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Having been selected on merit and for no other consideration,they are entitled to continue in their office for the period of the contract of their engagement and they can be removed only for valid reasons
Precedent
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The people are interested in their continuance for the period of their contracts and in their non-substitution by those who may come in through the spoils system
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It is in these circumstances that this Court held that the wholesale termination of their services was arbitrary and violative of Art.14 of the Constitution
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The ratio of the said decision can hardly be applied to the appointments of the law officers in the High Court whose appointment itself was arbitrary and was made in disregard of Art.14 of the Constitution as pointed out above"[Emphasis added
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In Parshotam Lal Dhingra 1957 Indlaw SC 103
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supra),this Court held that whoever holds civil posts would be entitled to protection of their services in terms of Cl.(2) of Art.309 of the Constitution of India in the event any disciplinary action is taken against them stating: "The underlying idea obviously is that a provision like this will ensure to them a certain amount of security of tenure
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Cl.(2) protects government servants against being dismissed or removed or reduced in rank without being given a reasonable opportunity of showing cause against the action proposed to be taken in regard to them
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It will be noted that in cl.(1) the words dismissed and removed have been used while in cl.(2
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the words dismissed removed and reduced in rank have been used
Precedent
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The two protections are (1) against being dismissed or removed by an authority subordinate to that by which the appointment had been made,and (2) against being dismissed,removed or reduced in rank without being heard
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What,then,is the meaning of those expressions dismissed removed or reduced in rank
Precedent
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It has been said in Jayanti Prasad v
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State of Uttar Pradesh 1951 Indlaw ALL 27 that these are technical words used in cases in which a persons services are terminated by way of punishment
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Those expressions,it is urged,have been taken from the service rules,where they were used to denote the three major punishments and it is submitted that those expressions should be read and understood in the same sense and treated as words of Art
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In Dhirender Singh and Others v
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State of Haryana and Others [(1997) 2 SCC 712 1996 Indlaw SC 1725],termination of an order of promotion in favour of the appellant was not interfered with by this Court as the same had not been approved by the DIG,being the competent authority
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In M.C.Mehta v
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Union of India and Others [(1999) 6 SCC 237 1999 Indlaw SC 1396],this Court developed the "useless formality" theory stating: "More recently Lord Bingham has deprecated the useless formality theory in R.v
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Chief Constable of the Thames Valley Police Forces,ex p Cotton by giving six reasons.(See also his article Should Public Law Remedies be Discretionary
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1991 PL,64
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A detailed and emphatic criticism of the useless formality theory has been made much earlier in Natural Justice,Substance or Shadow by Prof.D.H.Clark of Canada (1975 PL,27 63) contending that Malloch and Glynn were wrongly decided
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Foulkes,Craig and others say that the court cannot prejudge what is to be decided by the decision-making authority.de Smith says courts have not yet committed themselves to any one view though discretion is always with the court
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Wade says that while futile writs may not be issued,a distinction has to be made according to the nature of the decision
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Thus,in relation to cases other than those relating to admitted or indisputable facts,there is a considerable divergence of opinion whether the applicant can be compelled to prove that the outcome will be in his favour or he has to prove a case of substance or if he can prove a real likelihood of success or if he is entitled to relief even if there is some remote chance of success
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We may,however,point out that even in cases where the facts are not all admitted or beyond dispute,there is a considerable unanimity that the courts can,in exercise of their discretion,refuse certiorari,prohibition,mandamus or injunction even though natural justice is not followed
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We may also state that there is yet another line of cases as in State Bank of Patiala v
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S.K.Sharma,Rajendra Singh v
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State of M.P.1994 Indlaw MP 48 that even in relation to statutory provisions requiring notice,a distinction is to be made between cases where the provision is intended for individual benefit and where a provision is intended to protect public interest
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In the former case,it can be waived while in the case of the latter,it cannot be waived
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In Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan 2002 Indlaw SC 287 (supra),it was held: "It is clear that if after the termination of services of the said Dr
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K.C.Rakesh,the orders of appointment are issued,such orders are not valid
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If such appointment orders are a nullity,the question of observance of principles of natural justice would not arise
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In Bar Council of India v
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High Court of Kerala [(2004) 6 SCC 311 2004 Indlaw SC 340],it was stated: "Principles of natural justice,however,cannot be stretched too far
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Their application may be subject to the provisions of a statute or statutory rule
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In R.S.Garg v
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State of U.P.and Others [(2006) 6 SCC 430 2006 Indlaw SC 801],it was stated: "A discretionary power as is well known cannot be exercised in an arbitrary manner
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It is necessary to emphasize that the State did not proceed on the basis that the amendment to the Rules was not necessary
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The action of a statutory authority,as is well known,must be judged on the basis of the norms set up by it and on the basis of the reasons assigned therefor
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The same cannot be supplemented by fresh reasons in the shape of affidavit or otherwise
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For the reasons aforementioned,the impugned judgments cannot be sustained
Ruling by Present Court
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They are set aside accordingly
Ruling by Present Court
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The appeals are allowed
Ruling by Present Court
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No costs
Ruling by Present Court
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Appeal allowed
Ruling by Present Court
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These three appeals by special leave are directed against the order dated September 9,2004 passed by Intellectual Property Appellate Board (for short,'IPAB') whereby it ordered the removal of appellant's mark 'Infosys' from the register of trade marks in respect of computer stationery,computer manuals,printed matter for computer,instructional and teaching materials,computer hardware and peripherals and machine and machine tools
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The appellant is Infosys Technologies Limited
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It was incorporated and registered under the Companies Act,1956 on July 2,1981 in the name of Infosys Consultants Private Limited
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The appellant got the trade mark 'Infosys' registered in 1987 in classes 16 and 9 in connection with computer stationery,computer manuals,printed manual for computer instruction and teaching materials; computer hardwares,computer interface,computer peripherals,electronics telex interface and in 1988 in class 7 in connection with machine and machine tools and motors (not for land vehicles).The particulars with reference to the trade mark registered by the appellant are as follows
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On April 21,1992,the name of the company Infosys Consultants Pvt
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Limited was changed to Infosys Technologies Pvt
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Ltd.and thereafter on June 2,1992,the name was changed to the present name,i.e
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Infosys Technologies Limited
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The first respondent is Jupiter Infosys Limited
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The first respondent was incorporated and registered in September 1978 under the name of Jupiter Agencies Pvt
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Limited
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The name of the first respondent was changed to Jupiter Infosys (P) Limited in August,1995 and now since July,2003,the name is changed to Jupiter International Limited
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On October 11,1996,the appellant instituted a suit in the Calcutta High Court for perpetual injunction,inter alia,restraining the first respondent from infringing the appellant's mark 'Infosys' by using the mark 'Infosys' by itself or in combination with other marks in course of its trade
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The appellant also prayed for an interim order in the suit
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On November 22,1996,the Calcutta High Court by an ad-interim order restrained the first respondent from using the word 'Infosys' in any manner in relation to the goods for the time being
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The ad-interim order was confirmed on November 29,1996
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The appellant having come to know of several instances of misuse of mark 'Infosys' also filed a writ petition (being writ petition no.14214 of 2000) before the Calcutta High Court,inter alia,praying that the Registrar of Companies be restrained from registering the companies bearing the name 'Infosys'.On September 13,2000,the Calcutta High Court restrained the Department of Company Affairs and Registrar of Companies from incorporating any company bearing the name 'Infosys' without the permission of the appellant
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In January 2001,the appellant filed yet another suit before the High Court of Judicature at Madras for permanent injunction restraining the first respondent from offering shares to the public as claimed in the Initial Public Offer (IPO) using 'Infosys'.The Single Judge of the Madras High Court passed an interim restraint order on February 1,2001 against the first respondent
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The said order was confirmed on May 22,2001 to remain operative till disposal of suit
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The first respondent then filed three separate applications before the Madras High Court,inter alia,under Sections 46 and 56 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act,1958
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the 1958 Act').In O.P.No.764 of 2001,the first respondent prayed for the removal/rectification of the entry in the register of trade mark in respect of trade mark No.475269 in Class 16 while in the other two applications being O.P.No.765 of 2001 and O.P.No.766 of 2001,the first respondent prayed for removal/rectification of trade mark No.475267 in Class 9 and trade mark No.484837 in Class 7 respectively
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The appellant opposed these applications on diverse grounds by filing counter affidavits
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On August 12,2003,the Madras High Court framed the following issues:
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a) Whether the mark applied for registration was used in respect of the goods for which the mark was registered
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b) Whether the respondent had a bonafide intention to use the mark applied for under section 18 of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act
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c)Whether the mark registered in favour of the respondent is a service mark
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d)Whether there is a non use of registered trade mark by the respondent for a period of over 5 years and 1 month
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e)Whether the registered trade mark is disentitled for protection in a Court of Law under Section 11(e) of the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act
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f)Whether the registered trade mark has lost its distinctiveness and is liable to be removed under section 32(c
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g) Whether the respondent has committed fraud while obtaining registration of the mark And
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h)To what further relief
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The 1958 Act was repealed by the Trade Marks Act,1999 (for short,'the 1999 Act').In terms of Section 100 of the 1999 Act,the three petitions filed by the first respondent before the Madras High Court for rectification/removal of registered trade mark Nos.475269,475267 and 484837 were transferred to the IPAB
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Some more facts may be noticed
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The appellant filed yet another suit (being suit no.2115 of 2002) before Delhi High Court for infringement of trade mark and passing off against the first respondent
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In that suit,the appellant also made an application for grant of temporary injunction
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The vacation Judge of the Delhi High Court,on December 27,2002 passed an order of temporary injunction against the first respondent as follows: "Notice for 24th March,2003 before the Joint Registrar
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Heard
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Perused the averments made in the suit and application which are duly supported by documents on record
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I am of the opinion that in case ex-parte ad-interim orders are not granted,the relief claimed itself may be rendered infructuous
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Accordingly it is directed that pending further consideration of the matter after notice for the next date of hearing,the defendants are restrained by themselves,their directors,employees,agents and/or others acting on its behalf,from using the trade mark/corporate name INFOSYS or any other mark/name deceptively similar trade mark or colourable imitation thereof as a mark and/or corporate name or as part of a mark and/or business name,in respect of goods and/or services,for publicity on propaganda,on websites and or in domain names,in any way,whatsoever,thereby causing infringement of the registered trade mark INFOSYS of the plaintiff in isolation or in combination with words/letters/numbers their advertisements as part of their corporate name either in isolation or in goods and services,or in or by way of any advertisement/publicity campaigns etc
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Compliance of Order XXXIX Rule 3 CPC within three days
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The said suit was transferred to the Court of the Additional District Judge,Tis Hazari Court,Delhi
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In that suit,an affidavit came to be filed by the first respondent wherein it was stated that the name of the company has been changed from Jupiter Infosys Limited to Jupiter International Limited and a certificate to that effect has been issued by the Registrar of Companies,Kolkata under the Companies Act,1956 and no dispute remains between the parties under the trade mark
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The relevant statement made in the affidavit dated July 14,2003 (we were informed that the date of the affidavit is July 14,2004) reads as follows: " That in the meantime the defendant has already changed the Trade Mark namely "Jupiter International Ltd." in place of "Jupiter Infosys Ltd
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The copy of the incorporation on change of name which was issued by the registrar of the Companies are being marked and annexed herewith as Annexure A
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That now there is no dispute between the plaintiff and defendant under the Trade Mark
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Based on this affidavit,the suit was partially decreed in favour of the appellant on November 10,2004
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In 2007,however,the first respondent filed a suit in the Court of Additional District Judge,Delhi for setting aside the decree dated November 10,2004.That suit is said to be pending
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The IPAB proceeded with the matter in light of the issues that were already framed by the High Court and heard the parties
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The IPAB in the impugned order while dealing with the plea of limitation raised by the appellant held that the first respondent was the appropriate aggrieved party in the matter in view of the fresh cause of action having arisen to the first respondent on filing of Civil Suit No.71 of 2001 by the appellant before the Madras High Court
Facts
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The IPAB in the impugned order held that the trade mark Nos.475269,475267 and 484837 have not been used by the appellant for more than a period of five years and one month and the appellant also failed to make out that it had been in manufacturing or trading of the goods for which it had taken Registration Nos.475269,475267 and 484837.Consequently,the IPAB allowed the applications made by the first respondent purportedly under Section 46(1)(b) of The 1958 Act and directed the Registrar to remove these registrations from the register
Facts
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We heard Mr
Facts
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Akhil Sibal,learned counsel for the appellant and Mr
Facts
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Vaibhav Gaggar,learned counsel for the first respondent at quite some length
Facts
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Mr
Argument
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