers from some of his political backers without competitive bidding . State law did not require competitive bidding , and earlier governors had engaged in similar practices . Investigators believed there was an arrangement in which insurance companies getting government contracts split commissions with party officials , although Ford was suspected of allowing the practice for political benefit rather than personal financial gain . In 1981 , prosecutors asked for indictments against Ford and Carroll on racketeering charges but a grand jury refused . Because grand jury proceedings are secret , what exactly occurred has never been publicly revealed . However , state Republicans maintained that Ford took the Fifth Amendment while on the stand , invoking his right against self @-@ incrimination . Ford refused to confirm or deny this report . A federal grand jury recommended that Ford be indicted in connection with the insurance scheme , but the U.S. Department of Justice did not act on this recommendation . = = = United States Senate = = = Ford entered the Senate in 1974 and was reelected in 1980 , 1986 and 1992 . In the 1980 primary , Ford received only token opposition from attorney Flora Stuart . He was unopposed in the 1986 and 1992 Democratic primaries . Republicans failed to put forward a viable challenger during any of Ford 's re @-@ election bids . In 1980 , he defeated septuagenarian former state auditor Mary Louise Foust by 334 @,@ 862 votes . Ford 's 720 @,@ 891 votes represented 65 percent of the total votes cast in the election , a record for a statewide race in Kentucky . Against Republican Jackson Andrews IV in 1986 , Ford shattered that record , securing 74 percent of the votes cast and carrying all 120 Kentucky counties . State senator David L. Williams fared little better in 1992 , surrendering 477 @,@ 002 votes to Ford ( 63 percent ) . Ford seriously considered leaving the Senate and running for governor again in 1983 and 1991 , but decided against it both times . In the 1983 contest , he would have faced sitting lieutenant governor Martha Layne Collins in the primary . Collins was a factional ally of Ford 's , which influenced his decision . In 1991 , Ford cited his seniority in the Senate and desire to become Democratic Senate whip as factors in his decision not to run for governor . Early in his career , Ford supported a constitutional amendment against desegregation busing . He also floated a proposal to put the federal budget on a two @-@ year cycle , believing too much time was spent annually on budget wrangling . This idea , based on the model used in the Kentucky state budget , was never implemented . During the Ninety @-@ fifth Congress ( 1977 – 1979 ) , he was chairman of the Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences . From 1977 to 1983 , Ford was a member of the Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee . He first sought the post of Democratic whip in 1988 , but lost to California 's Alan Cranston , who had held the post since 1977 . Ford got a late start in the race , and a New York Times writer opined that he overestimated his chances of unseating Cranston . Immediately after conceding his loss , he announced he would be a candidate for the position in the next election in 1990 . He again faced Cranston in the election , but Cranston withdrew from the race due to a battle with prostate cancer . Ford maintained that he had enough commitments of support in the Democratic caucus to have won without Cranston 's withdrawal . When majority leader George J. Mitchell retired from the Senate in 1994 , Ford showed some interest in the Democratic floor leader post . Ultimately , he decided against it , choosing to focus instead on Kentucky issues . He supported Christopher Dodd for majority leader . During the Ninety @-@ eighth Congress ( 1983 – 1985 ) , Ford served on the Select Committee to Study the Committee System , and he was a member of the Committee on Rules and Administration in the One Hundredth through One Hundred Third Congresses ( 1987 – 1995 ) . In 1989 , he joined with Missouri senator Kit Bond to form the Senate National Guard Caucus , a coalition of senators committed to advancing National Guard capabilities and readiness . Ford said he was motivated to form the caucus after seeing the work done by Mississippi Representative Sonny Montgomery with the National Guard Association and the National Guard Bureau . Ford co @-@ chaired the caucus with Bond until Ford 's retirement from the Senate in 1999 . The Kentucky Army Guard dedicated the Wendell H. Ford Training Center in Muhlenberg County , Kentucky in 1998 . In 1999 , the National Guard Bureau presented Ford with the Sonny Montgomery Award , its highest honor . Missouri senator Thomas Eagleton opined that Ford and Dee Huddleston made " probably the best one @-@ two combination for any state in the Senate . " Both were defenders of tobacco , Kentucky 's primary cash crop . Ford sat on the Commerce Committee , influencing legislation affecting the manufacturing end of the tobacco industry , while Huddleston sat on the Agriculture Committee and protected programs that benefited tobacco farmers . Both were instrumental in salvaging the Tobacco Price Support Program . Ford got tobacco exempted from the Consumer Product Safety Act and was a consistent opponent of cigarette tax increases . He sponsored an amendment to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade that limited the amount of foreign tobacco that could be imported by the United States . Later in his career , Ford split with Huddleston 's successor , Mitch McConnell , over a proposed settlement of lawsuits against tobacco companies . Ford favored the package as presented to Congress , which would have protected the price support program , while McConnell favored a smaller aid package to tobacco farmers and an end to the price support program . Both proposals were ultimately defeated , and the rift between Ford and McConnell never healed . As chairman of the Commerce Committee 's aviation subcommittee , Ford secured funds to improve the airports in Louisville , northern Kentucky , and Glasgow . The Wendell H. Ford Airport in Hazard , Kentucky is named for him . A 1990 bill aimed at reducing aircraft noise , improving airline safety measures , and requiring airlines to better inform consumers about their performance was dubbed the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century . Of his career in the Senate , Ford said " I wasn 't interested in national issues . I was interested in Kentucky issues . " Nevertheless , he influenced several important pieces of federal legislation . He sponsored an amendment to the Family Medical Leave Act exempting businesses with fewer than fifty employees . He was a key player in securing passage of the motor voter law in 1993 . He supported increases to the federal minimum wage and a 1996 welfare reform bill . A supporter of research into clean coal technology , he also worked with West Virginia senator Jay Rockefeller to secure better retirement benefits for coal miners . Never known as a major player on international issues , Ford favored continued economic sanctions against Iraq as an alternative to the Gulf War . He voted against the Panama Canal Treaty , which he perceived to be unpopular with Kentucky voters . Despite having chaired Bill Clinton 's inaugural committee in 1993 , Ford broke with the administration by voting against the North American Free Trade Agreement . As he had as governor of Kentucky , Ford gave attention to improving the efficiency of government . While serving on the Joint Committee on Printing during the One Hundred First and One Hundred Third Congresses , he saved the government millions of dollars in printing costs by printing in volume and using recycled paper . In 1998 , Virginia senator John Warner sponsored the Wendell H. Ford Government Publications Reform Act of 1998 ; Ford signed on as a co @-@ sponsor . The bill would have eliminated the Joint Committee on Printing , distributing its authority and functions among the Senate Rules Committee , the House Oversight Committee , and the administrator of the Government Printing Office . It would also have centralized government printing services and penalized government agencies who did not make their documents available to the printing office to be printed . Opponents of the bill cited the broad powers granted to the printing office and concerns about the erosion of copyright protection . The bill was reported favorably out of committee , but was squeezed from the legislative calendar by issues related to the impending impeachment of Bill Clinton . Warner did not return to his chairmanship of the Joint Committee on Printing in the next congress , Ford retired from the Senate , and the bill was not re @-@ introduced . = = Later life = = Ford chose not to seek a fifth term in 1998 , and retired to Owensboro . He worked for a time as a consultant to Washington lobbying and law firm Dickstein Shapiro Morin & Oshinsky . At the time of his retirement , Ford was the longest @-@ serving senator in Kentucky history . In January 2009 , Mitch McConnell surpassed Ford 's mark of 24 years in the Senate . In August 1978 , the US 60 bypass around Owensboro was renamed the Wendell H. Ford Expressway . The Western Kentucky Parkway was also renamed the Wendell H. Ford Western Kentucky Parkway during the administration of Governor Paul E. Patton . In 2009 , Ford was inducted into the Kentucky Transportation Hall of Fame . Later in life , Ford taught politics to the youth of Owensboro from the Owensboro Museum of Science and History , which houses a replica of his Senate office . On July 19 , 2014 , the Messenger @-@ Inquirer reported that Ford had been diagnosed with lung cancer . Ford died on January 22 , 2015 , at the age of 90 from lung cancer , and was buried at Rosehill Elmwood Cemetery .
= Rat Saw God = " Rat Saw God " is the sixth episode of the second season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the twenty @-@ eighth episode overall . Written by Phil Klemmer and John Enbom and directed by Kevin Bray , the episode premiered on UPN on November 9 , 2005 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a high school student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Abel Koontz ( Christian Clemenson ) returns and requests Veronica 's help in finding his daughter . Meanwhile , Logan ( Jason Dohring ) is arrested for his supposed stabbing of a biker gang member , and Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) loses the Sheriff 's election . = = Synopsis = = Veronica waits with Keith at an election party , where tensions are high due to the election being extremely close . Sheriff Lamb ( Michael Muhney ) is nosing ahead before a man walks up to Lamb and says that he made the anonymous call from the bridge where Felix Toombs was stabbed . Keith loses the election by a margin of 51 % to 49 % . After we learn that Woody Goodman ( Steve Guttenberg ) has been elected mayor , Dick Casablancas ( Ryan Hansen ) hits on Gia Goodman ( Krysten Ritter ) . Officers come in and arrest Logan for the murder of Felix Toombs before Veronica goes home and finds Abel Koontz , who is in the latter stages of stomach cancer . He asks her to help him find his daughter , Amelia , who has disappeared , and Veronica agrees . Veronica talks to Amelia 's old boyfriend , who has not seen her for a while ; Amelia ditched the boyfriend in Europe . Cliff McCormack ( Daran Norris ) is appointed to be Logan 's lawyer before Veronica asks Cliff to call the numbers on the phone cards that Amelia stole under an alias . Cliff tells Logan that he should get a different lawyer . Veronica finds out that Amelia called from Neptune ( Veronica 's town ) the previous week . Logan is placed in a cell with his father , Aaron ( Harry Hamlin ) , who is temporarily being held there before his trial for the murder of Lilly Kane . Logan receives bail , but Weevil and his friends are angry about this fact . Veronica breaks into Clarence Wiedman 's ( Christopher B. Duncan ) office , but he denies any knowledge of the situation . Veronica tracks down Amelia 's cousin , Margot Schnell . On the way back to the Echolls estate , Don Lamb and Logan see that Logan 's house is burning . Veronica fakes being a distressed businesswoman in order to track the car that Amelia rented , which was in California about two days prior . Sheriff Lamb tells Keith about Veronica being taken in for questioning . Veronica tracks Amelia 's previous location , which is in a small hotel . Keith confronts Veronica and Veronica tells him about David " Curly " Moran . Veronica notices that the signal from one of Amelia 's devices is close to hers before finding Amelia dead in an ice box . Clarence Wiedman suddenly appears and says that Amelia showed up again before disappearing later . The man up front at the hotel tells Clarence and Veronica that she came in with a man , and Veronica says she knows who it is . Keith interrogates Aaron and threatens him . Veronica and Clarence go into Amelia 's boyfriend 's room and Clarence dangles him off a window ledge , but he knows nothing . Weevil and Logan get into a fight at school , partly because of Logan 's bail and partly because Logan has just bought Weevil 's grandmother 's house and kicked her out . Veronica is contacted by Amelia 's friend , who says that the killer is actually a man named Carlos . Clarence decides to track down Carlos , despite the fact that he is a diplomat 's son . Veronica lies to Abel Koontz about Amelia 's fate to spare his feelings before his death . Keith goes inside the police station evidence room to examine the remains of the bus that mysteriously went off a cliff and finds the remains of a rat . = = Production = = The episode was written by John Enbom and Phil Klemmer and directed by Kevin Bray . " Rat Saw God " marks the fifth writing credit for Enbom , Klemmer 's seventh writing credit , and Bray 's first and only directing credit for the series . This was one of Klemmer 's favorite episode 's of the show that he wrote , writing that " I think that scene with Clarence and Veronica getting together is just funny and cool . " Both writers wanted the main plot to involve Amelia DeLongpre , and Klemmer wrote the subplots . The episode also features several guest appearances ; many recurring characters from the first season reappear in the episode , including Abel Koontz ( Christian Clemenson ) , Clarence Wiedman ( Christopher B. Duncan ) , and antagonist Aaron Echolls ( Harry Hamlin ) . In addition , " Rat Saw God " features the second appearance by Gia ( Krysten Ritter ) , who had been absent since " Normal Is the Watchword " . The episode also features a cameo appearance by model Kim Stolz . Stolz was awarded the role for winning a small contest while competing on the fifth cycle of America 's Next Top Model . " Rat Saw God " features a cameo by television director Joss Whedon . Veronica Mars has often been compared to Whedon 's series Buffy the Vampire Slayer , with some even calling it the successor to the latter . Whedon had previously praised the first season on his weblog Whedonesque , saying that Veronica Mars was the " Best . Show . Ever . " and that " [ he 'd ] never gotten more wrapped up in a show [ he ] wasn 't making , and maybe even more than those . " Whedon also gave a glowing review of the first season for Entertainment Weekly , writing that " Season 1 works as mystery , comedy , and romantic drama , often simultaneously . But what elevates it is that in a TV @-@ scape creepily obsessed with crime @-@ solving , VM actually asks why . " Upon being asked about Whedon 's praise , Jason Dohring , who plays Logan , said in an interview : It was the buzz of the set : ' Did you hear what he said about us ? , ’ Stuff like that . [ Director ] Kevin Smith also did a nice write @-@ up , and what was cool was that they really know their stuff ; , their attention to detail [ regarding ' Veronica Mars ’ ] was so cool . You never know if your work will be seen , so to have it seen by someone great , someone you really respect , that ’ s so cool . Though if I ’ d known they were watching , I would have been a lot more nervous ! Series creator Rob Thomas contacted Whedon over the previous summer , and Whedon agreed to do a cameo . The episode 's title refers to Rats Saw God , a novel by series creator Rob Thomas . Despite being credited , Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) , Jackie ( Tessa Thompson ) , and Cassidy " Beaver " Casablancas ( Kyle Gallner ) do not appear . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original broadcast , " Rat Saw God " received 3 @.@ 07 million viewers , marking a decrease in 0 @.@ 51 million viewers from " Blast from the Past " . = = = Reviews = = = Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave a positive review , praising the intersecting storylines and the references to the previous season . " More generally , [ the plot lines ] show that Veronica Mars has created a strong enough world that it can support much higher levels . I have been , and still somewhat am , dubious about the pace at which this season is moving . But this was a great episode , even with all its density and the fact that it was essentially all setup . And it was great because it was attached to the history of the show so far . " Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " . Price Peterson , writing for TV.com , wrote in his episode verdict that " This episode was great , if way more grim than usual . Between Abel 's offscreen cancer death to Amelia 's icy resting place … there was a real whiff of death in this episode . " Complex ranked Kim Stolz 's cameo on its list of " the 25 worst cameos in TV history . " BuzzFeed ranked the episode forty @-@ fifth on its list of the best Veronica Mars episodes , criticizing the Clarence Wiedman plot while writing that " we get to see some prime banter between Logan and Cliff , two of the show ’ s funniest characters . "
= Running Back ( Jessica Mauboy song ) = " Running Back " is the debut single by Australian R & B recording artist Jessica Mauboy , which features American rapper Flo Rida . It was written by Mauboy , Audius Mtawarira , and Sean Ray Mullins , and was produced by Audius . " Running Back " was released for digital download on 19 September 2008 , as the lead single from Mauboy 's debut studio album , Been Waiting . Mauboy felt " so excited and honoured " to work with Flo Rida , calling it a dream come true . The song peaked at number three on the ARIA Singles Chart and was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , for shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In 2009 , " Running Back " won ' Highest Selling Single ' at the ARIA Music Awards , where it was also nominated for ' Breakthrough Artist Single ' . It also won ' Urban Work of the Year ' at the APRA Awards and ' Single Release of the Year ' at the NT Indigenous Music Awards . The music video was directed by Fin Edquist , and portrays a fictional relationship between Mauboy and Flo Rida . The video has garnered over 1 million views on Vevo . The song has been performed live at the 2008 Sydney New Year 's Eve event and on Australian Idol , where Mauboy was a former contestant of the show in 2006 . = = Background and composition = = In September 2007 , Mauboy became a member of all @-@ girl pop group Young Divas , replacing one of the group 's original members , Ricki @-@ Lee Coulter , who had left to resume her solo career . Mauboy 's management saw the group as a " perfect learning curve " about all that was positive and negative in the music industry . Together , they released their second studio album , New Attitude in November , and the album 's lead single , " Turn Me Loose " . After things went downhill for the group following the song 's release , Mauboy went to the studio to begin working on her debut solo album Been Waiting , because she wanted to be a solo artist and it was always on her mind to become one . Mauboy began writing songs with Adam Reily , Israel Cruz , Brooke McClymont , and Audius Mtawarira . In June 2008 , Mauboy told The Jakarta Post that her debut solo single would be released in August , with the album planned for a September release . Two months later , it was announced that Mauboy had left the Young Divas to resume her solo career . " Running Back " was written by Mauboy , Mtawarira , and Sean Ray Mullins , and was produced by Audius . " Running Back " is one of the three tracks Audius produced for the album . Mullins has stated that when he hears the song on the radio , " he 's merely satisfied " that it fits the formula . " Running Back " was recorded at The Sound Academy in Sydney , New South Wales , and Phil Tan mixed the track at Soapbox Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Mauboy and Flo Rida recorded their verses in separate studios . She said that the song is based on " one of my past experiences " . In an interview with Take 40 Australia , Mauboy said working with Flo Rida was a dream come true , " I love urban music and have been a huge fan of Flo @-@ Rida 's from the moment I heard ' Low ' . For him to now feature on my first single I just can 't believe it ! I am so excited and honoured . " " Running Back " is an urban pop ballad , featuring " a restrained vocal performance from Mauboy . " According to Davey Boy from Sputnikmusic , the song " is one @-@ part smooth ballad with its twinkling piano loop and lovelorn lyrics , and one @-@ part contemporary hip hop with its deceptively slinky vocals and effective — if phoned in — Flo Rida cameo . " = = Release and reception = = " Running Back " was released for digital download on 19 September 2008 . A digital extended play was released on 11 October ; it includes a remix featuring Israel Cruz and a karaoke version to " Running Back " , as well as two additional tracks . The CD single for " Running Back " was released in Australia on 18 October . Jarrad Bevan from The Mercury noted that Flo Rida " ads punch to her sultry hook " , and added that " it 's a hit , no doubt . " Mawunyo Gbogbo from Groove On wrote , " ' Running Back ' is not only a hot track , but it 's prompted many to take notice of this fresh new face in Australian R & B. " " Running Back " debuted on the ARIA Singles Chart at number thirteen and peaked at number three . Her next single , " Burn " was released in November and charted even higher when it peaked at number one . " Running Back " spent a total of thirty @-@ one weeks on the chart . It also spent forty @-@ five weeks on the ARIA Urban Singles Chart , where it peaked at number three . The song was certified double Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , for shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In 2009 , " Running Back " won ' Urban Work of the Year ' at the APRA Awards , and was nominated for the same category the following year . It was also nominated at the ARIA Music Awards , in the categories of ' Breakthrough Artist Single ' and ' Highest Selling Single ' , winning the latter category on 26 November . " Running Back " also won ' Single Release of the Year ' at the NT Indigenous Music Awards . At the MTV Australia Awards , " Running Back " was nominated for ' Best Collaboration ' . = = Music video = = The music video for " Running Back " was directed by Fin Edquist and filmed in Melbourne during the first week of September 2008 , during Flo Rida 's visit to Australia . The video starts off showing a view of the city , before Mauboy appears on the balcony of a bedroom singing the first verse . When the first chorus begins , Flo Rida is seen wandering around in a different bedroom . During the second verse , Mauboy then appears inside the bedroom looking at a photo , packing her bags , and singing in front of a mirror . During this time , Rida is also seen standing in front of a mirror in his bedroom . As the video progresses , Mauboy makes her way towards the car , and Rida then raps his verse on the telephone to her . The video ends showing Mauboy back at the balcony at the bedroom . = = Live performances = = Mauboy performed " Running Back " on the elimination show of Australian Idol in October 2008 , wearing a black dress and heels with her hair tied up in a bun . Mauboy was a former contestant of the show in 2006 , and became runner @-@ up to Damien Leith . She also performed the song at the 2008 Sydney New Year 's Eve event . On 11 January 2009 , Mauboy performed " Running Back " during a Twenty20 cricket match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . At the 2009 MTV Australia Awards , Mauboy performed a medley of " Running Back " and " Been Waiting " , which broadcast in 162 countries . She also performed " Running Back " at her first ' Live at the Chapel ' concert , held at the Paddington Uniting Church in Sydney on 9 July 2009 . In September 2009 , Mauboy performed the song during Beyoncé 's Australian leg of her I Am ... Tour , in which she served as a support act . She also became a support act for Chris Brown 's Australian F.A.M.E. Tour in April 2011 , and performed " Running Back " . For the performance , Mauboy wore a " skin @-@ tight black spandex ensemble with silver glittery " boots . In January 2012 , Mauboy performed the song during her Galaxy Tour in Australia , dressed in a black and gold dress and silver diamond high heels . A live version of " Running Back " was included on Mauboy 's extended play iTunes Session ( 2014 ) . = = Track listings = = = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes for Been Waiting . Jessica Mauboy – vocals Audius Mtawarira – arrangement , production , vocal production Sean Ray Mullins – arrangement Flo Rida – featured vocals Phil Tan – mixing = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = = = = = Year @-@ end charts = = = = = Certification = = = = Release history = =
= Characters of Smallville = Smallville is an American television series developed by writer / producers Alfred Gough and Miles Millar , and was initially broadcast by The WB . After its fifth season , the WB and UPN merged to form The CW , which was the second broadcaster for the show in the United States . The series features a regular cast of characters , which began with eight main characters in its first season . Since then , characters from that first season have left the series , with new main characters having been both written in and out of the series . In addition , Smallville features guest stars each week , as well as recurring guests that take part in mini story arcs that span a portion of a season . Occasionally , the recurring guest storylines will span multiple seasons . The plot follows a young Clark Kent , in the fictional town of Smallville , Kansas , as he journeys toward becoming Superman . Additionally , the series chronicles Lex Luthor 's path to the dark side , and his metamorphosis from Clark 's best friend to greatest enemy . Smallville depicts the relationship between Clark and his first love interest , Lana Lang , as well as his relationship with Lois Lane , the woman he ultimately marries in the comic books . The series also features recurring appearances from other DC Universe characters , such as Arthur Curry and John Jones . With five months devoted to casting for the pilot , Gough and Miller cast ultimately hired eight actors to take on the role of series regulars for the first season . Since then , only two characters from the first season have remained regulars through to the eighth season , with seven new actors taking on lead roles from seasons two through eight . Four of those new actors began as recurring guests in their first seasonal appearance , but were given top billing the following season . As the series progresses , recurring guests appear at various times to help move the overall storyline of the show or just provide a side @-@ story arc for one of the main characters , such as Brainiac or Adam Knight . Other recurring guests appear as background characters , showing up for only a few scenes , which includes characters like Sheriff Nancy Adams or Dr. Virgil Swann . = = Main characters = = According to co @-@ creator Miles Millar , " unlike most shows , which pick up in January and you 've got four weeks [ ... ] to do your casting " , Millar and co @-@ creator Al Gough had five months to cast their lead characters . In October 2000 , the two producers began their search for the three lead roles , and had casting directors in ten different cities . The following is a list of all the characters that are , or at one time were , a main character in the show . During its first season , Smallville had eight regular characters . Six characters from the original cast left the show , with eight new characters coming in over the course of nine seasons . = = = Clark Kent = = = Portrayed by Tom Welling , Clark Kent is an alien being with superhuman abilities , which he uses to help others in danger . Clark is adopted by Jonathan and Martha Kent in the series pilot , when he crash lands to Earth as a three @-@ year @-@ old child . Twelve years later , he tries to find his place in life after being told he is an alien by his adoptive father . For most of the series , Clark spends his time running from his Kryptonian heritage , going as far as leaving Smallville , abandoning a quest his biological father Jor @-@ El sends him on in search of three Kryptonian stones of knowledge , continuing his training at the Fortress of Solitude , and unwittingly unleashing a Kryptonian criminal from the Phantom Zone when he refuses to kill Lex . = = = Lex Luthor = = = Michael Rosenbaum portrays Lex Luthor , the son of billionaire Lionel Luthor , who is sent to Smallville to run the local fertilizer plant . After Clark saves his life in the pilot episode , the two become quick friends . Over the course of seven seasons — beginning on the day Clark rescues him from drowning — Lex tries to uncover the secrets that Clark keeps . Lex 's curiosity eventually leads to a blowout between him and Clark in the season three finale . Lex 's investigations ultimately lead to him discovering the truth about Clark 's alien heritage in the season seven finale . = = = Lana Lang = = = Portrayed by Kristin Kreuk , Lana Lang is one of Clark Kent 's friends and on @-@ again @-@ off @-@ again girlfriend . In the first season , Lana and Clark 's friendship is just beginning , as she is dating Whitney Fordman during this time . After Whitney leaves for the Marines in the season one finale , Lana and Clark slowly begin to try to start a romantic relationship . In season seven , Lana leaves Smallville , leaving behind a DVD explaining to Clark that , even though she loves him , the only way for him to help the world to the best of his ability would be if she left him and Smallville for good . = = = Chloe Sullivan = = = Allison Mack portrays one of Clark 's best friends , Chloe Sullivan . Editor of the school newspaper , her journalistic curiosity — always wanting to " expose falsehoods " and " know the truth " — causes tension with her friends , especially when she is digging in Clark 's past . She discovers Clark 's secret in the fourth season episode " Pariah " . = = = Pete Ross = = = Sam Jones III plays Pete Ross , another of Clark 's best friends . He hates the Luthors for what he sees as their thievery of his family 's creamed corn business , and is the first person Clark voluntarily informs of his secret . It is established in season three 's " Truth " , that Pete is in love with Chloe . He kept this truth to himself because of the Clark – Lana – Chloe love triangle already taking place . In season three 's " Velocity " , Pete , feeling alienated by Clark , begins hanging around a group of street racers . When Pete refuses to throw a race , his life is put in jeopardy , and he forces Clark to abuse his powers in order to help Pete win a race . This leads to a falling out between the two friends . The character was written out of the series at the end of season three , citing the trouble keeping Clark 's secret was causing him . Pete returns to Smallville in season seven 's " Hero " , after gaining superhuman abilities from kryptonite @-@ enhanced chewing gum , which allow him to stretch his body to extreme lengths . Lex learns the truth and blackmails Pete into abusing his powers for Lex 's personal gain . Clark steps in and saves Pete , and the pair mend their relationship before Pete leaves Smallville again . Sam Jones III was the last of the season one series regulars to be cast – being hired just four days before filming for the pilot episode began . Jones , who is African American , was also cast against the Superman mythology where Pete Ross is Caucasian . Jones has stated that he would have understood if the producers had simply created a black character for him to portray , but the fact that they chose to go with him , even though the character has always been white , gave him more honor to be a part of the show . During the first season , Jones felt like he should have more screen time , but later conceded that the show was about Clark 's journey and that the other characters are there to help his story move along . Jones was not alone in his wish to get more screen time ; the writers , who were reading Internet forums and receiving mail from the audience that requested the same thing , decided that Pete would learn Clark 's secret in season two . The creative team hoped that knowing Clark 's secret would allow the character to be written into more scenes , and become involved on a daily basis with the Kent family . Ultimately , Pete 's primary story arc in season three became the character 's inability to deal with knowing Clark 's secret , and his growing feeling of abandonment from Clark , who was spending more time with Chloe , Lana and Lex . Millar explains that they felt that the character was being wasted on Smallville , and that led to the decision of writing the character off the show with the hope that he could come back in future episodes . There was dissension between the cast and crew over Jones 's departure . According to Annette O 'Toole ( Martha Kent ) , Clark needs a guy friend in his life , and she feels that the Kents would have taken Pete in when his parents left Smallville . Though Gough does not disagree that writing out Pete Ross was the best thing , he does feel that his exit could have gone better . According to Gough , Pete 's departure felt rushed , and seemed to lack the importance that it should have had . = = = Jonathan Kent = = = John Schneider portrays Jonathan Kent , Martha 's husband and Clark 's adopted father . He goes to great lengths to protect his son 's secret , which includes : almost killing a reporter , in the season two premiere , who was going to expose Clark 's secret to the world , and making a deal to allow Clark 's biological father , Jor @-@ El , to take Clark to fulfill his destiny if Jor @-@ El gave Jonathan the power to bring Clark home — Clark had run away after believing his parents blamed him for Martha 's miscarriage . As a result , season three 's " Hereafter " explains that Jonathan 's heart was strained while he was imbued with all of Clark 's powers . In season five , Jonathan decides to run for a seat in the Kansas Senate against Lex Luthor . In the season five episode " Reckoning " , Jonathan wins the senatorial seat , but after a physical altercation with Lionel Luthor , whom he believed was trying to exploit Clark 's abilities , Jonathan suffers a fatal heart attack . Millar and Gough loved the idea of casting John Schneider as Jonathan Kent , as they felt he gave the show a recognizable face from his days as Bo Duke from The Dukes of Hazzard . Gough felt that Schneider 's experience portraying Bo Duke added belief that he could have grown up running a farm . Schneider was initially uninterested , but after reading the pilot script he saw the potential for bringing back " real parenting " to television . Schneider particularly saw his character as a means to replace the " goof " father @-@ figures that had become prevalent on television . He also saw his character as a means to keep the show grounded in reality , specifically by making sure that Jonathan 's life is clearly displayed for the audience , by performing a daily routine on the farm . According to Schneider , Jonathan is " perfectly willing to go to jail , or worse , to protect his son " . The actor characterizes Jonathan as fast to lose his temper , which Schneider views as being a development of his protective nature over his family . Schneider believes that the season two episode " Suspect " — where Jonathan is arrested , but his sole concern is protecting Clark 's secret — summarizes the character well , and shows that the " least important person in Jonathan 's life is Jonathan " . Schneider admits that occasionally he and Annette O 'Toole have to " police " the creative team when it comes to the relationship between Martha , Jonathan , and Clark . According to Schneider , there are moments where they have to make sure that the characters are not taken to a place they would not normally go , specifically where the parents are useless without the " innate intelligence of [ their ] teenager " . Tom Welling feels that the deal Jonathan made with Jor @-@ El at the beginning of season three made Jonathan realize that he will not always be around to protect Clark . Welling believes that it is the repercussions of that deal that allow Jonathan to give Clark more freedom in the choices that he makes during season three . Jonathan realizes that he must help Clark find the confidence in his ability to survive on his own , so that he can leave home one day . One scene that Schneider specifically remembers was at the end of season three 's " Forsaken " . Here , Jonathan admits to not trusting his own instincts anymore and allowing Clark to rely on his . This " admission of fallibility " , but faith in his son 's ability to make the right choices , is what Schneider sees as the growing of the family dynamic . For season three , Jonathan also has to deal with his emerging heart problems . For Schneider , the " treatments " and " cures " that his character underwent were all for nothing , as the actor believes that Jonathan 's heart attack at the end of " Hereafter " was less of a real heart attack and more of Jor @-@ El trying to get Jonathan 's attention . A heart condition is not new to the character , as it has been used in previous incarnations , like Glenn Ford 's portrayal of Jonathan Kent in Richard Donner 's Superman , as well as the comic books . In contrast to those versions , it was Smallville that tied his heart condition to a deal that he makes with Jor @-@ El . When the moment came for his character to die , Schneider considers the event an " empowering death " , which he likens to John Wayne 's character death as Wil Andersen in The Cowboys . = = = Martha Kent = = = Martha Kent , Clark 's adopted mother , is portrayed by Annette O 'Toole . Martha , along with her husband Jonathan , gives Clark sage advice about how to cope with his growing abilities . In season two , Martha becomes pregnant with her first child — in the season two episode " Fever " , Clark 's spaceship heals her body and allows her to have children , something she physically could not do when she adopted Clark — but in season two 's finale she suffers a miscarriage after an automobile accident . In order to help the family financially , Martha takes a job as Lionel Luthor 's assistant in season two , but quits her job the same season in the episode " Suspect " for undisclosed reasons . She eventually takes over management duties at the local coffee shop , the Talon , in season four . She continues to manage the Talon into season five until Jonathan dies from a heart attack , which ultimately leads to her taking his state senate seat at the request of the Kansas Governor in season five 's " Tomb " . This eventually paves the way to a job in Washington , D.C. in season six 's " Prototype " , and the character 's exit from the show . Martha would return in the season nine episode " Hostage " , where it is revealed that she has been going under the code name " Red Queen " while she attempts to keep Clark off of the government agency Checkmate 's radar . She ultimately leaves Clark with a means to send the season 's threat , cloned Kryptonians , to another plane of existence . In the season nine finale , it is revealed that before Martha traveled back to Washington , D.C. that she left Clark a new costume to wear while he defends Earth . The role of Martha Kent was originally given to Cynthia Ettinger , but during filming everyone , including Ettinger , realized that she was not right for the role . O 'Toole was committed to the television series The Huntress when Ettinger was filming her scenes for the pilot . Around the time the creators were looking to recast the role of Martha Kent The Huntress was canceled , which allowed O 'Toole the chance to join the cast of Smallville . Coincidentally , the actress had previously portrayed Lana Lang in Superman III . O 'Toole thinks that the producers wanted someone older for the role of Martha , and when she came in to talk to the producers everyone appeared to be on the same page with what the character and the show should be about . O 'Toole characterizes Martha as really intelligent , but believes the character has to hide her intelligence at times " to keep the peace " . Feeling like her character was wasting her college degree O 'Toole suggested to the producers that Martha go to work for Lex during the second season . The producers agreed , but altered the concept so that Martha went to work for Lionel , and that she would use this new position to spy on Lionel and find out what he knows about Clark . Disappointed when the storyline ended quickly into the second season , O 'Toole hoped that the secret her character was holding in " Ryan " was that Martha was going to run for Mayor . In O 'Toole 's opinion , Martha needs some form of outlet for intelligence . To the chagrin of O 'Toole , Martha 's next storyline — the expectation of a new child — tied the character to the farm in a way the actress did not agree with . O 'Toole wanted to perform as if the pregnancy was fake — something mentally created by Clark 's ship — but the producers insisted that she wear the pregnancy pads to indicate that she was indeed pregnant . Ultimately , that storyline ended with Martha losing the baby to a miscarriage . Before season four began , O 'Toole suggested again to the producers that Martha go to work for Lex . O 'Toole had enjoyed the moments in the show when she was working for Lionel , because it gave her character something more to do , and she wanted to do that again for season four . The producers took her suggestion and had Martha take a job at the Talon , which was owned by Lex , and which O 'Toole felt allowed Martha to interact more with the other characters in Clark 's life . O 'Toole relished the opportunity that came with Jonathan 's passing , even though she was saddened to see a friend leave the show . Martha taking the senate seat was a chance to explore more adult stories with her character beginning midway through season five , which was important for the actress since Clark was becoming an adult on the show . It also allowed for O 'Toole the chance to depict " strong emotions " over Jonathan 's death . Al Gough feels that Jonathan 's passing allowed for them to explore more of Martha 's smart and strong side , as well as her relationship with Lionel . The idea was to show that there was some form of attraction between Martha and Lionel , but that Martha would never have any romantic relationship with the billionaire , especially after all that he had done to her family . O 'Toole likens Martha 's interest in Lionel with that of watching a dangerous animal : " It 's that attraction you have for a very beautiful , dangerous animal . You know you can 't stop watching it , but at the same time you feel , ' Oh my God , he 's going to kill me . ' " The actress believes that Martha 's ultimate motivation was to get close enough to Lionel to know what he is planning to do to Clark . When it came time for Martha to leave the show , writer Todd Slavkin contends that they wanted to give the character " more of a send @-@ off " than they achieved on film . Slavkin explains that they could not do anything equivalent to what they gave John Schneider , as there were already so many storylines going on by the season six finale that they could not fit anything else in . The writers also realized that they could not kill off the character , and so chose to send her to the US Senate , creating a parallel to Clark where Martha fights injustice on the political stage . = = = Whitney Fordman = = = Eric Johnson appears as Whitney Fordman , Lana 's boyfriend , in season one . While initially friendly to Clark , he soon becomes jealous of Clark and Lana 's budding friendship , going so far as to haze Clark in the series pilot . Whitney is forced to run the family business when his father is stricken with a heart disease in the episode " Shimmer " . He ultimately loses his football scholarship , and in the episode " Kinetic " he starts ignoring Lana , and begins hanging around with past high school football stars , who recruit him for their illegal endeavors . He eventually reconciles with Clark and Lana before joining the Marines in the season one finale and leaving the show . Whitney has made a guest appearance in the season two episode " Visage " , where it is revealed he died in combat overseas , and the season four episode " Façade " , during a flashback of Clark 's freshman year . Eric Johnson auditioned for the roles of Lex and Clark , before finally being cast as Whitney Fordman . When the producers called him in for a third audition , Johnson informed them that if they wanted him then they would bring him in for a screen @-@ test . After the screen @-@ test , Johnson was cast and spent only one day filming his scenes for the pilot . The producers , along with Johnson , wanted to portray Whitney as more than just the " stereotypical jock " that he could have easily become , in an effort to make sure Lana did not look stupid for going out with him . Whitney was given multiple storylines in season one in an effort to get audiences to view the character in a more pleasant light , but Kristin Kreuk feels that it was all for naught , as the audience only sees him through Clark 's eyes . Johnson realized after reading the script for the pilot episode that his character was not going to be around for the entirety of the series . This became even clearer when his character 's storylines began to develop quickly . While filming " Obscura " , Johnson was informed that his character would not be returning as a series regular for season two . Initially fearing that he had made some mistake and that they were going to kill his character off , Johnson learned that Whitney would be enlisting into the Marines . The actor has expressed his pleasure in the way the writers handled Whitney 's departure , by giving the character the exit of a hero . = = = Lionel Luthor = = = John Glover portrays Lex 's father , Lionel Luthor . Lionel initially sends his son to Smallville to run the local fertilizer plant , as a test . When Lex succeeds in making a profit for the first time in years , Lionel closes the plant down completely and blames it on Lex 's poor managerial skills . As the series progresses , Lionel becomes interested in the Kawatche caves , which have Kryptonian symbols painted on their walls ; his interests also extend to the secrets Clark keeps . After being possessed by Jor @-@ El in the season five episode " Hidden " , Lionel begins assisting Clark in keeping his secret hidden from Lex . In season seven , Lionel is murdered by Lex , who realizes that his father has been covering up the truth about an alien visitor . = = = Jason Teague = = = Jensen Ackles appears in season four as Jason Teague , a love interest for Lana . The pair meet in Paris , while Lana is studying abroad . When she leaves unexpectedly in the season four episode " Gone " , Jason follows Lana back to Smallville and takes a position as the school 's assistant football coach . In season four 's " Transference " , Jason is fired from the school when his relationship with Lana comes to light . By the end of the fourth season , it is revealed that he has been working with his mother Genevieve ( Jane Seymour ) to locate the three stones of knowledge — three Kryptonian stones that when united form a single crystal that creates Clark 's Fortress of Solitude . The Teagues kidnap Lex and Lionel in an effort to discover the location of one of the stones in the episode " Forever " , with Lionel claiming that Lana has one of the stones . In the season four finale , Genevieve confronts Lana , and the two women get into a struggle with Genevieve dying by Lana 's hand . Jason , who believes that the secret of the stones lies with Clark , heads to the Kent farm where he holds Jonathan and Martha hostage . He is killed during the second meteor shower , when a meteor falls through the Kent home and lands on him . The creation of Jason Teague was something handed down by the network , who wanted Lana to have a new boyfriend — one who was " different from Clark " . Gough and Millar were apprehensive because they were already introducing Lois Lane into the series , and introducing two new characters would be difficult . The pair thought about where the relationship between Clark and Lana had left off at the end of season three , and they realized that Clark had turned his back on Lana . Gough and Millar began to like the idea of bringing in a new character , one that would create a new love triangle ; eventually they tied him into the larger storyline involving the three Kryptonian stones of knowledge . According to writer Brian Peterson , where Clark brings " angst " and " depth " to his relationship with Lana , Jason is designed to bring " joy " , " levity " , and " fun " . On the topic of Jason 's relationship with Lana , Ackles believes the character did love Lana , because he saw an innocence in her that had not been able to experience growing up in the upper class society ; Jason grew up having to question the actions of his mother , and with Lana he had the opportunity to experience an honest relationship . Ackles was Gough and Millar 's first choice to play Jason Teague , as the actor had been the runner up for the role of Clark Kent when they were casting for the pilot . Ackles was contracted to remain through season five , but was written out of the show in the season four finale , which , according to Ackles , was due to his commitments to the WB 's new series Supernatural . Gough contends that Supernatural did not alter any of their plans , and that Jason Teague was intended to be a single season character . = = = Lois Lane = = = Erica Durance first appears in season four as Chloe 's cousin , Lois Lane . Lois comes to Smallville investigating the supposed death of Chloe , staying with the Kents while she is in town . In season five 's " Fanatic " , Lois takes a job as Jonathan 's Chief of Staff when he runs for state senate ; she continues these duties when Martha takes Jonathan 's place following his death . After some reservation , Lois decides that she is interested in journalism and takes a job at a tabloid newspaper called The Inquisitor . This eventually lands her a position at the Daily Planet . = = = Jimmy Olsen = = = Jimmy Olsen is first mentioned in season four as the person Chloe lost her virginity to while interning at the Daily Planet . He makes his official appearance , portrayed by Aaron Ashmore , in the season six opener . Working as a photographer for the Daily Planet , Jimmy rekindles his relationship with Chloe in the season six episode " Wither " . In the episode " Hydro " , Jimmy works with Lois to uncover the true identity of Green Arrow , and in season seven , when Lois is hired by the Daily Planet , the pair work together on finding stories for the paper . In the season seven episode " Sleeper " , Jimmy falls into Lex 's debt when Lex , at Jimmy 's request , keeps Chloe from being arrested by the Department of Domestic Security for hacking into their government files . In the season seven finale , Lex goes back on his word and has Chloe arrested , just as Jimmy proposes marriage . After being saved by Oliver Queen and Clark in the season eight premiere , Chloe is reunited with Jimmy and accepts his marriage proposal . In " Committed " , a deranged jeweler kidnaps Jimmy and Chloe after their engagement party and subjects them to a torturous test to see if they truly love each other — they both pass and are allowed to return to their normal lives . In the season eight episode " Identity " , Jimmy begins to suspect that Clark is the " Good Samaritan " , an individual who has been stopping crimes and saving people 's lives around Metropolis , until Oliver Queen dresses up as the " Good Samaritan " to help Clark trick Jimmy into believing he was mistaken . In the eighth season episode " Bride " , Jimmy and Chloe are officially married , but Doomsday crashes their wedding and kidnaps Chloe , leaving Jimmy in the hospital because of injuries sustained from Doomsday . In " Turbulence " , Jimmy witnesses Davis Bloome murdering someone , but when he tries to warn people Davis drugs him and makes it appear as though he is hallucinating . Eventually , Jimmy ends his marriage to Chloe after getting fed up with her always taking Davis 's side . In the season eight finale , Davis murders Jimmy after learning that Chloe is still in love with her ex @-@ husband , and was never in love with him . Ashmore indicates that his casting was both a surprise and what he wanted . The actor states , " I auditioned for [ the role ] and I put myself on tape . I hadn 't heard anything , and a couple of weeks later , all of the sudden , I got the call saying , ' You 're going to Vancouver to start shooting Smallville . ' It 's a dream come true , really . " Aaron Ashmore 's twin , Shawn , who is better known as Bobby " Iceman " Drake in the X @-@ Men film series , appeared in two episodes of Smallville as the power leeching Eric Summers . After three seasons with the show , two as a series regular , Ashmore was written out of the series . According to Ashmore , when the producers were first trying to get permission to use the character on Smallville , DC Comics had qualms over how close Jimmy was in age to Clark and Lois , as the character was supposed to be at least ten years younger . The producers guaranteed the department they would eventually reveal the Jimmy Olsen who appeared on the show was not the Jimmy Olsen who would one day work alongside Clark and Lois . At the character 's funeral , his full name is shown to be " Henry James Olsen " , and it is alluded that Jimmy 's younger brother , who is given a brief appearance at the funeral , is the DC Comics version of Jimmy Olsen who will one day work at the Daily Planet with Clark and Lois . Although Ashmore was sad to leave the show , he feels that the redemptive story that was given to Jimmy in the finale , through the self @-@ sacrifice he makes for Chloe , makes a good send off for his character . = = = Kara = = = Laura Vandervoort joined the cast in season seven as Kara , Clark 's Kryptonian cousin . She arrived on Earth at the same time as Clark , with the mission to protect her cousin , but was stuck in suspended animation for eighteen years . In the season seven premiere , Kara is released from suspended animation and saves Lex from drowning . A brief glimpse of Kara flying into the sky results in Lex 's new obsession with finding the " angel " that saved his life . Kara eventually finds Clark , in the episode " Kara " , who informs her that Krypton was destroyed when the two of them were sent to Earth , and everyone there is dead . Clark teaches Kara to control some of her abilities , and at the same time blend into society . In season seven 's " Lara " , Kara is captured by the Department of Domestic Security and tortured , where she relives one of her early memories of visiting Earth with Clark 's mother , Lara . She realizes that her perceptions of her father were wrong and that he was as evil as Clark said . Kara and Clark work together to fight her father , Zor @-@ El , who was unwittingly released when Clark attempted to create a clone of his biological mother in the episode " Blue " . When Zor @-@ El is destroyed at the end of the battle , Kara disappears from the Fortress of Solitude . She awakens in Detroit with amnesia and none of her abilities . In the episode " Fracture " , Kara is discovered and brought home by Lex , who wants to exploit her amnesia to his benefit , with the intent of discovering the truth about Clark . In season seven 's " Traveler " , Chloe convinces Jor @-@ El to return Kara 's memory and powers before Lex can learn her and Clark 's secret . When Lana is placed in a catatonic state by Brainiac in the episode " Veritas " , Kara agrees to cooperate with him in the hope that he will not kill Lana . In " Apocalypse " , Kara is taken through time to Krypton , just before it explodes , so that Brainiac can kill the infant Clark . With Jor @-@ El 's help , Clark manages to arrive on Krypton and stop Brainiac . Unknown to Clark , Brainiac is not killed in their fight on Krypton , and he manages to place Kara in the Phantom Zone , while he assumes her identity back on Earth . In the season eight episode " Bloodline " , Clark is transported to the Phantom Zone , where he finds Kara . Working together they escape , and Kara leaves Earth to search for Kandor , a city rumored to hold surviving citizens of Krypton . Vandervoort does not return as a series regular for the eighth season , but returns as a guest star in the season eight episode " Bloodline " , and season ten episodes " Supergirl " and " Prophecy " . = = = Oliver Queen = = = Justin Hartley portrays Oliver Queen , a billionaire who left Star City to live in Metropolis . While in Metropolis , Oliver masquerades at night as a costumed vigilante , named " Green Arrow " by Lois . Oliver leaves Metropolis in season six , after destroying one of Lex 's secret 33 @.@ 1 facilities , where Lex experiments on meteor @-@ infected individuals against their will , but he returns in season eight to search for Clark , after the latter goes missing when his Fortress of Solitude is destroyed . Hartley was a recurring guest in the sixth and seventh seasons , but became a series regular in season eight . = = = Tess Mercer = = = Cassidy Freeman portrays Tess Mercer , the acting CEO of LuthorCorp , who was picked by Lex to run the company should something ever happen to him . Tess Mercer 's primary goal in season eight is finding Lex , which draws her inquisitively to Clark , whom she believes will be able to help her find Lex . Tess 's first contact with Clark is when he pulls her from a wrecked city bus in the season eight episode " Plastique " ; she immediately suspects that Clark is not telling her all that he knows about Lex 's disappearance . That same episode reveals that Tess is bringing together a group of meteor @-@ infected individuals , and in " Plastique " she recruits Bette , a young girl with the power to create combustion on command . In the episode " Prey " , Tess enlists a young man who can turn himself into a shadow . In " Toxic " , it is revealed that Tess had a brief romantic relationship with Oliver Queen after she saved his life while he was stranded on an island . In the season eight episodes " Instinct " and " Bloodline " , Tess learns about Krypton and the name " Kal @-@ El " , though she does not attribute any of the information directly to Clark . In " Bulletproof " , it is revealed that Tess knows where Lex is . Here , Lana informs Tess that Lex surgically implanted a nano @-@ transmitter into Tess 's optic nerve so that he could keep an eye on everything she is doing . Visibly upset by this , Tess places a jamming device into her necklace to disrupt the signal , but not before telling Lex that she will cut him off from the outside world and sell off everything that he owns . In the episode " Requiem " , it is revealed that Tess sold controlling interest in LuthorCorp to Queen Industries . In " Turbulence " , Tess tries to get Clark to reveal his powers after she read one of Lionel Luthor 's journals that identified Clark as " The Traveler " , but her effort failed . In the episode " Eternal " , it is shown that Tess has the Kryptonian orb that brought down the Fortress of Solitude , and in " Injustice " a disembodied voice emanates from the orb revealing that Tess 's recent actions to get Clark to reveal his powers and kill Doomsday are because the voice was instructing her to do so . In the season eight finale , the orb activates itself and transports Zod to Smallville . After having her face burned in the season nine finale , Tess wakes up in the season ten premiere , with her face healed , in a secret lab surrounded by clones of Lex . In the tenth season episode " Abandoned " , it is revealed that Tess was born Lutessa Lena Luthor and is the illegitimate daughter of Lionel Luthor , conceived with Lex 's nanny , Pamela Jenkins . She was brought , by Lionel , to an orphanage run by Granny Goodness when she was 5 years old . In the series finale , Tess is killed by one of Lex Luthor 's clones after she administers a neurotoxin that removes all of the clone 's memories in an effort to protect Clark 's secret identity . The name " Tess Mercer " is a homage to two characters from Superman lore , Eve Teschmacher and Mercy Graves . As Freeman describes her character , Tess Mercer is Lex 's handpicked successor ; she is " fierce " , " fun " and " intelligent " . = = = Davis Bloome = = = Sam Witwer portrays Davis Bloome , a paramedic for Metropolis General Hospital . He first appears in the season eight episode " Plastique " , assisting Chloe with helping an injured person after a bomb explosion . In the episode " Toxic " , Chloe calls on his help when Oliver is poisoned and refuses to be taken to a hospital . In " Prey " , Clark begins to suspect that Davis is a serial killer after he finds Davis unconscious at one of the murder scenes , and learns later that Davis is usually the first paramedic to arrive on similar scenes . Davis starts to suspect the same thing himself when he begins to lose track of large portions of time , and finds himself covered in blood , but with no wounds on his own body . Davis is informed by Faora , the wife of General Zod , that after the pair learned they could not have children that he was genetically created to adapt to any injury and to be Earth 's ultimate destroyer . In " Abyss " , Davis confesses to Chloe that he is in love with her , and believes that she is marrying the wrong man ; as a result she asks him to not see her again . On Chloe 's wedding day , in the episode " Bride " , Davis transforms into the hulking monster called Doomsday , and travels to Smallville where he injures Jimmy and kidnaps Chloe . In the episode " Infamous " , Davis discovers that he can keep Doomsday from emerging if he kills , and subsequently begins choosing criminals as his victims . He subsequently learns that Chloe 's presence will also keep the monster at bay in the episode " Turbulence " , and in " Beast " Davis and Chloe leave town together so that Davis can keep Doomsday from coming out . In the season eight finale , Chloe uses black kryptonite to separate Davis from Doomsday , leaving him human ; when Davis discovers that Chloe does not love him he stabs Jimmy with a pipe . Before Davis can attack Chloe , Jimmy pushes him into a metal rod , which results in Davis 's death before Jimmy himself dies . Davis is actually Smallville 's interpretation of the comic book character Doomsday , the only character to have succeeded at killing Superman . In Smallville , Doomsday is represented as a " nice guy " paramedic , who grew up moving from foster home to foster home . His storyline is considered " very dark " in that the character uncovers horrible truths about himself as season eight progresses . Brian Peterson explained that he , and the rest of the new executive producers , were looking for a villainous character that was " as great as Lex " , with Michael Rosenbaum 's departure at the end of the seventh season , and Doomsday fit what they were looking for . Although Witwer portrays Davis Bloome , who becomes the creature known as Doomsday , he does not actually wear the prosthetic body suit that was created for when Davis transforms into his monstrous counterpart . Instead Dario Delacio , a stunt double , who stands at 6 @-@ foot @-@ 8 , performs the role of " Doomsday " when the creature appears throughout the season . = = = Zod = = = Callum Blue portrays Zod in season nine . Zod is first mentioned in season five 's " Arrival " , when two of his disciples arrive on Earth attempting to turn the planet into Kryptonian utopia . In the episode " Solitude " , Brainiac attempts to release him from his Phantom Zone prison , where it is revealed that Clark 's biological father Jor @-@ El placed Zod 's spirit after destroying his physical form . In the season five finale , Zod is successfully transferred into Lex Luthor 's body , after Clark unknowingly releases him from the Phantom Zone . Clark eventually pulls Zod 's spirit out of Lex 's body using a Kryptonian crystal of his father 's in the season six premiere . In the season eight finale , the Kryptonian purple orb , which was used in the season seven finale to destroy the Fortress of Solitude and remove Clark 's powers , appears at the Luthor Mansion and releases Zod in physical form . In the season nine premiere , it is revealed that when Zod was released from the orb , he was also accompanied by hundreds of other Kryptonians , many of which were scattered across the globe . In addition , none of them were given the powers that typically accompany Kryptonians under the yellow Sun . Season nine episode " Kandor " reveals that the Kandorians are in fact clones created by Jor @-@ El — at the orders of the Kryptonian Council — who also corrupted their DNA to prevent them from having powers and subsequently enslaving Earth . Eventually , Zod acquires his abilities when Clark saves Zod 's life by healing a gunshot wound with his own blood in the episode " Conspiracy " . Zod subsequently gives the rest of the Kandorians powers , using his blood to renew their lifeforce , and then wages a war on Earth in the season nine finale . Reluctant at first , Clark uses the Book of Rao to send all Kryptonians on Earth to another plane of existence where they can live in peace . In an interview , executive producers Brian Peterson and Kelly Souders explained that this version of Zod is different from the one who appeared in prior seasons . The executives classified this incarnation as " Major Zod " , as opposed to his typical " General Zod " identifier , and explained that throughout season nine " the venomous side of Zod rises because he experiences a few key betrayals with our beloved characters " . = = Recurring characters = = The following is a list of characters that are recurring on the series ; they are listed in the order that they first appeared on the show . Seventeen characters have had storylines that have spanned multiple seasons , while the others are restricted to arcs that occurred during a single season of the show . = = = Sheriff Ethan = = = Sheriff Ethan is portrayed by Mitchell Kosterman in seventeen episodes spanning seasons one and two . Kosterman 's first scene as Ethan came in " Jitters " , which was originally scheduled to be the third episode of season one but was pushed back to eighth . Season one 's " Rogue " introduced the idea Sheriff Ethan had a history with Jonathan , and it was that moment that Kosterman felt like he was more than a background image for the show . That history was used against Jonathan in season two 's " Suspect " , when Ethan framed him for the attempted murder of Lionel Luthor . Ethan 's subterfuge was discovered by Clark and Pete , who set up a scheme of their own to bring Ethan 's action to light , which resulted in Ethan 's surrender and arrest . Kosterman , who has played law enforcement officials before , initially turned down the role . After his agent informed him it would be a recurring role , and the producers were willing to pay him more than he made on any previous show , Kosterman decided to take the job . To executive producers Mark Verheiden and Greg Beeman , making Ethan the villain in " Suspect " was the ultimate " red herring " for audiences . Sheriff Ethan was originally going to take a nurse hostage , but the ending was rewritten to leave Ethan as more of a sympathetic character . Mitchell prefers the filmed ending , as he could not see any reason why his character would suddenly become evil . The actor believes his character fell into the established theme of " good people being pushed to do the wrong thing by bad people like Lionel Luthor " . = = = Dr. Helen Bryce = = = Dr. Helen Bryce , portrayed by Emmanuelle Vaugier in nine episodes between seasons two and three , is a Smallville medical doctor who first appears in an anger management class Lex is sentenced to attend in the season two episode " Dichotic " . She and Lex begin a romantic relationship which eventually turns into an engagement in season two 's " Precipice " . Her relationship with Lex concerns Jonathan when Helen — after taking a sample of blood from Clark during a period when he was infected by kryptonite — discovers Clark is not human in the episode " Fever " . Helen promises Jonathan she will keep Clark 's secret , but at the same time she does not destroy the vial of blood she took from Clark . As a result , the blood is stolen from her office in season two 's " Calling " , though it did not have Clark 's name on it . Lex confesses he stole the vial of blood , which causes Helen to break up with him . Helen returns in the season two finale , where she forgives Lex and goes through with the marriage . Helen then drugs Lex on the way to their honeymoon , and leaves him to die in his LuthorCorp jet . When Lex returns in the season three episode " Phoenix " , he orchestrates his own plan for revenge resulting in Helen 's own disappearance while the two go on their second honeymoon . By the time of season two 's nineteenth episode , the writers had decided Helen 's fate . Originally , the character was going to die on her wedding night , but the creative team felt they could use her more in the mythology . Gough explains the idea Helen still had Clark 's blood , she knew his secret , and her relationship with Lex was too good to write off . The creative team kept Helen 's true motivations a secret to Vaugier , which the actress enjoyed because it allowed her to play the character as if there were no ulterior motives . = = = Dr. Virgil Swann = = = Christopher Reeve appears twice as Virgil Swann , a scientist who was able to translate the Kryptonian language . Swann first meets Clark in the season two episode " Rosetta " , where he explains his team of scientists intercepted a message from space and were able to translate it based on a mathematical key which accompanied the transmission . Swann informs Clark his birth name is Kal @-@ El , and that he comes from a planet called Krypton , destroyed just after he was sent to Earth . When Lionel begins piecing together the alien language on the Kawatche cave walls , and Clark 's constant presence at the caves , he seeks out Swann for the answers in the season three episode " Legacy " . Swann , though he denies knowing how to read the symbols in the caves , agrees to help Lionel when he correctly guesses Lionel is dying ; how Swann helps Lionel is not made clear . In season four 's " Sacred " , it is revealed Swann died , but not before sending Clark the octagonal disk from Clark 's ship , which had been missing since season three 's " Legacy " . Gough and Millar always had intentions of bringing Christopher Reeve onto the show . When the pair learned Reeve enjoyed watching Smallville , Gough and Millar decided they were going to bring him on for season two . They had already crafted a character , Dr. Virgil Swann , they knew would reveal the truth about Krypton to Clark , and they decided Reeve would be perfect for the part . According to Gough and Millar , it was " natural " for Reeve to be the one to educate Clark about his past , and help him see his future . As Gough describes it , the scene between Clark and Dr. Swann is a " passing of the torch " moment for the series . Gough and Millar explain the importance of the character : " Dr. Swann provided the first tantalizing answers to the quest plaguing Clark for all of his young life . ' Where am I from ? ' ' What happened to my parents ? ' ' Am I truly alone ? " The creative team flew to New York to film Reeve 's scenes since he used a wheelchair and required additional assistance when travelling . Although James Marshall directed the episode , for Reeve 's scenes in New York the Smallville crew sent Greg Beeman as a stand @-@ in director . Gough , Welling and Mat Beck travelled alongside Beeman to New York , where John Wells , who had previously lent his White House office on The West Wing to the Smallville crew for season one 's " Hourglass " , allowed the team to use the production offices from Third Watch for Reeve 's scenes . There was initial concern over Reeve 's stamina for shooting the scenes , as his particular scene with Welling was six pages long , which translated to approximately twelve hours of work day . Beeman tried to design everything so it was as simple as possible , but Reeve quickly readjusted the scene . Beeman originally had Welling walk into frame and stand in front of Reeve , and then make a single move behind Reeve . Beeman was told , by Reeve , the scene needed more dynamic between the characters , and if Welling only made a single move , the dynamic would be lost . According to Reeve , " Tom moving around me will hide the fact that I 'm unable to move . " Beeman 's fear of overstretching Reeve 's stamina , because of the added shots to the scene , were put to rest when Reeve himself stated it did not matter how long it took to finish the scene , as long as it turned out great . Reeve was directing Yankee Irving when Smallville was gearing up to film the fourth season opener . As a result , Reeve could not reprise his role as Dr. Swann , which was the intention . = = = Sheriff Nancy Adams = = = Camille Mitchell appears as Sheriff Nancy Adams in twenty @-@ two episodes of Smallville , spanning the course of four seasons . Sheriff Adams makes her first appearance in the season two episode " Precipice " , when she arrests Clark for getting into a fight with another patron of the Talon coffee shop . In the season five episode " Lockdown " , Adams is killed by two rogue police officers looking for the black , alien ship which landed during the second meteor shower . Mitchell makes a guest appearance as Nancy Adams in season seven 's " Apocalypse " . In this episode , Clark is taken to an alternate reality where Adams , an agent for the Department of Domestic Security , is providing Lois with inside information on President Lex Luthor 's operations . Camille Mitchell had auditioned for the role of Byron 's mother in season two 's " Nocturne " ; Greg Beeman had remembered the audition and had the actress come in to read for the role of Sheriff Adams . Mitchell did some research for the role , talking with female law enforcement officers to gain an understanding of how they evaluate situations . Mitchell views her character as a " down @-@ to @-@ earth sheriff " that carries with her a " farmer 's common sense " . The actress believes a character like Nancy Adams lends to the realism the show tries to portray within its comic book environment . Gough describes Sheriff Adams as " a cross between Holly Hunter and the sheriff in Fargo " . = = = Jor @-@ El = = = Terence Stamp has voiced the disembodied spirit of Jor @-@ El , Clark 's biological father , in nineteen episodes from season two through season nine . Jor @-@ El first appears to Clark as a voice emanating from the spaceship that brought Clark to Earth , informing him it is time to leave Smallville and fulfill his destiny . In season three 's " Relic " , it is revealed Jor @-@ El came to Smallville as a " rite of passage " by his own father . It is deduced by Clark that Jor @-@ El chose the Kent family to be Clark 's adoptive family after having a positive experience with Jonathan 's father . In the season three finale , Jor @-@ El tricks Clark into leaving Smallville . Jor @-@ El returns Clark three months later , reprogrammed as " Kal @-@ El " to seek out the three stones of knowledge so he can fulfill his destiny , but Clark regains his memories and stops looking for the three stones . Eventually , Clark is forced to find all three stones , which results in the creation of the Fortress of Solitude in the season five premiere . There , Jor @-@ El informs Clark he needs to begin his training in order to complete his destiny , but Clark interrupts the training to go back to Smallville , which forces Jor @-@ El to strip Clark of his powers . When Clark is killed in his mortal body in season five 's " Hidden " , Jor @-@ El resurrects Clark with his powers ; as a result , Jonathan 's life is traded for Clark 's in the episode " Reckoning " . Clark 's consistent disobedience forces Jor @-@ El to imprison his son in a block of ice in the season seven episode " Blue " , but after learning a clone of Clark has returned to Smallville in " Persona " , Jor @-@ El frees his son so he can take care of the creature . When Clark thinks a world without him would be better , Jor @-@ El sends Clark to an alternate reality to show him the world would be worse if he did not exist in it . By the start of season nine , Jor @-@ El begins fully training Clark for his ultimate destiny . As part of that training , Jor @-@ El informs Clark he needs to tune his Kryptonian intuition . To do so , Jor @-@ El gives Clark the ability to read people 's thoughts , only to take it away at an important moment and force Clark to apply what he has learned about human behavior . A clone of Jor @-@ El is released on Earth in the episode " Kandor " , but he is murdered before he can fully reunite with Clark and is only able to share a single moment with his son before dying . Terence Stamp 's name was deliberately kept out of the opening credits in order to keep the secret he was voicing Jor @-@ El . Stamp originally portrayed General Zod in the first two Superman films , starring Christopher Reeve . Gough and Millar wanted to provide answers for certain aspects of the Superman mythology , so at the start of season three they tied Jonathan 's heart condition to Jor @-@ El , where Jonathan makes a deal with Jor @-@ El to be given the power to bring Clark back . This power ultimately puts a strain on Jonathan 's heart . The refusal by the film department to allow Smallville to cast a body as a physical representation of Jor @-@ El forced the special effects crew to come up with a creative way to display some sort of aid to help the audience visualize this disembodied voice which was supposed to be talking to Jonathan in season three 's " Exile " . They decided to create a force field around whoever was speaking to Jor @-@ El , which acted as Jor @-@ El 's voice , rippling as he spoke . To save money on this effect , the crew filmed John Schneider on a black backdrop , and Entity FX digitally added the force field around him . Wind machines and a spot light were added to help synthesize the atmosphere in the force field . At the time of season three 's " Memoria " , where a scene depicting Jor @-@ El and Lara placing baby Kal @-@ El into his ship before the destruction of Krypton was scripted , Warner Bros. was working on a new Superman film , and it was going to be an origin story , and as a result was still banning Smallville from showing Jor @-@ El . Millar was forced to take inspiration from comic book scribe Jeph Loeb . In one of Loeb 's book , Jor @-@ El and Lara are depicted as just a pair of hands holding on to each other after they place Kal @-@ El into his spaceship . In season nine , the producers were able to provide the character with a physical appearance , and Julian Sands was cast for the role . = = = Adam Knight = = = Adam Knight appears in six episodes of season three ; he is portrayed by Ian Somerhalder . Adam is first seen as a fellow patient of Lana 's at the Smallville Medical Center in the episode " Asylum " ; he helps Lana get through her physical therapy after she was trampled by a horse . The two develop a friendship , which starts to grow deeper in the episode " Delete " when Lana offers to rent Adam the apartment above the coffee shop . In " Hereafter " , Adam 's actions — specifically his injection of an unidentified drug — begin to arouse suspicion in Lana and her friends . It is revealed Adam died of a rare liver disease , and the injection of a drug given to him by LuthorCorp resurrected him , and is only thing keeping him alive . Lana discovers Adam has been keeping a journal of all her actions , as well as all of Clark 's , so she tries , and fails , to evict him . Lana asks Lex for help in getting rid of Adam , but he disappears before Lex can find him . In " Obsession " , Lex tracks Adam 's whereabouts to a LuthorCorp lab run by Dr. Tang , where Dr. Tang has been keeping Adam alive against the orders of Lionel Luthor , who cut off his supply when he failed to uncover any new information on Clark . Adam eventually breaks out of his confinement in the episode " Crisis " , killing Dr. Tang and the rest of the lab technicians . He kidnaps Lana and attempts to kill her , but Clark arrives in time to stop him . Without his serum , Adam 's body rapidly deteriorates until he finally dies . When Adam Knight first appeared , there was internet speculation he was really Smallville 's version of Bruce Wayne , based on the combination of the name of one of the actors to portray Bruce Wayne / Batman , Adam West , and one of Batman 's nicknames , " Dark Knight " . The crew stated it was never their intention to reveal Adam Knight to be a young version of Bruce Wayne . The actual intention was for Adam to be Lana 's new boyfriend — a legitimate relationship — but the chemistry between Ian Somerhalder and Kristin Kreuk was not working . The creative team decided to bring the character 's storyline out of the romantic path and into a " thriller Pacific Heights direction " . According to Gough , the character 's storyline degenerated into a science fiction story , and when that occurred , they decided they had to wrap it up quickly . = = = Brainiac = = = James Marsters appears in eight episodes of season five , as well as four episodes of season seven , as the Kryptonian artificial intelligence known as Brainiac , referred to on the series as the " Brain InterActive Construct " . Brainiac first appears in the season five episode " Arrival " , and in the episode " Splinter " he assumes the identity of Central Kansas A & M professor Milton Fine , a fellow Kryptonian , in order to befriend Clark . His ultimate plan is revealed in the episode " Solitude " when he attempts to use Clark 's Fortress of Solitude to release General Zod from the Phantom Zone ; Clark stops Zod from being released . In the season five finale , Brainiac unleashes a computer virus that cripples the world 's cyber infrastructure . He then transplants Zod 's spirit into Lex when he tricks Clark into stabbing him with a Kryptonian dagger , providing Brainiac with a link to the Fortress so he can release Zod . In season seven , Brainiac is revealed to be alive , and is slowly regaining strength by draining people of their natural metal content . Brainiac re @-@ forms into Milton Fine in the season seven episode " Persona " , and learns that his creator , Dax @-@ Ur , is on Earth . Brainiac kills Dax @-@ Ur , downloading the Kryptonian 's knowledge so that he can completely repair himself . In season seven 's " Apocalypse " , Brainiac attempts to go back to Krypton just before it is destroyed and kill the infant Kal @-@ El — he ultimately fails . In the season seven finale , Chloe discovers Brainiac has been impersonating Kara since she and Clark returned from Krypton . Brainiac attacks Chloe and puts her in a coma , but Clark destroys Brainiac before he can locate a device hidden on Earth which would allow him to control Clark . In season eight , Chloe is infected by Brainiac , who attempts to use her as a vessel while trying to take over Earth . In " Legion " , he is subsequently exorcised from Chloe 's body by the Legion of Super @-@ Heroes , and taken back to the 31st Century to be reprogrammed . The reprogrammed Brainiac returns in the season ten episode " Homecoming " to show Clark his past , present , and future and help him find confidence in becoming the hero the world needs . Gough and Millar had always wanted Marsters for the role of Milton Fine / Brainiac . The pair wrote a draft for the major story arc of season five , knowing they wanted a new villain on the show to fight Clark . With the arrival of the black ship at the end of season four , Gough and Millar decided to introduce Brainiac . To them , Marsters was the only actor they could envision that could fit the " menace , intelligence , and sexiness " Brainiac was going to embody . Had Marsters declined the role , Gough and Millar would have rethought introducing Brainiac , as they could not think of any other actor who could fill those shoes . Marsters felt excited playing a character that was completely intentional ; he likened the intention to that of a shark . As Marsters explains , " [ Fine ] was just composed of his intent . And that 's exciting — it 's like watching a shark . You don 't really ask how a shark is feeling — it 's pure . " Writer Steven DeKnight , who wrote for Marsters when he was portraying Spike on Buffy the Vampire Slayer , used a different approach for Marsters when writing for him as Brainiac . Spike is more " snarky " , and DeKnight felt Fine is more sincere , and a " straight @-@ ahead classic villain " . This different approach to villainy worked well for Marsters , who wanted to show people he could portray characters who were not just another " Spike " . Marsters describes Brainiac as " a murderous robot " with no remorse over his actions . According to Marsters , the character is an " intellectual " who is focused on what he wants . The actor was drawn to the series because of the " refreshing " take the producers had , as well as an appreciation for the idea of a show about Clark 's journey toward becoming Superman . Though the actor enjoyed playing the part of Brainiac , Marsters did have an initial apprehension about taking the role . As he is familiar with Brainiac from the comics , Marsters did not wish to be turned green and wear the character 's traditional pink outfit . The actor had to do little research on his character , as Brainiac 's original back story only consisted of a few comic book panels . Marsters believes his character wants to get rid of the humans because they are doing nothing but destroying their own planet , and Brainiac sees it as his duty to perform " pest control " on the species . The actor was going to appear in season six , but because his scheduled filled , the producers wanted to " close the door " on this storyline , so they " killed " his character . Later , Marsters was approached by Gough and Millar about returning to the show for its seventh season ; this time Marsters had free time in his schedule , and was able to return for four episodes . = = = Grant Gabriel = = = Michael Cassidy appears in seven episodes of season seven as the Daily Planet 's newest editor , Grant Gabriel , and the love interest for Lois this season . Shortly after hiring Lois , which he did in part to inspire better stories out of Chloe , Grant begins a romantic relationship with Lois in the episode " Wrath " . The couple 's secret is discovered by Chloe and Lex in " Blue " , who both insist Lois and Grant break up to prevent questions about how Lois actually got her job . The two stay together , working harder to keep their relationship a secret . After Lex buys the Daily Planet in season seven 's " Gemini " , it is revealed Grant is actually a clone of Lex 's baby brother Julian , who died as an infant . When Grant discovers this information , he attempts to connect with Lionel in the episode " Persona " , to keep Lex from controlling his life . When Lex cannot control Grant , he has him murdered , staging it as a failed mugging . = = Other characters = = The following is a supplementary list of recurring guest stars , which includes characters that appear briefly in multiple episodes , like a regularly appearing doctor , but have little to no real world content to justify an entire section covering their in @-@ universe histories . The characters are listed in the order in which they first appeared on Smallville .
= Joseph Terry = Sir Joseph Terry JP ( 7 January 1828 – 12 January 1898 ) was a British confectioner , industrialist and Conservative politician who served as Lord Mayor of York on three occasions . He had previously served as a deputy mayor through his role as town sheriff in 1870 , and served as Councillor for York 's Monk Ward from 1860 until this appointment . He further acted as a Justice of the Peace for both the City of York and the North Riding of Yorkshire from 1887 until his death . He his widely seen as the driving force behind the success of the confectionery company Terry 's , originally co @-@ founded by his father , through the expansion of business operations through the use of the Humber Estuary to import essential commodities such as sugar and cocoa . Later in his career , he would oversee the company 's transition and specialization into a chocolatiers . Terry had also registered the trademark ' Joseph Terry 's and Sons ' in 1876 , which would later become incorporated under his chairmanship in 1895 as ' Joseph Terry & Sons Ltd . ' , three years before his death at the age of 70 in 1898 , during an attempt to become Member of Parliament for the City of York constituency in a by @-@ election . = = Early life = = Terry was born in Pocklington , to Joseph Terry , the confectioner and co @-@ founder of Terry 's of York , and his wife Harriet Atkinson , the daughter of a successful farmer from Leppington , North Yorkshire and sister @-@ in @-@ law to the elder Terry 's initial business partner , Robert Berry . His family 's wealth enabled him to attend the independent St Peter 's School , York . Such wealth had arisen after Terry 's of York had advantageously relocated to St Helen 's Square , in the centre of York , with business benefiting from the City 's intake of 30 @,@ 000 shoppers and tourists daily as a result of significant developments in rail travel . The young Joseph Terry had a comfortable upbringing , with his father 's business being well established by the time of his birth due to considerable business acumen and the usage of the expanding railway network to supply his products to a growing British @-@ wide market during the 1830s . He established retail agencies in 75 settlements , mainly in the north , but also in the Midlands , Luton and London . In 1836 , he was a leading figure in establishing a trade association in London to protect the quality of lozenges and confectionery products from inferior production standards . At the time of his death in 1850 , the business had 127 staff , second only to the York glass works as the city 's largest employer . = = Terry 's of York = = By the time of the elder Joseph Terry 's death in 1850 , Terry 's was becoming a household name due to its previous trade successes across the country . The younger Joseph , along with his two brothers , Robert and John , are credited with moving confectionery production to an industrial scale with the leasing of a factory at Clementhorpe , beside the River Ouse , in 1862 . Its location was particularly advantageous , as the 22 @-@ year @-@ old Terry had drawn inspiration from the manipulation of the railways initiated by his father , and saw the benefit of importing and exporting from the river using steamboats . Vessels from the River Humber supplied coal for the factory , while larger ships would import ingredients such as sugar and cocoa from around the world twice a week . The Clementhorpe factory also improved the logistics of the company , providing ample room for the construction of warehouses to store stock . Two years later , there were 400 separate items in the firm 's price list , with around 13 of them consisting of chocolate as a main ingredient ; others included various candied peels , cakes , biscuits and jams among other more exotic products such as cream balls . Terry 's became established as a solely chocolate manufacturer in 1886 when Joseph built a specialized section in the Clementhorpe factory specifically to manufacture cocoa products to compete against such companies as Fry 's , Cadbury 's and Rowntree 's . It would be at this factory that the now commonplace chocolate box assortment was invented , with the first named " Britannia " . The company applied for its first trademark in 1876 under the name " Joseph Terry 's and Sons . " In 1895 it incorporated as Joseph Terry & Sons Ltd . , by which time it had around 500 employees . Terry also converted the historically successful St Helen 's Square premises into a ballroom and restaurant , whilst retaining its status as a confectionery shop , an arrangement that lasted until 1981 . = = Political career = = A committed Freemason , Joseph Terry 's successful local political career stemmed from a philanthropic and active approach to the issues of the citizens of Victorian York , often using his influential status for the benefit of the city 's populace . On 23 June 1887 , just two days after receiving his knighthood in that years Golden Jubilee Honours , Terry led a deputation to present an album of all documented issues encountered by York residents to Buckingham Palace for Queen Victoria 's inspection . In response , " The Queen turned over a few of the leaves to look at the contents , and bowed her acceptance with stately courtesy and affection " . Further philanthropic activity continued into 1893 , when Terry presided over a Japanese bazaar behind the York Art Gallery ( of which he was chair ) where according to The York Herald , he spoke : " It is right to think of our poorer neighbors . If the bazaar is successful , then 1 @,@ 000 waifs and strays would be entertained on Christmas day in the Corn Exchange . " On 7 October 1850 , Joseph Terry had been granted freedom of the city due to the economic growth York was seeing fueled by his company 's success . Chairmanships of local guilds were to follow ; with York 's Merchant Taylor 's and Merchant Adventurer 's both seeing the benefit of representation from a well respected and moneyed benefactor . Other local organizations followed suit ; with the York Art Gallery , Horticultural Society and local waterworks company all receiving funding and financial direction by the end of his career . He further assisted in the duties of the York Cricket Club , promoting their historic move to Bootham Crescent in 1881 , whilst concurrently serving on advisory panels for both the County Lunatic Asylum and the local Sunday School Committee . In 1860 , Terry was elected Councillor for York 's Monk Ward , a rural area close to the modern day Strays of York , as a Conservative . He would later be appointed Chairman of the York Conservative Association ( something that his grandson , Noel Goddard Terry , would also later achieve ) . Experience in local government was heightened by his election as sheriff , equivalent to a deputy mayoral position , in 1870 under Liberal MP George Leeman , who served as Member of Parliament for the City of York constituency for three years prior to his appointment as Lord Mayor . In 1874 , Terry became an Alderman of the City , granting him a seat at York 's Guildhall for debate in a then partisan chamber under the Conservatives . The party , in response to his growing popularity , allowed him to run for the Lord Mayoralty within the same year , to which he was elected by consensus , defeating the incumbent local brewer , John March . This position granted him the style the ' Right Honourable ' ( a title exclusive to the Lord Mayoralty , not the individual ) . Despite remaining an alderman for eleven years after his conventional one @-@ year tenure , Terry ran for the same post again in 1885 , defeating prolific businessman and philanthropist John Close , this time retaining his post for two successful tenures until 1887 's election . In the same year , he was appointed Justice of the Peace for the City of York and the North Riding of Yorkshire . Terry was elected Lord Mayor for the fourth and final time in 1891 , and remained popular among York residents , with arranged activities such as city wide galas , picnics and church services at the York Minster all funded by the Lord Mayor . York City Council ( 1980 ) writes that his name " appeared at the head of every charitable subscription list " and that he was widely recognized as " magnificently bearded " . = = Personal life = = Joseph Terry married twice in his life , producing seven children in total . His first marriage to Frances Goddard , daughter of London @-@ based physician Dr. Joseph Goddard , in 1864 produced three sons before her untimely death in 1866 . Following Goddard 's death , he remarried in 1871 to Margaret Thorpe , daughter of wealthy landowner William Thorpe of Aldborough Manor . They had a son and three daughters . Margaret also came to be known as " Lady Terry " after Joseph had been knighted in 1887 . Joseph 's eldest son from his first marriage , Thomas Terry , became the main partner of the business in 1880 , as all of his cousins ( Sir Joseph 's brothers ' children ) had chosen other professions rather than to join the family business . Thomas is perhaps best recognized for expanding trade to an international market , selling Terry 's confectionery products to as far as retailers in Australia and New Zealand . Other notable children of Terry ( from the Thorpe marriage ) included Sir Francis William Terry , High Sheriff of Yorkshire from 1945 to 1946 , and Frances Harriet Terry , wife of cricketer Charles Wright , who played first @-@ class cricket for Cambridge University between 1882 and 1885 and for Nottinghamshire between 1882 and 1899 . Wright is considered to be the first cricket captain to declare an innings closed , something he did in 1890 against Kent . Joseph was also a close friend of Sir Frederick Milner , MP for the City of York constituency from 1883 to 1885 . Milner , who led an 1888 presentation celebrating the achievements of both Sir Joseph ( though he was absent due to illness ) and Lady Terry , was described by The York Herald as having " had the privilege of Sir Joseph 's friendship for many years " . Though it is ceremonial for the Lord Mayor of York to reside in the Mansion House , Terry maintained a sizable private residency in the small town of Filey known as the " Hawthorn Villa on the Mount . " This building was later renamed " Langford Villa " and was recognized as Grade II listed on 23 August 1985 . = = By @-@ election and death = = Terry died of heart failure , induced by over @-@ exertion , at the Royal Station Hotel on 12 January 1898 , after attempting to win a by @-@ election to become Member of Parliament for the City of York . The by @-@ election was triggered by the death of incumbent Queen 's Counsel and former Solicitor General Sir Frank Lockwood on 18 December 1897 . If successful , he would have served as second member to John Butcher ( later the 1st Baron Danesfort ) , whom he respected for his work within the constituency . Terry died one day before the announcement of the new member was made , and the election was eventually won by famed admiral and veteran MP Lord Charles Beresford by a mere eleven votes , in a controversial recount forced by a Parliamentary petition after he and Liberal candidate Sir Christopher Furness had both obtained 5 @,@ 643 votes according to initial data . Terry was buried at the York Cemetery on 15 January 1898 , where his monument comprised a large granite cross and a small apron of ground . = = Legacy = = The Merchant Taylor Company of York , which Terry had chaired for many years , expressed condolences but made no donation to his memorial fund . It is thought that this decision was not made on principle as , two years earlier , donations of £ 5 had been made to the " Mansion House Fund " in memoriam to prolific clergyman James Raine , who was the company 's established annual preacher and had died some years before the trust was founded in 1896 . However , the national journal Chemist and Druggist : The Newsweekly for Pharmacy described Terry 's passing as " a tragic feature of the recent by @-@ election " and the Yorkshire Herald fondly remarked " There was no person in the city more loved or respected , and no @-@ one who was more possessed of the qualities that constitute a genial and amiable Englishman " . His personal estate amounted to £ 38 @,@ 959 10s . 2d. upon his death . Further positive affirmation came in the form of the construction of the " Terry Memorial Homes " in the Skeldergate area of York , on a section of the front gardens of the Dame Middleton Hospital . The charitable project was built through public subscription of a collective £ 1 @,@ 020 in 1898 in honour of the former Lord Mayor ; it consisted of two brick @-@ built almshouses , intended for married couples over the age of 60 , with the York Municipal Charity trustees having the administrative authority to accommodate or reject applicants for tenancy . On 14 March 1996 , English Heritage designated the two houses as Grade II listed under the name " Terry Memorial Homes Numbers 1 and 2 . " £ 200 of the original subscription was invested in stocks , which yielded £ 6 when exchanged in 1955 . Terry 's armorial bearings are erected at the houses ( which now serve as a hotel ) and in stained glass at the All Saints ' Church , North Street as of 1978 , as Joseph 's grandson , Noel Goddard Terry , had helped fund the restoration of the building . = = Arms = =
= East Finchley tube station = East Finchley is a London Underground station in East Finchley in the London Borough of Barnet , north London . The station is on the High Barnet branch of the Northern line , between Highgate and Finchley Central stations and is in Travelcard Zone 3 . The station was opened in 1867 as part of the Great Northern Railway 's line between Finsbury Park and Edgware stations . As part of London Underground 's only partially completed Northern Heights plan , the station was completely rebuilt with additional tracks in the late 1930s . Northern line trains started serving the station in 1939 and main line passenger services ended in 1941 . = = History = = = = = Original station = = = East Finchley station was built by the Edgware , Highgate and London Railway ( EH & LR ) on its line from Finsbury Park station to Edgware station . Before the line was opened it was purchased in July 1867 by the larger Great Northern Railway ( GNR ) , whose main line from King 's Cross ran through Finsbury Park on its way to Potters Bar and the north . The station , originally named East End , opened along with the railway to Edgware on 22 August 1867 . The station was given its current name in 1886 . After the 1921 Railways Act created the Big Four railway companies , the GNR became part of the London & North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) in 1923 . = = = Northern Heights project = = = In 1935 , the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) announced a proposal , which became known as the Northern Heights project , to take over the LNER lines from Finsbury Park to Edgware , High Barnet and Alexandra Palace , and link them to both the Northern line at East Finchley and to the Northern City line at Finsbury Park . The construction of the first phase of this project involved extending tube train services from the Northern line 's existing terminus at Archway station , through a new section of paired tunnels under the LNER 's Highgate station to emerge south @-@ east of East Finchley station , where track connections to the LNER line were made . For the introduction of London Underground services , the original station was completely demolished and rebuilt . The station was provided with two additional platforms , giving four in total . The platforms comprise two parallel islands with tracks on both sides . This was necessary as the intention of the Northern Heights project was that trains would be able to run south from East Finchley to Highgate via both the surface and the underground routes . The inner pair of tracks served the surface route , whilst the outer pair serve the tunnel route . Northern line trains first served the station on 3 July 1939 . After completion of the electrification of the line to High Barnet , Underground services were extended northwards on 14 April 1940 . The station continued to be served by LNER steam trains from Highgate until 2 March 1941 when that service was discontinued . The inner platforms are now used only by northbound trains entering service or southbound trains terminating at East Finchley on their way to or from Highgate Wood depot south of the station . = = = Post @-@ war = = = After the war , plans to complete the Northern Heights project were reviewed but no work was carried out . Maintenance works and reconstruction of war damage on the existing network had the greatest call on London Underground funds . Funds for new works were severely limited and priority was given to the completion of the western and eastern extensions of the Central line to West Ruislip , Epping and Hainault . Despite being shown as under construction on underground maps as late as 1950 , work never restarted on the unimplemented parts of the Northern Heights project . British Rail ( the successor to the LNER ) freight trains continued to serve the station 's goods yard until 1962 , when it was closed . = = Description of the building = = The new station was constructed in an Art Deco / Streamline Moderne design by Charles Holden with L H Bucknell . Like Holden 's other designs for London Underground in the 1930s , East Finchley station was inspired by European architecture ( particularly Dutch ) that Holden had seen on trips to the continent during that decade . The track here runs roughly north @-@ west to south @-@ east . The imposing station building , built on rising ground adjacent to the railway bridge over High Road ( A1000 ) , has three entrances . The two main entrances to the ticket hall are on the north side of the tracks facing High Road and the third , minor entrance , is on the south side . The entrances are linked by a passage under the tracks which provides access up to the platforms . A strong feature of the station is the semi @-@ circular glazed stairways leading to the enclosed bridge over the tracks occupied by staff offices . Prominent from the platforms and dominating the main entrance façade is The Archer , a 10 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) statue by Eric Aumonier of a kneeling archer captured as if having just released an arrow . The archer is intended to commemorate Finchley 's ancient association with hunting in the nearby Royal Forest of Enfield . The station is a Grade II listed building . = = Services and connections = = = = = Services = = = The station is in Travelcard Zone 3 , between Finchley Central and Highgate stations . Train frequencies vary throughout the day , but generally operate every 3 – 7 minutes between 05 : 40 and 01 : 01 northbound and 05 : 34 and 00 : 12 southbound ( as of 2015 ) . = = = Connections = = = London Buses routes 102 , 143 , 234 , 263 , 603 and H3 and night route N20 serve the station .
= Super Collider ( album ) = Super Collider is the fourteenth studio album by American heavy metal band Megadeth . It was released on June 4 , 2013 , and is Megadeth 's first album to be released on Tradecraft , a Universal label created for frontman Dave Mustaine . In the U.S. , a special edition of the album was made available exclusively through Best Buy retailers . The album features a guest appearance from Disturbed and Device vocalist David Draiman . On April 23 , 2013 , the title track was released on iTunes as the album 's lead single . It marked the first time the band had released more than one album with the same lineup since 1997 's Cryptic Writings , however it is the band 's final album to feature drummer Shawn Drover and guitarist Chris Broderick , due to their departures from Megadeth in November 2014 . The album debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 and has sold over 86 @,@ 000 copies in the United States as of December 2015 . The album received mixed reviews from critics and , as of August 2014 , has a Metacritic rating of 41 / 100 . = = Background , writing and recording = = On July 17 , 2012 , a tweet from the Twitter account for Megadeth 's mascot Vic Rattlehead implied that frontman Dave Mustaine had begun writing lyrics for a follow @-@ up album to 2011 's Thirteen . In an interview with NME , Mustaine confirmed that the band had been working on new material , commenting : " Some of it 's a little darker , some of it 's a little faster . " Later Mustaine announced that the band was preparing to start work on the album , and suggested early 2013 as a tentative release , on a new label , as the band had split from their previous label , Roadrunner Records . The band 's previous contract with that label was only for three albums , expiring after the release of Thirteen . On October 27 , Mustaine revealed that the band was planning to enter the studio to begin tracking the album in the first week of November 2012 , before leaving the studio for the American leg of the Countdown to Extinction 20th anniversary tour . However , drummer Shawn Drover later suggested that recording for the album wouldn 't begin until early 2013 , and also suggested that the album would possibly be released in the summer of that year , rather than Mustaine 's initial projection of a late @-@ spring release . Drover said the band was in the process of composing material and determining what riffs to use on the record . On December 24 , 2012 , Mustaine announced that three new songs were " tracked and almost done " . Mustaine later announced via the Vic Rattlehead Twitter page that he had chosen a title and cover art for the new album , though neither was revealed at that time . As with Thirteen , work on the album was done at " Vic 's Garage " , the band 's own studio in San Marcos , California . From January 2013 onwards , several short video clips were uploaded to the band 's official YouTube channel , showing the band members working on new material in the studio . Later that month , Mustaine announced that the band had finished recording 11 of 13 songs that the band planned to give to the label . Additionally , he confirmed that the band had decided on a new label and was signed . The label was later revealed to be to Tradecraft , a Universal label created for Mustaine . Several days later , on February 1 , Mustaine announced that mixing had begun . On February 12 , 2013 , the album 's title was revealed as Super Collider . About two weeks later , Mustaine announced several song titles in an interview , discussing some of those songs in the process . Mustaine also revealed that fourteen songs were being worked on in total . Recording for the album was completed in mid @-@ March . On April 10 , 2013 , a snippet of a new song titled " Don 't Turn Your Back " was posted to the band 's website for streaming , and the cover artwork for the album was revealed . Later that month , it was announced that David Draiman ( of Disturbed and Device ) would be featured as a guest vocalist on " Dance in the Rain " . The title track was released as the album 's lead single , and " Kingmaker " was released for streaming in May . Super Collider was released in several versions domestically . There are two versions of the CD : a standard edition and a Best Buy @-@ exclusive edition which features three bonus tracks along with 3D cover art . Additionally , standard and limited vinyl editions were made available , as well . = = = Album cover = = = The cover artwork is modified from an existing photograph of the Inner Barrel of the Compact Muon Solenoid 's Silicon Tracker , a particle physics experiment built on the Large Hadron Collider at CERN . A very faint reflection of Vic Rattlehead can be seen in the object 's center . A 3D cover is featured on the special edition . = = Songs = = On April 23 , 2013 , " Super Collider " was released as the album 's lead single through iTunes . Several days earlier , the track debuted on an edition of the Full Metal Jackie radio show . A video was also produced for the song . The track deviates from a more traditional metal style in favor of a more radio @-@ oriented rock sound , which Mustaine claims was done to show the record label that the band could write and play more commercially accessible material . Mustaine also stated that while the track drew some inspiration from particle colliders and the search for the " God particle " , the lyrical meaning was less scientific . On May 18 , 2013 " Kingmaker " was announced and released for streaming via YouTube . Mustaine has revealed that " Kingmaker " was written about painkiller abuse and dependency . He also said that he had altered the lyrics many times to " fit the intention " of the song . Additionally , " Built for War " was featured on an episode of NCIS : Los Angeles on October 8 , 2013 . Mustaine has elaborated on the subject matter of several of the album 's other songs as well . He has noted that " Forget to Remember " was intentionally written in an ambiguous way so that it could interpreted as being about either a person trying to forget about a relationship or someone who suffers from Alzheimer 's disease and has memory problems . He also compared the concept behind the song to the film The Notebook . " The Blackest Crow " has a Southern influence and features a slide guitar , while the lyrics are about loss and subsequent depression . Mustaine initially hoped to have a guest feature on the song , and reached out to country musicians Willie Nelson and Miranda Lambert ; however , neither appeared on the song . " Don 't Turn Your Back ... " was inspired by a friend of Mustaine , who described him as " the kind of guy that will steal your dope and then help you look for it . " " Cold Sweat " is a Thin Lizzy cover , originally appearing on Thunder and Lightning ( 1983 ) . Excluding bonus tracks , it is the first cover song to appear on a Megadeth album since " Anarchy in the UK " , a Sex Pistols cover , was included on So Far , So Good ... So What ! in 1988 . Mustaine said he had been wanting to cover the song since the early 1990s . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The album received mixed to negative reviews from music critics . Much of the criticism of the album centers around Mustaine 's lyrics and / or vocals and the return to more commercial @-@ sounding material , from the heavier approach that the band had taken on the last several releases . Some reviewers compared Super Collider to Risk , the band 's much @-@ critiqued 1999 studio effort which saw Mustaine attempting to take more commercial risks with the band 's music . Many critics named " Kingmaker " as a highlight , even those who took a generally dismissive view of the rest of the album . Positive comments did come from Allmusic reviewer James Christopher Monger and Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles reviewer Mark Gromen . Monger commented that the album had a few good songs ( " Kingmaker " , " Built for War " and " The Blackest Crow " ) , but commented that the remainder of the album " is so mired in midtempo drudgery and familiar hard rock ( not thrash ) tropes that it never really connects " , giving the album a 2 @.@ 5 / 5 star rating . Gromen showed more sympathy towards the album , and commented that although it is more of a rock record than recent albums such as United Abominations or Endgame , he felt that one song , " Built for War " , had a " Rust in Peace feel . " Gromen did criticize " Burn ! " for having mundane lyrics . Another generally positive review came from Blabbermouth.net reviewer Ray Van Horn , Jr . , who gave the album a 7 @.@ 5 / 10 score despite noting that he felt the album had numerous flaws . Specific praise was directed at many of Ellefson 's bass parts , as well as much of the guitar solo work on the album . Van Horn declared that the album is no Risk despite the insistence of other critics and fans , but expressed uncertainty as to which sonic direction the band might take in the future . Chad Bowar of Loudwire had a mixed overall opinion on the album and mainly criticized the album for being more akin to Risk and The World Needs a Hero than other recent albums . Bowar gave reserved praise for the tracks " Kingmaker " and the band 's cover of " Cold Sweat " . Other reviewers generally took a more dismissive view of the album , and many of them gave the album a rating of around 5 / 10 or lower . Greg Pratt of Exclaim ! described much of the material on the album as being an attempt on Mustaine 's part to both maintain credibility with his fanbase and score a radio hit at the same time , a result that Pratt concluded was impossible . Pratt took a negative view of several songs on the album , describing " Off the Edge " as " unlovable " , " The Blackest Crow " as " an unfocused mess " , and the title track as having a radio @-@ oriented sound , much to his dislike . However , he did describe " Kingmaker " as " relentless " , and commented that it sounded similar to material from Countdown to Extinction ( 1992 ) . Dean Brown of PopMatters wrote a highly critical review of the album . He characterized the title track as a " ghastly attempt " at arena rock that " even Bon Jovi would have thought twice about releasing as a B @-@ side . " Brown reacted positively to " Kingmaker , " though noted that the song seems to " pillage " Black Sabbath 's " Children of the Grave . " Many of the remaining songs on the album were criticized by Brown for being " cliché , " " pathetic " and / or " awkward , " among other things . = = = Commercial performance = = = In spite of the lackluster reception by critics , Super Collider debuted at number six on the Billboard 200 , selling 29 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. in its first week . Although it sold fewer copies than its predecessor Thirteen ( 42 @,@ 000 ) , it charted higher after the first week , as Thirteen debuted at number eleven . This makes the album Megadeth 's highest @-@ charting album in the U.S. since Youthanasia , which peaked at number four in 1994 . The album dropped to number 39 on the Billboard 200 in its second week . As of December 2015 , the album has sold 86 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . The album had further top ten success in Canada and Finland , where the album hit number four , and Norway , where it hit number seven . Additionally , the album charted at number fifteen in Sweden , although elsewhere , the album did not manage to break into the top twenty . = = Track listing = = All music and lyrics composed by Dave Mustaine , except where noted . = = Personnel = = Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Mexican National Trios Championship = The Mexican National Trios Championship ( Campeonato National Trios in Spanish ) is a three @-@ man tag team professional wrestling championship , sanctioned by the " Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F. " ( Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission ) , which oversees all matches where the championship is defended . Since its creation in 1985 the championship has been promoted by several major Mexican wrestling promotions , Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) , Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) and is currently promoted by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre ( CMLL , formerly EMLL ) . The change from promotion to promotion was approved by the commission if the trios champions left one promotion to work for the other . As it is a professional wrestling championship , it is not won or lost competitively , but instead by the decision of the bookers of a wrestling promotion . The title is awarded to a team after the team " wins " a match to maintain the illusion that professional wrestling is a competitive sport . All title matches take place under two @-@ out @-@ of @-@ three falls rules . In the early 1980s the six @-@ man tag team match became very popular in Mexico , to the point where that match format is the most prevalent format in Lucha Libre today . The Universal Wrestling Association created the UWA World Trios Championship in 1984 and the Boxing and Wrestling Commission created the Mexican National Trios Championship in 1985 , making it only the second Trios championship in Mexico . Control of the championship was given to EMLL , the UWA 's main rival at the time , with the commission retaining oversight and approval of the championship matches . In 1993 then champions Los Infernales ( " The Infernal Ones " ; MS @-@ 1 , Pirata Morgan , and El Satánico ) left EMLL to join AAA , taking the trios championship with them after approval by the commission . In the late 1990s the championship was not promoted on a regular basis by AAA and appeared inactive until the champions , Blue Panther , Fuerza Guerrera , and El Signo , joined CMLL in 2001 and lost the championship to a CMLL team . From that point forward the championship has been controlled by CMLL once more . The current Mexican National Trios Champions is the team known as Los Hijos del Infierno ( " The Sons of the Inferno " ; Ephesto , Luciferno , and Mephisto ) , who won the championship on August 9 , 2015 when they defeated previous champions Los Reyes de la Atlantida ( " The Kings of the Atlantis " ; Atlantis , Delta , and Guerrero Maya Jr . ) This is the team 's first reign as a team and they are the 39th overall champions . Los Reyes de la Atlantida hold the record for most reigns as a team , with three reigns in total , while Atlantis , Delta and Volador Jr. holds the individual record with four reigns each . = = History = = With the emergence of trios ( tag teams consisting of three people ) such as Los Misioneros de la Muerte , Los Brazos and more , the six @-@ man tag team match became increasingly popular in the early 1980s . Its popularity led to the trios format becoming the most prevalent match format in Lucha libre to this day . The popularity led to the creation of the first trios championship in Mexico when the Universal Wrestling Association ( UWA ) created the UWA World Trios Championship in 1984 . The Mexican National Trios Championship was created in 1985 , at the request of Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) and endorsed by the Mexico City Boxing and Wrestling Commission . The commission granted EMLL the rights to promote the championship , which meant that CMLL had control over the everyday use of the championship , determining which storylines the title wre being used in , who were allowed to challenge for the title and how to use it in a public relations sense . The Commission would oversee the rule and approves any championship change that EMLL proposed . The finals of the tournament to crown the first champions saw Los Infernales ( " The Infernal Ones " ; the team of MS @-@ 1 , Pirata Morgan , and El Satánico ) defeat Los Brazos ( " The Arms " ; El Brazo , Brazo de Oro , and Brazo de Plata ) to become the first champions . Los Brazos would win the championship 9 months later but only hold them for a short while . In February 1986 Los Brazos became the first team to hold the title twice as they defeated Dos Caras , Villano III , and Villano IV for the championship . EMLL rebranded themselves " Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre " ( " World Wrestling Council " ) in 1991 and created the CMLL World Trios Championship but also kept the rights to the Mexican National Trios Championship . In 1992 Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ( AAA ) was formed by a group of officials and wrestlers who broke away from CMLL . The then @-@ reigning champions Cien Caras , Máscara Año 2000 , and Universo 2000 left CMLL to join AAA and brought the Mexican National Trios Championship with them as it was not a CMLL owned title . The Commission granted AAAthe right to control the title from 1992 on , later on when AAA began working with Promotora Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( PROMELL ) both promotions were allowed used the Trios title by the commission . In 1996 AAA and PROMELL stopped working together and the title was vacated . PROMELL was granted the right to promote the title from that point on and held a tournament to crown new champions . Blue Panther , Fuerza Guerrera , and El Signo won the tournament and would go on to hold the titles for 1 @,@ 728 days , although for the majority of the time the three did not team up and the Trios championship was inactive . In 2001 the trio worked a couple of matches for CMLL , just long enough for them to lose the championship to Mr. Niebla , Olímpico , and Safari , bringing the championship back under CMLL 's control , where it has remained ever since . On June 13 , 2003 a championship match between champions La Familia de Tijuana ( Nicho el Millonario , Damián 666 , and Halloween ) and Los Nuevo Infernales ( Sátanico , Averno , and Mephisto ) , ended with La Familia being disqualified . The disqualification meant that the titles would change hands , but Los Nuevo Infernales refused to win the championship in such a manner . A rematch was set up for June 20 , but Nicho el Millonario did not show up for the match . CMLL held an eight @-@ team tournament to determine the next championship trio , ending with El Felino , Safari and Volador , Jr. become the 23rd Trios champions . In 2010 Máscara Dorada teamed up with Stuka Jr . , and Metro to win the Trios championship , making Dorada a quadruple champion as he also held the CMLL World Super Lightweight Championship , CMLL World Trios Championship , and the CMLL World Welterweight Championship at the time . In November , 2010 Dorada suffered a knee injury and relinquished his portion of the Mexican National Trios Championship . Delta was selected as his replacement via a fan vote , but the team lost the trios championship in the first defense against the team of Ángel de Oro , Diamante ( who were the other two options for Dorada 's replacement ) and Rush . = = Rules = = The title is a " National " title which means that non @-@ Mexican citizens are prohibited from challenging or holding the championship . As it is a professional wrestling championship , it is not won legitimately ; it is instead won via a scripted ending to a match . The fact that the championship is a " trios " championship means that it 's restricted to Tag teams with three members . The championship is generally not allowed to be defended in any other type of match than a regular match , as is the case for all the Mexican National titles . The commission has been inconsistent on enforcing the rules , in one case they stripped Psicosis of the Mexican National Middleweight Championship for defending it in a hardcore match , in another case they allowed the Mexican National Heavyweight Championship to change hands in a Steel cage match . On occasion single fall title matches have taken place , for example when promoting CMLL title matches in Japan , conforming to the traditions of the local promotion . = = Reigns = = Los Hijos del Infierno ( " The Sons of the Inferno " ; Ephesto , Luciferno , and Mephisto ) are the current champions , after defeating the trio known as Los Reyes de la Atlantida ( " The Kings of the Atlantis " ; Atlantis , Delta and Guerrero Maya Jr . ) for the title on August 9 , 2015 . It is the team 's first reign as a team and they are the 39th overall champions . Los Reyes de la Atlantida hold the record for most reigns as a team , with three , while Atlantis , Delta and Volador Jr. have all held the championship on four separate occasions . Blue Panther , Fuerza Guerrera and El Signo is the team with the longest reign of 1 @,@ 728 days while Los Payasos and the trio of Dos Caras , Villano III and Villano IV both held the title for only 26 days , which is the shortest time of any championship team . Several championship teams have lost the championship in their first defense , while the teams of Sagrado , La Sombra , Volador Jr . , and El Felino , Safari , Volador Jr. both are credited with six successful title defenses before losing the championship , the most of any of the 39 championship teams . In 1991 the Commission allowed El Ninja to replace the injured Leono during a championship defense , helping Los Thundercats retain the title against the team of Rocky Santana , El Gallego and Romano Garcia . = = Tournaments = = = = = 1985 = = = Records from 1985 are not clear on which trios teams participated in the tournament to determine the first ever Mexican National Trios Championship , only a few matches were clearly identified as part of the tournament , the earliest of which was a January 25 , 1985 match in Arena Coliseo that saw Los Infernales ( MS @-@ 1 , Pirata Morgan , Satánico ) defeat El Enfermero Jr . , Herodes and Jerry Estrada to advance in the tournament . Records also indicate that trios consisting of Popitekus , Panico and Zorro de Oro ; Talisman , La Fiera , and Mocho Cota ; Atlantis , Stuka and Acertijo ; Chamaco Valaguez , Impacto and Águila Solitaria were in the tournament , but were all eliminated before the finals . On February 10 , 1985 Los Infernales defeated Los Brazo to win the championship . = = = 2003 = = = After Nicho el Millonario did not show up for a scheduled title match CMLL decided to vacate the championship and left it vacant for approximately five months . In late November 2003 , CMLL held an eight @-@ team , three @-@ week tournament to crown new champions . Most of the teams in the tournament had not teamed up on a regular basis prior to the show , except for Los Nuevo Infernales . In the end , the team of El Felino , Safari and Volador Jr . , who was paired up for the tournament , defeated Alan Stone , Super Crazy , and Zumbido to win the titles . Tournament brackets = = = 2009 = = = On December 19 , 2009 , it was announced by the Comisión de Box y Lucha Libre Mexico D.F. that Poder Mexica had been stripped of the Mexican National Trios Championship because Black Warrior had left CMLL , breaking up the team . At the same time , they announced an eight @-@ team tournament to crown a new trios champion . The top half of the bracket took place on December 22 , 2009 and the bottom half of the bracket took place on December 29 . In the top bracket the team of Máscara Dorada , Stuka , Jr. and Metro defeated Guerreros Tuareg ( Arkangel de la Muerte , Loco Max , and Skándalo ) in the first round and Los Cancerberos del Infierno ( Virus , Euforia , and Pólvora ) in the second round to qualify for the finals . The bottom bracket took place on December 29 , 2009 and saw the team of Poder Mexica ( Sangre Azteca , Dragón Rojo , Jr . , and Misterioso , Jr . ) defeat Fabian El Gitano , Máximo , and Rouge , and then Delta , Leono , and Valiente to qualify for the final . On January 6 , 2010 Máscara Dorada , Stuka , Jr. and Metro defeated Poder Mexica to become the new Mexican National Trios Champions . = = = 2010 = = = Much like the previous year , one @-@ third of the reigning Mexican National Trios Champions was unable to further help defend the title . This year , CMLL resolved the situation differently , but still managed to organize in a tournament . The champions , Mascara Dorada , Stuka Jr . , and Metro , successfully defended their championship on November 15 , 2010 , in Arena Puebla . Dorada suffered an ankle injury during the course of the match . Citing both the injury ( which would keep him out a month ) and , more so , the demands of his other three championships , Mascara Dorada vacated his share of the titles three days later . CMLL broke with the precedent of forcing the entire team to vacate the titles and instead declared a web poll would determine a replacement for Mascara Dorada . Voting was held for over two weeks on CMLL.com. Delta - 41 @.@ 52 % Ángel de Oro - 39 @.@ 20 % Diamante - 19 @.@ 28 % CMLL appeared to waver about the winner becoming the champion or just joining Stuka and Metro for a title match . CMLL 's website indicated Delta won the championship , but Delta 's team did not wear the championship belts prior to their first title match . Concurrent with the poll , CMLL started running an eight @-@ team , three @-@ week tournament to find new challengers for the new champions . Guadalajara regulars Palacio Negro , and Metal Blanco made their Mexico City debuts and qualified for the finals alongside Sagrado , but the team of Rush and the two poll losers , Ángel de Oro and Diamante , won the tournament and would go on to win the championship . Tournament brackets
= Drum ( 2004 film ) = Drum is a 2004 film based on the life of South African investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo , who worked for the popular Drum magazine , called " the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa . " It was director Zola Maseko 's first film and deals with the issues of apartheid and the forced removal of residents from Sophiatown . The film was originally to be a six @-@ part television series called Sophiatown Short Stories , though Maseko could not get the funding . The lead roles of Henry Nxumalo and Drum main photographer Jürgen Schadeberg were played by American actors Taye Diggs and Gabriel Mann , while most of the rest of the cast were South African actors . The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2004 , and proceeded to do the rounds of international film festivals before going on general release in South Africa in July 2006 . It was released in Europe , but failed to get a distributor for the USA where it went straight to DVD . The film was generally well received critically . Most of the negative reviews were based on the quality of Maseko 's directing and Jason Filardi 's screenwriting . It was awarded Best South African Film at the Durban International Film Festival , and director Maseko gained the top prize at the Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou ( FESPACO ) . = = Plot = = The story is based on real events and real people and is set in the mid @-@ 1950s freehold township of Sophiatown , Johannesburg — one of the few areas in South Africa where blacks could own property and drink alcoholic beverages . Drum begins with the central character , sportswriter Henry Nxumalo , reporting on a boxing match with Nelson Mandela . Nxumalo leaves his wife Florence at home while going out into his community 's night life and has an affair with a female singer . He works for Drum magazine , which was " the first black lifestyle magazine in Africa . " The magazine was financed by whites and had a multiracial staff ; it was popular among the black community . Drum 's British editor , Jim Bailey ( Jason Flemyng ) , asks Nxumalo to write on the township crime scene , and Nxumalo , while at first unwilling , finally agrees . While on the job , he encounters Slim ( Zola ) , a gang leader , that he had previously met in illegal township drinking places , and witnesses him kill a man in Sophiatown . Initially Nxumalo stays away from political articles , but eventually writes about more than entertainment after his wife and Mandela encourage him . When a young man goes missing at a Boer farm and is feared enslaved , Nxumalo decides to investigate undercover . He gets employment as a labourer at the farm , where he is treated like a slave and nearly killed . He becomes a celebrity when his story is published , further reinforced by getting himself in prison and reporting about its conditions . Nxumalo decides that his destiny is to be a muckracker and , with the help of the German photographer Jürgen Schadeberg ( Gabriel Mann ) , ventures on more risky investigations . Nxumalo frequently fights the racism and apartheid that is beginning to creep into his hometown . He tries to tackle stories important to his society 's well @-@ being . However , he is no match to the plan to evict residents and ultimately destroy Sophiatown . Constantly harassed by the government , at the end of the film he is stabbed to death . The attacker has never been identified . = = Cast = = American actor Taye Diggs played the lead role of investigative journalist Henry Nxumalo , with fellow American actor Gabriel Mann as his photographer Jürgen Schadeberg , and South African Moshidi Motshegwa as his wife , Florence Nxumalo . The South African short @-@ story author , Can Themba , who also worked with Nxumalo at Drum magazine , was played by the little @-@ known South African actor , Tumisho Masha . Apart from the British actor Jason Flemyng who took the part of Jim Bailey , the ex @-@ R.A.F. pilot who owned Drum , the rest of the parts were taken by South African actors , the best known being Zola ( credited as Bonginkosi Dlamini ) playing the part of Slim , the Sophiatown gang leader . Notable people portrayed in the film include Nelson Mandela , played by Lindane Nkosi ; jazz columnist Todd Matshikiza played by Fezile Mpela ; and the writer Casey Motsisi played by Thapelo Mokoena . Aptly portraying the music of the day , ( Manhattan Brothers ) was a fresh new outfit , formally approved by Miriam Makeba and Joe Mogotsi , the Junior Manhattan Brothers from Ladysmith , Kwa Zulu Natal . = = Production = = Drum is Zola Maseko 's first feature film . He originally wanted to tell Sophiatown 's story in a six @-@ part television series called Sophiatown Short Stories . Unsuccessful in convincing the South African Television Company to pursue such a series , he decided to change the medium to that of film . He secured a large amount of his funding by convincing Taye Diggs to fill the lead role . American screenwriter Jason Filardi was asked to write the script by production company Armada and subsequently " fell in love " with Drum 's plotline . In preparation for this task , he read books on Nxumalo and the history of South Africa , and stayed for a month in Johannesburg . Filardi said that his work on the film was his fondest experience with the medium . Filming began in May 2004 and lasted for six weeks . On 29 May , producer Dumisani Dlamini died after being shot in the head at his home in Johannesburg . The soundtrack was written by Terence Blanchard and Cédric Gradus Samson . Much of it is a jazz score , which has been called " strong " . This is a reflection of the music that was popular during the movie 's place and time . = = Release = = Drum premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 10 September 2004 . It was the lead film in the festival 's Spotlight on South Africa program . The Sundance Film Festival picked up the film , for its US premiere in January 2005 , as did the Cannes Film Festival in May . On 21 June , Drum was screened at the Boston International Film Festival during its first session . The film opened the 2005 Filmfest München on 25 June . For his work with Drum , Maseko received the top prize at FESPACO , the Golden Stallion of Yennenga , in addition to a cash prize of 10 million CFA francs ( US $ 20 @,@ 000 ) at its closing ceremony in March 2005 . He was the first South African to do such . In addition , Drum is only the second English language film to have won the Golden Stallion at FESPACO , the first being Kwaw Ansah 's Heritage Africa in 1989 . The film premièred in South Africa at the 26th Durban International Film Festival ( DIFF ) on 17 July 2005 where it won the Best South African Film Award . It was released at 29 South African movie theatres on 22 July . Events to help promote the film included toyi @-@ toyi dances in various South African market places , and the production crew holding a contest in which South African schoolchildren would have to research a lost community and the winners would get to meet the actors . Outside film festivals , the first release in the USA was at the Olde Mistick Village theater in Filardi 's hometown of Mystic , Connecticut , on 22 December 2006 . Despite wide releases in Europe , Drum did not obtain one in the USA , mostly due to a failure to find distributors . Instead , it went straight to DVD . = = Reception = = Drum was mostly met with favorable reviews . Review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86 % percent of seven critics gave the film positive write @-@ ups , a rating that it considered " Fresh " . Sura Wood of The Hollywood Reporter called it " an intelligent , moving film steeped in an authentic sense of time and place . " Her sentiments were echoed by Joe Leydon of Variety , who thought Drum was " an intelligent and affecting take on political radicalization in 1950s Johannesburg . " According to Film Threat 's Jeremy Matthews , Drum was " a solid work of classical storytelling . " He observed that it was " heartbreaking in its portrayal of Johannesburg at a time when its rulers had convinced many people that whites were born to command and blacks were born to obey and serve . " Critic David Nussair gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Diggs as " fantastic " . The supporting actors also delivered " solid " performances . He believed that the film was anything but superfluous , and it moved at a fast pace . While the screenplay was predictable , Maseko 's " steady " direction " ensure [ d ] Drum 's place among better @-@ than @-@ average true @-@ life tales . " The Arizona Republic disagreed with Nussair 's first point , not thinking Diggs looked like a South African . It called the film " a well @-@ meaning but static look at apartheid in the 1950s . " Shadows on the Wall 's Rich Kline noted that the storyline was " compelling and eye @-@ opening " and praised the actors as " excellent " and " committed to getting the truth out . " He was impressed with the " lively and fascinating sense of local culture " that dominated the film . Kline , who gave the film 3 out of 5 stars , was mainly concerned with the film 's " rather clumsy " direction and screenwriting . Maseko directed with " energy and verve , " though his " struggles to capture the human drama " led to the impression that Drum was " a clunky TV movie , with awkward camera angles , wonky editing and clumsy sound recording . " Filardi was guilty of a dialogue which " echoes with cliches , while contrived plotting put characters into situations that may be true , but they feel corny and movie @-@ like . " Kline also criticised the wide variety of political issues that characterised the film , though added that " maybe this helps us begin to understand what life must have been like under such an oppressive government . " One of the most critical reviews was by Francesca Dinglasan of Boxoffice Magazine . Dinglasan , who gave Drum 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars , was unimpressed by the " unoriginal plotting techniques to convey the story of an investigative journalist attempting to expose racial injustices in a society coming to grips with the newly introduced edicts of apartheid . " Although Diggs 's acting was " engaging " , according to her the film " depends on just a few too many big @-@ screen cliches and predictable plot turns . " The " richly designed sets and costumes " were not able to overcome the less @-@ than @-@ satisfactory " Drum .
= Mark Kelly = Mark Edward Kelly ( born February 21 , 1964 ) is a retired American astronaut , engineer and U.S. Navy Captain . He is the husband of former Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords , an author , a political activist , and an aerospace executive and consultant . A naval aviator , Kelly flew combat missions during the Gulf War . He was selected to become a NASA Space Shuttle pilot in 1996 and flew his first mission in 2001 as pilot of STS @-@ 108 . He piloted STS @-@ 121 in 2006 and commanded STS @-@ 124 in 2008 and STS @-@ 134 in 2011 . STS @-@ 134 was his final mission and the final mission of Space Shuttle Endeavour . His wife was the target of an attempted assassination in Tucson , Arizona , on January 8 , 2011 . After the shooting , in which six people were killed , both Kelly and Giffords were thrust into the media spotlight . His wife 's shooting led to a broad national conversation ranging from the duties of a husband to what is acceptable civil discourse . Kelly 's identical twin brother , Scott Kelly , is also an astronaut . The Kelly brothers are the only siblings to have both traveled in space . In 2015 , Scott Kelly began a mission spending a year in space on the International Space Station . He returned to Earth on March 1 , 2016 after 340 days in space . During and after Scott 's year @-@ long mission , the brothers will be studied to find differences between living on Earth and in space . = = Early life and education = = Mark Edward Kelly is the son of Richard and Patricia Kelly , two retired police officers . He was born on February 21 , 1964 in Orange , New Jersey , and raised in West Orange , New Jersey . Kelly graduated from Mountain High School in 1982 . He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Marine Engineering and Nautical Science from the United States Merchant Marine Academy , graduating with highest honors in 1986 . In 1994 , he received a Master of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School . = = Naval career = = In December 1987 , Kelly became a Naval Aviator and received initial training on the A @-@ 6E Intruder attack aircraft . He was then assigned to Attack Squadron 115 ( VA @-@ 115 ) in Atsugi , Japan , and made two deployments to the Persian Gulf on the aircraft carrier USS Midway , flying 39 combat missions in Operation Desert Storm . After receiving his master 's degree he attended the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School from June 1993 to June 1994 . He has logged more than 5 @,@ 000 hours in more than 50 different aircraft and has over 375 carrier landings . He is the recipient of the following awards : two Defense Superior Service Medals ; four Air Medals ( two individual / two strike flight ) with Combat " V " ; one Legion of Merit ; one Distinguished Flying Cross ; two Navy Commendation Medals , one with combat " V " ) ; one Navy Achievement Medal ; two Southwest Asia Service Medals ; one Navy Expeditionary Medal ; two Sea Service Deployment Ribbons ; and an Overseas Service Ribbon . On June 21 , 2011 , Kelly announced his retirement from the U.S. Navy and NASA , effective October 1 , 2011 . His retirement was announced on his Facebook page , where he wrote , " Words cannot convey my deep gratitude for the opportunities I have been given to serve our great nation . From the day I entered the United States Merchant Marine Academy in the summer of 1982 to the moment I landed the Space Shuttle Endeavour three weeks ago , it has been my privilege to advance the ideals that define the United States of America . " = = NASA career = = Mark Kelly and his brother Scott were both selected to be Shuttle pilots by NASA in 1996 . They joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in August of that year . Mark Kelly has logged over 54 days in space . During his 2006 flight on Space Shuttle Discovery , the second mission after the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia , Kelly discussed the risks of flying the Space Shuttle : The Space Shuttle 's a very complex machine . It 's got a lot of moving parts that move and operate at pretty much the limit of what we 've been able to engineer . Spaceflight is risky . I think with regards to the tank , we 've reduced some of the risk there . We 've changed the design a little bit and we 've made some pretty big strides in trying to get foam not to shed from the tank anymore . So there is some risk reduction there and I guess overall the risk is probably a little less . But this is a risky business , but it 's got a big reward . Everybody on board Discovery and the space station here thinks it 's worthwhile . = = = Spaceflight experience = = = = = = = STS @-@ 108 = = = = Kelly 's first trip into space was as pilot of STS @-@ 108 . After several delays , Endeavour lifted off on December 5 , 2001 , on the final Shuttle mission of 2001 . STS @-@ 108 Endeavour visited the ISS , delivering over three tons of equipment , supplies , and a fresh crew to the orbiting outpost . The hatches were opened between Endeavour and the ISS Destiny Laboratory on December 7 , enabling the ten crew members to greet one another . The Expedition 3 crew officially ended their 117 @-@ day residency on board the International Space Station on December 8 as their custom Soyuz seat @-@ liners were transferred to Endeavour for the return trip home . The transfer of the Expedition 4 seat @-@ liners to the Soyuz return vehicle attached to the station marked the official exchange of crews . Kelly and Mission Specialist Linda Godwin used the Shuttle 's robotic arm to lift the Raffaello Multi @-@ Purpose Logistics Module from the shuttle payload bay and attach it to a berth on the station 's Unity node . The crews began unloading supplies the same day . Mission managers extended Endeavour 's flight duration to 12 days to allow the crew to assist with additional maintenance tasks on the station , including work on a treadmill and replacing a failed compressor in one of the air conditioners in the Zvezda Service Module . A change of command ceremony took place on December 13 as Expedition 3 ended and Expedition 4 began . STS @-@ 108 returned to Earth with the previous ISS crew of three men . Kelly traveled over 4 @.@ 8 million miles and orbited the earth 186 times over 11 days and 19 + hours . = = = = STS @-@ 121 = = = = In July 2006 Kelly served as pilot for STS @-@ 121 Discovery , the second " Return to Flight " mission following the loss of Columbia in February 2003 . Because of weather delays , STS @-@ 121 became the first Shuttle mission to launch on the Fourth of July . The main purposes of the mission were to test new safety and repair techniques introduced following the Columbia disaster as well as to deliver supplies , equipment , and European Space Agency ( ESA ) astronaut Thomas Reiter from Germany to the ISS . The transfer of Reiter to the ISS returned the station to a three crew member staffing level . During the STS @-@ 121 mission to the ISS , the crew of Discovery continued to test new equipment and procedures for the inspection and repair of the thermal protection system that is designed to increase the safety of the Shuttles . It also delivered more supplies and cargo for future ISS expansion . After the Columbia accident , NASA decided that two test flights would be required and that activities that were originally assigned to STS @-@ 114 would need to be divided into two missions because of the addition of post @-@ Columbia safety tests . Gabrielle Giffords , Kelly 's girlfriend at the time , picked one of the wake @-@ up songs for the mission : " Beautiful Day " by U2 . Kelly traveled over 5 @.@ 28 million miles and orbited the Earth 202 times over 12 days and 18 + hours . = = = = STS @-@ 124 = = = = STS @-@ 124 Discovery was Kelly 's first mission as commander . A month prior to liftoff , he discussed what being a Shuttle commander entailed and how it was different from his previous missions : My first two flights I was the pilot . Being the commander is different in that you ’ re responsible for the overall mission . . . . You have to worry about the whole thing , the training drill your other crew members are getting , mission success , and mission safety . So it is a more comprehensive job and requires more time . I ’ m really a little bit surprised at how much more there is to it . But I think it ’ s more rewarding as well . The mission was the second of three Shuttle missions to carry components of Japan 's Kibo laboratory to the ISS . Kibo means hope in Japanese . The laboratory is Japan 's primary contribution to the ISS . Just prior to liftoff Kelly said : " While we 've all prepared for this event today , the discoveries from Kibo will definitely offer hope for tomorrow . Now stand by for the greatest show on Earth . " During the launch , Launch Pad 39A sustained substantial damage , more than had been seen on any previous launch . Following liftoff , inspectors discovered that bricks and mortar from the launch pad 's base had been thrown as far as the perimeter fence , a distance of 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 457 m ) . Kelly and his crew delivered the pressurized module for Kibo to the ISS . The module is the largest component of the Kibo laboratory and the station 's largest habitable module . Discovery also delivered Kibo 's Remote Manipulator System . Perhaps the most important part they delivered was a replacement part for the station 's toilet . The single toilet on the ISS had been malfunctioning for a week , creating a potentially serious problem for the crew . When Kelly first entered the station , he joked , " You looking for a plumber ? " , referring to the broken toilet . This mission marked the first time a spouse of a member of the U.S. Congress traveled to space . Kelly traveled over 5 @.@ 7 million miles , and orbited the earth 218 times over 13 days and 18 hours . = = = = STS @-@ 134 = = = = STS @-@ 134 launched on May 16 , 2011 . On April 29 , 2011 , the first launch attempt of STS @-@ 134 was scrubbed . Kelly 's wife , Gabrielle Giffords , traveled to Florida on her first trip since moving from Tucson to Houston in January after an attempted assassination . Giffords ' appearance at Kennedy Space Center gave the launch a high profile , " one of the most anticipated in years , " according to the New York Times . President Obama visited the Kennedy Space Center on April 29 on a trip with the original intention of watching the Endeavour launch . Kelly was the commander of the mission which was Space Shuttle Endeavour 's last . He and his crew delivered the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS ) to the ISS . Most of the mission 's delays were caused by external tank issues on STS @-@ 133 Discovery . When Mark 's twin brother Scott Kelly went to the ISS on October 7 , 2010 , STS @-@ 134 was scheduled to go to the station during Scott 's mission . The potential rendezvous in space of the Kelly brothers would have been a first meeting of blood relatives in space . The delay of the launch of STS @-@ 134 ended the possibility of that happening . After the shooting of his wife , his status as commander of STS @-@ 134 was unclear , but NASA announced on February 4 , 2011 , that Kelly would remain as commander of the mission . The remarkable progress his wife was making in her recovery helped Kelly make the decision to return to training . Peggy Whitson of NASA stated " we are confident in his ability to successfully lead this mission , and I know I speak for all of NASA in saying ' welcome back . ' " = = = = = Papal blessing = = = = = At 4 p.m. PDT on May 22 , the European Space Agency and Italian Space Agency arranged for a call to Endeavour by Pope Benedict XVI . During his call — prompted by the discovery of a gash in the Shuttle 's fuselage — the Pope extended his blessing to Kelly 's wife , Gabrielle Giffords , who had undergone skull surgery earlier in the week . The event marked the first time a Pope spoke to astronauts during the course of a mission . = = = = = U2 = = = = = On June 24 , 2011 , a prerecorded message by Kelly from the ISS , wished his wife love using song lyrics from David Bowie 's ' Space Oddity ' and introduced U2 's song " Beautiful Day " on the first night of the Glastonbury festival in England . A similar message from Kelly aboard the ISS was played during U2 's 360 ° Tour concert stop at various locations . He says : " I 'm looking forward to coming home . Tell my wife I love her very much , she knows . " = = = Retirement from NASA = = = On June 21 , 2011 , Kelly announced that he would be leaving NASA 's astronaut corps and the U.S. Navy effective October 1 . He cited the needs of his wife during her recovery as a reason for his retirement . = = Post @-@ NASA Career = = = = = Author = = = In 2011 he coauthored Gabby : A Story of Courage , Love and Resilience , with his wife . The book provides biographical information on the couple and describes in detail the assassination attempt on Gabby and her initial recovery . Written in Kelly 's voice , it includes a short note by Giffords at the end . Kelly 's second book , Mousetronaut , is a children 's book that was released in 2012 . It was a New York Times number one bestseller . This was followed by a sequel the next year , Mousetronaut Goes to Mars Giffords and Kelly co @-@ authored Enough : Our Fight to Keep America Safe from Gun Violence in 2014 . In 2015 he wrote Astrotwins : Project Blastoff , a fictional story about twins Scott and Mark who build a space capsule in their grandpa 's backyard and try to send the first kid into orbit . He dedicated this book to his real twin brother , astronaut Scott Kelly . Astrotwins -- Project Rescue will be published in 2016 . = = = Aerospace work = = = = = = = World View Enterprises = = = = Kelly is Director of Flight Crew Operations of Tucson @-@ based near @-@ space exploration company World View Enterprises . = = = = SpaceX = = = = On March 28 , 2012 SpaceX announced that Mark Kelly would be part of an independent safety advisory panel composed of leading human spaceflight safety experts . = = = Political activist = = = In January 2013 , Kelly and Giffords started a political action committee called Americans for Responsible Solutions . The mission of the organization is to promote solutions with elected officials and the general public . The couple states that it supports the Second Amendment while promoting responsible gun ownership and “ keeping guns out of the hands of dangerous people like criminals , terrorists , and the mentally ill . ” Current gun laws allow for private sellers to legally sell guns without a background check , creating a loophole that provides criminals and the mentally ill easy access to guns . Kelly said on Fox News on March 31 , 2013 that “ any bill that does not include a universal background check is a mistake , It 's the most common sense thing we can do to prevent criminals and the mentally ill from having access to weapons . " Other proposals from Kelly and Giffords include limiting the sale of high capacity magazines , limiting the sale of assault weapons , and stopping gun trafficking . Mark Kelly was denied the sale of an AR @-@ 15 rifle . The shop owner denied Mr. Kelly the purchase stating his disagreement with Mr. Kelly 's previous statements on gun laws . Mr. Kelly had stated that he was purchasing in order to turn the weapon in to the police department . In April 2013 , Kelly was photographed at his mother @-@ in @-@ law 's house in Arizona , with Giffords watching and cheering him on while he used a Glock 9 millimeter for target practice . The gun belongs to Giffords--she owned it prior to the 2011 attempt on her life . It is the same type of gun that was used in the January 2011 shooting . = = = Speaker = = = Kelly is an active public speaker . = = Personal life = = Kelly married Amelia Victoria Babis on January 7 , 1989 . They divorced in 2004 . They have two daughters , Claudia and Claire Kelly . Kelly married U.S. Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords of Tucson , Arizona , on November 10 , 2007 , in a ceremony presided over by Rabbi Stephanie Aaron , and attended by his STS @-@ 124 shuttle crew and former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich . Reich toasted : " To a bride who moves at a velocity that exceeds that of anyone else in Washington , and a groom who moves at a velocity that exceeds 17 @,@ 000 miles per hour . " The couple met on a 2003 trip to China as part of a trade mission sponsored by the National Committee on U.S. – China Relations . At the time , he lived in Houston . At the time of their marriage Kelly said that the longest period of time the two had spent together in one stretch was a couple of weeks . He said that they didn 't plan to always live that way , but that 's what they were used to . He added , " It teaches you not to sweat the small stuff . " = = = Shooting in Tucson = = = Kelly 's wife , Representative Gabrielle Giffords , was shot in an assassination attempt on January 8 , 2011 , putting Kelly in the national spotlight . On February 4 , Kelly described the previous month as the hardest time of his life ; and he expressed his gratitude for the enormous outpouring of support , good wishes and prayers for his wife . He said that he believed people praying for her helped . Kelly received word that his wife had been shot from an aide of the Congresswoman almost immediately after the shooting . He flew from Houston to Tucson with members of his family . While en route , the Kellys received an erroneous news report that Giffords had died . " The kids , Claudia and Claire , started crying . My mother , she almost screamed . I just walked into the bathroom , and , you know , broke down . " Calling family in Tucson , Kelly found out that the report was false and that she was alive and in surgery . " It was a terrible mistake , " Kelly said , " as bad as it was that she had died , it 's equally exciting that she hadn 't . " From the time he arrived in Tucson , Kelly sat vigil at his wife 's bedside as she struggled to survive and began to recover . As her condition began to improve , the Kelly @-@ Giffords family researched options for rehabilitation facilities and chose one in Houston . On January 21 , Giffords was transferred to the Memorial Hermann – Texas Medical Center , where she spent five days prior to moving to TIRR Memorial Hermann , where she continued her recovery and rehabilitation . Giffords and her husband had spoken dozens of times about how risky her job was . She was afraid that someone would come up to her at a public event with a gun . In an interview filmed just over a week after the shooting , Kelly said , " She has Tombstone , Arizona , in her district , the town that 's too tough to die . Gabrielle Giffords is too tough to let this beat her . " = = = = Aftermath = = = = A memorial service for those killed was held on January 12 , 2011 , at the University of Arizona . President Barack Obama flew to Tucson to speak at the memorial . Kelly sat between First Lady Michelle Obama and Secretary of Homeland Security Janet Napolitano , the previous governor of Arizona . At the end of the service , President Obama consoled and embraced him , after which Kelly returned to the hospital to be with his wife . Kelly spoke on February 3 , 2011 , at the National Prayer Breakfast in Washington , D.C. His remarks closed the event , where President Obama also spoke . The attack on his wife brought Kelly closer to God and gave him a newfound awareness regarding prayer . Kelly said that prior to the attack , " I thought the world just spins and the clock just ticks and things happen for no particular reason . " Kelly said that , in Tucson , as he found himself wandering in makeshift memorials and shrines , filled with Bibles and angels that " You pray where you are . You pray when God is there in your heart . " Kelly offered the final prayer of the morning . The prayer was from Rabbi Stephanie Aaron , who married Kelly and Giffords , and who said the same words over Giffords ’ on the night of the shooting : In the name of God , our God of Israel , may Michael , God 's angel messenger of compassion , watch over your right side . May Gabriel , God 's angel messenger of strength and courage , be on your left . And before you , guiding your path , Uriel , God 's angel of light and behind you , supporting you , stands Raphael , God 's angel of healing . And over your head , surrounding you , is the presence of the Divine . Kelly believes that there 's now a chance to change a political environment he thinks is filled with far too much vitriol . He hoped that the tragedy would also be an opportunity to improve the tone of our national dialogue and cool down the rhetoric . In response to a question on February 4 , regarding the discussions about civility in politics Kelly said : " I haven ’ t spent a lot of time following that but I think that with something that was so horrible and so negative and the fact that six people lost their lives , including a nine @-@ year old girl , a federal judge , Gabby ’ s staff member Gabe — who was like a younger brother to her — it ’ s really really a sad situation . I am hopeful that something positive can come out of it . I think that will happen , so those are good things . " = = Awards and decorations = = Naval Pilot Astronaut Badge
= Pontius Pilate 's wife = Pontius Pilate 's wife ( Greek : Πιλᾶτος ( Pilate ) , γυνὴ αὐτοῦ ( his wife ) ; Latin : uxor Pilati ; fl . 1st century ) is unnamed in the New Testament , where she appears in a single verse of the Gospel of Matthew . In later Christian tradition , she is known variously as Saint Procula ( also spelled Proculla or Procla ) , Saint Claudia , Claudia Procles or Claudia Procula . Christian literature and legends have amplified the brief anecdote about Pilate 's wife in the New Testament . = = Account in the Gospel of Matthew = = In the New Testament , the only reference to Pilate 's wife exists in a single sentence by Matthew . According to Matthew 27 : 19 , she sent a message to her husband asking him not to condemn Jesus Christ to death : While Pilate was sitting in the judgment hall , his wife sent him a message : " Have nothing to do with that innocent man , because in a dream last night , I suffered much on account of him . " Pilate did not heed the warning of his wife , who is not named in the Gospel . The name " Claudia " appears only once in the New Testament , apparently referring to a different person , in the Second Epistle to Timothy 4 : 21 : " Eubulus , Pudens , Linus and Claudia send their greetings , and so all the other Christians . " = = Christian legends , traditions and theology = = Pilate 's wife is referred to in the apocryphal Gospel of Nicodemus ( probably written around the middle of the 4th century , although it is mentioned by Justin Martyr ) , which gives a more elaborate version of the episode of the dream than Matthew . She is first named as Claudia in 1619 , in the chronicle of Pseudo @-@ Dexter . In later Christian tradition she is known as Claudia Procula . In the 3rd century , Origen suggested in his Homilies on Matthew that the wife of Pilate had become a Christian , or at least that God sent her the dream mentioned by Matthew so that she would convert . This interpretation was shared by several theologians of Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Rival theologians contended the dream was sent by Satan in an attempt to thwart the salvation that was going to result from Christ 's death . = = = Sainthood = = = Procula is recognized as a saint in two churches within the Eastern Christian tradition : the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church . In the Eastern Orthodox Church , she is celebrated on 27 October . The Ethiopian Orthodox Church celebrates Pilate and Procula together on 25 June . = = Purported letter by Pilate 's wife = = A letter , purportedly written in Latin by Pilate 's wife from " a little Gallic mountain town " several years after Pilate left Jerusalem , was first published in 1865 in Slovenian in the Catholic journal Kmetijske in rokodelske novice , volume 23 , number 15 , pages 117 @-@ 120 . An English translation by Catherine Van Dyke was published by Pictorial Review magazine in April 1929 . The letter states that Pilate 's wife successfully sought Jesus ' aid to heal the crippled foot of her son Pilo . = = Depictions = = = = = Art and literature to 1800 = = = Pilate 's wife is sometimes shown in medieval depictions of scenes including her husband . She typically stands behind him , sometimes whispering in his ear . The seventeenth @-@ century English poet Aemilia Lanyer ( whom A. L. Rowse believed to be the dark lady of Shakespeare 's sonnets ) wrote a poem , Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum ( 1611 ) , in which Pilate 's wife is the main speaker . She makes reference to the Fall of Adam and Eve and argues that Pilate 's sin in killing Christ abrogates the curse on Eve , since Pilate sinned by not listening to his wife ( unlike Adam , who sinned by hearkening to the voice of Eve ) . Pilate 's wife ( who is never named in Lanyer 's poem ) thereby becomes a champion of women 's emancipation . She is a major character in the Tapisters ' and Couchers ' Play of the York Mystery Plays cycle , where she introduces herself as " Dame Precious Percula " . Her dream is dictated by the Devil . He first soliloquises to the effect that if Jesus dies , he , the Devil , will lose control of men 's souls . He then tells the sleeping Percula that Jesus is innocent , and that if he is condemned , she and Pilate will lose their privileged position . She wakes and sends a message to Pilate , but Annas and Caiaphas succeed in convincing him that her dream was inspired by Jesus 's witchcraft . = = = Modern literature = = = Charlotte Brontë wrote the poem " Pilate 's Wife 's Dream " in 1846 . The biblical scholar Paul Maier , in Pontius Pilate : A Biographical Novel ( 1968 ) , attempts to take what is known from the documented record and from there construct a fictional narrative as connective material . Maier refers to Pilate 's wife as " Procula , " arguing that the name " Claudia " only comes from a later tradition . In his historical novel " The Advocate " , Randy Singer refers to Pilate 's wife as " Procula " and tells of an earlier vision in which she had seen and been healed by Jesus . Novels inspired by Pilate 's wife include The Bride of Pilate ( 1959 ) by Esther Kellner ; and Pilate 's Wife : A Novel of the Roman Empire ( 2006 ) , & Claudia : Daughter of Rome ( 2008 ) , both by Antoinette May . All books use the name Claudia , and May 's book depicts her parents as Roman aristocrats related by blood to Emperor Augustus . Pilate 's Wife by H.D. ( Hilda Doolittle ) , written between 1929 and 1934 but posthumously published in 2000 , presents Pilate 's wife with the name Veronica . Carol Ann Duffy 's 1999 poetry collection ' The World 's Wife ' also contains a poem titled ' Pilate 's Wife ' . = = = Modern theatre , film , and television = = = In theater , the life of Pilate 's wife has been the subject of the dramas “ A Play for Easter ” by Jewell Ellen Smith and “ Claudia Procula ” by Curt M. Joseph . Andrew Lloyd Webber 's Jesus Christ Superstar attributes the dream to Pontius Pilate instead of his wife in the song " Pilate 's Dream " . In films , Pilate 's wife was called " Proculla " in the Cecil B. DeMille epic The King of Kings ( 1927 ) ; Majel Coleman played the role . She had a major part in Julien Duvivier 's Golgotha ( 1935 ) , played by Edwige Feuillère . She is mentioned briefly in Pilate 's hand @-@ washing scene in The Robe ( 1953 ) ( " Even my wife had an opinion " ) . Other notable cinematic references include Barbara Billingsley in the Day of Triumph ( 1954 ) , Viveca Lindfors in the King of Kings ( 1961 ) ( where she is identified as the daughter of the Emperor Tiberius ) , Jeanne Crain in the Italian film Ponzio Pilato ( 1962 ) , and Angela Lansbury in the epic The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) . She is also depicted in the film The Inquiry ( 1986 ) , where she is played by Phyllis Margaret Logan , as well as in the remake of The Inquiry ( 2006 ) , played by Anna Kanakis . In the film The Passion of the Christ ( 2004 ) , she is known as Claudia Procles ( played by Claudia Gerini ) . In this film , Claudia fails in her effort to lobby her husband to save Jesus , and consoles Jesus ' mother Mary and Mary Magdalene as she generously hands them towels to clean up the blood from his scourging . Pontius Pilate 's wife also has appeared in comedy : John Case played her in Monty Python 's 1979 Life of Brian . On television , Pilate ’ s wife was played by Joan Leslie in the 1951 Family Theater episode " Hill Number One " ( also starring James Dean as John the Apostle ) , and by Geraldine Fitzgerald in the 1952 Studio One episode " Pontius Pilate " ( where Procula is depicted as half @-@ Jewish , and is brought before Pilate as a Christian rebel herself , fifteen years after Jesus ' death . ) Hope Lange played her in the 1980 made @-@ for @-@ television film The Day Christ Died . More recently , Pilate 's wife is featured in the 2008 TV serial The Passion , played by Esther Hall , and in the 2013 miniseries The Bible , portrayed by Louise Delamere . Delamere reprised her role in 2014 's Son of God . Joanne Whalley portrayed Pilate 's wife in the 2015 series A.D. The Bible Continues . = = = Conspiracy theories = = = The purported letter of Procula in recent times has become associated with the alleged mystery of Rennes @-@ le @-@ Château by French authors Christian Doumergue and Kris Darquis .
= Hungry ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Hungry " is the third episode of the seventh season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on November 21 , 1999 . It was written by Vince Gilligan , directed by Kim Manners , and featured a guest appearance by Chad Donella . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . However , unlike previous Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week stories , " Hungry " is told from the monster 's perspective . " Hungry " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 6 , being watched by 16 @.@ 17 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , a fast @-@ food employee with unusual cravings becomes the focus of an FBI investigation under the direction of Mulder and Scully . The victims appear with no brain and a suction hole in the forehead . Gilligan wanted to try a " different " approach to The X @-@ Files with " Hungry " by telling the main story through the eyes of the monster . Actor Chad Donella , who portrayed the monster , was chosen because he possessed a " subtle , interesting quality , " according to casting director Rick Millikan . Manners was pleased with Donella 's performance , calling him a " great little actor . " Because both David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson were filming movies , Return to Me and The House of Mirth respectively , the production company decided to film " Hungry " before any of the other episodes , despite the fact that it would be aired third , after the conclusion of " The Sixth Extinction " arc . = = Plot = = In Costa Mesa , California , a young man named Donald Pankow approaches the drive @-@ thru of a Lucky Boy fast food restaurant . Despite the restaurant being closed , Pankow angrily demands service . The sheepish fast food attendant tells the man to drive to the next window , where he is attacked and violently pulled out of his car . Pankow 's body is later discovered with the brain removed from the skull . Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are assigned to assist the local police in their investigation . The only clue found at the scene is a Lucky Boy employee button . Mulder and Scully check all of the employees and discover that one of the clerks , Derwood Spinks , is missing his button . Scully suspects Spinks after it is discovered he has a criminal record . Mulder , however , believes that the victim 's brain was removed by a proboscis , and suspects another employee , Rob Roberts , of committing the murder . Rob , who is actually a mutant human who wears a disguise to hide his true physical body , subsists on brains in order to survive . When Sylvia is trailed by a private investigator ( Steve Kiziak ) , Rob kills him and eats in order to placate his hunger , which begins to get more and more uncontrollable . Spinks visits Rob at his home the following day , annoyed at being fired from Lucky Boy for lying about his criminal record . He confronts Rob with evidence of his role in Pankow 's murder - Rob 's diet pills ( to control his voracious hunger ) with a bloodstain fingermark on the lid - and attempts to blackmail him . Later that day , Rob intrudes Spinks ' residence to retrieve his pills , but hides in a closet when Spinks returns ; noticing that someone is in his home , Spinks arms himself with a baseball bat . He discovers Rob is in his home after seeing a pill bottle ( belonging to Spinks ) on the ground and tells him that he 's going to turn him in instead of blackmailing him . As Spinks heads to the closet , Rob takes off his disguise , opens the closet door , and reveals his true self to a stunned Spinks before killing him . Rob later meets with Dr. Mindy Rinehart , a counselor hired by Lucky Boy to consult the employees following Pankow 's killing . In session with her , Rob admits that he is battling an " eating disorder . " Rinehart sends him to an Overeaters Anonymous meeting , not fully understanding Rob 's true nature . Before attending the OA meeting , Rob is visited by Mulder and Scully , both who inform him that Spinks has disappeared ; Mulder then reveals about Pankow 's missing brain and that a " tiny shark 's tooth " was discovered by Scully embedded in the skull . Mulder deduces that a " genetic freak " is responsible , which Rob nervously laughs it off . After the agents leave , Rob attends the OA meeting . At the meeting , he sees his kind landlady , Sylvia Jassey . Although he does not respond well to the meeting ( by discreetly detailing the taste of a brain as " salty " , " juicy " , and " buttery " and especially visualizing a pulsing brain when a man turned to Sylvia ) , Rob and Sylvia bond on the trip home . Unfortunately , his hunger is far too overpowering and he is reluctantly compelled to feed upon her . To cover up her murder , Rob disposes of her body and smashes up his own apartment with Spinks ' baseball bat . He tells Mulder and Scully that Spinks showed up and accused him of being the killer . Mulder then tells Rob if he recognizes Kiziak , the private investigator , but Rob says no . Both agents leave to find Sylvia . Rinehart shows up to find Rob packing his things , intent on leaving town . After a bitter argument , with Rinehart revealing that she knew Rob murdered Pankow , Rob reveals his true self to Rinehart . However , before Rob prepares to attack her , she shows deep sympathy for him , throwing Rob off @-@ guard . At that moment , the agents arrive with guns drawn , having found Sylvia 's body . Rinehart tells Rob to be the good person she knows he is capable of being . Instead , Rob charges at Mulder and is shot twice in the chest , committing suicide by cop . As Rob lies dying , Rinehart asks , " Why ? " To which he replies , " I can 't be something I 'm not . " = = Production = = = = = Writing and casting = = = When Vince Gilligan wrote " Hungry , " he wanted to try a " different " approach to The X @-@ Files . Accordingly , he decided to write an episode that featured Mulder and Scully as the antagonists , as viewed through the eyes of the monster . Series creator Chris Carter applauded this idea and called it a " really great monster show . " Gilligan 's intention was for the monster to resonate with the audience . He wrote the part specifically so that the monster would be relatable . He later said , " My intention [ … ] was that at the end , when Mulder and Scully show up and kill the monster , to have the audience out there hoping that they would not show up . " Chad Donella was cast as the lead monster because he possessed a " subtle , interesting quality , " according to casting director Rick Millikan . Director Kim Manners latter described Donella as a " great little actor . " Duchovny 's stunt double , Steve Kiziak played the role of the private detective — also called Steve Kiziak — that Roberts kills and eats . Kiziak later said , " It was a lot of fun to be in front of the camera . " Kiziak had first appeared as Duchovny 's body double in the third season episode " 2Shy , " and would later appear as a Mulder lookalike in " Fight Club . " = = = Filming and location = = = As both David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson were filming movies , Return to Me and The House of Mirth respectively , the production company decided to film " Hungry " before any of the other episodes , despite the fact that it would be aired third , after " The Sixth Extinction " arc . This allowed Duchovny and Anderson to film their scenes and complete their movies with relatively little hassle . Several of the finished scenes show Mulder and Scully together , but many of these scenes were created with stand @-@ ins and doubles because of the stars ' busy schedules . Duchovny and Anderson were only available for two combined days of filming for this episode . When it came time to design the sets , the production team found the Lucky Boy Burger restaurant to be relatively easy to create . Originally , the name of the restaurant was supposed to be Burgerlishious , but the restaurant location that was considered ideal had a " Lucky Boy " sign that could not be removed . Later , the design department faced a challenge in creating Roberts ' apartment , because the script didn 't give a detailed account of what it was to look like . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Hungry " first aired in the United States on November 21 , 1999 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 6 , with a 14 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 6 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 14 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 16 @.@ 17 million viewers . The episode aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 on April 2 , 2000 and received 0 @.@ 68 million viewers , making it the seventh most watched episode that week . Fox promoted the episode with the tagline " Taste the terror tonight ! " The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode five stars out of five , calling the premise " Dexter a decade early . " The two concluded that " the sympathy that Donella gives Rob as he shows his true colours is very touching . [ ... ] The final moments [ of the episode ] are a typically smart touch to this neglected gem of a story . " Paul Goebel of TV Squad listed Rob Roberts among his favorite X @-@ Files monsters . Rich Rosell from Digitally Obsessed awarded the episode 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars and wrote that the episode features a " great setup , but the climax leaves the usual open @-@ ended questions . " Zack Handlen on The A.V. Club called the episode " perfectly acceptable " and awarded it a " B + " . He was pleased with the episode 's unique format , calling it a " good gimmick " that made an otherwise " forgettable at best " episode — had it been constructed in the typical fashion of The X @-@ Files — into a memorable one . He was also positive towards the episode 's use of humor , noting that it " is very much on target " . Handlen , however , felt that the story showed the series ' tiredness and did not possess much suspense to keep the watcher completely engaged . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a more mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . She noted that the episode " suffers from a syndrome that has afflicted a great many X @-@ Files episodes in recent seasons [ … ] the syndrome consists of the audience finding out early on who the guilty party is . " Vitaris , however , did note that the episode 's " saving grace " was Vince Gilligan 's satiric writing tone ; she called the scene featuring Roberts hallucinating that the burgers he was frying were actually brains " sick , but hilarious " . Other reviews were more negative . Kenneth Silber from Space.com was critical of the episode , noting that , although the change in perspective was unique and interesting , " this bit of originality does not rescue the episode from a familiarity bordering on the mundane . It 's not the first time we have seen genetic mutants who have an affinity for human body parts . " Tom Kessenich , in his book Examinations , gave the episode a relatively negative review . Despite noting that the episode wasn 't a " horrible " entry for The X @-@ Files , Kessenich was unhappy with the characterization of Rob Roberts as well as the fact that the killer was revealed very quickly .
= Abdul Karim ( the Munshi ) = Hafiz Mohammed Abdul Karim CIE , CVO ( 1863 – 1909 ) ( Hindi : हाफ ़ िज ़ मुहम ् मद अब ् दुल करीम , Urdu : حافظ محمد عبد الكريم ) , known as " the Munshi " , was an Indian Muslim attendant of Queen Victoria . He served her during the final fifteen years of her reign , gaining her maternal affection over that time . Karim was born near Jhansi in British India , the son of a hospital assistant . In 1887 , Victoria 's Golden Jubilee year , Karim was one of two Indians selected to become servants to the Queen . Victoria came to like him a great deal and gave him the title of " Munshi " , an Urdu word often translated as " clerk " or " teacher " . Victoria appointed him her Indian Secretary , showered him with honours , and obtained a land grant for him in India . The close platonic relationship between Karim and the Queen led to friction within the Royal Household , the other members of which felt themselves to be superior to him . The Queen insisted on taking Karim with her on her travels , which caused arguments between her and her other attendants . Following Victoria 's death in 1901 , her successor , Edward VII , returned Karim to India and ordered the confiscation and destruction of the Munshi 's correspondence with Victoria . Karim subsequently lived quietly near Agra , on the estate that Victoria had arranged for him , until his death at the age of 46 . = = Early life = = Karim was born into a Muslim family at Lalitpur near Jhansi in 1863 . His father , Haji Mohammed Waziruddin , was a hospital assistant stationed with the Central India Horse , a British cavalry regiment . Karim had one older brother , Abdul Aziz , and four younger sisters . He was taught Persian and Urdu privately , and as a teenager travelled across North India and into Afghanistan . Karim 's father participated in the conclusive march to Kandahar , which ended the Second Anglo @-@ Afghan War , in August 1880 . After the war , Karim 's father transferred from the Central India Horse to a civilian position at the Central Jail in Agra , while Karim worked as a vakil ( " agent " or " representative " ) for the Nawab of Jawara in the Agency of Agar . After three years in Agar , Karim resigned and moved to Agra , to become a vernacular clerk at the jail . His father arranged a marriage between Karim and the sister of a fellow worker . Prisoners in the Agra jail were trained and kept employed as carpet weavers as part of their rehabilitation . In 1886 , 34 convicts travelled to London to demonstrate carpet weaving at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in South Kensington . Karim did not accompany the prisoners , but assisted Jail Superintendent John Tyler in organising the trip , and helped to select the carpets and weavers . When Queen Victoria visited the exhibition , Tyler gave her a gift of two gold bracelets , again chosen with the assistance of Karim . The Queen had a longstanding interest in her Indian territories and wished to employ some Indian servants for her Golden Jubilee . She asked Tyler to recruit two attendants who would be employed for a year . Karim was hastily coached in British manners and in the English language and sent to England , along with Mohammed Buksh . Major @-@ General Thomas Dennehy , who was about to be appointed to the Royal Household , had previously employed Buksh as a servant . It was planned that the two Indian men would initially wait at table , and learn to do other tasks . = = Royal servant = = After a journey by rail from Agra to Bombay and by mail steamer to Britain , Karim and Buksh arrived at Windsor Castle in June 1887 . They were put under the charge of Major @-@ General Dennehy and first served the Queen at breakfast in Frogmore House at Windsor on 23 June 1887 . The Queen described Karim in her diary for that day : " The other , much younger , is much lighter [ than Buksh ] , tall , and with a fine serious countenance . His father is a native doctor at Agra . They both kissed my feet . " Five days later , the Queen noted that " The Indians always wait now and do so , so well and quietly . " On 3 August , she wrote : " I am learning a few words of Hindustani to speak to my servants . It is a great interest to me for both the language and the people , I have naturally never come into real contact with before . " On 20 August she had some " excellent curry " made by one of the servants . By 30 August Karim was teaching her Urdu , which she used during an audience in December to greet the Maharani Chimnabai of Baroda . Victoria took a great liking to Karim and ordered that he was to be given additional tuition in the English language . By February 1888 he had " learnt English wonderfully " according to Victoria . After he complained to the Queen that he had been a clerk in India and thus menial work as a waiter was beneath him , he was promoted to the position of " Munshi " in August 1888 . In her journal , the Queen writes that she made this change so that he would stay : " I particularly wish to retain his services as he helps me in studying Hindustani , which interests me very much , & he is very intelligent & useful . " Photographs of him waiting at table were destroyed and he became the first personal Indian clerk to the Queen . Buksh remained in the Queen 's service , but only as a khidmatgar or table servant , until his death at Windsor in 1899 . According to Karim biographer Sushila Anand , the Queen 's own letters testify that " her discussions with the Munshi were wide @-@ ranging — philosophical , political and practical . Both head and heart were engaged . There is no doubt that the Queen found in Abdul Karim a connection with a world that was fascinatingly alien , and a confidant who would not feed her the official line . " Karim was placed in charge of the other Indian servants and made responsible for their accounts . Victoria praised him in her letters and journal . " I am so very fond of him " she wrote , " He is so good & gentle & understanding all I want & is a real comfort to me . " She admired " her personal Indian clerk & Munshi , who is an excellent , clever , truly p [ i ] ous & very refined gentle man , who says , ' God ordered it ' ... God 's Orders is what they implicitly obey ! Such faith as theirs & such conscientiousness set us a gt. example . " At Balmoral Castle , the Queen 's Scottish estate , Karim was allocated the room previously occupied by John Brown , a favourite servant of the Queen 's who had died in 1883 . Despite the serious and dignified manner that Karim presented to the outside world , the Queen wrote that " he is very friendly and cheerful with the Queen 's maids and laughs and even jokes now — and invited them to come and see all his fine things offering them fruit cake to eat " . = = Household hostility = = In November 1888 , Karim was given four months ' leave to return to India , during which time he visited his father . Karim wrote to Victoria that his father , who was due to retire , had hopes of a pension and that his former employer , John Tyler , was angling for promotion . As a result , throughout the first six months of 1889 , Victoria wrote to the Viceroy of India , Lord Lansdowne , demanding action on Waziruddin 's pension and Tyler 's promotion . The Viceroy was reluctant to pursue the issues because Waziruddin had told the local governor , Sir Auckland Colvin , that he desired only gratitude and also because Tyler had a reputation for tactless behaviour and bad @-@ tempered remarks . Karim 's swift rise began to create jealousy and discontent among the members of the Royal Household , who would normally never mingle socially with Indians below the rank of prince . The Queen expected them to welcome Karim , an Indian of ordinary origin , into their midst ; they were not willing to do so . Karim , for his part , expected to be treated as an equal . When Albert Edward , Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) , hosted an entertainment for the Queen at his home in Sandringham on 26 April 1889 , Karim found he had been allocated a seat with the servants . Feeling insulted , he retired to his room . The Queen took his part , stating that he should have been seated among the Household . When the Queen attended the Braemar Games in 1890 , her son Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn , approached the Queen 's private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby in outrage after he saw the Munshi among the gentry . Ponsonby suggested that as it was " by the Queen 's order " , the Duke should approach the Queen about it . " This entirely shut him up " , noted Ponsonby . Victoria biographer Carolly Erickson described the situation : The rapid advancement and personal arrogance of the Munshi would inevitably have led to his unpopularity , but the fact of his race made all emotions run hotter against him . Racialism was a scourge of the age ; it went hand in hand with belief in the appropriateness of Britain 's global dominion . For a dark @-@ skinned Indian to be put very nearly on a level with the queen 's white servants was all but intolerable , for him to eat at the same table as them , to share in their daily lives was viewed as an outrage . Yet the queen was determined to impose harmony on her household . Race hatred was intolerable to her , and the " dear good Munshi " deserving of nothing but respect . When complaints were brought to her , Victoria refused to believe any negative comments about Karim . She dismissed concerns about his behaviour , deemed high @-@ handed by Household and staff , as " very wrong " . In June 1889 , Karim 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Hourmet Ali , sold one of Victoria 's brooches to a jeweller in Windsor . She accepted Karim 's explanation that Ali had found the brooch and that it was customary in India to keep anything that one found , whereas the rest of the Household thought Ali had stolen it . In July , Karim was assigned the room previously occupied by Dr ( later Sir ) James Reid , Victoria 's physician , and given the use of a private sitting room . The Queen , influenced by the Munshi , continued to write to Lord Lansdowne on the issue of Tyler 's promotion and the administration of India . She expressed reservations on the introduction of elected councils on the basis that Muslims would not win many seats because they were in the minority , and urged that Hindu feasts be re @-@ scheduled so as not to conflict with Muslim ones . Lansdowne dismissed the latter suggestion as potentially divisive , but appointed Tyler Acting Inspector General of Prisons in September 1889 . To the Household 's surprise and concern , during Victoria 's stay at Balmoral in September 1889 , she and Karim stayed for one night at a remote house on the estate , Glassalt Shiel at Loch Muick . Victoria had often been there with Brown and after his death had sworn never to stay there again . In early 1890 , Karim fell ill with an inflamed boil on his neck and Victoria instructed Reid , her physician , to attend to Karim . She wrote to Reid expressing her anxiety and explaining that she felt responsible for the welfare of her Indian servants because they were so far from their own land . Reid performed an operation to open and drain the swelling , after which Karim recovered . Reid wrote on 1 March 1890 that the Queen was " visiting Abdul twice daily , in his room taking Hindustani lessons , signing her boxes , examining his neck , smoothing his pillows , etc . " = = Land grant and family matters = = In 1890 , the Queen had Karim 's portrait painted by Heinrich von Angeli . According to the Queen , von Angeli was keen to paint Karim as he had never painted an Indian before and " was so struck with his handsome face and colouring " . On 11 July 1890 , she wrote to Lansdowne , and the Secretary of State for India Lord Cross , for " a grant of land to her really exemplary and excellent young Munshi , Hafiz Abdul Karim " . The ageing Queen did not trust her relatives and the Royal Household to look after the Munshi after she was gone , and so sought to secure his future . Lansdowne replied that grants of land were given only to soldiers , and then only in cases of long and meritorious service . Nevertheless , the Viceroy agreed to find a grant for Karim that would provide about 600 rupees annually , the same amount that an old soldier could expect after performing exceptionally . Victoria wrote to Lansdowne repeatedly between July and October , pressuring him on the land grant . Apart from wasteland , there was little government @-@ controlled land near Agra ; thus Lansdowne was having trouble finding a suitable plot . On 30 October , the Munshi left Balmoral for four months ' leave in India , travelling on the same ship as Lady Lansdowne . On the same day , Lord Lansdowne telegraphed the Queen to let her know that a grant of land in the suburbs of Agra had been arranged . Lansdowne made a point of informing the Queen : ... quite recently one of the men who at the peril of his life , and under a withering fire helped to blow up the Kashmiri Gate of Delhi in the Mutiny , received , on his retirement from the service , a grant of land yielding only Rs 250 for life . Abdul Karim , at the age of 26 , had received a perpetual grant of land representing an income of more than double that amount in recognition of his services as a member of your Majesty 's Household . Lansdowne visited Agra in November 1890 . He and the Munshi met , and Lansdowne arranged for Karim to be seated with the viceregal staff during a durbar . Lansdowne met both the Munshi and Waziruddin privately , and Lady Lansdowne met his wife and mother @-@ in @-@ law , who were smuggled into the Viceroy 's camp in secrecy to comply with rules of purdah . In 1891 , after Karim 's return to Britain , he asked Reid to send his father a large quantity of medicinal compounds , which included strychnine , chloral hydrate , morphine , and many other poisons . Reid calculated that the amount requested was " amply sufficient to kill 12 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 full grown men or an enormously large number of children " and consequently refused . Instead , Reid persuaded the Queen that the chemicals should be obtained at her expense by the appropriate authorities in India . In June 1892 , Waziruddin visited Britain and stayed at both Balmoral and Windsor Castles . He retired in 1893 and in the New Year Honours 1894 he was rewarded , to Victoria 's satisfaction , with the title of Khan Bahadur , which Lansdowne noted was " one which under ordinary circumstances the Doctor [ could ] not have ventured to expect " . In May 1892 , the Munshi returned to India on six months ' leave ; on his return , his wife and mother @-@ in @-@ law accompanied him . Both women were shrouded from head to foot and travelled in railway compartments with drawn curtains . Victoria wrote , " the two Indian ladies ... who are , I believe , the first Mohammedan purdah ladies who ever came over ... keep their custom of complete seclusion and of being entirely covered when they go out , except for the holes for their eyes . " As a woman , Victoria saw them without veils . The Munshi and his family were housed in cottages at Windsor , Balmoral and Osborne , the Queen 's retreat on the Isle of Wight . Victoria visited regularly , usually bringing her female guests , including the Empress of Russia and the Princess of Wales , to meet the Munshi 's female relatives . One visitor , Marie Mallet , the Queen 's maid @-@ in @-@ waiting and wife of civil servant Bernard Mallet , recorded : I have just been to see the Munshi 's wife ( by Royal Command ) . She is fat and not uncomely , a delicate shade of chocolate and gorgeously attired , rings on her fingers , rings on her nose , a pocket mirror set in turquoises on her thumb and every feasible part of her person hung with chains and bracelets and ear @-@ rings , a rose @-@ pink veil on her head bordered with heavy gold and splendid silk and satin swathings round her person . She speaks English in a limited manner ... " Dr Reid never saw Mrs Karim unveiled , though he claimed that whenever he was called to examine her , a different tongue was protruded from behind the veil for his inspection . In 1892 , the Munshi 's name began to appear in the Court Circular among the names of officials accompanying the Queen on her annual March trip to the French Riviera . As usual , Victoria spent Christmas 1892 at Osborne House , where the Munshi , as he had in previous years , participated in tableaux vivants arranged as entertainment . The following year , during Victoria 's annual holiday in continental Europe , he was presented to King Umberto I of Italy . In the words of a contemporary newspaper account , " The King did not understand why this magnificent and imposing Hindoo should have been formally presented to him . The popular idea in Italy is that the Munshi is a captive Indian prince , who is taken about by the Queen as an outward and visible sign of Her Majesty 's supremacy in the East . " By 1893 , Victoria was sending notes to Karim signed in Urdu . She often signed off her letters to Karim as " your affectionate mother , VRI " or " your truly devoted and fond loving mother , VRI " . = = Travels and Diamond Jubilee = = The Munshi was perceived to have taken advantage of his position as the Queen 's favourite , and to have risen above his status as a menial clerk , causing resentment in the court . On a journey through Italy , he published an advertisement in the Florence Gazette stating that " [ h ] e is belonging to a good and highly respectful famiely [ sic ] " . Karim refused to travel with the other Indians and appropriated the maid 's bathroom for his exclusive use . On a visit to Coburg , he refused to attend the marriage of Victoria 's granddaughter Princess Victoria Melita of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha , because her father , Victoria 's son Alfred , Duke of Saxe @-@ Coburg and Gotha , assigned him a seat in the gallery with the servants . Confronted by the opposition of her family and retainers , the Queen defended her favourite . She wrote to her private secretary Sir Henry Ponsonby : " to make out that the poor good Munshi is so low is really outrageous & in a country like England quite out of place ... She has known 2 Archbishops who were sons respectively of a Butcher & a Grocer ... Abdul 's father saw good & honourable service as a Dr & he [ Karim ] feels cut to the heart at being thus spoken of . " Lord Lansdowne 's term of office ended in 1894 , and he was replaced by Lord Elgin . Ponsonby 's son Frederick was Elgin 's aide @-@ de @-@ camp in India for a short time before being appointed an equerry to Victoria . Victoria asked Frederick to visit Waziruddin , the " surgeon @-@ general " at Agra . On his return to Britain , Frederick told Victoria that Waziruddin " was not the surgeon @-@ general but only the apothecary at the jail " , which Victoria " stoutly denied " saying Frederick " must have seen the wrong man " . To " mark her displeasure " , Victoria did not invite Frederick to dinner for a year . At Christmas 1894 , the Munshi sent Lord Elgin a sentimental greetings card , which to Victoria 's dismay went unacknowledged . Through Frederick Ponsonby , she complained to Elgin , who replied that he did " not imagine that any acknowledgement was necessary , or that the Queen would expect him to send one " , pointing out " how impossible it would be for an Indian Viceroy to enter into correspondence of this kind " . Frederick wrote to Elgin in January 1895 that Karim was deeply unpopular in the Household , and that he occupied " very much the same position as John Brown used to " . Princesses Louise and Beatrice , Prince Henry of Battenberg , Prime Minister Lord Rosebery , and Secretary of State for India Henry Fowler had all raised concerns about Karim with the Queen , who " refused to listen to what they had to say but was very angry , so as you see the Munshi is a sort of pet , like a dog or cat which the Queen will not willingly give up " . Elgin was warned by both Ponsonby and the India Office that the Queen gave his letters to the Munshi to read , and that consequently his correspondence to her should not be of a confidential nature . Victoria 's advisors feared Karim 's association with Rafiuddin Ahmed , an Indian political activist resident in London who was connected to the Muslim Patriotic League . They suspected that Ahmed extracted confidential information from Karim to pass onto the Amir of Afghanistan , Abdur Rahman Khan . There is no indication that these fears were well @-@ founded , or that the Munshi was ever indiscreet . During the Queen 's annual holiday in the French Riviera , in March 1895 , the local newspapers ran articles on Le Munchy , secrétaire indien and le professor de la Reine , which according to Frederick Ponsonby were instigated by Karim . In the Queen 's 1895 Birthday Honours that May , Karim was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire ( CIE ) , despite the opposition of both Rosebery and Fowler . Tyler was astonished by Karim 's elevation when he visited England the following month . After the United Kingdom general election , 1895 , Rosebery and Fowler were replaced by Lord Salisbury and Lord George Hamilton respectively . Hamilton thought Karim was not as dangerous as some supposed but that he was " a stupid man , and on that account he may become a tool in the hands of other men . " In early 1896 , Karim returned to India on six months ' leave , and Hamilton and Elgin placed him under " unobtrusive " surveillance . They dared not be too obvious lest the Munshi notice and complain to the Queen . Despite fears that Karim might meet with hostile agents , his visit home appears to have been uneventful . He left Bombay for Britain in August 1896 , bringing with him his young nephew , Mohammed Abdul Rashid . Karim had no children of his own . Victoria had arranged for a female doctor to examine the Munshi 's wife in December 1893 , as the couple had been trying to conceive without success . By 1897 , according to Reid , Karim had gonorrhea . In March 1897 as members of the Household prepared to depart for Cimiez for the Queen 's annual visit , they insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party , and decided to resign if he did so . When Harriet Phipps , one of the Queen 's maids of honour , informed her of the collective decision , the Queen swept the contents of her desk onto the floor in a fury . The Household backed down , but the holiday was marred by increased resentment and rows between the Household and Victoria . She thought their distrust and dislike of Karim was motivated by " race prejudice " and jealousy . When Rafiuddin Ahmed joined Karim in Cimiez , the Household forced him to leave , which Victoria thought " disgraceful " , and she asked the prime minister to issue an apology to Ahmed , explaining he was only excluded because he had written articles in newspapers and pressmen were not permitted . Ponsonby wrote in late April , " [ the Munshi ] happens to be a thoroughly stupid and uneducated man , and his one idea in life seems to be to do nothing and to eat as much as he can . " Reid warned the Queen that her attachment to Karim had led to questions about her sanity , and Hamilton telegraphed to Elgin requesting information on the Munshi and his family in an effort to discredit him . On receiving Elgin 's reply that they were " Respectable and trustworthy ... but position of family humble " , Hamilton concluded " the Munshi has done nothing to my knowledge which is reprehensible or deserving of official stricture ... enquiries wd not be right , unless they were in connection with some definite statement or accusation . " He did , however , authorise further investigation of the " Mohamedan intriguer named Rafiuddin " . Nothing was ever proven against Ahmed , who later became a Bombay government official and was knighted in 1932 . The effect of the row , in Hamilton 's words , was " to put him [ the Munshi ] more into his humble place , and his influence will not be the same in the future " . After the distress of 1897 , Victoria sought to reassure the Munshi . " I have in my Testamentary arrangements secured your comfort , " she wrote to him , " and have constantly thought of you well . The long letter I enclose which was written nearly a month ago is entirely and solely my own idea , not a human being will ever know of it or what you answer me . If you can 't read it I will help you and then burn it at once . " She told Reid the squabbles placed her and the Munshi under strain , which he replied was unlikely in the latter 's case " judging from his robust appearance and undiminished stoutness " . Lord Salisbury told Reid he thought it unlikely in her case too , and that she secretly enjoyed the arguments because they were " the only form of excitement she can have " . Reid seems to have joined with the other Household members in complaining about the Munshi , for the Queen wrote to him , " I thought you stood between me and them , but now I feel that you chime in with the rest . " In 1899 , members of the Household again insisted that Karim not accompany the royal party when the Queen took her annual holiday at Cimiez . The Queen duly had Karim remain at Windsor , then when the party had settled into the Excelsior Regina hotel , wired Karim to come and join them . = = Later life = = In late 1898 Karim 's purchase of a parcel of land adjacent to his earlier grant was finalised ; he had become a wealthy man . Reid claimed in his diary that he had challenged Karim over his financial dealings : " You have told the Queen that in India no receipts are given for money , and therefore you ought not to give any to Sir F Edwards [ Keeper of the Privy Purse ] . This is a lie and means that you wish to cheat the Queen . " The Munshi told the Queen he would provide receipts in answer to the allegations , and Victoria wrote to Reid dismissing the accusations , calling them " shameful " . Karim asked Victoria for the title of " Nawab " , the Indian equivalent of a peer , and to appoint him a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire ( KCIE ) , which would make him " Sir Abdul Karim " . A horrified Elgin suggested instead that she make Karim a Member of the Royal Victorian Order ( MVO ) , which was in her personal gift , bestowed no title , and would have little political implication in India . Privy Purse Sir Fleetwood Edwards and Prime Minister Lord Salisbury advised against even the lower honour . Nevertheless in 1899 , on the occasion of her 80th birthday , Victoria appointed Karim a commander of the order ( CVO ) , a rank intermediate between member and knight . The Munshi returned to India in November 1899 for a year . Waziruddin , described as " a courtly old gentleman " by Lord Curzon , Elgin 's replacement as Viceroy , died in June 1900 . By the time Karim returned to Britain in November 1900 Victoria had visibly aged , and her health was failing . Within three months she was dead . After Victoria 's death , her son , Edward VII , dismissed the Munshi and his relations from court and had them sent back to India . However , Edward did allow the Munshi to be the last to view Victoria 's body before her casket was closed , and to be part of her funeral procession . Almost all of the correspondence between Victoria and Karim was burned on Edward 's orders . Lady Curzon wrote on 9 August 1901 @,@ Charlotte Knollys told me that the Munshi bogie which had frightened all the household at Windsor for many years had proved a ridiculous farce , as the poor man had not only given up all his letters but even the photos signed by Queen and had returned to India like a whipped hound . All the Indian servants have gone back so now there is no Oriental picture & queerness at Court . In 1905 – 06 , George , Prince of Wales , visited India and wrote to the King from Agra , " In the evening we saw the Munshi . He has not grown more beautiful and is getting fat . I must say he was most civil and humble and really pleased to see us . He wore his C.V.O. which I had no idea he had got . I am told he lives quietly here and gives no trouble at all . " The Munshi died at his home , Karim Lodge , on his estate in Agra in 1909 . He was survived by two wives , and was interred in a pagoda @-@ like mausoleum in the Panchkuin Kabaristan cemetery in Agra beside his father . On the instructions of Edward VII , the Commissioner of Agra , W. H. Cobb , visited Karim Lodge to retrieve any remaining correspondence between the Munshi and the Queen or her Household , which was confiscated and sent to the King . The Viceroy ( by then Lord Minto ) , Lieutenant @-@ Governor John Hewitt , and India Office civil servants disapproved of the seizure , and recommended that the letters be returned . Eventually the King returned four , on condition that they would be sent back to him on the death of the Munshi 's first wife . = = Legacy = = As the Munshi had had no children , his nephews and grandnephews inherited his wealth and properties . The Munshi 's family continued to reside in Agra until Indian independence and the partition of India in August 1947 , after which they emigrated to Pakistan . The estate , including Karim Lodge , was confiscated by the Indian government and distributed among Hindu refugees from Pakistan . Half of Karim Lodge was subsequently divided into two individual residences , with the remaining half becoming a nursing home and doctor 's office . Until the publication of Frederick Ponsonby 's memoirs in 1951 , there was little biographical material on the Munshi . Scholarly examination of his life and relationship with Victoria began around the 1960s , focusing on the Munshi as " an illustration of race and class prejudice in Victorian England " . Mary Lutyens , in editing the diary of her grandmother Edith ( wife of Lord Lytton , Viceroy of India 1876 – 80 ) , concluded , " Though one can understand that the Munshi was disliked , as favourites nearly always are ... One cannot help feeling that the repugnance with which he was regarded by the Household was based mostly on snobbery and colour prejudice . " Elizabeth Longford wrote , " Abdul Karim stirred once more that same royal imagination which had magnified the virtues of John Brown ... Nevertheless , [ it ] insinuated into her confidence an inferior person , while it increased the nation 's dizzy infatuation with an inferior dream , the dream of Colonial Empire . " Historians agree with the suspicions of her Household that the Munshi influenced the Queen 's opinions on Indian issues , biasing her against Hindus and favouring Muslims . But suspicions that he passed secrets to Rafiuddin Ahmed are discounted . Victoria asserted that " no political papers of any kind are ever in the Munshi 's hands , even in her presence . He only helps her to read words which she cannot read or merely ordinary submissions on warrants for signature . He does not read English fluently enough to be able to read anything of importance . " Consequently , it is thought unlikely that he could have influenced the government 's Indian policy or provided useful information to Muslim activists .
= Incapillo = Incapillo is a Pleistocene caldera , a depression formed by the collapse of a volcano , in the La Rioja province of Argentina . Part of the Argentine Andes , it is considered the southernmost volcanic centre in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes with Pleistocene activity . Incapillo is one of several ignimbritic or calderic systems that , along with 44 active stratovolcanoes , are part of the Central Volcanic Zone . Subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America plate is responsible for most of the volcanism in the Central Volcanic Zone . After activity in the western Maricunga Belt volcanic arc ceased six million years ago , volcanism started up in the Incapillo region , forming the high volcanoes Monte Pissis , Cerro Bonete Chico and Sierra de Veladero . Later , a number of lava domes formed between these volcanoes . Incapillo is the source of the Incapillo ignimbrite , a medium @-@ sized deposit comparable to the Katmai ignimbrite . With a volume of about 20 @.@ 4 cubic kilometres ( 4 @.@ 9 cu mi ) , the Incapillo ignimbrite was erupted 0 @.@ 52 ± 0 @.@ 03 and 0 @.@ 51 ± 0 @.@ 04 million years ago . A caldera with dimensions of 5 by 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi × 3 @.@ 7 mi ) was formed during the eruption . Later volcanism generated more lava domes within the caldera and a debris flow in the Sierra de Veladero . The lake within the caldera may overlie an area of ongoing hydrothermal activity . = = Geography and structure = = Incapillo is located in Argentina 's La Rioja province . The name " Incapillo " means " Crown of the Inca " in Quechua and is the highest caldera stemming from explosive activity in the world . It is also known as Bonete caldera . Incapillo is part of the Andean Central Volcanic Zone , which extends through the countries of Chile , Bolivia , and Argentina and includes six or more Quaternary caldera or ignimbrite systems , about 44 stratovolcanoes , and over 18 smaller centres . One of these stratovolcanoes , Ojos del Salado , is the world 's highest volcano . This zone also includes the Altiplano @-@ Puna volcanic complex and the Galan caldera farther south . Incapillo is the southernmost volcano of the Central Volcanic Zone with Pleistocene activity ; the next such volcano to the south is Tupungato in the Southern Volcanic Zone at 33 ° southern latitude . Incapillo is a caldera with a diameter of 5 by 6 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi × 3 @.@ 7 mi ) at an elevation of 5 @,@ 750 metres ( 18 @,@ 860 ft ) . The three adjacent volcanic centres of Monte Pissis ( 6 @,@ 882 metres ( 22 @,@ 579 ft ) ) , Cerro Bonete Grande ( 6 @,@ 436 metres ( 21 @,@ 115 ft ) ) , and Cerro Bonete Chico ( 6 @,@ 759 metres ( 22 @,@ 175 ft ) ) are also considered part of this volcanic complex and are among the highest on Earth . These centres surround the ignimbrite and lava domes . The walls of the caldera are 250 metres ( 820 ft ) high . A uniform ignimbrite , called the Incapillo ignimbrite , is rich in pumice and forms the bulk of the caldera walls . Around the caldera lie 40 lava domes , which extend northwest @-@ southeast . There is an eastern group between Monte Pissis and Cerro Bonete Chico and a western one on the Sierra de Veladero . Overall , the domes have heights of 100 – 600 metres ( 330 – 1 @,@ 970 ft ) and a basal apron of about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) width of erosional material . Some domes have water @-@ filled craters with widths of 20 metres ( 66 ft ) at their top . Domes on the caldera 's northern side are dacitic and show signs of alteration . Some domes are probably part of the pre @-@ caldera complex , and several rhyodacitic domes were modified by erosional processes after caldera formation ; these were formerly considered erosional remnants . Older domes have reddish oxidized colours in satellite images . The total volume of the domes is about 16 cubic kilometres ( 3 @.@ 8 cu mi ) . Next to a heavily hydrothermally altered lava dome in the centre of the caldera lies the Laguna Corona del Inca . This 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 150 ft ) deep and 5 @,@ 300 metres ( 17 @,@ 400 ft ) high lake measures 2 by 1 kilometre ( 1 @.@ 24 mi × 0 @.@ 62 mi ) . The lake has probably generated the evaporite and lacustrine deposits that lie on the caldera floor . Water temperatures of 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) obtained by satellite measurements suggest that some hydrothermal activity persists . The lake is fed by meltwater . = = Geology = = The Nazca plate subducts beneath the South America plate at a speed of 7 – 9 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 8 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) per year in the area of the Central Volcanic Zone . The subduction results in volcanism along the occidental Cordillera 240 – 300 kilometres ( 150 – 190 mi ) east of the trench formed by the subduction . Incapillo is one of at least six different ignimbrite or caldera volcanoes that are part of the Central Volcanic Zone , in Chile , Bolivia and Argentina . The Central Volcanic Zone is one of four different volcanic arcs in the Andes . About 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) west of Incapillo lies the Maricunga Belt , where volcanism started 27 mya and involved phases of ignimbritic and stratovolcanic activity , including Copiapo volcano , until activity ceased with the last eruption of Nevado de Jotabeche 6 mya . South of Incapillo , the Pampean flat slab region is associated with tectonic deformation and lack of volcanic activity until Tupungato volcano farther south . S. L. de Silva and P. Francis suggested in their 1991 book Volcanoes of the Central Andes that the Central Volcanic Zone should be subdivided into two systems of volcanoes , one in Peru and another in Chile , on the basis of the orientation ( northwest – southeast versus north – south ) . C.A. Wood , G. McLaughlin and P. Francis in a 1987 paper at the American Geophysical Union suggested instead a subdivision into nine different groups . = = = Local = = = Incapillo is found on a crust 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) thick , among the thickest in volcanic regions of the Earth . Several studies by Suzanne Mahlburg Kay and others indicate that trends in the isotope ratios are because of a thickening crust and increased contribution thereof to the magmas . At the latitude of Incapillo , the northern Antofalla terrane borders the Cuyania terrane , both of which were attached to South America during the Ordovician but are of different provenance . At the latitude of Incapillo , the Nazca plate subducting beneath the South America plate abruptly shallows towards the south . This shallowing forms the limit between the volcanically active Central Volcanic Zone and the magmatically inactive Pampean flat slab region farther south . This magmatic inactivity occurs because the flat slab removes the asthenospheric wedge . Incapillo is part of a volcanic system active between 3 @.@ 5 and 2 mya that includes Ojos del Salado and Nevado Tres Cruces . It was the last volcanic centre formed in the region ; subsequently , the shallowing of the subducting slab prevented volcanism east and south of it . Another volcanic trend considers Incapillo as part of a northeast – southwest trend with Cerro Galan and Cerro Blanco . This trend may be related to delamination of the lower crust . Also , these centres are located between two domains of different rigidity , an Ordovician sedimentary domain of low rigidity and a higher rigidity basement . The formation of the older lava domes may have been influenced by buried faults or the supply systems of the older Pissis and Bonete Chico volcanoes . Isotope and composition data suggest that the magma of Incapillo forms at relatively constrained depths of c . 65 – 70 kilometres ( 40 – 43 mi ) above the shallow slab . A focus of seismic activity is found at Incapillo . = = = Composition = = = The Incapillo ignimbrite is formed by potassium @-@ rich and magnesium @-@ poor rhyodacite , forming glassy and porous pumice with individual clasts of 5 – 20 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 – 7 @.@ 9 in ) in diametre . Typical pumice contains crystals of biotite , hornblende , plagioclase , quartz , and sanidine , with minor amounts of apatite , iron oxides , and titanite . The lava domes have uniform crystalline compositions that are richer in magnesium than the ignimbrite . Within the lava dome rocks lie phenocrysts of amphibole , biotite , plagioclase , quartz , and titanite with some alkali feldspar in some domes . Older domes have higher amphibole and lower quartz content than younger domes . Post @-@ caldera domes are strongly hydrothermally altered . Rocks from Incapillo are rich in sodium and have high ratios of lanthanum and samarium to ytterbium and high ratios of barium to lanthanum , as well as high lead @-@ 206 to lead @-@ 204 and strontium @-@ 87 / strontium @-@ 86 ratios . These rare earth element patterns are similar to the Late Miocene Maricunga Belt rocks and contrast to early Miocene rocks . The changes occurred at the same time as the arc migrated eastward , terminating activity in the Maricunga Belt . The element ratios are pronouncedly arc @-@ like with some adakitic signatures . The rocks contain considerably more sodium and alumina than almost all Central Andes siliceous volcanic rocks . The composition of the lava domes suggests that they were formed by degassed magma left behind by the caldera @-@ forming eruption . The pre @-@ caldera lava domes were generated either directly from a common magma chamber or indirectly through secondary chambers . The lead isotope ratios are consistent with the volcano having formed at the edge of an area of granite and rhyolite of Paleozoic age . Incapillo magmas probably formed as adakitic high @-@ pressure mafic magmas derived from the crust , either directly by anatexis or indirectly by dragged @-@ down crustal fragments . The magmas are then modified by crustal contamination and fractional crystallization . As the subducting slab shallowed , crustal garnet @-@ containing lherzolite and granulite @-@ eclogite , contributed both from the crustal basis and forearc rocks that were dragged down by the subducting slab , became an increasingly important component of erupted magmas . Eventually , the Incapillo magma chamber was disconnected from the mantle and lower crust . The Incapillo ignimbrite contains xenoliths with sizes of 0 @.@ 5 – 4 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 20 – 1 @.@ 57 in ) formed by amphibolite . Amphibole crystals are enclosed in intersitital plagioclase crystals and sometimes contain secondary biotite crystals . Amphibole is the dominant component . = = Climate , hydrology and vegetation = = Incapillo as a high altitude location has an alpine climate , with low temperatures and low oxygen , high winds and predominantly summer precipitation . Incapillo itself has no weather stations and thus climate data from there are not available , however Laguna Brava farther south has an average precipitation of 300 millimetres ( 12 in ) and temperatures of 0 – 5 ° C ( 32 – 41 ° F ) . The Desaguadero River originates on Bonete . Vegetation varies depending on the water supply and altitude of the site , with an upper altitude limit of 4 @,@ 300 – 5 @,@ 000 metres ( 14 @,@ 100 – 16 @,@ 400 ft ) beneath of which the vegetation takes the form of a scrub steppe . Grasses at 5 @,@ 000 metres ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) include Festuca , Stipa and in wetter areas also genera like Calamagrostis . Scrub like Adesmia and Nototriche copon occasionally form dense scrub patches . = = History = = Activity at Incapillo commenced shortly after the end of the Maricunga Belt volcanism and occurred first at Monte Pissis between 6 @.@ 5 and 3 @.@ 5 mya . Later volcanism occurred south of Incapillo 4 @.@ 7 ± 0 @.@ 5 mya , at Sierra de Veladero 5 @.@ 6 ± 1 – 3 @.@ 6 ± 0 @.@ 5 mya , and in the region of Cerro Bonete Chico 5 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 5 ± 0 @.@ 1 mya . Some of the 3 – 2 mya Pircas Negras mafic andesites appear to be associated with the Incapillo volcanic complex . These rocks form the last pulse of the Pircas Negras volcanism . Specific ages of the Pircas Negras flows in the Incapillo region include 4 @.@ 7 ± 0 @.@ 5 mya , 3 @.@ 2 ± 0 @.@ 3 mya and 1 @.@ 9 ± 0 @.@ 2 mya . Later , andesitic @-@ rhyolitic volcanism formed ignimbrites and lava domes 2 @.@ 9 ± 0 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 1 ± 0 @.@ 4 mya , with the youngest pre @-@ caldera dome being 0 @.@ 873 ± 0 @.@ 077 mya old . The lava domes formed through non @-@ explosive extrusion . The Incapillo ignimbrite is an unwelded ignimbrite that covers a surface area of 80 @.@ 47 square kilometres ( 31 @.@ 07 sq mi ) , extending to a distance of 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) from the caldera . The ignimbrite appears in an eastward @-@ heading ephemeral river valley and the southern Quebrada del Veladero , possibly also next to the Rio Salado headwaters . Thicknesses range from 250 to 10 metres ( 820 to 33 ft ) ; the ignimbrite is underlain by a lithic @-@ and @-@ ash rich surge deposit with a thickness of 5 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) . The ignimbrite displays banding features away from the caldera and in Quebrada de Veladero football @-@ sized clasts are mixed within fine ash . Rocks from the ignimbrites farther away from their source indicate the ignimbrite probably formed from the mixing of less viscous dacitic magma with rhyolite . The total volume of the ignimbrite is about 20 @.@ 4 cubic kilometres ( 4 @.@ 9 cu mi ) . Ages have been found of 0 @.@ 52 ± 0 @.@ 03 and 0 @.@ 51 ± 0 @.@ 04 mya ago . It is a rhyodacitic to rhyolitic ignimbrite with a high crystal and pumice and low lithic content . The dense rock equivalent volume is about 14 cubic kilometres ( 3 @.@ 4 cu mi ) . The volume of the Incapillo ignimbrite is comparable to that of the Katmai ignimbrite . The ignimbrite was probably formed from a low @-@ height fountaining eruption without a high eruption column , forming a base surge first and pyroclastic flows later . The change from lava dome to ignimbrite @-@ forming eruptions may have been triggered by the injection of hotter magmas into the magma chamber or less likely by changes in the tectonic context . During the eruption , a piston @-@ like collapse formed the caldera . Later , a debris flow named Veladero ( also known as Quebrada de Veladero Ignimbrite ) occurred in a glacier valley south of the caldera . It is rich in lithics and pumice . These lithics are derived from Sierra de Veladero , Cerro Bonete Chico , and Pircas Negras lavas . The debris flow ranges from 15 to 25 metres ( 49 to 82 ft ) in thickness 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) south of the caldera to 10 to 15 metres ( 33 to 49 ft ) farther south , the total volume being 0 @.@ 7 – 0 @.@ 5 cubic kilometres ( 0 @.@ 17 – 0 @.@ 12 cu mi ) . The debris flow does have a different composition from the main Incapillo ignimbrite , as it contains red @-@ brown dacite and clasts . It has a massive ungraded composition and is likely a lahar or debris flow deposit , probably influenced by glacial or crater lake water . Wind @-@ driven effects have generated hummocky ridges . There are no dates available for post @-@ caldera lava domes , which probably arose from magma ascending through the caldera forming conduits , seeing as these domes are found only inside the caldera . The elevated temperatures of the caldera lake suggest that hydrothermal activity still occurs beneath Incapillo .
= Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother = Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes @-@ Lyon ( 4 August 1900 – 30 March 2002 ) was the wife of King George VI and the mother of Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon . She was Queen consort of the United Kingdom and the Dominions from her husband 's accession in 1936 until his death in 1952 , after which she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , to avoid confusion with her daughter . She was the last Empress consort of India . Born into a family of British nobility as The Honourable Elizabeth Bowes @-@ Lyon , she became Lady Elizabeth Bowes @-@ Lyon when her father inherited the Scottish Earldom of Strathmore and Kinghorne in 1904 . She came to prominence in 1923 when she married Albert , Duke of York , the second son of King George V and Queen Mary . The couple and their daughters embodied traditional ideas of family and public service . She undertook a variety of public engagements and became known as the " Smiling Duchess " because of her consistent public expression . In 1936 , her husband unexpectedly became King when his brother , Edward VIII , abdicated in order to marry the American divorcée Wallis Simpson . Elizabeth became Queen . She accompanied her husband on diplomatic tours to France and North America before the start of World War II . During the war , her seemingly indomitable spirit provided moral support to the British public . In recognition of her role as an asset to British interests , Adolf Hitler described her as " the most dangerous woman in Europe " . After the war , her husband 's health deteriorated and she was widowed at the age of 51 . Her elder daughter , aged 25 , became the new Queen . On the death of Queen Mary in 1953 and with the former King Edward VIII living abroad , Elizabeth became the senior member of the British Royal Family and assumed a position as family matriarch . In her later years , she was a consistently popular member of the family , even when other members were suffering from low levels of public approval . She continued an active public life until just a few months before her death at the age of 101 , seven weeks after the death of her younger daughter , Princess Margaret . = = Early life = = Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes @-@ Lyon was the youngest daughter and the ninth of ten children of Claude Bowes @-@ Lyon , Lord Glamis ( later the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne in the Peerage of Scotland ) , and his wife , Cecilia Cavendish @-@ Bentinck . Her mother was descended from British Prime Minister William Cavendish @-@ Bentinck , 3rd Duke of Portland , and Governor @-@ General of India Richard Wellesley , 1st Marquess Wellesley , who was the elder brother of another Prime Minister , Arthur Wellesley , 1st Duke of Wellington . The location of her birth remains uncertain , but reputedly she was born either in her parents ' Westminster home at Belgrave Mansions , Grosvenor Gardens , or in a horse @-@ drawn ambulance on the way to a hospital . Other possible locations include Forbes House in Ham , London , the home of her maternal grandmother , Louisa Scott . Her birth was registered at Hitchin , Hertfordshire , near the Strathmores ' English country house , St Paul 's Walden Bury , which was also given as her birthplace in the census the following year . She was christened there on 23 September 1900 , in the local parish church , All Saints , and her godparents included her paternal aunt Lady Maud Bowes @-@ Lyon and cousin Venetia James . She spent much of her childhood at St Paul 's Walden and at Glamis Castle , the Earl 's ancestral home in Scotland . She was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight , and was fond of field sports , ponies and dogs . When she started school in London , she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon 's Anabasis . Her best subjects were literature and scripture . After returning to private education under a German Jewish governess , Käthe Kübler , she passed the Oxford Local Examination with distinction at age thirteen . On her fourteenth birthday , Britain declared war on Germany . Four of her brothers served in the army . Her elder brother , Fergus , an officer in the Black Watch Regiment , was killed in action at the Battle of Loos in 1915 . Another brother , Michael , was reported missing in action on 28 April 1917 . Three weeks later , the family discovered he had been captured after being wounded . He remained in a prisoner of war camp for the rest of the war . Glamis was turned into a convalescent home for wounded soldiers , which Elizabeth helped to run . She was particularly instrumental in organising the rescue of the castle 's contents during a serious fire on 16 September 1916 . One of the soldiers she treated wrote in her autograph book that she was to be " Hung , drawn , & quartered ... Hung in diamonds , drawn in a coach and four , and quartered in the best house in the land . " = = Marriage to Prince Albert = = Prince Albert , Duke of York – " Bertie " to the family – was the second son of King George V. He initially proposed to Elizabeth in 1921 , but she turned him down , being " afraid never , never again to be free to think , speak and act as I feel I really ought to " . When he declared he would marry no other , his mother , Queen Mary , visited Glamis to see for herself the girl who had stolen her son 's heart . She became convinced that Elizabeth was " the one girl who could make Bertie happy " , but nevertheless refused to interfere . At the same time , Elizabeth was courted by James Stuart , Albert 's equerry , until he left the Prince 's service for a better @-@ paid job in the American oil business . In February 1922 , Elizabeth was a bridesmaid at the wedding of Albert 's sister , Princess Mary , to Viscount Lascelles . The following month , Albert proposed again , but she refused him once more . Eventually , in January 1923 , Elizabeth agreed to marry Albert , despite her misgivings about royal life . Albert 's freedom in choosing Elizabeth , not a member of a royal family , though the daughter of a peer , was considered a gesture in favour of political modernisation ; previously , princes were expected to marry princesses from other royal families . They selected a platinum engagement ring featuring a Kashmir sapphire with two diamonds adorning its sides . They married on 26 April 1923 , at Westminster Abbey . Unexpectedly , Elizabeth laid her bouquet at the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior on her way into the Abbey , in memory of her brother Fergus . Elizabeth became styled Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York . Following a wedding breakfast at Buckingham Palace prepared by chef Gabriel Tschumi , the new Duchess and her husband honeymooned at Polesden Lacey , a manor house in Surrey , and then went to Scotland , where she caught " unromantic " whooping cough . = = Duchess of York ( 1923 – 36 ) = = After a successful visit to Northern Ireland in July 1924 , the Labour government agreed that Albert and Elizabeth could tour East Africa from December 1924 to April 1925 . The Labour government was defeated by the Conservatives in a general election in November ( which Elizabeth described as " marvellous " to her mother ) and the Governor @-@ General of Anglo @-@ Egyptian Sudan , Sir Lee Stack , was assassinated three weeks later . Despite this , the tour went ahead , and they visited Aden , Kenya , Uganda , and Sudan , but Egypt was avoided because of political tensions . Albert had a stammer , which affected his ability to deliver speeches , and after October 1925 , Elizabeth assisted in helping him through the therapy devised by Lionel Logue , an episode portrayed in the 2010 film The King 's Speech . In 1926 , the couple had their first child , Princess Elizabeth – " Lilibet " to the family – who would later become Queen Elizabeth II . Another daughter , Princess Margaret Rose , was born four years later . Albert and Elizabeth , without their child , travelled to Australia to open Parliament House in Canberra in 1927 . She was , in her own words , " very miserable at leaving the baby " . Their journey by sea took them via Jamaica , the Panama Canal and the Pacific ; Elizabeth fretted constantly over her baby back in Britain , but their journey was a public relations success . She charmed the public in Fiji when shaking hands with a long line of official guests , as a stray dog walked in on the ceremony and she shook its paw as well . In New Zealand she fell ill with a cold , and missed some engagements , but enjoyed the local fishing in the Bay of Islands accompanied by Australian sports fisherman Harry Andreas . On the return journey , via Mauritius , the Suez Canal , Malta and Gibraltar , their transport , HMS Renown , caught fire and they prepared to abandon ship before the fire was brought under control . = = Accession and abdication of Edward VIII = = On 20 January 1936 , King George V died and Albert 's brother , Edward , Prince of Wales , became King Edward VIII . George had expressed private reservations about his successor , saying , " I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . " Just months into his reign , Edward forced a constitutional crisis by insisting on marrying the American divorcée Wallis Simpson . Although legally Edward could have married Simpson , as King he was also head of the Church of England , which at that time did not allow divorced people to remarry . Edward 's ministers believed that the people would never accept Simpson as Queen and advised against the marriage . As a constitutional monarch , Edward was obliged to accept ministerial advice . Rather than abandon his plans to marry Simpson , he chose to abdicate in favour of Albert , who reluctantly became King in his place on 11 December 1936 under the regnal name of George VI . George VI and Elizabeth were crowned King and Queen of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions , and Emperor and Empress of India on 12 May 1937 , the date already nominated for the coronation of Edward VIII . Elizabeth 's crown was made of platinum and was set with the Koh @-@ i @-@ Noor diamond . Edward and Simpson married and became the Duke and Duchess of Windsor , but while Edward was a Royal Highness , George VI withheld the style from the Duchess , a decision that Elizabeth supported . Elizabeth was later quoted as referring to the Duchess as " that woman " , and the Duchess referred to Elizabeth as " Cookie " , because of her supposed resemblance to a fat Scots cook . Claims that Elizabeth remained embittered towards the Duchess were denied by her close friends ; the Duke of Grafton wrote that she " never said anything nasty about the Duchess of Windsor , except to say she really hadn 't got a clue what she was dealing with . " = = Queen consort ( 1936 – 52 ) = = = = = State visits and royal tour = = = In summer 1938 , a state visit to France by the King and Queen was postponed for three weeks because of the death of the Queen 's mother , Lady Strathmore . In two weeks , Norman Hartnell created an all @-@ white trousseau for the Queen , who could not wear colours as she was still in mourning . The visit was designed to bolster Anglo @-@ French solidarity in the face of aggression from Nazi Germany . The French press praised the demeanour and charm of the royal couple during the delayed but successful visit , augmented by Hartnell 's wardrobe . Nevertheless , Nazi aggression continued , and the government prepared for war . After the Munich Agreement of 1938 appeared to forestall the advent of armed conflict , the British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was invited onto the balcony of Buckingham Palace with the King and Queen to receive acclamation from a crowd of well @-@ wishers . While broadly popular among the general public , Chamberlain 's policy towards Hitler was the subject of some opposition in the House of Commons , which led historian John Grigg to describe the King 's behaviour in associating himself so prominently with a politician as " the most unconstitutional act by a British sovereign in the present century " . However , historians have also argued that the King only ever followed ministerial advice and acted as he was constitutionally bound to do . In June 1939 , Elizabeth and her husband toured Canada from coast to coast and back , and visited the United States , spending time with President Roosevelt at the White House and his Hudson Valley estate . U.S. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt said that Elizabeth was " perfect as a Queen , gracious , informed , saying the right thing & kind but a little self @-@ consciously regal " . The tour was designed to bolster trans @-@ Atlantic support in the event of war , and to affirm Canada 's status as an independent kingdom sharing with Britain the same person as monarch . According to an often @-@ told story , during one of the earliest of the royal couple 's repeated encounters with the crowds , a Boer War veteran asked Elizabeth , " Are you Scots or are you English ? " She replied , " I am a Canadian ! " Their reception by the Canadian and U.S. public was extremely enthusiastic , and largely dissipated any residual feeling that George and Elizabeth were a lesser substitute for Edward . Elizabeth told Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King , " that tour made us " , and she returned to Canada frequently both on official tours and privately . = = = World War II = = = During World War II , the King and Queen became symbols of the fight against fascism . Shortly after the declaration of war , The Queen 's Book of the Red Cross was conceived . Fifty authors and artists contributed to the book , which was fronted by Cecil Beaton 's portrait of the Queen and was sold in aid of the Red Cross . Elizabeth publicly refused to leave London or send the children to Canada , even during the Blitz , when she was advised by the Cabinet to do so . She declared , " The children won 't go without me . I won 't leave the King . And the King will never leave . " She visited troops , hospitals , factories , and parts of Britain that were targeted by the German Luftwaffe , in particular the East End , near London 's docks . Her visits initially provoked hostility ; rubbish was thrown at her and the crowds jeered , in part because she wore expensive clothes that served to alienate her from people suffering the deprivations of war . She explained that if the public came to see her they would wear their best clothes , so she should reciprocate in kind ; Norman Hartnell dressed her in gentle colours and avoided black to represent " the rainbow of hope " . When Buckingham Palace itself took several hits during the height of the bombing , Elizabeth was able to say , " I 'm glad we 've been bombed . It makes me feel I can look the East End in the face . " Though the King and Queen spent the working day at Buckingham Palace , partly for security and family reasons they stayed at night at Windsor Castle about 20 miles ( 32 km ) west of central London with the Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret . The Palace had lost much of its staff to the army , and most of the rooms were shut . The windows were shattered by bomb blasts , and had to be boarded up . During the " Phoney War " the Queen was given revolver training because of fears of imminent invasion . Adolf Hitler is said to have called her " the most dangerous woman in Europe " because he viewed her popularity as a threat to German interests . However , before the war both she and her husband , like most of Parliament and the British public , had supported appeasement and Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , believing after the experience of the First World War that war had to be avoided at all costs . After the resignation of Chamberlain , the King asked Winston Churchill to form a government . Although the King was initially suspicious of his character and motives , in due course both the King and Queen came to respect and admire him . At the end of the war in 1945 , Churchill was invited onto the balcony in a similar gesture to that given to Chamberlain . = = = Post @-@ war years = = = In the 1945 British general election , Churchill 's Conservative party was soundly defeated by the Labour party of Clement Attlee . Elizabeth 's political views were rarely disclosed , but a letter she wrote in 1947 described Attlee 's " high hopes of a socialist heaven on earth " as fading and presumably describes those who voted for him as " poor people , so many half @-@ educated and bemused . I do love them . " Woodrow Wyatt thought her " much more pro @-@ Conservative " than other members of the royal family , but she later told him , " I like the dear old Labour Party . " She also told the Duchess of Grafton , " I love communists " . After six years in office , Attlee was defeated in the 1951 British general election and Churchill returned to power . During the 1947 royal tour of South Africa , Elizabeth 's serene public behaviour was broken , exceptionally , when she rose from the royal car to strike an admirer with her umbrella because she had mistaken his enthusiasm for hostility . The 1948 royal tour of Australia and New Zealand was postponed because of the King 's declining health . In March 1949 , he had a successful operation to improve the circulation in his right leg . In summer 1951 , Queen Elizabeth and her daughters fulfilled the King 's public engagements in his place . In September , he was diagnosed with lung cancer . After a lung resection , he appeared to recover , but the delayed trip to Australia and New Zealand was altered so that Princess Elizabeth and her husband , the Duke of Edinburgh , went in the King and Queen 's place , in January 1952 . The King died while Princess Elizabeth and the Duke were in Kenya en route to the southern hemisphere , and they returned immediately to London as the new Queen and consort . They would not finally visit Australia and New Zealand until 1954 . = = Queen mother ( 1952 – 2002 ) = = = = = Widowhood = = = King George VI died in his sleep on 6 February 1952 . Elizabeth began to be styled as Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother because the normal style for the widow of a king , " Queen Elizabeth " , would have been too similar to the style of her elder daughter , now Queen Elizabeth II . Popularly , she became the " Queen Mother " or the " Queen Mum " . She was devastated by the King 's death and retired to Scotland . However , after a meeting with the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , she broke her retirement and resumed her public duties . Eventually she became just as busy as Queen Mother as she had been as Queen . In July 1953 , she undertook her first overseas visit since the funeral when she visited the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland with Princess Margaret . She laid the foundation stone of the University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland – the current University of Zimbabwe . On her return to the region in 1957 , she was inaugurated as the College 's President , and attended other events that were deliberately designed to be multi @-@ racial . During her daughter 's extensive tour of the Commonwealth over 1953 – 54 , Elizabeth acted as a Counsellor of State and looked after her grandchildren , Charles and Anne . She oversaw the restoration of the remote Castle of Mey , in Caithness on the north coast of Scotland , which she used to " get away from everything " for three weeks in August and ten days in October each year . She developed her interest in horse racing , particularly steeplechasing , which had been inspired by the amateur jockey Lord Mildmay in 1949 . She owned the winners of approximately 500 races . Her distinctive colours of blue with buff stripes were carried by horses such as Special Cargo , the winner of the 1984 Whitbread Gold Cup , and Devon Loch , which spectacularly halted just short of the winning post at the 1956 Grand National and whose jockey Dick Francis later had a successful career as the writer of racing @-@ themed detective stories . Peter Cazalet was her trainer for over 20 years . Although ( contrary to rumour ) she never placed bets , she did have the racing commentaries piped direct to her London residence , Clarence House , so she could follow the races . As an art collector , she purchased works by Claude Monet , Augustus John and Peter Carl Fabergé , among others . In February 1964 , she had an emergency appendectomy , which led to the postponement of a planned tour of Australia , New Zealand and Fiji until 1966 . She recuperated during a Caribbean cruise aboard the royal yacht , Britannia . In December 1966 , she underwent an operation to remove a tumour after she was diagnosed with colon cancer . Contrary to rumours , she did not have a colostomy . In 1982 , she was rushed to hospital when a fish bone became stuck in her throat , and had an operation to remove it . Being a keen angler , she calmly joked afterwards , " The salmon have got their own back . " Similar incidents occurred at Balmoral in August 1986 , when she was taken to Aberdeen Royal Infirmary but no operation was needed , and May 1993 , when she was admitted to the Infirmary for surgery under general anaesthetic . In 1984 , she had a second operation for cancer , when a lump was removed from her breast , and a second gastric obstruction in 1986 cleared without the need for an operation , but she was hospitalised overnight . In 1975 , she visited Iran at the invitation of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi . The British ambassador and his wife , Anthony and Sheila Parsons , noted how the Iranians were bemused by her habit of speaking to everyone regardless of status or importance , and hoped the Shah 's entourage would learn from the visit to pay more attention to ordinary people . Four years later , the Shah was deposed . Between 1976 and 1984 , she made annual summer visits to France , which were among 22 private trips to continental Europe between 1963 and 1992 . Queen Elizabeth — known for her personal and public charm — was one of the most popular members of the royal family . Her signature dress of large upturned hat with netting and dresses with draped panels of fabric became a distinctive personal style . = = = Centenarian = = = In her later years , the Queen Mother became known for her longevity . Her 90th birthday — 4 August 1990 — was celebrated by a parade on 27 June that involved many of the 300 organisations of which she was patron . In 1995 , she attended events commemorating the end of the war fifty years before , and had two operations : one to remove a cataract in her left eye , and one to replace her right hip . In 1998 , her left hip was replaced after it was broken when she slipped and fell during a visit to Sandringham stables . Her 100th birthday was celebrated in a number of ways : a parade that celebrated the highlights of her life included contributions from Norman Wisdom and John Mills ; her image appeared on a special commemorative £ 20 note issued by the Royal Bank of Scotland ; and she attended a lunch at the Guildhall , London , at which George Carey , the Archbishop of Canterbury , accidentally attempted to drink her glass of wine . Her quick admonition of " That 's mine ! " caused widespread amusement . In November 2000 , she broke her collarbone in a fall that kept her recuperating at home over Christmas and the New Year . On 1 August 2001 , she had a blood transfusion for anaemia after suffering from mild heat exhaustion , though she was well enough to make her traditional appearance outside Clarence House three days later to celebrate her 101st birthday . Her final public engagements included planting a cross at the Field of Remembrance on 8 November 2001 ; a reception at the Guildhall , London , for the reformation of the 600 Squadron , Royal Auxiliary Air Force on 15 November ; and attending the re @-@ commissioning of HMS Ark Royal on 22 November . In December 2001 , aged 101 , she fractured her pelvis in a fall . Even so , she insisted on standing for the National Anthem during the memorial service for her husband on 6 February the following year . Just three days later , her second daughter Princess Margaret died . On 13 February 2002 , the Queen Mother fell and cut her arm in her sitting room at Sandringham House ; an ambulance and doctor were called , and the wound was dressed . She was still determined to attend Margaret 's funeral at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , two days later on the Friday of that week , even though the Queen and the rest of the royal family were concerned about the journey the Queen Mother would face to get from Norfolk to Windsor ; she was also rumoured to be hardly eating . Nevertheless , she flew to Windsor by helicopter , and so that no photographs of her in a wheelchair could be taken — she insisted that she be shielded from the press — she travelled to the service in a people carrier with blacked – out windows , which had been previously used by Margaret . On 5 March 2002 , she was present at the luncheon of the annual lawn party of the Eton Beagles , and watched the Cheltenham Races on television ; however , her health began to deteriorate precipitately during her last weeks after retreating to Royal Lodge for the final time . = = Death = = On 30 March 2002 , at 15 : 15 ( GMT ) , the Queen Mother died in her sleep at the Royal Lodge , Windsor Great Park , with her surviving daughter , Queen Elizabeth II , at her bedside . She had been suffering from a cold for the last four months of her life . She was 101 years old , and at the time of her death was the longest @-@ lived member of the royal family in British history . This record was broken on 24 July 2003 , by her last surviving sister @-@ in @-@ law Princess Alice , Duchess of Gloucester , who died aged 102 on 29 October 2004 . Elizabeth grew camellias in every one of her gardens , and before her flag @-@ draped coffin was taken from Windsor to lie in state at Westminster Hall , an arrangement of camellias from her own gardens was placed on top . More than 200 @,@ 000 people over three days filed past as she lay in state in Westminster Hall at the Palace of Westminster . Members of the household cavalry and other branches of the armed forces stood guard at the four corners of the catafalque . At one point , her four grandsons Prince Charles , Prince Andrew , Prince Edward and Viscount Linley mounted the guard as a mark of respect known as the Vigil of the Princes — an honour bestowed only once before , at the lying in state of King George V. On the day of her funeral , 9 April , the Governor General of Canada issued a proclamation asking Canadians to honour her memory that day . In Australia , the Governor @-@ General read the lesson at a memorial service held in St Andrew 's Cathedral , Sydney . In London , more than a million people filled the area outside Westminster Abbey and along the 23 @-@ mile ( 37 km ) route from central London to her final resting place beside her husband and younger daughter in St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . At her request , after her funeral the wreath that had lain atop her coffin was placed on the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior , in a gesture that echoed her wedding @-@ day tribute 79 years before . = = Public perception = = Despite being regarded as one of the most popular members of the royal family in recent times who helped to stabilise the popularity of the monarchy as a whole , Elizabeth was subject to various degrees of criticism during her life . Kitty Kelley alleged that during World War II Elizabeth did not abide by the rationing regulations . This is contradicted by the official records , and Eleanor Roosevelt during her wartime stay at Buckingham Palace reported expressly on the rationed food served in the Palace and the limited bathwater that was permitted . Further allegations that Elizabeth used racist slurs to refer to black people were strongly denied by Major Colin Burgess . Major Burgess was the husband of Elizabeth Burgess , a mixed @-@ race secretary who accused members of the Prince of Wales 's Household of racial abuse . Queen Elizabeth made no public comments on race , but according to Robert Rhodes James in private she " abhorred racial discrimination " and decried apartheid as " dreadful " . Woodrow Wyatt records in his diary that when he expressed the view that non @-@ white countries have nothing in common with " us " , she told him , " I am very keen on the Commonwealth . They 're all like us . " However , she did distrust Germans ; she told Woodrow Wyatt , " Never trust them , never trust them . " While she may have held such views , it has been argued that they were normal for British people of her generation and upbringing , who had experienced two vicious wars with Germany . In 1987 , she was criticised when it emerged that two of her nieces , Katherine Bowes @-@ Lyon and Nerissa Bowes @-@ Lyon , had both been committed to a psychiatric hospital because they were severely handicapped . However , Burke 's Peerage had listed the sisters as dead , apparently because their mother , Fenella ( the Queen Mother 's sister @-@ in @-@ law ) , " was ' extremely vague ' when it came to filling in forms and might not have completed the paperwork for the family entry correctly " . When Nerissa had died the year before , her grave was originally marked with a plastic tag and a serial number . The Queen Mother claimed that the news of their institutionalisation came as a surprise to her . = = Legacy = = Sir Hugh Casson said Elizabeth was like " a wave breaking on a rock , because although she is sweet and pretty and charming , she also has a basic streak of toughness and tenacity . ... when a wave breaks on a rock , it showers and sparkles with a brilliant play of foam and droplets in the sun , yet beneath is really hard , tough rock , fused , in her case , from strong principles , physical courage and a sense of duty . " Peter Ustinov described her during a student demonstration at the University of Dundee in 1968 : As we arrived in a solemn procession the students pelted us with toilet rolls . They kept hold of one end , like streamers at a ball , and threw the other end . The Queen Mother stopped and picked these up as though somebody had misplaced them . [ Returning them to the students she said , ] ' Was this yours ? Oh , could you take it ? ' And it was her sang @-@ froid and her absolute refusal to be shocked by this , which immediately silenced all the students . She knows instinctively what to do on those occasions . She doesn 't rise to being heckled at all ; she just pretends it must be an oversight on the part of the people doing it . The way she reacted not only showed her presence of mind , but was so charming and so disarming , even to the most rabid element , that she brought peace to troubled waters . Elizabeth was well known for her dry witticisms . On hearing that Edwina Mountbatten was buried at sea , she said : " Dear Edwina , she always liked to make a splash . " Accompanied by the gay writer Sir Noël Coward at a gala , she mounted a staircase lined with Guards . Noticing Coward 's eyes flicker momentarily across the soldiers , she murmured to him : " I wouldn 't if I were you , Noël ; they count them before they put them out . " After being advised by a Conservative Minister in the 1970s not to employ homosexuals , the Queen Mother observed that without them , " we 'd have to go self @-@ service " . On the fate of a gift of a nebuchadnezzar of champagne ( 20 bottles ' worth ) even if her family didn 't come for the holidays , she said , " I 'll polish it off myself . " Emine Saner of The Guardian suggests that with a gin and Dubonnet at noon , red wine with lunch , a port and martini at 6 pm and two glasses of champagne at dinner , " a conservative estimate puts the number of alcohol units she drank at 70 a week " . Her extravagant lifestyle amused journalists , particularly when it was revealed she had a multi @-@ million pound overdraft with Coutts Bank . Her habits were often parodied ( with relative affection ) by the satirical 1980s television programme Spitting Image – which portrayed her with a Birmingham accent and an ever @-@ present copy of the Racing Post . She was portrayed in the 2002 television film Bertie and Elizabeth by Juliet Aubrey , the 2006 film The Queen by Sylvia Syms and the 2010 film The King 's Speech by Helena Bonham Carter , who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her portrayal . She was also played by Natalie Dormer in the film W.E. , directed by Madonna and by Olivia Colman in the 2012 film Hyde Park on Hudson , which featured Elizabeth and Albert 's visit to President Roosevelt 's estate . The Cunard White Star Line 's RMS Queen Elizabeth was named after her . She launched the ship on 27 September 1938 in Clydebank , Scotland . Supposedly , the liner started to slide into the water before Elizabeth could officially launch her , and acting sharply , she managed to smash a bottle of Australian red over the liner 's bow just before it slid out of reach . In 1954 , Queen Elizabeth sailed to New York on her namesake . A statue of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother by sculptor Philip Jackson was unveiled in front of the George VI Memorial , off The Mall , London , on 24 February 2009 , creating the George VI and Queen Elizabeth Memorial . In March 2011 , her eclectic musical taste was revealed when details of her small record collection kept at the Castle of Mey were made public . Her records included ska , local folk , Scottish reels and the musicals Oklahoma ! and The King and I , and artists such as yodeller Montana Slim , Tony Hancock , The Goons and Noël Coward . Eight years before her death , she had reportedly placed two @-@ thirds of her money into trusts , for the benefit of her great @-@ grandchildren . She left the bulk of her estate , estimated to be worth £ 70 million , including paintings , Fabergé eggs , jewellery , and horses , to her surviving daughter , Queen Elizabeth II . As property passing from monarch to monarch is exempt from Inheritance Tax , as is property passing from the consort of a former monarch to the current monarch , a tax liability estimated at £ 28 million ( 40 % of the value of the estate ) was not incurred . The most important pieces of art were transferred to the Royal Collection by Elizabeth II . = = Titles , styles , honours and arms = = = = = Titles and styles = = = 4 August 1900 – 16 February 1904 : The Honourable Elizabeth Bowes @-@ Lyon 16 February 1904 – 26 April 1923 : Lady Elizabeth Bowes @-@ Lyon 26 April 1923 – 11 December 1936 : Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York 11 December 1936 – 6 February 1952 : Her Majesty The Queen 6 February 1952 – 30 March 2002 : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother = = = Arms = = = Queen Elizabeth 's coat of arms was the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom ( in either the English or the Scottish version ) impaled with the arms of her father , the Earl of Strathmore ; the latter being : 1st and 4th quarters , Argent , a lion rampant Azure , armed and langued Gules , within a double tressure flory @-@ counter @-@ flory of the second ( Lyon ) ; 2nd and 3rd quarters , Ermine , three bows stringed paleways proper ( Bowes ) . The shield is surmounted by the imperial crown , and supported by the crowned lion of England and a lion rampant per fess Or and Gules . = = Issue = = = = Ancestry = =
= Sammy Vick = Samuel Bruce " Sammy " Vick ( April 12 , 1895 – August 17 , 1986 ) was an American professional right fielder in Major League Baseball . He played for the New York Yankees from 1917 to 1920 , and the Boston Red Sox in 1921 . He stood 5 ft 10 in ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) , and weighed 163 lb . , and he batted and threw right @-@ handed . He was born in Batesville , Mississippi , and attended Millsaps College in Jackson , Mississippi . After playing one season of minor league baseball in 1917 , Vick was signed by the Yankees and was used sparingly by them later that same season . He became their starting right fielder in 1919 . With Babe Ruth 's arrival , and Bob Meusel 's emergence in 1920 , Vick 's productivity and playing time diminished . Following the season , he was traded to the Red Sox in a deal that brought future Hall of Famer pitcher Waite Hoyt to the Yankees . In his five @-@ season career , Vick had a .248 batting average , with two home runs and 50 RBIs in 213 games played . After his major league career ended after the 1921 season , he returned to the minor leagues and played in various leagues until 1930 . Vick died , after a long illness , in Memphis , Tennessee , at age 91 . = = Early life = = Samuel Bruce Vick was born on April 12 , 1895 in Batesville , Mississippi , to Hugh , a farmer , and Lillie . After attending Millsaps College in Jackson , Mississippi , he signed a minor league baseball contract with the Memphis Chickasaws of the Southern Association ( SA ) . He played one season in Memphis , playing in 126 games , and had a .322 batting average along with 24 doubles and 12 triples . When the SA season was completed , he signed a contract with the New York Yankees of the American League ( AL ) . = = Career = = = = = New York Yankees = = = Vick made his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut with the Yankees on September 20 , 1917 . He finished the season with the Yankees , playing in 10 games , all in right field . In 36 at bats during that stretch , he collected 10 hits for a .278 batting average . He played in just two games during the early part of the 1918 season , before being drafted into the military . The first appearance occurred on April 19 , in the second game of a double header against the Boston Red Sox . He relieved starting right fielder Frank Gilhooley late in the game , and collected a hit in each of his two at bats in against Red Sox pitcher , Babe Ruth . He had a run batted in ( RBI ) and scored a run in the game , although the Red Sox won the game by a score of 9 to 5 . His other appearance that season was as a pinch hitter in a game against the Washington Senators on April 25 , and failed to collect a hit . In 1919 , Vick became the Yankees 's starting right fielder . On April 30 , in his fourth appearance of the season , he led off the bottom of the first inning with a home run off of Mule Watson of the Philadelphia Athletics : his first career home run . He struggled at the plate during the first two months of the season , with a batting average of .208 after the June 1 game . However , he began to increase his productivity in June and July . By early August , he had raised his average to a season @-@ high of .266 . It was during that time period when he hit his second , and last , major league home run . It was a grand slam off of Allan Sothoron in a game on August 7 : an 8 – 2 victory over the St. Louis Browns . For the remainder of the season , Vick 's production had a steady , slow decline ; he finished the season with a .248 batting average , along with 27 RBIs , 15 doubles , and nine triples . Vick 's playing time dwindled in 1920 with the arrival of Babe Ruth , an off @-@ season purchase from the Red Sox . The Yankees now had an outfield that consisted of Ruth , established players of Duffy Lewis and Ping Bodie , and Bob Meusel , a rookie . Injuries to Lewis and Bodie allowed for periods of lengthy playing time for Vick in July and September . Later in the season , Vick and his manager Miller Huggins got into a heated argument , during which Vick punched Huggins . Appreciating Vick 's spirit , the manager quickly forgave him . Vick 's final totals in 1920 consisted of a .220 batting average in 51 games . During his time with the Yankees , the New York City sportswriters noted that he was prodigious eater . He was so much so that they proclaimed that any time someone ate a large meal , they were " doing a Sammy Vick . " = = = Boston Red Sox = = = The Yankees felt that Vick had not lived up to his potential during his four seasons with the team . Considering the team now had a solid outfield of Ruth , Meusel , Lewis , and Bodie , and the Yankees needed pitching ; Vick became expendable . On December 15 , 1920 , the Yankees traded Vick , Muddy Ruel , Del Pratt and Hank Thormahlen to the Red Sox for Waite Hoyt , Harry Harper , Wally Schang and Mike McNally . Vick began the 1921 season with an injured leg , which did not allow him the play in either April or May . He did not appear in a game until June 2 , and was mostly used as a pinch hitter and late @-@ game replacement . He was absent from the line @-@ up for most of July as well , until August when again , he was used mainly as a pinch hitter . In total , he played in just 44 games for the Red Sox , with only 15 games in the outfield ; 12 of them starting the game . Vick had a season @-@ total of 77 at bats , a .260 batting average , and nine RBIs . = = Post major league career = = After the 1921 season , Vick continued his baseball career in the minor leagues . In 1922 , he played for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League , batting .233 in 50 games played . He returned to the Memphis Chickasaws for one season in 1923 , improving his average to .290 . For the 1924 season , he joined the Brookhaven Truckers of the Cotton States League ( CSL ) as player @-@ manager , and he produced the best offensive numbers up to this point in his career . He batted .322 with 16 home runs , 21 doubles , and 11 triples . In 1925 , Vick stayed in the CSL , but became the Laurel Lumberjacks 's non @-@ playing manager for two seasons . However , in 1926 , his tenure was short , and he joined the New Orleans Pelicans of the SA as a player only for the remaining 32 games of the season . After batting .348 in 1926 , he improved his average to .350 in 1927 , along with career @-@ highs in hits with 194 , doubles with 39 , and triples with 16 . Staying in New Orleans for the 1928 season , his offensive numbers dropped , but he still batted .302 in 109 games played . His 1929 season was split between three teams ; the Pelicans , the Chattanooga Lookouts of the SA , and the Dallas Steers of the Texas League . That season , he hit a career @-@ high 17 home runs , along with a .333 batting average . He finished his minor league career back with Memphis in 1930 . = = = Later life = = = According to the 1930 U.S. Census , he became a teacher at a public school in Panola County , Mississippi , following his baseball career . He was married to Lois Monteith , had three sons , and had one daughter . Vick died on August 17 , 1986 in Memphis , Tennessee after a long illness , and is interred at Forrest Memorial Park located in Batesville .
= Last of the Summer Wine = Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom created and written by Roy Clarke that was originally broadcast on the BBC . Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 , and the first series of episodes followed on 12 November 1973 . From 1983 to 2010 , Alan J. W. Bell produced and directed all episodes of the show . The BBC confirmed on 2 June 2010 that Last of the Summer Wine would no longer be produced and the 31st series would be its last . Subsequently , the final episode was broadcast on 29 August 2010 . Tom Owen criticised the BBC for not permitting a special final episode . Roy Clarke , however , stated that he was fully aware this was the last series , and preferred the show to have a quiet ending . The final line was said by Peter Sallis , the longest serving actor . Repeats of the show are broadcast in the UK on Gold , Yesterday , and Drama . It is also seen in more than twenty @-@ five countries , including various PBS stations in the United States and on VisionTV in Canada . Last of the Summer Wine is the longest @-@ running comedy programme in Britain and the longest @-@ running sitcom in the world . Last of the Summer Wine was set and filmed in and around Holmfirth , West Yorkshire , England , and centred on a trio of old men and their youthful antics ; the membership of the trio changed several times over the years . The original trio consisted of Bill Owen as the scruffy and childlike Compo Simmonite , Peter Sallis as deep @-@ thinking and meek Norman Clegg , and Michael Bates as authoritarian and snobbish Cyril Blamire . When Bates dropped out due to illness in 1976 after two series , the role of the third man of the trio was filled in various years up to the 30th series by the quirky war veteran Walter " Foggy " Dewhurst ( Brian Wilde ) , who had two lengthy stints in the series , the eccentric inventor Seymour Utterthwaite ( Michael Aldridge ) , and former police officer Herbert " Truly of The Yard " Truelove ( Frank Thornton ) . The men never seem to grow up , and they develop a unique perspective on their equally eccentric fellow townspeople through their stunts . Although in its early years the series generally revolved around the exploits of the main trio , with occasional interaction with a few recurring characters , over time the cast grew to include a variety of supporting characters and by later years the series was very much an ensemble piece . Each of these recurring characters contributed their own running jokes and subplots to the show and often becoming unwillingly involved in the schemes of the trio , or on occasion having their own , separate storylines . After the death of Owen in 1999 , Compo was replaced at various times by his real @-@ life son , Tom Owen , as equally unkempt Tom Simmonite , Keith Clifford as Billy Hardcastle , a man who fancied himself as a descendant of Robin Hood , and Brian Murphy as the childish Alvin Smedley . Due to the age of the main cast , a new trio was formed during the 30th series featuring somewhat younger actors , and this format was used for the final two instalments of the show . This group consisted of Russ Abbot as a former milkman who fancied himself a secret agent , Luther " Hobbo " Hobdyke , Burt Kwouk as the electrical repairman , " Electrical " Entwistle , and Murphy as Alvin Smedley . Sallis and Thornton , both past members of the trio , continued in supporting roles alongside the new actors . Although many feel the show 's quality declined over the years , Last of the Summer Wine continued to receive large audiences for the BBC and was praised for its positive portrayal of older people and family @-@ friendly humour . Many members of the Royal Family enjoyed the show . The programme was nominated for numerous awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999 . There were twenty @-@ one Christmas specials , three television films and a documentary film about the series . Last of the Summer Wine inspired other adaptations , including a television prequel , several novelisations , and stage adaptations . = = Production = = = = = History and development = = = In 1972 , Duncan Wood , the BBC 's Head of Comedy , watched a comedy on television called The Misfit . Impressed by writer Roy Clarke 's ability to inject both comedy and drama into the sitcom , Wood offered Clarke the opportunity to write a sitcom . Clarke nearly turned the job down as he felt that the BBC 's idea for a programme about three old men was a dull concept for a half @-@ hour sitcom . Instead , Clarke proposed that the men should all be unmarried , widowed , or divorced and either unemployed or retired , leaving them free to roam around like adolescents in the prime of their lives , unfettered and uninhibited . Clarke chose the original title , The Last of the Summer Wine , to convey the idea that the characters are not in the autumn of their lives but the summer , even though it may be " the last of the summer " . BBC producers hated this at first and insisted that it remain a temporary working title , while the cast worried that viewers would forget the name of the show . The working title was changed later to The Library Mob , a reference to one of the trio 's regular haunts early in the show . Clarke switched back to his original preference shortly before production began , a title that was shortened to Last of the Summer Wine after the pilot show . The Last of the Summer Wine premiered as an episode of BBC 's Comedy Playhouse on 4 January 1973 . The pilot , " Of Funerals and Fish " , received enough positive response that a full series was commissioned to be broadcast before the end of the year . Although the initial series did not do well in the ratings , the BBC ordered a second series in 1975 . = = = Filming = = = Barry Took , who had produced a series of ultimately unsuccessful documentaries for the BBC about working men 's clubs , was partially responsible for the choice of location for the exterior shots . The programme which drew the highest ratings of the series focused on Burnlee Working Men 's Club , a club in the small West Yorkshire town of Holmfirth and Took saw Holmfirth 's potential as the backdrop of a television show . Took 's idea was passed to James Gilbert and Roy Clarke via Duncan Wood , who was at that time filming Comedy Playhouse . Gilbert and Clarke then travelled to Holmfirth and decided to use it as the setting for the pilot of Last of the Summer Wine . Though the exterior shots were always filmed on location in Holmfirth and the surrounding countryside , the interior shots were , until the early 1990s , filmed in front of a live studio audience at BBC Television Centre in London . The amount of location work increased , however , as studio work became a drain on time and money . Under Alan J. W. Bell , Last of the Summer Wine became the first comedy series to do away with the live studio audience , moving all of the filming to Holmfirth . The episodes were filmed and then shown to preview audiences , whose laughter was recorded and then mixed into each episode 's soundtrack to provide a laugh track and avoid the use of canned laughter . The show used actual businesses and homes in and around Holmfirth , and Nora Batty 's house , which is actually a Summer Wine themed holiday cottage where members of the public can stay in a replica of Nora Batty 's home . Although this has helped the Holmfirth economy and made it a tourist destination , tensions have occasionally surfaced between Holmfirth residents and the crew . One such incident , regarding compensation to local residents , prompted producer Alan J. W. Bell to consider not filming in Holmfirth any more . The situation escalated to the point that Bell filmed a scene in which Nora Batty put her house up for sale . = = = Cast and crew = = = Every episode of Last of the Summer Wine was written by Roy Clarke and every episode featured Peter Sallis as Clegg . The Comedy Playhouse pilot and all episodes of the first series were produced and directed by James Gilbert . Bernard Thompson produced and directed the second series of episodes in 1975 . In 1976 , Sydney Lotterby took over as producer and director . He directed all but two episodes of the third series – Ray Butt directed " The Great Boarding House Bathroom Caper " and " Cheering up Gordon " . Lotterby directed two further series before departing the show in 1979 . In 1981 , Alan J. W. Bell took over as producer and director . Bell , in an effort to get each scene exactly right , was known for his use of more film and more takes than his predecessors and for using wider angles that feature more of the local Holmfirth landscape . In 1983 , Lotterby returned to the show at the insistence of Brian Wilde , who preferred Lotterby 's use of tight shots focused on the trio as they talked rather than Bell 's wide @-@ angle scenes . Lotterby produced and directed one additional series before departing again the same year . Bell then returned to the show beginning with the 1983 Christmas special and produced and directed all episodes of the show to the end of the 31st series . In 2008 , Bell announced that he had quit as producer of Last of the Summer Wine . Citing differences with the BBC and his dislike of their indifference towards the series , Bell said , " I have now decided I will not do it again . I have had enough of the BBC 's attitude . " The announcement came following rumours initiated by Bell that the network would not commission another series of episodes following the 30th series and their indecision regarding a possible one @-@ off special . However , on 26 June 2009 , the BBC announced that it had recommissioned the show for a 31st series with Bell continuing as producer and director . = = = Music = = = Composer and conductor Ronnie Hazlehurst , who has also produced themes for such series as Are You Being Served ? , Yes Minister , and Only Fools and Horses , created the theme for the show . The BBC initially disliked Hazlehurst 's theme , feeling it was not proper for a comedy programme to have such mellow music . He was asked to play the music faster for more comedic effect but eventually his original slower version was accepted . The theme , an instrumental work , featured lyrics three times . The 1981 Christmas special , " Whoops " , had two verses of lyrics written by Roy Clarke that were performed over the closing credits . The 1983 film , " Getting Sam Home " , used those two verses , with an additional two and played them over the opening credits . Another altered version was sung during Compo 's funeral in the 2000 episode " Just a Small Funeral " . Bill Owen also wrote a different version of the lyrics but this version was never used during an episode of the show . Composing the score for each episode until his death in 2007 , Hazlehurst spent an average of ten hours per episode watching scenes and making notes for music synchronisation . Hazlehurst then recorded the music using an orchestra consisting of a guitar , harmonica , two violins , a viola , cello , accordion , horn , bass , flute , and percussion . The distinctive harmonica was played by Harry Pitch , who had featured in the 1970 one @-@ hit @-@ wonder " Groovin With Mr Bloe " . = = = Cancellation = = = Despite numerous cast and production changes over the years , Last of the Summer Wine continued to be popular with viewers and was renewed year after year despite reports to the contrary . Rumours circulated as early as the 1980s that the BBC wanted to end the show and replace it with a new programme aimed at a younger audience . Its popularity made this decision hard to justify , however , since even repeats sometimes received ratings of as many as five million viewers per episode . In December 2008 , Alan J. W. Bell stated in an interview with The Daily Telegraph that the BBC had not yet commissioned a new series and that bosses at the network told him one would not be produced . Bell criticised this decision , stating that " millions still enjoy the series and the actors love being involved " and that it would be a terrible blow to the shops and businesses in Holmfirth who have come to depend on tourist revenue . The BBC denied these claims , saying that a decision had not yet been reached whether to commission another series or not . It was confirmed on 26 June 2009 that a 31st series of 6 episodes had been commissioned for transmission in 2010 . However , on 2 June 2010 , the BBC announced that it would not renew Last of the Summer Wine after its thirty @-@ first series was broadcast during the summer of 2010 . The final episode of the show , " How Not to Cry at Weddings " , was subsequently broadcast on 29 August 2010 . = = Characters and casting = = Initially , the only certain cast member for the show was Peter Sallis . Clarke had already collaborated on a few scripts with him and the character of Norman Clegg was created especially for Sallis , who liked the character and agreed to play him . He was soon joined by an actor he had previously worked with , comedy actor Michael Bates as Cyril Blamire . James Gilbert had seen film actor Bill Owen playing northern characters in the Royal Court Theatre and proposed to cast him as Compo Simmonite . Clarke , who initially saw Owen as an archetypal cockney who could not play as solid a northern character as Compo was meant to be , recognised Owen 's potential only after going to London for a read @-@ through with him . On @-@ screen chemistry with existing players determined the later changes to the cast . Brian Wilde , Michael Aldridge and Frank Thornton each brought a sense of completion to the trio after the departure of the preceding third man . Tom Owen provided a direct link between his father and himself after the death of Bill Owen . Keith Clifford was added following three popular guest appearances on the show . Brian Murphy was chosen as Nora Batty 's neighbour because of his work on George and Mildred , where he played the hen @-@ pecked husband to a strong @-@ willed woman . In 2008 , the BBC announced that Russ Abbot would join the cast as a relatively more youthful actor in series 30 . Abbot was cast to allow Sallis and Thornton to reduce their role on the show to only indoor scenes . Abbot portrayed Luther " Hobbo " Hobdyke , who formed a new trio with Entwistle and Alvin . Entwistle , played by Burt Kwouk , was formerly a supporting character brought in to replace Wesley Pegden after the death of actor Gordon Wharmby , but whose role on the show steadily increased in the previous two series . The original cast of Last of the Summer Wine also included a handful of characters with whom the trio regularly interacted . Kathy Staff was chosen to play Compo 's neighbour , Nora Batty . Gilbert was initially sceptical about casting Staff but changed his mind after she padded herself to look bigger and read from a scene between her character and Owen 's . This group was rounded out by characters at two locations frequented by the trio : John Comer and Jane Freeman as Sid and Ivy , the quarrelling husband @-@ and @-@ wife owners of the local café ; and Blake Butler and Rosemary Martin as Mr. Wainwright and Mrs. Partridge , the librarians having a not @-@ so @-@ secret affair . Butler and Martin , however , were dropped as major characters after the first series . According to Peter Sallis , Roy Clarke felt there was little more he could do with them . Supporting cast members were added throughout the run of the show . The only addition with no professional acting experience was the Holmfirth resident Gordon Wharmby , who performed so well during his audition as mechanic Wesley Pegden that Alan J. W. Bell cast him in one episode . Pegden became a regular character after a positive audience reception . When Alan J. W. Bell took over as producer , the plots of Last of the Summer Wine moved away from the original dialogue @-@ packed scenes in the pub and the library ; guest actors were brought in to interact with the trio in new situations . Although many of these guest appearances would last for only one episode , some led to a permanent role on the show , as in the cases of Gordon Wharmby , Thora Hird , Jean Alexander , Stephen Lewis , Dora Bryan , Keith Clifford , Brian Murphy , Josephine Tewson , June Whitfield , Barbara Young , and Trevor Bannister . Other noted guests on the programme included John Cleese , Ron Moody , Sir Norman Wisdom , Eric Sykes , Liz Fraser , Stanley Lebor , and Philip Jackson . = = Scenario = = Last of the Summer Wine focused on a trio of older men and their youthful antics . The original trio consisted of Compo Simmonite , Norman Clegg , and Cyril Blamire . Blamire left in 1976 , when Michael Bates fell ill shortly before filming of the third series , requiring Clarke to hastily rewrite the series with a new third man . The third member of the trio would be recast four times over the next three decades : Foggy Dewhurst in 1976 , Seymour Utterthwaite in 1986 , Foggy again in 1990 , and Truly Truelove in 1997 . After Compo died in 2000 , Compo 's son , Tom Simmonite , filled the gap for the rest of that series , and Billy Hardcastle joined the cast as the third lead character in 2001 . The trio became a quartet between 2003 and 2006 when Alvin Smedley moved in next @-@ door to Nora Batty , but returned to the usual threesome in 2006 when Billy Hardcastle left the show . The role of supporting character Entwistle steadily grew on the show until the beginning of the 30th series , when he and Alvin were recruited by Hobbo Hobdyke , a former milkman with ties to MI5 , to form a new trio of volunteers who respond to any emergency . The trio explored the world around them , experiencing a second childhood with no wives , jobs , or responsibilities . They passed the time by speculating about their fellow townspeople and testing inventions . Regular subplots in the first decade of the show included : Sid and Ivy bickering over the management of the café , Mr Wainwright and Mrs Partridge having a secret love affair that everyone knows about , Wally trying to get away from Nora 's watchful eye , Foggy 's exaggerated war stories , and Compo 's schemes to win the affections of Nora Batty . The number of subplots on the show grew as more cast members were added . Regular subplots since the 1980s included : Howard and Marina trying to have an affair without Howard 's wife finding out ( a variation of the Wainwright @-@ Partridge subplot of the 1970s ) , the older women meeting for tea and discussing their theories about men and life , Auntie Wainwright trying to sell unwanted merchandise to unsuspecting customers , Smiler trying to find a woman , Barry trying to better himself ( at the insistence of Glenda ) , and Tom trying to stay one step ahead of the repo man . = = Episodes = = Last of the Summer Wine was the longest @-@ running comedy programme in Britain , and the longest running situation comedy in the world . Each series has between six and twelve episodes ; most were thirty minutes in length , with some specials running longer . There were 295 episodes and 31 series between 1973 and 2010 , counting the pilot , all episodes of the series , specials , and two films . The episodes are listed here . = = = Specials = = = In 1978 , the BBC commissioned a Last of the Summer Wine Christmas special instead of a new series . Titled " Small Tune on a Penny Wassail " , it was broadcast on 26 December 1978 . Other Christmas programmes followed in 1979 and 1981 . The 1981 special , " Whoops " , gained 17 million viewers and was beaten only by Coronation Street for the number one spot . Christmas shows were produced infrequently thereafter and sometimes were the only new episodes in years without an order for a new series . This happened often during the 1980s when Roy Clarke 's commitment to Open All Hours prevented the production of a full series every year . The specials often included well @-@ known guest stars such as John Cleese and June Whitfield . The first New Year special , " The Man who Nearly Knew Pavarotti " , was commissioned in 1994 . The hour @-@ long show was broadcast on 1 January 1995 and featured Norman Wisdom as a piano player who had lost the confidence to play . A second New Year programme was produced and broadcast in 2000 to celebrate the new millennium . It featured the second guest appearance by Keith Clifford and a guest appearance by Dora Bryan . Titled " Last Post and Pigeon " , the show ran for sixty minutes and dealt with the trio 's pilgrimage to visit World War II graves in France . Part of this special was shot on location in France . A third New Year show , titled " I Was a Hitman for Primrose Dairies " , was broadcast on 31 December 2008 and introduced Hobbo and the new trio he formed with Entwistle and Alvin . = = = Films = = = In 1983 , Bill Owen suggested to returning producer Alan J. W. Bell that Roy Clarke 's novelisation of the show should be made into a feature @-@ length special . Other British sitcoms such as Steptoe and Son and Dad 's Army had previously produced films made for the cinema , but the BBC were initially sceptical as they had never before commissioned a film based on a comedy programme for original broadcast on television . They nevertheless commissioned a ninety @-@ minute film named " Getting Sam Home " , which was broadcast on 27 December 1983 , and started a trend which would continue with other British sitcoms , including Only Fools and Horses . After the success of " Getting Sam Home " , a second film was made in 1986 . Titled " Uncle of the Bride " , the film featured the introduction of Michael Aldridge as Seymour , the new third man of the trio . The plot centred on the marriage of Seymour 's niece , Glenda ( Sarah Thomas ) , to Barry ( Mike Grady ) . Also making her first appearance in the film was Thora Hird as Seymour 's sister and Glenda 's mother , Edie , as well as re @-@ introducing Gordon Wharmby as Edie 's husband Wesley , previously seen in a popular one @-@ off appearance . The second film proved a success and all four new characters were carried over to the show beginning with the ninth series in 1986 . = = = Documentaries = = = A documentary film was commissioned to celebrate the 25th anniversary of Last of the Summer Wine . Produced and directed by Alan J. W. Bell , it featured interviews with the majority of cast and crew members , outtakes from the show , and a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes look at production . Segments with Duncan Wood and Barry Took explained the origins of the show and how it came to be filmed in Holmfirth . The documentary was broadcast on 30 March 1997 . An updated version of the documentary was commissioned for the 30th anniversary of the series . Broadcast on 13 April 2003 , this version featured an expanded interview with Brian Wilde and new interviews with Brian Murphy and Burt Kwouk . = = = DVD releases = = = In September 2002 , Universal Playback ( licensed by the BBC ) began releasing boxed sets of episodes on DVD for region two . Each set contains two consecutive full series of episodes . Three " best of " collections as well as four sets devoted to individual series have been released for region one . The first , simply titled Last of the Summer Wine , was released in 2003 and includes early episodes from the 1970s and 1980s . The second collection , titled Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1995 , followed in 2004 and includes episodes from series seventeen and the 30th anniversary documentary . A 2008 release named Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1976 focuses on the third series of the show and includes bonus interviews with Peter Sallis , Brian Wilde , and Frank Thornton . A fourth title , Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1977 , was released in September 2008 . It focuses on the fourth series and feature a rare 1977 interview with Roy Clarke . Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1979 was released in June 2009 . This fifth collection included episodes from series five and includes bonus interviews . A set of Christmas specials that was originally broadcast between 1978 and 1982 followed in October 2009 . Last of the Summer Wine : Vintage 1982 – 1983 was released on 27 April 2010 . The new collection features all episodes from the sixth and seventh series , but does not include the 1982 Christmas special " All Mod Conned " . = = Other adaptations = = = = = First of the Summer Wine = = = A spin @-@ off prequel show , First of the Summer Wine , premiered on BBC1 in 1988 . The new programme was written by Roy Clarke and used different actors to follow the activities of the principal characters from Last of the Summer Wine in the months leading up to World War II . Unlike its mother show , First of the Summer Wine was not filmed in Holmfirth . Period music was used instead of Ronnie Hazlehurst 's score to create a more World War II era atmosphere . New supporting characters were added to those from Last of the Summer Wine . Peter Sallis and Jonathan Linsley were the only actors from the original series to appear in the spin @-@ off : Sallis played the father of his own character from the original show and Linsley appeared during the second series as a different character . The spin @-@ off show could not build on its early success and was cancelled after two series of thirteen episodes in 1989 . Although the BBC has never rerun the show , it has been broadcast on Gold and internationally . = = = Cooper and Walsh = = = In 2014 , it was announced that long @-@ time supporting actors Ken Kitson and Louis Emerick had returned to Holmfirth to reprise their roles as Police Constables Cooper and Walsh in the pilot for a new proposed spin @-@ off , Cooper and Walsh . Alan J.W. Bell as well as crew from Last of the Summer Wine were involved in the creation of two short films while Kitson and Emerick appealed for funding through crowd @-@ sourcing sites in the hopes of gaining enough support to produce a feature film featuring the duo or even a television series . Associate Producer Terry Bartlam believed there was enough of a cope with Cooper and Walsh that they could carry their own series and that this spin @-@ off could be the answer to those who believed Last of the Summer Wine should have been given a proper ending . = = = Stage adaptations = = = A live production of Last of the Summer Wine , known informally as the " summer season " , was produced in Bournemouth in 1984 . While Bill Owen and Peter Sallis reprised their roles as Compo and Clegg , Brian Wilde chose not to take part because of personal differences with Owen . The show focused on the men 's interaction with Clegg 's new neighbour , Howard ( Kenneth Waller ) , and his wife , Pearl , played by a local actress . The first act built up to the appearance of Marina ( Jean Fergusson ) , who was in correspondence with Howard . At the end of the first act , Marina was revealed to be a blonde sexpot . Howard and Marina 's story line was partly based on an early subplot of the television show . In the first series , the librarian , Mr. Wainwright , was having a love affair with his married assistant , Mrs. Partridge . Despite their efforts to keep the plot a secret , especially from Mrs. Partridge 's husband , the trio of old men were well aware of the affair . The summer season reversed the roles : Howard became the married partner , and the challenge was to keep the affair secret from his wife . The summer season proved to be a success and frequently played to packed houses . In 1985 , the show was once again produced , first as a two @-@ week tour of Britain , and then as another summer season in Bournemouth . Fergusson returned for the second summer season , once again playing Marina . Robert Fyfe replaced Waller in the role of Howard , and Juliette Kaplan took the role of Pearl for this season . Although the new characters were not originally intended to be carried over to the television programme , Roy Clarke included them in four of the following six episodes of the 1985 series , beginning with the episode " Catching Digby 's Donkey " . All three characters remained until the end of the sitcom . An amended version of the show toured across Britain in 1987 . Sallis was reluctant to appear in the new production , and his role in the show was rewritten and played by Derek Fowlds . Because Owen was the only member of the television show 's trio to appear in the production , it was retitled Compo Plays Cupid . Once again , the summer season was a success . A new stage adaptation of the show debuted in 2003 . Based on Clarke 's novel The Moonbather , the play was first performed by the Scunthorpe Little Theatre Club from 7 to 11 October 2003 . Using new actors to perform the roles of Compo , Clegg , and Foggy , the play featured the trio as they attempted to get to the bottom of the disturbance created by a near @-@ naked man in the town . The play was later performed in Eastbourne by Eastbourne Theatres from 15 July 2009 to 8 August 2009 before touring the country through November 2009 . In 2010 , it was announced that long @-@ time supporting cast members Ken Kitson and Louis Emerick would spin their characters off into their own stage adaptation , titled An Arresting Night . Kitson and Emerick , who appeared together on Last of the Summer Wine as Police Constables Cooper and Walsh from 2003 to 2010 , reprised their roles in an improvised stage play . While some elements of the series will be used , the majority of the play was improvised , with Kitson and Emerick each deriving their cues of what to do from the audience . The play was successfully performed in Holmfirth , after which dates were announced in Emerick 's hometown on the Wirral Peninsula . = = = Other media = = = Coronet Books released a novelisation of Last of the Summer Wine in 1974 . Written by Roy Clarke as an unbroadcast original story , the novel featured Compo , Clegg and Blamire helping their friend , Sam , enjoy one last night with a glam girl . The book became the basis for the Last of the Summer Wine film , " Getting Sam Home " , with Blamire being replaced by Foggy . In the late 1980s , Roy Clarke wrote novels featuring Compo , Clegg and Seymour . The books were published by Penguin Books under the series heading Summer Wine Chronicles , and included such titles as Gala Week and The Moonbather . Clarke later adapted The Moonbather into a stage play . In the early 1980s , a daily comic strip based on the show was drawn by Roger Mahoney and appeared in the Daily Star . A compilation of these strips , published by Express Books , was released in 1983 . In 1993 , the Summer Wine Appreciation Society asked their members for their favourite musical themes from Last of the Summer Wine . Ronnie Hazlehurst used the resulting list for an independently released CD collection , which was released under the name Last of the Summer Wine : Music from the TV Show . BBC Radio released audio @-@ only versions of episodes starting in 1995 . Peter Sallis provided narration to compensate for the loss of the televised visual elements . All twelve audio episodes were released in CD format . In 1976 , a selection of early scripts from the series was published as Last of the Summer Wine Scripts . A companion guide to the show , Last of the Summer Wine : The Finest Vintage , was released in 2000 . The book was written by Morris Bright and Robert Ross and chronicled the show from its inception through the end of the 2000 series . Included were interviews with cast and crew , a character guide , and an episode guide . Both the companion guide and its updated 30th anniversary version are now out of print . A release by journalist Andrew Vine titled Last of the Summer Wine : The Inside Story of the World 's Longest @-@ running Comedy Programme covered the entire series , including the story of the final words of the series . It was released on 16 August 2010 . On 5 November 2012 , a new book entitled " Last Of the Summer Wine : From The Directors Chair " was released and was written by producer and director Alan J.W. Bell . = = Reception = = During its first series , Last of the Summer Wine did not receive a high ratings share . The second series proved to be a success , however , and two episodes made it to the top ten programmes of the week . The programme has since consistently been a favourite in the ratings , peaking at 18 @.@ 8 million viewers for an episode shown on 10 February 1985 . The premiere of the 28th series in 2007 brought in an 18 @.@ 6 percent share of viewers in the 6 : 20 time slot with an average of 3 @.@ 2 million viewers . Last of the Summer Wine 's audience grew from 2 @.@ 7 million to 3 @.@ 4 million over the 30 minutes . The show was beaten for the night only by Channel 4 's Big Brother with 3 @.@ 6 million viewers at 9 : 00 p.m. , although the reality show had a smaller share of viewers for its time slot . The 29th series finale , which was broadcast on 31 August 2008 , was watched by 4 @.@ 2 million people , giving the network a 22 @.@ 5 % share for the night . The 31st series continued to bring in over four million viewers , with the series opener pulling in 4 @.@ 77 million viewers for an overall 21 @.@ 6 % share of the ratings for the night . Several members of the royal family are viewers of Last of the Summer Wine . While presenting an OBE to Roy Clarke in 2002 , Prince Charles said that his grandmother , the Queen Mother , had introduced him to the show . The Queen told Dame Thora Hird during a 2001 meeting that Last of the Summer Wine was her favourite television programme . A 2003 survey by Radio Times found that Last of the Summer Wine was the programme readers most wanted to see cancelled . With nearly 12 @,@ 000 votes in the survey , the show received one @-@ third of the total vote , and twice as many votes as the runner up in the poll , Heartbeat . Alan J. W. Bell responded that Radio Times has always been anti @-@ Last of the Summer Wine , and Roy Clarke remarked that people who dislike the show " shouldn 't switch it on " unless they are " too idle to turn it off " . A 2008 survey by County Life magazine , which named the show the worst thing about Yorkshire , was disputed by members of the Holme Valley Business Association , who said the show was good for business . However , many members of the Holme Valley Business Association are proprietors of tea rooms that cater primarily to coach parties of elderly fans of the show . The BBC wanted to cancel Last of the Summer Wine for years in favour of a new programme aimed at a younger audience , but the show remained too popular for cancellation ; even repeats received ratings of as much as five million viewers per episode . The show came 14th in a high @-@ profile 2004 BBC poll to find Britain 's Best Sitcom , and was praised for portraying older people in a non @-@ stereotypical , positive , and active manner . It was also praised for its clever and at times philosophical writing , and for being a family @-@ friendly show . Last of the Summer Wine was nominated numerous times for two British television industry awards . The show was proposed five times between 1973 and 1985 for the British Academy Film Awards , twice for the Best Situation Comedy Series award ( in 1973 and 1979 ) and three times for the Best Comedy Series award ( in 1982 , 1983 , and 1985 ) . The show was also been considered for the National Television Awards four times since 1999 ( in 1999 , 2000 , 2003 , and 2004 ) , each time in the Most Popular Comedy Programme category . In 1999 the show won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme .
= Yasunori Mitsuda = Yasunori Mitsuda ( 光田康典 , Mitsuda Yasunori , born January 21 , 1972 ) is a Japanese composer , musician , and sound producer known for his work in video games and other media . He is best known for his compositions for the video games Chrono Trigger , Xenogears , Mario Party , Chrono Cross , Xenosaga Episode I , Soma Bringer , Shadow Hearts , Inazuma Eleven , and Soul Sacrifice . Mitsuda began composing video game music for his own games in high school , and after graduation attended Junior College of Music in Tokyo . As part of his college course , he was granted an intern position at Wolf Team , studying under composer and musician Motoi Sakuraba , and was subsequently given special thanks in the credits of one of their games , Span of Dream , in 1990 . Upon graduation in 1992 , he joined Square as a composer after seeing a magazine advertisement in an office he was visiting with his professor . Despite his job title as a composer , Mitsuda worked as a sound effects designer for two years . In 1994 , after threatening to quit to Square 's vice president , Hironobu Sakaguchi , he was assigned to compose the soundtrack to Chrono Trigger . After the game 's success and the music 's acclaim , he went on to compose several other games for Square , including Xenogears . In 1998 , Mitsuda left Square to work as a freelance composer , founding his own music production studio , Procyon Studio , in 2001 as well as his own record label , Sleigh Bells . The company has since expanded to six employees , and Mitsuda continues to compose for video games , as well as for anime series and his own independent albums . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Mitsuda was born in Shunan , Yamaguchi , Japan , on January 21 , 1972 , and was raised in Kumage District . He took piano lessons beginning at the age of five , but he was more interested in sports and never took music seriously , quitting by the age of six . For a while , he wanted to become a professional golfer . While in high school , Mitsuda rediscovered music , inspired by Vangelis ' Blade Runner and Henry Mancini 's The Pink Panther film scores . After watching Railman , he decided to become a music composer . He became interested in PCs after his father bought him one , which was a rare item at the time . He started to program computer games and compose music for them , as well as take more technically oriented classes . After high school , Mitsuda decided to leave town and become independent . With encouragement from his father and sister , he moved to Tokyo and enrolled in the Junior College of Music . Despite the school 's low prestige , Mitsuda received solid instruction from his professors , most of them practicing musicians who would take Mitsuda to gigs with them to help carry and set up equipment . At the cost of being used for free physical labor , Mitsuda got a first @-@ hand view of the Japanese music world and valuable training both in and out of the classroom . He also during his time at the school worked for six months as an assistant to one of the professors at a video game sound department . During this work experience , with his school term ending , Mitsuda saw an advertisement for a sound producer at Square in a copy of Famitsu magazine at a game company he was visiting . With no clear plans as to what he wanted to do after school , he applied for the position . Mitsuda sent a demo which won him an interview at the game studio . Despite the self @-@ described " disastrous " interview with composer Nobuo Uematsu and sound programmer Minoru Akao , in which he claimed to only want the job as a " stepping stone " in his career and admitted that he had never played many of Square 's biggest games , such as the Final Fantasy series , Mitsuda was offered a position on the company 's sound team in April 1992 . = = = Career = = = Although his official job title was " composer " , Mitsuda found himself working more as a sound engineer . Over the next two years , he created sound effects for Hanjuku Hero , Final Fantasy V , Secret of Mana and Romancing SaGa 2 . In 1994 , realizing that he would never get a chance to move up to a real composition duty without some drastic action and feeling concerned about his low pay , he gave Square 's vice president , Hironobu Sakaguchi , an ultimatum : let him compose , or he would quit . Sakaguchi assigned the young musician to the team working on Chrono Trigger , telling him that " after you finish it , maybe your salary will go up " . Mitsuda was assigned as the sole composer for the game , in the end creating 54 tracks for the final release . Mitsuda drove himself to work hard on the score , frequently working until he passed out , and would awake with ideas for songs such as the ending theme for the game . He worked so hard that he developed stomach ulcers and had to be hospitalized , which led Uematsu to offer to finish the remaining tracks for him ; Uematsu ended up composing ten tracks , with one track by Noriko Matsueda . Chrono Trigger proved a great success , and the soundtrack proved extremely popular with fans . Mitsuda claims that it is his " landmark " title , which " matured " him and his music . He attributes its success with fans to his use of folk and jazz styling , rather than the " semi @-@ orchestral " style popular in game music at the time . Following Chrono Trigger , Mitsuda composed the soundtrack for Front Mission : Gun Hazard , again with Uematsu . According to Uematsu , Mitsuda again worked so much that he eventually defecated blood out of stress and physical problems . Mitsuda worked on three more titles for Square : Tobal No. 1 ( Square 's first PlayStation game ) and Radical Dreamers : Nusumenai Hōseki both in 1996 , and Xenogears in 1998 , which featured the first ballad in a Square game , the Celtic ending theme " Small Two of Pieces " sung by Joanne Hogg . Mitsuda also during this period produced albums of arranged music of his original scores , creating acid jazz remixes in Chrono Trigger Arranged Version : The Brink of Time and a Celtic arrangement album of Xenogears music , Creid . In July 1998 , following up on what he had said in his original interview with the company , Mitsuda left Square to work as a freelance composer , the first of several of Square 's composers to do so . Following his leaving , Mitsuda has only worked on one more original game with Square , composing for 1999 's Chrono Cross , the sequel to Chrono Trigger . He has worked on over a dozen games since then , including the spiritual sequel to Xenogears , Xenosaga Episode I : Der Wille zur Macht , and major titles such as Shadow Hearts and Luminous Arc . In addition to video games , Mitsuda has composed music for the anime Inazuma Eleven and for the independent album Kirite . On November 22 , 2001 , Mitsuda formed Procyon Studio as a company to produce his music , along with a record label , Sleigh Bells . The company consisted of only Mitsuda as composer along with a few sound producers for several years , but has since expanded to include six employees . Mitsuda and Procyon Studio have also produced more arranged albums , such as Sailing to the World and 2009 's Colours of Light , a compilation album of vocal pieces Mitsuda has composed . The studio was also involved in co @-@ designing the KORG DS @-@ 10 synthesizer program for the Nintendo DS , and its successor for the Nintendo 3DS , KORG M01D . Mitsuda claims that , for the projects Procyon has been working on for the past few years , he has been focusing more on working as a music producer for a team of artists rather than just as a composer . = = Musical style and influences = = Mitsuda claims to compose by " just fool [ ing ] around on my keyboard " and letting the melodies come to him . He also sometimes comes up with songs while asleep , including the ending theme to Chrono Trigger and " Bonds of Sea and Fire " from Xenogears , though his main inspiration is visual items , " paintings or other things " . His music is frequently minimalistic , and he has cited Minimalism as an influence . His final battle themes for Chrono Trigger and Xenogears are based on only a few chords each , with the latter containing only two . Mitsuda has listened to a great number of musical genres throughout his life , which he learned from his father , and is especially inspired by jazz music . He is also inspired by Celtic music , and has created two albums of music in that style . His soundtrack for Chrono Trigger also shows the influence of Asian music , including the sounds of Japanese shakuhachi flutes , Indian tabla drums and the sitar . He has cited Maurice Ravel , J.S. Bach , Pyotr Tchaikovsky , Claude Debussy , Robert Schumann , Antonín Dvořák , and Gustav Holst as his favorite Classical composers , claiming that his modern influences are too numerous to name as he listens to so much music . Mitsuda names his favorite works as the soundtracks to the Chrono series , Xenogears , Xenosaga Episode I , and the original album Kirite , though he also says that all of his soundtracks are " representational works " , as they represent who he was as a composer when he made them . His favorite pieces overall are " The Girl Who Closed Her Heart " and " Pain " from Xenosaga Episode I and pieces from Kirite . When he starts to compose a soundtrack , he first takes one month to gather information and artwork about the game world and scenario , so that his music will fit in with the game . He also finds it easier to be inspired if he has a visual representation . Mitsuda claims that he does not save his best work for more popular games , as he tries to compose each piece to correspond to how it is going to be used in a specific game . He also tries to compose good pieces even for games he feels do not live up to them , so that they will be a redeeming point about the game for the players . The majority of his video game soundtracks are for role @-@ playing games , but he likes projects that are different from what he has done before and is interested in working in other genres . I think [ game music ] is something that should last with the player . It 's interesting because it can 't just be some random music , but something that can make its way into the player 's heart . In that sense , this not only applies to game music , but I feel very strongly about composing songs that will leave a lasting impression ... What I must not forget is that it must be entertaining to those who are listening . I don 't think there 's much else to it , to be honest . I don 't do anything too audacious , so as long as the listeners like it , or feel that it 's a really great song , then I 've done my job . = = Legacy = = Mitsuda 's music from Chrono Trigger was first performed live by the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra in 1996 at the Orchestral Game Concert in Tokyo , Japan , and released on an accompanying album . The first symphonic performance of his music outside Japan took place in 2005 at the Symphonic Game Music Concert in Leipzig , Germany when music from Chrono Cross was presented . Mitsuda has arranged versions of music from Trigger and Cross for Play ! A Video Game Symphony video game music concerts in 2006 . Music from the two games has also been performed in other video game concert tours such as the Video Games Live concert series and in concerts by the Eminence Orchestra . Music written by Yasunori Mitsuda for Chrono Trigger and Chrono Cross made up one fourth of the music of the Symphonic Fantasies concerts in September 2009 which were produced by the creators of the Symphonic Game Music Concert series and conducted by Arnie Roth . " Scars of Time " from Chrono Cross was played at the Fantasy Comes Alive concert in Singapore on April 30 , 2010 . Mitsuda 's music for Xenogears has also sparked fan @-@ made albums ; an officially licensed tribute album titled Xenogears Light : An Arranged Album , was published in limited quantities by the fan group OneUp Studios in 2005 . The album features 20 tracks arranged from the Xenogears score and performed with acoustic instruments , such as piano , flute , guitar and violin . Another , unofficial album of remixes titled Humans + Gears was produced as a digital album by OverClocked Remix on October 19 , 2009 , consisting of 33 tracks on two " discs " . Selections of remixes of Mitsuda 's work also appear on Japanese remix albums , called Dōjin , and on English remixing websites such as OverClocked Remix . Music from the Chrono Trigger soundtrack has been arranged for the piano and published as sheet music by DOREMI Music Publishing . Sheet music for Chrono Cross tracks arranged for both solo guitar and guitar duets has been released by Procyon Studio . For the 20th anniversary of Chrono Trigger in 2015 , Mitsuda , along with his performing group Millennial Fair , performed songs from the game at the Tokyo Globe in Tokyo , Japan on July 25 and 26 . The event , titled " The Brink of Time " , included Mitsuda performing on the piano , guitar , and Irish bouzouki . During the event , Mitsuda also announced that the long requested Chrono series arrangement album , entitled To Far Away Times : Chrono Trigger & Chrono Cross Arrangement Album , would be released by Square Enix Music on October 14 , 2015 . Mitsuda 's music has been heavily remixed by fans , sparking several albums . These include the officially licensed Time & Space – A Tribute to Yasunori Mitsuda , released by OneUp Studios on October 7 , 2001 , and containing 18 remixes , with a second version of the album released on June 17 , 2003 . Another popular album release was Chrono Symphonic , an unofficial download @-@ only album release by the remix website OverClocked ReMix on January 3 , 2006 , containing 25 remixes over 2 " discs " . A related popular album release was Radical Dreamers : Thieves of Fate , an unofficial download @-@ only album release by the OverClocked ReMix on January 5 , 2008 , containing 15 remixes of the soundtrack to Radical Dreamers . = = Works = = = = = Video games = = = Composition Arrangement Mega Man Legends 2 ( 2000 ) ( " It 's OK to Cry " , " The Place Where Wishes Come True " ) Super Smash Bros. Brawl ( 2008 ) ( " Vs . Marx " , " World Map ( Pikmin 2 ) " ) Hundred Years ' War : Euro Historia ( 2013 ) – with Shunsuke Tsuchiya , Maki Kirioka and Natsumi Kameoka Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U ( 2014 ) ( " Forest / Nature Area " , " Mii Channel " ) Sound design ( Sound effects and programming ) Hanjuku Hero : Aa , Sekaiyo Hanjukunare ... ! ( 1992 ) Final Fantasy V ( 1992 ) The 7th Saga ( 1993 ) Secret of Mana ( 1993 ) Romancing SaGa 2 ( 1993 ) Korg M01 ( 2010 ) Sound production ( Supervisor / director / producer ) Breath of Fire : Dragon Quarter ( 2002 ) – sound director Fist Groove ( 2005 ) – sound producer Fist Groove 2 ( 2006 ) – sound producer Minna de Puzzleloop ( 2008 ) – sound producer Luminous Arc 2 ( 2008 ) – sound producer and mixer Infinite Loop : Kojjou ga Miseta Yume ( 2008 ) – sound producer Magnetica Twist ( 2009 ) – sound producer Luminous Arc 3 ( 2009 ) – sound producer Thexder Neo ( 2009 ) – sound director KORG M01 ( 2010 ) – product manager Tokyo Yamanote Boys ( 2011 ) – sound producer Treasure Report : Kikai Jikake no Isan ( 2011 ) – sound producer Wizardry Online ( 2011 ) – sound producer Black Wolves Saga : Last Hope ( 2012 ) – sound producer Ken ga Kimi ( 2013 ) – sound producer KORG M01D ( 2013 ) – product manager Handy Harp ( 2013 ) – planner and producer = = = Anime = = = Composition Pugyuru ( 2004 ) Inazuma Eleven ( 2008 ) Inazuma Eleven : Saikyō Gundan Ōga Shūrai ( 2010 ) Inazuma Eleven GO Chrono Stone ( 2012 ) – with Shiho Terada and Natsumi Kameoka Chouyaku Hyakuninisshu : Uta Koi ( 2012 ) – with Maki Kirioka Inazuma Eleven GO vs. Danbōru Senki W ( 2012 ) – with Natsumi Kameoka and Rei Kondoh Inazuma Eleven GO Galaxy ( 2013 ) – with Natsumi Kameoka Inazuma Eleven : Chou Jigen Dream Match ( 2014 ) – ( Reused compositions ) Black Butler : Book of Circus ( 2014 ) Black Butler : Book of Murder ( 2014 ) Black Butler : Book of the Atlantic ( 2017 ) = = = Other projects = = = Composition Arrangement Creid ( 1998 ) – with Hidenobu Otsuki Street Fighter EX2 Arrange Album ( 1998 ) – ( " Three Tree " , " Passage of Lotus " ) It 's Okay to Cry / Where Dreams Come True ( 2000 ) Heijitsu Machine ( 2000 ) – with Nobuo Nakahara Love Will Begin ~ Blue Sky , The Sun and The Wind ( 2001 ) Street Fighter Tribute Album ( 2003 ) – ( " Blanka Stage " ) Dark Chronicle Premium Arrange ( 2004 ) – ( " The Adventure that Never Ends ( Rush Theme ) " ) near death experience , SHADOW HEARTS Arrangetracks ( 2005 ) – ( " Astaroth – 8 @-@ minute note mix " , " Town of Twilight – Ambient Remix " ) Rogue Galaxy Premium Arrange ( 2006 ) – ( " The Theme of Rogue Galaxy " ) Oriental Green / Eri Kawai ( 2009 ) Dariusburst Remix Wonder World ( 2010 ) Myth : The Xenogears Orchestral Album ( 2011 ) – with Youki Yamamoto , Sachiko Miyano , and Natsumi Kameoka PLACE / Kaori Oda ( 2013 ) Sound production ( Supervisor / director / producer ) Sarah / Sarah Àlainn ( 2014 )
= Oslo Metro rolling stock = The rolling stock of Oslo Metro , Norway has consisted of three classes : T1000 / T1300 , T2000 and MX3000 . The T1000 was built as 162 single cars from 1964 to 1978 . From 1979 to 1985 , 33 new T1300 trains were built , followed by the conversion of 16 T1000s . Six two @-@ car T2000 units were delivered in 1994 . Since 2005 , the first 83 three @-@ car MX3000 units have been replacing the older stock , and the last T1000 was retired in 2007 . From 2010 , only MX3000 @-@ trains are in use . The T1000 / T1300 and T2000 were built by Strømmens Værksted , with motors from Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri ( NEBB ) and AEG , respectively , and the MX3000 were built by Siemens . All trains receive 750 V DC from a third rail shoe , while the T1300 and T2000 also have pantographs . This allows the latter to also operate on the suburban lines of the Oslo Tramway , which the western part of the current metro was part of until 1995 . All trains feature automatic train protection and step @-@ free access from the platforms . Trains can operate up to six cars in length . The T1000 / T1300 and MX3000 are capable of 70 kilometres per hour ( 43 mph ) , while the T2000 can operate at 100 kilometres per hour ( 62 mph ) . The T2000 introduced articulated cars , while the MX3000 introduced regenerative brakes and air conditioning . The T1000 / T1300 and MX3000 can be run in multiple with each other , but not with the T2000 . The MX3000 replaced the red color scheme with a white livery . = = History = = In 1954 , the Oslo City Council decided to build a four @-@ line metro to the new suburbs to the east of the city center . The plans called for the system to open in 1966 , with the conversion of the Østensjø Line and the Lambertseter Line of the Oslo Tramway , and the new Furuset Line and Grorud Line . The system would feature higher and longer platforms , allowing step @-@ free access to six @-@ car trains , automatic train protection and third @-@ rail power supply . This would make the metro incompatible with the existing tramways in Oslo . The first units in the T1000 series were two single @-@ car prototypes designated T. They were test @-@ run on the existing tramways from 1959 to 1960 , and were then put into service on the Kolsås Line . Prone to technical faults , they were taken out of regular service in 1982 . Serial production of the T1000 started in 1964 by Strømmens Værksted , NEBB and AEG . Until 1978 , 162 cars were delivered to Oslo Sporveier . These were manufactured in four series , designated T1 through T4 , with minor changes to specifications . During the late 1970s , the western suburban lines which were part of the tramway needed new rolling stock . Oslo Sporveier was at the time considering connecting the metro with these lines , and between 1978 and 1981 , 33 new T1300 cars were built . The only difference from the T1000 was that they had a pantograph that allowed them to operate on the tramways . They also retained the necessary technical appliances to run on the metro . The new T1300 were designated T5 and T6 . From 1985 to 1989 , 16 T4s were rebuilt to T1300 and designated T7 and T8 . Oslo Sporveier was highly satisfied with the SL79 articulated trams that had been delivered during the 1980s . In 1985 , work started on the development of a modified version for the western suburban lines . The stock on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås Lines were the first that needed to be replaced . At the same time , the company wanted to make the trains compatible with the metro so they could operate on both systems . The new stock was considered to be a trial ; if it met performance expectations , future orders could be made to replace the T1000 stock , after the latter reached the end of its economical life in about 2000 . The required specification for the new train was published in October 1988 . In the late 1980s , it was decided to upgrade the Røa and Sognsvann Lines to metro standard . This would allow them to use T1000 stock . Twelve T2000 were ordered in 1991 , and would be sufficient to operate the services on the Holmenkollen and Kolsås Lines , that would retain an overhead wire . The development costs for the T2000 were in part subsidized by the government , as the high @-@ tech product from Strømmens Verksted ( by then part of the ABB Group ) and AEG was seen as a future export product . The trains were delivered in 1994 and taken into use in 1995 . The same year , the metro started operating all services through the city center , connecting the western and eastern networks . In 1996 , the work to establish a financing package for new investments in public transport in Akershus and Oslo started . Oslo Package 2 was passed in 2001 and allowed municipal and state grants to be supplemented by increased fare and toll road revenue to finance , among other things , new trains for the metro . The initial order by Oslo Sporveier in 2003 from Siemens was for 33 units ( 99 cars ) , plus options for further orders . In 2005 , the city council voted to replace all existing T1000 and T1300 stock with the MX3000 , increasing the quantity by another 30 units . Two test units were delivered in October 2005 , with the first serial deliveries in April 2007 . With the delivery of the new white and gray trains , Oslo Sporveier received criticism that they had been disloyal to the old red color of the metro , and that they did not follow up on their former design concept from the 1960s through the 1980s . Following the 2006 decision to convert the Kolsås Line to metro standard , Akershus County Municipality announced they would order five units . In November 2006 , the city government proposed that the maintenance of the new trains be privatized . This resulted in protests from the employees , who campaigned by refusing to work overtime . As a result , after a few weeks , the company lacked 57 trains to provide adequate service . The issue was solved when the socialist opposition parties along with the Liberal Party agreed to postpone the matter until after all the new trains were delivered in 2009 . As part of the agreement , a new limited company , Oslo Vognselskap , wholly owned by Kollektivtransportproduksjon , would take ownership of all metro trains and trams used by the operating companies . Responsibility for the debt accumulated for buying the trains is to be managed by Oslo Vognselskap , while operation and management of the maintenance contracts was transferred to Oslo T @-@ banedrift . In 2008 , the city council in Oslo decided to upgrade the Holmenkollen Line to metro standard , to allow six @-@ car MX3000 trains to be the main mode of transport to Holmenkollen Ski Jump during the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2011 . This will allow 9 @,@ 000 people per hour to be transported to the sports venue . The first T1000 was scrapped on 14 March 2007 , and the last T1000 train was run on 19 July 2009 . Oslo Tramway Museum has preserved six T1000 cars , no . 1002 ( T1 @-@ 2 ) , 1018 ( T1 @-@ 2 ) , 1076 ( T1 @-@ 1 ) , 1092 ( T2 ) , 1129 ( T3 ) and 1141 ( T4 ) . In 2008 , the T2000 were taken out of service while the Holmenkollen Line was being renovated . In 2010 , Ruten decided that they would not put back into service , largely because of high maintenance costs and low availability of spare parts because of the technically complex design and small series . The last T1300 was retired on 22 May 2010 , after which only MX3000 units are used on the metro . = = Specifications = = The Oslo Metro uses 750 volt direct current fed to the train via a third rail , along a standard gauge track . The system is not compatible to the Oslo Tramway , but the T1300 and T2000 have been built to run on both the suburban lines of the tramway and the metro . The platforms are 110 metres ( 360 ft ) long , and the height of the train floors are 1 @.@ 12 meters ( 3 ft 8 in ) above the track , allowing step @-@ free access to the platforms . The trains ' speed are controlled by an automatic train protection ( ATP ) system . The speed codes are transferred from the ATP points in the infrastructure , using 75 hertz pulses in the tracks . The trains pick up the signals via antennas . The speed codes are 15 km / h ( 9 mph ) , 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) , 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) and 70 km / h ( 43 mph ) . They are communicated to the engineer via signals in the driver 's cab ; in addition , the system will automatically reduce the speed , should the limit be exceeded . The driver can put the trains in an automatic mode , where the train itself adjusts its speed to the limit . The driver is always responsible for starting and halting the train at stations . = = = T1000 = = = The T1000 were built by Strømmens Værksted and is 17 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 55 ft 9 in ) long , 3 @,@ 200 millimetres ( 10 ft 6 in ) wide and 3 @,@ 650 millimetres ( 12 ft 0 in ) high . Each car is equipped with two bogies . The axle distance is 2 @,@ 170 millimetres ( 7 ft 1 in ) , the bogie distance is 11 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 36 ft 1 in ) and the wheel diameter is 820 millimetres ( 2 ft 8 in ) . The cars are equipped with four 98 @-@ kilowatt ( 131 hp ) motors each from NEBB , giving a maximum speed of 70 kilometres per hour ( 43 mph ) . The weight is 27 @.@ 740 tonnes ( 27 @.@ 302 long tons ; 30 @.@ 578 short tons ) and the electrical equipment was delivered by AEG . The T1300 differ in that they have a pantograph and were built for conductors . The seating also varies : T1000 has a total capacity of 180 passengers , of which 63 can sit . T5 has the same total capacity , but 70 people can sit . T6 has a capacity for 154 people , of which 64 can be seated . T7 and T8 have a capacity for 177 passengers , of which 60 can be seated . All models are capable of operating six cars in multiple , although they are commonly used in shorter configurations . = = = T2000 = = = The T2000 was built by Strømmens Værksted and AEG as twin @-@ car units . Each car 's aluminum body is 18 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 59 ft 1 in ) long , 3 @,@ 650 millimetres ( 12 ft 0 in ) high and 3 @,@ 300 millimetres ( 10 ft 10 in ) wide . The empty weight of a car is 31 tonnes ( 31 long tons ; 34 short tons ) . Capacity is for 60 seated and 125 standing passengers . There is a driver 's cabin at one end of each car . Passengers sit in two compartments ; the forward has conventional 2 + 2 seating , while the back section has 1 + 2 + 1 seating with two aisles . Both cars have power on all axles , giving a Bo 'Bo ' wheel arrangement . Four motors , each with 143 kilowatts ( 192 hp ) , power the car , giving a top speed of 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) and an acceleration of 1 @.@ 3 m / s2 ( 4 @.@ 3 ft / s2 ) . The trains are equipped with both pantograph and third @-@ rail shoe . The trains cannot be connected for multiple running with the T1000 trains . = = = MX3000 = = = The MX3000 is a three @-@ car electric multiple unit built exclusively for the Oslo Metro by Siemens in Vienna , Austria . The units are designed by Porsche Design Studio , and have a body in aluminum . A three @-@ car train is 54 @.@ 14 meters ( 177 ft 7 in ) long ; the end cars are 18 @.@ 11 meters ( 59 ft 5 in ) long each , while the center car is 17 @.@ 92 meters ( 58 ft 10 in ) long . The cars are 3 @.@ 16 meters ( 10 ft 4 in ) wide and 3 @.@ 68 meters ( 12 @.@ 1 ft ) tall . An empty three @-@ car unit weighs 98 tonnes ( 96 long tons ; 108 short tons ) , while it with full payload weighs 147 tonnes ( 145 long tons ; 162 short tons ) . Each three @-@ car unit has 138 seats , and a total capacity of 493 riders . There are three doors on each side of each car , measuring 1 @,@ 300 millimeters ( 4 ft 3 in ) wide and 1 @,@ 900 millimeters ( 6 ft 3 in ) high . In service , the units either run single ( with three cars ) or two units in multiple ( with six cars ) . Each car is equipped with four three @-@ phase asynchronous 140 @-@ kilowatt ( 190 hp ) motors , giving each three @-@ car unit a power output of 1 @,@ 680 kilowatts ( 2 @,@ 250 hp ) . The MX3000 introduced a number of technical innovations to the metro . Regenerative brakes allow the dynamic brakes to feed the braking energy back to the power system via the third rail . The passengers also have air conditioning . The driver 's cabs are more ergonomic than in the older models , and the mirrors to monitor the platforms have been replaced with cameras and screens . The trains ' livery is white with gray detailing , instead of the former models ' red with blue detailing . For use in areas without a third rail , such as at depots , the trains are equipped with a 110 V battery . This will remove the need for shunting at the depots and cut costs .
= Polistes exclamans = Polistes exclamans is a social wasp and is part of the family Vespidae of the order Hymenoptera . It is found throughout the United States , Mexico , the Bahamas and parts of Canada . Due to solitary nest founding by queens , P. exclamans has extended its range in the past few decades and now covers the eastern half of the United States , as well as part of the north . This expansion is typically attributed to changing global climate and temperatures . P. exclamans has three specific castes , including males , workers , and queens , but the dominance hierarchy is further distinguished by age . The older the wasp is , the higher it is in ranking within the colony . In most P. exclamans nests , there is one queen who lays all the eggs in the colony . The physiological similarities between the worker and queen castes have led to experiments attempting to distinguish the characteristics of these two castes and how they are determined , though males have easily identifiable physiological characteristics . Since P. exclamans live in relatively small , open combed nests , they are often subject to predators and parasites , such as Chalcoela iphitalis , Elasmus polistes , and birds . P. exclamans have defense and recognition strategies that help protect against these predators and parasites . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = Polistes exclamans is part of subfamily Polistinae within the hymenopteran family Vespidae . Polistinae ( paper wasps ) is the second largest of six vespid subfamilies , containing around 950 species , and is composed entirely of social wasps . It is made up of four tribes ; P. exclamans is part of Polistini . Genus Polistes is currently split into four subgenera that are distributed across the world ; P. exclamans is a part of the New World subgenus Aphanilopterus and is most closely related to P. annularis , P. buysonni , P. canadensis , P. lanio , P. cavapyta , P. simillimus , P. crinitus , P. versicolor , and P. instabilis . = = Description and identification = = There are two forms of Polistes exclamans in the United States : typical and variable . The typical form is found in south @-@ eastern United States and inhabits the following states : North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia , Alabama Florida , Texas , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Arkansas , Kansas , Colorado , and Arizona . Although this form ’ s color can vary , it almost always has some yellow coloring . Both the propodeum and the mesonotum are marked with yellow . The propodeum normally has four yellow stripes , whereas the mesonotum has yellow lines . It also may have yellow markings on its head . The wings , however , are not yellow in color or yellow tinged like some other wasps but are infuscate and purple in color . The typical form often can be confused with Polistes fuscatus , Polistes crinitus , or Polistes minor . The variable form is red @-@ brown in coloring . The middle of the flagellum , the base of the abdominal segments , and the outer side of the mid and hind tibiae are infuscate or black colored , as are the wings . Instead of yellow markings , the variable form has pale ivory @-@ white markings that are dispersed throughout the body . P. exclamans have antennae banded with red , black and yellow , while most paper wasps only have one antennae color . In females , the fore wing length can range from 13 @.@ 0 to 16 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 51 – 0 @.@ 65 in ) and in males the fore wings can range from 12 @.@ 0 to 15 @.@ 0 mm ( 0 @.@ 47 – 0 @.@ 59 in ) . The extent of ferruginous markings is variable . Although no distinguishing structural features have been found to separate the workers and queens , the male is easily identified by its bulging eyes , subquadrate clypeus , and slender antennae . P. exclamans males are also more variable in external morphology compared to females . This is possible given the male ’ s hemizygosity ( females are homozygous ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = Polistes exclamans is distributed throughout the United States in the following areas and states : New Jersey down to Florida , Florida to Texas , west to Nebraska , Colorado , Arizona , and California . It has also been found in Mexico and the Bahamas . It has also been observed in Ontario , Canada as well . As a vespid wasp , P. exclamans nests are typically made up of paper with a single layer of cells with open combs . Although nest size varies , the upper limit is around 500 cells . Although many vespid wasps have an outer envelope of paper , P. exclamans nests do not . As indicated by Strassmann and Orgren , “ Nests are approximately circular , and have a single off @-@ center pedicel usually located towards the top of the nest . Cells near the pedicle are the oldest . ” P. exclamans are particularly able to colonize new sites as foundresses often disperse into new territories . P. exclamans have often been found to have nests located near man @-@ made structures and tend to more readily build nests in and near these man @-@ made structures . Out of six wasp species , P. exclamans was the only one that occupied artificial nesting sites . It prefers well @-@ lit , open sites . Polistes nests can be built from wood fiber which are collected from posts and plant stems . The fiber is formed into a paper like comb with hexagonal cells . The nests are orientated downward and are held up by one filament . P. exclamans have also been observed occupying artificial nests put out by researchers and consisting of bundles of straws . = = Colony cycle = = The colony cycle of Polistes exclamans is longer than that of northern wasp species , shorter than that of tropical wasp species and as such is in “ some respects intermediate between ” the two . Their cycle occurs between March and September . The first brood of workers emerges between May and July . It takes about nine to fourteen days for eggs to develop , though eggs in smaller nests and that are laid later in the season take much longer to develop : about thirteen to eighteen days for larva to develop , about thirteen days for pupa to develop , and about a total of six to eight weeks for an egg to develop into an adult . Reproductive wasps emerge later in August or September . = = The queen = = = = = Queen characteristics = = = P. exclamans lives in a hierarchical society with one queen that lays the eggs . However , all of the females have the same morphology and they all have the physiological capability of taking over the egg laying if necessary ( queen death , queen migration ) . Since the queen has the same morphology as the rest of the workers in the colony , this raises the question as to how the queen role is assigned and what makes her special . Studies have found that queens and males have higher levels of glucose , fructose and trehalose than workers , leading to higher cryoprotectant levels . P. exclamans use these sugars as cryoprotectant , which work by increasing the solute concentration in cells . This results in a greater survivability in colder weather . It was found that queens have a 76 % survival rate in 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) weather compared to 17 % survival of the workers over a 15 @-@ day test period . The queens also have a 0.5mm layer of fat surrounding their bodies . This allows them to live longer into the winter and possibly extend their mating season . The queens seem to be the only ones capable of diapause . = = = Queen development and determination = = = While there aren ’ t many external morphological differences between queens and workers there are some internal traits that can be signals of a wasp ’ s social status . It has also been found that caste determination is irreversibly determined by temperature during the immature stages of development . In one experiment , some wasps emerging in June were kept in long day chambers , or chambers set at 26 ° C with 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness . These individuals had larger and more active ovaries as compared to those who were incubated in short day chambers , which are set at 22 ° C with 14 hours of light and 10 hours of darkness . It is thought that this phenomenon may occur because of a juvenile hormone secretion that determines the castes and a suppression of the workers ’ ovaries by environmental or hormonal factors . = = = Gerontocracy = = = Given that Polistes exclamans nests are often destroyed or suffer through the death of the queen ( most often through natural circumstances ) , it is necessary and adaptive for there to be a specific system for the replacement of the queen . The current system in place can best “ be described as gerontocracy . ” Furthermore , it is also closely related to the dominance system within the colony as well . In the dominance hierarchy , older individuals are higher in rank , whereas younger individuals serve in the lower ranks . These older female workers are generally more aggressive and forage more frequently . In reflection of this dominance ranking and the behavior of the female workers , it is seen that when a queen is no longer present in the colony , the next eldest worker becomes the new queen . This may be due to the genetics of the next eldest queen , as the replacement queen affects the overall relatedness of the females in the brood , thereby allowing the future brood to be more related to the adult workers rearing them . = = = The queen 's role = = = Unlike other wasps , P. exclamans tend to have smaller nests , with typically fewer than one hundred individuals in a given nest . Because of the size of the nest , the queen tends to be the most active individual in the nest . This is because the queen has to monitor and directly control the activities of the nest . In addition to her reproductive role , the queen must also act as the pacemaker of the nest and synchronize the worker activity . These last two points have recently been disputed and the workers may be self organized . It has also been observed that the queen will act aggressively towards individuals that are the least active . = = Development and reproduction = = = = = Sex determination system = = = P. exclamans are haplodiploid insects , as are other Polistes species including Polistes metricus , Polistes dominula , and Polistes annularis . This means they have haploid males that produce identical haploid sperm , and diploid females that produce haploid eggs through meiosis . This has consequences for genetic relatedness within colonies , since sisters receive identical sperm if they share a father , and the normal half identical contribution from the mother . This results in sex @-@ biased conflicts between the queen and the workers with respect to the sex ratio , with workers preferring a more female biased sex ratio , and queens preferring equal investment in queens and males . = = = Sexual investment = = = In Polistes exclamans , equal sex ratio is obtained when only 46 @.@ 3 % of investment is devoted to females as female wasps are 1 @.@ 16 times larger than male wasps . In a study done by Strassmann , it was found that sexual investment is female biased , especially during years of high predation and when nests are generally less successful . It has been seen that in Polistes exclamans , females are produced before males . This female investment bias may result from the ability of females to become either a worker or a reproductive ( this is more adaptive for the nest as it gives the nest increased flexibility compared to that of males and may be important for overall nest success ) or because females provide the colony with greater nest defense . Furthermore , even when the original queen is no longer present , the sexual investment is still biased towards females , which is not expected given the genetic implications of a new queen . = = = Early males = = = Workers first emerge between May and July . During this first emergence , reproductive males also emerge with this first brood and are called the early males . These males provide a great adaptation because they allow for the presence of reproductive males . Nests with a greater number of early males produce a greater number of workers , cells , pupae , and emergences . Although it is uncertain as to why , queen deaths are common in Polistes exclamans , most frequently in May . The majority of original queens are dead by July , “ well before eggs that became autumn reproductive were laid , ” as reproductives emerged from late August through September . Thus , queens must remain alive post June in order to birth future reproductives , and if they are not able to do so , the eldest former worker then becomes the new queen . The reproductive early males produced may be adaptive for the deaths of the queens so that the colony will not die and will be able to continue . = = = Sexual attraction = = = As with many other insects , P. exclamans use sexual pheromones to attract members of the opposite sex . Researchers have attempted to determine the exact role that sexual pheromones play in sexual attraction in paper wasps . They set up a wind tunnel where males and females were exposed to a sexual pheromone wick that was isolated from males and females . These pheromones were taken by hexane extracts from wholes bodies and thoraces of unmated females . The male extracts were taken from the ectal mandibular and seventh sternal glands . It was found that the opposite sex was attracted upwind of the scent and the results were intensified when a fan was turned on . The range of the scent was found to be around 2 metres . In nature , it was observed that males would venture away from the nest in order to attract females . The males would press their gastral sterna against a perch and rub their mandibular against it . This is used to attract females , and females were observed to visit these branches and sample the scents . Interestingly , it was also found that on some occasions , males were attracted to other male scents . = = Behavior and ecology = = = = = Presence of brood and caste differentiation = = = Polistes exclamans have comparably smaller nests and colonies compared to certain other eusocial wasps species . Thus , it is common for the nest to be destroyed , for the queen to die prior to the end of the season , or for the nest to fail through other means , such as predation , parasitisation , or worker mortality , leading workers to help rear broods that are less related to them than are their sister wasps . Due to this , it would be advantageous for there to be wasps that remain casteless till adulthood , allowing female wasps ’ reproductive capabilities to be plastic . It has thus been predicted that Polistes exclamans worker wasps would act as workers if a brood were present and would begin to develop gyne characteristics if a brood was not present , exhibiting the aforementioned adaptive plasticity . Experimentally , this has been found to be true . Solis and Strassmann conducted a study in which an experimental group had the eggs and larvae removed . In the experimental group , the wasps began to behave like future queens and even developed the characteristic layer of fat common to queens . In the control group , the wasps continued to behave as workers . This is indicative that the presence of the brood affects caste differentiation and that Polistes exclamans female workers exhibits adaptive reproductive plasticity . = = = Relatedness recognition = = = Nest mate recognition is widespread in many eusocial insects . However , when there are no physical differences in either diet or nesting materials , many can no longer discriminate nest mate from other conspecifics . Recently , however , it has been indicated that many insects have the ability to discriminate relatives even having lived in identical environments with their non @-@ relative counterpart . Studies have indicated that in Polistes fuscatus , former nestmates would nest in areas located close together near their natal nests the following spring . Social halictid bees also are able to recognize their relatives . In Polistes exclamans , it has been indicated that discrimination of relatives from non @-@ relatives , even having lived in identical environments , is possible . This was found by Allen , Schulze Kellman , and Gamboa through an experiment in which hibernating wasps from different nests were put in a box together after being raised in identical environments . As the number of unrelated groups of wasps increased , the more clumps were formed in the box . This indicates that the wasps were capable of differentiating relative from nonrelative , an adaptive ability in the defense of their nest . = = = Hibernation = = = Many Polistes species aggregate over winter . Polistes exclamans clump in rather large aggregations while hibernating . “ These aggregations are frequently found in protected places called hibernacula that can be as varied as crevices and cracks of rocks or trunks , beneath the bark of trees , between walls of buildings , or any other natural or artificial structures that provides protection during hibernation . ” Although Polistes exclamans have been found in organ @-@ pipe muddauber nests , a mud nest that can provide a certain level of protection , it is not thought to actually house hibernating Polistes exclamans over the winter . = = = Worker mortality = = = A typical P. exclamans worker will live somewhere between 14 – 16 days . The oldest wasp to be observed in a natural colony was 102 days old . Queens typically live 6 times longer than the workers . There has been some variation observed with the life expectancy of P. exclamans . This has typically been attributed to the colony of origin . It also must be noted that while there is variation between colonies , there typically is less variation between the original nest and the satellite nest . Variation inside a single colony may also occur because of the presence of different castes . Foragers , those who frequently travel outside the nest , lead a riskier life and tend to have lower life expectancy than those who stay in the nest . Though , it was observed that colonies with high foraging rates also had higher reproductive rates to compensate for the lower life expectancy . Another interesting aspect that was observed in one nest was that an increase in female population led to lower longevity . This was because the females were more focused on competing to become the next queen than foraging and fulfilling their roles . Worker death is an important factor in colony failure , and is the cause of 13 – 76 % of colony failures . This may be in part due to the small colony size . Because the colonies are small , worker longevity is crucial for the survival of the nest . = = = Range Extension = = = Throughout the 1950s and 1960s , Polistes exclamans was extending its range , spreading into the midwestern United States . Between 1958 and 1967 the following states had new state records of Polistes exclamans : Illinois , Indiana , Kentucky , Maryland , Missouri , New Jersey , New Mexico , Tennessee , and Virginia . The behavioral basis behind range expansion could be based upon the exceptional capability Polistes exclamans has in the colonization of new sites and the solitary nest founding behavior Polistes exclamans exhibits . This capability could be assisted by the “ associated tendencies of P. exclamans foundresses to disperse and to move into newly available nesting sites . ” Meanwhile , species with social foundresses reproduce near the place of origin and , therefore , do not extend their range as far . = = = Satellite nests = = = Satellite nests are common among P. exclamans . A queen will fly somewhere between 0 @.@ 15 and 11m away from the original nest to settle in a new location . About 16 – 39 % of nests create satellites from May to July . Similar to the wasp species , Parischnogaster alternata , constructing multitude of nests in clusters in order to create protection through dilution effect , the satellites are used as an insurance against attacks by predators and parasitoids . Of 12 nests that were knocked down by birds that had satellites , 66 @.@ 7 % of the colony survived by moving to the satellite , compared to the reproductive success of nests with no satellite that were attacked ( 5 @.@ 7 % ) . When Chalcoela iphitalis invades , the prevalence of satellites didn ’ t increase the survivability , however it did have an effect when Elasmus polistis were introduced . It gave the P. exclamans a place to escape to . Workers who are older typically start satellite nests and have more developed ovaries . Younger and lesser @-@ developed workers join the satellite after its establishment . The distribution of workers between the main nest and satellite is very important because they are needed for the establishment of the satellite and for the continued running of the main nest . Although , after several months the main nest can become abandoned . If not enough workers follow the initial worker to the new nest , then it will most likely fail as a satellite . = = Interaction with other species = = = = = Parasitoids = = = Polistes exclamans live in social nests that are open combed . This leaves nests very susceptible to attacks by predators and by parasitoids . Attack by parasitoids will occur in the nest brood , as the invader will attempt to insert its own offspring into the host ’ s nest . The two most common parasitoids are Chalcoela iphitalis and Elasmus polistis . = = = = C. iphitalis and E. polistis = = = = P. exclamans take several countermeasures against invasions . If the wasps detect an intruder they will violently bite and sting the location where the C. iphitalis moth has passed by . This will cause vibrations inside of the nest and the wasps inside will become alarmed and will move around jerkily . This phenomenon is known as the parasite dance . This will continue for up to 10 hours after the moth has been detected . If the moth is found it will be eaten immediately . However , this is not likely to happen . The moth lays its eggs in the nest , and when they hatch , they will take over the nest . As a result , many wasp pupae are aborted . This is commonly seen in the late summer when the moth is most abundant . The second common parasitoid , Elasmus polistis , also has disastrous effects on the P. exclamans nest . Up to 80 E. polistis will hatch out of a single cell . The males emerge first , and then will exit the nest and wait until the females emerge . Once the female moths emerge , the males will mate and reproduce , quickly destroying the P. exclamans population . In some cases the invading E. polistis will hide larvae in the nest so that the P. exclamans cannot find them . This is important to the survival of P. exclamans . The hosts will attempt to remove as many parasitoids as possible to prevent them from spreading to nearby nests . This defense mechanism has not been proven to be effective , as more often than not the E. polistis larvae go undetected by the hosts . In one experiment conducted , it was found that over 60 % of all nests lost brood to the parasitoids E. polistis or C. iphitalis in 1981 . It was also observed that larger satellites have a greater risk of being parasitized . This is due to the fact that the large nests are typically older . This relationship between age and parasitism can be seen with the fact that older queens ’ nests tend to be parasitized more than younger queens ’ nests . = = = Predation = = = P. exclamans has several different predators . Their most dangerous predators are birds , which will fly by and knock the nest to the ground . This phenomenon was discovered by the disappearance of nests , and wasp nests being found on the ground near the bird ’ s nest . It has also been found that birds eat the larvae from the P. exclamans nest . This attack kills the whole nest but it isn ’ t very effective against the adults from the colony . When attacked , the adults fly away either to another colony or a satellite colony . Attack by the ant Crematogaster laeviuscula is different from attacks by birds . Rather than knocking down the nest , the ants swarm all over the nest and remove the brood from it . The ants destroy the entire brood but they are unable to kill the adults . Other predators attack the adults while they are foraging or traveling to satellite nests . It is difficult to determine the number of adults that are killed away from the nest because they are difficult to track . However , it has been observed that the queen 's flight to the satellite nest isn 't dangerous and does not reduce its survivability . The idea of group living has been discussed by many evolutionists for its costs and benefits . Alexander predicted that the cost to large groups is that they are more likely to suffer from parasitism , but at the same time , they benefit by defense against predation . This theory is not supported in the case of P. exclamans because the parasitism does not always increase with nest size and the predation rate was independent of size . = = = Colony defense = = = = = = = Facial patterns = = = = Some animals may assess rivals through specific characteristics that are relevant to their fighting abilities ; however , some animals , instead , use conventional characteristics to determine the competitive ability of their rivals . Conventional characteristics are signals that are indicative of the rival ’ s abilities but are not a reflection of the animal ’ s physiological or physical agonistic abilities . Polistes exclamans uses facial patterns as a conventional characteristic to determine the agonistic abilities of competitive rivals . Larger wasps have a greater amount of brown pigmented clypei . Wasps use these pigmented clypei to determine the viability of challenging a rival . The more pigmented the clypei or the larger the Polistes exclamans , the more likely the Polistes exclamans will be willing to challenge a rival . The less pigmented the clypei or the smaller the Polistes exclamans , the less willing it would be to challenge a rival . This assists in the minimization of the “ costs of conflict during dominance competition among nest @-@ founding queens . ” = = = = Alarm response = = = = Polistes exclamans exhibit an alarm response , typical of many higher level eusocial Hymenoptera . Although it has been previously indicated that nest mates may alarm the rest of the nest through jerky movement and buzzing of wings , Polistes exclamans is capable of alarming the rest of the nest and attracting attacking wasps through chemical means by releasing a non @-@ species @-@ specific venomous alarm pheromone . Although a chemical signal to warn against attack would be evolutionarily adaptive , the Polistes exclamans only releases a response post the initial attack from and on the predator , as the venom is only released during the sting . This venom is capable of warning and coordinating a response from the nest and attracting nearby heterospecific or conspecific females from nearby colonies to attack the predator . This helps deter the predator from further attacking and is especially adaptive for the defense of the nest . Although certain other insects have been able to adapt the release of the pheromone to other means of communicating alarm , Polistes exclamans has yet to do so , indicating that it is still in its “ primitive state in evolution of the complex systems of communication of alarm seen in higher social insects . ” In one experiment , pheromones were extracted from female glands and sacs and were spread onto venom paper . It was then found that females were attracted upwind of the venom paper and some even attempted to sting it . This also had a heterospecific response where others also reacted to it . While it was found that one wasp couldn ’ t release enough pheromones to elicit a response , if many individuals were alarmed they would elicit a response from the rest of the nest . However , this scent is not strong enough to reach other nests , and so neighboring nests must be alarmed by physical movements and wing flapping . = = = = Queen response = = = = After being invaded , a queen may be forced to leave her nest . If a satellite has not been established , the queen may usurp another queen in a different nest . This gives them protection and a nest without having to invest any valuable resources . The queen can then use these resources on reproducing a new brood .
= Bhopal : A Prayer for Rain = Bhopal : A Prayer for Rain is a 2014 historical @-@ drama film set amidst the Bhopal disaster that had occurred in India on 2 – 3 December 1984 . It is directed by Ravi Kumar and features Martin Sheen , Mischa Barton , Kal Penn , Rajpal Yadav , Tannishtha Chatterjee , and Fagun Thakrar in important roles . Benjamin Wallfisch composed the film 's music . Kumar got the idea of making a film based on the Bhopal disaster after he read a book based on it . Shot over a period of 18 months , it was originally slated for a late 2010 release . However , the lack of responses from distributors kept on delaying the release . In April 2013 , a new trailer was released , and the film received a market screening at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival on 16 May and 19 May . It was also screened at Pan Asia , Dingle and the Tokyo International film festivals . Bhopal : A Prayer for Rain was released in the United States on 7 November 2014 and in India on 5 December 2014 . A private screening of the movie was held at the youth assembly in the United Nations on 7 August 2014 . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the actors ' portrayal of their respective characters but called Barton 's character as unnecessary . A few organisations fighting for the rights of the victims of the tragedy blamed the film for presenting the facts in a distorted manner . Kumar and Sheen denied these allegations . The Madhya Pradesh government exempted the film from paying tax . = = Plot = = In 1984 , a few months before the disaster , Dilip ( Rajpal Yadav ) , a rickshaw driver , loses his pay source as his rickshaw breaks down while transporting an employee to the Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal . Dilip lives in the slums around the plant with his wife , a son and his sister . He gets a job in the plant as a labourer , and is happy since his daily wage is restored . The plant witnesses a drop in its revenue due to lower sales of pesticides , and in order to reduce the loss the officials neglect safety and maintenance . Questioning the chemicals used in the plant , Motwani ( Kal Penn ) , a tabloid reporter publishes reports in his makeshift printing press which are disregarded by most of the officials and workers . Roy ( Joy Sengupta ) , the in @-@ charge for the safety of the plant expresses his concerns . The officials however ignore his warnings , and a worker is killed when methyl isocyanate leaking from a pipeline drips off on his hand . The officials deem the worker 's irresponsibility as the cause of the accident and the plant continues to function . Dilip is given a better @-@ paying vacant job in the plant despite lacking the skill to operate machinery . A gas leak is prevented by Roy when water is mixed with methyl isocyanate , and in an attempt to stop people from panicking , the official in the plant sabotages the warning siren . Warren Anderson ( Martin Sheen ) , the CEO of Union Carbide , visits the plant to inspect its functionality , where he is briefed about a plan to connect two additional tanks for storage of methyl isocyanate to increase the output of the plant , ignoring the deteriorated condition of the tanks . Motwani meanwhile meets Eva Gascon ( Mischa Barton ) , a reporter in the Paris Match , and persuades her to get an interview of Anderson . She impersonates the identity of an Associated Press reporter , but fails as her true identity is exposed in between the interview . Motwani convinces Dilip of the danger posed by the chemicals . As the date of the disaster nears , Dilip arranges a loan for the wedding of his sister . Roy later explains how the company is ignoring safety standards , and that how a future leak might become uncontrolled as the officials had turned off safety measures to reduce the maintenance costs . Roy gives his resignation to the company and advises Dilip not to talk about the plant 's safety if he wishes to retain his job . Dilip makes a phone call to Motwani describing what Roy just said , and expresses his fear about the plant 's safety , saying he will return to the rickshaw @-@ pulling business as soon as his sister is married . In order to overcome the increasing revenue loss , the officials shut down the plant , firing most of the workers , including Dilip . The plant officials then order the usage of the remaining methyl isocyanate as soon as possible . Meanwhile , Dilip is busy with the wedding of his sister , and Roy has a final look of the control room . The safety measures fail and a runaway reaction follows . The faulty tanks cause the gas to start leaking , and an attempt to contain the leak fails . The gas escapes to the surroundings and is carried east by the wind . Motwani rushes to alert the people in the vicinity of the plant to vacate and head west , since the warning sirens were previously sabotaged . He meets Dilip , who ignores the warning and asks Motwani to leave the area without causing any hindrance to the wedding . Meanwhile , the guests experience irritation in the eyes and discomfort in breathing . Dilip senses the danger and visits the plant , realising that the plant had been compromised . He rushes back to his residence where he finds his family and relatives succumbing to the toxic gas . He carries away his son , paying farewell to his wife 's corpse and flees the slum . As the gas shows its effects , a nearby hospital is filled with hundreds of patients reporting cyanide poisoning , and the lack of antidote results in most of the patients ' death . Dilip , in the last of his energy , throws away his Union Carbide identity badge , rests his son on the ground and succumbs to the toxic gas . The story jumps to the present day , where a blind boy is holding Dilip 's identity badge , and the film ends with Motwani narrating the words " Whatever may be the cause of the disaster , Carbide never left Bhopal " . A photo montage depicts the aftermath of the disaster , and pictures of the characters and their real @-@ life counterparts = = Cast = = Martin Sheen as Warren Anderson , the chief executive of Union Carbide . Anderson was declared a fugitive by an Indian court . Mischa Barton as Eva Gascon , a Paris Match reporter Kal Penn as Motwani , a local journalist . Penn said that " larger @-@ than @-@ life , colourful role " of the reporter was what attracted him to the project . His role is inspired by the story of Indian journalist Rajkumar Keswani Rajpal Yadav as Dilip , a factory worker Tannishtha Chatterjee as Leela , Dilip 's wife Manoj Joshi as Dr. Chandra Fagun Thakrar as Rekha Gopichand Lagadapati as Steward . Akhil Mishra as Napoleon Joy Sengupta as Roy David Brooks as Shane Satish Kaushik as Labour Minister Lalit = = Production = = In 2004 , while reading Sanjoy Hazarika 's book Bhopal : Lessons of a Tragedy , Ravi Kumar got the idea of making a film based on the disaster . The Bhopal disaster is considered the world 's deadliest industrial disaster . Seeing that very few people of the newer generation knew about the disaster , Kumar decided to make a film based on it . He chose several well known actors for the film because he felt that this provided more chances of showing the " story to the world . " He wanted to cast Sheen for the role of Anderson , because of his political views and acting skills . Tannishtha Chatterjee and Rajpal Yadav were also cast for the film . Sienna Miller was previously attached to the project , but later dropped out and her role was given to Mischa Barton . In December 2008 , it was confirmed that Barton , Martin Sheen and Kal Penn were filming in India for the project . A copy of the script was sent to Penn , who agreed to join the project . Penn played the role of an Indian journalist and learnt Hindi from an instructor . In January 2009 the film 's shooting was wrapped up . Initially , the film 's story was written like a thriller and then dramatic elements were added to the film . Kumar wanted to depict Anderson as a victim of organisational error of judgement but Sheen insisted that Anderson should be depicted as a guilty and so he rewrote some of the scenes . Made on a total budget of US $ 12 million , the film was shot in Hyderabad 's Charminar area and Golconda Fort , Mumbai and the Union Carbide factory in Bhopal during a course of 18 months . A few scenes were also shot in Los Angeles . Hyderabad was chosen since it bore great resemblance to Bhopal in terms of its Mughal influence and architecture . Only a few important scenes were shot in Bhopal while the majority were shot on different factory locations and sets in order to create the setup for the period . The script was jointly written by Kumar and David Brooks Miller . In order to present the correct technical and medical facts in the film , Kumar analysed documents of the court proceedings , forensic evidences and interviewed several survivors of the tragedy and also the staff members of the Union Carbide plant . Bhopal Group for Information and Action and many activists fighting for the rights of the victim of the disaster wanted to stop the film 's screening , called it an insult to the victims , blamed the filmmakers of distorting the facts related to the disaster , diverting attention from Dow Chemical Company which acquired Union Carbide in 2001 and for portraying Anderson as a person who wanted to help the people but was unable to do so . Sheen denied these allegations and said that he did not sympathise for Anderson . Kumar also denied these allegations and said that the organisations had seen an older script . He added that making the film was a life @-@ changing experience for him . A Prayer for Rain was added to the film 's title because had it rained on the night of 2 — 3 December 1984 , fewer people would have died . On 7 January 2009 , Barton was questioned by the Indian media on why she chose to sign on the project to which she responded " I 'm interested in all kinds of things , I did this film for moral reasons . Also , I felt the story needed to be told , I feel that this is going to be an important film . " Benjamin Wallfisch , an Emmy and Ivor Novello @-@ nominated composer , composed music for the movie Bhopal : A Prayer for Rain . The film was slated to release in 2010 but the lack of response from the distributors delayed the release . On the 30th anniversary of the Bhopal Gas Disaster , Shivraj Singh Chauhan , the chief minister of Madhya Pradesh attended the film 's premiere in Bhopal and after watching the film he announced that the state government would not charge any tax on the film 's earning . Chauhan called the film " very sensitive " and praised the " heart @-@ rending " performance given by actors . To promote awareness about the tragedy a NGO The Bhopal Medical Appeal and the film 's director collaborated with mobile commerce portal Paytm and the online shopping website Snapdeal . As part of the partnership Paytm and Snapdeal offered their customers a chance to donate money in form of online coupons to the disaster victims . = = Marketing and release = = The first look of the movie was unveiled on 18 September 2014 and the official trailer was released on the following day . Sheen felt that finding a theatrical release for the film would be difficult . He said that the film portrayed " America 's cultural arrogance . " Director Ravi Kumar opined that Anderson was guilty of the disaster . While promoting the film in New Delhi , he compared it to Titanic and said that the film " is realistic and poignant , but entertaining . " Rajpal Yadav termed it the biggest project of his life and dedicated his role to the victims of the disaster . The film was screened in Cannes , France , Pan Asia Film Festival in London , Dingle Film Festival and the Tokyo International Film Festival . The distributors advised director Kumar to remove a scene which they considered to be too dramatic for the western audiences . A private screening for a youth assembly was held at the United Nations . Revolver Entertainment acquired the distributor rights of the film for North American region in September 2014 . The worldwide sales rights were acquired by GFM Films . The film 's United States release was scheduled for 7 November 2014 . A special screening of the film was held in New York on 18 September . Another special screening was conducted in Bhopal just prior to the release . It was attended by many well known actors of the Hindi film industry . The film opened in New York on 7 November , Los Angeles on 14 November and in India on 5 December 2014 . Reportedly , Kumar had insured the film against libel for an undisclosed amount . Bhopal @-@ based journalist Rajkumar Keswani wanted to sue the film producers for portraying him as a " salacious gossip columnist " before his lawyer advised him to watch the film first . He had seen the film 's original script in which Penn 's character was named Keswani . Inspired by the film , musician Sting collaborated with Anoushka Shankar to record a song . Kumar also confirmed their collaboration . = = Reception = = Meena Iyer of The Times of India praised the actors and noted that despite being based on true incidents the film " [ managed ] to connect emotionally " . In her review for Hindustan Times , Sweta Kaushal wrote that director Ravi Kumar " should be congratulated for picking a rather grave subject " and praised the actors for doing justice to their respective characters . However , she felt that in portraying Dilip , Kumar took away the " severity of the issue " and that he did not put " the blame on anyone " . Further , she opined that the film had depicted Anderson " as a rather humanist [ person ] " . She concluded that better research should have been done and that the film " could have been a more involving story " . While Kaushal felt that Barton 's role was unnecessary , Anuj Kumar of The Hindu suggested that this role was planted in the story to provide Warren Anderson a chance to express his views . Kumar praised Yadav 's acting by calling him the " face of the tragedy . " He also praised Sheen but felt that Penn looked " out of place in the mofussil surroundings . " Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express noted that Chatterjee was effective in her role . India Today 's Rohit Khilnani praised the director for " [ capturing ] everything that [ the ] drama needed " . However , he felt that the overall quality of the film could have been better . Bryan Durham of Daily News and Analysis praised the actors , particularly Martin Sheen , the costumes and sets used for the film . He considered Barton 's character and Hinglish unnecessary . He also questioned how Rajpal 's character was able to live for a longer period of time than others who were exposed to the gas , and how the doctor and nurses survived the whole disaster . He concluded that " the film takes [ the ] viewer for granted in places . " Durham noted that the film had " its heart in the right place . " Prasanna D. Zore of Rediff.com called Bhopal : A Prayer for Rain an " honest yet haunting film " and appreciated Anil Chandel ’ s cinematography . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN praised Yadav , Sheen and Chatterjee for their acting . He criticised the film for its dialogues and Mischa Barton 's role . He further noted that there was " a sense of drama in the final moments " but the film " has few moments that are extraordinary or even genuinely moving . " Martin Tsai of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the " cautionary tale could not be more relevant . " Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post wrote that despite the terrible finale , the " movie never feels as powerful as it should . " She felt that the dialogue , acting and music tended to be melodramatic but " the overt heartstring @-@ pulling doesn ’ t add much . " In his review for The Hollywood Reporter , Frank Scheck praised Sheen 's portrayal of Anderson and the visuals of the leakage but felt that the film is " slack in its tension " . Writing for The New York Times , Ben Kenigsberg noted that the film " mines every chemical drip and gurgle for suspense . " Rotten Tomatoes , a review aggregator , rated it 58 % fresh based on a total of 12 critic reviews while the public audience gave the film a rating of 80 % fresh . = = Box office = = In the first three days of its release , the film grossed merely ₹ 9 lakh ( US $ 13 @,@ 000 ) at the Indian box office . In its first weekend the film collected ₹ 70 lakh ( US $ 100 @,@ 000 ) . At the United States domestic box office , the film grossed US $ 6 @,@ 150 in its first weekend and a total of US $ 12 @,@ 628 . It grossed US $ 6 @,@ 317 in its first week and US $ 6 @,@ 311 in its second weekend .
= Matt Jarvis = Matthew Thomas " Matt " Jarvis ( born 22 May 1986 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Championship club Norwich City . After an unsuccessful spell as a youth team player for Millwall , Jarvis began his professional career with Gillingham , making his Football League debut for the Kent @-@ based team at the age of 17 . He made more than 100 appearances for Gillingham and became a target for a number of larger clubs , eventually signing for Wolverhampton Wanderers in June 2007 . He became a first team regular for the club , helping them win promotion to the top flight in 2009 . In August 2012 , he joined West Ham United for an undisclosed club record fee . In September 2015 , he joined Norwich City on a loan deal until the end of the season , and made that move permanent in January 2016 . He received his first call @-@ up to the England squad in 2011 and made his debut as a substitute against Ghana in a friendly at Wembley Stadium . = = Early life = = Jarvis was born in Middlesbrough , North Yorkshire . His parents , Nick and Linda , both played table tennis professionally and each reached number one in the sport 's British rankings . Later they set up the table tennis supplies company Jarvis Sports , which relocated from Guisborough to Guildford in the same year that Jarvis was born . During his years at school in Surrey , Jarvis excelled at several sports , becoming a county champion in both swimming and athletics . He also gained ten GCSE qualifications . = = Club career = = = = = Gillingham = = = Like his older brother Ben , Jarvis started his career on the books of Millwall , but was released by the club . With the help of a member of the Millwall coaching staff , however , he was taken on by Kent @-@ based club Gillingham as a trainee . On 4 November 2003 , at the age of 17 , he made his Football League debut in a match against Sunderland when a number of senior players were missing due to influenza . He came on as a 76th @-@ minute substitute for Richard Rose in a match which his team lost 3 – 1 . He next played for the first team in an FA Cup defeat to Burnley on 24 January 2004 , and went on to feature regularly in the team in March and April . In total he made two starts and eight substitute appearances during the 2003 – 04 season , but also continued to play for the youth team , helping them reach the last sixteen of the FA Youth Cup . Shortly before the end of the season he signed his first professional contract with the club when manager Andy Hessenthaler gave him a three @-@ year deal . In the 2004 – 05 season Jarvis became a regular in the Gillingham first team , playing in 30 Football League matches , although he was out of action for five weeks in January and February after undergoing an operation on a hernia . He also scored his first goal for the club in a win over Wolverhampton Wanderers on 30 October 2004 . Gillingham , however , were relegated from the Football League Championship at the end of the season . In the 2005 – 06 season he was again a regular , and scored seven goals , his best season tally to date . Midway through the 2006 – 07 season Gillingham offered Jarvis a new contract , which the club described as the most lucrative it had ever offered to a player of his age . Jarvis rejected the contract offer , but later claimed via his agent that he would be happy to remain at Priestfield Stadium if the club " demonstrated that it could match his ambitions " . A number of Premier League and Championship clubs showed interest in signing Jarvis , and Plymouth Argyle made an unsuccessful bid for the player , manager Ian Holloway commenting that " we did make a bid but it got knocked back " . Towards the end of the season Nottingham Forest of Football League One made an offer of £ 650 @,@ 000 , hoping to circumvent the transfer window by taking the player on loan until the end of the season , but the bid was turned down by the player 's agent . Jarvis ended the season having been named in the PFA 's League One Team of the Year , and with Charlton Athletic expressing their interest in him . However , Gillingham chairman Paul Scally stated that he believed the player 's agent had already agreed a deal with another club . Scally also claimed that Jarvis had the potential to play for England by the time he was 24 . = = = Wolverhampton Wanderers = = = Jarvis rejected a further improved contract offer by Gillingham , to join Wolverhampton Wanderers of the Championship in June 2007 , signing a two @-@ year contract with the option to extend his stay by a further year . The clubs agreed a transfer fee but the exact amount was not disclosed . Jarvis suffered hip and groin injuries during pre @-@ season training and was unable to take any further part in training until September . He finally made his debut for his new club on 20 October 2007 , when he came on as an 88th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 0 home victory over Charlton Athletic . After regaining full fitness , he became a first @-@ choice player at Molineux , making a further 27 appearances during the 2007 – 08 season . He scored his first goal for the club in a 1 – 1 draw with Leicester City in December 2007 , in a season where the club missed out on a play @-@ off place by virtue of goal difference . After a strong start to the following season for both club and player , Jarvis injured his hamstring in the defeat to Reading on 30 September 2008 and was expected to be out of action for approximately six weeks . He made his return in the 1 – 0 defeat to Queens Park Rangers on 6 December , and remained a first choice player as the club won promotion to the Premier League as champions . He made his Premier League debut against West Ham United in August 2009 and played regularly during the 2009 – 10 season , scoring three times to help them achieve top flight survival . In September 2010 , he signed a new contract which would have kept him at the club until the summer of 2015 , and was once again a regular in the Wolves team during the 2010 – 11 season , scoring four Premier League goals , his highest tally for four seasons . On 19 May 2011 , Jarvis was awarded both Supporters ' Player of the Season award and Players ' Player of the season awards . Jarvis submitted a transfer request on 11 August 2012 , after media reports linked West Ham United with the player . Wolves rejected several bids for the player , without naming the club involved . On 23 August , Wolves accepted an offer from West Ham of a reported , initial £ 7 @.@ 5 million , rising to £ 10 @.@ 75 million . = = = West Ham United = = = On 24 August 2012 , Jarvis signed a five @-@ year contract , with the option for an additional year , for a transfer fee which was a club record but was officially undisclosed . Jarvis made his debut for West Ham on 25 August in a 3 – 0 away defeat to Swansea City . He scored his first goal for the club on 1 October , opening the scoring in a 2 – 1 win away to Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road . In his first season , he attempted the most open @-@ play crosses in the Premier League , 171 , and was successful with 42 of them , also the highest in the Premier League . = = = Norwich City = = = On 1 September 2015 , Jarvis signed on a season @-@ long loan for Norwich City . Eleven days later , he scored his first goal for the club against Bournemouth in a 3 – 1 win . On 24 December 2015 , Jarvis signed a permanent deal with Norwich , to take effect in the January transfer window , for a reported fee of £ 2 @.@ 5 million . = = International career = = Jarvis was called up to the England national squad in March 2011 for matches against Wales ( a Euro 2012 qualifier ) and Ghana ( an international friendly ) . After not being selected for the matchday squad against Wales , he made his debut as a substitute against Ghana at Wembley Stadium on 29 March , coming on for Jack Wilshere in the 70th minute of a 1 – 1 draw . In doing so , he became the first Wolves player for England since Steve Bull in 1990 . = = Personal life = = Jarvis has been married to his wife Sarah since June 2011 . In January 2013 , he was interviewed for , and appeared on the cover of , gay lifestyle magazine Attitude to discuss homosexuality in football . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of match played 15 May 2016 . = = = International = = = As of match played 29 March 2011 . = = Honours = = Wolverhampton Wanderers Championship : 2008 – 09 Individual PFA League One Team of the Year : 2006 – 07
= Heritage preservation in South Korea = The heritage preservation system of South Korea is a multi @-@ level program aiming to preserve and cultivate Korean cultural heritage . The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration ( CHA ; 대한민국 문화재청 , Daehan Minguk Munhwa Jaecheong ) , and the legal framework is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962 , last updated in 2012 . The program started in 1962 and has gradually been extended and upgraded since then . The CHA classifies cultural heritage into five major categories ( state @-@ designated heritage , city and province @-@ designated heritage , cultural heritage material , registered cultural heritage , undesignated cultural heritage ) and these are divided further into subcategories . Besides tangible cultural heritage , South Korea aims to preserve its intangible cultural heritage as well , including folk customs , music , dance and handicraft . The program also includes " living national treasures " – people who possess the knowledge and skills important to pass down intangible cultural heritage to new generations . South Korea has founded several educational centers throughout the country and established a university , specifically dedicated to heritage preservation . Some of the heritage properties of South Korea has been inscribed into various UNESCO lists . As of 2014 , the country has nine cultural and one natural World Heritage Sites , with 15 added to the provisional list ; and there are 17 items registered as UNESCO intangible cultural heritage . Although the program is considered successful by both the public and experts , there are unresolved issues regarding the system and particularly the selection method of " living national treasure " holders . = = The Cultural Heritage Administration = = The program is administered by the Cultural Heritage Administration ( CHA ; 대한민국 문화재청 , Daehan Minguk Munhwa Jaecheong ) , the predecessor of which was founded in 1945 by the American military government of Korea . It first belonged to the Ministry of Education , then to the Ministry of Culture . Between 1999 and 2004 it functioned as an independent agency . The CHA administers the National Palace Museum of Korea as well as various ' palace offices ' and ' shrine offices ' . It is also responsible for the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty , which are part of the UNESCO World Heritage . The CHA established Korea National University of Cultural Heritage in 2000 , which specifically educates professionals for heritage preservation . Since 1999 the South Korean government founded 27 educational centers for cultivating intangible cultural heritage . The administrator of CHA is Byeon Youngseop , professor of history at Korea University . The annual budget of the administration was 615 billion won in 2012 . The legal framework for the heritage program is provided by the Cultural Heritage Protection Act of 1962 ( 문화재보호법 , Munhwajae Bohobeop ) , last updated in 2012 . = = History = = The legal framework of cultural heritage preservation is based on the number 961 Law of 1962 ( 문화재보호법 Munhwajae Bohobeop ) , which in turn is based on the similar Japanese act of 1950 . The Korean act is broader in scope , also extending to folklore . The act was amended in 1970 not only to include people ( 인간문화재 , ingan munhwajae , " human cultural heritage " ) but also to support them financially . At the beginning of the program , after the Korean War , the CHA had little means to operate . Go Sangnyeol ( 고상렬 ) , the administrator of CHA between 1961 and 1968 set out to search for intangible cultural properties on the basis of a series of articles written by Yae Yonghae ( 예용해 ) for Hankook Ilbo , as the reporter spent years in exploring the country and interviewing old masters of handicraft . The first items to be inscribed on the intangible heritage list were thus taken from Yae 's articles . Others were added based on the opinions of researchers and also included winners of the annual folk tradition competitions . The recommendation of local administrations was also sought . Korea introduced a unique system in the 1970s to preserve folk traditions ( including handicraft , arts , folk songs , folk dances , theatre , traditional food preparation techniques , etc . ) . This was triggered by a movement called New Community , aiming to modernize life in the countryside . In an attempt to get rid of old superstitions , the movement advocated cutting down the old Zelkova trees often found at village entrances , as they were believed to be ' protectors ' of the village according to tradition . In 1971 , the songs of the haenyo , or " sea women " of Jeju Island were declared provincial intangible cultural properties . Major stakeholders of the intangible heritage program are " living national treasures " or officially called " holders " ( 보유자 boyuja ) , people who possess knowledge or skills essential for preserving Korean culture . Some of these ' holders ' obtained significant national exposure or fame , for example Han Bongnyeo ( 한복려 ) , a holder for the Korean royal court cuisine who supervises the authentic presentation of Joseon Dynasty food in historical movies and television series . The UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage took place in 2003 and South Korea joined the program a year later . In 2005 China declared some 1200 properties as intangible cultural heritage , with 16 items belonging to the Korean minority of the country , including the traditional wedding ceremony , Arirang ( a folk song ) and nolttwigi ( a traditional seesaw game ) . The CHA decided that they also had to broaden the scope of intangible heritage to properties that do not have any designated ' holders ' , like kimchi , hangul or Goryeo ginseng . The CHA plans to open its World Intangible Heritage Complex in Jeonju , which will also function as a national centre . The complex will have an area of 59 @,@ 930 square metres ( 645 @,@ 100 sq ft ) and is being constructed from 66 million USD . = = Classification = = As of July 2013 South Korea has 411 active National Treasures , 2317 Treasures , 485 Historic Sites , 104 Scenic Sites . It also classified 459 Natural Monuments , 134 Intangible Cultural Heritage items , 1062 Folklore Cultural Heritage properties and 549 Cultural Heritage of Early Modern Times . In 2012 there were 180 active " living national treasures " , out of 570 registered , the rest retired mainly due to health conditions . = = = State @-@ designated heritage = = = = = = Province- or city @-@ designated heritage = = = = = = Other classification = = = Cultural heritage material Cultural heritage rendered important from a regional point of view but not classified by cities or provinces . Registered cultural heritage Early modern buildings built between the end of the 19th century and the 1940s , in need of preservation due to their condition . Unregistered cultural heritage Classified into two categories : General Movable Cultural Heritage , Article 76 , Cultural Heritage Protection Act : ancient books , documents , wood blocks , sculptures , paintings , handicraft , archaeological findings that have not been classified by the state or a city / province but in need of protection for their historical and artistic values and the export of which are forbidden . Buried Cultural Heritage , Article 43 , Cultural Heritage Protection Act : properties buried under ground or in the sea . = = UNESCO heritage = = Relations with UNESCO are coordinated through the Korean National Commission for UNESCO since 1954 . = = = World Heritage = = = South Korea joined the UNESCO World Heritage program in 1988 . There are nine cultural and one natural world heritage sites in South Korea as of 2013 , with 15 additional items on the provisional list . World heritage sites include the Pulguksa temple complex and the Changdeokgung palace , and the provisional list includes sites like the ancient mountain fortresses in Central Korea . = = = Intangible cultural heritage = = = As of 2014 , there are 17 South Korean items inscribed as UNESCO intangible cultural heritage : = = = Memory of the World = = = As of 2013 there are 11 South Korean items inscribed into the Memory of the World Register : = = Criticism = = The cultural heritage program of South Korea is generally considered a success both by academics and the public , however , a few issues remain to be addressed . One of them is the selection process of the " holders " , as the prestige and state support of the position creates high competition between folk artists to be selected . According to Choi Sung @-@ ja , a member of the Intangible Cultural Heritage Subcommittee , the intangible cultural heritage program should not be tied exclusively to the existence of " holders " , and a less subjective selection process should be introduced . Since 2009 the CHA changed its selection process by involving academic professionals to introduce a more objective evaluation system of " holders " . Changes in society also brought challenges to the program . For example , in the 1990s Christian groups started to question the need to classify shamanistic rituals as cultural heritage . Patriarchal lifestyle , where the man is the main provider of the family and women stay at home , also influenced " holders " , as housewives started to pick up the preservation of folk traditions also in areas that were previously dominated by men . The government resisted appointing female holders for such predominantly male traditions but was gradually forced to acknowledge them when there were no male practitioners at all , or where the women were significantly more talented than the men . According to Roald Maliangkay of The Australian National University , the program faces challenges from the Korean Wave , as well . As Korean culture is becoming more popular worldwide , due to the influence of television series and K @-@ pop , South Korea started to use its culture as a means of soft power , involving its cultural heritage , too . Maliangkay thinks that " ... a society ’ s image abroad is not shaped entirely by cultural activities . It is , instead , shaped by the combined total of what people abroad see and hear , and what they know about aspects they consider important , whether those are positive or not . [ ... ] Even a society that cares greatly for its people and its heritage may not have a very positive image abroad , and vice versa . South Korea cannot control what people abroad will come to understand about its society and culture either .
= Debasement Tapes = " Debasement Tapes " is the seventeenth episode of the third season of the American mystery television series Veronica Mars , and the 61st episode overall . Written by John Enbom and directed by Dan Etheridge , the episode premiered on The CW on May 8 , 2007 . The series depicts the adventures of Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) as she deals with life as a college student while moonlighting as a private detective . In this episode , Piz ( Chris Lowell ) gets the chance to interview one of the members of his favorite band , a washed @-@ up rock star named Desmond Fellows ( Paul Rudd ) . However , when Desmond 's backing tapes that he needs for the show the next night disappear , Veronica is called in to find them . Meanwhile , Logan ( Jason Dohring ) enlists Mac 's ( Tina Majorino ) help in creating a presentation for his business class . In addition , Keith ( Enrico Colantoni ) learns that Vinnie Van Lowe ( Ken Marino ) is challenging him in the upcoming Sheriff election . " Debasement Tapes " features a guest appearance by Paul Rudd . A friend of series creator Rob Thomas and Enbom , they had hoped that Rudd would guest star on the show since its inception in 2004 . Announced four months prior to the episode 's airing , his appearance was highly anticipated by Thomas , who had high hopes for the pairing of Rudd and Enbom . In its original broadcast , the episode received 1 @.@ 85 million viewers and mostly positive reviews from television critics , with Rudd 's performance and the various subplots being generally well @-@ received , although some disliked the main mystery . = = Plot synopsis = = Veronica and Wallace ( Percy Daggs III ) watch a movie at her house . She questions him about Piz ’ s mood , while Keith enters and says he is currently unopposed in the Sheriff election . Piz runs up to Veronica and states that he has been chosen to be a guide for a rock star named Desmond Fellows . However , his show depends on some tapes Desmond is carrying with him , but when Piz checks him into his hotel room , they are missing . Piz calls Veronica for the case and runs into Logan in the elevator . Desmond points to several potential suspects . Logan asks Mac for study help , and he agrees . Piz starts his show with Desmond , and it goes terribly , as Desmond makes racial epithets and sexual advances . Veronica and Piz track down a teacher , who denies involvement , but the pair find a flyer for a group that threatened to boycott Desmond ’ s show . Piz and Desmond talk about his past and start to make progress , but he ends up going to a party with Dick ( Ryan Hansen ) instead of playing guitar with Piz . Logan and Mac continue to make progress on his business school report , but Mac has to call Max ( Adam Rose ) to continue . Desmond goes skinny dipping at his party , while Mac and Max flirt in front of Logan . Veronica discovers that Desmond ’ s bag was actually switched with another person ’ s . Veronica and Piz retrieve it , and on the car ride home , they briefly discuss their kiss at the party before playing a CD with some of Desmond ’ s unreleased newer material . Keith reconnects with Leo D ’ Amato ( Max Greenfield ) , who presents a case involving the Fitzpatricks to him . They stake out where the Fitzpatricks are , and Keith sees Vinnie Van Lowe helping them . However , they quickly learn that Vinnie is actually investigating the case and has trapped them in the store . Veronica and Piz supposedly get stuck in traffic and tell Desmond to play some of his newer songs until they get there , but they actually are at the concert venue and just want him to expose the audience to his solo material . Desmond plays a show entirely of new songs , and the crowd loves it . Piz tells Desmond that he was there the whole time , but he does not react negatively . Mac , Max and Logan finish their report , but the professor cuts Logan off in the middle and dislikes it . Leo becomes a deputy again , while Vinnie enters the Sheriff ’ s office and states his intention to run against Keith in the special election . = = Production = = " Debasement Tapes " was written by John Enbom and directed by supervising producer Dan Etheridge , marking Enbom 's seventeenth and final writing credit for the show and Etheridge 's first and only directing credit for the series . The episode guest stars actor Paul Rudd as former rock star Desmond Fellows . During casting of the character of Vinnie Van Lowe , Rudd was considered to play the part ; however , the role was given instead to Ken Marino , who appears in the episode . Marino and Rudd are friends in real life . Rudd was a friend of Enbom and Etheridge , and he had been signed on to appear in the episode by the airing of " Spit & Eggs " . They had lobbied Rudd to come on the show for several years . Thomas described the reason for Rudd not appearing earlier being that the crew were unable to find a good moment for the character 's entry that worked with Rudd 's schedule . Series creator Rob Thomas thought that the character would be a perfect role for Rudd , stating that he would perform it in a British accent and had high expectations for the comedy of the episode because it was being written by Enbom . However , Thomas did not release any details about Rudd 's plot line in the episode before its airing . Rudd compared his character to Andrew Ridgeley and Peter O 'Toole . In the scene in which Veronica meets Desmond , the film of camera angles while Kristen Bell was speaking were inadvertently destroyed , leading to these camera angles being filmed nearly six weeks later . Bell had to speak her lines without Rudd present . The scene in which Desmond goes nude swimming was not included in the same form in Etheridge 's version of the episode ; however , Thomas enjoyed the take that was eventually used more , so he put it in the final cut . Because the show could not show full nudity , they gave the stunt performer who was filling in for Rudd flesh @-@ colored swim briefs and put him out of focus so they could notify the network that the man out of focus was indeed clothed . The lights that can be seen in the distant background of the scene illuminating the bay were placed nearly ten miles away by grips . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original broadcast , " Debasement Tapes " received 1 @.@ 85 million viewers , ranking 96th of 98 in the weekly rankings . This was a moderate decrease from the previous episode , " Un @-@ American Graffiti " , which earned 2 @.@ 35 million viewers . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mostly positive reviews from television critics , with Rudd 's performance and the various subplots being generally well @-@ received , although some disliked the main mystery . Eric Goldman of IGN graded the episode a 7 @.@ 8 out of 10 , indicating that it was " good " . He generally praised Rudd 's performance and the case @-@ of @-@ the week , but he was critical of its ending , stating that " after last week , it was a bit too much of another ' and that 's one to grow on ' conclusion . " He was also mixed towards the episode 's subplots , enjoying Mac 's romantic storyline but disliking Logan 's continued interest in Veronica . He also referred to Vinnie running for Sheriff as " a bit ridiculous " . Reviewer Alan Sepinwall , on his blog What 's Alan Watching ? , lauded the episode , particularly Rudd 's performance . He stated that Rudd , despite playing a stock character , " made me feel like I hadn 't seen it a thousand times before . " He also enjoyed the pairing of Mac and Max , while he believed that the impact of Vinnie and Leo 's reappearances was blunted by the knowledge that the show would likely not return for a fourth season . Television Without Pity graded the episode a " B " . The Los Angeles Times praised Rudd 's performance while criticizing his storyline and the mystery @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week . While stating that Kristen Bell is usually the scene stealer , the reviewer thought that Rudd took on that role in this episode . However , the reviewer called his mystery " an excuse just to get Rudd on the screen . " Missy Schwartz of Entertainment Weekly was also positive towards the episode particularly Rudd 's performance and the episode 's subplots . While criticizing the case @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week 's ending as anticlimactic , she thought that Rudd 's singing was better than expected . The reviewer also lauded the comedic portions of the subplots , particularly the scene in which Dick compares himself to a lion and Mac and Veronica compare their romantic interests to cafeteria food . Brill Bundy of Zap2it was mostly positive towards the episode , particularly praising Rudd 's comedic timing and the episode 's use of supporting series regulars such as Mac and Piz . He also commented positively on the development of the romantic storyline between Piz and Veronica , stating that it was realistic . However , the reviewer did not think that the mystery involving Rudd 's character was necessary and that it would have been better to not have a mystery at all . Stereogum referred to the opening scene of the episode as " Rudd generally being awesome . " Cortney Martin , writing for the Houston Chronicle , was mixed overall . While being complimentary towards Rudd 's performance and Greenfield 's reappearance , the reviewer disliked the mystery of Desmond 's missing tapes , stating , " the mystery of the week turns out to be the lamest non @-@ mystery of the show 's entire run , I think . " The reviewer opined that the subplot involving the Fitzpatricks was boring but that Marino 's reappearance was a good surprise . Brian Raftery of Idolator believed that Rudd 's character could have been based on a number of different real @-@ life figures but guessed Courtney Love and Matthew Sweet as potential influences . Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club praised the episode as the best of the season so far . He lauded the development of the romantic storylines of both Veronica and Mac , while stating that Veronica 's was more realistic , describing the concert scene in which Veronica and Piz hold hands again was genuinely emotional . He also stated that Rudd " changes Fellows from a painful stereotype into a pantheon one @-@ off character . " The reviewer also opined that the episode 's combination of Rudd and the subplot involving Logan and Mac created a very entertaining episode that was exemplary of how well the new story structure could work .
= The Boat Race 1971 = The 117th Boat Race took place on 27 March 1971 . Held annually , it is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . It was won by Cambridge who passed the finishing post ten lengths ahead of Oxford , securing Cambridge 's fourth consecutive victory . The winning time was , at that point , the second fastest in the history of the event . In the reserve race , Goldie beat Isis , and in the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge were victorious . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities , followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Oxford by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 64 victories to Oxford 's 51 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . The first Women 's Boat Race took place in 1927 , but did not become an annual fixture until the 1960s . Until 2014 , the contest was conducted as part of the Henley Boat Races , but as of the 2015 race , it is held on the River Thames , on the same day as the men 's main and reserve races . The reserve race , contested between Oxford 's Isis boat and Cambridge 's Goldie boat has been held since 1965 . It usually takes place on the Tideway , prior to the main Boat Race . Cambridge coach Lou Barry was aiming to lead the Light Blues to victory for the fourth consecutive time under his guidance , while Oxford were coached by their former Blue , Ronnie Howard , who represented the university in the 1957 and 1959 races . The race was umpired by the former Oxford and Olympic rower Chris Davidge who had represented the Dark Blues in the 1949 , 1951 and 1952 races . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 13 st 8 lb ( 86 @.@ 0 kg ) , 2 pounds ( 0 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw the return of four former Blues in Chris Baillieu , James Hervey @-@ Bathurst , Christopher Rodrigues and N. G. Hughes , all of whom had made they Boat Race debut in the 1970 race . Oxford welcomed back A. J. Hall , J. Hawksley and F. J. L. Dale , the latter rowing in his third Boat Race for the Dark Blues . Cambridge 's American number seven , Somerset Waters III , was the only non @-@ British rower recorded in the race . = = Race = = Cambridge were pre @-@ race favourites , according to Jim Railton writing in The Times , they were " the strongest favourites for many years " . They won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , consigning Oxford to Middlesex , from which the losers of the last ten consecutive races had commenced . After a good start , and despite a " desperate attack " from the Dark Blues , Cambridge were three seconds ahead at the Mile Post . The Light Blues were clear soon after and by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge , they held a three length , ten @-@ second lead over Oxford . By Chiswick Steps , the lead had extended out to 18 seconds ; Oxford trailed by 26 seconds at Barnes Bridge and could make no ground on Cambridge as they passed the finishing post ten lengths clear . The winning time of 17 minutes 58 seconds was the second fastest in the history of the event , behind that of the Cambridge crew of the 1948 race who recorded a time eight seconds faster . In the reserve race , Cambridge 's Goldie beat Oxford 's Isis by fifteen lengths , their fifth consecutive victory . In the 26th running of the Women 's Boat Race , Cambridge triumphed , their ninth consecutive victory .
= Archaeomarasmius = Archaeomarasmius is an extinct genus of gilled fungus in the Agaricales family Tricholomataceae , containing the single species Archaeomarasmius leggetti . It is known from two fruit bodies recovered from amber , one consisting of a complete cap with a broken stem , the other consisting of a fragment of a cap . The cap has a diameter ranging from 3 @.@ 2 to 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 13 to 0 @.@ 24 in ) , while the stem is 0 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 02 in ) thick . Spores were also recovered from the amber , and are broadly ellipsoid to egg @-@ shaped , measuring roughly 7 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 7 μm . The species , which resembles the extant genera Marasmius and Marasmiellus , is inferred to have been saprobic on plant litter or other forest debris . The genus is solely known from the New Jersey amber deposits along the Atlantic coastal plain in New Jersey , United States , which date from the Turonian stage ( about 90 – 94 Mya ) of the Upper Cretaceous . Archaeomarasmius is one of only five known agaric fungus species known in the fossil record , and the only one to be described from New Jersey amber . = = History and classification = = The genus is known only from the two holotype fossils , a fruit body ( or mushroom ) and a fragment of a mushroom , both currently residing in the American Museum of Natural History . The specimens , collected in November 1994 from the area of East Brunswick , New Jersey , by G.R. Case , P.D. Borodin , and J.J. Leggett , were found as a single clear yellow amber nodule 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter . The specimen was found above the South Amboy Fire Clay , part of the Raritan Formation , suggesting that it is Turonian in age ( Upper Cretaceous , about 90 to 94 million years ago ) . Due to weathering , the amber specimen AMNH NJ @-@ 90 fractured into a number of chips along fractures and flow lines . The chips with the holotype specimens , AMNH NJ @-@ 90Y and AMNH NJ @-@ 90Z , were first studied by a group of researchers consisting of David Hibbett and Michael Donoghue from Harvard University with David Grimaldi of the AMNH . Hibbett and colleagues published their 1997 type description in the American Journal of Botany . The generic epithet Archaeomarasmius is a combination of the Greek archaeo- meaning " ancient " and " Marasmius " , a modern genus which it resembles . The specific epithet " leggetti " was coined by the authors in honor of J.J. Leggett and company , who first discovered the amber nodule and donated it to the AMNH . When first reported , Archaeomarasmius leggetti was the second extinct species of agaric fungus to be described , and it is the only species to be known from the New Jersey amber . Three species , Aureofungus yaniguaensis , Coprinites dominicana and Protomycena electra , have been described from the Miocene Dominican amber found in the Dominican Republic . The extinct Agaricomycetes species Quatsinoporites cranhamii , found in marine calcareous concretions on Vancouver Island , Canada , and dating to about 130 – 125 Mya , is probably in the Hymenochaetales or the Polyporales . In 2007 , another agaric was reported , Palaeoagaracites antiquus , found in Early Cretaceous Burmese amber ( about 100 Mya ) . = = Description = = The holotypes of Archaeomarasmius consist of mushrooms and associated basidiospores . Specimen AMNH NJ @-@ 90Y is a nearly complete mushroom , broken off near the base of the stipe ( stem ) . The pileus ( cap ) is up to 6 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 in ) in diameter and has a convex shape sporting an umbo ( a broad raised central region ) . The mushroom is a medium @-@ dark brown color with thin , minutely textured flesh and an incurved margin . The lamellae or gills are distantly spaced , with 12 gills extending fully from the cap edge to the stipe , and lack lamellulae ( short gills which do not reach the stipe from the edge of the pileus ) . The pileus is centered on the stipe , which is 0 @.@ 5 by 2 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 020 by 0 @.@ 087 in ) long and is broken off above the base . The stipe lacks a veil and is smooth and cylindrical . The top of the pileus is exposed on a fracture plain , and to prevent oxidation , the area was coated in a fine layer of synthetic resin , which also resulted in slightly improved visibility of the mushroom . Specimen AMNH NJ @-@ 90Z is a small wedge @-@ shaped fragment of pileus which was accidentally fractured during preparation for study , splitting it in half . Though the researchers had not intended to perform destructive analysis on the sample , this fracturing warranted the sacrifice of some parts of the specimen for structural and molecular study . Small pieces of the specimen were mounted directly on scanning electron microscopy ( SEM ) stubs and sputter coated with a gold / palladium alloy . The resulting images showed that little intact tissue remained , and only fragmented and crushed basidiospores were seen . Another sample of the specimen was mounted in spurr 's resin ( an embedding medium used in electron microscopy ) and sectioned with a diamond knife ; the resulting sections were examined with transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) . The lack of discernible biological material from the mushroom seen in the SEM study was confirmed in the TEM analysis . A final section of the fossil was selected to attempt DNA sequencing . A small sample of the fossil was extracted at the AMNH and sent to the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology for DNA amplification . None of the three selected extracts showed any results after the amplification was attempted . It is possible that the fractures and flowlines which split AMNH NJ @-@ 90Z during initial preparation had already penetrated into the fossil and destroyed the hermetic seal which would have been needed for preserving the organic matter of the mushroom . The basidiospores recovered with the fruiting body were examined during the SEM study . The spores showed considerable damage from both the fossilization process and the subsequent weathering and specimen collection . They also displayed distinct halos in the amber , possibly from gas or liquid leaching out , or a reaction in the spores that prevented the resin from turning to amber . Even so , enough remained to make some observations about spore morphology . The basidiospores are broadly elliptic to oval , measuring approximately 7 @.@ 3 by 4 @.@ 7 μm , and each shows a distinct hilar appendage . The combined characters of Archaeomarasmius indicate a relation to the modern family Tricholomataceae , with a close similarity to the genera Marasmius and Marasmiellus . Both genera are noted for marcescence , toughening and drying , rather than putrifying . This property would increase the chances of a mushroom becoming entombed in amber . However , a number of other species are also possible close relatives of Archaeomarasmius , mostly in Tricholomataceae , although some species in the family Strophariaceae are also marasmioid . The authors suggest it may also be appropriate to classify Archaeomarasmius more conservatively as incertae sedis ( of uncertain placement ) within the Tricholomatoceae , Agaricales , or Homobasidiomycetes . = = Associated inclusions = = The amber specimen " AMNH NJ @-@ 90 " , which preserved the two holotypes , also preserved a number of other inclusions that give indications as to what the ecology of Archaeomarasmius may have been . Of the approximately forty insect inclusions present , flies in the families Ceratopogonidae and Chironomidae , together with caddisflies of the order Trichoptera , suggest that the mushroom was growing near fresh water . Beetles from the family Elateridae , a termite and a pseudoscorpion , in addition to the mushroom , are indicators of rotting wood , probably from a tree in the Cupressaceae family . Modern Marasmiaceae members are saprobic — obtaining nutrients by breaking down organic matter — and specimens included with Archaeomarasmius indicate a similar habit for the mushroom .
= Battle of the Narrow Seas = The Battle of the Narrow Seas , also known as the Battle of the Goodwin Sands or Battle of the Dover Straits was a naval engagement that took place on the 3 – 4 October 1602 during the Anglo @-@ Spanish War of 1585 and part of the Dutch Revolt . An English fleet under Sir Robert Mansell intercepted and attacked six Spanish galleys under the command of Federico Spinola ; in the Dover Straits and was fought all the way off from the coast of England and finally off the Spanish Netherlands . The English were soon joined by a Dutch fleet under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant and they completed the destruction . = = Background = = In 1602 Frederico Spinola , younger brother of Ambrogio Spinola had distinguished himself greatly as a soldier in the Army of Flanders and had succeeded in 1599 going through the English Channel passing the straits of Dover unmolested ; this led to a panic called the Invisible armada as it encouraged suspicions that the attempt might be renewed and on a larger scale . Buoyed by this achievement he had indulged Philip III of Spain , the Duke of Lerma and Martín de Padilla in a vision of a massive galley @-@ borne invasion of England from Flanders . However the council brought him down to a mere eight galleys , provided at Spinola 's expense . He was on his way from San Lucar to Lisbon but he was defeated by Sir Richard Leveson at Sezimbra Bay which cost him two galleys . After this defeat Spinola took his remaining six galleys back to Lisbon and filled his vessels with pay chests for Flanders . During the sailing to Flanders he took an English ship , which he left at A Coruña . At Santander he took on a further 400 troops to complete the Tercio complement of 1 @,@ 600 men . In England word had spread that Spinola was on his way in an attempt to run the English channel again . His heading was for Sluis with the six galleys , of whose approach was well informed by Robert Cecil even when they arrived at Blavet in Brittany at the beginning of October . Queen Elizabeth decided to act , so she appointed Sir Robert Mansell to join with the States fleet before Dunkirk and Sluis , to see what they could do to impeach them . Meanwhile , the States of Holland and West Frisia had sent a flotilla of nine ships under Vice @-@ Admiral Jacob van Duyvenvoorde to intercept Spinola but when this force arrived near Spain , Spinola had already escaped to the north . Van Duyvenvoorde , coping with an outbreak of smallpox by which he was afflicted himself , sent four of his ships back north under Jan Adriaanszoon Cant , known by the English as Jan van Cant . = = Engagement = = Mansell , with three ships ( the 30 gun Hope along with the 42 gun Victory and the Answer ) departed and patrolled about Dungeness . Mansell 's flag captain came up with the strategy on how to tackle Spinola ; he predicted that Spinola would try to sail close to the English coast . Acting on this hunch Mansell set one ship a good distance from another using flyboats so that a good communication system was erected between themselves and the Dutch fleet off the Flemish coast under acting Vice @-@ Admiral Jan Cant . On the 3rd Mansell was soon joined by two Dutch flyboats , Samson , and the Moon to improve communication and now Spinola was effectively sailing into a trap . = = = Action with the English = = = In the moonlight of 3 October just before midnight Mansell was on the lookout for Spinola 's galleys and were soon sighted . Mansell ordered an attack and off Dungeness ; Moon , Samson and the Answer charged at the galleys . Spinola seeing this decided to swing his galleys round to face the South East , the direction of the Flanders coast but in so doing the lead ship San Felipe ( St. Philip ) ran straight into the Victory and Hope forcing the galleys inadvertently further East . What happened when the Spanish galleys came under fire of the English ships differs depending on sources : from one side it is asserted that the San Felipe was nearly battered into submission by Victory 's guns and she was only able to escape when the other galleys came up in support drawing Victory 's and Hopes fire . On the other hand , it is also claimed that Spinola 's galleys succeeded in passing almost unscathed between the English ships by rowing at full strength . Mansell decided on creating as much damage as possible ; instead of concentrating on one galley , fire was switched from one target to another and as a result be believed that damage was inflicted on most of the galleys they saw in the moonlight . By the time they reached Goodwin Sands the Spanish galleys started to retreat in desperation for the Flemish coast . A gale was now blowing strongly from the West which also hampered Spanish attempts and they were hotly pursued by the English ships and soon the gunfire warnings were signals for the Dutch to engage . = = = Dutch join the attack = = = The action continued across the Narrow Seas towards Dunkirk , Nieuwpoort , Gravelines and Sluis . The Dutch Admiral Jan Cant soon cut off the Spanish and the English waited outside of the Flemish road stead in case any tried to escape elsewhere . The States ' ship Mackerel ( Makreel ) , came in sight and attacked the already damaged San Felipe , pouring in a broadside . Drawing off from this assailant , the galley found herself close to Vice @-@ Admiral Cant 's Half Moon ( Halve Maene ) . The galley tried to evade discovery by remaining immobile in the darkness but this had disastrous results . The Halve Maene bore straight down upon the galley and struck at her amidships carrying off her mainmast and her poop . Whilst extricating himself with difficulty from the wreck Half Moon sent a tremendous volley of cannon fire straight into the waist . Another State 's galliot bore down to complete the work ; San Felipe sunk quickly carrying with her all the galley slaves , sailors , and soldiers . The Lucera , trying the same evasive tactic , was the next galley attacked ; a Dutch galleot , which drove under full sail managed to ram her . The galley was struck between the mainmast and stern , with a blow which carried away the assailant 's own bowsprit , but in return completely demolished the stern of the galley . Vice @-@ Admiral Cant came up once more in the Half @-@ moon , and finished Lucera ( Morning Star ) off by ramming , tearing the galley apart . Meanwhile , Victory and two States ' galleots were chasing two galleys ; San Juan and Jacinto who were already in a sinking state . With nowhere to escape and the gale blowing against them , the only option was for the respective commanders to run them aground near Nieuwpoort . In the end , both galleys succeeded in reaching the safety of Niewpoort . Another galley managed to evade the Dutch and English long enough but it too ended up being wrecked on the French coast near Calais . The galley San Luis , which bore Spinola himself and his thirty @-@ six pay chests , attempted to reach Dunkirk , but as the tide was low , she was forced to wait beyond a sandbank . Ten Dutch ships fell upon San Luis , but Spinola succeeded in sailing between the Dutch vessels and reached Dunkirk . With this the battle had ended and a Dutch blockade formed to prevent Spinola 's escape . = = Aftermath = = Casualties were exceptionally heavy for the Spanish ; as two galleys sank with all hands , with perhaps over 2 @,@ 000 were killed wounded or captured . At Calais the wrecked galley was chopped up and used as firewood by the French , the Spanish crew were interned and the galley slaves freed . Casualties for the Dutch and English were light with some ships suffering no casualties at all . Two Dutch ships were damaged in the ramming that took place and but the rest of the Dutch ships suffered only minor damage . The English ships suffered no damage at all except for a broken mast on Samson due to the gale . The battle clearly showed the difference between galleons and galleys , the transition in warfare , along with the introduction of much cheaper cast iron guns in the 1580s , proved the " death knell " for the war galley as a significant military vessel . Mansell was rewarded for his part in the victory and was named Vice @-@ Admiral of the Narrow Seas in commemoration of the name of the battle . Van Duyvenvoorde and Cant both received honorary golden chains from the States of Holland . As for Spinola , he managed to save half of the galleys , as the two which had reached Nieuwpoort were soon able to join San Luis in Dunkirk . From there , the three ships sailed unmolested to Sluis , where Spinola with his five galleys still possessed a threat to the English and Dutch shipping . Both the English and the Dutch were gradually able to gain supremacy in the seas not just in and around the English Channel but in all the European waters . As a result , Spinola would be defeated again and mortally wounded at the Battle of Sluys by the blockading Dutch forces in an attempt to escape . Spinola 's death and the subsequent surrender of Sluis to the Dutch in 1604 ended his and Philip III 's dreams , and English fears , of a galley @-@ borne invasion of England from Flanders .
= The Crescent , Taunton = The Crescent is a street in Taunton , a town in the English county of Somerset . Construction began in 1807 , during a period of extensive redevelopment in the town , driven by the Market House Society and the Member of Parliament Sir Benjamin Hammet . Lined on the eastern side by a Georgian terrace , the street follows a shallow crescent shape , broken in the middle by Crescent Way and a bit further south by St George 's Place . It links Upper High Street , at its southern end , with Park Street and Tower Street to the north . On the western side , Somerset County Council have their offices in the County Hall , erected in 1935 , and extended in the 1960s . The Georgian terrace , the Masonic Hall , and the County Hall are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as listed buildings . = = History = = During the 17th and 18th centuries Taunton suffered , first due to the Civil War ( 1642 – 1651 ) , during which two thirds of the town was burnt down , and then the decline of the cloth industry upon which the town 's economy relied . In the late 18th century , the Taunton Market House Society formed with the aim of improving Taunton town centre , most notably the Market House . Benjamin Hammet , a prominent member of the society , was elected as a Member of Parliament for Taunton in 1782 , and tried to start clearing the slums in the town centre . In 1770 , the old Market House was knocked down and replaced , and less than ten years later , Hammet Street was built , to connect the Market square with the Church of St Mary Magdalene . The Crescent formed part of Hammet 's plan for Taunton . It was built to the north of Upper High Street , in what was known at the time as Paul 's Field . It follows a shallow crescent shape , which Nikolaus Pevsner notes is " hardly noticeable " . Although Hammet died in 1800 , the foundation stone was placed in 1807 by William Kinglake , as part of a ceremony that was attended by " an immense number of persons . " The Monthly Magazine noted that the street was intended to add to the " ornament , respectability , and advantage " of Taunton , while the Taunton Courier reported that the houses were intended for " genteel families " . When the street was built , each end featured a cottage with high iron gates which limited traffic to residents and their visitors . The footpaths were less restricted , but featured " three or four posts between which a corpulent person had difficulty in squeezing . " These gates and posts have since been removed . The Crescent comprised a terrace of houses along the street 's eastern side ; the other side was not built on and was eventually converted into parkland . In 1822 , a Catholic chapel , known as St George 's Chapel was built at the southern @-@ end of the terrace , the first Catholic church built in Taunton since the Reformation . The Catholic congregation moved out to a larger church in 1878 and the chapel was bought by the Freemasons , who converted it into a Masonic Lodge . In 1935 , County Hall was built on the open side of The Crescent , providing Somerset County Council with more space than their previous offices at Shire Hall . Early plans for further buildings at the site did not come to fruition , but County Hall was extended in the 1960s to cover most of the open land in front of The Crescent .. Despite the work done by Hammet , the area between The Crescent and the High Street was still considered a slum until it was redeveloped around the Second World War . During this period , the General Post Office ( GPO ) built " Telephone House " , a telephone exchange and office building , replacing the houses in the middle of the terrace . = = Architecture = = On the eastern side of The Crescent , a Georgian terrace was erected in 1807 . Built of " pinkish @-@ brown " brick , each house is of three @-@ storeys plus a basement , and is two windows across . The houses are split by plain pilasters and topped with hipped slate roofs . While the first and second storey windows are rectangular , those on the ground floor are round @-@ headed , as are the doorways . The first floor windows have small , circular segmental balconies . A variety of six- and eight @-@ panel doors are reached by climbing a small flight of steps , and the entire terrace is fronted with railings . This terrace forms two separate listed building designations from Historic England ; numbers 1 – 11 and 15 – 20 , both of which are Grade II * listed . The terrace was later split , and is intersected by Crescent Way , which leads to the Crescent car park . On the southern side of Crescent Way , the northern end of the terrace formed by numbers 15 – 20 , is Exchange House , the former GPO Telephone House . According to Pevsner , this building breaks the modesty of the street , with " its thick @-@ set Tuscan porch " . At the southern end of the same terrace is the Masonic Hall , another Grade II * listed building , which forms the end of the terrace , and features a series of prominent Ionic pilasters along the front and southern end . A further terrace to the south of the Masonic Hall is split from the hall by St George 's Place . It is formed of numbers 21 to 23 The Crescent , and number 42 Upper High Street . The terrace forms two listed building designations , both Grade II . Numbers 21 and 22 The Crescent are two @-@ storey roughcast houses , each spanning three windows . The doorways are round @-@ headed , and are flanked by ground floor bay windows . Number 23 forms the back of 42 Upper High Street , and is a two @-@ storey red brick building . On the western side , the first part of the County Hall was built in 1935 , and is known as " A Block " . It was designed by Vincent Harris , and is Neo @-@ Georgian . It is a three storey , built out of red and buff @-@ coloured bricks forming an English bond , with Portland stone dressings . The central section is curved , with wings at 45 degrees to the formed main entrance . The ground @-@ floor is fronted with ashlar , and has three round arches , the middle one of which forms a doorway . The doorway is topped by an engraved coat of arms in the tympanum . The central block spans nine windows , while each wing has a prominent window at the end , framed by an aedicule . The first and second floors of the wings feature eleven sash windows . An extension was made to the south of the building in the 1960s . The original " A Block " is designated as a Grade II listed building .
= Andover F.C. = Andover F.C. was a football club based in Andover , Hampshire , established in 1883 . Since the 2007 – 08 season , Andover had been a member of the Southern League Division One South and West at Step 4 of the National League System ( i.e. four divisions below the English Football League ) . The club played at this level for 29 of its 128 years of existence , and played its thousandth game in this league in 2008 . Compared with earlier periods , the ten years from 1998 to 2008 were relatively successful for Andover , seeing them win a number of league and cup honours as well as registering their biggest ever win . In the 2010 – 11 season , the club finished twenty @-@ first out of twenty @-@ one teams , and was dissolved in July 2011 due to continuing financial constraints . In a statement announcing the matter , club secretary Graham Cousins expressed a hope that the club could " be resurrected to play at a more appropriate level " in the future . A new club , Andover Lions F.C. was subsequently formed and play in the Hampshire Premier League . = = History = = = = = Early years = = = Andover Football Club was formed in 1883 and played their first game on 27 October at Stride 's Field , Weyhill Road , a friendly match against Basingstoke Mechanical Engineers . Three years later they moved to the Walled Meadow , where they played their home matches for the next 96 years . For most of the next thirty years , the club competed in three separate small leagues which were run side @-@ by @-@ side during the space of each season ; the Hampshire League , the Salisbury and District League , and the North Hants May League . During this time , Andover won the Salisbury League eight times , the North Hants May League five times and reached the Hampshire Junior Cup final twice . Andover competed in the first Hampshire Senior Cup in 1888 , but became involved in controversy after they were knocked out of the competition by Woolston Works . During this match , a Glasgow – based player called J. Kesson played for Woolston in their victory . Andover protested that Kesson should be disqualified on the grounds of residency — although he had played for Woolston Works earlier that season , he had since moved back to Glasgow . Woolston 's appeal rested on the fact that Kesson had left some items of clothing at his lodgings in Woolston , and this should be interpreted as his intention to return . The Hampshire FA upheld the appeal , allowing Woolston to progress through to the next round and eventually win the inaugural competition . Andover joined the newly formed Southern League Second Division South West section in 1898 . They won just two of their ten games at this higher level and finished bottom of their six @-@ team division , which also included Cowes , Ryde and Eastleigh . After just one season , they moved back down to county league football along with the majority of teams in that division . = = = 1900 to the Second World War = = = Until the First World War Andover played in the Hampshire League North Division ( the Hampshire League at this time was composed of a number of regional divisions instead of the present @-@ day hierarchical structure ) , and their first major honour came in 1913 – 14 when they won that division . Competition was suspended during the war , and upon the restart they rejoined the Hampshire League in the North Division before moving to an enlarged County Division in the 1920 – 21 season . It was while in this division that they won their most prestigious title to date , the league championship in 1924 – 25 . Division One of the Hampshire League was formed at the start of the 1929 – 30 season , and Andover were almost permanent members of that division , winning their first title in 1934 – 35 . The only slip was in 1936 – 37 when they were relegated , but they returned the following year after winning promotion from Division Two . The club remained active during the Second World War , winning the Hampshire League title in 1944 – 45 . Andover had a certain degree of success in county cup competitions during this period . They reached the final of the Hampshire Senior Cup twice , in 1931 and 1933 , losing to Winchester City and Newport ( IOW ) respectively . They also won the Russell Cotes Cup four times and reached the final a further three times . = = = Post @-@ war years = = = Andover continued playing in Division One of the Hampshire League after the war . They had success during the period between 1948 and 1951 , winning two more Hampshire League championships as well as winning the Hampshire Senior Cup for the first two times in the club 's history . In 1960 – 61 , Andover won the Russell Cotes Cup for the sixth time , while the reserves were champions of Division Two and won the County Intermediate Cup for the second successive season . The following year saw the first team win their eighth Hampshire League championship and retain the Russell Cotes Cup , while the Reserves were champions of Division Two again . Ian Henderson broke his own goalscoring record set the previous year , scoring 62 goals . In 1962 , the club followed Salisbury and stepped up to the Western League . This proved to be quite a different challenge — whereas before they had only competed against local teams in league competition , they now faced opposition from teams as far afield as Avon , Somerset and Devon as well as the reserve teams of league clubs such as Bristol Rovers , Bristol City and Torquay United . They generally fared well , only failing to finish in the top half of the table twice during their time at this level . Their first season in the Western League saw the club reach the first round proper of the FA Cup for the only time in their history after defeating Hendon 5 – 4 in a fourth qualifying round replay . On 3 November , Fourth Division side Gillingham came to the Walled Meadow and won 1 – 0 in front of 3484 spectators , a figure which would remain as the club 's largest attendance for a home game . In the league Andover finished fourth , but that was their highest placing until 1969 – 70 when they finished as runners @-@ up . This was repeated the following season , and so in 1971 Andover took another step up and joined the Southern League . Now competing against teams from an even wider area spanning almost the entire width of the country ( ranging from Bideford in the west to Bury Town in the east ) and in some cases with a larger budget and fanbase , competition was always tough with the club generally finishing in the bottom half of the table . The highest position the club reached at this level was the sixth place reached in 1987 – 88 and again in 1991 – 92 . = = = Move to the Portway Stadium = = = In 1989 the Walled Meadow was sold for redevelopment and the club moved to the brand new Portway Stadium , which is located on the West Portway Industrial Estate . A crowd of 1 @,@ 100 watched the official opening match against Leicester City , with the league team coming away with a 10 – 1 victory . After much deliberation over the cost and distance of travel involved in Southern League football , the club voluntarily stepped down the pyramid ladder to join the Wessex League in 1993 – 94 . The first season saw them finish runners @-@ up , but the club 's management declined to apply for promotion back into the Southern League and so they remained in the Wessex League . In the following three seasons they were placed seventh , ninth and sixth , but 1997 – 98 saw the club finish runners @-@ up again , winning promotion back to the Southern League . Returning after a five @-@ year absence , it was not long before the difference in quality between the two leagues became evident , and the club soon realised that it was unable to compete financially with the bigger clubs in the division . At the beginning of the year the club announced its intention to return to the Wessex League for 1999 – 2000 , a decision taken because it was felt it would be better to play in a league in which it could compete financially and successfully . = = = 2000 to 2011 = = = The next few years saw Andover enjoying its most successful spell for many decades . The first season back in the Wessex League saw the club finish third . They also reached the final of the Hampshire Senior Cup for the first time in 35 years , losing 1 – 9 to Aldershot Town in what is the Shots ' record win in their current incarnation . The team scored a total of 233 goals in all competitions , including a club record 88 goals scored by Andy Forbes . Andover won the Wessex League championship for the first time in the 2000 – 01 season , scoring a club record 153 league goals including a 14 – 1 win over Swanage Town & Herston , the club 's record victory . In addition , they won the Hampshire Senior Cup for the fifth time in the club 's history , beating Havant & Waterlooville 2 – 0 at The Dell . They also retained the North Hants Senior Cup to complete a treble . They retained the League title the following year , winning the championship by a single point from Fleet Town following a 1 – 1 draw at Fleet on the last day of the season — this match was played in front of 623 people , a record attendance for a Wessex League match up to that date . The Lions gained another treble by also winning the League Cup and Russell Cotes Cup . The club won the North Hants Senior Cup again in 2002 – 03 , and reached the semi @-@ finals of both the Hampshire Senior Cup and the Russell Cotes Cup . Another Wessex League attendance record was set towards the end of the season when 702 people saw Andover 's 6 – 1 win over Eastleigh . Despite this period of success , the club failed to attract significant local support . The club was close to extinction during the summer of 2003 after the chairman resigned , and was only saved when twelve supporters secured its future by purchasing the lease for the Portway Stadium from the outgoing chairman . The 2003 – 04 season brought success in the FA Vase competition , when Andover reached the quarterfinals for the first time in their history , before losing to Hampshire rivals Winchester City . They finished sixth in the league and won the North Hants Senior Cup for the fifth time . The 2004 – 05 season saw an improvement in the league with a fifth @-@ place finish ; the reserves finished runners up in the Wessex Combination East division . The club also won the North Hants Senior Cup for the sixth time . Under the 2006 pyramid reorganisations , a third @-@ place finish in the Wessex League was good enough for promotion back to the Southern League , along with local rivals Winchester City and Thatcham Town . In their first season back , they finished in ninth place , just five points from the divisional playoffs . They were unable to build on this and struggled to a nineteenth @-@ place finish in the following season , ultimately finishing 29 points above relegation after Slough Town were reprieved following Halifax Town 's expulsion from the Football Conference . Andover 's home match against Uxbridge , played towards the end of that season , was the club 's thousandth game in the Southern League . The beginning of the 2008 – 09 season saw the Lions marking their 125th anniversary with a pre @-@ season friendly against local rivals Salisbury City . Prior to the game , it had been announced that the club would also be wearing a new kit design to mark this occasion for one season only — a plain red shirt ( a departure from the traditional red and black stripes ) was worn for the first time during this game , which Andover won 3 – 2 . The season itself saw Andover have their best run in the FA Trophy to date , eventually losing 0 – 3 at home to Newport County in the third qualifying round . The start of the 2010 – 11 season was disrupted due to damage caused to the Portway Stadium pitch by rabbits , leading to a number of home league games being postponed . An FA Cup match against Chertsey Town was played at Whitchurch United 's Longmeadow Ground , and their FA Trophy match against Bideford was played at Winchester City 's Denplan City Ground . The Lions were unable to recover and struggled throughout the season , failing to win a single home game and finishing bottom of the division with eleven points after conceding more than 100 goals . However , the club avoided relegation due to the resignation of Almondsbury Town F.C. earlier in the season . = = = Dissolution and reformation = = = Following the 2010 – 11 season , a new chairman and manager were appointed by the club . However , the manager resigned shortly afterwards to take up a post at Rotherham United F.C. , and the chairman resigned citing continuing financial constraints . The remaining board members formally wound up the club and resigned from the Southern League in July 2011 . A new club named Andover Lions F.C. was formed two weeks later . After gaining clearance from the Football Association and the Hampshire F.A. , the club were accepted into the Hampshire League 2004 ( where the original club 's reserve side had been playing ) in time for the start of the 2011 – 12 season , with home games played at the Charlton Sports Centre . = = = Honours = = = = = Ground = = Previously , the club played at the Walled Meadow , near to the town centre . The ground had a main wooden stand along one side ( which incorporated the changing rooms ) , and a bank of covered terracing on the opposite side . The ground was mainly accessed via the car park off London Road , with turnstiles also situated on Eastfield Road behind the main stand . Since the club left the Walled Meadow in 1989 , the ground has been demolished and the site is now used for a housing development of the same name . In 1989 the club moved to the Portway Stadium , situated in the Portway Industrial Estate on the western outskirts of the town . Built at a cost of £ 850 @,@ 000 , the ground has a main stand of brick and concrete construction with bench seating for around 250 people . This stand is set on a bank running along the entire south side of the ground , giving spectators on that side an elevated view of the pitch . The managers ' benches are set into this banking in front of the stand at pitch level . The banking slopes down behind each goal until it reaches the same level as the pitch along the north side . There is hard standing around the entire perimeter of pitch , along with a turnstile block and a gate opening out onto the stadium car park for ambulance access . The stadium 's clubhouse ( named the Portway Suite ) is also situated on this elevated side , just inside the turnstiles . The clubhouse houses a function suite and bar at first @-@ floor level , and changing rooms , physio room , public announcement equipment , toilets and a tea bar at ground @-@ floor level . In addition to hosting the club 's first , reserve and youth team fixtures , the Portway Stadium has also played host to a number of local and regional cup matches . They include Hampshire Senior Cup semi @-@ finals , Hampshire Floodlit Youth Cup finals , and the South West Counties Women 's Championship playoff final . Following the demise of Andover F.C. in 2011 , the stadium was unused for 2 years until the newly formed Andover Town won the lease for its use and , after a major facelift , regular football returned to the venue with the newly established outfit gaining direct entry into the Wessex League First Division where they gained promotion after their first season . = = Supporters = = In the 2008 – 09 season , Andover 's average attendance was 149 , representing a small increase of three compared to the previous season . This figure was the 11th highest in the division , falling around twenty short of the division 's mean average . Attendance levels at Andover 's matches reached a peak in the late 1960s . During the 1969 – 70 season , home attendances at league matches averaged over 550 , with the largest crowd being the 2 @,@ 144 people who watched their FA Cup match against local rivals Salisbury . In the years following their promotion to the Southern League , average attendances started to drop until they dipped below the 200 mark during the 1970s . Since then , the average attendance at Andover 's matches has remained at approximately 140 , although this figure dipped below 100 in the 1999 – 2000 season following their last relegation from the Southern League . Just three seasons later however , this figure had risen to just under 200 following the club 's second consecutive Wessex League championship and successes in cup competitions . = = = Rivalries = = = Traditionally , Andover 's supporters regarded Salisbury as their local rivals , with matches between the two teams often attracting larger attendances than average for Andover 's home games . This rivalry was encouraged by the fact that the two teams played in the same division for all but three years between Andover 's admission into the Western League in 1962 and their step down to the Wessex League in 1992 . With Salisbury City 's rise up the football pyramid separating the two teams , the nearest club in Andover 's division was Whitchurch United , until Winchester City were promoted from the Hampshire League in 2003 . Their rivalry quickly grew and was at its closest during that season 's FA Vase competition , in which the two clubs were drawn against each other at the quarter @-@ final stage . This rivalry continued following the two teams ' simultaneous promotion to the Southern Football League in 2006 . Andover New Street , a Wessex League team who play just outside the town , were also considered rivals . The two teams competed in an annual pre @-@ season tournament known as the Dango Memorial Cup ( a charity tournament named in honour of a former player who appeared for both teams ) , together with two other invited clubs . = = Colours and crest = = Andover 's traditional strip of red and black stripes was worn for the vast majority of their history . This was changed to red and black quarters in 1950 and remained so until 1957 when the club reverted to the traditional stripes . When promotion to the Southern League was gained in 1972 , the team 's colours were changed , this time to red with a single white stripe . This kit was worn until 1988 , when the familiar red and black stripes were re @-@ introduced . For the 2008 – 09 season , a plain red kit was introduced to commemorate the club 's 125th anniversary — this was worn for the first time in the pre @-@ season friendly against Salisbury City . The last away kit worn by the team was yellow and black shirts with white shorts . However , various combinations have been worn in recent years , such as white shirts with blue sleeves and blue shorts , and tangerine shirts with white shorts . Andover 's badge depicted a lion standing under an oak tree , which mirrors the design used on the town coat of arms . This badge was first used during the 1950s . = = Club records = = Best league performance : Sixth in Southern League Southern Division , 1987 – 88 and 1991 – 92 Best FA Cup performance : First round , 1962 – 63 Best FA Trophy performance : Third qualifying round , 2008 – 09 Best FA Vase performance : Quarter @-@ finals ( sixth round ) , 2003 – 04 Highest Scorer in a Season : Andy Forbes , 86 goals in 1999 – 2000 Worst Defeat : 0 – 24 vs. Ryde Sports , Hampshire League , 27 January 1900 Record attendances : Walled Meadow : 3 @,@ 484 vs. Gillingham , FA Cup first Round , 3 November 1962 Portway Stadium : 1 @,@ 183 vs. Portsmouth XI , friendly = = = Record victories = = = = = Finances and structure = = Prior to its dissolution , Andover Football Club was run as a Private Limited Company . The twelve @-@ man consortium who took over the club in 2003 were the club shareholders , with the club president being the majority shareholder , the club chairman holding the second @-@ largest number of shares , and the remainder of the shares distributed equally among the other members of the board and management committee . Andover were sponsored by a number of local companies including the Hospital Saving Association ( HSA ) , a locally based health insurance firm who have also sponsored Blackburn Rovers in the past . In addition to gate receipts , the club derived income from club merchandise sold in the club shop , and the Portway Suite ( the clubhouse at the Portway Stadium ) . The suite was able to be rented out for private events such as wedding receptions and birthday parties as well as hosting club events such as quiz nights . A boardroom was also available for conferences and meetings . = = Former players = = Despite their relatively low stature , a few notable players have represented Andover FC in the past . The most famous of these in recent times is Nigel Spackman , a local player who began his career for his home town before moving to AFC Bournemouth in 1980 . From there , he enjoyed a successful career culminating in an English league championship win with Liverpool , and numerous Scottish league and cup winners medals with Rangers . Since retiring , he has ventured into club management as well as becoming a television football pundit . Like Spackman , Bill Rawlings was another Andoverian who began his career at the club . He joined Southampton in 1919 where he enjoyed a successful career scoring 175 goals in 327 league appearances , making him their third all @-@ time goalscorer behind Mick Channon and Matthew Le Tissier . He earned two England caps in 1922 against Wales and Scotland respectively . He also played for Manchester United and Port Vale . Dick Rowley was signed in September 1922 by Andover whilst serving at nearby Tidworth army base . After a few years playing the wing for the club , he was signed by Swindon Town and went on to play for Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur and Preston North End . He won six caps for Ireland in the years between 1929 and 1931 , scoring two goals against Scotland and Wales . Another league player who started his career for Andover is James Sharp who left Andover in 2000 to play for Hartlepool United . Since then , he has had spells at Falkirk , Torquay United , Rochdale and Airdrie United in the Scottish League . However , it has often been the case that league players have joined Andover after retiring from professional football . One of the most notable of these in modern times is Matt Crossley , who ended his career with the Lions after playing more than 100 matches for Wycombe Wanderers . After leaving Andover in 2001 , Crossley later became assistant manager at Woking where he gained notoriety in December 2006 after he headbutted an opposing player who had tried to break up a fight . Maurice Evans is another former professional who , after briefly taking over as Andover 's player @-@ manager in 1967 , went on to lead Reading to the Fourth Division championship , and Oxford United to Milk Cup victory . Another such player is Nicky Banger who played for Andover in their Wessex League championship winning team of 2002 , the Lions being one of a string of local non @-@ league clubs that he played for after leaving professional football . Mel Blyth , who was on Southampton 's 1976 FA Cup winning team , ended his career with Andover in 1982 . His cup final team @-@ mate David Peach also played for Andover , this time in the 1983 – 84 season when he scored five goals for the club . Other ex @-@ league players who have represented Andover in the past include Colin Barrett ( who joined Andover in 1981 after playing league football for Manchester City , Nottingham Forest and Swindon Town ) , Stuart Barfoot , Peter Brown , and former player @-@ coach Phil Andrews . = = Other teams and activities = = Andover 's reserve team played for most of the club 's history in various competitions and won the Hampshire Combination in 1998 , although they did not play during the 2007 – 08 season . The reserve team competed in the Hampshire League 2004 from 2008 to 2011 . In addition to their first and reserve teams , Andover FC also ran a number of youth teams ; an under @-@ 18s team competing in the North East Hampshire Youth League , and teams for other age groups ranging from under @-@ 7s to under @-@ 15s . The under @-@ 18s also competed in the FA Youth Cup . In July 2008 , the club started a community programme called " Lions in the Community " in conjunction with some of their principal sponsors ( such as HSA and Stannah Lifts ) and a government body to provide a range of football activities for children and schools in the immediate area . Events held included coaching sessions at schools and local sports centres , five @-@ a @-@ side football tournaments for girls ' teams from local secondary schools , fun days and after @-@ school clubs . As a result of this programme , the club was officially awarded FA Charter Community Club status in October 2009 . Despite the dissolution of Andover F.C. , the Lions in the Community programme continues its activities .
= Taboo Tuesday ( 2005 ) = Taboo Tuesday ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on November 1 , 2005 , at the iPayOne Center in San Diego . It was the second annual Taboo Tuesday event in which the fans were given the chance to vote on stipulations for the matches . The voting for the event started on October 24 , 2005 , and ended during the event . Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card . The buildup to the matches and the scenarios that took place before , during , and after the event were planned by WWE 's script writers . The event starred wrestlers from the Raw brand : a storyline expansion of the promotion where employees are assigned to a wrestling brand under the WWE banner . The main event was a Triple Threat match , a standard match involving three wrestlers , for the WWE Championship . In this match , John Cena defeated Kurt Angle and Shawn Michaels to retain his title . Two bouts were featured on the undercard . In a retrospective singles matches for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , Ric Flair defeated Triple H in a Steel cage match , which is fought in a cage with four sheets of mesh metal around , in , or against the edges of the wrestling ring , in which Flair won by escaping the cage and having both feet touch the arena floor . The other featured an Interpromotional tag team match where Rey Mysterio and Matt Hardy ( SmackDown ! ) defeated Chris Masters and Snitsky ( Raw ) . Taboo Tuesday received 174 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was the same amount as the previous year 's event . The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event 7 out of 10 stars , higher than the 2004 event rating of 5 out of 10 stars . = = Background = = Unlike other WWE pay @-@ per @-@ views , where stipulations were determined by WWE 's creative staff , this was the second event where stipulations for matches were determined by votes from WWE fans conducted on WWE 's official website . The event was scheduled to feature eight professional wrestling matches . Although the stipulations resulted from votes by WWE fans , different wrestlers were involved in pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots and storylines , which led to scheduled matches in which WWE fans could vote upon stipulations . The main event scripted into Taboo Tuesday was between John Cena and Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship , in which Cena would also defend the title against the fans ' choice of three possible opponents : Kane , The Big Show , and Shawn Michaels . The buildup to the match began at Unforgiven , Raw 's previous pay @-@ per @-@ view event , in which Cena intentionally disqualified himself . In WWE , a championship cannot change hands via count @-@ out or disqualification , as a result , Cena retained the title . On the October 17 episode of Raw , one of WWE 's primary television programs , General Manager Eric Bischoff , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer , announced that a standard match involving three wrestlers , termed as a Triple Threat match , for the WWE Championship , would take place between Cena , Angle and the fans ' choice at Taboo Tuesday . Bischoff was scripted to promote three series of qualifying matches , in which the winner would receive a spot on the ballot as a potential challenger to Cena and Angle . The winners were Kane , The Big Show , and Shawn Michaels . The following week , a Triple Threat match was scheduled between the three competitors . Michaels won the match after he hit both Big Show and Kane with a superkick and pinned the Big Show for the win . The following week , Bischoff announced a singles match between Cena and Michaels . Late in the match , Angle attacked both Cena and Michaels . Cena , however , retaliated and lifted Angle up on his shoulders , but Michaels managed to hit Cena with a superkick . One of the featured preliminary matches was between Ric Flair versus Triple H for the WWE Intercontinental Championship . On the October 3 episode of Raw , WWE Homecoming , Triple H returned after a four @-@ month hiatus . He took part in a match , teaming up with Flair , who was a fan favorite during Triple H 's absence , to take on Chris Masters and Carlito . The duo defeated Masters and Carlito ; after the match , Triple H turned on Flair and hit him with a sledgehammer . The following week , Triple H explained his actions , saying he saw that Flair had become mediocre when he was spat at and when he won the Intercontinental title . Triple H continued to say that he needed to end Flair 's career so his memories of Flair would not be tarnished . On the October 24 episode of Raw , a singles match was scheduled between Flair and Triple H at Taboo Tuesday , in which the fans would be given the opportunity to choose the type of match they compete in . The choice of the matches were a regular match , submission match , or a Steel Cage , a match where the ring is surrounded by walls of steel , for the Intercontinental title . Another preliminary match was between the Raw and SmackDown ! brands . The feud began on the October 3 episode of Raw , in which WWE Chairman Vince McMahon wanted a match between SmackDown ! wrestlers on the program . A match was scheduled , but before it could get underway , Eric Bischoff announced that McMahon had left the arena , thus leaving himself in charge . Seeing SmackDown ! as inferior , Bischoff stopped the match by turning off the lights and going to a commercial break . At the end of the broadcast , SmackDown ! General Manager Theodore Long , led SmackDown ! superstars to the ring , and they fought with Raw superstars . On the October 17 episode of Raw , John " Bradshaw " Layfield 's ( JBL ) ( SmackDown ! ) entrance music played during Edge 's ( Raw ) match , the distraction caused Edge to lose the match . As part of the storyline , Edge and Chris Masters showed up to the SmackDown ! program on the October 21 episode , in which they interfered in a match between JBL and Rey Mysterio , where they assaulted Mysterio . On the October 24 episode of Raw , a match was made between Edge and Masters , and two of five SmackDown ! superstars chosen by the fans , and Mysterio attacked Edge from behind . The following week , Bischoff invited Mysterio to the Raw program to take the Master Lock Challenge , a challenge where the wrestler must break free from Masters ' swinging full nelson submission hold , which he calls the Master Lock . Mysterio , however , attacked Masters instead , which caused Bischoff to call for other Raw superstars . Long called for SmackDown ! superstars , and they fought until the Raw roster retreated . = = Event = = Before Taboo Tuesday aired live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Kerwin White and Matt Striker defeated Shelton Benjamin and Val Venis in a tag team match taped for WWE Heat , one of WWE 's secondary television programs . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first televised match was a tag team match in which Edge and Chris Masters ( representing Raw ) faced off against Rey Mysterio and Matt Hardy ( representing SmackDown ! ) . Before the match , it was revealed that Edge refused to wrestle , saying he did not care about representing Raw and chose Snitsky as his replacement . Masters and Snitsky quickly gained the early advantage in the match , as they took the upper hand over Mysterio . Mysterio fought back with a tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl , a counterattack hold . Afterwards , Hardy and Snitsky were tagged in , leading to Hardy getting the advantage as he grabbed Snitsky by the side and drove Snitsky 's head onto the wrestling mat . Back and forth action took place between both teams . The match ended when Mysterio performed the 619 on Masters , followed by Hardy performing the Twist of Fate on Snitsky . Mysterio pinned Masters and giving SmackDown ! the win over Raw . The next match was another tag team match involving Rob Conway and Tyson Tomko versus Eugene and Jimmy Snuka , who won the fans ' vote with 42 % . The team of Conway and Tomko dominated Eugene in the early start of the match . Eugene , however , fought back by avoiding Tomko 's attacks . Eugene tagged Snuka in and performed a series of chops to Conway 's chest and headbutted him in the process . In retaliation , Tomko attacked Snuka from behind , but Eugene fought him off , as he extended his arm out and knocked him out of the ring and out of the match . Eugene performed a jawbreaker on Conway , which proceeded with Eugene to lift Conway by holding his back horizontally and slamming it down , termed as a side slam . Snuka covered Conway for the pinfall victory . After the match , Tomko attacked Snuka and Eugene until Jim Duggan and Kamala came down and fought off Tomko . The third match was between Carlito and Mankind , which was the gimmick chosen for Foley by the fans ' vote with 52 % . The match began with Carlito performing a dropkick on Mankind . Mankind , however , got the advantage over Carlito . Mid @-@ way through the match , Mankind tried to use a steel chair on Carlito , but Carlito avoided getting hit , as he executed a drop toe @-@ hold , sending Mankind to hit the steel steps . Mankind rose to his feet , which led Carlito to perform a standing dropkick , resulting in Mankind to hit the back of his head into the steel steps . Back in the ring , Mankind received the upper hand after he bent Carlito forward and hooked each arm behind Carlito 's back , tucked his head under one of Mankind 's arms , and then fell back to pull Carlito down flat on his face which caused Carlito to roll over . He then forced Carlito to submit with the Mandible claw and win the match . The voting results for John Cena and Kurt Angle 's opponent for the WWE Championship were then revealed , with Shawn Michaels winning . Big Show and Kane , who were also contenders for the WWE title match , faced the World Tag Team Champions Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship . The match began with Big Show and Kane dominating Cade and Murdoch early on . Cade and Murdoch fought back after Murdoch shoved Kane off the top turnbuckle . They performed a running chop block combination on Kane and taking the upper hand . The Big Show , who was tagged in , stood at 7 feet 0 inches ( 2 @.@ 13 m ) and weighed 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) , used his body size to his advantage as he squashed , or easily and quickly performed moves on , Cade and Murdoch . The match concluded after Big Show and Kane grabbed and lifted Cade by the throat and slammed him down into the mat , a move called the chokeslam . This allowed the Big Show to pin Cade and become the new World Tag Team champions with Kane . After the match , Big Show and Kane double teamed Murdoch , as they performed a chokeslam . The next match was a Street Fight , a match without disqualifications and where scoring conditions can occur anywhere , between Jonathan Coachman and SmackDown ! World Heavyweight Champion Batista . Goldust and Vader , were scripted to take part in the match , on behalf of Coachman . In the beginning of the match , Batista fought both Goldust and Vader , where they proceeded to beat him down in the corner . Batista , however , fought back with a series of shoulder block takedowns . Coachman , who stood on the outside , entered the ring , but did not last long , as Batista performed a clothesline on him . Batista attempted to perform a suplex on Vader , a move that consists of one wrestler picking up his opponent off the ground and then using a large portion of his or her own body weight to drive the opponent down on the mat , but Goldust managed to hit Batista with a kendo stick . This allowed Coachman to receive the advantage over Batista . The match concluded after Batista performed a sitout powerbomb on Coachman , a move Batista calls the Batista Bomb , to gain the win . The sixth match was a Battle Royal , a multi @-@ competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared the winner , for the WWE Women 's Championship between Ashley , Candice Michelle , Mickie James , Victoria , Maria and Trish Stratus , all of whom wore lingerie , which was voted by the fans ' with 43 % . In the match , James , as part of a storyline angle involving her being a devoted fan of Stratus , saved Stratus from being eliminated from the match , after Victoria tried eliminating her . Maria was tossed over the top rope by Stratus and James , thus being the first to be eliminated . Afterward , Michelle applied a submission move on Ashley on the top rope . Michelle turned around and was knocked off the ring apron by Ashley , making the second elimination of the match . Following the elimination of Michelle , Ashley was then eliminated by Victoria . The match concluded after Victoria hesitantly tried to eliminate Stratus , but James stopped her from doing so . James eliminated herself along with Victoria to allow Stratus to win and retain her Women 's title . = = = Main event matches = = = The main match was a singles match between Ric Flair and Triple H. The match was a Steel Cage match , which gained 83 % of the vote . During the match , Triple H sent Flair head @-@ first into the steel cage , causing Flair to bleed from the head . A spot in the match saw Triple H retrieve a steel chain in which he wrapped around his fist and attempted a diving fist drop from the top turnbuckle . Flair , however , countered as he raised his foot to hit Triple H in the face and performed a series of chops to Triple H 's chest . Triple H controlled most of the match , until he attempted to apply the figure four leglock , a signature move of Flair 's , which resulted in Flair sending him towards the steel cage . Flair followed this by biting the head of Triple H , resulting in him bleeding from his forehead , this often results when a wrestler is trapped , either in a corner of the ring or in a submission hold , as a desperation move . The match concluded after Flair reversed a Pedigree with a back body drop and three chair shots to the head . This allowed Flair to escape through the steel cage door to win the match and thus retain his Intercontinental title . The main event was the WWE Championship match , in which John Cena defended the title against Kurt Angle and Shawn Michaels , who received the fans ' vote to be part of the Triple Threat match . During the beginning of the match , Cena performed a back body drop on Angle , sending him to outside . Michaels , who had been thrown out of the ring , received the upper hand over Cena until Angle returned to the match and performed a variety of suplexes on both Michaels and Cena . Mid @-@ way in the match , Angle and Michaels double teamed Cena , lifting him in the air crashing face @-@ first on the Spanish announce table . Back in the ring , Angle lifted Michaels on his shoulders and spun 90 ° to slam him down to the mat , a move Angle calls the Angle Slam , from the top of the turnbuckles . Angle then tried to apply the ankle lock hold on Michaels , but Cena came into the ring and clotheslined Angle out of the ring . Cena proceeded by executing a back body drop on Michaels and attempting to perform a fist drop with theatrics , but was pulled out of the ring by Angle , who tossed him over the security barricade . The match concluded when Angle caught Cena in the ankle lock . Michaels , who was on the outside , climbed the top rope and drove his cocked elbow onto Angle 's chest , who was lying on the mat holding onto Cena 's ankle . Michaels performed a superkick , which saw the sole of his foot strike Angle 's chin , a move in which Michaels calls Sweet Chin Music . Following this , Cena lifted Michaels over his shoulders and threw him down to execute the FU . Cena got the pinfall victory and thus retained his title . = = Aftermath = = Following Taboo Tuesday , the storyline between John Cena and Kurt Angle continued . A match was scheduled in which Cena would defend WWE Championship against Angle at November 's pay @-@ per @-@ view event Survivor Series . In the scripted feud , Angle refused to compete in the November 7 episode of Raw due to the " you suck " chants from the audience . Angle finally agreed to compete that night when Eric Bischoff censored the crowd and let him have a special guest referee for his title rematch against Cena ; Angle chose Daivari to be the guest referee . Before their scheduled rematch , Daivari 's officiating was unfair and biased towards Angle 's opponents . At Survivor Series , Cena went on to defeat Angle to retain his title . The storyline angle between Triple H and Ric Flair also continued at Survivor Series , where they were scheduled in a match the wrestler who was unable to respond to a ten count by the referee would lose . Triple H defeated Flair at Survivor Series after Flair was unable to respond to a ten count . The feud between the Raw and SmackDown ! brands continued with Eric Bischoff and Theodore Long deciding on a 5 @-@ on @-@ 5 elimination match and a singles match between the two at Survivor Series . The teams feuded on both programs . At Survivor Series , Team SmackDown ! ( Batista , Rey Mysterio , JBL , Bobby Lashley , and Randy Orton ) defeated Team Raw ( Shawn Michaels , Kane , The Big Show , Carlito , and Chris Masters ) and Long defeated Bischoff . = = = Reception = = = The iPayOne Center usually can accommodate 14 @,@ 000 , but the capacity was reduced for the event . It also received 174 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , which was the same amount as the previous year 's Taboo Tuesday . The promotion 's revenue was $ 18 @.@ 8 million , which was greater than the previous year 's revenue of $ 18 @.@ 5 million . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the event 7 out of 10 stars . The rating was higher than last year 's event in 2004 , which was rated 5 out of 10 stars . The WWE title match was rated an 8 out of 10 . Additionally , the Divas match was rated a 3 out of 10 . The event was released on DVD on November 29 , 2005 . The DVD was distributed by the label Sony Music Entertainment . = = Results = = = = = Battle royal entrances and eliminations = = = = = = Voting results = = =
= Greater crested tern = The greater crested tern ( Thalasseus bergii ) , also called crested tern or swift tern , is a seabird in the tern family that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical Old World . Its five subspecies breed in the area from South Africa around the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific and Australia , all populations dispersing widely from the breeding range after nesting . This large tern is closely related to the royal and lesser crested terns , but can be distinguished by its size and bill colour . The greater crested tern has grey upperparts , white underparts , a yellow bill , and a shaggy black crest that recedes in winter . Its young have a distinctive appearance , with strongly patterned grey , brown and white plumage , and rely on their parents for food for several months after they have fledged . Like all members of the genus Thalasseus , the greater crested tern feeds by plunge diving for fish , usually in marine environments ; the male offers fish to the female as part of the courtship ritual . This is an adaptable species that has learned to follow fishing boats for jettisoned bycatch , and to use unusual nest sites such as the roofs of buildings and artificial islands in salt pans and sewage works . Its eggs and young are taken by gulls and ibises , and human activities such as fishing , shooting and egg harvesting have caused local population declines . There are no global conservation concerns for this bird , which has a stable total population of more than 500 @,@ 000 individuals . = = Taxonomy = = The terns , family Sternidae , are small to medium @-@ sized seabirds closely related to the gulls , skimmers and skuas . They are gull @-@ like in appearance , but typically have a lighter build , long pointed wings ( which give them a fast , buoyant flight ) , a deeply forked tail and short legs . Most species are grey above and white below , and have a black cap that is reduced or flecked with white in the winter . The greater crested tern was originally described as Sterna bergii by German naturalist Martin Lichtenstein in 1823 , but was moved to its current genus , Thalasseus , after mitochondrial DNA studies confirmed that the three main head patterns shown by terns ( no black cap , black cap , black cap with a white forehead ) corresponded to distinct clades . The greater crested tern 's closest relatives within its genus appear to be the lesser crested tern ( T. bengalensis ) , and the royal tern ( T. maximus ) . The DNA study did not include the critically endangered Chinese crested tern ( T. bernsteini ) but , as that bird was formerly considered to be conspecific with the greater crested tern as a synonym of the subspecies T. b. cristatus , it is presumably also very closely related . The generic name of the greater crested tern is derived from Greek Thalassa , " sea " , and the species epithet bergii commemorates Carl Heinrich Bergius , a Prussian pharmacist and botanist who collected the first specimens of this tern near Cape Town . The greater crested tern has about five geographical races , differing mainly in the colour of the upperparts and bill . These are listed below in taxonomic sequence . A similar number of other potential subspecies have been proposed , but are not considered valid . = = Description = = The greater crested tern is a large tern with a long ( 5 @.@ 4 – 6 @.@ 5 cm or 2 @.@ 1 – 2 @.@ 6 in ) yellow bill , black legs , and a glossy black crest that is noticeably shaggy at its rear . The breeding adult of the nominate subspecies T. b. bergii is 46 – 49 cm ( 18 – 19 @.@ 5 in ) long , with a 125 – 130 cm ( 49 – 51 in ) wing @-@ span ; this subspecies weighs 325 – 397 g ( 11 @.@ 4 – 14 @.@ 0 oz ) . The forehead and the underparts are white , the back and inner wings are dusky @-@ grey . In winter , the upperparts plumage wears to a paler grey , and the crown of the head becomes white , merging at the rear into a peppered black crest and mask . The adults of both sexes are identical in appearance , but juvenile birds are distinctive , with a head pattern like the winter adult , and upperparts strongly patterned in grey , brown , and white ; the closed wings appear to have dark bars . After moulting , the young terns resemble the adult , but still have a variegated wing pattern with a dark bar on the inner flight feathers . The northern subspecies T. b. velox and T. b. thalassina are in breeding plumage from May to September or October , whereas the relevant period for the two southern African races is from December to April . For T. b. cristata , the moult timing depends on location ; birds from Australia and Oceania are in breeding plumage from September to about April , but those in Thailand , China and Sulawesi have this appearance from February to June or July . The royal tern is similar in size to this species , but has a heavier build , broader wings , a paler back and a blunter , more orange bill . The greater crested often associates with the lesser crested tern , but is 25 % larger than the latter , with a proportionately longer bill , longer and heavier head , and bulkier body . Lesser crested tern has an orange @-@ tinted bill , and in immature plumage it is much less variegated than greater crested . The greater crested tern is highly vocal , especially at its breeding grounds . The territorial advertising call is a loud , raucous , crow @-@ like kerrak . Other calls include a korrkorrkorr given at the nest by anxious or excited birds , and a hard wep wep in flight . = = Distribution and habitat = = The greater crested tern occurs in tropical and warm temperate coastal parts of the Old World from South Africa around the Indian Ocean to the Pacific and Australia . The subspecies T. b. bergii and T. b. enigma breed in Southern Africa from Namibia to Tanzania , and possibly on islands around Madagascar . There is then a break in the breeding distribution of this species until Somalia and the Red Sea , and another discontinuity further east in southern India . The greater crested tern breeds on many islands in the Indian Ocean including Aldabra and Etoile in the Seychelles , the Chagos Archipelago , and Rodrigues . There are colonies on numerous Pacific islands , including Kiribati , Fiji , Tonga , the Society Islands and the Tuamotus . The nests are located on low ‑ lying sandy , rocky , or coral islands , sometimes amongst stunted shrubs , often without any shelter at all . When not breeding , the greater crested tern will roost or rest on open shores , less often on boats , pilings , harbour buildings and raised salt mounds in lagoons . It is rarely seen on tidal creeks or inland waters . All populations of greater crested tern disperse after breeding . When Southern African birds leave colonies in Namibia and Western Cape Province , most adults move east to the Indian Ocean coastline of South Africa . Many young birds also travel east , sometimes more than 2 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 200 mi ) , but others move northwards along the western coast . T. b. thalassina winters on the east African coast north to Kenya and Somalia and may move as far south as Durban . Populations of T. b. velox breeding from the Persian Gulf eastwards appear to be sedentary or dispersive rather than truly migratory , but those breeding in the Red Sea winter south along the east African coast to Kenya . T. b. cristata mostly stays within 400 km ( 250 mi ) of its colonies , but some birds wander up to around 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) . This species has occurred as a vagrant to Hawaii , New Zealand , North Korea , Jordan , and Israel . = = Behaviour = = = = = Breeding = = = The greater crested tern breeds in colonies , often in association with other seabirds . It is monogamous and the pair bond is maintained through the year and sometimes in consecutive breeding seasons . The colony size is related to the abundance of pelagic fish prey , and the largest documented colony , with 13 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 pairs , is in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia , a region which also supports major colonies of other seabirds . Since nesting in this area follows the summer monsoonal flooding , it is presumably a response to fish stocks rising , probably due to river run @-@ off providing extra nutrient to the Gulf . This tern does not show site fidelity , frequently changing its nest site from year to year , sometimes by more than 200 km ( 120 mi ) . A male greater crested tern establishes a small area of the colony in preparation for nesting , and initially pecks at any other tern entering his territory . If the intruder is another male , it retaliates in kind , and is normally vigorously repelled by the incumbent . A female entering the nest area reacts passively to the male 's aggression , enabling him to recognise her sex and initiate pair formation by display , including head raising and bowing ; this behaviour is frequently repeated during nesting to reinforce the bond between the pair . Terns also use fish as part of the courtship ritual . One bird flies around the colony with a fish in its beak , calling loudly ; its partner may also fly , but the pair eventually settle and the gift is exchanged . The nest is a shallow scrape in the sand on open , flat or occasionally sloping ground . It is often unlined , but sometimes includes stones or cuttlefish bones . One , sometimes two , eggs are laid and incubated by both parents for 25 to 30 days prior to hatching . The eggs are cream with blackish streaks . Egg laying is synchronised within a breeding colony and more tightly so within sub @-@ colonies . Parents do not recognize their own eggs or newly hatched chicks , but are able to distinguish their chicks by the time they are two days @-@ old , shortly before they begin to wander from the nest . The precocial chicks , which are very pale with black speckling , are brooded and fed by both parents , but may gather in crèches when older . The young terns fledge after 38 to 40 days , but remain dependent on the parents after leaving the colony until they are about four months old . In South Africa , this species has adapted to breeding on the roofs of building , sometimes with Hartlaub 's gull , which also shares the more typical nesting sites of the nominate race . In 2000 , 7 @.@ 5 % of the population of this subspecies bred on roofs . Artificial islands in salt pans and sewage works have also recently been colonised by this adaptable seabird . Adult terns have few predators , but in Namibia immature birds are often robbed of their food by kelp gulls , and that species , along with Hartlaub 's gull , silver gull and sacred ibis , has been observed feeding on eggs or nestlings , especially when colonies are disturbed . Smaller subcolonies with a relatively larger numbers of nests located on the perimeter are subject to more predation . In Australia , predation by cats and dogs , and occasional deaths by shooting or collisions with cars , wires or light @-@ towers have been documented . Commercial fisheries can have both positive and negative effects on the greater crested tern . Juvenile survival rates are improved where trawler discards provide extra food , and huge population increases in the southeastern Gulf of Carpentaria are thought to have been due to the development of a large prawn trawl fishery . Conversely , purse @-@ seine fishing reduces the available food supply , and sizeable fluctuations in the numbers of great crested terns breeding in the Western Cape of South Africa are significantly related to changes in the abundance of pelagic fish , which are intensively exploited by purse @-@ seine fishing . Terns may be killed or injured by collisions with trawl warps , trapped in trawls or discarded gear , or hooked by longline fishing , but , unlike albatrosses and petrels , there is little evidence that overall numbers are significantly affected . An unusual incident was the incapacitation of 103 terns off Robben Island , South Africa by marine foam , generated by a combination of wave action , kelp mucilage and phytoplankton . After treatment , 90 % of the birds were fit to be released . = = = Feeding = = = Fish are the main food of the greater crested tern , found to make up nearly 90 % of all prey items with the remainder including cephalopods , crustaceans and insects . Unusual vertebrate prey included agamid lizards and green turtle hatchlings . The great crested tern feeds mostly at sea by plunge diving to a depth of up to 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) , or by dipping from the surface , and food is usually swallowed in mid @-@ air . Birds may forage up to 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) from land in the breeding season . Prey size ranges from 7 – 138 mm ( 0 @.@ 28 – 5 @.@ 43 in ) in length and up to 30 g ( 1 @.@ 1 oz ) in weight . Shoaling pelagic fish such as anchovy and sardine are typical prey , but bottom @-@ living species are taken as discards from commercial fishing . This tern actively follows trawlers , including at night , and during the fishing season trawl discards can constitute 70 % of its diet . Prawn fishing is particularly productive in providing extra food , since prawns usually represent only 10 – 20 % of the catch , the remaining being bycatch , mainly fish such as cardinalfish and gobies . A study of an area of the Great Barrier Reef where the number of breeding great crested terns has grown ten @-@ fold , probably due to extra food from trawl by @-@ catch , suggested that lesser crested and sooty terns have moved away and now breed on a part of the reef where fishing is banned . It is possible that the large increase in the number of greater crested terns may have affected other species through competition for food and nesting sites . Terns have red oil droplets in the cone cells of the retinas of their eyes . This improves contrast and sharpens distance vision , especially in hazy conditions . Birds that have to see through an air / water interface , such as terns and gulls , have more strongly coloured carotenoid pigments in the cone oil drops than other avian species . The improved eyesight helps terns to locate shoals of fish , although it is uncertain whether they are sighting the phytoplankton on which the fish feed , or observing other terns diving for food . Tern 's eyes are not particularly ultraviolet sensitive , an adaptation more suited to terrestrial feeders like the gulls . = = Status = = The greater crested tern has a widespread distribution range , estimated at 1 – 10 million square kilometres ( 0 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 8 million square miles ) . The population has not been quantified , but it is not believed to approach the thresholds for either the size criterion ( fewer than 10 @,@ 000 mature individuals ) or the population decline criterion ( declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) of the IUCN Red List . For these reasons , the species is evaluated as being of Least Concern at the global level . However , there are concerns for populations in some areas such as the Gulf of Thailand where the species no longer breeds , and in Indonesia where egg harvesting has caused declines . All subspecies except T. b. cristata are covered under the Agreement on the Conservation of African @-@ Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ( AEWA ) . Parties to the Agreement are required to engage in a wide range of conservation strategies described in a detailed action plan . The plan is intended to address key issues such as species and habitat conservation , management of human activities , research , education , and implementation .
= Valerie Solanas = Valerie Jean Solanas ( April 9 , 1936 – April 25 , 1988 ) was an American radical feminist , best known for writing the SCUM Manifesto and attempting to murder artist Andy Warhol in the late 1960s . She was born in New Jersey and as a teenager had a volatile relationship with her mother and stepfather after her parents ' divorce . As a consequence , she was sent to live with her grandparents . Her alcoholic grandfather physically abused her and Solanas ran away and became homeless . She came out as a lesbian in the 1950s . She graduated with a degree in psychology from the University of Maryland , College Park . Solanas relocated to Berkeley , California . There , she began writing her most notable work , the SCUM Manifesto , which urged women to " overthrow the government , eliminate the money system , institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex . " Solanas moved to New York City in the mid @-@ 1960s , working as a writer . She met pop artist Andy Warhol and asked him to produce her play , Up Your Ass . She gave him her script , which she later accused him of losing and / or stealing , followed by Warhol expressing additional indifference to her play . After Solanas demanded financial compensation for the lost script , Warhol hired her to perform in his film , I , a Man , paying her $ 25 . In 1967 , Solanas began self @-@ publishing the SCUM Manifesto . Olympia Press owner Maurice Girodias offered to publish Solanas 's future writings , and she understood the contract to mean that Girodias would own her writing . Convinced that Girodias and Warhol were conspiring to steal her work , Solanas purchased a gun in the spring of 1968 . On June 3 , 1968 , she went to The Factory , where she found Warhol . She shot at Warhol three times , with the first two shots missing and the final wounding Warhol . She also shot art critic Mario Amaya , and attempted to shoot Warhol 's manager , Fred Hughes , point blank , but the gun jammed . Solanas then turned herself in to the police . She was charged with attempted murder , assault , and illegal possession of a gun . She was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia and pleaded guilty to " reckless assault with intent to harm " , serving a three @-@ year prison sentence , including treatment in a mental hospital . After her release , she continued to promote the SCUM Manifesto . She died in 1988 of pneumonia , in San Francisco . = = Early life = = Solanas was born in Ventnor City , New Jersey , to Louis Solanas and Dorothy Marie Biondo in 1936 . Her father was a bartender and her mother , a dental assistant . She had a younger sister , Judith Arlene Solanas Martinez . Her father 's parents were immigrants from Spain and her mother was Italian @-@ American . Solanas said that she regularly suffered sexual abuse at the hands of her father . Her parents divorced when she was young , and her mother remarried shortly afterwards . Solanas disliked her stepfather and began rebelling against her mother , becoming a truant . As a child , she wrote insults for children to use on one another , for the cost of a dime . She beat up a boy in high school who was bothering a younger girl , and also hit a nun . Because of her rebellious behavior , her mother sent her to be raised by her grandparents in 1949 . Solanas said that her grandfather was a violent alcoholic who often beat her . When she was 15 , she left her grandparents and became homeless . In 1953 , she gave birth to a son , fathered by a married sailor . The child , named David ( later David Blackwell by adoption ) , was taken away from Solanas and she never saw him again . Despite this , she graduated from high school on time and earned a degree in psychology from the University of Maryland , College Park , where she was in the Psi Chi Honor Society . While at the University of Maryland , she hosted a call @-@ in radio show where she gave advice on how to combat men . She was also an open lesbian , despite the conservative cultural climate of the 1950s . She attended the University of Minnesota 's Graduate School of Psychology , where she worked in the psychology department 's animal research laboratory , before dropping out and moving to attend Berkeley for a few courses , when she began writing the SCUM Manifesto . = = New York City and the Factory = = In the mid @-@ 1960s Solanas moved to New York City where she supported herself through begging and prostitution . In 1965 she wrote two works : an autobiographical short story called " A Young Girl 's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class " and a play titled Up Your Ass , about a young prostitute . According to James Martin Harding , the play is " based on a plot about a woman who ' is a man @-@ hating hustler and panhandler ' and who ... ends up killing a man " and is more a " provocation than ... a work of dramatic literature " and " rather adolescent and contrived . " The short story was published in Cavalier magazine in July 1966 . Up Your Ass remains unpublished . Harding described her as " an avant @-@ gardist " . In 1967 , Solanas encountered Andy Warhol outside his studio , The Factory , and asked him to produce her play . He accepted the script for review and told Solanas that it was " well typed " and promised to read it . According to Factory lore , Warhol , whose films were often shut down by the police for obscenity , thought the script was so pornographic that it must have been a police trap . Solanas contacted Warhol about the script , and was told that he had lost it . He also jokingly offered her a job at the Factory as a typist . Insulted , Solanas demanded money for the lost manuscript . Instead , Warhol paid her $ 25 to appear in his film , I , a Man . In her role in I , a Man , she leaves the film 's title character ( played by Tom Baker ) to fend for himself , explaining " I gotta go beat my meat " as she exits the scene . Solanas was satisfied with her experience working with Warhol and her performance in the film , and brought Maurice Girodias to see the film . Girodias described her as being " very relaxed and friendly with Warhol . " Solanas also had a nonspeaking role in Warhol 's film Bikeboy , in 1967 . = = = SCUM Manifesto = = = In 1967 , Solanas self @-@ published her best @-@ known work , the SCUM Manifesto , a scathing critique of patriarchal culture . The manifesto 's opening words are : " Life " in this " society " being , at best , an utter bore and no aspect of " society " being at all relevant to women , there remains to civic @-@ minded , responsible , thrill @-@ seeking females only to overthrow the government , eliminate the money system , institute complete automation and eliminate the male sex . Some authors have argued that the Manifesto is a parody of patriarchy and a satirical work and , according to Harding , Solanas described herself as " a social propagandist " , but Solanas denied that the work was " a put on " and insisted that her intent was " dead serious . " The Manifesto has been translated into over a dozen languages and is excerpted in several feminist anthologies . While living at the Chelsea Hotel , Solanas introduced herself to Maurice Girodias , the founder of Olympia Press and a fellow resident of the hotel . In August 1967 , Girodias and Solanas signed an informal contract stating that she would give Girodias her " next writing , and other writings . " In exchange , Girodias paid her $ 500 . She took this to mean that Girodias would own her work . She told Paul Morrissey that " everything I write will be his . He 's done this to me ... He 's screwed me ! " Solanas intended to write a novel based around the SCUM Manifesto , and believed that a conspiracy was behind Warhol 's failure to return the Up Your Ass script . She suspected that he was coordinating with Girodias to steal her work . = = = Shooting = = = In early 1968 , Solanas went to writer Paul Krassner to ask him for $ 50 . In a 2009 written account , Krassner rejected part of Morrissey 's account and maintained that Solanas asked him for the money for food and he loaned it to her . Krassner later speculated that Solanas could have used the money to buy the gun as the shooting was a few days later . According to Freddie Baer , when Solanas asked Krassner for money in 1968 , she told him she wanted to shoot Maurice Girodias and she used the $ 50 Krassner gave her to buy a .32 automatic pistol . In any event , Krassner denied that he knew that Solanas intended to kill Warhol when she asked to borrow money from him . According to an unquoted source in The Outlaw Bible of American Literature , on June 3 , 1968 , at 9 : 00 am , Solanas arrived at the Chelsea Hotel , where Girodias lived . She asked for him at the desk but was told he was gone for the weekend . She remained for three hours before heading to the Grove Press , where she asked for Barney Rosset , who was also not available . In her 2014 biography , Valerie Solanas , Breanne Fahs argues that it is unlikely that Solanas appeared at the Chelsea Hotel looking for Girodias . Fahs states that Girodias may have fabricated the account in order to boost sales of the SCUM Manifesto , which he had published . Fahs states that " the more likely story ... places Valerie at the Actor 's Studio at 432 West Forty @-@ Fourth Street early that morning . " Actress Sylvia Miles states that Solanas appeared at the Actor 's Studio looking for Lee Strasberg , asking to leave her play for him . Miles said that Solanas " had a different look , a bit tousled , like somebody whose appearance is the last thing on her mind . " Miles told Solanas that Strasberg would not be in until the afternoon . Miles said that she accepted a copy of the play from Solanas and then " ... shut the door because I knew she was trouble . I didn 't know what sort of trouble , but I knew she was trouble . " Fahs records that Solanas then traveled to producer Margo Feiden 's ( then Margo Eden ) residence in Crown Heights , Brooklyn , as Solanas believed that Feiden would be willing to produce her play . As related to Fahs , Solanas talked to Feiden for almost four hours , trying to convince her to produce the play and discussing her vision for a world without men . Throughout this time , Feiden repeatedly refused to produce Solanas 's play . According to Feiden , Solanas then pulled out her gun , and when Feiden again refused to commit to producing the play , Solanas responded , " Yes , you will produce the play because I 'll shoot Andy Warhol and that will make me famous and the play famous , and then you 'll produce it . " As she was leaving Feiden 's residence , Solanas handed Feiden a copy of her play and other personal papers . Fahs describes how Feiden then " frantically called her local police precinct , Andy Warhol 's precinct , police headquarters in Lower Manhattan , and the offices of Mayor John Lindsay and Governor Nelson Rockefeller to report what happened and inform them that Solanas was on her way at that very moment to shoot Andy Warhol . " In some instances , the police responded that " You can 't arrest someone because you believe she is going to kill Andy Warhol , " and even asked Feiden " Listen lady , how would you know what a real gun looked like ? " In a 2009 interview with James Barron of The New York Times , Feiden said that she did know that Solanas intended to kill Warhol , but could not prevent it . ( A New York Times assistant Metro editor responded to an online comment regarding the story , saying that the Times " does not present the account as definitive . " ) Fahs additionally cites Assistant District Attorney Roderick Lankler 's handwritten notes on the case , written on June 4 , 1968 , which begin with Margo Feiden 's stage name , " Margo Eden " , address , and telephone numbers at the top of the page . Later that day , Solanas arrived at the Factory and waited outside . Morrissey arrived and asked her what she was doing there , and she replied " I 'm waiting for Andy to get money " . Morrissey tried to get rid of her by telling her that Warhol was not coming in that day , but she told him she would wait . At 2 : 00 pm she went up into the studio . Morrissey told her again that Warhol was not coming in and that she had to leave . She left but rode the elevator up and down until Warhol finally boarded it . She entered The Factory with Warhol , who complimented her on her appearance as she was uncharacteristically wearing makeup . Morrissey told her to leave , threatening to " beat the hell " out of her and throw her out otherwise . The phone rang and Warhol answered while Morrissey went to the bathroom . While Warhol was on the phone , Solanas fired at him three times . Her first two shots missed , but the third went through both lungs , his spleen , stomach , liver , and esophagus . She then shot art critic Mario Amaya in the hip . She tried to shoot Fred Hughes , Warhol 's manager , in the head but her gun jammed . Hughes asked her to leave , which she did , leaving behind a paper bag with her address book on a table . Warhol was taken to Columbus – Mother Cabrini Hospital , where he underwent a five @-@ hour , successful operation . Later that day , Solanas turned herself in , gave up her gun , and confessed to the shooting , telling a police officer that Warhol " had too much control in my life . " She was fingerprinted and charged with felonious assault and possession of a deadly weapon . The next morning , the New York Daily News ran a front page headline stating : " Actress Shoots Andy Warhol . " Solanas demanded a retraction of the statement that she was an actress . The Daily News changed the headline in its later edition and added a quote from Solanas stating " I 'm a writer , not an actress . " At her arraignment in Manhattan Criminal Court she denied shooting Warhol because he wouldn 't produce her play but said " it was for the opposite reason " , that " he has a legal claim on my works . " Solanas told the judge that " it 's not often that I shoot somebody . I didn 't do it for nothing . Warhol had tied me up , lock , stock , and barrel . He was going to do something to me which would have ruined me . " She told the judge she wanted to represent herself and she declared that she " was right in what I did ! I have nothing to regret ! " " The judge struck her comments from the court record " and had her admitted to Bellevue Hospital for psychiatric observation . = = = Trial = = = After a cursory evaluation , Solanas was declared mentally unstable and transferred to the prison ward of Elmhurst Hospital . Solanas appeared at the New York Supreme Court on June 13 , 1968 . Florynce Kennedy represented her and asked for a writ of habeas corpus , arguing that Solanas was being held inappropriately at Elmhurst . The judge denied the motion and Solanas returned to Elmhurst . On June 28 , Solanas was indicted on charges of attempted murder , assault , and illegal possession of a gun . She was declared " incompetent " in August and sent to Matteawan State Hospital for the Criminally Insane . That same month , Olympia Press published the SCUM Manifesto with essays by Girodias and Krassner . In January , 1969 , Solanas underwent psychiatric evaluation and was diagnosed with chronic paranoid schizophrenia . In June , she was finally deemed fit to stand trial . She represented herself without an attorney and pleaded guilty to " reckless assault with intent to harm " . She was sentenced to three years in prison , with one year of time served . = = After murder attempt = = The shooting of Warhol propelled Solanas into the public spotlight , prompting a flurry of commentary and opinions in the media . Robert Marmorstein , writing in The Village Voice , declared that Solanas " has dedicated the remainder of her life to the avowed purpose of eliminating every single male from the face of the earth . " Norman Mailer called her the " Robespierre of feminism . " Ti @-@ Grace Atkinson , the New York chapter president of the National Organization for Women ( NOW ) , described Solanas as " the first outstanding champion of women 's rights " and as " a ' heroine ' of the feminist movement " , and " smuggled [ her manifesto ] ... out of the mental hospital where Solanas was confined . " According to Betty Friedan , the NOW board repudiated Atkinson . Atkinson left NOW and started another feminist organization . According to Friedan , " the media continued to treat Ti @-@ Grace as a leader of the women 's movement , despite its repudiation of her . " Another NOW member , Florynce Kennedy , called her " one of the most important spokeswomen of the feminist movement . " English professor Dana Heller argued that Solanas was " very much aware of feminist organizations and activism " , but that she " had no interest in participating in what she often described as ' a civil disobedience luncheon club . ' " Heller also stated that Solanas could " reject mainstream liberal feminism for its blind adherence to cultural codes of feminine politeness and decorum which the SCUM Manifesto identifies as the source of women 's debased social status . " = = = Solanas and Warhol = = = After Solanas was released from the New York State Prison for Women in 1971 , she stalked Warhol and others over the telephone and was arrested again in November 1971 . She was subsequently institutionalized several times and then drifted into obscurity . The attack had a profound impact on Warhol and his art , and security at the Factory scene became much stronger afterward . For the rest of his life , Warhol lived in fear that Solanas would attack him again . " It was the Cardboard Andy , not the Andy I could love and play with , " said close friend and collaborator Billy Name . " He was so sensitized you couldn 't put your hand on him without him jumping . I couldn 't even love him anymore , because it hurt him to touch him . " = = Later life = = Solanas may have intended to write an eponymous autobiography . In a 1977 Village Voice interview , she announced a book with her name as the title . The book , possibly intended as a parody , was supposed to deal with the conspiracy which led to her imprisonment . In a corrective 1977 Village Voice interview , Solanas said the book would not be autobiographical other than a small portion and that it would be about many things , include proof of statements in the manifesto , and " deal very intensively with the subject of bullshit " , but she said nothing about parody . In the mid @-@ 1970s , in New York City , according to Heller , Solanas was " apparently homeless " , " continued to defend her political beliefs and the SCUM Manifesto " , and " actively promoted " her own new Manifesto revision . Ultra Violet , according to her somewhat unreliable report , interviewed her . Solanas was then known as Onz Loh . Solanas stated that the August 1968 version of the manifesto had many errors , unlike her own printed version of October 1967 , and that the book had not sold well . She also said that , until told by Violet , she was unaware of Andy Warhol 's death . = = = Death and after = = = On April 25 , 1988 , at the age of 52 , Solanas died of pneumonia at the Bristol Hotel in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco . A building superintendent at the hotel , not on duty that night , had a vague memory of Solanas : " Once , he had to enter her room , and he saw her typing at her desk . There was a pile of typewritten pages beside her . What she was writing and what happened to the manuscript remain a mystery . " Her mother burned all her belongings posthumously . = = Legacy = = = = = Popular culture = = = Solanas 's life has been the focus of numerous performances , films , musical compositions , and publications . In 1996 , actress Lili Taylor played Solanas in the film I Shot Andy Warhol , which focused on Solanas 's assassination attempt on Warhol . Taylor won Special Recognition for Outstanding Performance at the Sundance Film Festival for her role . The film 's director , Mary Harron , requested permission to use songs by The Velvet Underground , but was denied by Lou Reed , who feared that Solanas would be glorified in the film . Six years before the film 's release , Reed and John Cale included a song about Solanas , " I Believe , " on their concept album about Warhol , Songs for Drella ( 1990 ) . In " I Believe " , Reed sings , " I believe life 's serious enough for retribution ... I believe being sick is no excuse . And I believe I would 've pulled the switch on her myself . " Reed believed Solanas was to blame for Warhol 's death from a gallbladder infection 20 years after she shot him . Three plays have been based around Solanas 's life . Valerie Shoots Andy , by Carson Kreitzer , from 2001 , which starred two actresses playing a younger ( Heather Grayson ) and an older ( Lynne McCollough ) Solanas . Tragedy in Nine Lives , by Karen Houppert , in 2003 , examined the encounter between Solanas and Warhol as a Greek tragedy and starred Juliana Francis as Solanas . Most recently , in 2011 , was Pop ! , a musical by Maggie @-@ Kate Coleman and Anna K. Jacobs . Pop ! focused mainly on Andy Warhol , with Rachel Zampelli playing Solanas and singing the song " Big Gun " , which was described as the " evening 's strongest number " by The Washington Post . In 1999 Up Your Ass was re @-@ discovered and produced in 2000 by George Coates Performance Works in San Francisco . Coates turned the piece into a musical , starring an all @-@ female cast . Coates learned about Up Your Ass while at an exhibition at The Andy Warhol Museum , which marked the 30th anniversary of the shooting . The copy that Warhol had lost was discovered buried in a trunk of lighting equipment that was owned by Billy Name . Coates would consult with Solanas 's sister , Judith , while writing the piece , and sought to create a " very funny satirist " out of Solanas , not just showing her as the attempted assassin of Warhol . Swedish author Sara Stridsberg wrote a semi @-@ fictional novel about Valerie Solanas , called Drömfakulteten ( English : The Dream Faculty ) . In the book , the narrator visits Solanas towards the end of her life at the Bristol Hotel . Stridsberg was awarded the Nordic Council 's Literature Prize for the book . Composer Pauline Oliveros released a piece titled " To Valerie Solanas and Marilyn Monroe in Recognition of Their Desperation " in 1970 . Through the work , Oliveros sought to explore how " Both women seemed to be desperate and caught in the traps of inequality : Monroe needed to be recognized for her talent as an actress . Solanas wished to be supported for her own creative work . " There is a music group from Belgium called The Valerie Solanas . = = = Influence and analysis = = = Solanas 's role as a cult figure was solidified with the publication of the SCUM Manifesto and her shooting of Andy Warhol . Harding explained that , by declaring herself independent from Andy Warhol , after her arrest she " aligned herself with the historical avant @-@ garde 's rejection of the traditional structures of bourgeois theater " , and Harding explained that her anti @-@ patriarchal " militant hostility ... pushed the avant @-@ garde in radically new directions . " Harding believed that Solanas 's assassination attempt on Warhol was its own theatrical performance . At the shooting , she left on a table at the Factory a paper bag in which she carried a gun , her address book , and a sanitary napkin . Harding stated that leaving behind the sanitary napkin was part of the performance , and called " attention to basic feminine experiences that were publically [ sic ] taboo and tacitly elided within avant @-@ garde circles . " Feminist philosopher Avital Ronell compared Solanas to an array of people : Lorena Bobbitt , a " girl Nietzsche " , Medusa , the Unabomber , and Medea . Ronell believed that Solanas was threatened by the hyper @-@ feminine women of the Factory that Warhol liked and felt lonely because of the rejection she felt due to her own butch androgyny . She believed that Solanas was ahead of her time , living in a period before feminist and lesbian revolutionaries such as the Guerrilla Girls and the Lesbian Avengers . Solanas has also been credited with instigating radical feminism . Catherine Lord wrote that " the feminist movement would not have happened without Valerie Solanas . " Lord believed that the reissuing of the SCUM Manifesto and the disowning of Solanas by " women 's liberation politicos " triggered a wave of radical feminist publications . According to Vivian Gornick , many of the women 's liberation activists who initially distanced themselves from Solanas changed their minds a year later , developing the first wave of radical feminism . At the same time , perceptions of Warhol were transformed from largely nonpolitical into political martyrdom because the motive for the shooting was political , according to Harding and Victor Bockris . However , writer Breanne Fahs describes Solanas as a contradiction which " alienates her from the feminist movement . " Fahs argues that Solanas never wanted to be " in movement " but she nevertheless fractured the feminist movement by provoking N.O.W. members to disagree about her case . Many contradictions are seen in her lifestyle ( a lesbian who sexually serviced men , claim of being asexual , confusion ) , a rejection of queer culture , and a non @-@ interest in working with others despite a co @-@ dependency on others . Fahs also brings into question the contradictory stories of Solanas 's life . Solanas 's life is described as one of a victim , a rebel , a desperate loner , yet Solanas 's cousin says she worked as a waitress in her late 20s and 30s , not primarily as a prostitute , and friend Geoffrey LaGear said she had a " groovy childhood . " Solanas also kept in touch with her father throughout her life , which makes one question and complicate the notion that Solanas hated her father and acted out this hatred in the shooting / manifesto . Fahs believes that Solanas embraced these contradictions as a key part of her identity . = = Works = = Up Your Ass ( 1965 ) " A Young Girl 's Primer on How to Attain the Leisure Class " , Cavalier ( 1966 ) SCUM Manifesto ( 1967 )
= Izumo @-@ class cruiser = The Izumo @-@ class cruisers ( 出雲型装甲巡洋艦 , Izumo @-@ gata sōkōjun 'yōkan ) were a pair of armored cruisers built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the late 1890s . As Japan lacked the industrial capacity to build such warships herself , the vessels were built in Britain . They were part of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " expansion program that began after the defeat of China during the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 . The sister ships participated in three of the four main naval battles of the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 05 — the Battle of Port Arthur , the Battle off Ulsan and the Battle of Tsushima — but played a much more minor role in World War I. Iwate was first used as a training ship in 1916 and remained in that role for most of the rest of her career . Her sister , Izumo , was mostly used for training during the 1920s , but became flagship of the IJN forces in China in 1932 . She was involved in the Shanghai Incident that year and in the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War that began five years later . The ship was used in the early stages of the Philippines Campaign during the Pacific War until she struck a mine at the end of 1941 . Izumo joined her sister as a training ship in home waters in 1943 . Both ships were sunk in a series of American air attacks on the naval base at Kure in July 1945 . Their wrecks were refloated after the war and scrapped . = = Background and design = = Japan initiated the 1896 Naval Expansion Plan after the First Sino @-@ Japanese War of 1894 – 95 . The plan included four armored cruisers and four battleships , all of which had to be ordered from foreign shipyards as Japan lacked the capability to build them itself . Further consideration of the Russian building program caused the IJN to believe that the battleships ordered under the original plan would not be sufficient to counter the Imperial Russian Navy . Budgetary limitations prevented ordering more battleships and the IJN decided to expand the number of more affordable armored cruisers to be ordered from four to six ships . The revised plan is commonly known as the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " . These ships were purchased using the £ 30 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino @-@ Japanese War . Unlike most of their contemporaries , which were designed for commerce raiding or to defend colonies and trade routes , the Izumo class was intended as fleet scouts and to be employed in the battleline . Construction of the Izumo @-@ class ships was awarded to the British shipbuilder Armstrong Whitworth of Elswick , the same shipyard that had built the earlier two Asama @-@ class armored cruisers of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " . They were also designed by Sir Philip Watts , who took advantage of rapidly advancing boiler technology to substitute lighter Belleville boilers in lieu of the cylindrical boilers of the earlier ships and used the weight saved to increase the thickness of the protective deck and improve the hull structure . The increased number of boilers required an extra funnel , which became the primary means of distinguishing between the two classes . = = Description = = The Izumo @-@ class ships were 132 @.@ 28 meters ( 434 ft 0 in ) long overall and 121 @.@ 92 meters ( 400 ft 0 in ) between perpendiculars . They had a beam of 20 @.@ 94 meters ( 68 ft 8 in ) and had an average draft of 7 @.@ 21 to 7 @.@ 26 meters ( 23 ft 8 in to 23 ft 10 in ) . The ships displaced 9 @,@ 423 to 9 @,@ 503 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 274 to 9 @,@ 353 long tons ) at normal load and 10 @,@ 235 to 10 @,@ 305 metric tons ( 10 @,@ 073 to 10 @,@ 142 long tons ) at deep load . They had metacentric heights of 0 @.@ 73 to 0 @.@ 88 meters ( 2 ft 5 in to 2 ft 11 in ) . Their crew consisted of 672 officers and enlisted men . The ships had two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving a single propeller shaft . Steam for the engines was provided by 24 Belleville boilers and the engines were rated at a total of 14 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 800 kW ) . The sisters had a designed speed of 20 @.@ 75 knots ( 38 @.@ 43 km / h ; 23 @.@ 88 mph ) and both exceeded it by at least a 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) during their sea trials from 15 @,@ 739 to 16 @,@ 078 ihp ( 11 @,@ 737 to 11 @,@ 989 kW ) . They carried up to 1 @,@ 527 long tons ( 1 @,@ 551 t ) of coal and could steam for 7 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ; 8 @,@ 100 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . = = = Armament = = = The main armament for all of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers was four Armstrong Whitworth @-@ built 45 @-@ caliber eight @-@ inch guns in twin @-@ gun turrets fore and aft of the superstructure . The electrically operated turrets were capable of 130 ° rotation left and right , and the guns could be elevated to + 30 ° and depressed to − 5 ° . Each turret accommodated 65 shells , but could only be reloaded through doors in the turret floor and the ship 's deck that allowed the electric winch in the turret to hoist shells up from the shell room deep in the hull . The guns were manually loaded and had a rate of fire about 1 @.@ 2 rounds per minute . The 203 @-@ millimeter gun fired 250 @-@ pound ( 113 @.@ 5 kg ) armor @-@ piercing ( AP ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 500 feet per second ( 760 m / s ) to a range of 20 @,@ 000 yards ( 18 @,@ 000 m ) . The secondary armament consisted of fourteen Elswick Ordnance Company " Pattern Z " quick @-@ firing ( QF ) , 40 @-@ caliber , six @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) guns . All but four of these guns were mounted in armored casemates on the main and upper decks , and their mounts on the upper deck were protected by gun shields . Their 100 @-@ pound ( 45 @.@ 4 kg ) AP shells were fired at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 feet per second ( 700 m / s ) . The ships were also equipped with a dozen 40 @-@ caliber QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 @-@ cwt guns and eight QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Yamauchi guns as close @-@ range defense against torpedo boats . The former gun fired three @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 feet per second ( 719 m / s ) . The Izumo @-@ class ships were equipped with four submerged 18 @-@ inch ( 457 mm ) torpedo tubes , two on each broadside . The Type 30 torpedo had a 100 @-@ kilogram ( 220 lb ) warhead and three range / speed settings : 870 yards ( 800 m ) at 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , 1 @,@ 100 yards ( 1 @,@ 000 m ) at 23 @.@ 6 knots ( 43 @.@ 7 km / h ; 27 @.@ 2 mph ) or 3 @,@ 300 yards ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) at 14 @.@ 2 knots ( 26 @.@ 3 km / h ; 16 @.@ 3 mph ) . = = = Protection = = = All of the " Six @-@ Six Fleet " armored cruisers used the same armor scheme with some minor differences , one of which was that the four later ships all used Krupp cemented armor . The waterline belt ran the full length of the ships and its thickness varied from 7 @.@ 0 inches ( 178 mm ) amidships to 3 @.@ 5 inches ( 89 mm ) at the bow and stern . The thickest part of the belt covered the middle of the ship for a length of 275 feet 2 inches ( 83 @.@ 87 m ) . It had a height of 7 feet 0 inches ( 2 @.@ 13 m ) , of which 4 feet 4 inches to 4 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 33 to 1 @.@ 39 m ) was normally underwater . The upper strake of belt armor was 5 @.@ 0 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and extended from the upper edge of the waterline belt to the main deck . It extended 167 feet 11 inches to 174 feet 11 inches ( 51 @.@ 18 to 53 @.@ 31 m ) from the forward to the rear barbette . The Izumo class had oblique 5 @-@ inch armored bulkhead that closed off the ends of the central armored citadel . The barbettes , gun turrets and the front of the casemates were all 6 inches thick while the sides and rear of the casemates were protected by 51 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) of armor . The deck was 63 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 5 in ) thick and the armor protecting the conning tower was 356 millimeters ( 14 @.@ 0 in ) in thickness . The ships had 30 watertight compartments in their double bottom and an additional 136 or 137 between the bottom and the upper deck . = = Ships = = = = Service = = = = = Russo @-@ Japanese War = = = The sisters spent most of the Russo @-@ Japanese War as flagships together in the 2nd Division of the 2nd Fleet ; Iwate for the divisional commander , Rear Admiral Misu Sotarō , and Izumo for the fleet commander , Vice Admiral Kamimura Hikonojō . They participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 , when Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the Combined Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō had expected the earlier surprise night attack by his destroyers to be much more successful than it was , anticipating that the Russians would be badly disorganized and weakened , but they had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack . Iwate was moderately damaged by the Russians , but Izumo only slightly . In April 1904 , the division was tasked to contain the Russian armored cruisers based at Vladivostok , but failed to do so until 13 August when the latter tried to rendezvous with the ships that attempted to breakout from Port Arthur . Unbeknownst to the Russians , Tōgō had defeated the ships from Port Arthur during the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August and the Russian squadron from Vladivostok was intercepted off Ulsan , Korea by the 2nd Division . The steering of the Russian cruiser Rurik was damaged early in the battle and the Russians made several attempts to prevent the Japanese from concentrating fire on her , but were ultimately forced to abandon her to her fate . Kamimura left Rurik to the tender ministrations of his reinforcements and pursued the two remaining Russian ships for a time before breaking off pursuit prematurely based on an incorrect report that Izumo had expended most of her ammunition . That ship was hit over 20 times , but suffered fewer than 20 men killed or wounded . Iwate , in contrast , was hit far fewer times , but one of them started a major ammunition fire that killed or wounded dozens of men . After the battle , the sisters were refitted and assigned to different units , escorting troop convoys to northern Korea , providing cover while a minefield was laid off Vladivostock , and blockading the Tsugaru Strait until the Russian ships from the Baltic Fleet approached Japan in mid @-@ 1905 . = = = = Battle of Tsushima = = = = The Russian 2nd and 3rd Pacific Squadrons were spotted on the morning on 27 May 1904 and Tōgō ordered his ships to put to sea . Izumo and Iwate had rejoined the 2nd Division in anticipation of this battle and Kamimura 's ships confirmed the initial spotting later that morning before joining Tōgō 's battleships . Together with most of the Japanese battleships , the division opened fire at 14 : 10 on the Russian battleship Oslyabya , which was forced to fall out of formation at 14 : 50 and sank 20 minutes later . After a failed torpedo attack was repulsed by Iwate and several other cruisers around the same time , the Russian battleship Knyaz Suvorov suddenly appeared out of the mist at 15 : 35 at short range . Kamimura 's ships engaged her for five minutes before she disappeared back into the mists . Later in the day , Kamimura led his division in a fruitless pursuit of some of the Russian cruisers around 17 : 30 . He abandoned his chase around 18 : 03 and encountered the Russian battleline about a half hour later . He stayed at long range and his ships fired when practicable before ceasing fire at 19 : 30 . The surviving Russian ships were spotted the next morning and the Japanese ships opened fire and stayed beyond the range at which the Russian ships could effectively reply . Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov therefore decided to surrender his ships as he could neither return fire nor close the range . Well after Nebogatov 's surrender , the coast defense ship Admiral Ushakov was spotted well south of Nebogatov 's ships and Iwate and the armored cruiser , Yakumo , were tasked to pursue her . The Japanese ships demanded that the Russians surrender when they came within range , but her captain refused . Admiral Ushakov attempted to close the range to bring the Japanese cruisers within range of her guns , but they were fast enough to keep the range open and the Russian ship could not hit either of them . After about half an hour , Admiral Ushakov had been heavily damaged to bear and her commander ordered his crew to abandon ship and the scuttling charges detonated . Both Iwate and Izumo were struck several times during the battle , but neither was significantly damaged and casualties were light . After the battle , the division covered amphibious landings in northeastern Korea in July and August before the war ended . = = = Subsequent service = = = Izumo was ordered to patrol the west coast of Mexico to safeguard Japanese interests and nationals during the Mexican Revolution and was still there when Japan declared war on the German Empire on 23 August 1914 . She was then tasked to search for German commerce raiders and protect Allied shipping off the western coasts of North and Central America . The ship assisted the armored cruiser Asama in early 1915 , when she struck a rock off Baja California . In 1917 , Izumo became the flagship of the Japanese squadron deployed in the Mediterranean Sea . After the war , she sailed to Great Britain to take control of some ex @-@ German submarines and then escorted them part of the way back to Japan . Iwate played a minor role in the war , participating in the Battle of Tsingtao before sailing to the South Sea Islands to search for German commerce raiders . The ship began the first of her many training cruises for naval cadets of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1916 , a task that would last until the end of 1939 . Izumo began making training voyages of her own during the 1920s . In 1924 , four of the ships ' 12 @-@ pounder guns were removed , as were all of their QF 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder guns , and a single 40 @-@ caliber 8 cm / 40 3rd Year Type anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) gun was added . The gun had a maximum elevation of + 75 degrees , and could fire a 3 @-@ inch , 12 @.@ 5 lb ( 5 @.@ 67 kg ) projectile with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 200 ft / s ( 680 m / s ) to a maximum height of 23 @,@ 600 feet ( 7 @,@ 200 m ) . Refitted again in 1930 – 31 , their torpedo tubes were removed as were all of her main deck 6 @-@ inch guns and their casemates plated over ; they now carried only four 12 @-@ pounders . At that time , Iwate also had her boilers replaced by six water @-@ tube boilers , but Izumo was not reboilered until 1935 . The new boilers produced less steam which limited engine power to 7 @,@ 000 ihp ( 5 @,@ 200 kW ) and reduced their top speed to 16 knots ( 30 km / h ; 18 mph ) . = = = = China service and World War II = = = = In 1932 , during the First Shanghai Incident , Izumo became the flagship of the newly re @-@ established 3rd Fleet that garrisoned Japanese @-@ occupied China . Two years later , she was equipped to operate a floatplane at the Sasebo Naval Arsenal . During the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War , the ship participated in the Battle of Shanghai in mid @-@ 1937 during which she provided naval gunfire support to Japanese troops ashore . Still in Shanghai at the beginning of the Pacific War on 8 December 1941 , Izumo captured the American river gunboat USS Wake and assisted in sinking the British river gunboat HMS Peterel . On 31 December , the cruiser struck a mine in the Lingayen Gulf while supporting Japanese forces during the Philippines Campaign . During this period , Iwate was still serving as a training ship in home waters . The sisters were briefly re @-@ classified as 1st @-@ class cruisers on 1 July 1942 before they became training ships in 1943 . Izumo returned to Japan late that year and joined her sister in training naval cadets . In early 1945 , the sisters were rearmed when their 8 @-@ inch guns were replaced by four 12 @.@ 7 cm ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns in two twin mounts and four of their remaining 6 @-@ inch guns were removed . When firing at surface targets , the Type 89 gun had a range of 16 @,@ 100 yards ( 14 @,@ 700 m ) ; they had a maximum ceiling of 30 @,@ 970 feet ( 9 @,@ 440 m ) at an elevation of + 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute , but their sustained rate of fire was around 8 rounds per minute . Their light anti @-@ aircraft armament was significantly reinforced by the addition of 9 ( Iwate ) and 14 ( Izumo ) license @-@ built Hotchkiss 25 @-@ millimeter Type 96 light AA guns in single , double and triple mounts and two 13 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter Hotchkiss machine guns in single mounts . The 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) weapon was the standard Japanese light anti @-@ aircraft gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it a largely ineffective weapon . The twin and triple mounts lacked sufficient speed in train or elevation ; the gun sights were unable to handle fast targets ; the gun exhibited excessive vibration ; the magazine was too small and , finally , the gun produced excessive muzzle blast . The weapon had a maximum range of 24 @,@ 600 feet ( 7 @,@ 500 m ) , but effective range was only about 4 @,@ 900 – 9 @,@ 800 feet ( 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 m ) . The sisters were attacked , but not hit , during the American aerial attack on Kure in July 1945 . However , the shockwaves from near misses caused extensive flooding in both ships . Iwate sank in shallow water on 25 July and Izumo capsized three days later . Both ships were removed from the navy list on 20 November and their wrecks were raised and scrapped in 1946 – 47 .
= Exmoor = Exmoor is loosely defined as an area of hilly open moorland in west Somerset and north Devon in South West England . It is named after the River Exe , the source of which is situated in the centre of the area , two miles north @-@ west of Simonsbath . Exmoor is more precisely defined as the area of the former ancient royal hunting forest , also called Exmoor , which was officially surveyed 1815 – 1818 as 18 @,@ 810 acres ( 7 @,@ 610 ha ) in extent . The moor has given its name to a National Park , which includes the Brendon Hills , the East Lyn Valley , the Vale of Porlock and 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) of the Bristol Channel coast . The total area of the Exmoor National Park is 692 @.@ 8 square kilometres ( 267 @.@ 5 sq mi ) , of which 71 % is in Somerset and 29 % in Devon . The upland area is underlain by sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods with Triassic and Jurassic age rocks on lower slopes . Where these reach the coast cliffs are formed which are cut with ravines and waterfalls . It was recognised as a heritage coast in 1991 . The highest point on Exmoor is Dunkery Beacon ; at 519 metres ( 1 @,@ 703 ft ) it is also the highest point in Somerset . The terrain supports lowland heath communities , Ancient woodland and blanket mire which provide a habitat for some scarce flora and fauna . There have also been reports of The Beast of Exmoor , a cryptozoological cat roaming Exmoor . Several areas have been designated as Nature Conservation Review and Geological Conservation Review sites . There is evidence of human occupation from the Mesolithic . This developed for agriculture and extraction of mineral ores into the bronze and Iron Ages . The remains of standing stones , cairns and bridges can still be identified . The royal forest was granted a charter in the 13th century , however foresters who managed the area were identified in the Domesday Book . In the Middle Ages sheep farming was common with a system of agistment licensing the grazing of livestock as the Inclosure Acts divided up the land . The area is now used for a range of recreational purposes . = = National Character Area = = Exmoor has been designated as a national character area ( No. 145 ) by Natural England , the public body responsible for England 's natural environment . Neighbouring natural regions include The Culm to the southwest , the Devon Redlands to the south and the Vale of Taunton and Quantock Fringes to the east . = = Exmoor National Park = = Exmoor was designated a National Park in 1954 , under the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act . The Exmoor National Park is primarily an upland area with a dispersed population living mainly in small villages and hamlets . The largest settlements are Porlock , Dulverton , Lynton , and Lynmouth , which together contain almost 40 % of the park 's population . Lynton and Lynmouth are combined into one parish and are connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway . Exmoor was once a Royal forest and hunting ground , covering 18 @,@ 810 acres ( 7 @,@ 610 ha ) , which was sold off in 1818 . Several areas within the Exmoor National Park have been declared Sites of Special Scientific Interest due to their flora and fauna . This title earns the site some legal protection from development , damage and neglect . In 1993 an environmentally sensitive area was established within Exmoor . = = Geology = = Exmoor is an upland area formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods . The name of the geological period and system , ' Devonian ' , comes from Devon , as rocks of that age were first studied and described here . With the exception of a suite of Triassic and Jurassic age rocks forming the lower ground between Porlock and Timberscombe and from Minehead to Yarde ( within Exmoor National Park but peripheral to the moor itself ) , all of the solid rocks of Exmoor are assigned to the Exmoor Group , which comprises a mix of gritstones , sandstones , slates , shales , limestone , siltstones and mudstones . Quartz and iron mineralisation can be detected in outcrops and subsoil . The Glenthorne area demonstrates the Trentishoe Member ( formerly ' Formation ' ) of the Hangman Sandstone Formation ( formerly ' Group ' ) . The Hangman Sandstone represents the Middle Devonian sequence of North Devon and Somerset . These unusual freshwater deposits in the Hangman Grits were mainly formed in desert conditions . As this area of Britain was not subject to glaciation , the plateau remains as a remarkably old landform . The bedrock and more recent superficial deposits are covered in part by moorland which is supported by wet , acid soil . = = = Coastline = = = Exmoor has 55 kilometres ( 34 mi ) of coastline . The highest sea cliff on mainland Britain ( if a cliff is defined as having a slope greater than 60 degrees ) is Great Hangman near Combe Martin at 318 metres ( 1 @,@ 043 ft ) high , with a cliff face of 250 metres ( 820 ft ) . Its sister cliff is the 250 metres ( 820 ft ) Little Hangman , which marks the edge of Exmoor . The coastal hills reach a maximum height of 314 metres ( 1 @,@ 030 ft ) at Culbone Hill . Exmoor 's woodlands sometimes reach the shoreline , especially between Porlock and The Foreland , where they form the single longest stretch of coastal woodland in England and Wales . The Exmoor Coastal Heaths have been recognised as a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the diversity of plant species present . The scenery of rocky headlands , ravines , waterfalls and towering cliffs gained the Exmoor coast recognition as a heritage coast in 1991 . With its huge waterfalls and caves , this dramatic coastline has become an adventure playground for both climbers and explorers . The cliffs provide one of the longest and most isolated seacliff traverses in the UK . The South West Coast Path , at 1 @,@ 014 kilometres ( 630 mi ) the longest National Trail in England and Wales , starts at Minehead and runs along all of Exmoor 's coast . There are small harbours at Lynmouth , Porlock Weir and Combe Martin . Once crucial to coastal trade , the harbours are now primarily used for pleasure ; individually owned sailing boats and non @-@ commercial fishing boats are often found in the harbours . The Valley of the Rocks beyond Lynton is a deep dry valley that runs parallel to the nearby sea and is capped on the seaward side by large rocks , and Sexton 's Burrows forms a natural breakwater to the harbour of Watermouth Bay on the coast . = = = Rivers = = = The high ground forms the catchment area for numerous rivers and streams . There are about 483 kilometres ( 300 mi ) of named rivers on Exmoor . The River Exe , for which Exmoor is named , rises at Exe Head near the village of Simonsbath , close to the Bristol Channel coast , but flows more or less directly due south , so that most of its length lies in Devon . It reaches the sea at a substantial ria ( estuary ) on the south ( English Channel ) coast of Devon . Historically , its lowest bridging point was at Exeter , though there is now a viaduct for the M5 motorway about 3 kilometres ( 2 mi ) south of the city centre . It has several tributaries which arise on Exmoor . The River Barle runs from northern Exmoor to join the River Exe at Exebridge , Devon . The river and the Barle Valley are both designated as biological Sites of Special Scientific Interest . Another tributary , the River Haddeo , flows from the Wimbleball Lake . Most other rivers arising on Exmoor flow north to the Bristol Channel . These include the River Heddon , which runs along the western edges of Exmoor , reaching the North Devon coast at Heddon 's Mouth , and the East and West Lyn rivers , which meet at Lynmouth . Hoar Oak Water is a moorland tributary of the East Lyn River , the confluence being at Watersmeet . The River Horner , which is also known as Horner Water , rises near Luccombe and flows into Porlock Bay near Hurlstone Point . The main exception to northward @-@ draining rivers is the River Mole , which arises on the south @-@ western flanks of Exmoor . It is the major tributary of the River Taw , which itself flows northward from Dartmoor . Badgworthy Water is one of the small rivers running north to the coast and is associated with the Lorna Doone legends . = = Climate = = Along with the rest of South West England , Exmoor has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The mean annual temperature at Simonsbath is 8 @.@ 3 ° C ( 46 @.@ 9 ° F ) with a seasonal and diurnal variation , but due to the modifying effect of the sea the range is less than in most other parts of the UK . January is the coldest month , with mean minimum temperatures between 1 and 2 ° C ( 34 and 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest months in the region , with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In general , December is the month with the least sunshine and June the month with the most sun . The south west of England has a favoured location with regard to the Azores high pressure when it extends its influence north @-@ eastwards towards the UK , particularly in summer . Cloud often forms inland , especially near hills , and reduce the amount of sunshine that reaches the park . The average annual sunshine is about 1 @,@ 600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection , caused by the sun heating the land surface more than the sea , sometimes forms rain clouds and at that time of year a large proportion of the rainfall comes from showers and thunderstorms . Annual precipitation varies from 800 mm ( 31 in ) in the east of the park to over 2 @,@ 000 mm ( 79 in ) at The Chains . However , in the 24 hours of 16 August 1952 , more than 225 mm ( 8 @.@ 9 in ) of rain fell at The Chains . This rainfall , which followed an exceptionally wet summer , led to disastrous flooding in Lynmouth with 34 dead and extensive damage to the small town . Snowfall is very variable from year to year and ranges from 23 days on the high moors to about 6 on coastal areas . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest winds . The wind comes mostly from the south west . There are two Met Office Weather stations recording climate data within Exmoor : Liscombe and Nettlecombe . = = History = = There is evidence of occupation of the area by people from Mesolithic times onward . In the Neolithic period , people started to manage animals and grow crops on farms cleared from the woodland , rather than act purely as hunters and as gatherers . It is also likely that extraction and smelting of mineral ores to make metal tools , weapons , containers and ornaments started in the late Neolithic , and continued into the bronze and Iron Ages . An earthen ring at Parracombe is believed to be a Neolithic henge dating from 5000 – 4000 BC , and Cow Castle , which is where White Water meets the River Barle , is an Iron Age fort at the top of a conical hill . Tarr Steps are a prehistoric ( circa 1000 BC ) clapper bridge across the River Barle , about 4 km ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) south east of Withypool and 6 km ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) north west of Dulverton . The stone slabs weigh up to 5 tonnes apiece and the bridge has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building , to recognise its special architectural , historical or cultural significance . There is little evidence of Roman occupation apart from two fortlets on the coast . Lanacombe is the site of several standing stones and cairns which have been scheduled as ancient monuments . The stone settings are between 0 @.@ 3 metres ( 1 ft 0 in ) and 0 @.@ 65 metres ( 2 ft 2 in ) high . A series of Bronze Age stone cairns are closely associated with the standing stones . Holwell Castle , at Parracombe , was a Norman motte @-@ and @-@ bailey castle castle built to guard the junction of the east – west and north – south trade routes , enabling movement of people and goods and the growth of the population . Alternative explanations for its construction suggest it may have been constructed to obtain taxes at the River Heddon bridging place , or to protect and supervise silver mining in the area around Combe Martin . It was 40 metres ( 131 ft ) in diameter and 6 @.@ 2 metres ( 20 ft ) high above the bottom of a rock cut ditch which is 2 @.@ 7 metres ( 9 ft ) deep . It was built , in the late 11th or early 12th century of earth with timber palisades for defence and a one or two storey wooden dwelling . It was probably built by either Martin de Tours , the first lord of the manor of Parracombe , William de Falaise ( who married Martin 's widow ) or Robert fitz Martin , although there are no written records to validate this . The earthworks of the castle are still clearly visible from a nearby footpath , but there is no public access to them . = = = Establishment of royal forest = = = According to the late 13th century Hundred Rolls , King Henry II of England ( d . 1189 ) gave William of Wrotham the office of steward of Exmoor . The terms steward , warden and forester appear to be synonymous for the king 's chief officer of the royal forest . = = = Wardens = = = The first recorded wardens were Dodo , Almer & Godric who were named in the Domesday Book ( 1087 ) as " foresters of Widepolla " , Withypool having been the ancient capital of the forest . The family of Denys were associated with Ilchester and " Petherton " . William of Wrotham , who died in 1217 , was steward of the forests of Exmoor and North Petherton , Somerset . Walter and Robert were named as foresters of Exmoor when they witnessed an early 13th century grant to Forde Abbey . In 1276 the jurors of Brushford manor made a complaint about John de Camera in the Court of Exchequer in which he was described as forester of Exmoor . William Lucar of " Wythecomb " , the brother of Elizabeth Lucar , was forester temp. under Henry VI , between 1422 and 1461 . William de Botreaux , 3rd Baron Botreaux was appointed in 1435 warden of the forests of Exmoor and Neroche for life by Richard Duke of York . The Botreaux family had long held the manor of Molland at the southern edge of Exmoor , but were probably resident mainly at North Cadbury in Somerset . On 10 May 1461 William Bourchier , 9th Baron FitzWarin ( 1407 @-@ 1470 ) , feudal baron of Bampton was appointed by King Edward IV as Master Forester of the Forests of Exmoor and Neroche for life . Sir John Poyntz of Iron Acton , Gloucestershire , was warden or chief forester of Exmoor in 1568 when he brought an action in the Court of Exchequer against Henry Rolle ( of Heanton Satchville , Petrockstowe ) , the powerful lord of the manors of Exton , Hawkridge and Withypool . In 1608 Sir Hugh Pollard was named as chief forester in a suit brought before the Court of Exchequer by his deputy William Pincombe . James Butler , 1st Duke of Ormonde , was named as Keeper of Exmoor Forest in 1660 and 1661 . James Boevey was a forester in the 17th century . Sir Richard Acland ( or possibly Sir Thomas Dyke Acland ) was the last forester up to 1818 . One of the roles of the Warden was Master of Staghounds and this role continued to be exercised by the Master of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds , a position extant today . By 1820 the royal forest had been divided up . A quarter of the forest , 10 @,@ 262 acres ( 4 @,@ 153 ha ) , was sold to John Knight ( 1765 – 1850 ) in 1818 . This section comprises the present Exmoor Parish , whose parish church is situated in Simonsbath . = = Wool trade = = The parish of Exmoor Forest was part of the Hundred of Williton and Freemanners . During the Middle Ages , sheep farming for the wool trade came to dominate the economy . The wool was spun into thread on isolated farms and collected by merchants to be woven , fulled , dyed and finished in thriving towns such as Dunster . The land started to be enclosed and from the 17th century onwards larger estates developed , leading to establishment of areas of large regular shaped fields . During the 16th and 17th centuries the commons were overstocked with agisted livestock , from farmers outside the immediate area who were charged for the privilege . This led to disputes about the number of animals allowed and the enclosure of land . In the mid @-@ 17th century James Boevey was the warden . The house that he built at Simonsbath was the only one in the forest for 150 years . When the royal forest was sold off in 1818 , John Knight bought the Simonsbath House and the accompanying farm for £ 50 @,@ 000 . He set about converting the royal forest into agricultural land . He and his family also built most of the large farms in the central section of the moor as well as 35 @.@ 4 km ( 22 @.@ 0 mi ) of metalled access roads to Simonsbath and a 46 @.@ 7 km ( 29 @.@ 0 mi ) wall around his estate , much of which still survives . In the mid @-@ 19th century a mine was developed alongside the River Barle . The mine was originally called Wheal Maria , then changed to Wheal Eliza . It was a copper mine from 1845 – 54 and then an iron mine until 1857 , although the first mining activity on the site may be from 1552 . At Simonsbath , a restored Victorian water @-@ powered sawmill , which was damaged in the floods of 1992 , has now been purchased by the National Park and returned to working order ; it is now used to make the footpath signs , gates , stiles and bridges for various sites in the park . = = Ecology = = In addition to the Exmoor Coastal Heaths Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , two other areas are specifically designated . North Exmoor covers 12 @,@ 005 @.@ 3 hectares ( 29 @,@ 666 acres ) and includes the Dunkery Beacon and the Holnicote and Horner Water Nature Conservation Review sites , and the Chains Geological Conservation Review site . The Chains site is nationally important for its south @-@ western lowland heath communities and for transitions from Ancient woodland through upland heath to blanket mire . The site is also of importance for its breeding bird communities , its large population of the nationally rare heath fritillary butterfly ( Mellicta athalia ) , an exceptional woodland lichen flora and its palynological interest of deep peat on the Chains . The South Exmoor SSSI is smaller , covering 3 @,@ 132 @.@ 7 hectares ( 7 @,@ 741 acres ) and including the River Barle and its tributaries with submerged plants such as alternate water @-@ milfoil ( Myriophyllum alterniflorum ) . There are small areas of semi @-@ natural woodland within the site , including some which are ancient . The most abundant tree species is sessile oak ( Quercus petraea ) , the shrub layer is very sparse and the ground flora includes bracken , bilberry and a variety of mosses . The heaths have strong breeding populations of birds , including whinchat ( Saxicola rubetra ) and European stonechat ( Saxicola rubicola ) . Wheatear ( Oenanthe oenanthe ) are common near stone boundary walls and other stony places . Grass warbler ( Locustella naevia ) breed in scrub and tall heath . Trees on the moorland edges provide nesting sites for redpoll ( Acanthis flammea ) , common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) and raven ( Corvus corax ) . = = = Flora = = = Uncultivated heath and moorland cover about a quarter of Exmoor landscape . Some moors are covered by a variety of grasses and sedges , while others are dominated by heather . There are also cultivated areas including the Brendon Hills , which lie in the east of the National Park . There are also 3 @,@ 000 hectares ( 7 @,@ 413 acres ) of forestry commission woodland , comprising a mixture of broad @-@ leaved ( oak , ash and hazel ) and conifer trees . Horner Woodlands and Tarr Steps woodlands are prime examples . The country 's highest beech tree , 350 metres ( 1 @,@ 148 ft ) above sea level , is at Birch Cleave at Simonsbath but beech in hedgebanks grow up to 490 metres ( 1 @,@ 608 ft ) . At least two species of whitebeam tree : Sorbus subcuneata and Sorbus ' Taxon D ' are unique to Exmoor . These woodlands are home to lichens , mosses and ferns . Exmoor is the only national location for the lichens Biatoridium delitescens , Rinodina fimbriata and Rinodina flavosoralifera , the latter having been found only on one individual tree . = = = Fauna = = = Sheep have grazed on the moors for more than 3 @,@ 000 years , shaping much of the Exmoor landscape by feeding on moorland grasses and heather . Traditional breeds include Exmoor Horn , Cheviot and Whiteface Dartmoor and Greyface Dartmoor sheep . North Devon cattle are also farmed in the area . Exmoor ponies can be seen roaming freely on the moors . They are a landrace rather than a breed of pony , and may be the closest breed to wild horses remaining in Europe ; they are also one of the oldest breeds of pony in the world . The ponies are rounded up once a year to be marked and checked over . In 1818 Sir Thomas Acland , the last warden of Exmoor , took thirty ponies and established the Acland Herd , now known as the Anchor Herd , whose direct descendants still roam the moor . In the Second World War the moor became a training ground , and the breed was nearly killed off , with only 50 ponies surviving the war . The ponies are classified as endangered by the Rare Breeds Survival Trust , with only 390 breeding females left in the UK . In 2006 a Rural Enterprise Grant , administered locally by the South West Rural Development Service , was obtained to create a new Exmoor Pony Centre at Ashwick , at a disused farm with 7 hectares ( 17 acres ) of land with a further 56 hectares ( 140 acres ) of moorland . Red deer have a stronghold on the moor and can be seen on quiet hillsides in remote areas , particularly in the early morning . The Emperor of Exmoor , a red stag ( Cervus elaphus ) , was Britain 's largest known wild land animal , until it was killed in October 2010 . The moorland habitat is also home to hundreds of species of birds and insects . Birds seen on the moor include merlin , peregrine falcon , Eurasian curlew , European stonechat , dipper , Dartford warbler and ring ouzel . Black grouse and red grouse are now extinct on Exmoor , probably as a result of a reduction in habitat management , and for the former species , an increase in visitor pressure . = = = Beast = = = The Beast of Exmoor is a cryptozoological cat ( see phantom cat ) that is reported to roam Exmoor . There have been numerous reports of eyewitness sightings . The BBC calls it " the famous @-@ yet @-@ elusive beast of Exmoor " . Sightings were first reported in the 1970s although it became notorious in 1983 , when a South Molton farmer claimed to have lost over 100 sheep in the space of three months , all of them apparently killed by violent throat injuries . Descriptions of its colouration range from black to tan or dark grey . It is possibly a cougar or black leopard which was released after a law was passed in 1976 making it illegal for them to be kept in captivity outside zoos . In 2006 , the British Big Cats Society reported that a skull found by a Devon farmer was that of a puma ; however , the Department for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ( Defra ) states , " Based on the evidence , Defra does not believe that there are big cats living in the wild in England . " = = Government and politics = = The National Park , 71 % of which is in Somerset and 29 % in Devon , has a resident population of 10 @,@ 600 . It was designated a National Park in 1954 , under the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act . About three quarters of the park is privately owned , made up of numerous private estates . The largest landowners are the National Trust , which owns over 10 % of the land , and the National Park Authority , which owns about 7 % . Other areas are owned by the Forestry Commission , Crown Estate and Water Companies . The largest private landowner is the Badgworthy Land Company , which represents hunting interests . From 1954 on , local government was the responsibility of the district and county councils , which remain responsible for the social and economic well @-@ being of the local community . Since 1997 the Exmoor National Park Authority , which is known as a ' single purpose ' authority , has taken over some functions to meet its aims to " conserve and enhance the natural beauty , wildlife and cultural heritage of the National Parks " and " promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of the parks by the public " , including responsibility for the conservation of the historic environment . The Park Authority receives 80 % of its funding as a direct grant from the government . The Park Authority Committee consists of members from parish and county councils , and six appointed by the Secretary of State . The work is carried out by 80 staff including rangers , volunteers and a team of estate workers who carry out a wide range of tasks including maintaining the many miles of rights of way , hedge laying , fencing , swaling , walling , invasive weed control and habitat management on National Park Authority land . There are ongoing debates between the authority and farmers over the biological monitoring of SSSIs , showing the need for a controlled regime of grazing and burning ; farmers claim that these regimes are not practical or effective in the long term . = = Sport and recreation = = Sightseeing , walking , cycling and mountain biking taking in Exmoor 's dramatic heritage coastline and moorland countryside scenery are the main attractions . The South West Coast Path which starts at Minehead and follows all along the Exmoor coast before continuing to Poole . The Coleridge Way is a 82 km ( 51 mi ) footpath which follows the walks taken by poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge to Lynmouth , starting from Coleridge Cottage at Nether Stowey in the Quantocks where he once lived . The Two Moors Way runs from Ivybridge in South Devon to Lynmouth on the coast of North Devon , crossing parts of both Dartmoor and Exmoor . Both of these walks intersect with the South West Coast Path , Britain 's longest National Trail . Other Exmoor walking trails include the Tarka Trail , Samaritans Way South West , Macmillan Way West , Exe Valley Way and Celtic Way Exmoor Option . For others , although the hunting of animal with hounds was made illegal by the Hunting Act 2004 , the Exmoor hunts still meet in full regalia and there is a campaign to resurrect this rural sport . Nine hunts cover the area – the Devon and Somerset Staghounds and the Quantock Staghounds , the Exmoor , Dulverton West , Dulverton Farmers and West Somerset Foxhounds , the Minehead Harriers , the West Somerset Beagles and the North Devon Beagles . During the spring , amateur steeplechase meetings ( point @-@ to @-@ points ) are run by hunts at temporary courses such as Bratton Down and Holnicote . These , along with thoroughbred racing and pony racing , are an opportunity for farmers , hunt staff and the public to witness a day of traditional country entertainment . = = Places of interest = = The attractions of Exmoor include 208 Scheduled monuments , 16 conservation areas , and other open access land as designated by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 . Exmoor receives approximately 1 @.@ 4 million visitor days per year which include single day visits and those for longer periods . Attractions on the coast include the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway , which connects Lynton to neighbouring picturesque Lynmouth at the confluence of the East Lyn & West Lyn rivers , nearby Valley of Rocks and Watersmeet . Woody Bay , a few miles west of Lynton , is home to the Lynton & Barnstaple Railway , a narrow @-@ gauge railway which once connected the twin towns of Lynton and Lynmouth to Barnstaple , about 31 km ( just over 19 miles ) away . Further along the coast , Porlock is a quiet coastal town with an adjacent salt marsh nature reserve and a harbour at nearby Porlock Weir . Watchet is a historic harbour town with a marina and is home to a carnival , which is held annually in July . Inland , many of the attractions are small towns and villages or linked to the river valleys , such as the ancient clapper bridge at Tarr Steps and the Snowdrop Valley near Wheddon Cross , which is carpeted in snowdrops in February and , later , displays bluebells . Withypool is also in the Barle Valley , the Two Moors Way passes through the village . As well as Dunster Castle , Dunster 's other attractions include a priory , dovecote , yarn market , inn , packhorse bridge , mill and a stop on the West Somerset Railway . Exford lies on the River Exe . Exmoor has been the setting for several novels including the 19th century Lorna Doone : A Romance of Exmoor by R. D. Blackmore , and Margaret Drabble 's 1998 novel The Witch of Exmoor . The park was featured on the television programme Seven Natural Wonders twice , as one of the wonders of the West Country . Wheal Eliza Mine on the River Barle near Simonsbath was an unsuccessful copper and iron mine .
= Unapologetic Bitch = " Unapologetic Bitch " is a song recorded by American singer and songwriter Madonna for her thirteenth studio album , Rebel Heart ( 2015 ) . It was written by Madonna , Thomas Wesley Pentz , Shelco Garcia , Bryan Orellana , Maureen McDonald and Toby Gad , with production being done by Madonna , Garcia & Teenwolf , BV , Diplo and Ariel Rechtshaid . The song 's demo was leaked to the internet in December 2014 , with twelve other tracks from the album . Its final version was released on December 20 , 2014 , with five other tracks on the iTunes store , as " an early Christmas gift " to avoid more leakage . The song was conceived while Madonna was in the studio with Diplo , who worked with the singer on more than eight songs for the album . " Unapologetic Bitch " is a reggae pop song , with a dancehall groove , air horns , military drum beats and dub sirens in its instrumentation . The song is reminiscent of Diplo 's original sound , having dancehall elements . Lyrically , the song talks about overcoming a bad breakup and rediscovering one 's inner strength . The song received generally positive response from critics , who agreed it was a fun , refreshing track , while noting it resembles the work of other artists produced by Diplo , such as M.I.A. , Santigold , as well as his own group , Major Lazer . It charted in some European territories , as well as on the Billboard Dance / Electronic Songs chart . The song was part of Madonna 's Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) , with the singer inviting a member of the audience to participate during the performance , rewarding them with a banana as a gift afterwards . = = Background and release = = While recording for her thirteenth studio album , Madonna enlisted American DJ and producer Diplo to work with her on some songs . In May 2014 , she posted three photos on her Instagram account , which revealed she was working the producer . She called him " a slave driver " in the studio . Diplo commented that he met Madonna because of her kids and then she invited him to a party , and they ended up writing seven songs together . He continued : " I do not usually feel pressured to write hits , but when it ’ s an artist of this cailber , it ’ s obvious that I want to push the bounderies a little bit further and surpass myself . " He claimed she was " up for anything " and that he " love [ s ] when an artist gives a producer the confidence he needs to work with them , and Madonna was very open @-@ minded to my ideas ... she was down from day one . " He added : " I 've done about three weeks with her , and we ’ re gonna do some more projects at the end of July . She ’ s just really cool . I think as far as artists reinventing themselves , she did it before anybody else . She kind of began that trend of actually coming back with a whole new look and style and sound and winning it and hitting the top of the charts . Those records are gonna be crazy @-@ sounding . We really pushed the envelope with some of the stuff we were doing . " In December 2014 , some reports suggested that the album was set to be named Unapologetic Bitch , since it was the title of one of the thirteen track demos that leaked to the Internet in December 2014 , as well as the hashtag that she used frequently on Instagram while working on the album . However , she later confirmed the album to be titled Rebel Heart , while releasing six completed tracks as pre @-@ order for the album on iTunes Store , on December 20 , 2014 , as an " early Christmas gift " to avoid more material being leaked . " Unapologetic Bitch " was among the six tracks and it was revealed that Diplo produced it . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Unapologetic Bitch " was written by Madonna , Diplo , Shelco Garcia , Bryan Orellana , Maureen McDonald and Toby Gad , with production being completed by Madonna , Garcia & Teenwolf , DV , Diplo and Ariel Rechtshaid . Diplo , Garcia & Teenwolf were the song 's musicians , Demacio " Demo " Castellon and Nick Rowe were the song 's engineers , with Castellon also serving as the song 's mixer , Gad contributed to additional programming and Angie Teo to additional mixing . It is a reggae pop song , with a dancehall groove , having air horns and military drum beats , with the song " morphing slide guitar into lasers " and " squalling dub sirens " during its bridge . Bernard Zuel from The Sydney Morning Herald added that Madonna 's voice is " tweaked at times to sound cartoonish amid Jamaican off @-@ beat guitars and squawky synthesiser noise . " Lyrically , " Unapologetic Bitch " talks about a scorned lover rediscovering their inner strength , with Madonna " shooting a few poison arrows into the heart of some dude who 's done her wrong , " as noted by Rolling Stone 's Rob Sheffield . During the song , she repeatedly labels an ex 's bad behavior as " bullshit " and tells him , " fuck you " . In another part , she mocks , " When we did it , I 'll admit it , wasn 't satisfied . " In the chorus , she sings : " It might sound like I ’ m an unapologetic bitch / but sometimes you know I gotta call I like it is . " The song was allegedly written about Madonna 's ex @-@ boyfriend Brahim Zaibat . She told Rolling Stone that the song " it 's like , fuck you , I 'm going to have fun . You think you 're going to ruin my life and you think that it 's over for me , but guess what ? It 's not . Life goes on . " While commenting to Billboard over the usage of the word " bitch " numerous times in two songs from the album , Madonna explained : I think that 's bullshit . The word police can fuck off . I don 't want to be policed ! I 'm not interested in political correctness . The word " bitch " means a lot of different things . Everything is about context . When I first moved to England and heard the word " cunt " , I was horrified . People were calling each other cunts ! And then I realized that , in that culture , it was different — they slapped each other on the back and said , " Who 's the cunt , right , you 're my best mate ! " The word " fuck " doesn 't just mean sexual intercourse . I mean , " You 're a stupid fuck , " " Are you going to fuck with me ? " " Fuck off ! " ... Sex has nothing to do with any of those expressions , and the same goes for " bitch " . If I say to you , " I 'm a badass bitch , " I 'm owning myself , I 'm saying , " I 'm strong , I 'm tough , and don 't mess with me . " If I say , " Why are you being such a bitch to me ? , " well , that means something else . = = Critical reception = = The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics . While analyzing " Unapologetic Bitch " and " Bitch I 'm Madonna " , Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that " their titles suggesting vulgarity , their execution flinty and knowing , " and also picked " Unapologetic Bitch " as one of the album 's highlights . Kitty Empire of The Guardian noted that the songs with the word " bitch " in the title " bode well " , expressing that " Unapologetic Bitch " is even better , where " Diplo lays Madonna down over some dancehall . Santigold was doing similar things in ’ 08 , but the method remains sound . " Annie Zaleski of The A.V. Club also noticed that it " resembles watered @-@ down Santigold . " Amy Pettifer of The Quietus applauded the line , " you never really knew how much you loved me till you lost me " , calling it " the killer nugget of this track , " which she labelled " [ w ] icked good , " while Time 's Jamieson Cox thought that it was " fun to hear Madonna deliver a line like , ' It might sound like I ’ m an unapologetic bitch / but sometimes you know I gotta call I like it is ' because she has three ’ decades worth of unapologetic bitchiness in her back pocket . It ’ s an easy score , sure , but it ’ s effective . " Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called it " brilliant " , while Lee DeVito of Metro Times called it " one of the more enjoyable tracks " on the album . Rob Sheffield of Rolling Stone called the song " the standout " among the first six tracks on the album , calling it " a breakup rant over a Diplo @-@ produced dancehall groove , " noting that " Madonna writing herself a theme song called ' Unapologetic Bitch ' is like Springsteen doing one called ' Jersey Guy Who Sweats a Lot ' . " Caryn Ganz of the same publication named it a " refreshing , reggae @-@ tinged [ track ] . " Saeed Saeed of The National labelled it " a peppy reggae track , [ where ] Madonna gives h [ er e @-@ x ] a smackdown , " comparing it to Diplo 's former work with Sri Lankan artist and former Madonna collaborator M.I.A .. Evan Sawdey of PopMatters called it " defiant " , but informed that it " strikes more than a few poses copied from the Gwen Stefani playbook . " Gavin Haynes of NME opined that the song " could 've fallen off the back of a Major Lazer album . " While calling it " interesting " , Lydia Jenkin of The New Zealand Herald criticized Madonna 's voice , which according to her , " sounds out of place , and overly thin in the context of the track . " In other hand , Spin 's Andrew Unterberger provided a very positive note about the song , claiming : " ' Unapologetic Bitch ' is about as successful and seamless a rebranding as Madge could ask for in the year 2015 . Co @-@ written and produced by Diplo , a man prone to the occasional bout of unapologetic bitchiness himself , the reggae @-@ tinged banger is as snarlingly exhilarating as ' Human Nature ' was 20 years ago , but now Madonna is done with even feigning shock at being told what not to talk about , instead casually proffering , ' I gotta call it like it is . ' " = = Live performances = = Madonna performed " Unapologetic Bitch " on her Rebel Heart Tour ( 2015 – 16 ) . The song was the penultimate track on the tour setlist , before the show 's encore , " Holiday " . For the performance , Madonna invited a member of the audience to join her during the song , and while dancing with them and playfully spanking the guest , she finished the performance giving a banana as a " gift " . The first guest during the opening night in Montreal , Canada was the song 's producer Diplo . The singer turned him around and simulated insertion of the fruit , while saying : " There ’ s so many things you can do with a banana . " Other artists included Amy Schumer , Nelly Furtado , Anderson Cooper , Graham Norton and Katy Perry , who was called the " Best Unapologetic Bitch Ever " by Madonna . Jon Pareles of The New York Times called the performance " jibe , but a more celebratory one , " while Lindsay Zoladz of Vulture named it " a crowd @-@ pleaser " . Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick praised the fact that the singer " sound [ ed ] spontaneous and unscripted and her pleasure in performing is undeniable and infectious , " noticing that " [ s ] he delighted the London audience [ ... ] for an absurdly improvised funky dance that seems likely to become a YouTube meme . " Reviewing the show for The Guardian , Peter Robinson called her performance " relaxed and comfortable " . = = Credits and personnel = = Management Webo Girl Publishing , Inc . ( ASCAP ) / Songs Music Publishing , LLC o / b / o I Like Turtles Music , Songs of SMP ( ASCAP ) / Next Era Publishing ( BUMA ) and BMG Talpa Music ( BUMA ) BMG Platinum Songs ( BMI ) / EMI April Music , Inc. and Mo Zella Mo Music ( ASCAP ) / Atlas Music Publishing and Gadfly Songs ( ASCAP ) Personnel Personnel adapted from Madonna 's official website . = = Charts = =

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