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The Supreme knowable truth defies all material conception. In the material world, every living being is bound under the laws of nature, which confine one within the dualities of material existence. But Krishna here explains, (break of audio) that He is both internal and external. He is within everything and without everything. He is in the moving and the non-moving. In other words He is beyond the powers of material senses to see or to know. Although far far away He is also near to all. | <urn:uuid:d779d83f-ba1c-4882-b5e6-702ad7c6f695> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.radhanathswami.net/tag/laxman | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.970549 | 104 | 1.6875 | 2 |
RALEIGH – While the North Carolina Democratic Party typically resists any type of school choice that undermines Big Government’s top-down education structure by which Leftist dogma can be inculcated in our children, popular opinion across the Old North State indicates they are in a very small minority.
Indeed, recent polling of North Carolinians conducted by SurveyUSA shows that an overwhelming majority of them support school choice.
Education study @SurveyUSA finds 92% of North Carolinians think parents should choose where their child attends school, 88% believe parents best suited to decide where a child attends school, and 84% support Opportunity Scholarships. https://t.co/O8K6JmS4PX #ncpol #ncga #nced pic.twitter.com/XyarLaoSr6
— Joseph Kyzer (@JosephKyzer) January 23, 2019
92 percent! You probably couldn’t get that strong of a consensus on water being wet, much less a ‘controversial’ policy like school choice.
Still, the Left resists such policies tooth and nail. For instance, in the summer of 2018 a bill was introduced in the state legislature to allow for the formation of town charter schools to serve suburban communities outside of Charlotte. The bill, which eventually became law, allows towns in Mecklenburg County to create their own charter schools, giving preference to town residents for seats, giving parents and students an alternative to the bureaucratic behemoth that is the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools district.
The Left immediately cried foul. The problem? The four towns were majority white, and because the town charter schools would give preference to town residents, the schools would be majority white, too. That, said a leader of the chairman of the local Black Political Caucus, was ‘morally reprehensible,’ and tantamount to Jim Crow segregation. Seriously.
Opponents even pointed to the lawmakers supporting the bill being white as evidence that it was a racist measure. As if the color of their skin in itself denoted bigotry, which is quite ironic considering the charge.
It isn’t just local activists smearing the legislation as a return to Jim Crow segregation, either. Gov. Roy Cooper went on record just last month to declare that any move toward town charter schools is a step back toward segregation.
Mind you, under this law no one is forced to change schools. To the contrary, the town charter schools would merely be another option for local families to choose from, an alternative to larger, more distant schools of the CMS district.
This makes total sense, and the recent polling results confirm that the vast majority of parents in the Old North State agree. The charge that school choice movements are motivated by racist intentions to re-institute racial segregation is beyond ridiculous.
The North Carolina people understand this, so when is the political Left in this state, leaders like Gov. Roy Cooper, going to recognize and acknowledge the truth? If they really cared about education as much as they say they do, then school choice should be one of the policies they champion. The fact they don’t should tell you something about their true motivations when it comes to education.
You can read the rest of the polling results here. | <urn:uuid:4cd65c70-0211-4fc5-a182-3b0d3c23a2b2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://firstinfreedomdaily.com/poll-north-carolina-really-wants-school-choice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.963096 | 672 | 1.84375 | 2 |
In this course an introduction is given to geometric nonlinear control theory. In the first part of the course the basic concepts of nonlinear controllability and observability are treated with tools from coordinate-free analysis such as Lie brackets of vector fields. This is illustrated by simple examples from mechanical systems. Next issues around (partial) feedback linearization are addressed where we wish to transform the nonlinear control system into a linear one, in order to apply linear control techniques. Examples to tracking control will be included. The second part of the talk is concerned with a basic treatment of stability and stabilization of nonlinear control systems. Focus is on linearization and the use of Lyapunov functions. Dissipative systems are introduced, and the basic small-gain and passivity theorems are given in time-domain. In the third part of the talk we concentrate on nonlinear systems with physical structure, in particular port-Hamiltonian systems as arising from network modelling. The relation with dissipative systems are given, and control strategies based on the physical properties of the system are indicated. | <urn:uuid:023e8ff4-fa22-4a99-aba2-12a92df20084> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fodok.uni-linz.ac.at/fodok/sc_service.xsql?SCS_ID=16 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.943751 | 218 | 2.859375 | 3 |
405 Washington Ave
St. Louis, MO 63102
On Monday, October 27, Chief Justice Tom Phillips will present a lecture explaining the 2008 Presidential election's possible impact on the United States Supreme Court. Thomas R. Phillips, a partner in the Austin office of Baker Botts, LLP., was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas from 1988 - 2004. Initially appointed by Governor William P. Clements, he was elected in 1988 as one of the first four successful down-ballot statewide Republican candidates since Reconstruction.
A graduate of Baylor University and Harvard Law School, Phillips clerked for Justice Ruel C. Walker of the Supreme Court of Texas. He practiced law in the trial department of the Houston office of Baker & Botts until 1981, when he became a district judge in Harris County.
Among his many awards, Phillips has recently received the 2007 Justice Award from the American Judicature Society, the Harry L. Carrico Judicial Innovation Award from the National Center for State Courts in 2005, the First Annual Professionalism in Law Award from the Burton Awards for Legal Achievement in 2004, and the Price Daniel Distinguished Public Service Award from Baylor University in 2004.
Lunch will be served promptly at noon and the lecture will begin at 12:20 p.m. RSVP to [email protected] by Sunday, October 26.
Attendance is free, but lunch costs $20.00. As usual, this event is open to the public--not just Federalist Society members and regulars. Visit http://www.stlfedsoc.com/ for more information. | <urn:uuid:db4e60a4-ae28-4c0d-b3ef-5274ec804f86> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fedsoc.org/events/what-if-mccain-wins-what-if-obama-wins | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.945018 | 331 | 1.632813 | 2 |
A new mandatory regulation under Indonesia Ministry of Industry (MoI) has recently released in regards to the Cooking Palm Oil.
Highlights of Regulation
I. The new regulation of Cooking Palm Oil (No. 46 year 2019) is mandatory to be implemented starting on January 1st, 2020.
II. Cooking Palm Oil shall be SNI certified according to SNI 7709:2019 with the HS code of 1511.90.36 ; 1511.90.37 and 1511.90.39
III. There are 2(two) options of certification scheme that can be choose by applicants: (1) Type 5 Certification Scheme or (2) Type 4 Certification Scheme.
IV. Type 5 Certification Scheme is valid for 4(four) years with the obligation of min. 1x audit and testing within 2(two) years.
V. Type 4 Certification Scheme is valid for 2(two) years with the obligation of min. 1x audit and testing within 1(one) year.
VI. For imported Cooking Palm Oil, a local representative shall be required.
Feel free to contact our team for further queries. | <urn:uuid:7454e3e1-8881-4dae-b9af-a29f7993675a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://sni-certification.com/?p=308 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.864035 | 232 | 1.539063 | 2 |
A shark attack victim survived by SEWING up his wounds with a first aid kit before rewarding himself with a pint of beer.
James Grant, 24, had just entered the water at Garden Bay in Invercargill, New Zealand, when the jaws of a fearsome shark clasped his leg.
The junior doctor told The Southland Times: "It was pretty well latched on, I was just trying to get it off."
The frightened doctor, who was fishing in the water, began STABBING what he thought was a type of sevengill shark with his diving knife.
He added: "I sort of just fought the shark off. The shark got a few stabs. The knife wasn't long enough though."
As soon as the shark let go of Mr Grant's leg he hobbled to the beach where he took out a needle and thread from his first aid kit.
Following the incident, the skilled young doctor was joined by his shocked friends who thought he was just messing around.
When they realised the severity of what had happened they sprung into action - by taking him to the pub for a well-deserved beer.
But Mr Grant admitted later: "I am pretty grateful to have my leg still."
Sevengill sharks grow up to about three metres long and are not man-eaters but they can attack humans if they become agitated. | <urn:uuid:3ad69289-7f1f-4754-b46d-7c7df203a496> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/james-grant-doctor-fights-shark-3065928 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.992201 | 285 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Greater Victoria residents may find their drinking water tastes slightly different – but it’s no cause for panic.
The Capital Regional District (CRD) has increased the disinfectant dosage (both ultraviolet and chloramination) in the water as a precaution to reduce concentrations of coliform, which may result in a slight chlorine taste and odour in the water.
It remains safe to drink.
According to the CRD, there are higher than normal levels of total coliform bacteria in the Sooke Lake Reservoir, the primary drinking water resource for the Regional Water Supply System serving Greater Victoria.
Total coliform bacteria are naturally occurring in raw, untreated water and concentrations to fluctuate.
Staff are monitoring the quality and safety of the water closely. | <urn:uuid:5cee8f18-0fba-45e1-9a36-abed44e803c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vicnews.com/news/crd-water-remains-safe-to-drink/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.927515 | 153 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Upon leaving school, not many people find themselves at a crossroads with career signs pointing to either priest, architect, stockbroker or furniture designer. But then again, John Makepeace doesn’t easily fall into a single category. I’ve gotten to know John over the past few months whilst helping craft one of his latest commissions, and what became clear is that he’s somewhat a combination of all these professions.
Forging his career as a furniture designer over the past 60 years, Makepeace has been fascinated with exploring structure and the science of material, much like an architect. He’s also collaborated on the construction innovative buildings. He’s been an entrepreneur, developing his business, designing production furniture before moving into one-of-a-kind commissioned work for clients around the world. He’s raised significant investment over the years and taken big risks—perhaps most notably in launching and running an innovative furniture making school in the mid 70s called Parnham. Plus, he’s almost as quiet as a church mouse. But when we sit down in his kitchen over a cup of tea to talk, although softly spoken, John remains much like his work: Deliberate, precise and often surprising:
Listen beautiful relax classics on our Youtube channel.
You’ve been designing furniture for over half a century. What is it about chairs, tables and storage that continues to keep your creative fire burning after all these years?
I think it’s partially the intimacy of our relationship with objects we use on a daily basis. And the fact that normally furniture is somewhat compromised, but the desire to try and produce something that’s free from that compromise is endlessly exciting. And I love the concept that furniture design uses all our capacity, from our physical ability for actually making, and the whole relationship of choosing a tree that’s standing in a woodland, to actually seeing that object being used. And then seeing it perhaps five, ten, twenty years later and seeing how that piece has blossomed in use.
Black Trine Variations (2018), John Makepeace
Black Trine Table, John Makepeace
Where do you now look for inspiration?
To me the most exciting territory is the science that one needs to attach to the art. And access to the science is quite hard, because there’s so little research commissioned into wood as a structural material. It’s the specific nature of the properties of timber that need very focussed research.
So do you feel designers working today were armed with greater scientific understanding of the material properties and potential of wood, and could open up greater design opportunities as a result?
Yes it’s both their positive properties but also the negative properties. Timber is not terribly good at junctions. And we all know about the boring dovetails and mortices and tenons, and I avoid them like the plague because they are so dated. But actually there are whole new ways of doing it, and so we laminate and we make connections with steel, and resin, and all sorts of things that free us from that linear nature of timber that can actually be translated and transformed.
You only use native British hardwoods now. How did you arrive at that decision?
When I started out I wanted to use the most luxurious materials I could find. And as I came to know a little more about forestry it dawned on me really that one should be using material from our own environment rather than bringing timber from the four corners of the Earth. And so if we want trees in the landscape, then the logic is that we give them a life beyond their own life.
Parnham House: Home to a rare breed of furniture making course
Parnham College (1977-2001) produced a raft of global design talent, including industrial designer Konstantin Grcic. It was an intensive 2-year course where students lived above the workshop and where they lived and breathed design, making and business. Are there any places out there like Parnham any more?
No, not really. I’ve had various people talk to me since Parnham saying they would like to do something, and none of them have done it yet.
I think what was extraordinary at Parnham was that having announced the course, there was an immediate response by professional people who recognised the whole logic of that idea. So right from the start there was a very good quality of applications.
Parnham students learning their craft
It seems to me education should be about opening up potential. Training to a large degree is about learning how to do something. And that to me seems to be a convergent approach. And what Parnham was attempting to do was blend the two of those, so that people were able to think more in the abstract than most makers.
But it came to a point, having done it for 25 years I was flagging a bit, because I was not only running the programme, I was running a business, and raising money which was probably the largest consumer of my time – in the first place to get Parnham off the ground and then subsequently to develop Hooke Park. And it was really time to hand over to somebody else, but unfortunately the person who took it on couldn’t hack it, so the trustees decided to amalgamate with the Architectural Association.
Hooke Park, Westminster Lodge
Prototype house at Hooke Park
Workshop at Hooke Park
Can you tell me about Hooke Park and the Architectural Association?
It’s a 350 acre forest in Dorset, England, which as director of the trust we purchased with the view to establishing a new campus within the woodland. It’s now the practical base for the Architectural Association, a wonderful international school of architecture. And that was logical because we could bring so many good architects on the site. And so they were really excited by the whole idea that it could become a place for young architects, building new buildings.
In our age of ever advancing digital design tools and machines, what role and benefits are there to being taught and retaining fine hand-making skills? Will digital and mechanisation ever entirely rule the world of making?
What I see happening is there’s a kind of mythical notion of hand work being superior. And in psychology terms there is some benefit in people mastering a process, mastering tools and handling them, but I think it’s closer to a psychologists tool rather than necessity.
Listen beautiful relax classics on our Youtube channel.
The very fact that we now design digitally, we can see things from three dimensions, that has fundamentally changed the way we think. Because we can do it, we do it. And for me that’s really wonderful to be able to create objects that are free within space, because we can move the material as we want to. In CAD, but also in the physical making, because we’re prepared to understand how we can bend timber in three dimensions and we can assemble things into patterns and whatever forms we want. That is quite different from anything that came before. And so my suspicion is that once we have a generation of people who are really capable in CAD they will become even more creative than we’ve ever been in the past.
Knot chair (c.1989), John Makepeace
There have been some incredibly strong furniture design identities emerge from different parts of the world. Particularly when it comes to furniture. Take Japan, or the UK with its Windsor and Welsh stick chair tradition for example. But the most obvious being Scandinavia, or Danish design. What is it about Danish Design and the mid-century designers that continues to capture people’s imagination?
It takes a long time for a change to aesthetic to be accepted, so when Danish furniture was at its peak in the 50s and 60s it was quite novel. But of course what was very beautiful about it was that they learned from many cultures, and there is a very strong correlation between Danish furniture and Chinese traditions. So they were drawing on an aesthetic that was very solidly grounded, and they were prepared to go to more trouble than most manufacturers in the way they shaped components in a way that related to humanity. In the same way that the cabinet makers of China had done over previous centuries. And it certainly struck an international market, and it was substantial enough to reach out across the world.
Millenium chair (c.1990), John Makepeace
Do you have a particular movement of furniture that you’re drawn to? Or a country (other than Denmark) that you feel has produced some really interesting work of the past?
I do love some periods of Chinese furniture of the Ming Dynasty era. Their cabinets and particularly their tables, because I can see the way the makers were thinking about how to use the material better. Their chairs were beautiful but I think less acceptable in contemporary terms.
Making Process, Trine Benches
Who are the designers that have had the most impact on you, or who’s work you admire?
Thomas Hope [1769–1831]. That was really gutsy. Hugely bold items, which were inventive and seemed to have a sculptural quality that I admire. And then I suppose people like Eames. I mean I think we’re all probably disciples of Eames. I think their use of aluminum and that range of chairs they developed is hard to beat. I love the work of Joe Columbo. That was very inspirational. Very sculptural but mostly in synthetic materials.
In terms of buildings, I love the fact that the engineering in architecture is making itself apparent, and that would leap onto things like the Gherkin building in London.
And then people like Frank Gehry and his more sculptural forms. A lot of that innovation really evolved because the architects were talking to engineers and it’s that cross disciplinary point at which invention often occurs. People working in a single discipline often seem to be constrained by it, and the second discipline is what provides the release.
Is there a chair that you look at and think, “I wish I’d designed that”?
The Aluminium Chair by Eames would be one obviously.
Who do you think is the most exciting UK-based designer working today?
Thomas Heatherwick is amazing, but I guess that’s commonplace. He’s been doing some furniture. You might’ve come across an extending table, which was a beautiful piece of engineering. It moves from a circle to an ellipse, and it becomes slatted as an ellipse.
What will the furniture of the future look like?
Well there’s less of it. Our buildings are providing more and more of what we need, and of course it would make sense for builders to develop forms of housing that are more complete in terms of furniture being a part of it. There’s so much built-in furniture now, which means storage furniture is almost non existent.
I think soft furnishing seems to have a distinct place in people’s lives, which is likely to continue, although hopefully in more interesting forms. In terms of hard furniture, I think it’s going to be statement pieces. So in a building that is largely anonymous in terms of storage, people will actually want some items that are special. And they may well be more sculptural, and a lot of synthetics are going to enable a much greater sculptural quality within furniture.
Flow chest of drawers (2007), John Makepeace
What do you think is the biggest challenge facing new designers in today’s world?
People seem to be less interested in objects than experiences. And that’s a big shift in the market. And so it’s relatively few people who are thinking in terms of having the very best. There’s often a kind of acceptance of good enough.
Design is a about communication. And a certain amount of communication that is run of the mill if fine, but actually in a world where there is more communication you do need to be able to shout and to stand out of line, because that’s actually a raison d’être for an individual. We don’t want to sublimate our identity, so to me it’s really important that there’s an integrity to yourself, whatever that might amount to. | <urn:uuid:c061f3b7-5ddf-447d-b0b8-2a5d9f5a0b33> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aworkstation.com/john-makepeace-talks-trees-wood-science-and-the-future-of-furniture/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.97604 | 2,568 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Collins: 60–70% 70–80% 80–90% >90%
|Elections in Florida|
The 1956 Florida gubernatorial election was held on November 6, 1956. Incumbent Democrat LeRoy Collins defeated Republican nominee William A. Washburne Jr. with 73.69% of the vote.
Primary elections were held on May 8, 1956.
|Democratic||LeRoy Collins (incumbent)||434,274||51.69|
|Democratic||Sumter de Leon Lowry Jr.||179,019||21.31|
|Democratic||C. Farris Bryant||110,469||13.15|
|Democratic||W.B. "Bill" Price||3,245||0.39|
|Democratic||LeRoy Collins (incumbent)||747,753||73.69%|
|Republican||William A. Washburne Jr.||266,980||26.31%| | <urn:uuid:5feb1b0c-9169-409e-8c56-38affc359f6e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/1956_Florida_gubernatorial_election | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.780682 | 313 | 2 | 2 |
The U.S Economic Development Administration(EDA) has awarded a federal grant to the Oneida Nation within the American Rescue Plan. Oneida will join the rest of the world on the quest to achieve a zero-emission city.
The America Rescue Program involves a $100 million grant to help tribal governments and indigenous communities with renewable projects that will boost their economies. Oneida received $648,339, which will help particularly in solar exploration.
During the award announcement, the assistant secretary of commerce EDA, Alejandra Castillo, said, ‘Tribal communities were disproportionately impacted by the coronavirus pandemic. This EDA investment in the Oneida Nation will support its efforts to transition to renewable energy to not only build economic resiliency on the reservation but also diversify its economy and create energy sector-related jobs.’
The grant from EDA will support all activities involved in planning and hiring contractors and staff within four years. After planning, other equipment needed for manor projects will be from other sources. Applications are now closed for nations to benefit from the American Rescue Plan program. The awards will be made till the end of September 2022.
This project will encourage the development and installation of solar systems, microgrids, and battery systems across the nation. The policy director of RENEW Wisconsin(a nonprofit that promotes renewable energy use), Michael Vickerman, expressed confusion over Oneida’s plans. Oneida may choose to create a municipal utility for the tribe, more solar systems for each home, or charging stations for electric vehicles.
‘It could run the poles and wires in the reservation, or it could be more like an energy contracting company. If it pursued the former route, it would have to compensate the existing owner of the infrastructure.’
The Oneida Nation receives power supply from the Wisconsin Electric Power Company and the Wisconsin Public Service Corporation. If the traditional grid shuts down, each microgrid served by the corporation can operate independently. This grant will help Oneida design more microgrids in geographical parts of the nation. They will serve as emergency backup power for essential services during intentional or unintended power outages, such as outages experienced during a June storm.
The grant will give the Oneida Nation insight into the feasibility of electric vehicles for tribal operations.
Michael Troge, a project manager in the Oneida Environmental Health and Safety and Land & Agriculture division, said, ‘This project is partly intended to provide planning and feasibility for fleet electrification. There is significant motivation nationwide to promote electric vehicles and the infrastructure to support them. This was an ideal time to pursue funds that can give Oneida Nation the tools to do some level of transition to electric vehicles to meet community goals, market demands, and technical needs.’
A report from 2014 shows Oneida’s efforts toward renewable projects. The nation began the Solar Deployment on Tribal Facilities (SDTF) project and explored energy opportunities.
The SDTF project would design contracts to have solar panels on tribal buildings. Between January 2018 and September 2019, the project reduced carbon dioxide emissions by 2.2 million pounds, equivalent to planting over 55,000 trees. The previous project also caused a minimum annual savings of over $20,000 over two years. This report shows that solar projects have begun and will expand in years to come.
We have a team of industry experts and content curators to offer readers the latest updates about Renewable energy, Microgrids and Green Finance. Our stories have been published in some major news publications and we strive to create awareness and help save our planet through clean energy. | <urn:uuid:c8a0c685-a576-4545-a71e-a4b1d8eaaaa1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://microgridmedia.com/federal-grant-to-help-oneida-nation-in-exploring-renewable-resilient-energy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.942804 | 740 | 2.328125 | 2 |
We are 5 months deep into the year, and we know for a fact that the general population isn't reaching their New Year's resolutions, or at least not so far.
In fact, only about 2-3% of people are successful in following through with their goals.
If you're in the 97% of people who fail to meet their objectives, don't fret – setting and reaching goals is a process that can be mastered with a little bit of effort.
In this article, we’re going to go through our take on this topic to help you set goals… And crush them!
Start With The Mind
The first step is to get rid of the phrase "I should" from your vocabulary when it comes to setting objectives.
When you have the mindset of "I should do X thing more," you immediately put yourself in a position of defeat.
Instead, switch your perspective to something like, "I want to do X thing three times a week because it makes me feel good."
This small change in language sets the tone for success by making your goal feel attainable and desired rather than like a dreaded task.
And don't fool yourself into thinking that setting any old goal will suffice; your objective needs to be specific, measurable, achievable, and relevant!
Nebulous goals like "lose weight" or "get in shape" are doomed to fail from the start because they lack direction.
Get as specific as possible - specificity is key when trying to achieve something.
Make It Time-Bound
You've probably heard many people say things like, "I want to get in shape" or "I need to save more money."
But did you know that these types of goals are actually far less likely to be achieved than if they were time-bound?
That's right, setting a deadline for your goals makes you not only more likely to achieve them but also more likely to exceed your expectations.
So why is this? Well, it has to do with the way our brains are wired. When we set a deadline for ourselves, we activate an area of the brain responsible for things like organization and planning, and it's also where our sense of self-discipline comes from.
In other words, making your goals time-bound gives you a mental boost that can help you overcome any challenges that come your way.
Of course, this doesn't mean that every goal you set needs to have a strict deadline.
Some goals may be more flexible in nature, and that's perfectly fine. The important thing is to find what works best for you and to use deadlines as a tool to help you achieve your goals!
So remember, don’t just throw random, badly framed goals into the mix because, more often than not, all you do for them is a burst of random, short-lasting actions.
First Principle Analysis
When it comes to setting goals and creating a plan of action towards them, most people often rely on a "shoot for the stars and hope for the best" approach.
But as anyone who's ever tried this knows, it's not exactly the most effective way to achieve success.
A better approach is to use something called first principle analysis. This involves breaking down your goal into its component parts and then coming up with a plan of action that takes each of these factors into account.
By taking this more systematic approach, you're much more likely to achieve your goal in a timely and efficient manner.
So if you're looking to set some goals that you can actually achieve, remember to use first principle analysis to create your plan of action.
Oh and don't forget, make every little step of your plan time-bound!
Monitor Your Thoughts!
It is quite often that we set goals, only to ditch them in a couple of weeks. And this is not because the goal is impossible to achieve.
The fact of the matter is that many times, we just have patterned, hard-wired trains of thought that lead to certain actions that ultimately sabotage our goals!
For this reason, it is important to monitor yourself throughout the course of action, on your way to the goal, whatever it may be.
Watch out for intrusive, self-sabotaging thoughts, and correct your course of action if needed!
Why is it that some people always seem to reach their goals while others never even come close?
While there may be many factors at play, one key difference is that successful people are consistent in their efforts.
They don't just work hard when they feel like it or when they're in the mood; they make a commitment to themselves, and they stick to it.
This doesn't mean that they never have off days or that they never miss an opportunity to work towards the goal, but they understand that these mental setbacks are temporary and that they need to keep moving forward if they want to achieve their goals.
This is why staying consistent is the most important thing when it comes to goal setting.
Setting goals is essential to success, but it’s not enough to simply write them down.
You also have to take action and put in the work. Use these tips to set effective goals and crush them like a boss. Thanks for reading! | <urn:uuid:6ffe7884-a793-4e1c-8547-c14238459d2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sarasutherlandfitness.com/post/how-to-effectively-set-goals-and-crush-them | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.975579 | 1,084 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Ethical issues are of particular concern in organizational assessments and OD interventions. Currently, there is no ethical standard established for this field. Many view this responsibility as being shared by the client and the consultant. This suggests that there is a need for establishing a code of ethical conduct for the profession, incorporating cultural differences in a code of ethics, and including cross-cultural ethics training for practitioners.Based on your analysis of the articles, address the following:What ethical considerations do the articles you have researched bring to mind? Give examples from your own experience or from current events.What are the ethical implications of receiving unsolicited off-the-record information as part of an organizational assessment? How should the OD practitioner deal with these implications?OD is a field of practice and not a “profession.” Therefore, it does not yet have a code of ethics. What are the three to five ethical principles that you believe an OD practitioner should follow? Provide appropriate justification for your answer.Write a 2-page essay in Word format.
“Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an Amazing Discount!” | <urn:uuid:72e7af64-6226-4619-afd7-5dae3942c5eb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://nursingcourseworks.com/ethical-issues-in-organizational-assessment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.940526 | 226 | 2.171875 | 2 |
Newswise — Most men in their 50s, who face an increasing risk of prostate cancer as they age, are familiar with the common screening exam known as the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test. But many are less familiar with how the test works and why different factors, such as prescription medications and infections, can influence the test results.
"The PSA test does not specifically check for prostate cancer itself, but rather for the presence of a molecule in the blood naturally made by the prostate," said Dr. Christopher Saigal, vice chair of urology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. "Too much of the molecule in the blood can be a sign that the patient has prostate cancer."
Here are common factors to be aware of that could change your PSA test results.
- Common medications: Certain medications can alter the amount of the PSA molecule produced by the prostate – and thus the results of a PSA test. The drug finasteride, for example, is prescribed under the brand name Proscar to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, a condition commonly known as an enlarged prostate. Finasteride is also prescribed under the brand name Propecia to treat male pattern baldness, the most prevalent form of hair loss in men.
Saigal says that doctors administering a PSA test for patients taking finasteride will typically double the test results to achieve a comparable reading.
- Certain infections: Having a urinary tract infection or inflammation of the prostate gland, known as prostatitis, can each greatly raise your PSA level. A urine test can easily diagnose a urinary tract infection so that it can be ruled out as a factor affecting the PSA test.
- Sex and other physical activities: When a man ejaculates during sexual activity, PSA levels can be impacted, but only for around 24 hours. The effect is minimal and would likely only change the person's PSA level by under a point on the test (one nanogram per milliliter). Riding a bike for a long distance, which could put pressure on the prostate, has a similar effect on PSA levels.
It's important to remember that a PSA test alone isn't sufficient for a cancer diagnosis. Most men with an elevated PSA level – the equivalent of anywhere from 4 to 10 nanograms of PSA per milliliter of blood – don't have prostate cancer, Saigal says.
If any of these factors match your lifestyle, it's worth a conversation with your doctor as you prepare to take a PSA test.
Contact; Ryan Hatoum 310-267-8304 [email protected] | <urn:uuid:aec4682d-6081-4e94-814f-e13482e02fa0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newswise.com/articles/some-factors-that-may-skew-your-psa-test-results | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.944442 | 540 | 2.671875 | 3 |
When the Cruise Shipping Miami’s "State of the Industry" presentation started yesterday at 9:30 AM, I wondered whether anyone would mention Costa Concordia.
Keynote speaker, David Scowsill,World Travel and Tourism Council President, briefly mentioned the Concordia disaster in passing, saying "despite the tragic cruise ship incident last year" cruising is still "safest" form of transportation.
Holland America Line CEO Stein Kruse was the first to say the words "Costa Concordia" over 1 hour into the CEO’s presentation which I quickly noted in a tweet at 10:33 AM. It was one of the few references to reality the entire morning.
All of the CEO’s covered the CLIA talking points that cruising was "safe" and the cruise industry is also supposedly "highly regulated." The hyperbole was extraordinary.
Christine Duffy was the first to say that the Triumph fire was "rare." Carnival’s President Gerry Cahill then topped her saying: “Something like this is very rare."
NCL’s Kevin Sheehan said that cruising was the "safest, safest, safest" vacation option.
RCCL President Adam Goldstein said that the cruise industry was "highly regulated" by the IMO "regulatory scheme." He said words to the effect that he was sure "that no one in the room would dispute that."
Carnival’s Cahill added that his cruise line intends to conduct safety audit all of its ships. CLIA would also be performing audits as well.
All of these statements sounded great. But there was little of substance discussed. There were all types of precise statistics presented about the number of new ships, the number of passengers and the revenue generated by the cruise lines. But when it comes to statistics regarding fires and other accidents, the cruise executives offered nothing but their personal opinions.
It was interesting what the cruise execs didn’t say rather than the talking points they repeated over and over.
Last year I attended a Congressional hearing where a cruise expert detailed some 79 cruise ship fires between 1990 and the hearing in 2011. I have discussed in this blog that over 10 cruise ship fires occurred since the Splendor. That’s 90 fires in 23 years.
That’s hardly "rare." The "safest, safest, safest" form of transportation does not catch on fire every 4 months.
Keeping statistics away from the public is how the cruise industry works. Assuring the public that the unregulated cruise industry is allegedly "heavily regulated" is also how the cruise lines work.
Senator Rockefeller presided over the post Concordia safety hearing last year and told the cruise representatives "You Are A World Unto Yourselves." There is simply no real oversight by the U.S. over foreign flagged cruise ships.
Carnival’s Cahill promised that his cruise line would police itself with its own safety audits. But what he didn’t say was whether the audits will ever be released to the public.
Trust me, they will never see the light of day.
Cahill also said that Carnival "learned its lesson" after the Splendor fire in 2010. But he didn’t say what lesson Carnival learned. He also didn’t mention that the country of Panama, where Carnival registered the Splendor to avoid income tax, has still not even released a report about the investigation into the fire which occurred over two years ago. What lesson can be learned if the official report into the fire has still not been released at this late date?
Does anyone really think that the audits by Carnival and CLIA about the Triumph last month will ever be shared with the public when there is no public report about the Splendor which caught on fire 28 months ago?
Until the cruise industry truly falls under the scrutiny of U.S. federal regulators and there is transparency in releasing statistical information and accident investigation reports, all we will hear at the state-of-the-industry presentations are more and more self-serving opinions of an industry which is a world unto itself. | <urn:uuid:594557c9-f155-446c-a806-859820982bf4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cruiselawnews.com/2013/03/articles/social-media/cruise-shipping-miami-what-the-cruise-executives-did-not-tell-you/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.968554 | 848 | 1.539063 | 2 |
If you’ve followed the advice of the second post in this series, you practiced balancing with the pedals off the bike. You’ve gotten used to sitting on a bike, your sense of balance improved, and you are ready for the next step.
Put the pedals back on your bike, or have your bike shop do it for you. Take your bike to the secluded area you did last time. If you like, lower the seat to a position that allows you to easily put a foot down. (In the long run this isn’t ideal for either your knees or your pedaling efficiency, but if it helps you and doesn’t give you pain its OK for a few minutes.) Or keep the seat in the place the shop set it at for you. Whatever makes you comfortable and confident.
The purpose of this series is to lay out a simple approach for an adult to learn to ride. I’ve purposely skipped a lot of stuff a beginner will need to eventually learn – how to fix a flat tire, how to use the gears, riding in traffic, etc – to focus on the actual act of riding a bicycle. You can learn the rest later. For now lets start riding.
Speaking of starting, here I have to explain why I practice differently than I’m going to advise you. The late
bicycle expert Sheldon Brown wrote extensively on the better way to mount a bicycle. Because I am balance-challenged, I have to balance myself and the bike on the toes of one foot before I push off. See the photo to the right. I agree with Brown that this is inefficient, and I recommend you read his article on starting and stopping. Keep in mind that Brown was a purist on many matters, and I don’t think that on a bike there is a “right” and “wrong” so much as good and better. I recommend you follow, if possible, Brown’s “Correct Basic Starting Technique” described in the linked article. Click over, read it, and then come back. We’ll wait.
Regardless of how you start, start. Those pedals are turning. Congratulations, you are now riding a bike. Now get used to it. The reason we came back to the place you were coasting is because you are probably going to be wobbly and uncertain. My first ride was famously so, as I crashed while trying to avoid a mailbox. I didn’t realize that we instinctively steer towards what we look at. And my turning was sloppy. You can do better, and these few minutes riding, getting the feel for the bike, are about your doing better.
As I wrote above, I didn’t realize instinct is to steer towards something we look at. Don’t make the same mistake. While you are riding, try to keep a straight line. Pick something ahead but not in your direct path – a mark in the pavement, a basketball hoop, a mailbox – to look at while keeping a straight line. Do this a few times until you feel comfortable.
As for turns, as a new bike rider you are going to be wobbly and have wide turns. The wobble will go away and the turns will improve as you gain experience, and speed. Practice will help, but the point of the riding today is to get you familiar with how the bike handles. You are getting a feel for riding. And speaking of which if you lowered the seat before, you can raise it up again during this practice riding. Get used to it at its normal position.
By now you’ve probably gotten sick of riding around the parking lot. Lets go for a longer ride. But not too long. For your first ride I recommend no more than a mile or two. (A normal slow riding speed is about 8 miles per hour, so two miles would be around a quarter hour or so.) Its OK to do less than that. Its also OK to have your first ride on another day if you like.
When you go for your first ride, I recommend a multi-use path or a quiet street. Remember, your bike is a vehicle, and you should obey traffic rules – don’t ride on a sidewalk, ride WITH traffic on the right side of the road, and as far to the right as practicable. I recommend, if possible, riding with a friend, for not only companionship but also in case you have a problem or question.
After your first ride it might become apparent why I suggested you stick with a short distance. You will be sore, and your butt will probably hurt. The soreness comes from using muscles differently than they’ve been used before. The pain in your butt is getting used to a bike seat. Yes, the internet is full of stories about people who purchased some wonderful bike seat – or, as its often called, a saddle – and rode it pain-free right out of the box. For most people, that isn’t true. You might have a sore posterior for a couple of days. While the immediate response is, “I need a new seat”, I suggest you stick with the one you have a while. Cyclists often change their saddles in the hope of finding a more comfortable one, but they’ve also been riding a lot longer than you have. Give it a shot, and see if its more comfortable on the next few rides.
Ditto for any other soreness you may feel. You and your bike will be adjusting to each other for a long time, but at first the muscles will need to adjust to their new movements and position. If you have actual pain while riding, speak with a bike-riding friend, or your bike shop, about making adjustments. But soreness should go away as you get used to riding.
As for your second ride, I suggest waiting a day or two after the first if you feel tired. Give yourself time to recover. Riding too much too soon might exhaust you and give you the idea that cycling, after all, isn’t for you. That would be wrong. Riding a bike IS for you, and now you can do it. Welcome to the world on two wheels! How far you go with it, how far the bike takes you, is in your power. | <urn:uuid:9a5ff953-326b-483a-8e4f-2654fd47a5c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://atasteforthewoods.com/?p=60 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.96879 | 1,307 | 1.757813 | 2 |
3 Unique Advantages for HR Leaders Using Faethm Skills Data
How can HR leaders hope to keep up with the rapid and accelerating pace of change in technology and the skills market? With workforce skills data and adaptive workforce modelling, HR leaders are empowered to keep their organizations’ supply of talent and skills ahead of the curve, ensuring their businesses have the right skills at the right time to execute their objectives.
Workforce skills data providers generally source their data from hundreds of millions job postings, resumes, and online profiles. Typically, an algorithm will scan through these vast numbers of job descriptions to identify the skills associated with those jobs. Sadly, many data providers do not have AI that can read and understand job ads or online profiles the way a human can. This makes for millions of errors in their data.
Luckily, there is an AI technology called Natural Language Processing (NLP) that can understand written text the same way a human does. As a global leader in NLP, Faethm is able to extract skills data from hundreds of millions of job profiles with a high rate of accuracy. With this, Faethm skills data provides HR leaders with three unique advantages.
More accessible, simplified, and workable skills ontology
There’s an ever-increasing number of versions and variations of the same or similar skills. For example, in the computer programming profession, there are 27 versions of the programming language Python: from Python 1.0 to Python 3.0. HR, Talent, L&D, and workforce planning practitioners cannot be expected to know or learn about the minor differences between all of the flavors of practically the same skill. Yet, workforce skills data providers feed HR practitioners long lists of synonymous and esoteric skill flavors—duplicates—which not only is not helpful but wastes the HR practitioner’s time and energy having to look these up.
Since Faethm’s AI can understand the descriptions of skills, it can match and group synonymous or near identical skills together in a way that no other data provider has been able to do. While other data providers may boast about having an ontology of 90,000 skills, Faethm offers a “smaller” (yet still comprehensive) ontology of 8,000 skills. Faethm’s ontology has essentially “removed the fat”, providing skills data that HR practitioners will find more relevant and easier to digest.
More accurate data, more reliable forecasting of skills
Job descriptions often contain skill keywords that are not relevant to the job itself. For example, a job posting for a nurse may list “Botany Bay” as the hospital location. Without Natural Language Processing (NLP) technology that can differentiate between skill names and names of places like a human would when reading a job ad, workforce skills data providers might list “botany” as a skill for nursing jobs. Considering that there are millions of job postings scanned in this way, imagine the sheer volume of errors and noise in these skills data ontologies.
Imagine if you wanted to understand the demand for a particular skill, and that skill is also present as part of other skills in other occupations. For example, the “GCP” (Good Clinical Practice) skill in nursing and the “GCP” (Google Cloud Platform) skill in cloud architecture are completely different skills. The algorithms used by many skills data providers cannot understand context - they just scan for keywords, meaning they would misinterpret the data when analyzing demand for GCP engineers in cloud architecture. Imagine the consequences if you receive incorrect data showing the GCP skill in cloud architecture is in high demand because of the popularity of other skills called “GCP”.
It's no secret that job skills data is the lifeblood of workforce strategy. The accuracy your job skills data is vital to the accuracy of your modelling and forecasting, especially in strategic workforce planning (SWP). It is well known that the more variables in a model, the lower it’s analytical and predictive accuracy. By eliminating duplicates and errors, Faethm streamlines workforce skills into a tight ontology of 8,000. Minimizing the number of variables in its modelling allows Faethm to offer more accurate analysis and forecasts than alternatives.
Faster path to upskilling, reskilling, and credentialing
HR and L&D leaders need insights into their workforce’s current and future skills gaps, along with an actionable L&D plan and relevant content to close those gaps as quickly as possible.
Until now, no company has combined workforce skills data with data linking skills to learning content and credentials. Thanks to Faethm’s merger with Pearson and Credly, within the Pearson Work suite of products, Faethm’s AI now has access to learning content descriptions from the world’s largest educational content provider, Pearson, and job and skill credentials in Credly. Faethm’s AI, using the same technology outlined above, will be able to read, understand and analyze a vast volume of learning materials and credential descriptions. This will allow Faethm to offer the first integrated taxonomy and ontology of job skills, learning content and credentials.
The Job Corridor feature of Faethm, one of its most powerful features, allows L&D practitioners to visualize the skills gap between a current role and that role in the future, toward which they would need to upskill an employee. The L&D practitioner can identify the skills gap between a current role that has excess supply and diminishing demand, and a target role, for which there is high demand. The Job Corridor will show you where there is a small, moderate, or large overlap between the skills required for two roles.
Armed with the above combination of the Job Corridor and data that maps skills to content and credentials, Faethm customers can make better decisions about which skills to invest in and develop, accelerating their workforce's path to upskilling, reskilling, and credentialing. By shortening the time it takes employees to reskill and upskill, the organization will strengthen its workforce agility, which in turn will help it respond more quickly to an increasingly turbulent business environment.
Other advantages to using the world’s best workforce skills data
As you can imagine, there are many other benefits to using workforce skills data that is accurate, simplified, and linked to content and credentials. But Faethm's workforce data has a suite of other unique features that empower HR, L&D and workforce planning leaders to keep themselves and their workforce ahead of the curve. To see these benefits for yourself, book a demo today. | <urn:uuid:6ef1160f-a8ed-4825-9db1-5ee8707c3938> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.faethm.ai/blog/3-unique-advantages-for-hr-leaders-using-faethm-skills-data | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.940038 | 1,365 | 1.78125 | 2 |
- Dr. Peter Heeger, Principal Investigator
- Dr. Shuguong Yuan, Post-doctoral Fellow/Microsurgeon
- Ms. Earla Biekert, Technician
- The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, USA
- Complement Proteins regulate the Immune Responses that cause Transplant Rejection
Transplantation is the preferred therapy for end-stage organ failure, but despite significant improvements, long-term graft survival is limited, largely due to chronic immune-mediated injury to the transplanted organ. The goal of the present study is to better understand the basic mechanisms of graft rejection so as to be able to use this information to design novel therapies that will prolong graft survival. T cells and antibodies reactive to the “foreign” transplanted organ are the key mediators of the graft rejection but we presently do not fully understand how these cellular and molecular immune mediators function to destroy an organ.
Our group recently discovered that soluble proteins comprising the complement cascade and cell-surface proteins that control the activation of complement surprisingly influence the strength of T and B cell immune responses directed at the graft. This important link between elements of the innate (complement) and adaptive (T cells and B cells) immune systems has not been well studied in transplantation. We therefore propose to use a mouse model of heart transplantation, using animals with and without targeted deficiencies or overexpression of complement/complement regulatory proteins, to assess how complement and the decay accelerating factor influence T cell alloimmunity, alloantibody production, and transplant survival. In addition to providing new information that could be exploited for prevention of graft rejection, the fundamental insights derived from this work could be applied to a variety of immune-mediated processes, including the development of approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy. | <urn:uuid:ab2fdcbb-3fbc-4185-9469-83105e3f0784> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rotrf.org/grantawards/previousgrantawards/grantawardscycle14/drpeterheeger.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.923197 | 364 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Space travel and adventure return to the big screen this October in one of fall’s most anticipated movies, The Martian. If you haven’t yet seen a preview of the 20th Century Fox film, or read Andy Weir’s book, the premise is this:
During a manned mission to Mars, Astronaut Mark Watney is presumed dead after a fierce storm and left behind by his crew. But Watney has survived and finds himself stranded and alone on the hostile planet. With only meager supplies, he must draw upon his ingenuity, wit and spirit to subsist and find a way to signal to Earth that he is alive.
Microsoft is excited to partner with 20th Century Fox to bring you closer to this story and the star-studded cast. The Bing team is making it easy for people to get deeper into The Martian story with a special map experience, providing helpful search results with information on Mars and space travel – topics that are of increasing interest, yet remain alien, to most of us. We’ve also created related lesson plans for students, found at Bing in the Classroom.
Read on to discover all the ways Bing is making it easier for you to search, learn about and engage with results related to movies like The Martian.
Track Watney’s journey with Bing Maps
Bing Maps Preview helps users discover the crucial information they need to make successful travel plans. Similarly, The Martian’s main character, Mark Watney (played by Matt Damon), uses a variety of tools to help him travel across Mars from the Ares 3 landing site to the Schiaparelli Basin in an effort to contact Earth.
For The Martian map, we used the Bing Maps APIs, and the Azure tools and platform to build a custom map experience that tracks astronaut Mark Watney’s journey. This map experience follows The Martian story, and includes Bing search results to bring the Mars landscape to life. Some key features to check out:
- Multi-colored flags. There are two types of flags on this map. Orange flags contain “transmission” information from Watney. These include text, images and videos. Yellow flags provide information on the planet and space travel, and include links to content that take you to Bing search results.
- Transmission clock. There will be at least one new transmission each day*. We’ve added a countdown clock at the top of the map that lets users know when to check back for the next transmission.
- Mission Control. Click on the Mission Control icon at the bottom-right corner of the map to get more information from Earth.
- Navigation tools. There’s a set of tools that help you navigate your way around the map, including:
- Zoom in/out or click and drag for a broader view of the Mars landscape
- Hover over flags for a sneak peek at the information
- Scan the Mission Timeline chronologically move along Mark’s journey
- Explore more on Bing using the navigation at the top of the map, which is the same navigation you’re used to on Bing.com.
Learn about the cast and buy tickets through Bing.com
We’ve made it easy to discover and preview the movie, as well as see reviews and cast information, all by simply typing “The Martian” into the search bar. You’ll find the trailer at the top of the page, plus top reviews, and links to the cast and related topics. You can find movie times for local theatres and purchase tickets all from this one search**
Use Bing in the Classroom curriculum to teach students about space
While Bing Maps tracks Mark Whitney’s journey across Mars, Bing in the Classroom challenges students to focus on the possibilities of space travel. Lesson plans will center around the science, engineering and language-arts opportunities of space exploration, as well as the ‘what does it take to support life on other planets?’ theme.
Bing in the Classroom provides world class research tools for students, and works with accredited teachers, to create meaningful projects and lesson plans on any topic that align with Common Core standard and 21st century skills. Find our lesson plans here and join us in a great space exploration!
Go to www.bing.com/themartian today to start your journey and follow us @Bing as we support the effort to #BingWatneyHome. We’ll be launching new content from September 15 through October 3, so check back daily to see Watney’s progress, learn more about the Martian landscape with Bing, and see the latest news and information coming from Mission Control.
*Final transmission will be published on October 03, 2015.
**The Martian is available in theatres beginning October 2, 2015. Release dates vary by location. | <urn:uuid:8ab8928c-ae82-4d21-a7fc-2b091807b92c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blogs.bing.com/search/2015/09/15/use-bing-to-track-an-astronaut-across-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.913881 | 995 | 2.125 | 2 |
A femme fatale (/ / or / /; French: [fam fatal]), sometimes called a maneater or vamp, is a stock character of a mysterious and seductive woman whose charms ensnare her lovers, often leading them into compromising, dangerous, and deadly situations. She is an archetype of literature and art. Her ability to enchant, entice and hypnotize her victim with a spell was in the earliest stories seen as being literally supernatural; hence, the femme fatale today is still often described as having a power akin to an enchantress, seductress, vampire, witch, or demon, having power over men.
One of the most common traits of the femme fatale includes promiscuity and the "rejection of motherhood", seen as "one of her most threatening qualities since by denying his immortality and his posterity it leads to the ultimate destruction of the male". Femmes fatales are typically villainous, or at least morally ambiguous, and always associated with a sense of mystification, and unease.
In American early 20th century films, femme fatale characters were referred to as vamps, in reference to Theda Bara, who played a seductive woman referred to as a "vampires" in the 1915 film A Fool There Was. Many female mobsters (especially members of the Italian-American Mafia or Russian Mafia) have been known to be femme fatales in many films noir as well as James Bond films.
The phrase is French for "fatal woman". A femme fatale tries to achieve her hidden purpose by using feminine wiles such as beauty, charm, or sexual allure. In many cases, her attitude towards sexuality is lackadaisical, intriguing, or frivolous. In some cases, she uses lies or coercion rather than charm. She may also make use of some subduing weapon such as sleeping gas, a modern analog of magical powers in older tales. She may also be (or imply that she is) a victim, caught in a situation from which she cannot escape; The Lady from Shanghai (a 1947 film noir) is one such example. A younger version of a femme fatale is called a fille fatale, or "fatal girl".
The femme fatale archetype exists in the culture, folklore and myths of many cultures. Ancient mythical or legendary examples include Lilith, Mohini, Circe, Medea, Clytemnestra, Lesbia, and Visha Kanyas. Historical examples from Classical times include Cleopatra and Messalina, as well as the Biblical figures Delilah, Jezebel, and Salome. An example from Chinese literature and traditional history is Daji.
Early Western culture to the 19th century
The femme fatale was a common figure in the European Middle Ages, often portraying the dangers of unbridled female sexuality. The pre-medieval inherited Biblical figure of Eve offers an example, as does the wicked, seductive enchantress typified in Morgan le Fay. The Queen of the Night in Mozart's The Magic Flute shows her more muted presence during the Age of Enlightenment
The femme fatale flourished in the Romantic period in the works of John Keats, notably "La Belle Dame sans Merci" and "Lamia". Along with them, there rose the gothic novel The Monk featuring Matilda, a very powerful femme fatale. This led to her appearing in the work of Edgar Allan Poe, and as the vampire, notably in Carmilla and Brides of Dracula. The Monk was greatly admired by the Marquis de Sade, for whom the femme fatale symbolised not evil, but all the best qualities of women; his novel Juliette is perhaps the earliest wherein the femme fatale triumphs. Pre-Raphaelite painters frequently used the classic personifications of the femme fatale as a subject.
In the Western culture of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the femme fatale became a more fashionable trope, and she is found in the paintings of the artists Edvard Munch, Gustav Klimt, Franz von Stuck and Gustave Moreau. The novel À rebours by Joris-Karl Huysmans includes these fevered imaginings about an image of Salome in a Moreau painting:
No longer was she merely the dancing-girl who extorts a cry of lust and concupiscence from an old man by the lascivious contortions of her body; who breaks the will, masters the mind of a King by the spectacle of her quivering bosoms, heaving belly and tossing thighs; she was now revealed in a sense as the symbolic incarnation of world-old Vice, the goddess of immortal Hysteria, the Curse of Beauty supreme above all other beauties by the cataleptic spasm that stirs her flesh and steels her muscles, – a monstrous Beast of the Apocalypse, indifferent, irresponsible, insensible, poisoning.
She also is seen as a prominent figure in late nineteenth and twentieth century opera, appearing in Richard Wagner's Parsifal (Kundry), George Bizet's "Carmen", Camille Saint-Saëns' "Samson et Delilah" and Alban Berg's "Lulu" (based on the plays "Erdgeist" and "Die Büchse der Pandora" by Frank Wedekind).
In fin-de-siècle decadence, Oscar Wilde reinvented the femme fatale in the play Salome: she manipulates her lust-crazed uncle, King Herod, with her enticing Dance of the Seven Veils (Wilde's invention) to agree to her imperious demand: "bring me the head of John the Baptist". Later, Salome was the subject of an opera by Strauss, and was popularized on stage, screen, and peep-show booth in countless reincarnations.
Another enduring icon of glamour, seduction, and moral turpitude is Margaretha Geertruida Zelle. While working as an exotic dancer, she took the stage name Mata Hari. She was accused of German espionage and was put to death by a French firing squad. After her death she became the subject of many sensational films and books.
One traditional view portrays the femme fatale as a sexual vampire; her charms leech the virility and independence of lovers, leaving them shells of themselves. Rudyard Kipling took inspiration from a vampire painted by Philip Burne-Jones, an image typical of the era in 1897, to write his poem "The Vampire". The poem inspired the 1913 eponymous film The Vampire by Robert Vignola, sometimes cited as the first "vamp" movie. Protagonist Alice Hollister was often labeled as "the original vampire" at the time.
Like much of Kipling's verse it became very popular, and its refrain: "A fool there was...", describing a seduced man, became the title of the popular 1915 film A Fool There Was that made Theda Bara a star. The poem was used in the publicity for the film. On this account, in the American slang of the era the femme fatale was called a vamp, short for vampire.
Femmes fatales appear in detective fiction, especially in its 'hard-boiled' sub-genre which largely originated with the crime stories of Dashiell Hammett in the 1920s. At the end of that decade, the French-Canadian villainess Marie de Sabrevois gave a contemporary edge to the otherwise very historical novels of Kenneth Roberts set during the war for U.S. independence.
For film audiences, too, the villainess often appeared foreign, usually either of indeterminate Eastern European or Asian ancestry. She was the sexual counterpart to wholesome actresses such as Lillian Gish and Mary Pickford. Notable silent-cinema vamps included Theda Bara, Helen Gardner, Louise Glaum, Valeska Suratt, Musidora, Virginia Pearson, Olga Petrova, Rosemary Theby, Nita Naldi, Pola Negri, Estelle Taylor, Anita Page, Jetta Goudal, and, in early appearances, Myrna Loy.
During the film-noir era of the 1940s and early-1950s, the femme fatale flourished in American cinema. Examples include Brigid O'Shaughnessy, portrayed by Mary Astor, who murders Sam Spade's partner in The Maltese Falcon (1941); manipulative narcissistic daughter Veda (portrayed by Ann Blyth) in Mildred Pierce who exploits her indulgent mother Mildred (portrayed by Joan Crawford) and fatally destroys her mother's remarriage to stepfather Monte Barragon (portrayed by Zachary Scott); Gene Tierney as Ellen Brent Harland in Leave Her to Heaven (1945), and the cabaret singer portrayed by Rita Hayworth in Gilda (1946), narcissistic wives who manipulate their husbands; Phyllis Dietrichson (Barbara Stanwyck) in Double Indemnity (1944), Ava Gardner in The Killers and Cora (Lana Turner) in The Postman Always Rings Twice, based on novels by Ernest Hemingway and James M. Cain respectively, manipulate men into killing their husbands.
In the Hitchcock film The Paradine Case (1947), Alida Valli's character causes the deaths of two men and the near destruction of another. Another frequently cited example is the character Jane played by Lizabeth Scott in Too Late for Tears (1949); during her quest to keep some dirty money from its rightful recipient and her husband, she uses poison, lies, sexual teasing and a gun to keep men wrapped around her finger. Jane Greer remains notable as a murderous femme fatale using her wiles on Robert Mitchum in Out of the Past (1947). In Hitchcock's 1940 film and Daphne du Maurier's 1938 novel Rebecca, the eponymous femme fatale completely dominates the plot, even though she is already dead and we never see an image of her. Rocky and Bullwinkle's Natasha Fatale, a curvaceous spy, takes her name from the femme fatale stock character.
The femme fatale has carried on to the present day, in films such as Body Heat (1981) and Prizzi's Honor (1985) – both with Kathleen Turner, Blade Runner (1982) with Sean Young, Blue Velvet (1986) with Isabella Rossellini, Fatal Attraction (1987) with Glenn Close, Basic Instinct (1992) with Sharon Stone, Damage (1992) with Juliette Binoche, The Last Seduction (1994) with Linda Fiorentino, To Die For (1995) with Nicole Kidman, Lost Highway (1997) with Patricia Arquette, Cowboy Bebop (1998) with Wendee Lee, Devil in the Flesh (1998) and Jawbreaker (1999), both with Rose McGowan, Original Sin (2001) with Angelina Jolie, Femme Fatale (2002) with Rebecca Romijn, and Jennifer's Body (2009), with Megan Fox. In 2013, Tania Raymonde played the title role in Jodi Arias: Dirty Little Secret. In 2014, Eva Green portrayed a femme fatale in Sin City: A Dame to Kill For and Rosamund Pike starred in Gone Girl.
Academy Award-winning actress Marion Cotillard has frequently played femmes fatales, in such films as A Private Affair (2002), A Very Long Engagement, The Black Box, Inception, Midnight in Paris, The Dark Knight Rises and Macbeth. Nicole Kidman has also played a few femmes fatales in films as To Die For, The Paperboy and Moulin Rouge!.
The archetype is also abundantly found in American television. One of the most famous femmes fatales of American television is Sherilyn Fenn's Audrey Horne of the David Lynch cult series Twin Peaks. In the late night Cinemax TV series, Femme Fatales, actress Tanit Phoenix plays Lilith, the host who introduces each episode Rod Serling-style and occasionally appears within the narrative. In the Netflix TV series, Orange Is the New Black, actress Laura Prepon plays Alex Vause, a modern femme fatale, leading both men and women to their destruction.
Femmes fatales also appear frequently in comic books. Notable examples include Batman's long-time nemesis Catwoman, who first appeared in comics in 1940, and various adversaries of The Spirit, such as P'Gell.
This stock character is also often found in the genres of opera and musical theatre, where she will traditionally have a mezzo, alto or contralto range, opposed to the ingénue’s soprano, to symbolise the masculinity and lack of feminine purity. An example is Hélène from Natasha, Pierre and the Great Comet of 1812.
Use in criminal trials
The term has been used in connection with highly publicised criminal trials, such as the trials of Jodi Arias and Amanda Knox.
- Cope, Rebecca (11 March 2014). "Best Film Femme Fatales". Harper's Bazaar.
- Walter, Susan (2015). "Images of the Femme Fatale in two Short Stories by Emilia Pardo Bazán". Romance Notes. Retrieved December 8, 2015.
- Mary Ann Doane, Femme Fatales (1991) pp. 1–2
- Adinolfi, Francesco (2008). Mondo Exotica: Sounds, Visions, Obsessions of the Cocktail Generation. Translated by Pinkus, Karen; Vivrette, Jason. Durham: Duke University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780822341321. OCLC 179838406.
- Mario Praz, The Romantic Agony, ch. IV, p. 199: La Belle Dame sans Merci (The Beautiful Lady without Mercy). London/New York, 1933–1951–1970 (Oxford University Press).
- Mario Praz (1970) The Romantic Agony. Oxford University Press: 199, 213–216, 222, 250, 258, 259, 272, 277, 282, 377
- C. G. Jung ed, Man and his Symbols (1978) p. 187
- Jill Scott, Electra after Freud (2005) p. 66
- Huysmans À rebours – Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome: 24
- Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome
- Kalem Films The Lotus Woman. Moving Picture World. June 3, 1916. p. 1074.
- John T. Soister, American Silent Horror, Science Fiction and Fantasy Feature Films, 1913-1929, McFarland, 2012, p.41
- Greenroom Jottings. Motion Picture Story Magazine. 1914. p. 136.
- Who's who in pictures. Motion Picture Magazine. 1918. p. 51.
- Per the Oxford English Dictionary, vamp is originally English, used first by G. K. Chesterton, but popularized in the American silent film The Vamp, starring Enid Bennett
- "Vamp", Oxford English Dictionary; retrieved 30 December 2016
- Johnston, Sheila (27 February 2009). "Whatever happened to the femme fatale?". The Independent. Archived from the original on February 28, 2009. Retrieved 27 February 2009.
- Ortiz, Erik. "Jodi Arias: Femme fatale or woman of faith? Jurors hear conflicting persona in murder trial as prosecutors play phone calls of Arias lying".
- "Jodi Arias Trial Update: Lawyer Reveals Femme Fatale Was Terrified During Sentencing". Retrieved 2015-04-30.
- "Amanda Knox is no femme fatale, defence lawyer says". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-04-30.
- Dominique Mainon and James Ursini (2009) Femme fatale, ISBN 0879103698. Examines the context of film noir.
- Giuseppe Scaraffia (2009) Femme fatale, ISBN 9788838903960.
- Toni Bentley (2002) Sisters of Salome, ISBN 9780803262416. Salome considered as an archetype of female desire and transgression and as the ultimate femme fatale.
- Bram Dijkstra (1986) Idols of Perversity: Fantasies of Feminine Evil in Fin-De-Siecle Culture, ISBN 0195056523. Discusses the Femme fatale-stereotype.
- Bram Dijkstra (1996) Evil Sisters: The Threat of Female Sexuality in Twentieth-Century Culture, ISBN 0805055495.
- Elizabeth K. Mix Evil By Design: The Creation and Marketing of the Femme Fatale, ISBN 9780252073236. Discusses the origin of the Femme fatale in 19th century French popular culture.
- Mario Praz (1933) The Romantic Agony, ISBN 9780192810618. See chapters four, 'La Belle Dame Sans Merci', and five, 'Byzantium'. | <urn:uuid:db6a6230-54e0-4b23-970b-66b383491605> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://zims-en.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikipedia_en_all_nopic/A/Femme_fatale | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.908976 | 3,615 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Mayor Sylvester Turner announced the creation of a Smart City Advisory Council comprised of City and regional partners today at a Greater Houston Partnership workshop on smart city planning.
The Advisory Council is charged with engaging community stakeholders, governments, academia and industry to develop a roadmap that will speed the adoption of technology and data-driven practices in the public realm.
A Smart City is one that uses data and emerging technologies to improve the quality of life for citizens, share information with the public, drive economic growth and build a more inclusive society. Governments and utilities across the globe are leveraging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, digital services, advanced mobility and drones to improve citizens’ lives and solve the challenges of today while also preparing to address the challenges of the future.
The Advisory Council will include representatives from public and private entities and will be chaired by Elizabeth Brock, Director of External Engagement for CenterPoint Energy.
“As our major utility provider, CenterPoint Energy has always been at the forefront of technology and innovation,” Mayor Turner said. “Elizabeth has a proven track record of building consensus in our community and getting things done, and I appreciate the leadership she and CenterPoint Energy have demonstrated in working to build a strong foundation as we grow our Smart City capabilities.” The primary aim of the Advisory Council is to establish a roadmap of strategies, processes and standards to drive Houston’s Smart City efforts forward. “We’re seeking to create a common vision and leverage technology to deliver a world-class customer experience,” said Brock. The Advisory Council will seek to align the roadmap to the Resilience Strategy the City is currently developing as a member of 100 Resilient Cities – pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation.
Marissa Aho, the newly-appointed Chief Resilience Officer for the City of Houston, said “Technology is a great enabler for resilience but can also pose a significant risk as society becomes more technology-dependent. The Smart City Advisory Council will help the City leverage technology to its maximum resilience benefits while minimizing risk.”
Houston has been a pioneer in the usage of Smart City technology and recently launched a Smart City webpage to showcase many of the projects underway. These efforts and others led Smart Cities Dive, a government technologies publication, to declare Mayor Sylvester Turner the 2018 Leader of the Year.
The City is also considered a flagship city by partnering with Microsoft – for the Microsoft Innovation Alliance initiative, and Verizon – which made Houston home to the first 5G implementation in the nation. “To do all these things, cities need help from the private sector and tech community,” stated Mayor Turner. This announcement comes amidst growing momentum in Houston’s burgeoning technology and innovation ecosystem.
In 2017, Mayor Turner established a Technology & Innovation Taskforce to position Houston as a global innovation hub – and with the formation of Houston Exponential and the upcoming launch of the Ion, the city’s innovation hub, Houston is now making rapid strides towards that goal. The Smart City Advisory Council will continue this mission by enabling City government and regional partners to lead by example to deliver technology that will make Houston a more attractive place to work, live and innovate.
“The age of technology is here and we cannot afford to sit idle,” said Mayor Turner, “We must leap, not stroll into the future. The advisory council will set the stage for Houston to become the Smart City of the world.” | <urn:uuid:f3eaab06-f610-4b53-a025-72b69b51cac1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cityofhouston.news/mayor-sylvester-turner-announces-the-creation-of-a-smart-city-advisory-council/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.937356 | 714 | 1.90625 | 2 |
Produced by Theater in the Park, and directed by Ira Wood IV – The Complete History Of Comedy (Abridged) is a crash-course through comedic history, via a series of loosely connected sketches and narration that deliberately flaunts the fourth wall.
Patrick Whalen, Preston Campbell, and Ira David Wood IV perform all the roles in this pre-recorded small screen adaptation, and do so with undeniable dexterity and animation. Additionally, the play’s production value is superb, shot in high definition and staged with excellent costume and set design.
Why, then, does nothing seem to work?
First of all, the script itself is problematic – laden with discomfiting stereotypes and timeworn sitcom tropes. The dialogue often lapses into an eye-glazing litany of pop-culture references, with most of Act II being “filler” in this vein. In one mercilessly long sketch, Wood (“Ira”) rattles off an interminable list of comedians’ names above the grating strums of a ukulele. Another, equivalently agitating sketch is nothing more than visual inventory of prank props (whoopee cushions, fake vomit, etc.) that serve only as a clunky reference to the board game Operation. In yet another sketch – in an aside – the actors inform the audience (via subtitles) that they are uncomfortable with a certain ambiguously racist joke they are making. While this self-acknowledgement is clearly meant to be comic, it comes across as a paltry attempt to absolve its own insensitivity.
This is not to say the show was not without its strengths – primarily the flamboyant physical presence of the performers; but rather than counteracting the show’s tonal shortcomings, the acrobatic antics of the performers tends to amplify them. The pace and volume of their delivery was not adjusted for the intimacy and nuance that the prerecorded format might have afforded. Lines were executed as they presumably would be to a live audience – highly inflected, and frequently shouted – creating a cacophonous effect for the small screen.
Although theater has proved it can function effectively on screen, a comedy like this one requires the electric anonymity of a live audience to land successfully, which this production lacks. Consequently, this video of The Complete History of Comedy (Abridged) is like a mediocre sitcom wherein the laugh-track has been removed.
The Complete History of Comedy (Abridged) runs through March 14th. For more information visit https://www.theatreinthepark.com/.
For a complete listing of Triangle theater events, visit the RDU on Stage Calendar Page. | <urn:uuid:f340b9f2-6707-4867-83e1-6f9c83e7ea7b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beltlinetobroadway.org/review-the-complete-history-of-comedy-abridged-wrestles-with-the-funny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.951632 | 559 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Destinations in Istria
Brijuni (Brioni) Islands – an attractive group of islands near Istria Peninsula, with the main islands Veli Brijun that is Croatia National Park and open to visitors. These islands used to be one of Tito’s favourite residence. A Brijuni archipelago is an attractive group of islands near Istria Peninsula, with the main islands Veli Brijun that is Croatia National Park and open to visitors. In more recent history almost every major statesman visited the islands as Brijuni were the residence of late President Tito.
Grožnjan is a 14th-century Venetian town, known nowadays as Town of Artists – an arts colony, where, since 1965, painters, sculptors and musicians come to live and work. Groznjan is one in the row of pretty Istrian hilltop medieval towns, architecturally similar to Motovun or Pazin. This small town in the central part of Istria, 8 km southeast of Buje or 26 kilometres north…
Motovun – Small town in central/continental Istria located on the hill above the pastoral valley with views all around Istrian hills. It becomes very trendy as it hosts every summer Motovun Film festival. Motovun is one of the best preserved Istrian hill medieval towns. It is located at the south side of Mirna River Valley about twenty kilometres from Buje (another Istrian town) and…
Novigrad or Cittanova in Italian, a small, picturesque town located at the north-west shore of Istrian Peninsula, just about 25 km away from Slovenian border and about 15 km from Porec, Umag or Buje – another place in Istria. Novigrad is positioned on a small limestone peninsula on which the old town centre is built, surrounded by well preserved mediaeval walls …
Pazin – a nice little town in continental Istria. The old part of the town, called Kastel, lies on a hill about 130 meters above the abyss called Jama or Fojba in Italian. In the abyss below the castle, Pazincica river flows. Kastel – Medieval Castle is built on a cliff …
Poreč – Important Istrian tourist resort, built in Austro-Hungarian style architecture, featuring Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of Porec. This ancient settlement of Istria is also a popular day trip destination from Venice Italy…
Pula – main Istrian city and important Croatian port and industrial centre being something in between a busy working port and active Istrian Riviera town. It features huge and amazing Roman amphitheatre still used as summer stage for various opera and pop performances
Rovinj – a walled town built on a small peninsula – very popular tourist destination – regular daily trips to Venice. This fishing port was once the principal town of the Istrian peninsula; it is one of the most attractive towns in the region and its historic centre was modelled on Venice. ..
Umag – Istrian tourist place with numerous hotels. Umag is well known for its yearly Tennis tournament.
Rabac – Another popular tourist destination with numerous hotels and camping grounds.
Mramornica Cave – One of the largest caves in Istria, Mramornica cave is a true gem of the Istrian underground. Mramornica was mentioned as early as 1770 when the famous travel writer Alberto Fortis visited and described this cave.
Close to Brtonigla, by Stancija Drušković, after the nearly vertical steps, stands the entrance to one of the largest underground halls in Istria. The cave is rich in different coloured dripstones, stalagmites that are as much as 13 meters tall making Mramornica particularly fascinating and attractive. From the well-kept paths of the cave there is a view of the inaccessible parts, which because of this secretiveness are even more alluring.
For all lovers of untouched nature, far from the summer crowds and heat, Mramornica is an ideal place for natural refreshment and relaxation.
01.04. – 30.04.2022: 10:00 – 16:00
01.05. – 30.06.2022: 10:00 – 17:00
01.07. – 31.08.2022: 10:00 – 18:00
01.09. – 30.09.2022: 10:00 – 17:00
01.10. – 31.10.2022: 10:00 – 16:00
All other months visits only after previous notification | <urn:uuid:aef6b8c7-106b-43cf-9aa7-a27fc5a2d5a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rosinjola.com/destinations-in-istria/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.940995 | 991 | 2 | 2 |
I also blog on Crosswalk.com and publish articles there occasionally. A recent one regarding misconceptions in sexual identity ministry has not been getting great reviews over there, which is I suppose to be expected given the content. Here is one section which should surprise no regular readere here:
One – All gay people are attracted to the same sex because they did not bond with their parents or were sexually abused.
Untold pain and confusion has been caused to parents and their same-sex attracted children by well-meaning writers and counselors who promote this unsupported view of homosexual origins. The usual evangelical narrative is that persons attracted to the same sex did not get sufficient bonding or love from the same-sex parent and seek these experiences in the present via sexual relationships from members of the same sex. For males, the concept of an over involved, smothering mother is often thrown in as an additional family factor. In addition, claims have been made that most if not all same-sex attracted people have been sexually abused.
The truth is that research on causal factors in sexual orientation is still in the early stages. However, we do know from experience that there are many same-sex attracted people who had loving homes and were not sexually abused or otherwise mistreated as children. On the other hand, some say they believe their sexual desires were shaped in some way by unhappy growing up experiences. What we cannot identify with any certainty is why any given individual experiences same-sex sexual attractions. Recent research on twins suggests that pre-natal factors are associated with same-sex attraction, as are individual environmental experiences which vary among homosexuals. The best we can say at present is that different pre- and post-natal factors may operate differently in different people. For now, not only is it unnecessary to pigeon hole people, it can be harmful and intensely discouraging for parents and children alike to pursue therapy for non-existent problems of bonding or parenting. Where abuse or bonding problems exist, they should be addressed but successfully dealing with issues from the past will not of necessity lead to sexual reorientation.
I then take on change within the context of evangelical doctrine. The comments let me know how large the gaps still are.
UPDATE: The Christian Post also published this article. The comments section is again quite lively. | <urn:uuid:c3bb74b3-4d9d-4baf-9faf-4e1c1f881ffb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wthrockmorton.com/tag/change-in-sexual-orientation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.974001 | 460 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Joan Miró: evocative icon, 'surrealist before surrealism', and proud Catalan
One of the most unique artists of the 20th century, Miró lived through turbulent times that would mark his work with both beauty and grotesqueness
Joan Miró is one of the most iconic artists ever to emerge from Catalonia.
Even if you think you don’t know him, there’s a decent chance you’ve at least come into some contact with his work, especially if you’ve ever been to Barcelona. A mural of his is painted outside the airport walls, while he also has a mosaic in the middle of the La Rambla boulevard.
Have a listen to our Filling the Sink podcast to learn more about Miró:
Primarily a painter but also well known for his sculpture, Miró’s unique, colourful, expressionistic style has transcended the art world, leading him to be one of the most universally recognised and respected figures of the 20th century.
Marko Daniel, director of the Miró Foundation in Barcelona, believes that many more people are familiar with the “iconic paintings and images” of the artist than they may realise. He was one of the “foremost painters of the last century” who worked until the 1970s, and produced many works based on the Catalan landscape and nature, “but then very quickly went into exploring a more surreal world, a world of imagination.”
Miró, the 'surrealist before surrealism'
Andre Breton, the father of the surrealist art movement in the early 20th century, once dubbed Miró a ‘surrealist before surrealism.’ However, Miró totally rejected labels such as that throughout his career.
“[Joan Miró] developed his own style, which is really unique and instantly recognizable, independently of the surrealist movement, and the surrealists saw an affinity between the way in which Miró was working and the way in which they were conceiving of the world and of art,” Daniel explained to Catalan News. “Very quickly his art became so experimental, so groundbreaking, that these labels didn’t make any sense.”
Miró sought to connect with his subconscious through his painting, creating some of his works in a near dreamlike state of semi-consciousness. The results were intriguing arrangements of abstract shapes, lines, and colors that depicted the artist’s very soul that have gone on to become emblematic of his work.
In certain pieces, such as The Farm, which celebrates its centenary in 2022, the level of detail is awe-inspiring, another style of painting that Miró enjoyed. The Farm also drew on themes of landscape and countryside, which the artist would repeatedly return to.
“The ladder, for him, is this really miraculous instrument,” Marko Daniel explains. The image of the ladder, alluding to a yearning to escape, appears repeatedly in Miró’s paintings. “It’s such a simple thing: two verticals and the horizontal stripes, but for him, it connects the earth with the heavens, with the firmament, with the stars, with the universe.”
The Miró triangle
The concept of the Miró triangle is a “really important aspect in his work,” Daniel says. The triangle connects three places in the world integral to his paintings: Barcelona, the city where he was born, Mallorca, where he lived with his wife Pilar for many years, and Mont-roig del Camp, where his family had a farmhouse and where he spent a lot of time in his most formative years.
In 1911, Miró’s parents bought a farmhouse in southern Catalonia, Mont-roig del Camp, in a scenic agricultural part of the country.
“From [Mont-roig del Camp], Miró wrote a really beautiful and striking letter to his parents in which he set out that he wanted to dedicate himself to painting,” Marko Daniel explains. “He said he wanted to abandon his previous life – his parents had obliged him to train as an accountant – and he said in this letter, very formally, ‘I beseech you that I need to abandon my former life and dedicate myself to painting, for which I was born’.”
It was a clear declaration of intent that was made in Mont-roig, an area of the world that would serve as inspiration to many of Miró’s landscape works. As the director of the Miró Foundation puts it: “It was in Mont-roig that he really developed this contact with nature, with the tilled fields, but also with the beach, the sea, the Mediterranean sky.”
Born in 1893, Miró came of age at a time when Europe was an extremely turbulent place. The events of the 20th century profoundly impacted his work and shaped him as a person. He lived through the brutality of the Spanish civil war and the Franco dictatorship that followed, and witnessed the horrors of the second world war across the continent.
“All his art expressed horror at war in general, and particularly resistance against Franco,” Daniel explains. Miró fled Spain for the north of France during the civil war, but when World War Two began, he went back the other way.
“While hundreds of thousands of refugees tried to cross the border from Spain into France where they ended up in refugee camps, he went the opposite way.”
He moved to Mallorca during this time, after being “smuggled back into Spain under the cover of night thanks to some help from some friends,” Marko Daniel recounts. Here, he was more so known for being his wife’s husband – “Pilar’s bloke” as Daniel puts it – as nobody on the island knew who he was. Here, he blended into the background of this boring, middle-class family life – exactly what he needed at the time.
The grotesque and brutal nature of war and these conflicts made their way to Miró’s artworks. ‘Still Life with Old Shoe’ is one striking example of the horrors of violence seen in a Miró painting, taking everyday objects and giving them a hideous twist with psychedelic and acidy colors that would not be commonly seen in popular culture for decades.
Joan Miró often worked in series, creating numerous works under a certain theme. The Barcelona series, for example – 50 works made in a frenzy of creativity in a lithographer’s studio – depicted figures that relayed the sentiment of the post-war period, through the artist’s eyes.
These figures were “contorted, twisted, … angry, violent, and suffering,” Daniel says. “I think in these works, one can see that everyone, the aggressors and the victims, are in a bad place.”
Perhaps naturally occurring as part of his personality, or perhaps influenced by the events of the world during his life, Miró was a deliberately political artist.
At the 1937 International Paris Exposition, he and Pablo Picasso represented the Spanish second republic, at the time in the midst of the civil war with Franco’s nationalists. Here, Picasso displayed his seminal ‘Guernica’, depicting the atrocious bombing campaign in the Basque Country, while Miró displayed ‘The Reaper’ – a title laden with symbolism of the Catalan national anthem.
‘The Reaper’ (‘El segador’) shows a farmer wearing a traditional Catalan hat and holding a sickle in one hand, quite an explicit political image, made in defiance of Franco’s fascist coup d’etat happening at the time. This work would eventually be lost to mystery – after the 1937 expo, nobody is quite sure whether it was stolen or destroyed, but it hasn’t been seen since.
Later in his career, Miró created some works for Catalan institutions at a time when the Catalan language and culture was suppressed under the dictatorship. He designed a poster for pro-independence civic group Òmnium Cultural which asked citizens, ‘Are you helping Catalan culture?’
In 1968, he created a poster for a campaign led by the book publishers Editorial Salvat. Overnight, Barcelona was plastered with these posters promoting the first encyclopaedic dictionary in Catalan. The campaign also included a play on words, as ‘Salvat Català’ could be read as meaning “save yourself, Catalan,” while ‘Salvat’ is also a Catalan surname, from which the publishers got its name.
That same year, for May day, he designed the poster for a demonstration called by the trade union CCOO. In 1968, workers’ rights and the labor movement as a while was still heavily suppressed by the regime, yet Miró still stuck by his principles in the face of Franco.
FC Barcelona, described by Manuel Vázquez Montalbán as the “unarmed army of Catalonia,” celebrated their 75th anniversary in 1974 with a poster specially designed by Joan Miró.
“It was also very important for him to be Catalan, not Spanish,” Daniel says. “He always insisted that his name was ‘Joan’ Miró, not ‘Juan’, the Spanish version of his name.”
Miró was one of the foremost artists of the 20th century and one of the most brilliant minds to come from Catalonia perhaps ever. From the beauty of his constellation series to the grittiness of his anti-war creations, Miró managed to touch the hearts of millions in many different ways through his work, ensuring his legacy will be remembered forever. | <urn:uuid:e001ca9f-accd-43b4-89aa-b8818232fbc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.catalannews.com/culture/item/joan-miro-evocative-icon-surrealist-before-surrealism-and-proud-catalan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.978186 | 2,073 | 2.375 | 2 |
NY, August 3 : Global COVID-19-19 demises surpassed 690,000 on Mon., as per the Centre for Systems Science & Engineering(engr.) (CSSE) in Johns Hopkins University.
Overall COVID-19-19 instances across the globe rose to 18,109,901, as per the CSSE, with demises approaching 690,055, Xinhua recorded.
The US recorded the most COVID-19-19 instances & demises, standing in 4,668,406 & 154,861 respectively, succeeded by Brazil with 2,733,677 instances & 94,104 demises.
Different nations with over 30,000 fatalities contain Mexico, Britain, India(In), Italy & France. | <urn:uuid:14893868-6450-4d1c-9571-399b96383df3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://logicaldaily.com/global-covid-19-deaths-surpass-690000/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.787912 | 153 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Five miles south of the Spokane- Columbia River confluence is a little inlet known as Hawk Creek; a place where people come to spend time doing everything from kayaking to hiking to bird watching. While basking in the sun and fun, it’s interesting to think about the surrounding geology. Such as, when the Okanogan Ice Lobe melted and started receding toward the north, the surrounding bodies of water began to expand to form glacial Lake Columbia. During the Ice Ages, thinly bedded clay deposits were deposited in the glacial lake. Then eventually the ice dam holding water in glacial Lake Columbia released water down Grand Coulee. Gravel layers in the area indicate that glacial Lake Columbia existed during the Ice Age floods (Atwater, 1986). However, a large amount of the erosion in the area likely happened during the draining of the glacial lake and allowed Hawk Creek to eat away at the fine grained sediments and retreat south from the Columbia River, eventually leaving a waterfall that is located near the Hawk Creek Campground (Kiver et al., 2016). Hawk Creek branches off the Columbia River to the east, snaking around the basalt that the water was unable to cut through, therefore requiring it to change its path, until it eventually makes its way to the base of a waterfall.
Focusing on the formation of this waterfall, Hawk Creek cut through the sediment of the flood deposits, forming a waterfall. A plunge pool has formed at the base of the falls created by the force of falling water and rocks and turbulent eddies carved away at the finer-grained sediment. Once the plunge pool has carved away enough rock, the rock above it loses its support and breaks off, leading to the recession of the water back into the surrounding rock. The rock surrounding the falls is Grande Ronde Basalt of the Columbia River Basalt Group (WA DNR 2016). In order to confirm this, Dr. Pritchard cut the rock sample and smoothed the cut surface, preparing it to be x-ray fluorescence. We then analyzed the rock to determine elemental concentrations which can be used to help identify it. Using a Bruker Tracer III portable x-ray fluorescence gun, we confirmed that the rock sample was a member of the Grande Ronde formation, which is about 15 million years old (Reidel and Tolan, 2013).
So as we’re hiking or kayaking or birdwatching, it’s interesting to think what type of rock we are hiking on, why this creek is curved instead of cut straight and why is the waterfall nestled back into the rocks like that. And with this knowledge of the geology of the surrounding area, we know it’s the basalt and the flood deposits we are hiking on, it’s the waters inability to cut through the stronger basalt that forced it to carve a curvy path through the rocks, and it’s the recession and the plunge pool of the waterfall, a complex interaction of geology over the last 15 million years made the features we enjoy today. | <urn:uuid:d4ea1992-784b-423d-ae0d-bd91f90131d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.floodexplorer.org/items/show/56 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.95311 | 631 | 3.484375 | 3 |
India's most industrialised state is now offering 40,000 acres of land, special labour laws and guaranteed 48-hour clearances to secure its position as India's most attractive investment destination.
The competition to attract foreign direct investments (FDI) is heating up among Indian states. Close on the heels of the western Indian state of Gujarat announcing it had 33,000 hectares of land that it would allocate to interested domestic and foreign investors within seven days of receiving applications, its neighbour Maharashtra unveiled its Magnetic Maharashtra 2.0 initiative to fast-track investment proposals in the state.
Taking a cue from Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's call for an Atmanirbhar Bharat (self-reliant India), which involves, among other things, competing with other states to attract investments from companies looking for alternatives to China, the Maharashtra government announced that it was making a land bank of 40,000 acres available for domestic and foreign industries along with plug-and-play infrastructure.
Plug-and-play infrastructure means the government will provide ready to use facilities such as power, road, rail and sewage connectivity, buildings and all clearances within a specified (and short) time frame so that the investing company can commence operations smoothly and within the desired time schedule. In addition, the Maharashtra government has said it will provide flexible rental and pricing structures, special labour laws and a specialised agency for mapping and matching available skill sets with those required by the investing company.
The goal of the Magnetic Maharashtra 2.0 programme is to attract investments and convey to the world the state's readiness to face the post-pandemic world, Maharashtra Chief Minister Udhav Thackeray's office said in a media statement. “While... our healthcare system is scaling to meet the unprecedented challenges posed by the Covid-19 pandemic, the state's economic response has remained resilient to offset long-term impacts. The state of Maharashtra has methodically re-opened more than 60,000 industries in the state and these enterprises employ close to 1.5 million people,” the statement added.
Maharashtra is India's most industrialised state and clocked a gross domestic product of $400 billion in 2019-20. Had the state been an independent country, it would have ranked as the world's 27th largest economy, ahead of powerhouses such as Norway, Hong Kong, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia and the Philippines. It is also growing at a fast clip. In rupee terms, the state's economy grew at a CAGR of 11.83 per cent between 2011-12 and 2019-20.
Maharashtra has a progressive political culture that makes it an attractive investment destination and business centre. Since Independence, successive governments, cutting across party lines, have nurtured the conducive business environment of the state, thereby contributing to the overall development of its economy. The Government of India's Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) website says Maharashtra received cumulative FDI inflows of $133.83 billion between April 2000 and December 2019. In 2019 alone, it received 410 investment proposals worth $15.59 billion.
Mumbai, the state capital, is the country's financial capital and a major regional financial and business centre in Asia. It is home to the Indian and /or regional head offices of many large foreign and domestic companies. And Pune, the state's second-most important city, is a major educational hub.
At the Magnetic Maharashtra event earlier this week, the state signed memoranda of understanding (MoUs) worth a cumulative $2.2 billion with more than a dozen foreign and Indian companies. The largest of these is the $1-billion proposal by China's Great Wall Motors to set up a car plant in the state. Other companies that have signed MoUs are US oil major ExxonMobil, RackBank from Singapore, Foton from China and United Phosphorous from India.
The Modi government is in touch with about 1,000 companies that are looking for alternatives to China. The total investment potential is estimated at $375 billion. Indian officials are confident of attracting a good chunk of this massive flow but say the states will have to work in tandem with the federal government to roll out the red carpet for investors.
And schemes like Magnetic Maharashtra will intensify the competition among Indian states to draw investors looking for attractive alternatives to China for their factories and offices. | <urn:uuid:ef58d568-74d5-4832-b043-b925f4ecf189> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.indiaglobalbusiness.com/analyses/region-focus/maharashtra-is-set-to-plug-and-play-with-investors | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952332 | 892 | 1.515625 | 2 |
A little story
Camp Jabberwocky is the oldest sleep away camp for people with disabilities in America. It was founded in the early 1950’s by Helen "Hellcat" Lamb. Jabberwocky all started with one women’s desire to improve the lives of people in our communities. Helen Lamb was taking a short vacation from her job as a speech pathologist and was feeling a little guilty that she was there on Martha’s Vineyard sitting on the beach with her own three children, while the children she worked with were left behind in the hot city, under bad conditions, with no vacation in view and no break for the parents. Out of this single moment came the prospect of Camp Jabberwocky. Since 1953, Camp Jabberwocky has been going strong with Hellcat’s mission to provide campers with a phenomenal experience full of adventure, friendship, and challenge.
Hellcat was a force. She had a simple saying that lives on to this very day, ”there is a way, find it”. To Hellcat accessibility didn’t matter, if there was an activity to do or an adventure endure, camp did it. She had this “can do” attitude that made Jabberwocky happen.
A summer camp for almost 70 years, Jabberwocky seeks to enlarge the camp community to involve others not directly involved in the daily operations and to promote the Jabberwocky philosophy of volunteerism wherever possible through example.
Camp Jabberwocky exists to provide a residential vacation camp for people with disabilities. We provide recreation and enrich the lives of our campers by creating a supportive environment that promotes the fulfillment of human potential and fosters independence and self-determination while respecting diversity.
Liza Gallagher is the Executive Director at Camp Jabberwocky. Liza started off her career path as a young teen working at Double H Hole in the Woods Ranch, a Paul Newman’s Camp for critically and terminally ill children. Following college she worked at a handful of Independent Schools in the Boston area creating and developing new summer camps and auxiliary programs from the ground up. After 10 years of learning the ins and outs of camp business, she found and fell in love with Jabberwocky.
While Jack was majoring in Special Education in college he heard about a Cerebral Palsy camp on Martha’s Vineyard, Camp Jabberwocky. He applied for a job there for the month of the Adult session of camp. After completing the month he stayed on for the month of Kids Camp. Once he began work as a Special Ed teacher in the New York State public schools he was able to keep coming to camp all summer long. He began bringing his seven year old son with him to Kids Camp after Hellcat, the camp founder, suggested it would be beneficial to both the campers and his son to do so. Years later she convinced him to Direct the Kids Camp, which is now known as August Camp. After Directing the August Camp for 12 years he switched to Directing the Family Camps. These days he is both the Family Camp Director and the warm weather camp caretaker.
Nora Avis Olsen is a co-director at Camp Jabberwocky. Nora began volunteering at Jabberwocky in 1991 when they were a teenager, and coming to this unique camp has turned into a lifetime commitment. After attending Brown University, Nora worked at United Cerebral Palsy, Easter Seals, Meeting Street School, and as a caregiver for people with autism. Nora is also the author of four novels for teenagers.
Caitlin Lamb was lucky enough to grow up at camp. She is the granddaughter of Camp Jabberwocky's founder Helen Lamb and her father John Lamb was a long time director and is now a Board Member. Summers at camp remain a highlight in her life- getting to live and work with the most fantastic people- and now getting to watch her children adore camp as much as she does. She lives in New Hampshire with her husband and two children.
“It is impossible to praise these young people enough for the work they are doing. To see them donating their time and energy all hours of the day, never demanding for themselves but always willing to give, is something young people are not supposed to be interested in doing these days, and the counselors at the camp do not fit into an orthodox category. It is a great pleasure to have an opportunity to be with these young people.”
The Board of Directors
A letter from John Lamb
Dear Friends of Jabberwocky,
My mother, Helen Lamb, widowed and recently arrived from England, started The Martha's Vineyard Cerebral Palsy Camp in 1953. Helen, affectionately called Hellcat by all who knew her well, wanted to give the children, with whom she was working at The Cerebral Palsy Clinic in Fall River, a chance to have some fun at a summer camp on Martha's Vineyard. Her own children were having the time of their lives in Oak Bluffs that summer, and she wanted to give the same chance to the disabled kids stuck back in their stifling apartments with little to do.
That same commitment, that same focus on people with disabilities having a wonderful time at camp, has driven us all these years. Beginning in 1965, when we moved to Vineyard Haven and named the camp Jabberwocky, I took on more of the responsibilities, becoming camp director for 37 years before retiring, but staying very much involved as a Jabberwocky board of trustees member. I find myself now the sole person still involved in camp who was there at the beginning and every year since.
Camp has drawn so many over the years because it has offered opportunities for deep friendship, enduring relationships, an intentional community, and for the staff, an inner experience of feeling that you are part of something big and meaningful. In terms of human feelings, people who help each other have a sense of elevation, which is defined as an emotional response to moral beauty. It encompasses both the physical feelings and motivational effects that an individual experiences after witnessing acts of compassion or virtue. This is part of the fulfillment provided by camp.
For staff at camp, working among all these extraordinary people is often pivotal and life-defining. Most of us have made many mistakes and have learned lessons for a lifetime. As Maya Angelou said, "we do the best we can, when we know more, we do better." For some years before Hellcat died in 2011, she had become increasingly concerned about some of the directions in which camp was going. She was worried that "the duty of care”, the British term that means the responsibility a person has to act in a way that will benefit others, was being eroded. Hellcat, Jabberwocky’s board, and I tried to make certain that "the duty of care" was not eroded. The board, the executive director, and I are continuing that work.
These last years have brought great improvements thanks to the efforts of the executive director, the board, and the increasing integration with the Island community year-round. We have also worked more diligently on meeting "the duty of care". This can be complicated: many campers are adults with independent lives whose reasons for coming have long changed from Hellcat's original work.
Some people have found that the organizational concerns of camp do not fit with their goals, and many new camps and endeavors have flourished under the creativity and efforts of my sister, Gillian, former staff and campers. We wish those whose interests take them in other directions the very best, with gratitude for all they have done. Camp Jabberwocky must continue to dedicate itself to campers first, to the duty of care, and to the spirit that endures within it.
Support Camp Jabberwocky
At its core, Camp Jabberwocky is a community that lives on thanks to the generosity and kindness of those around us!Get involved | <urn:uuid:df7e7dfa-9c5c-4880-a85e-da3747312157> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.campjabberwocky.org/about | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.979376 | 1,679 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Socio-economic habits and you will adherence so you’re able to equity
Very first, socio-economic different types of home specialty argue that the fresh new partner for the extremely info (e.grams., income, training, occupational esteem) focuses on reduced labor to increase domestic returns (Becker, 1981 ) otherwise spends such info to discuss their way-out of accomplishing domestic jobs (Brines, 1993 ). Empirical consequences mean yet not you to definitely staying in an exact same-gender relationships is a very very important predictor of an equal department from work than just which have similar earnings (Shechory & Ziv, 2007 ; Solomon et al., 2005 ). Also, even in the event same-gender partners are smaller homogenous regarding knowledge and you may decades than just some other-sex couples (Schwartz & Graf, 2009 ), expertise is actually uncommon. Socio-financial habits ergo do not fully just take their paid down and unpaid work, and more importantly don’t give belief from inside the as to the reasons men and female exact same-sex partners allocate paid and you can outstanding labor in another way (Goldberg & Perry-Jenkins, 2007 ).
The next explanation tend to used on same-gender people from the books is that they possess a greater adherence to help you guarantee norms and therefore are hence far more invested in isolating opportunities just as (Ciano-Boyce & Shelley-Sireci, 2003 ; Downing & Goldberg, 2011 ; Kurdek, 2007 ). When comparing men and women exact same-gender people, which explanation as well as drops small, in two respects. First, it generally does not promote a rationale precisely how these increased egalitarian perceptions occur some of those within the same-sex matchmaking. New noticed equity you are going to just as well end up being a result of having been socialized with the exact same https://datingmentor.org/nl/blk-overzicht/ intercourse role standards, that people implement not only to themselves, however, on the exact same-gender companion as well. Properties comprising off one or two people with the same norms by what was right conclusion for themselves (as well as their partner) can get accidentally end up as children having a highly equivalent office. People within the exact same-sex lovers will also have a far more equivalent skillset compared to the lovers in numerous gender people, leading to far more equity inside activity office (Giddings, 2003 ). Next, and more importantly, healthier guarantee norms one of same-intercourse partners does not determine as to the reasons there could be differences between men and women people inside the work field and you may household decisions. Concepts out-of intercourse socializing keeps thus gained popularity when you look at the explaining the brand new section away from labor (e.grams., Downing & Goldberg, 2011 ; Goldberg, 2013 ; Goldberg & Perry-Jenkins, 2007 ), since they’re in a position to just take differences when considering female and male people into account.
Intercourse concept centers around exactly how behavior are gendered and how personal formations bring intercourse worth and give intercourse advantages (Connell, 1987 ). Into the good heteronormative area, this social construction of sex since “masculinity” and you can “femininity” was expressions regarding seriously inscribed stereotypes concerning the male popularity and you will women subordinance. Contained in this construction, reduced works, that’s more often said to be men’s room obligations, is among much more ‘valuable’ than unpaid work or domestic tasks, which are more frequently reported to be women’s obligation (Downing & Goldberg, 2011 ). Even more particularly, ladies are socialized to take on a compassionate role and you can household work, whereas guys are socialized to take on the breadwinner role and you can become financially separate (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983 ). Pressures in order to follow these types of normative gender traditional are pervasive. Anyone internalize like requirement from their environment (we.age., moms and dads, mass media, and you will co-worker), and you will started to believe that acting according to the given sex spots was natural and you can a beneficial, whereas get across-gendered behaviors are unnatural and you may pathological (Gerdes & Levant, 2018 ). No matter if these pressures can be found both for anyone, research has revealed one to guys face heavy societal tension in order to adhere so you’re able to traditional sex-role behavior than girls, because gender nonconformity inside boys may be less accepted (Keiller, 2010 ). Brand new persuasiveness out of old-fashioned gender-role traditional is seen within the most recent browse towards the some other-gender partners, which ultimately shows that women however create the house jobs, whereas males manage a lot more paid down work (Van der Lippe et al., 2011 ). Although we are not able in our sum to measure gender character expectations personally, i studies empirically just how such opportunities is shown within the same-gender couples’ labor market allocation. | <urn:uuid:edc1110d-1a28-4a69-9f3a-938441e2c4d5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://xoonies.in/test/?p=471576 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.936665 | 1,047 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Urban Spaces and Sectarian Contestation: Concluding Remarks
8th Mar 2020 by John Nagle
Cities are laboratories in which sectarian divisions are dialectically constructed and contested in constant tension. The premise that sectarian identities are the result of ancient hatreds - primordial expressions of group-based belonging - has long been dismissed. Yet, when it is said that sectarianism is constructed, we need to look at urban environments as a core matrix through which sectarian practices are (re)imagined into life and constituted. It is the city where urban planning strategies are deliberately devised to produce and embed long term sectarian divisions, evident particularly in residential segregation. Sectarianism is renewed on a daily basis in the city through the sectarianized provision of essential services and infrastructure, encompassing electricity, medical care, and microcredit, but reinforced through security practices. Such clientelistic processes are used to create cultures of dependency, tightly binding communities with elites. Cities, furthermore, often contain key public spaces, such as city centres, which are symbolically charged areas that evoke state power and hegemony.
While the urban is constitutive of sectarian identities and practices, it is also the place where they are challenged. Groups that transcend sectarian divisions can come together, temporarily or even for sustained periods of time, to engender alternative forms of politics and living that do not cohere to simple sectarian formulas. They take to the streets to demand an end to corruption, declining public services and for the human rights of women and LGBTQ populations, amongst others marginalised from political life. Symbolic spaces in the city, such as public parks and squares, are often the focus of non-sectarian movements, who appropriate these sites and creatively reimagine their meaning and usage as part of right to the city claims. In so doing, these non-sectarian groups are challenging the very grammar the sustains sectarian power and hegemony, engaging in acts of desectarianization.
In recognizing these dynamics new issues arise that require further consideration and analysis as part of a future research agenda. First, as many of the various articles in this report indicate, the construction of the sectarian city is bound up with neoliberal forms of urban planning, governance and reconstruction. Sectarian elites and regimes have increasingly devolved public services and goods to the market, and this has often had disastrous consequences for citizens left without a safety net. In one sense, this makes ordinary people even more reliant on sectarian factions for welfare and social assistance, thus potentially strengthening the hold such sectarian groups have on their constituency. On the other hand, the weakening of the state leads to excessive inequality and mobilization of considerable sections of the public demanding change. Second, reflections as to the outcomes of popular expressions of non-sectarian action and protest are required. The articles in this report have highlighted the complex and multifaceted ways in which these groups challenge the sectarian order. But, does this lead to any change or transformation? If so, how do we isolate and measure the changes that have been wrought? While these groups may not always bring about policy change, we should consider how they foment attitudinal transformation amongst the public, the ways in which they form new ways of imagining a political community, and in eroding the hegemony of sectarianism. | <urn:uuid:63913b33-6908-4048-9d22-39c1b226cd30> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sepad.org.uk/announcement/urban-spaces-and-sectarian-contestation-concluding-remarks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949154 | 656 | 1.5 | 2 |
Transforming our world as better places, the 2030 agenda for sustainable development is setting 17 goals with 169 targets. This goal and targets are completely action oriented, easy, concise and universally applicable to all countries. To make a country as inclusive social development, environmental sustainability, inclusive development and peace and security, the application of these SDG goals is inevitable. Reduction of inequality among the people is the tenth number SDG goal, which is crucial in Bangladesh perspective. Inequality harms growth, quality relations of the public and political spheres and individual’s sense of fulfilment and self-worthand increases the poverty among the majority of the people. We have divided this goal in two parts i.e. a) ‘within means’to reduce inequality between urban and rural areas of our country and b)‘among means’ reduce inequality between developing countries Bangladesh and developed countries obviously population and geography have to consider on such comparison.
Income inequality has increased 7% in last ten years in Bangladesh. It shows the Gini coefficient which has gone .451 to .458.Dhaka city only includes 35% GDP of total domestic GDP. We don’t focus on other city along with Dhaka city for economic development. Woman in rural areas are still up to three times more likely to die while giving birth than living women in urban areas. What’s the reason Bangladesh is lagged behind within in income health and socially. Centralizing Dhaka city, inflation and rural areas people are likely less concern about the government policy. Dhaka is now respiratory of our country such economic, infrastructure development is happened through our Dhaka city.
So it is creating more problems to live in Dhaka because environment like air and sound pollution is severely polluted in Dhaka and also Dhaka has turned into second in the list of worst city in the worlds. Recently, the price of our necessary goods such as oil, natural gas has increased and it will persist in future which creates the creeping inflation between 5 to 6%. But nominal wage is stagnant most of these public and private workers which induces to such great income inequality.
Behind this scenes Bangladesh has performed impressively not only in terms of increasing and sustaining economic growth, but also in ensuring that growth is inclusive and pro-poor. In order to decentralizing of Dhaka city, economic sectorsshould beestablished outside of Dhaka city such Chittagong, Camilla etc. Investment more in health, education social protection especially private sector investment should also be increased. Minorities and ethnic classes need to be included with our labour forces. Urbanization should be environment friendly and authority should provide the symmetric information so that people expect the proper inflation and assert higher nominal wage. These are possible areas of development inBangladesh where we can and shouldreduce the inequality among the people.
Bangladesh is now least middle income country. Its existing per capital is $1602 and purchasing power parity is $3790 while India is now $6890 on PPP. UNDP has said that in developing countries, inequalityhas increased by 11% taking into account the growth of population compared to developed countries. Inequality in the poorest countries is 20% of the population, which is still up to their time more to die before their fifth birthday. We do expect that we shallsee all the people of the countryto have good food and access to health and education. Because In order to reduce the inequality,
Bangladesh has to grow 8% GDP growth then trickledown effect may be executed and 23.01% of people may eradicate from the extreme poverty line, which is possible. But lack of infrastructure, climate change, lack of skill and proper education, migration problem and Proper policy are the major causes of inequality and hindrance of economic growth. Economist has viewed infrastructure as a key ingredient of productivity and growth at least in the eye of Adam Smith.
TheWorld Bank (2013) estimated that Bangladesh needs to invest USD 74 to USD 100 billion in infrastructure till 2020.Bangladesh used to face drought, flood and cyclone in every year for green-house effect. Recently flood has affected swamps land and north-west side of Bangladesh which hampered the sessional crops. Rohingya migration problem is one of the major causes which hinder the general economic local market and geography. If they exist for long time our geography will go to the worse side and economic performance will reduce. Policy makers want to implement the inducing policy by World Bank and IMF.
This policy wouldn’t implement of our variety of economic market thus its failure most of the case .there are a lot of deficit of skilled human capital such as specified sector like information technology and business entrepreneurship. Bangladesh has a lot of opportunities for improvement. Legitimate migration has to be ensured. Closing the infrastructure gap, Attract the FDI, Skilled labour forces and proper employment Pledged to provide funding for adaptation and mitigation. Rohingya issue must be solved by diplomacy and cooperation with the other nations. Infrastructure raising to labour production and minimizing transaction cost are beneficial for economic growth.
Especially private sector investment should be encouraged for networking effect and raise our geo-political significance to attract the foreign direct investment. Bangladesh has to utilize the human dividend by providing proper technical education on special raising sector. Obviously our climate effect should be mitigated. Bangladesh has sign the INDC (intended national determine contribution) that encourages the developed countries to willingly fund for devastating affected developing countries like Bangladesh.
So Bangladesh can raise their voice and pervade the mitigation fund of coastal embankments, irrigation and proper adaption infrastructure development. Income inequality is a global problem that requires global solutions. This involves improving the regulation and monitoring of financial markets and institutions, encouraging development assistance and foreign direct investment to regions where the need is greatest. Facilitating the safe migration and mobility of people is also key to bridging the widening divide income according to UNDP.
SDG 10% achievement is only possible when all men and women are completely integrated with each other for development. Also our political environment should be fair and non-violence. Because such processions, political turmoil and shutdown hamper our economic growth.So Bangladesh is now most tremendous economic country and will be better if this SDG goal can be achieved.
The writer is an undergraduate student of the University of Dhaka. | <urn:uuid:464abcc1-92d3-4073-9f92-86996e2e69d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://perspectivebd.com/archives/1857 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.950029 | 1,281 | 2.9375 | 3 |
If gardening is your hobby, here is interesting news for you that can take your pastime hobby to the whole great new level of gardening by investing in a greenhouse garden. Though some people usually consider greenhouse as luxury and far from the reach of the ordinary folk the truth is that greenhouse gardens, in fact, are great, year-round gardens that can be either as thrifty and expensive or as serviceable and economical as you want to build them.
Real good news for you is that you can easily have a self-assembled greenhouse garden built entirely of wood and old windows retrieved from a town scrapyard. That may only cost Fifteen bucks worth of mixed hardware and less than a week of spare-time work. And if space is your excuse, remember that a small greenhouse garden will fit on top of a terrace or a rooftop. There are even mini-models designed to turn an ordinary house or apartment window into a miniature greenhouse garden.
We don’t just end up here in this article below you will learn many interesting benefits about greenhouse gardens. So get ready anfd have a look on the list below:
- Can earn you money and savings
Doing greenhouse gardening can easily fulfill all your need for daily groceries that will cut off all the expenses of groceries. In present times commercial situations are resulting in the high prices of groceries, which include vegetables, flowers, and fruits. Greenhouse gardening will offer you and your family with a dependable supply of fruits, vegetables and flowers and the finest thing about this is that you have the control of planting what you want all year round. Planting your own crops in the greenhouse garden can significantly shrink the costs on them. Greenhouse gardeners will usually recover even the cost of building a greenhouse with the savings from planting their own crops within one year or two.
- Provides protection to plants
Building greenhouse can provide protection to plants. They will be guarded against extreme weather conditions like rough, dry or wild weather. It is also a solution for various periodic pests invasion (locust swarms, Japanese insects, tent maggots, spider ticks and many more). Plants are awfully feeble and the difficulties listed above will result in complete damage. From this, we can know how vital the role of a greenhouse is when it comes to protecting your plants.
- Easily customizable
You can easily change the products of your greenhouse garden according to your need and wish. The greenhouse is just like a personalized farm where you can grow crops of your choice and along with that, you get the freedom to grow them all around the year in all the seasons. You can also customize the extent, a number of doors, place of gardening tools storage, settlement of plants and many more, just like arranging a botanical exhibition.
- Helps in saving energy
Greenhouse gardens can save a lot of energy as they do their work most effectively using designs and sitting for energy competence and highest light transmission. Greenhouses must enhance crop growth and energy use by letting sunlight in during the day, recollecting as much warmth as possible during cold weather, and providing enough airing to prevent unnecessary inner temperature and moisture.
Where possible, greenhouse building ingredients with the maximum insulation values should be used. Proper sealing material cuts the energy loss while still letting the natural band of light inside to simplify the fine growth of the plants in the interior. When heating greenhouses, some fuels have a greater heat value than others and some heating units have better proficiency. | <urn:uuid:e0283b62-e82c-48ec-b3a3-baa46e84cca2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://glassgardens.co/benefits-of-greenhouse-gardening-that-you-need-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.944596 | 702 | 2.375 | 2 |
Curriculum Plans for Blended Learning
These documents can be used by all schools to support teachers in planning for blended learning during the spring term 2021. It is based on the Hampshire Scheme of Learning (HSL), which is available to schools subscribing to Moodle Plus (https://maths.hias.hants.gov.uk). Teachers will need to adapt these plans based on prior planning and assessment.
Lesson videos from Oak Academy and the National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) have been identified which might be used to support each unit of work.
The Hampshire Maths Team will provide a ‘problem of the week’ example to support the plans. Teachers will need to adapt these problem examples to meet the needs of the range of learners in their class.
The file below provides suggestions as to how the ‘Problem of the Week’ resource can be adapted to blend with existing planning and pedagogy. | <urn:uuid:93ff928b-5e9e-4f56-85c5-2343ad8eb89c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://maths.hias.hants.gov.uk/course/view.php?id=330 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952224 | 197 | 3.09375 | 3 |
“The previous construction experience in Community Health Centre and Community Centre Buildings became a great source of learning for JVF-Nepal. It was from these construction experiences that the architect started exploring best-suited technology for the site location and opted for Earthbag Technology instead of the traditional construction method. Ar. Magar utilized his Australian stay in 2013 to learn the environment-friendly, fast construction and low-cost building technique, Earthbaag technology that seemed appropriate for the new school building in Jhumlawang.
It is a pride for JVF-Nepal to introduce and implement new building technique which is natural building type, and also best suited for the project site. The Earthbag technology was specifically suitable for the project due to following site conditions:
1. There is no stone-query close to the project site that would increase the cost of the project if carried from a long distance; however this technology does not involve mason work.
2. Soil excavation was required in the site thus the technology would use the on-site soil for construction in spite of stones.
3. This technology would complete the school building in lesser time than traditional technique that would minimize the cost of the project and also lessen the burden of the community contribution.
4. Since the community members would be engaged in the work, this technology is simple, flexible to modify and easy to learn which would easily involve any member in the construction work.
5. This technology is resistant to harsh climatic condition which would be able to resist the chilly weather of the village.
The new technology introduced in the community has fascinated and inspired the locals in construction technique. The same effect has reached the neighboring villages and even district authorities who are enthusiastic to visit the building and learn about the new technology. During the construction of the school building, Ar. Magar not only supervised the building construction but also trained the community people about the technical know-how and the benefits of the new technology.”
Building is almost completed: April, 2015 | <urn:uuid:cf0af07e-28a4-409b-b86e-a9bee9b270cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://naturalbuildingblog.com/another-earthbag-school-in-nepal-nears-completion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966004 | 413 | 2.34375 | 2 |
All organic matter follows a trajectory : life, death , decomposition and finally total material fading . Taxidermy exists because of the inevitability of life to fade, assuming an attempt to stop time. The reasons are several: personal validation of a hunter, the prize; immortalize a pet, document a species for scientific reasons, decorate a wall, causing horror ... is not possible, however, to dissociate it from nostalgia. In addition to death and destruction, taxidermy exposes the concerns surrounding human relations with and within the natural world; the strangeness that is to be part and to be apart of nature. Animal or object? Animal and object? ... Taxidermy does not deal with the idea of resurrection, but with the idea of eternity. And for that the animal must be killed. Dead but not gone, a tribute or violation of nature, an attempt to escape the question of life and death. "Limbo" explores the animal transition, proposing a reflection on that is and on what it turns out: no muscles, bones, blood, built in polyurethane and plaster, mounted on metal bases covered with the only organic thing left : their skin. | <urn:uuid:ea1bd20c-f979-4eca-b392-ddfb9fca44a4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.mariana-lopes.com/albums/limbo-ii/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.915204 | 242 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Cross-stitch is a form of sewing and a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture. The stitcher counts the threads on a piece of even weave fabric (such as linen) in each direction so that the stitches are of uniform size and appearance. This form of cross-stitch is also called counted cross-stitch in order to distinguish it from other forms of cross-stitch. Sometimes cross-stitch is done on designs printed on the fabric (stamped cross-stitch); the stitcher simply stitches over the printed pattern. Cross-stitch is often executed on easily countable fabric called aida cloth whose weave creates a plainly visible grid of squares with holes for the needle at each corner.
Fabrics used in cross-stitch include linen, aida, and mixed-content fabrics called 'evenweave' such as jobelan. All cross-stitch fabrics are technically "evenweave" as the term refers to the fact that the fabric is woven to make sure that there are the same number of threads per inch in both the warp and the weft (i.e. vertically and horizontally). Fabrics are categorized by threads per inch (referred to as 'count'), which can range from 11 to 40 count.
Counted cross-stitch projects are worked from a gridded pattern called a chart and can be used on any count fabric; the count of the fabric and the number of threads per stitch determine the size of the finished stitching. For example, if a given design is stitched on a 28 count cross-stitch fabric with each cross worked over two threads, the finished stitching size is the same as it would be on a 14 count aida fabric with each cross worked over one square. These methods are referred to as "2 over 2" (2 embroidery threads used to stitch over 2 fabric threads) and "1 over 1" (1 embroidery thread used to stitch over 1 fabric thread or square), respectively. There are different methods of stitching a pattern, including the cross-country method where one colour is stitched at a time, or the parking method where one block of fabric is stitched at a time and the end of the thread is "parked" at the next point the same colour occurs in the pattern. | <urn:uuid:a20dd7c9-e62f-4ff4-9880-f7a031ad14fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sazrika.com/en-us/products/hot-pink-saree | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.959505 | 494 | 3.90625 | 4 |
How we use social media
We use our social media accounts to highlight some of our services and to inform people of the latest news and events. We also share information from our partners and other organisations that we think will be of interest.
Our social media accounts are managed by a very small team and are not recommended for specific service enquiries or to report issues.
We reserve the right to keep a record of and remove any comments or messages that:
- are rude or contain swear words
- are libellous, harassing, defamatory, offensive, abusive, threatening, harmful, obscene, profane, sexually oriented or racially offensive
- contain personal information - such as contact details.
We reserve the right to block accounts if they contravene the guidelines. | <urn:uuid:61f86be8-8290-4c38-85b5-915565d4e908> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newcastle-staffs.gov.uk/press-office/use-social-media | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.910836 | 157 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Buy from our bookstore and 25% of the cover price will be given to a school of your choice to buy more books.
Sergei Lebedev - Author
Sergei Lebedev was born in Moscow in 1981 and worked for seven years on geological expeditions in northern Russia and Central Asia. Lebedev is a poet, essayist and journalist. His novels have been translated into many languages and received great acclaim in the English-speaking world. The New York Review of Books has hailed Lebedev as 'the best of Russia’s younger generation of writers'
Antonina W. Bouis is one of the leading translators of Russian literature working today. She has translated over 80 works from authors such as Evgeny Yevtushenko, Mikhail Bulgakov, Andrei Sakharov, Sergei Dovlatov and Arkady and Boris Strugatsky. Bouis, previously executive director of the Soros Foundation in the former USSR, lives in New York City. | <urn:uuid:7c105cb8-65f9-4763-a9b5-222cfb08e9a6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lovereading.co.uk/author/9401/Sergei-Lebedev.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.973441 | 205 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Arthur James Balfour
(1848—1930) prime minister and philosopher
(b. Whittingehame, East Lothian, 25 July 1848; d. Woking, 19 Mar. 1930)
British; leader of the House of Commons and First Lord of the Treasury 1891–2, 1895–1902, Prime Minister 1902–5, Foreign Secretary 1916–19; Earl 1922 The grandson on his mother's side of the 2nd Marquess of Salisbury, Balfour was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected to the House of Commons in 1874, aged 26, and combined political activity with scholarship, penning several books on philosophy—his first, A Defence of Philosophic Doubt, was published in 1879. In parliament, he was a member of Lord Randolph Churchill's ‘Fourth Party’ before being appointed private secretary to the Foreign Secretary, his uncle, the 3rd Marquess of Salisbury. He entered government in 1885 as president of the Local Government Board and the following year became Secretary for Scotland. While in that post he was elevated to Cabinet rank. In 1887 he began a four-year tenure as Chief Secretary for Ireland—gaining the sobriquet of ‘Bloody Balfour’ for the determined way he restored the rule of law—before being appointed in 1891 as First Lord of the Treasury and leader of the House of Commons, leading the Conservative Party in the House of Commons while his uncle served as Prime Minister in the House of Lords. When Salisbury finally retired in 1902, his nephew succeeded him.
His premiership was to be destroyed by the battle within the Conservative Party over protection. In 1903 Joseph Chamberlain began his campaign for Imperial Preference, encountering the vehement opposition of Conservative free traders. Balfour attempted to reach a compromise but failed. In December 1905 he offered the government's resignation. The Liberal leader Campbell-Bannerman accepted the King's commission to form a government, did so, and then went to the country and won an overwhelming victory. The Conservatives won only 156 seats. Balfour was among the MPs who were defeated. He was immediately found a new seat and returned to the House as MP for the City of London. In Opposition, he fared little better than in government. The Conservative majority in the House of Lords was used to frustrate government measures and to reject the budget in 1909. The government introduced the Parliament Bill in order to reduce the House of Lords' veto power over legislation. Balfour's handling of the response to the bill encountered criticism from within the party and a ‘BMG’ (Balfour Must Go) movement got under way. In 1911, citing age as a reason, an exasperated Balfour resigned the leadership. It is perhaps surprising that he held on to the leadership for as long as he did, carrying on for six years after the party had lost office.
Balfour's career was by no means over after he gave up the party leadership. In May 1915 he was brought into the wartime government as First Lord of the Admiralty and then in 1916, with Lloyd George taking over the premiership in a Conservative-dominated coalition, he became Foreign Secretary. He was the signatory to the Balfour Declaration in 1917, recognizing the right for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, and he was a member of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919. In 1919 he became Lord President of the Council, serving until the fall of the coalition in 1922. A few months before it fell, he was created the Earl of Balfour. He was brought back into government by Baldwin in 1925, serving as Lord President of the Council for the remainder of that parliament. On his 80th birthday, members of both houses presented him with a Rolls-Royce. He left office in June 1929, at the age of 81, and died ten months later. | <urn:uuid:e7e86c2d-a162-4ed6-abdc-44043fc99c0f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095442913 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.985596 | 811 | 2.953125 | 3 |
The Shelf is an interface feature in NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, and is used as a repository to store links to commonly used files, directories and programs, and as a temporary "holding" place to move/copy files and directories around in the file system hierarchy. In macOS, items may be dragged onto the sidebar area of the Finder, but these do not behave as placeholders and cannot be manipulated in the below manner.
The dynamics of the Shelf in file system operations can be illustrated by comparison with the metaphor used in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. In order to move a file the following steps may be taken:
- the window containing the source folder is opened
- the window containing the destination folder is opened
- the desired file in the source directory is dragged to the destination folder
With the NeXT operating systems, in addition to moving files by dragging them from window to window, the following method can be used:
- the user navigates to the source directory
- the file is dragged to the Shelf
- the user navigates to the destination directory
- the file is dragged from the Shelf to the destination directory
Note that the file, when dragged to the Shelf, has not moved anywhere and is not changed in any way. The Shelf icon is merely a placeholder for the file. In moving the placeholder off the shelf, the actual action occurs.
The NeXT functionality builds upon this concept by allowing the destination directory to be put on the Shelf as well, and the file can be merely dragged to the destination directory icon.
The process is similar to the Microsoft Windows functionality of copying or cutting file system objects (a file or files, a folder or folders, or a combination of both) to the clipboard; the objects are not copied or removed from their original location until the paste operation to the new location is completed. The Shelf concept, though older, is more powerful in that the file system objects, their sources and destinations are persistent and available as long as they are on the Shelf (in the Windows cut, copy, and paste metaphor the objects and locations persist until one copy/move operation is complete or until something else is placed in the clipboard).
Since Shelf icons are 'placeholders' of sorts, icons can be put on the Shelf representing commonly used directories, and commonly used programs can be put on the Shelf as well.
The NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP file management application (called FileViewer and run by the Workspace Manager) also allowed users to have different shelves associated with particular directories. Users simply opened a new browser rooted in a particular subdirectory, and that browser window would show the corresponding shelf, allowing users to have many different shelves based on whatever folder hierarchy they happened to be using to organize their files. | <urn:uuid:3214050b-b3cd-4e92-acd8-e391cdd481b5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelf_(computing) | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.938771 | 571 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Cosmetic surgery is the art and also scientific research of transforming, reconstructing, as well as bring back the human body. Cosmetic surgery is commonly divided into 2 classifications: reconstructive and also cosmetic. Reconstructive surgery includes craniofacial surgical treatment, hand surgical treatment, microsurgery, and also treatment of burns. Cosmetic surgery, on the various other hand, focuses on altering the appearance of an individual. Right here are some suggestions for picking a specialist: Selecting a surgeon is a crucial step in your decision-making procedure. Not all plastic surgeons are the same. Additionally, there are dangers to surgery. While plastic surgery is generally thought about safe, it does have dangers. This is why it is important to locate a cosmetic surgeon that has considerable experience executing plastic surgeries. However, plastic surgery can be an outstanding option if you have no other option. If you have actually constantly dreamed of the perfect number but are hesitant about cosmetic surgery, you might want to think again. Listed here are some points to consider before choosing a plastic surgeon. Along with aesthetic results, cosmetic surgeons make every effort to produce a client’s body in a manner that improves their self-esteem. An excellent cosmetic surgeon will have extensive training in all aspects of cosmetic surgery, from aesthetic procedures to reconstructive treatments. Along with bring back a person’s body, a cosmetic surgeon can additionally fix a patient’s posture and improve their total confidence. Over time, the result is a much more pleasing face and body. Picking a doctor with comprehensive training and experience is additionally crucial. The surgeon ought to have board qualification from the American Board of Plastic Surgery. Board certification indicates that he has actually passed rigorous examinations. Nevertheless, your health and your look are at risk. Choose a cosmetic surgeon with a reputation for know-how and a high success rate. You’ll be happy you decided to undergo the procedure. There is no reason to put off this essential treatment. An additional vital aspect when selecting a surgeon is your age. Usually, girls should be 18 years of age before they can have their busts enlarged. Nonetheless, the procedure may be performed earlier if the lady intends to boost her breast size. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons claims that teens typically use plastic surgery as a way to suit and also look appropriate to their peers, while grownups might utilize it as a means of achieving self-esteem. Reconstructive plastic surgery is a specialty that takes care of issues of the face, body, and integument. This branch of medication is responsible for establishing cutting-edge methods like microvascular surgery, cranio-maxillofacial surgical procedure, as well as liposuction. While it requires a postgraduate degree, it likewise requires technological effectiveness, interpersonal abilities, and also a gratitude of human composition. Along with resolving aesthetic problems, plastic surgery can also deal with defects and injury of the face. Clients looking for plastic surgery need to search for a doctor that is board accredited by the American Board of Cosmetic Surgery. Board qualification shows that the cosmetic surgeon has actually undergone substantial training and also has a dedication to excellence in cosmetic surgery. Along with board accreditation, the specialist ought to be experienced. It is also an excellent suggestion to ask the cosmetic surgeon concerning their experience, as this can assist you decide which doctor is best for your requirements. And also remember that a skilled cosmetic surgeon can provide you lovely, natural-looking results that will certainly last a lifetime. | <urn:uuid:75933690-5be5-4736-bffb-9e9bbc3e2d6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hockeytalk.biz/doing-the-right-way-13/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.963506 | 703 | 1.71875 | 2 |
From Patriotism to Peace: Christian Reflections on 11 September By Richard Davis*
In the aftermath of the horrific hijackings and suicide attacks in the United States on 11 September 2001 I, like many
others tuned into CNN. One comment by an American woman interviewed there has stuck with me as I have tried to make
sense of the attack and how I, as a Christian, might think about, and respond to these events. She said that she had
been brought up in a Christian home and was taught forgiveness and love for one’s enemies but that she had now set these
aside. Her faith could not, it seemed, accommodate her emotional reaction to the atrocity. This got me thinking about
what our tradition has to offer in terms of analysis and action.
I believe that Christianity can offer humanity a meaningful response to the tragedy.
I share my reflections and thoughts here under the following headings, Understanding Terrorism, Waging War and Prompting
Michael Walzer writes that the “The word ‘terrorism’ is used most often to describe revolutionary violence.” He
describes the widespread acceptance of this definition as a “small victory for the champions of order, among whom the
uses of terror are by no means unknown.” Terrorists can range from the smallest revolutionary group to the largest
country on earth. Walzer defines terrorism as “the random murder of innocent people” with the intention to “destroy the
morale of a nation or class, to undercut its solidarity”. The acts of 11 September were certainly terrorist, but
Walzer’s definition permits one to say that the sanctions on Iraq are also terrorism, being indiscriminate and morale
destroying. Christians, I believe should oppose terrorism of all kinds, whether conducted by revolutionary forces or by
governments. We do well to remember the story related by St. Augustine: “It was a pertinent and true answer which was
made to Alexander the Great by a pirate whom had been seized. When the king asked him what he meant by infesting the
sea, the pirate defiantly replied: ‘The same as you do when you infest the whole world; but because I do it with a petty
ship, I am called a robber, and because you do it with a great fleet, you are an emperor.’ ”
To followers of world affairs this tale rings true today and it is understood that the USA is terrorist and therefore an
object of hatred by those terrorised. From a third world perspective the USA is a rogue state. Here we must focus on the
evil things done the United States, without delving into a moral calculation about the merits of the United States. When
convicting someone of a crime we look to the relevant facts and do not weigh their heinous crimes against the good they
have done. Rather we look for the evidence that the charge is justified.
Following the criminal attacks on the USA it has been commonplace, as with any crime, to determine a motive. This is
not to seek the justification for the attacks, for there is nothing that can justify the taking of innocent life.
Determining the motive for the terrorism will provide clues as to who did it, why they thought the action justified, and
should act as a warning on how to prevent such a thing happening again.
From the moment planes were flown into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon propaganda sought to cloud understanding
of what had happened and what motivated it. Some suggested that killing Americans was the hijackers’ objective, ignoring
the obvious fact that much larger targetable crowds gather on American soil and that flying into a nuclear reactor could
have caused considerably more deaths. For others the buildings attacked were rarely mentioned; it was freedom,
democracy, civilisation and the West that was under assault. Some would have us believe that this was an attack
motivated by jealously of the American way of life.
In my view the targets were selected as symbols of American domination in world affairs. America is the world’s largest
economy and the only military superpower.
These two forms of power are under attack from terrorists who wish to see a different world order than the one that
To American mythmakers and patriots the USA is a force of justice in the world, but to anyone familiar with the facts
the United States has also been a sower of injustice and violence around the world. In 1967 Martin Luther King called
the United States the “greatest purveyor of violence in the world today.”[ 4] Things have worsened since then. Specific
various injustices done by America have been well documented by authors such as Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn and need
not be listed here. Most relevant to the events of 11 September are the following injustices sown in the Middle East and
Of primary importance is the unqualified support the USA gives to Israel. This support takes the form of military
assistance to the tune of $3billion a year. Other forms of economic assistance take the annual sum to nearly 40% of the
United States foreign aid budget. This aid is not linked with humanitarian objectives as it is elsewhere. The USA has
been hypocritical in its application of UN Security Council resolutions. It is zealous in its enforcement of those
against Iraq while resolutions condemning Israel’s treatment of Palestine are regularly ignored.
Second, there are the sanctions United States is enforcing on Iraq (with New Zealand support) through the United
Nations. On 11 September 2001 Wellington daily, The Evening Post carried a story on the effect of these sanctions. It
quoted a United Nations official working in Baghdad as saying “the sanctions are the equivalent of dropping a nuclear
bomb. So-called civilized countries do not treat other nations like this, even one which lost a war.” It is estimated
that 5,000 people a month die as a direct result of the sanctions. With the education system in tatters, poverty rife
and infant mortality high, much money is needed to halt the humanitarian disaster occurring there. An Iraqi economist
says that “Iraq needs 3 billions of dollars to repair this country and the Unites States allows it millions.” No wonder
the Iraqi people are “bitter”.
A third factor is the 1998 USA cruise missile attack on the Sudan (predominantly Muslim and Arab). This bombing
destroyed a major pharmaceutical factory and along with it that country’s ability to supply its necessary medicines.
According to the English engineers who built the factory it could not have produced chemical weapons – the justification
given by the USA for the attacks. Sara Flounders cocoordinator of the International Action Center said of the attack
that “The U.S.
claimed that they had credible evidence that the Al Shifa plant was producing weapons, but that’s a lie … Even the New
York Times said in an article on Monday that the decision to destroy the only pharmaceutical factory in Sudan was based
on guesswork. The U.S. wanted to punish the Sudanese for their independence and to show the world that the Pentagon can
and will bomb anywhere, anytime with impunity.”[ 5]
Of more general interest is the fact that the United States has been pushing a neoliberal economic agenda in the Middle
East, as it has throughout the world. As we know from our New Zealand experience, this increases inequality and hardship
for an increasing number of poor people.
So, not surprisingly, it appears (at the time of writing) that the hijackers were from the Middle East and perhaps
Islamic extremists. It is simplistic and wrong to blame the religion Islam for the actions of these terrorists, just as
it is wrong to blame Christianity for the evil things done in its name. Yet as Christians we have the responsibility to
look at ourselves to see what blame attaches to us for the events of 11 September. Here the words of Jacques Ellul are
“One thing, however, is sure: unless Christians fulfill their prophetic role, unless they become the advocates and
defenders of the truly poor, witness to their misery, then, infallibly, violence will suddenly break out. In one way or
other ‘their blood cries to heaven,’ and violence will seem the only way out. It will be too late to try to calm them
and create harmony … So, instead of listening to the fomenters of violence, Christians ought to repent for having been
too late. For if the time comes when despair sees violence as the only possible way, it is because Christians were not
what they should have been. If violence is unleashed anywhere at all, the Christians are always to blame.
This is the criterion, as it were, of the confession of sin. Always, it is because Christians have not been concerned
for the poor, have not defended the cause of the poor before the powerful, have not unswervingly fought the fight for
justice, that violence breaks out. Once violence is there, it is too late. And then Christians cannot try to redeem
themselves and soothe their conscience by participating in violence.[ 6]”
For too long America, and other countries of the dominant West, such as New Zealand, have been unwilling or unable to
face up to how they are perceived by the rest of the world, especially the third and fourth worlds. Time will tell
whether they are able to see themselves through the eyes of the poor and oppressed. Until then, war and acts of
terrorism will be a recurrent inevitability.
Following 11 September there have been several characteristics of American life pushing it into war. Two directly
opposed to the Christian ethic are egotism and patriotism.
Ego plays perhaps a larger part than we care to admit in the politics of war. During the Gulf War a decade ago President
George Bush Snr got tough to show that he wasn’t the wimp hawks accused him of being. I doubt that his son will make the
same ‘mistake’ his father made in letting people make this accusation appear justified. He has a point to prove and he
will prove it, without regard to the lives taken on the other side of the planet.
There is a connection, as Reinhold Niebuhr pointed out, between egotism and patriotism: “The man in the street, with his
lust for power and prestige thwarted by his own limitations and the necessities of social life, projects his ego upon
his nation and indulges his anarchic lusts vicariously. So the nation is at one and the same time a check upon, and a
final vent for, the expression of individual egoism.
Sometimes it is economic interest, and sometimes mere vanity, which thus expresses itself in the individual patriot … A
combination of unselfishness and vicarious selfishness in the individual thus gives a tremendous force to national
egoism, which neither religious nor rational idealism can ever completely check.”[ 7] In his ‘Presidential Address to
the Nation’ on 7 October 2001 President Bush gave a fine example of patriotic selflessness and nationalistic egoism: “I
recently received a touching letter that says a lot about the state of America in these difficult times — a letter from
a 4th-grade girl, with a father in the military: ‘As much as I don’t want my Dad to fight,’ she wrote, ‘I’m willing to
give him to you.’”[ 8] She is selflessly willing to sacrifice her father for the nation, which represents her ego.
In another passage Niebuhr’s analysis reads as if from a manual Bush may have consulted recently:
“The best means of harmonising the claim to universality with the unique and relative life of the nation, as revealed in
moments of crisis, is to claim general and universally valid objectives for the nation. It is alleged to be fighting for
civilisation and for culture; and the whole enterprise of humanity is supposedly involved in its struggles. In the life
of the simple citizen this hypocrisy exists as a naïve and unstudied self-deception. The politician practises it
consciously … in order to secure the highest devotion from the citizen for his enterprises.”[ 9]
Examples of the application of this teaching abound in the aftermath of 11 September. President Bush, for instance, in
his ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People’ said “Tonight we are a country awakened to danger
and called to defend freedom … This is not, however, just America’s fight.
And what is at stake is not just America’s freedom. This is the world’s fight. This is civilization’s fight. This is the
fight of all who believe in progress and pluralism, tolerance and freedom.”[ 10]
Just before the attacks, in the first week of September, I read Leo Tolstoy’s “Christianity and Patriotism”. The timing
was exceptional; a week later I was listening to a ludicrous debate on CNN on whether it was Americans’ patriotic duty
to buy shares in the post-tragedy bearish stock market. In his book, Tolstoy, perhaps the world’s most famous Christian
anti-patriot, wrote that “Patriotism in its simplest, clearest, and most unmistakeable significance is for governing
noting but a weapon for the attainment of aggressive and mercenary aims, and for the governed is the denial of human
dignity, common sense and conscience, and slavish subjection to those who are in authority. This is what is preached
wherever patriotism is preached.”[ 11]
Elsewhere Tolstoy offers a critique of patriotism from a specifically Christian point of view. To him patriotism is:
“…nothing else than putting one’s own state or people before every other state or people ... It may very well be that
this feeling is very useful and desirable for Governments and for the unity of a State, but it is impossible not to see
that it is not at all a lofty sentiment , but on the contrary, a very stupid and very immoral one: stupid because, if
every state is to think itself superior to all others, it is obvious that they will all be wrong; and immoral because it
inevitably inclines every man who feels it to endeavour to obtain advantages for his own state or nation to the
detriment of other states and nations – an inclination directly opposed to the fundamental moral law acknowledged by
all: not to do to others what we would not [wish] they should do unto us.[ 12]”
Despite this, patriotism has been elevated to such a virtue that it overrides the commandments not to kill and to love
one’s enemies. This false ideology of patriotism is a cancer eating at the heart of American life. It is
counterproductive to world community and genuine peace. This hubristic patriotism has now led Americans and its allies,
including New Zealand, into war.
Contrary to patriotism and elevation on the nation Christianity offers a worldview where humanity is one under God. It
teaches universal values and supremacy of the sovereignty of God over the sovereignty of nations. Christianity is
therefore a force for universal brother/sisterhood between all peoples, without regard to arbitrary national boundaries
and ethnicity. We are commanded to love each other, not states or ways of life that oppress others. An outcome I hope
for from a more Christian approach to the nation is the transformation of the patriotic cry “My Country!! Right or
Wrong!” into the ethical query, “My Country: Right or Wrong?”
Christianity is a religion of peace. The peace Christians should now seek is not the peace that existed before 11
September; that was an illusory peace that disguised much wrong with the world. That peace, Pax Americana, concealed the
germinated seeds of injustice and terrorism that were about to break forth above ground. As Reinhold Niebuhr wrote of
tyranny, “It is peace, but it is a peace which has nothing to do with the peace of the Kingdom of God. It is a peace
which results from one will establishing a complete dominion over other wills and reducing them to acquiescence.”[ 13] I
wish here to focus on two of the most relevant ways Christians can promote real peace in the aftermath of 11 September.
These are forgiveness and non-violence.
Forgiveness at a time like this has to be one of the most difficult things about being Christian, but it is not
optional. In the Lord’s Prayer and in many other places (such as Mark 11.26) Jesus make forgiveness of another’s sins
vital to our relationship with God. Forgiveness of others is not only a way to win God’s favour and forgiveness for our
own transgressions, it is a way of promoting peace and breaking cycles of revenge and ever-escalating violence.
Forgiveness is not just about God’s forgiveness of our sins or interpersonal forgiveness; it has an important political
function, according to Muslim peacemaker Chaiwat Satha-Anand. He values the Christian ideal of forgiveness and writes
that the Qu’ran also has injunctions to forgive others.[ 14] In general terms he writes that “forgives serves a more
radical alteration of social and power relations than revenge. During revenge, the avenger becomes a new victimizer and
the foe is transformed into a victim.”[ 15] In the process of revenge we become what we hate, violent, unjust, and
shedders of innocent blood.
One of the best contemporary statements about forgiveness that engages with these themes is the address given by Pope
John Paul II on the World Day of Peace in 1997.[ 16] His speech, entitled “Offer Forgiveness and Receive Peace” is worth
quoting at length:
“Certainly there are many factors which can help restore peace, while safeguarding the demands of justice and human
dignity. But no process of peace can ever begin unless an attitude of sincere forgiveness takes root in human hearts.
When such forgiveness is lacking, wounds continue to fester, fuelling in the younger generation endless resentment,
producing a desire for revenge and causing fresh destruction. Offering and accepting forgiveness is the essential
condition for making the journey towards authentic and lasting peace …
Certainly, forgiveness does not come spontaneously or naturally to people. Forgiving from the heart can sometimes be
actually heroic. The pain of losing a child, a brother or sister, one’s parents or whole family as a result of war,
terrorism or criminal acts can lead to the total closing of oneself to others. People who have been left with nothing
because they have been deprived of their land and home, refugees and those who have endured the humiliation of violence,
cannot fail to feel the temptation to hatred and revenge. Only the warmth of human relationships marked by respect,
understanding and acceptance can help them to overcome such feelings. The liberating encounter with forgiveness, though
fraught with difficulties, can be experienced even by a wounded heart, thanks to the healing power of love, which has
its first source in God who is Love.”
As the Pope rightly states revenge is an understandable emotion in face of human-inflicted suffering. However, our faith
demands non-violence, even in the face of violence against us. Unfortunately some Christians have not read past the
Pentateuch, where a familiar passage (Exodus21.23–25) reads: “If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life,
eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.”[ 17] Far
from permitting unqualified and endless retaliation this introduces an important principle, lex talionis, the law of equivalent retribution.[ 18] However, the principle is of proportionality in punishment, not identical
treatment, so that a non-violent punishment can be an appropriate response to a violent crime.
In addition to the lex talionis passages the Old Testament also speaks against revenge-taking and violence. Leviticus 19:18 reads, “You shall not take
vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD.”[
19] On the subject of violence it was God’s distaste for the violence filling the Earth that prompted the great flood
and the destruction of humanity (Genesis 6.11–13). Furthermore, the soul of the LORD “hates the lover of violence”
(Psalms11.5). The sixth commandment of the Decalogue states, “You shall not murder”, and it is this unequivocal
commandment that deserves closer attention.
In its commentary on the sixth commandment the Scots Confession of 1560 lists those works that delight God. “To save the
lives of the innocent, to repress tyranny, to defend the oppressed,” are all actions pleasing to God. “To murder, or to
consent thereto, to bear hatred, or to let innocent blood be shed if we can prevent it” are all acts that always madden
God and provoke Him to anger. French theologian Jean Lasserre in War and the Gospel sees this text as a “formal condemnation of war.”
He asks, “for how can a Christian claim to be protecting the lives of innocent people if he begins destroying in the
lives of other innocent people? How can he claim to be resisting tyranny if he begins exercising a tyranny as brutal and
odious as the other? How can he help the oppressed if he becomes an oppressor himself, helping the oppressors on his
side? How can he stop the shedding of innocent blood if he contributes to the shedding of innocent blood?”[ 20]
In the New Testament Jesus moved beyond lex talionis in Matthew 5.38–41 “You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, do
not resist an evildoer. But if anyone strikes you on the right cheek, turn the other also; and if anyone wants to sue
you and take your coat, give your cloak as well; and if anyone forces you to go one mile, go also the second mile.”
Jesus further instructed us to love our enemies and pray for those who abuse us (Luke 6.27–36). Paul in Romans 12.14–21
also instructed us to care for our enemies and to “overcome evil with good.”
It is important here to examine what Jesus meant by “do not resist an evil doer.” ‘Resist’ in the NRSV translation
(above) means to “resist violently, to revolt or rebel, to engage in an armed insurrection.”[ 21] For clarity,
therefore, Wink prefers the following translation of Matt 5.39a “Don’t react violently against the one who is evil”.[
22] By saying these things Jesus instituted a new approach to violence, which Walter Wink calls Jesus’ ‘third way’.[ 23]
This approach is an alternative to both violent reaction and passivity. Jesus taught practical, militant and active
nonviolence resistance. Wink suggests that by this approach “evil can be opposed without being mirrored.”[ 24] We must
resist the sort of terrorist evil demonstrated on 11 September, but trading violence for violence is not the way of
Christ. Doing so can only make matters worse. We ought to take heed of Jesus’s warning against the cycle of violence in
Matthew 26.52: “for all who take the sword will perish by the sword.”
Given what Jesus said about loving one’s enemies and avoiding taking the sword I believe that those Christians who
believe that retaliation and further violence is a justified response to the terrorist acts on 11 September have a moral
and theological case to prove. To summarise and make their case more difficult I close with the fitting words of 1 Peter
3.8–9: “Finally, all of you, have unity of spirit, sympathy, love for one another, a tender heart, and a humble mind. Do
not repay evil for evil or abuse for abuse; but, on the contrary, repay with a blessing. It is for this that you were
called—that you might inherit a blessing.”
“Whoever sows injustice will reap calamity,” reads Proverbs 22.8. Everyone agrees that the USA has seen calamity. But
has it sown injustice? Without a doubt many in the developing and Arab world believe it has, and history shows that they
are justified in this belief. The flip side of this verse is 1 Peter 3.13 “Now who will harm you if you are eager to do
what is good?” To stop terrorism for good will involve sowing the seeds of justice and doing what is good in the eyes of
God. In the short term we have to resist going to war and work against the forces of egoism and patriotism that lead
nations into battle with each other.
It’s not always easy being Christian, but in testing times such as these, we can decide to put our faith and tradition
aside, or to look into it for answers. It can seem as though God asks us to comprehend the incomprehensible, forgive the
unforgivable, love the unlovable, pray for the unprayerworthy and indeed we are to do these things. But these seemingly
impossible actions will remain beyond us without help from God, who makes all things, even the miracle of love,
* AUTHOR NOTE: formerly Executive Officer of the New Zealand Churches’ Agency on Social Issues. Email: [email protected]
1 Michael Walzer, Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, (New York: Basic Books, 1992), 197.
2 Saint Augustine, The City of God against the Pagans, ed and trans R.W. Dyson, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), Book 4, Chapter 4, 148.
3 This was the view of St Thomas Aquinas: “There is, therefore, simply no justification for taking the life of an
innocent person.” Cited in Daniel A. Dombrowski, Christian Pacifism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 75.
4 Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., ‘Beyond Vietnam: A Time To Break Silence’, Speech on April 4, 1967, Riverside Church, New York City, http://www.ssc.msu.edu/~sw/dates/mlk/brkslnc.htm
[accessed 6 October 2001].
5 IAC Media Release, September 21, 1998, http://www.commondreams.org/pressreleases/Sept98/092198d.htm [accessed 11
6 Jacques Ellul, Violence: Reflections from a Christian Perspective (London: SCM Press, 1970), 155–6.
7 Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society, (London: SCM Press, 1963), 93–94.
8 President Bush, ‘Presidential Address to the Nation,’ 7 October 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html
[accessed 11 October 2001].
9 Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society, (London: SCM Press, 1963), 94.
10 President Bush, ‘Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People,’ September 20, 2001, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
[accessed 8 October 2001].
11 L. N. Tolstoy, Christianity and Patriotism, trans Constance Garnett (London: Jonathan Cape, 1933), 74.
12 L. N. Tolstoy, Christianity and Patriotism, trans Constance Garnett (London: Jonathan Cape, 1933), 65-66.
13 Reinhold Niebuhr, Why the Christian Church is Not Pacifist (London: SCM Press, 1940), 25.
14 Chaiwat Satha-Anand, ‘The Politics of Forgiveness’ in Transforming Violence: Linking Local and Global Peacemaking, eds Robert Herr and Judy Zimmerman Herr (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1998), 75–6.
15 Chaiwat Satha-Anand, ‘The Politics of Forgiveness’ in Transforming Violence: Linking Local and Global Peacemaking, eds Robert Herr and Judy Zimmerman Herr (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1998), 75.
16 Message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II for the Celebration of the XXX World Day of Peace ‘Offer Forgiveness and
Receive Peace,’ 1 January 1997, Hyperlink To Vatican
[accessed 11 October 2001].
17 Also see Leviticus 24.20 and Deuteronomy 19.21.
18 See Christopher D. Marshall, Beyond Retribution: A New Testament Vision for Justice, Crime, and Punishment (Grand Rapids: Eeerdmans; Auckland and Sydney: Lime Grove House, 2001), 78–89
19 See Christopher D. Marshall, Beyond Retribution: A New Testament Vision for Justice, Crime, and Punishment (Grand Rapids: Eeerdmans; Auckland and Sydney: Lime Grove House, 2001), 80. Other relevant verses are Deuteronomy
32:35; Proverbs 20:22; 24:29.
20 Jean Lasserre, War and the Gospel, trans Oliver Coburn (Scottdale, Penn.: Herald Press, 1962), 179.
21 Walter Wink, The Powers That Be: Theology for a New Millennium (New York: Galilee, 1998), 100.
22 Walter Wink, The Powers That Be: Theology for a New Millennium (New York: Galilee, 1998), 101. See also Walter Wink, ‘Jesus Third Way’ in Transforming Violence: Linking Local and Global Peacemaking, eds Robert Herr and Judy Zimmerman Herr (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1998), 34–47.
23 See Walter Wink, The Powers That Be: Theology for a New Millennium (New York: Galilee, 1998) and Walter Wink, ‘Jesus Third Way’ in Transforming Violence: Linking Local and Global Peacemaking eds Robert Herr and Judy Zimmerman Herr (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1998), 34–47.
24 Walter Wink, ‘Jesus Third Way’ in Transforming Violence: Linking Local and Global Peacemaking, eds Robert Herr and Judy Zimmerman Herr (Scottdale: Herald Press, 1998), 40. | <urn:uuid:dfc11f7a-535b-4b58-baab-49e005a6bd16> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://m.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0110/S00134.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.937907 | 6,654 | 2.140625 | 2 |
In a recent interview with The Johns Hopkins News-Letter, the school’s independent student newspaper since 1896, she reaffirmed this focus and expanded on her vision for the Agora Institute.
She outlined the essential aims—and limits—of the project. “We aren’t telling people what to think, we’re not going to create a formula for democracy, or anything like that,” she’s quoted as saying in the News-Letter article, “but instead, we’re going to create spaces where people can learn to engage in the debate.”
She also touched on the dual challenge of being an organization at and of Hopkins while simultaneously seeking to broad and diverse engagement beyond the university. “What are the opportunities that students want to engage with? How do we engage with the different publics all over the world that we want to be part of our institute?”
Han recognized that in many ways, the Agora Institute is still taking shape. “There’s still a lot of meat we have to put on those bones,” she said.
Drawing inspiration from the Agora of ancient Athens, which was a hub of conversation and debate and the center of the city-state’s democratic governance, SNF committed $150 million to a joint effort with Johns Hopkins University to create the Stavros Niarchos Foundation (SNF) Agora Institute in 2018. The SNF Agora Institute brings together experts from fields such as political science psychology, and philosophy, to foster open and inclusive discourse. | <urn:uuid:4e809b03-74a3-47a6-b8bb-4530eb163c91> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.snf.org/en/newsroom/news/2019/09/director-outlines-vision-for-snf-agora-institute-in-hopkins-student-news-interview/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.94423 | 327 | 2.28125 | 2 |
It is undeniably obvious that Ben Carson hit the wrong spotlight one too many times on LGBT affairs and this time he got cornered big time by an LGBT woman, during an ABC televised event. He was meeting with supporters following a town hall event and out of the sudden a woman from the crowd approached him with a seemingly uncomfortable question: “I have a question. Do you think I chose to be gay?” she asked and she even repeated the question as Carson appeared not to understand her. Eventually, he responded: “That’s a long conversation” and he tried to get back to the cameras, at which point the woman’s remark left no room for interpretation: “I think you’re full of s**t”.
Her attitude may have been influenced by Ben Carson’s March 4 interview, when he stated that homosexuality is obviously a choice and it is the more obvious as you look at the inmates and observe their behavior as they leave the prisons. He said at the time: “Because a lot of people who go into prison go into prison straight – – and when they come out, they are gay. So, did something happen while they were in there? Ask yourself that question.”
As expected, his statements caused quite a rumor and the American Psychology Association got on the line to clear things up. According to the latest studies, as they have pointed out, there is no evidence that would support Carson’s claims and everything today points out to the fact that homosexuality has strong biological bases. Professor Mark Fleisher, who studies the impact of sexuality and violence in the prison system on the individual, said: “Dr. Carson’s contention has a political intent but is absent of awareness of research on human sexuality.”
Later, Carson sent a letter to the reporters who interviewed him and apologized for his remarks stating: “I do not pretend to know how every individual came to their sexual orientation. I regret that my words to express that concept were hurtful and divisive. For that I apologize unreservedly to all that were offended. I’m a doctor trained in multiple fields of medicine, who was blessed to work at perhaps the finest institution of medical knowledge in the world. Some of our brightest minds have looked at this debate, and up until this point there have been no definitive studies that people are born into a specific sexuality. We do know, however, that we are always born male and female. And I know that we are all made in God’s image, which means we are all deserving of respect and dignity”
How honest is he in his public declarations? You be the judge of that. Watch the video below: | <urn:uuid:463525f9-3f89-4fec-aea9-1097fee29a0a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://meaws.com/blogs/lgbt-woman-caught-ben-carson-off-guard-in-front-of-the-cameras-i-think-youre-full-of-st-video/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.987676 | 558 | 1.578125 | 2 |
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Moral concepts have always been vital to Star Trek. But every so often, the implications and reasonings behind these moral concepts fall short. In the case of Insurrection, nearly everything about the situation feels cardboard and undercooked. And while many science fiction films are able to succeed while suspending disbelief, it’s kind of hard to do that while the moral issues aren’t believable or understandable in the slightest.
Insurrection provides a serious dilemma because it explores an idea that appears to false that much of the cast seems to be powering through it for the sake of the project. As Spock once so eloquently stated, “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few”. In this instance, we can see the entire cast struggling to tell a convincing story that they don’t even seem to believe. Add in a couple of pimple and breast jokes and you get a film that I really shouldn’t have enjoyed, but actually did, somewhat. It’s sort of like laughing at an annoying younger brother that you’re trying really hard to be serious with.
In the ninth Star Trek film, the Ba’ku are a race of 600 people who inhabit a planet whose rings allow them to stay youthful and healthy. The planet heals wounds and helps older beings to revert to a physical and mental age of when they were at optimum health. The Son’a, a race of deformed and deteriorating beings, wish to secretly transport the Ba’ku race and use the planet to help their own species – which happens to be substantially greater in number than the Son’a. In addition, Starfleet Admiral Dougherty (Anthony Zerbe) is in league with the conspirators, aware that it would be mutually beneficial for both of their people.
But Picard and company are against this. Fair enough. Why should we kick these people out of their home just because others want it to? Harnessing their resources and taking what is rightfully theirs is wrong. However, that shouldn’t be the issue here.
The Ba’ku have been enjoying immortality and all of the planet’s benefits for hundreds of years. In that time, they’ve forsaken traversing the galaxy and shunned the use of technology because they are too advanced for it. In becoming advanced, somehow they have forgotten how to not be condescending to outsiders. After centuries, they’ve not learned how to share, either.
Let’s just do the numbers game for a quick moment. There are 600 people currently living on this planet. Less than a thousand on a whole planet. Why is no one else permitted to live there? I don’t care for the Ba’ku’s reasoning for this. Any way you’d like to interpret it, it’s ridiculous. The entire problem in this film is a non-issue. It’s called sharing. Sharing! You know, that thing most people learn when they come out of the womb? It’s not a hard concept.
One could argue that it’s no one’s right to decide how a culture decides to use what is rightfully owned by them – and that’s correct. Forcing them to adapt otherwise would be an act of war, which the instigators are committing. The bigger issue is that if this race is so advanced and intelligent, how are they not able to come to a mutually beneficial agreement?
At the conclusion of the film, the reason for this becomes clear. Still, it’s not a reason that seems to hold much water. It’s so one-dimensional that the film is hardly able to stretch it out into a usual length for a Star Trek film. Insurrection is short – and it feels short, too. It feels rushed and silly.
Yet, despite all of this, the film is painfully enjoyable. It’s silly – sure. And I have very big issues with this problematic story; it just doesn’t seem to be justifiable enough to constitute a full film. For anyone besides the biggest Trekkies, this film is going to bore you to certain death. I could not see anyone besides someone who is completely wrapped up in the lore of this fictional universe finding this movie interesting.
Even more confusing is that Insurrection was written to be in stark contrast to the action and darkness of First Contact.
So, to clarify, Insurrection intended to go in a clearly different direction than one of the most acclaimed Star Trek films in many years. Can someone explain this to me? How was this supposed to make sense and not come out being a disappointment? If you’re a Star Trek completist, I would recommend that you watch this film only to say that you’ve seen them all. For all others, if you’re not a huge fan of Patrick Stewart, you’re going to be asleep within ten minutes of this film.
The Franchise Files continues next week with the last Star Trek film before the reboot, in Star Trek: Nemesis. Tom Hardy will be there, and he’ll look like a child! Bane who? That’s not him, it couldn’t be! Oh, but it is. It is! You’ll see, just stick around! | <urn:uuid:7298eb6a-a845-476c-ba16-7747a9eda6c6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.thegeekedgods.com/franchise-files-star-trek-insurrection-1998/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962554 | 1,103 | 1.75 | 2 |
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It is critical to pick the most beneficial car, as specified designs are dearer than other products. This could end in dearer coverage charges. Also, sure motor vehicles are more expensive to mend and exchange, so insurance plan rates can be dearer. A clean driving document is more very likely to receive reduced rates. The charges for insurance may also be influenced by gender and age. Drivers who’re older are usually additional at risk of becoming involved in incidents when compared to younger motorists. Insurance organizations may also make use of credit history scores to compute the cost of insurance. Sure states have guidelines prohibiting using credit history scores.
There are actually 6 types of automobile coverage coverages which might be standard. You’ll be able to tailor your coverage to protect a number of situations. It is also vital to ensure that your coverage coverage includes the legal responsibility coverage. Nearly all states call for the insurance plan of liability. But, you do have the choice of choosing a special style of insurance policies. Liability coverage guards you in the event that you might be at fault in a mishap. In addition it handles some other drivers who had been involved in the collision. It will pay for accidents and damages of other motorists and clinical expenses.
A normal policy will comprise numerous different types of protection, which include legal responsibility, collision, extensive, uninsured/underinsured motorist, and professional medical payments. All of them are vital and you have to have the ideal sum. These insurances may very well be demanded in certain states. Some states may well not need. Freeway Insurance policies is a great site to Find the very best vehicle coverage policy for you. This will likely Enable you to lower time and charges by providing many insurance plan possibilities.
Every single point out has its individual list of minimum amount expectations for motor vehicle insurance policy. These rules is usually broken down into 3 numbers. California’s minimum amount demands for automobile insurance incorporate at minimum amount fifteen/30/five bodily harm insurance coverage along with thirty/50/5 in home injury legal responsibility. It is crucial to be aware of the requirements with your condition prior to driving. The figures can vary considerably. Alternate insurance choices are a possibility, nonetheless it is not constantly the most suitable choice.
While your condition may require legal responsibility coverage on the other hand, most lenders will require complete protection. If you’re financing your automobile the lender may well call for entire protection. This covers collision and thorough coverage. Liability insurance addresses damages on the residence of Other individuals within the event during the function of a mishap nonetheless not your car or truck. You are able to Blend the liability insurance coverage for assets hurt with bodily injury liability insurance policies in an effort to get hold of essentially the most complete protection at An economical Price.
Your individual circumstances will decide in case you have to have collision insurance policy with your vehicle insurance coverage plan. Though you are not necessary to carry it legally nevertheless, lenders could possibly call for it Should the intention would be to finance your vehicle. Should you be a borrower and lenders require you buy collision insurance coverage. This coverage is needed for people who finance the purchase of a car, no matter if possibly new or applied.
Collision insurance addresses the total price of your vehicle in the event that It truly is weakened or wrecked. The insurance company may perhaps protect your entire fix fees, nonetheless, it won’t be ready to interchange your car in the event that your automobile is ruined beyond mend or stolen. So that you can replace your car You could have to purchase it together with your own resources. When you purchase coverage for your automobile, Ensure that you are aware about the coverage. It is actually vital to find out the deductible. It’s not a Element of the collision.
Whenever you are seeking insurance for your car There are tons of variables to think about. Certain states have the minimum criteria to cover Residence as well as Uninsured Motorist insurance plan. The protection covers the difference between your costs and also the Restrict of the coverage for the driving force at fault. Specific states will not need coverage for drivers who are not insured. Here are several solutions that can assist you select the appropriate insurance coverage system that meets your needs. These solutions will simplify the procedure and help you save you revenue.
The vehicle insurance policy policy ought to incorporate legal responsibility insurance policies to safeguard your individual assets and also you from claims for injuries or damages. If you’re identified to become to become the cause of the reason for an accident, this insurance policy can pay for settlement and lawful defense. There are a selection of options out there from which to choose for insurance policy. It is important to be aware of the distinctions amongst them to prevent high priced unexpected expenditures. State Farm delivers a median Expense for many types of coverage. It is feasible to select a moderate protection level.
Virtually all states need that you just contain legal responsibility insurance in your insurance policy policy. It covers damages towards the residence of Other people along with injuries to Other individuals. This insurance coverage will defend your legal rights in case you’re involved with an collision with other motorists. Such a insurance policies is advised for virtually any driver, whatever the place of origin. It is important to are aware that the boundaries for legal responsibility insurance policies in Each and every point out vary. The amount you must include damages might be contingent within the liability limit you’ve got established.
Each individual point out has legal guidelines making it illegal to travel without having insurance policy. This protects the liability for assets destruction. Liability insurance plan will deal with fix expenses in case you induce damage to residence. The vehicle insurance plan policy you have got acquired won’t be able to include damages in your automobile. It is possible to check the plan prior to buying it. To guarantee your fiscal stability, obtaining house insurance policy is essential. This could certainly let you avoid substantial insurance costs if you’re injured in an accident.
To be able to buy the cost of a mishap the insurance plan plan ought to incorporate some sort of residence problems insurance. The protection will address the harm you bring about towards the vehicle of A further and contains repairs. It may even go over the cost of cleaning the particles still left behind by a mishap. Generally, property coverage is composed utilizing 3 numbers. These numbers go over bodily injury coverage for each incident along with the coverage for assets problems for each incident. Greater limitations give larger defense. Be sure to go through the plan in detail and speak to your agent When you have any concerns.
Uninsured motorist coverage is obtainable in The big apple if the other driver just isn’t insured ample to shield the collision. The coverage is offered when the driving force who brought on the collision is just not recognized plus the incident is a hit-and-run. Even though the Insurance policies Law SS 5217 stipulates which the uninsured motorist insurance policies can address all physical mishaps, courts have interpret this to generally be a reference to only making use of to Actual physical collisions.
In certain states, the uninsured motorist as well as underinsured protection are available as a choice. In other states, even so the two are needed to be purchased. You can also get extra insurance policies in case you should pay out health-related charges or other charges by getting equally insurances. Uninsured motorist insurance coverage will address repairs in case the motorist isn’t really insured. While this coverage is not needed but it really’s a great option to carry in a minimum the minimum amount legal responsibility insurance policies.
Special discounts on automobile insurance plan are an outstanding way to save money although helping the setting. The expense of your insurance policy are going to be lessen when you buy an vehicle which has security features which include airbags and anti-lock brakes. Savings can even be negotiated for safety features like alarms from theft or jogging lights that happen to be seen in the course of the daytime. In addition, it is possible to obtain twelve months of reduction from payment by shelling out your insurance policy top quality in comprehensive each and annually. Just about 50 % of all coverage businesses supply this type of price cut.
If you’ve been with all your insurance coverage for a lengthy period of time and also have a great credit rating score, you may be competent to acquire discounts. Discounts provided will fluctuate dependent the length of time you have been Using the coverage. But there are plenty of firms that supply discount rates for loyal shoppers. If you buy your insurance policies in just 7 days on the date you renew you might be eligible for an additional 15 p.c lower price. Certain firms present discounts for specific professions, in addition to these reductions. Instructors can preserve ten% on their Liberty Mutual rates. Geico presents bargains of fifteen% for army members.
Youthful drivers are trying to get very low-Charge motor vehicle insurance quotes. Below are a few suggestions to assist you in conserving funds on the insurance plan plan. These ideas will let you save many dollars on a yearly basis on your automobile insurance. These recommendations will ensure you the most competitive costs. Read on to learn a lot more. You will be content for it.
Young drivers can reduce the expense of auto insurance by using safer driving by driving a lot less, and allowing the insurance provider monitor their driving behavior. Evaluating automobile insurance coverage premiums can help lower your every month Price. Younger drivers are usually currently being billed greater prices by several different insurance policy corporations So, you should definitely try to look for the most effective rate. It is simple to obtain an internet quote to get a no-Price. You may additionally ask for reductions should you individual numerous cars that are protected by the identical insurance company.
Locate numerous quotes to ascertain probably the most cost-effective cost and very best quality if you are seeking an insurance policy policy. A firm which can be equipped to work along with you and permit you to change your policy Whenever your modifications in driving practices is another. Look into policies which offer equivalent coverage. Limitations and deductibles could generate a big distinction. It is crucial to acquire suitable security should you be a completely new driver.
No-statements bargains on your own car insurance is a superb approach to economize. It could be worthwhile to talk to your insurance provider how it could be utilised. The discounted could amount of money to as much as thirty% after a yr, or as 65 % in the following 5 years. It truly is depending on the insurance company you choose. The two-year no-claims reward inside the celebration of an accident. A number of promises could eradicate the no-statements bonus. Notifying your insurance company straight away of any incident it’s possible you’ll are involved with is crucial. In the absence of doing this, it could trigger potential statements to be denied.
For a little expense of about PS25 Most insurance firms present no-statements price reduction insurance policy. This lets you make a small level of statements per year, without the need of worrying about the expense of your insurance policies rising. If you are a member of no-statements bonuses you can consist of it in The brand new coverage. You may additionally go your no-statements bonus to an insurance company of the decision must you wish to. It truly is a great way to protect the no-claims discount.
One of the best tips on how to reduce the cost of your insurance policies when looking for minimal-Value automobile insurance policies is to increase your deductibles. Deductibles could save you involving 15 and 30 percent off your insurance policies Expense. The personal savings you can find will rely on your driving behavior along with your driving background along with the rules of your respective point out. The cost of your annual top quality may very well be decreased by growing your deductibles to up to 40%.
Though raising your deductible might not be the ideal choice for each person, it can make a variation in saving you A large number of dollars In the end. Gurus propose to avoid wasting at minimum amount two months of your respective expenses for residing, despite the amount you choose to raise your deductible. This can reduce the price of insurance policy you pay out month to month. For those who at any time have to file an insurance declare, you can expect to help you save a major degree of sums of cash.
For anyone with terrible credit scores, it might be effective to get out an insurance policy coverage from regional insurance companies. You might reduce the cost of your insurance month to month Invoice along with acquire major-good quality customer service. A policy that has a regional insurance coverage supplier is accessible across each condition. Additionally it is possible to take a look at charges state-by-point out and learn one of the most reasonably priced prices. It can be vital to keep in mind that you could have to have setting up your credit rating score above the program of. Sure drivers with negative credit history scores might be billed in excess of $four hundred yearly.
Erie Coverage, An additional regional insurance provider, delivers low-Expense vehicle coverage. The business is located in Pennsylvania and is also working due to the fact. Erie gives insurance policies for residence, vehicle and lifestyle insurance policies. Erie gives insurance policies only in specific states. You will discover over 13,000 unbiased brokers in the course of The usa. You may pick out among an agent or an insurance provider that is regional based upon your necessities. It is critical to study the tiny print prior to making a an investment decision.
It’s important to check insurance policies costs for anyone who is a large possibility driver. Discover the most fitted coverage for your needs. Also, you have to research the coverage out there as part of your region to find out regardless of whether a lessen Charge may be possible. If you are not as likely to get hurt, or have a decreased deductible, it could be extra very affordable to purchase extra insurance policies. All of it is depending on the protection you involve. There are a variety of choices.
If you are looking for the most effective car or truck insurance policies coverage for top-hazard motorists. It only will take two mouse clicks to Track down 1. You will find a broad range of insurance policies rates on-line that’s more affordable than the expense of normal car insurance plan. It can make it easier to enroll in coverage. It really is all You need to do is finish an online software and pay back the top quality. You are going to get a certification in the insurance provider to show evidence of your respective coverage security. After that and also you’re able to generate using your insurance plan plan.
Plenty of insurance plan firms perspective you as superior-hazard motorists If you have a inadequate credit rating. Since you’re not as likely in order to file an coverage assert as being a person who has great credit history. This is because of The truth that: Credit score scores play An important affect on how insurance companies evaluate your. A DUI or DWI conviction could improve your insurance policies Price tag by as many as sixty five %. It really is a complete of $477 for your 6-thirty day period insurance policies. The driving background of your driver is an additional facet that insurance policy businesses choose into account. The cost of insurance can raise by about $174 When you are convicted of the arrest for DUI or DWI. The expense of a speeding ticket can be a Think about a quality of approximately forty five %.
It can be done to get vehicle insurance for much less when you’ve been convicted of the DUI. There are a selection of options that include American Loved ones, Progressive, Condition Farm and American Relatives. These companies deliver lower charges for motorists that are at risk. In building your conclusion on the price of your insurance policies, they take note of your credit rating. These factors are considered by coverage companies in analyzing the quantity you’ll have being needed to shell out for the insurance policy. A bad credit history rating could end in the expense of insurance plan rising significantly. It is important to grasp your credit rating score previous to you choose.
If you are choosing about the most suitable vehicle insurance coverage plan for more youthful drivers, there are a variety of features to take into account. The price of insurance policy for younger drivers are influenced from the position of your relationship plus the age of one’s. The cost of your insurance may rely on the sort of car you push. For example, large-overall performance motor vehicles are dearer to insure than automobiles with lower performance. The first step to find reasonably priced motor vehicle insurance plan for drivers who are younger is to search for an automobile that includes several security measures.
You are able to reduce the quantity of insurance you must decrease the expense of your vehicle insurance policy for motorists who will be young. You could potentially be described as a college student or taking driver schooling and get savings from a insurance company. When you are hurt in a collision but lessening your insurance policy could bring about important Price tag outside of pocket. It can be crucial to weigh all likely dangers and obtain an even better deal.
It can be tough for teenagers to locate inexpensive car coverage. Even though the insurance policies for a 16-year-previous driver is dearer than one that is for Grown ups, the worth may very well be minimized when you increase a teenager to the present insurance plan policy. Although this will elevate the fee by at an average of $1461 yearly having said that, it’s usually less costly than purchasing a different insurance policies plan. It is also a good selection when you are an aspiring driver.
The expense of auto coverage can vary appreciably based on your risk level. Because of this You need to research to locate the most reasonably priced automobile insurance plan plan for motorists with small threat. When selecting the ideal insurance policies approach for your requirements, insurance companies take into consideration a number of aspects, which includes your driving heritage and demographics, in addition to danger ranges and possibility Total. 5 important elements to take into account when investigating insurance policy quotations. There’s no ought to sacrifice quality since you are paying reduced for insurance.
To begin with, look at your zip code. The parts with substantial crime rates are more likely to be dearer criminal offense fees. Coverage firms also just take the quantity of visitors into account. The price of your insurance coverage can also be afflicted if there are any incidents or claims in your data. Remember, nonetheless, which you need to normally Examine your fees no less than each individual 6 months so as to make certain that you’re not spending much more. In case you individual a number of coverage insurance policies from your same insurance provider it is feasible to avail a discount for several procedures.
While credit scores usually are not legally used by certain insurance policies corporations in a few states, They are important when it comes to comparing auto coverage costs. Drivers with lousy credit rating in Hawaii are predicted to generally be billed greater than anyone who has great credit rating rankings. motorists. Drivers with significant threat in Massachusetts shell out 30% greater than all those who have clear data. The rates for drivers who are new are increased when they’ve had an DUI or speeding ticket, or have terrible credit. Before you generate a preference ensure that you obtain a number of estimates.
The expense of insurance is motivated by The placement you reside in. Insurance coverage offers are higher in case you reside in a region with the abnormal price of criminal offense and large incidents rates. The cost of insurance policy is usually impacted by other factors like the quantity of website traffic or history of accidents. Insurance firms also take into account the driving record of a driver in determining the value They are going to be charging for his or her insurance. Motorists who may have weak driving record are charged over those who have superior driving record.
As the expense of overall health care carries on to improve, insurance for automobiles has increased by 50-100 percent in the final 5 years. PIP and uninsured coverage is required for drivers. The requirements are a lot more than the standard. New York is the one state with a requirement to the insurance policy of legal responsibility. Even so most states Do not involve drivers to carry insurance policy. The additional coverages might raise insurance plan fees and likewise increase the cost of insurance. Motorists must also verify the limits in their protection as some policies may need a lot less protection.
The normal New Yorker spends two.8 % of their earnings on coverage for their auto. It truly is a little increased than the common countrywide figure of 2.40 per cent. The normal person pays just a little below those who are who are in their 30s or 40s. Motorists with a lot more driving experience will pay in excess of those who are 70and over. Partners will pay a little increased, nevertheless even now decrease than singles.
Drivers might also get lessened charges whenever they take defensive driving classes. The lessons previous for three hrs and center on the attitudes of motorists along with site visitors principles. They incorporate defensive driving skills which can considerably lessen the expense of insurance. The class will help in increasing your driving report in addition to reduce the cost of insurance plan for cars. The Insurance plan Facts Institute can assist you determine the quantity of level of coverage you require.
Selling prices for fuel can vary in between states. following, having said that car or truck insurance plan rates from states in addition to yours could be additional expensive or considerably less costly than yours. This will result from An array of factors, such as the guidelines of each state about insurance policy and prices of theft, the proportion of motorists that are not insured and the quantity of theft, or perhaps the proportion of drivers that are not insured. Climatic conditions can influence the cost of insurance policy. Here is a table which illustrates the common expense of motor vehicle insurance coverage for different states. The estimates are determined by an analysis of your insurance coverage requirements of each state.
Missouri would be the condition with the lowest price tag for vehicle insurance coverage protection that is whole-coverage and has a cost of $944 reduce than Louisiana. Furthermore, it has the bottom cost for every capita and ranks fifth in the expense of living. Texas motorists, nevertheless, need to pay out 33% of their complete once-a-year money to deal with their cars. This is likely due to The truth that Texas is really a state with many lawsuits, and in addition a great deal of motorists aren’t insured.
The normal Charge for entire coverage automobile insurance is $1771 each year. Louisiana is definitely the condition with the highest high quality for insurance policy of $two,839. This signifies a 19% rise more than 2020. Maine’s ordinary insurance coverage cost having said that, is just $858. It is because states without having fault frequently have larger insurance charges. Additionally it is feasible that the cost of coverage insurance policies for cars and trucks in various states to vary substantially. Consider into account all facets, including the legislation in your state on insurance.
You could be trying to find large-hazard insurance policies insurance policies for drivers in your neighborhood. Here are a few ideas to reduce your charges. High-possibility motorists tend to be billed more than the standard motorist. Large-risk motorists are more likely to have additional accidents or violations on their document. The utmost can be up to 5 years, relying The situation you reside in. You could potentially be skilled to acquire reductions when the driver security system you took has actually been concluded.
The national charges for prime danger motorists’ automobile coverage are quite similar. Nonetheless, the price of insurance coverage differ significantly amongst states and another. Lots of corporations change their rates based on the condition They can be in. If you live in a specific state, it’s possible you’ll find that just one company offers one of the most protection for an affordable Charge. Point out Farm is the greatest significant-risk driver insurance coverage plan near to my dwelling. Condition Farm has a long historical past for supplying fantastic customer service.
Enter your zip code to search out premiums and Evaluate large-chance insurance for auto motorists in your town. Even though the price of substantial-danger insurance coverage on cars in the vicinity of me could differ by condition, nearly all big insurance plan organizations provide this sort of insurance plan. They are really experts in higher-hazard insurance policies, like National General. If you’ve great grades, a low risk vehicle, and you are capable of obtaining an insurance plan coverage that is certainly reduced you may be able to acquire 1.
Evaluating insurance policy companies for autos gives many pros. We are going to go over a number of of the most essential facets like evaluations, special discounts, and client assist. It is essential to select the most beneficial policy in your protection and protection. Be sure you have a look at procedures from a variety of firms. You will know which insurance coverage provider delivers by far the most coverage at by far the most reasonably priced price tag at the summary of the article. Here are a few strategies to assist you pick the very best a single.
Evaluate quotations for auto insurance plan from many companies to locate the most aggressive costs. Coverage organizations take into account several different areas when deciding the expense of your coverage. It is essential to ascertain your necessities and Look at costs between insurance policies suppliers. As an example, sports activities vehicles are more highly-priced to insure than conventional automobiles. Your driving history and place of residence can influence on the prices you pay back. It is feasible to check fees and figure out the bottom Price With all the very same protection together with the similar deductibles by utilizing a Software for comparison.
The cost of insurance policy premiums is different, so it is vital to completely understand how Every single plan operates. Credit rating record, driving record and age are just a couple features that have an impact on the price of insurance policy. Consider the benefits provided by each organization such as roadside help or incident forgiveness. It could be a bit overpowering having said that It is really possible To guage quotes from various businesses and select the most suitable one particular. Here are several recommendations to receive you going.
It is feasible to begin by considering J.D. Rankings of the very best automobile insurance corporations. The rankings are dependant on gratification surveys of consumers which were done on thousands of consumers of vehicle insurance policy over the US. The effects are then set together into numerical scores which can be the typical gratification score for every firm. The rankings are launched every year. The gold medals are awarded to the very best car insurance policies companies in just about every segment. How are you going to determine if the insurance plan organizations you are thinking about are dependable?
There are a variety of techniques To guage the stability and money toughness of insurance policies suppliers for automobiles. One of these will be to search for the AM Most effective rating for car or truck insurance policies firms. This offers scores of economic balance. Irrespective of if the corporate’s classified being a B, C or C It’s critical to understand the stability of the corporation prior to buying an insurance plan coverage. This is an important facet of The client help. Before you come up with a preference be sure you go through all of the testimonials and compact particulars.
There are a selection of savings supplied by vehicle insurance policies organizations. They will not be presented to all so be certain you Check out the website of the company to confirm your eligibility to acquire bargains. Lots of companies offer a number of discount rates. It is achievable to inquire with your agent should you be competent to acquire any reductions. It is easy and generally will take under an hour or so. Here are a few examples of bargains on automobile insurance.
Legacy Discounts Automobile coverage organizations can offer discounts to new drivers who invest in their insurance policy by way of their moms and dads. The discounted commonly is about 10 %. This price reduction can be employed to specific your gratitude on your mother and father for their aid through the yrs, and could help you in conserving the expense of the expense of vehicle coverage. There are many organizations which provide savings for legacy for drivers who’re young. It is best to talk to your insurance plan provider whether they have special discounts for youthful motorists. You can even analyze insurance policies provided by American Family members, Farmers, and USAA.
There are several companies inside the insurance coverage sector which excel in customer service. Esurance obtained a rating of four out of 5 over the J.D. It had been awarded leading scores on the ability Rankings of Customer support which is a formidable achievement for a company which doesn’t have an father or mother firm. The organization was rated much better that its competitors did including pricing and guidelines in addition to the quality of services and buyer care supplied by its Speak to Middle and Site agents. (customized services)
For almost all of shoppers, the coverage in their auto insurance plan is among the most important aspect. But, It is really customer care that is certainly the most important. Prospects expect prompt and helpful assistance from their insurance coverage organizations. Buyers assume prompt, friendly service. They wish to have the ability to contact an agent and acquire responses for their inquiries. Though all insurance companies for autos present superb shopper help, There are several that happen to be exceptional. (Rideshare insurance) (just two clicks).
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Evaluating insurance policies for cars and trucks is a wonderful strategy to stop unreliable insurance coverage providers. The small quotes provided by a person insurance policies supplier may be deceiving, As an example The reality that they do not protect certain coverages, or make Bogus assumption regarding your driving record. It is achievable to think about the score of coverage firms and also their A.M. Very best scores to find out essentially the most dependable insurance company as part of your region. This information will make clear the ways in which insurance policy comparisons could help save you money on your vehicle coverage. Then, it is possible to Review the best insurance policies companies to discover the most inexpensive value in your case. (incident totally free)
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This type of insurance policies isn’t really supplied in all states. Individuals are unable to choose if a company utilizes your credit rating to find out the quantity they’re going to be charging. California, Hawaii and Massachusetts prohibit insurance according to credit rating. Other states also have identical limitations. It truly is your choice to determine no matter whether your rating depending on credit rating is suited to your requirements. (motorcycle insurance plan),(roadside aid coverage),(bundling car)(pet insurance policy),(precise value of cash value),(exceptional claim assistance) (yacht insurance plan).
Age is One of the main elements that influence discount rates on car or truck insurance policy. The rate you pay is afflicted by age by around thirty percent. In particular states, younger motorists could pay out 4 moments greater than an more mature driver of 30 years. Young motorists are at increased the chance of getting involved with a collision than motorists of more mature a long time. Recognizing the aspects that affect your coverage premiums will help you in negotiating lessen costs. Here are a few ways in which the age within your automobile can impact your insurance coverage.
The expense of your insurance policy is going to be reduced if you’re younger than the standard. In case you are male, your charges are larger if you have insurance coverage for your car. Male motorists who will be young shell out less than motorists of older age nonetheless, the premiums for drivers who will be aged between six and seventy-8 and higher than increase significantly. Statistics show that males are two periods much more likely to be linked to an collision as females. The hole concerning genders as we age also shrinks. (protection alternatives)(homeowners coverage)
It is not stunning that males pay out additional for auto insurance coverage than Gals. Adult males usually tend to make mistakes when driving, which could lead to more mishaps and claims. Here are a few motives that induce far more Expense to insure males. These are definitely The key reasons. Continue reading to determine more details on The most crucial features that have an impact on the cost of car insurance policies Based on gender. These ideas can help you lessen the cost of your insurance if you are not sure. (auto coverage policies)(car insurance policies quote)(car or truck insurance policies rate)
Oregon Division of Financial Regulation directed insurers of autos to just accept consumers who Do not state their gender. Insurance plan companies need to report charges for motorists who’re not gender-neutral starting up in January 2019, whenever they’re accused of unfair discrimination. The premiums may be costlier for feminine motorists than they are for male motorists. Ladies can Reduce fees so long as they are not as well significant. Will not be troubled because of the “nonbinary” rate for more youthful drivers. (car insurance policy assert) (gap insurance policies) Vehicle plan | <urn:uuid:129be068-8d70-45aa-ae0d-b46507435a50> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://condiminds.com/car-insurance-in-pittsburgh-pa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.959638 | 7,362 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Health & Wellbeing
For so many people who serve as Peace Corps Volunteers, readjusting to life after service is difficult even in the best of times. For some returned Volunteers, it takes years or even decades to rediscover the sense of community and belonging that they experienced as Volunteers. And during times of economic turmoil and a global health crisis, the challenges are compounded.
Many returning Volunteers — both those who finished Peace Corps service as planned, and thousands who were evacuated in 2020 — have found great value in peer support from our community. Many have reached out with particular needs for support navigating or advocating for post-service health benefits. NPCA has long championed these needs and supported groups of RPCVs in their efforts to improve access to such benefits — and we continue that important work.
Here are some resources to help: from information on health insurance to assistance with a service-related condition.
Advice from a Returned Peace Corps Volunteer and former Peace Corps Headquarters Staff Psychologist. Huong Diep is licensed psychologist and international consultant, and she put together this guide specifically for Peace Corps Volunteers who evacuated in 2020. But it’s good advice for all of us in tough times.
As members of the Peace Corps community, we have the ability to support one another in a variety of ways. That includes a number of RPCV Peer Support Network Circle led by trained facilitators. Some circles are focused on specific communities — such as returned Volunteers who identify as BIPOC, or RPCVs who are job seekers — while others are open to anyone. Find a group you are interested in and reach out to that group’s facilitator about getting involved.
Health and Wellbeing:
Need help with your next career opportunity after service? With the Global Reentry Program, National Peace Corps Association is here to help returned Volunteers with readjustment at home after service, provide resources to overcome challenges, and be there as RPCVs take the next steps toward healthy lives and successful careers. Explore webinars that tackle topics ranging from cultural re-integration to career indecision, from dealing with burnout to continuing service through planned acts of kindness. | <urn:uuid:a5fb224e-0f05-49de-bc5d-a5965e92935f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://npca.silkstart.com/cpages/global-reentry-health-and-wellbeing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.970483 | 441 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Hi, my name is Mosh, and I’m going to be your instructor in this Python course.
In this course, you’re going to learn everything you need to get started programming in Python.
Python is one of the most popular programming languages, and every day people use it to do cool things like automation, they use it in AI, as well as building applications and websites like Instagram and Dropbox.
So if you’re looking for a job, Python is for you.
In this course I’m going to teach you everything you need to get started with Python.
We’re going to talk about all the core concepts in Python, and then we’re going to build three Python projects together.
Here’s the first project we’re going to build.
We’re going to learn how to create this beautiful website for an imaginary grocery store.
Here on the homepage we can see all of the products in the shop, and we also have an admin area for managing the stock.
We’re going to build this using a popular Python framework called Django.
Now if you have never built a website before, don’t worry, I will teach you everything from scratch.
You’re also going to learn how to use Python in machine learning, or artificial intelligence.
So you will learn how to write a Python programming that will predict the music that people like based on their profile.
Just like how YouTube recommends videos based on the videos you have watched before.
I will also show you python to automate boring repetitive tasks that waste your time.
You will write a Python program that will process thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.
I’ve designed this Python course for anyone who wants to learn Python.
If you’re a beginner, don’t worry, I will hold your hand through this entire course.
You’re not too old or too young, and Python is super easy to learn.
You can write your first Python program in literally seconds.
Plus I’m going to give you plenty of exercises to help you build your confidence writing cool Python programs.
My name is Mosh, I’m a software engineer with two decades of experience and I’ve taught over 3 million people how to code.
I’m super excited to be teaching you Python in this course.
So I hope you stick around and learn this beautiful powerful programming language.
In this tutorial I’m going to show you how to download and install Python on your computer.
So the first thing I want you to do, is open up your browser and head over to Python.
On this page click on downloads, here you can see the latest version of Python currently, at the time of recording this video the latest version is python 3.
Chances are in the future, when you are watching this tutorial, there is a newer version of Python available, don’t worry, all the materials you’re going to learn in this course will apply to the latest version of Python as well.
So let’s go ahead and download Python 3, alright now, look at your downloads folder, here, we should have Python 3 installer simply double click that, if you’re on Windows you’re going to see this check box here, add Python to python, this is really important, make sure to tick this box, otherwise you’re not going to be able to follow this tutorial.
If you’re on a Mac, you’re going to see an installer like this, with this setup wizard we’re going to install Python 3 on our computer.
So simply click continue, and again, and again, and agree with the license agreement, and install it, this is going to take a few seconds so I’m going to pause the recording.
Alright, we have successfully installed Python 3 on our computer.
Let’s close this.
Alright, next we need to install a code editor, we se a code editor to write our code, just like how we use Microsoft Word to write documents, we use a code editor to write code.
Now there are so many code editors out there, the one that I’m going to show you in this tutorial is PyCharm.
That is one of the most popular code editors for writing Python code.
You can get it from jetbrains.
Now more accurately pycharm is considered an IDE, which is short for integrated development environment.
And that’s basically a code editor on steroids, it has some additional features that makes it really easy to write code.
So let’s go ahead and download PyCharm.
Now here on the download page, you can see two versions of PyCharm, one is the professional addition which has additional features and you have to pay for them.
The other is the community edition, that is absolutely free, and that’s what we’re going to use in this tutorial.
So, go ahead and download this as well.
Now, once again look at your downloads folder, once again you should have pycharm so double click this, now if you’re in Windows you’re going to see an installation wizard, simply click next, next, next until you install pycharm.
If you’re on Mac you need to drag and drop this icon onto the applications folder, so drag and drop, alright, now let’s double click this to run it, the first time we run pycharm we’re going to get this warning, because this is an application that we download from the internet.
So let’s go ahead and open it, next you’re going to see this dialogue box for importing some settings, leave this to do not import settings, it doesn’t really matter.
Okay, On this page, select I’ve never used PyCharm you can see some keyword shortcuts that might be useful in the future, just accept this, and down at the bottom, click the next button.
And then next again, one more time, and then finally start using pycharm.
So here’s the main page of PyCharm every time you open it, click on create new project, this is the location for our project, let’s call our project Hello World.
Now before click and create, expand this item here, make sure that base interpreter is set to Python 3.
Python interpreter is basically a program that knows how to execute Python code, it will know how to interpret or translate Python instructions into instructions a computer can understand.
Now, Mac computers, by default come with an older installation of Python, that’s Python 2, it’s considered legacy which means it’s no longer maintained or supported.
So earlier we downloaded Python 3, make sure that this is set to Python 3, if not from this list, select Python 3.
Alright, now let’s go ahead and create this project, Now here right click on Hello World folder and go to new Python file, call this file app.
So by convention, all Python files should have this py extension.
Alright, let’s go ahead, now let’s collapse this project panel by clicking here and write our first python program.
Simply type print, pr int, all in lowercase, open and close parenthesis, and inside these parenthesis, add quotations we can either use single quotes or double quotes, now in between the codes write your name.
I am Mosh Hamedani, so here, so this is your first Python programming.
With these piece of code you can print your name on the screen.
Now to run this, go on the top, under the run menu, click run, also note that there is a shortcut associated with this command, when I program I always use shortcuts because that increases my productivity.
So here on a Mac computer, the shortcut is control, option, and R.
On Windows it’s different.
So let’s do that, now it’s asking where you want to run this, click on app, down below, you should see this little terminal window, this is a little window into our program, so here you can see our results for output for our program.
In the future as you learn more Python, you’ll be able to build applications that have a graphical user interface, or gooey.
That is a little bit complicated, so for now we’re going to use this little terminal window to see the results of our program.
So as you can see my name is printed here, now as you print code, this window might get in the way so always resize it or minimize itty putting this icon here, so this was our first python program.
Now if you didn’t see the result I showed you in this video, use the comment box below and tell me what error you encountered, I’ll do my best to help you move forward.
In this Python tutorial, we’re gong to take this program to the next level and make it more interesting.
So I’m going to show you how to draw a dog hair.
Now as part of this tutorial you will learn how Python code gets executed and you will also learn about a few programming terms.
So press enter, and on line 2 write another print statement, so print, open and close parenthesis, add a quotation, now here you want to draw a dog.
So, add an o, that is the head of our dog, followed by 4 hyphens.
So this is the body.
alright, now one more time another print statement with quotations, now we need to draw the legs.
So add a space.
Follow it by 4 vertical bars.
So, like this, so here’s a little imaginary dot.
Now let’s run this program and see what we get.
So on the top right corner you should see this play button, click that, there you go, so we have our name and right below that we have our imaginary dog.
Now what you need to understand here, is that our python code gets executed line by line from the top.
So earlier I told you about Python interpreter that is the program that knows how to translate or interpret our Python code into instructions that a computer can understand.
So when we run this program by clicking this program here, python interpreter starts executing or running our program line by line from the top.
So first it executes line 1, then, moves onto line 2, and so on.
So this is how python programs get executed.
Now let me show you something cool.
Let’s add another print statement, with quotations now in between the quotations, add a star or an asterisk, like this.
Now after the quotation and before the parenthesis, add a space, once again, add an asterisk, space, 10.
What is going on here? Well, anywhere we have quotations like here or here we’re defining a string, a string is a programming term which means a series of characters so here we have a string, we also have a string on line 3, as well as line 2 and line 1.
Now here, we’re multiplying the string by number 10.
So this is the multiplication operator, just like the multiplication operator we have in math.
So with this piece of code we can draw 10 asterisks on the terminal, let me show you.
So let’s run this program one more time, there you go.
So we have 10 asterisks.
Now what we have here, this piece of code here, is called an expression.
An expression is a piece of code that produces a value.
So when Python interpreter tries to execute line 4, first it will evaluate the code that we put in between parenthesis, so we could evaluate our expressions Our expression will produce 10 asterisks and then those asterisks will be printed on the terminal.
Now as an exercise you can use these print statements to draw another shape, you can draw a heart, a ball, whatever you like.
I will see you in the next tutorial.
One of the questions I get a lot on my channel is how long does it take to learn Python and become job ready? Well there is no single answer.
It really depends on you and how much effort and commitment you want to put into this.
But I would say if you spend 2 hours every day consistently, after about 3 months you should be able to write basic python programs, but quite honestly, that doesn’t get you a job.
In order to get a job, you need to specialize in one area, what do you want to use python for? Do you want to build web applications or desktop applications? Or do you want to use it in machine learning and artificial intelligence? So whatever you want to do you need to take additional courses.
Learning all these things would take you another 6 months, so in total you need 9-12 months to become job ready.
At that point you can get a junior developer job with a salary of about 50-60 thousand dollars a year.
Now as you work more as you do more Python projects, your resume starts to build and you can ask for $100,000 a year, or 120,000 dollars a year, depending on where you are, what company, what geographical area, it really depends, there is no single answer.
So are you excited to learn Python and get started on this career path? If you are, I would encourage you to make a commitment and spend 2 hours every day practicing python.
And use the comment box below and let me know why you are learning Python, what do you want to do with it? What’s your dream job? I would love to hear your story.
In this Python tutorial, you’re going to learn about variables, which are one of the most fundamental concepts in programming, they’re not specific to Python, they exist in pretty much every programming language out there.
We use variables to temporarily store data in a computer’s memory.
Here’s an example, let’s type price = 10, when Python interpreter executes this code, it will allocate some memory, then it will store the number 10 in that memory, and finally it will attach this price label in that memory location.
As a metahor imagine we have a box.
In that box, we have number 10 and price is the label that we put on the box.
Now we can use this label anywhere in our program to access the value that we have in that box.
This is a very simplified explanation.
So now, let’s print price on the terminal.
Print, now this time we’re not going to add quotations, because if we put quotations here, we will see the text price on the terminal.
Now the value of the price variable.
So, put it in quotations, and type price, now, let’s run this program one more time, there you go.
So we see 10, on the terminal.
So this is how we define variables, we start with an identifier which is the name of our variable, then, an equal sign and finally a value.
Now more accurately, when this number 10 is about to be stored in the memory, first it will get converted to this binary for presentation.
So this number 10, is in the decimal system which has all the digits from 0 to 9.
Computers don’t understand all these digits, they only understand 0s and 1s.
So when we store the number 10 in the computer’s memory first it will get converted to it’s binary representation which will be a bunch of 0’s and 1’s, like 001, 001, whatever I don’t know.
Then it will get stored in the computer’s memory.
So, let’s take this program to the next level.
On the second line we can update the value of this price variable, so we can reset it to a new value like 20, now when we run our program, we should see 20, because as I told you before Python interpreter executes our code line by line from the top.
So first we set the price to 10, then we reset it to 20, and finally we print it on the terminal, let’s run the terminal, there you go, so, we see 20 here, okay? Now these numbers that we have here are whole numbers without a decimal point.
In programming, we refer to these numbers as integers.
But integer is a number without a decimal point.
We can also use numbers with a decimal point for example on line 2, we can define another variable called rating and set it to number 4.
Now in programming, we refer to this kind of number as a floating point number of float for short.
So we have integers and floats.
We can also define a variable and set it to a string, for example, name equals Mosh, we also have another kind of value which is called boolean, which can be true or false.
They are line yes and no in English.
Here is an example, I’m going to define a variable, is underline published so we use an underscore to separate multiple words in our variables name.
We set this to true, or false.
These are boolean values.
now note that Python is a case sensitive language, which means it’s sensitive to lower case and upper case letters.
So when defining variables we should always use lowercase letters, but here false and true are special keywords in the language, so if we spell it with a lowercase f, Python doesn’t understand it.
You can see we have a red underline here, which indicates an error.
Make sure to spell this with a capital F, or if you want to set this to true, make sure the T is capital, so in this program, you’re storing simple values in our computer’s memory.
Simple values can be numbers, which can be integers or floats or they can be strings or booleans.
But in Python we can also store complex values like lists and values.
And that’s what I’m going to show you in the future.
So before going any further, I want you to do a little exercise.
Imagine we’re going to write a program for a hospital.
So we check on a patient named John Smith.
He’s 20 years old and is a new patient.
I want you to define 3 variables here, for his name, his age, and another variable for if this is a new or an existing patient.
So pause the video and spend one minute on this exercise.
When you’re done, come back, continue and see my solution.
Alright, so here we need three variables, the first one is the patient’s name, we set that to John Smith.
We can also call this full name, these are both valid names for our variables.
The second variable is for the age of our patient.
So age is 20, and finally we need a variable to tell if this is a new or existing patient.
That’s where we can use a boolean value.
So, we define a variable, is new and we set it to true.
So, you have learned how to print messages on the terminal window.
In this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to receive input from the user.
So we’re going to write a small program that asks the user’s name and then we’ll print a greeting message customized for that user.
So instead of print we’re going to use input.
Now both these input and print are functions that are built into Python.
As a metaphor think of the remote control of the TV.
On this remote control we have a bunch of buttons, these are the functions built into your tv, you can turn it on, turn it off, change the volume and so on.
In Python we also have functions for common tasks such as printing messages, receiving input, and so on.
So we’re going to use the input function, now whenever we have these parenthesis, we’re going to say we’re calling or executing that function, it’s like pressing a button on a remote control.
So we’re going to call the input function and in between parenthesis we want to add a string to print something on the terminal, what is your name? With a question mark followed by a space.
You will see why in a second.
So this input function will print this message on the terminal, and then it will wait for the user to enter a value.
Whatever the user enters this input function will return.
So now we can get that value and store it in the memory using a variable.
So we get the result and put it in a variable called name.
Okay? Now on the second line we want to print a message like Hi John or Hi Mosh or whatever, so, print, quotations Hi with a space, now after the quotation we want to dynamically print what we have in the name variable.
So we had a plus sign and then name.
So here we have Hi which is a string, we’re concatenating or combining the string with another string, that is what we have in the name variable.
So here’s another example of an expression.
Remember what is an expression? It’s a piece of code that uses a value.
So this expression concatenates or combines 2 strings.
Let’s run this program and see what happens.
So run okay, here is a question, what is your name? Mosh, now note that earlier we added a space after the question mark, we did this, so here in the terminal window the cursor is separated from the question mark, otherwise it would be so close.
So let’s type whatever here, plus enter, now we get this message, Hi, Mosh.
Now here’s a little exercise for you.
I want you to extend this program and ask two questions.
First all the person’s name and then their favorite color.
And then print a message like Mosh likes blue.
So pause the video, do this exercise and then come back and continue watching.
Alright, so here’s the first question right after that, all the input functions one more time, this time we’re going to ask a different question.
What is your favorite color? Now, we get the new value and store it in the variable called color, or you could call it favorite underline.
And finally we’re going to change what we pass to the print function, so first we print the name then we concatenate this with a string, here we’re going to type likes, we also put one space before and after likes, and once again we concatenate this.
With the favorite color.
So, favorite color, now let’s run this program, so what is your name Mosh enter, favorite color, blue, enter, we get this message, Mosh likes blue.
Hey guys Mosh here, I just wanted to let you know that you really don’t have to memorize anything in this course because I’ve put together a cheat sheet with summary notes.
So you can quickly review the materials in this course.
The link is below this video.
So I have done my best to create the best possible Python course on Youtube.
And I really appreciate it if you support my hard work by liking this video and sharing it with others, so they can learn as well.
And be sure to subscribe to my channel, for more tutorials like this.
Alright, now, let’s move onto the next tutorial.
In this Python tutorial, we’re going to write a program that will ask the year that we were born in, and then it will calculate our age and print it on the terminal.
So, let’s start with our input function, input let’s print birth here, followed by a colon, and a space.
Now let’s get the return value and store it in a variable, called birth_year.
So as I told you before, we use an underscore to separate multiple words Next, we need to calculate the age, so we define another variable called age, and here we do some basic math, currently we are in 2019, so let’s write an expression like this.
2019 – birth year.
Now finally let’s print age on the terminal.
Let’s run our program and see what happens.
So, my birth year is 1982, enter, oops, we got an error, what is going on here? So whenever you see this message, that means there is something wrong with your program.
With the information here, we can find exactly where the error occurred.
So, next to the file you can see the file that generated this error, in this case that is app.
So currently our program only has a single file, but real complex programs often have hundreds or even thousands of files.
So in this file, on line 2, this is where we got this error, and right below that we can see the piece of code that generated this error.
So that is where we’re calculating the age, and right below that you can see the type of error.
In this case, we have a type error, and here’s the message.
Unsupported operand types for subtraction.
Int and str.
So int is short for integer and that represents a whole number and str is short for string, so here we’re subtracting a string from an integer, and Python doesn’t know what to do with it.
Let me explain.
So I’m going to close the terminal window.
So after the first line we executed we have this birth year variable set to a string, so whatever we type in the terminal is always treated as a string, even if you type the number, in other words, when we run this program, this birth year variable will be set to a string, with four characters.
This string is different from the actual number 1982.
One is an integer and the other is a string.
Right? So, back to line 2, where this error occurred.
At run time, which means when we run our program this expression on the right side of the assignment operator is going to look like this.
2019 – string 1982.
Python doesn’t know how to interpret or how to evaluate this expression.
To fix this problem we need to convert this 1982 into an integer and then we’ll be able to subtract it from 2019 and that is easy.
So far you have learned about two built in functions one is print the other is input.
We have a few other functions for converting values into different types.
So we have int for converting a string into an integer, we also have float for converting a string into a float, or a number with a decimal point.
And we also have bool for converting a string into a boolean value.
So to fix this problem, we need to go back on line 2, and pass this birth year variable to the int function like this.
int parenthesis, like this so we pass this string to the int function, int will convert it into an itneger and then Python interpreter will be able to evaluate this expression.
Now let’s run this program one more time, so birth year is 1982 enter so I am 37 years old.
In Python we have a useful function for getting the type of variables, for example, let’s print the type of birth year, so right after line 1, let’s print, now here we’re going to call another built in function, called type, and now let’s pass birth year, okay, now similarly after line 3, let’s also print the type of age, so print type of age.
Okay? So let’s run our program, so birth year one more time, 1982, okay, here’s the result so the type of birth year as you can see is a class of str or strings, we look at classes in the future so for now don’t worry about them, and also below them you cans ee the type of the age variable is int or integer.
So here’s what you need to take away.
Whenever you use the input function, you always get a string, so if you’re expecting a numerical value you should always convert that string into an integer or a float.
So here’s a little exercise for you.
I want you to write a program ask the user their weight and then convert it to kilograms and print it on a terminal.
So pause the video, do the exercise and when you’re ready come back to watch it.
Alright so let’s use our input function and ask for the weight in pounds here we get the weight in lbs or pounds now we need to convert this into kilograms, it’s very easy so we defined another variable weight_kg we set this to weight_lbs times 0.
And finally let’s print weight underline kg.
Let’s run this Python program and see what happens.
So my weight is 160, alright once again we got an error, can’t multiply sequence by non int of type float.
So as I told you before, this input function returns a string, so we cannot multiply a string by a float.
Python doesn’t know what to do with it.
So in this case, we should convert this number by an integer or float and then multiply by 0.
So let’s call the int function.
And pass weight underline lbs.
And run our program one more time, 160 okay, so I am 72 kg’s.
In this tutorial, you’re going to learn more about Python strings.
So I’ve defined this course variable and set it to Python for beginners now earlier I told you you could use both single and double quotes to define a string, but there are times you have to use a specific form, otherwise you’re going to run into issues.
Here’s an example.
Imagine you wanted to change this string into Pythons course for Beginners.
So we want to add an apostrophe, like this, Course for Beginners.
You can immediately say this is going crazy, because our string starts here and then terminates here, all these characters that we have here after the second apostrophe Python interpreter doesn’t know what they are.
So to solve this problem we need to use double quotes to define our string so we can have a single quote in the middle of the string.
So let’s change this to double quotes, now you can see it adds another double quote to close it, you have to manually remove this, and also one more time at the beginning of the string, we need to add another double quote.
Now you can see error is gone, so if you print course we see Python course for beginners.
Now let’s say we don’t want this apostrophe here, so we have Python for Beginners, but we want to put Beginners in double quotes.
Once again, if you add a double quote here Python interpreter gets confused because it assumes the second double quote indicates that end of the string, so it doesn’t know what these characters are, so to solve this we need to change our double quotes to single quotes like this.
And then we can add double quotes in the middle of the string.
Now let’s run this program, there you go.
So we get Python for Beginners.
So these are the cases for using single or double quotes.
Now in all the examples I’ve shown you so far we only deal with short strings, but what if you wanted to define a string that is multiple lengths? For example, what if you wanted to define a string for the message that we send in an email.
In that case we need to use triple quotes.
We delete this.
Now we add three quotes, so 1, 2, 3, there you go, So, we have three quotes to start our string and three to terminate it.
Again these quotes can be single or double quotes.
Okay? Now, with this we can define a string that spans multiple lines.
For example, we can say Hi Jon here is our first email to you.
Thank you, The Support Team.
Now, let’s run this program and here’s the result.
So, we get this beautiful multi line string.
Now let’s change this back to something simple so, we can look at other characteristics of strings and Python.
So I’m going to use single quotes and set the course name to Python for Beginners.
Now here we’re going to use square brackets to get a character and a given index in this string.
Let me show you.
So to get the first character we use square brackets and type 0.
So the index of the first character in the string is 0.
In other words, this is how Python strings are indexed.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.
So the index of the first character is 0, the second character is 1, and so on.
So let me delete this and run this program we get p.
We can also use a negative index here.
And this is one of the features that we don’t have in other programming languages as far as I know.
So we have negative index we can get the characters started from the end.
So if I pass negative 1 here, Assuming that 0 is the index of the first character negative 1 is the index of the last character.
So when we run this program we should see s.
Let’s run it, there you go, we get s, if we pass negative 2, this will return the second character from the end.
Let’s run it one more time, now we get R because that is the second character from the end.
Okay? So place close attention to this square brackets syntax because quite often it’s the topic for online Python tests or university exams, so if you’re preparing for a python test, make sure to watch this tutorial one more time and understand exactly how this square brackets syntax works, we can also use a similar syntax to extract a few characters instead of 1 character.
For example, if we type 0, colon 3, Python interpreter will return all the characters starting with this index all the way to this second index, but it does not return the character at this index.
In other words, back to these indexes so you have 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
When you run this program.
Python interpreter will return the characters starting from the index 0 all the way to index 3, but excludes the character and index 3, so when we run this Python program we’re going to see pint (?).
Let me show you, so we’re going to delete this line, run this program, there you go.
We get pint.
Now here we also have default values for the start and end index.
So if we don’t supply the end index, Python will return all the characters to the end of the string.
Let’s take a look.
So run this program, there you go, Python for Beginners.
But if you change the start index to 1, this will exclude the first character so when we run this program, we see ython so p is removed.
Okay? Now similarly we have a default value for the start index, so if we don’t supply the start index but add an end index like 5.
Python interpreter will assume 0 as the start index, so, let’s run this program, there you go, we get pytho.
Now what if we leave both the start and end index? Well, I told you? Now in this case 0 will be assumed as the start index, and the length of the string will assume as the end index.
So with this syntax, you can basically copy or clone a string.
In other words, if I define another variable here, let’s call it another and set it to course square brackets with just a colon, now this expression will return all the characters in the course variable so variable will be copy of our first variable.
Let’s take a look, so, let’s print another, and load our program there you go, we get Python for beginners.
So once again the square bracket syntax is pretty important if you’re preparing for online python tests, or college exams, make sure to watch this tutorial again.
Now here’s a little exercise for you.
I’m going to delete all this code define a variable, called name, and set it to Jennifer.
Now when we print name of 1: negative 1 what do you think we’re going to see on the terminal? I want you to use your knowledge to tell what we’re going to see on the terminal, we’re now running this program.
So pause the video, think about it for a few seconds, then come back and continue watching.
So this expression will return the characters starting from index 1 which is the second character all the way to the first character from the end, but excluding the character at this index.
In this case, the first character from the in is r, so r will be excluded, in other words we’re going to see all the characters starting from e all the way to the second e.
Let’s take a look.
So I’m going to run this program there you go.
This is what we get, I hope you guessed it right.
In this tutorial, we’re going to look at formatted strings in Python programming language.
Formatted strings are particularly useful in situations where you dynamically generate some text with your variables.
Let me show you.
Let’s say we have two variables first name and last name.
So first we set this to John, and last we set this to Smith.
Now it’s better to call these variables first name and last name, because they’re more descriptive.
But here I’m using shorter names because I want you to see the entire code on display screen.
So let’s say with these two variables, we want to generate some text like this.
Jon, in square brackets Smith is a coder.
Let’s say we want to print this on the terminal.
How do we do this? Well, we define another variable like message, now here we add the first name, now we need to concatenate this, with a string that contains a space and a square bracket next we need to add a last name, then we need to add a string that contains the closing square brackets followed by is a coder okay? So, then, if you print message and run this program to see John Smith is a coder, right? Now, while this approach perfectly works, it’s not ideal because as our text gets more complicated it becomes harder to visualize the output.
So someone else reading this code, they have to visualize all the string concatenations in their head.
This is where we use formatted strings, they make it easier for us to visualize the output.
So, I’m going to define another variable, let’s say msg short for message, and set this to a formatted string.
A formatted string is one that is prefixed with an f.
So f, quotes.
Now in between the quotes, first we want to add the value of the first name variable, so, we add curly braces and here we type first.
Next we add a space, we add our square brackets, in between the square brackets, we want to display the last name so once again we add curly braces, and type last, and finally here we type is a coder.
So this is what we call the formatted string.
With these curly braces, we’re defining place holders or holes in our string, and when we run our program these holes will be filled with the value of our variables.
So here we have two place holders or two holes in our string.
One is for the value of our first name variable and the other is for the value of the last name variable.
But compare this formatted string with string concatenation.
With this formatted string we can easily visualize what the output looks like, right? Now let’s print this other terminal to make sure we get the same exact output.
So, let’s print message there you go.
So Jon Smith is a coder.
So to define formatted strings, prefix your strings with an F and then use curly braces to dynamically insert values into your strings.
In this Python tutorial, I’m going to show you some really cool things you can do with Python strings.
So let’s start by defining a variable, course and we set that to Python for beginners.
Now to calculate the number of characters in this string, you can use a built in function called len.
So len we give it this course variable, and then, we can print the result.
Let’s run this program, so as you can see we have 20 characters in this string, this is particularly useful when you receive input from the user.
For example you have noticed that when you fill out a form online, each input field often has a limit.
For example, you might have 50 characters for your name, so using this len function we can enforce a limit on the number of characters in an input field.
If the user types in more characters than we allow, we can display an error, now, this, len function is another function built into Python, it’s a general purpose function, so it’s not limited to counting the number of characters in a string, in the future when we look at lists, I want to show you that we can use this function to count the number of items in a list.
So it’s a general purpose function.
Now we also have functions specifically for strings for example we have functions for converting all these characters to upper case or lower case.
To access these functions we use the dot operator.
let me show you.
So first we type course, then dot look these are all the functions that are specific to strings.
Now in more accurate terms, you refer to these function as methods, this is a term in object oriented programming that we want to look at in the future, but for now, what I want you to take away, is that when a function belongs to something else, or is specific to some kind of object, we refer to that function as a method.
For example, here we have this function, upper, for converting the string into upper case, now more accurately because this function is specific to a string, we refer to this as a method.
In contrast len and print are general purpose functions, they don’t belong to strings or numbers or other kinds of objects.
So this is the difference between functions and methods.
Now let’s take look at this upper method.
So, let’s print the results and we run our program, there you go, you get all these characters displayed in uppercase.
Now note this method does not change or modify our original string, in fact it creates a new string and returns it.
So, if we print our course variable right after we call the upper method, we can see that our course variable still has it’s original form, so let’s run this program one more time, there you go.
Look, here is our original course variable, it’s not modified.
Now similar to the upper method we have another method for converting a string into lower case.
So let me show you.
Now, let’s run the program, so on the second line you can see, all characters are in lower case.
Now there are times that you want to find a character or a sequence of characters in a string.
In those situations you can use the find method.
So let me delete these few lines.
find here we pass a character, let’s say p, and this will return the index of the first occurrence of that character, let me show you.
So let’s print the result we get 0, because the index of the first capital p in the string is 0.
As another example, if we pass a lower case o here, let’s see what we get, we get 4 because the index of this o here is 4.
Now note that the find method is case sensitive, so it’s sensitive to lower case and and upper case characters.
As an example if you pass an upper case here and run this program, we get negative 1 because we don’t have an upper case o anywhere in this string, okay? We can also pass a sequence of characters, for example, we can pass beginners with a capital B let’s run this program, we get 11 because beginners starts with index 11, now we also have method for replacing a character or a sequence of characters and that is called replace.
So let’s change find to replace let’s say we want to replace beginners with absolute beginners, so we add a comma to pass a second value to this function, or more accurately this method.
We add a string, here I’m going to pass absolute beginners.
Okay, now let’s run this program, so, we get python for absolute beginners.
Again, this method like the find method is case sensitive so if you pass beginners all in lowercase, this method is not going to find this exact word in our string, so it’s not going to place it with absolute beginners.
Let’s take a look.
So I’m going to run the program One more time, look, we still get python for beginners.
We can also replace a single character, for example we can replace capital p with let’s say capital j.
Now when we run this program we get jython for beginners.
So these are the find and replace methods and one last things I want to show you in this tutorial.
There are times that you want to check the existence of a character or sequence of characters in your string.
In those situations you use the in operator, so let’s say you want to know if this string contains the word python.
We can write an expression like this.
String python space in space course.
So we’re checking to see if python is in course variable.
And this is an expression that produces a boolean value, and I get true or false, so we refer to this expression as a boolean expression, now if we print this on the terminal, we should get true, and by the way I’m going to delete the second line, we don’t need it anymore, so run the program we get true, but if I change this capitol p to a lower case p and run the program we get false because we don’t have is exact sequence of characters in our strings.
Now note that the difference between the in operator and the find method is that our find method returns the index of character or sequence of characters but the in operator produces a boolean value.
Do we have this or not? So that’s the difference.
Now let’s recap all the cool things you learned to do with strings in this tutorial.
We can use the len function to count the number of characters in a string, this is the general purpose function built into python, we also have specific functions for strings which we refer to as methods, these include upper for converting a string into uppercase you also have lower and title methods, you learn about the find method which returns the index of a character or sequence of characters, we have the replace method for replacing characters and words in a string and finally you learned about the in operator.
So some characters in a string.
So, you have learned that in Python programming language you have 2 types of numbers, integers which are whole numbers like 10, they don’t have a decimal point, and floating point numbers or floats.
Which are numbers with a decimal point.
Now in this tutorial you’re going to look at the arithmetic operations supported in python language these are the same arithmetic operations that we have in math, we can add numbers, multiply them and so on.
So let’s look at a few examples, we can print, 10 plus 3, so this is the addition operator, we also have subtraction, we have multiplication, we have two kinds of division, here’s one with a forward slash, let’s run this program and see what we get.
we get a floating point number.
But we also have another division operator for getting an integer.
So if we add another slash here and run this program we get an integer.
We have another operator called modulis (?) which is a percent sign.
And this returns the remainder of the division.
So when we run this program we should get 1, there you go.
And one last operator we have here is exponent which is the power.
So, that is indicated with 2 asterisks and this will return 10 to the power of 3.
So let’s run this program we get 1000 so these are the arithmetic operators in python programming language.
Now for all these operators that you learned we have an augmented assignment operator.
That is very useful, let me show you.
So let’s say we have a variable called x we set it to 10, now we want to increment this by 3, we’ll have to write code like this.
X we set this to x plus 3.
So Python interpreter will add 10 to 3, the result is 13, and then it gets stored into x again.
So when we print x we should see 13, there you go.
So this is how you can increment a number, right? Now augmented assignment operator is a way to write the same code but in a shorter form.
This is how it works.
We type x plus equals 3.
What we have on line 3 is exactly like what we have on line 2.
So this is what we call the augmented assignment operator we have augmented or enhanced the assignment operator.
Now in this particular case we are incremented a number using the augmented assignment operator, but we can also subtract or multiply a number by a given value for example, let’s delete what we have on line 2, we can type subtract equals 3.
So here we subtracted 3 from x.
When we run this program we should see 7, there you go.
Now let me ask you a question, I’m going to clear all this code here to define x and set it to 10 plus 3 times 2.
What do you think is the result of this expression? this is a very basic math question that unfortunately a lot of people fail to answer.
The answer is 16.
Because in math we have this concept called operator precedence which means the order of operations.
So the multiplication operator has a higher precendence which means it’s applied first which means 3 x 2 is executed first, the result is 6 and then its added to 10, that’s why x showed up as 16 after we run this code, let’s verify that.
So, print x run the program, x is 16.
So this is what we call operator precedence, it’s just a basic math concept.
It’s not about python programming language.
So all the other programming languages behave the same way, so here’s the order, first we have the exponentiation which is the power, like 2 to the power of 3, then we have multiplication or division and finally we have addition or subtraction.
This is the order of operations.
Let me show you another example.
Here I’m going to add the exponentiation operator, so, 2 to the power of 2.
Once again, what do you think is the result of this expression? Pause the video and think about it for a few seconds.
The answer is 22.
Because the exponentiation operator takes precedence, so first 2 to the power of 2 is executed, the result is 4, then 4 is multiplied by 3, that is 12, and finally 12 is added to 10.
So x should be 22.
So let’s run this program and verify this.
So I’m going to delete these lines here.
Run the program, there you go.
X is 22.
Now let me bring back these rules here.
We can also use parenthesis to change the order of operations so if we have parenthesis we always takes priority.
In this case we can add parenthesis around 10 + 3, so this piece of 3 will be executed first, the result is 13, then the exponentiation operator will be executed, so 2 to the power of 2 is 4, and finally 4 is multiplied by 13.
Now here is a little exercise for you.
I’m going to set x to parenthesis 2 + 3 x 10 minus 3.
What is the result of this? Pause the video and think about it for a few seconds.
So you learned that parenthesis always overrides the order, so this piece of code is executed first.
The result of these 5.
Then, between the multiplication and subtraction, you know that multiplication takes precedence.
So next, 5 will be multiplied by 10, the result is 50 and finally we have subtraction.
So 50 minus 3 will be 47.
Let’s verify this, print x, run the program there you go, I hope you guessed it right.
So this is all bout operator precedence, it’s a very important topic and I see it quite often in Python tests.
So if you’re preparing for a Python test make sure to watch his tutorial one more time.
In this tutorial, we’re going to look at a few useful functions for working with numbers let’s start by defining a variable like x and set it to 2.
Now to round this number we can use the built in round function, so we call the round function, give it x, and then print the result.
Let’s run this program so, we get 3, we have another useful built in function called abs which is short for absolute, and this is the absolute function we have in math, we give it a value and it always returns the positive representation of this value, even if the value is negative.
Here’s an example.
Let’s call the abs function and give it negative 2.
9 When we run this program we’re gong to see 2.
9 on the terminal.
So let’s go ahead there you go.
So absolute always returns a positive number.
But technically in Python we have a handful of built in functions for performing mathematical operations, if you want to write a program that involves complex mathematical calculations, you need to import the math module.
A module in Python is a separate file with some reusable code.
We use these modules to organize our code into different files.
As a metaphor think of a super market.
When you go to a super market you see different sections for fruits and vegetables, cleaning products, junk food and so on.
Each section in the super market is like a module in Python.
So in Python we have this math module which contains a bunch of rustable functions for performing mathematical calculations.
So, let me show you how to use this module.
On the top we type import, math, all in lowercase with this we can import the math module.
now math is an object like a string, so we can access it’s functions or more accurately it’s methods using the dot operator.
So if you type math.
look these are all the mathematical functions available in this module.
For example you can call the seal method to get the sealing of a number.
So if you pass 2.
9 here and then print the result we should see 3.
Let me delete all this other code here.
Alright, let’s run this program there you go.
So we get 3.
Another useful method is the floor method, so let’s give that a try, floor of 2.
What do you think we’re going to get? We get 2.
Now there are so many functions built in this module and we don’t really have time to go through all of them.
But let me show you how we can learn about them on your own.
Open up your browser and search for Python 3 math module.
Make sure to add the version python 3.
Because the math module in python 2 is slightly different from the math module in python 3.
So python 3 math module, now here you can see the documentation of this kind of module let’s go let’s have a look, if you scroll down, we can see the list of all the functions and their explanation.
So as an exercise I encourage you to have a quick look at this documentation.
See what functions are there for you in case you need them.
In this tutorial, I’m going to talk to you about if statements in Python if statements are extremely important in programming and they allow us to build programs that can make decisions based on some condition.
So if some conditions are true we’re going to do certain things, otherwise we’re going to do other things.
Here’s an example.
Over here I’ve got this text file with a bunch of rules for our program.
If it’s a hot day, perhaps we want to tell the user it’s a hot day, so make sure to drink plenty of water.
Otherwise, if it’s cold, so here’s another condition if this condition is true we’re going to tell the user it’s a cold day so where warm clothes.
And otherwise if it’s either hot or cold, we want to tell the user it’s a lovely day.
So let me show you how to write a program that simulates these rules.
So, back to our program here, we start by defining a boolean variable is underline hot.
We set this to true.
Next, we add an if statement, so if, here we need to add a condition, in this case we’re going to use our boolean variable.
So, is underline hot.
So if this values to true.
Then we’re going to do certain things.
In this case, we want to tell the user hey it’s a hot day, drink plenty of water.
So, back to our program after our condition we add a colon, now, note that when I press enter pycharm automatically indents our cursor.
Now any code that we write here will be executed if this condition is true, otherwise it will be ignored.
Here is an example.
Let’s write a print statement, here I’m going to use double quotes because I want to use an apostrophe in our string.
So, it’s a hot day.
Now let’s press enter you can see the cursor is still indented, that means we can write more code that we executed if this condition is true, in this case let’s say we don’t want to write any extra code, so to terminate this block we need to press shift and tab, now the cursor is at the beginning of the line so lets write a print statement with a message like enjoy your day.
Now when we run this program, because this condition is true, you’re doing to say this message followed by this second message, take a look, so run, there you go, it’s a hot day enjoy your day.
But if I go over here and change this boolean value to false and run the program again, our first message disappears and we only see the second message, enjoy your day.
So this is how if statements work.
Now back here we can add another print statement let’s say drink plenty of water.
Now because this spirant statement is also indented it will be executed if this condition is true.
So I’m going to revert is hot to true and run the program one more time.
There you go, so it’s a hot day, drink plenty of water, and enjoy your day.
Alright now let’s add a second rule here, if it’s hot we’re going to execute these two lines, otherwise if it’s not hot we want to print a different message.
So here we are moving an indentation and typing els colon.
Now when we press enter once again our cursor indented so the code that we write here will be executed if this condition is not true.
So here we can print it’s a cold day, print, where warm clothes.
Now let’s run our program one more time.
So we get the message about a hot day followed by enjoy your day.
You don’t see any message about a cold day.
Now if we go back here on the top.
And change this boolean value to false and run our program we see different set of messages.
It’s a cold day wear warm clothes and enjoy your day.
But there’s a problem with our program.
If it’s not hot it doesn’t necessarily mean that it’s cold, it means it’s a lovely day.
So the absence of heat doesn’t mean its cold.
Back to our conditions, here on line 4 we have this rule that says if it’s a cold day, then print these messages otherwise if it’s neither hot or cold say it’s a lovely day.
So, to implement this rule we need to go back and put py and define another variable.
So let’ say is underline cold we set this to true.
Now here we need to add a second condition.
So after our first if statement, we can use an el if statement to define a second condition.
So here’s how it works.
So, el if which is short for els if or otherwise if, now here we add another condition, so, is cold So if t’s cold you want to execute these few lines.
So let’s cut these from here, and move them under our second condition and finally if none of these conditions are true, you want to print a different message.
It’s a lovely day.
So, right now, is hot is false, is cold is true, so when we run this program, python interpreter is going to execute the first if statement, in this case because our condition is false, these two lines will be ignored, then Python interpreter will look at line 7, it will evaluate this condition, in this case is cold is true so we’re going to see these two messages on the terminal.
Now, in this case, because one of these conditions was true, this els statement will be ignored, so we are not going to see this message, and finally as before, we are always going too see this message.
So let’s run our program, there you go.
it’s a cold day, where warm clothes and and enjoy your day.
Now, back to the top, if we change is cold to false it’s neither hot nor cold so it’s going to be a lovely day.
Let’s run the program, and here you go, it’s a lovely day enjoy your day.
So these are the basics of using if statements.
As you can see they are very useful in programming and with these we can build all kinds of rules into our programs.
Okay here’s an exercise or you.
Imagine the price of a house is 1 million dollars.
Now if the buyer has good credit, they will need to put down 10 percent of the price of this property otherwise they need to put down 20 percent write a program with these rules an display the down payment card for a buyer with good credit.
You will see my solution next.
Alright let’s define a variable for the price of this house so price we set this to 1 million so 1 with 6 0s.
Next we need a variable to tell if this buyer has good credit so has good credit, and we set this to true, now we need an if statement so if has good credit has true colon, here we need to calculate a down payment so the down_payment should be equal to 0.
1 x the price.
That is 10 percent of the price of this property.
Otherwise colon the down payment should be 0.
2 times price.
Now finally we remove the indentation and print here we can use a form of valid string, first we add a label, down payment colon and right after that we add a placeholder or a hole for our down payment variable.
So curly braces down payment.
Let’s run this program, so down payment for a buyer with good credit is 100,000 dollars.
Now let’s improve this by adding a dollar sign before this number.
So back to our formatted string, just before the curly brace I’m going to add a dollar sign let’s run this one more time, that is better.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you about the logical operators within Python.
We use these operators in situations where we have multiple conditions.
Here is an example.
Let’ say we’re building an application for processing loans.
If an applicant has high income and good credit, then they’re eligible for a loan.
So in this example we have two conditions, one is having high income and the other is having good credit.
So if both these conditions are true, then the applicant is eligible for a loan.
So this is where we use the logical and operator.
We use this operator to combine two conditions, and by the way this is not specific to python programming language, pretty much any programming language that supports if statements also supports the logical operators.
So, back to our program, let’s define two variables, has high income, we set this to true.
And another one has good credit, we also set this to true, now our if statement if has high income has true, and has good credit is also true, then we’re going to print eligible for null.
So this is where we’re using the and operator.
So if both these conditions are true then this message will be printed.
If one of them is false, we’re not going to see this message.
Let’s try this out.
So I’m going to run this program so we see it eligible for loan, but if we change either of these conditions to false, and run the program again look, the message disappears.
So this is the logical and operator.
We also have the logical or, and we want to use that in situations where we want to do certain things at least one of the conditions is true, for example let’s change the rule for this program, such that if the applicant has high income, or good credit, then they’re eligible for a loan, so if either or both these conditions are true then the candidate is eligible.
Now back to our program we can implement this rule by using the logical or operator.
So we simply replace and with or, now when we run this program we’re going to see this message because at least one of our conditions is true, let’s take a look.
So the applicant is eligible for a loan for a loan because they have good credit.
If you change this to false but set the other condition to true, we still see the same result, but if both these conditions are false then we’re not going to see this message anymore.
So this is the difference between these operators.
With the logical and operator both conditions should be true, with the logical or operator at least one condition should be true we also have another logical operator called not and that basically inverses any boolean value we give it, if we give it, we give it a true boolean value it converts it to false.
For example let’s make up a new room, if applicant has good credit and doesn’t have a criminal record then they’re eligible for a loan.
Let me show you how to implement this.
So, we go back to our program, in this example we don’t need a first variable for let’s delete that.
Let’s set this variable to true we also define another variable like has criminal record.
We set this to false.
Now, we want to check to see if this applicant has good credit and not a criminal record.
This is where we use the not operator.
So, if they have good credit, and not criminal record.
So, in this example, has criminal record is set to false, when we use the not operator this basically gets changed to true, so we have two conditions that are true.
Here’s ones and here’s another one.
So our applicant is eligible for a loan.
And when we run this program we see this familiar message.
However if an applicant has a criminal record, so let’s change this to true, now when we run this program we can see our applicant is not eligible because when we apply then operator on this variable, we’ll get false.
So true changes to false.
And we’ll end up with two conditions, one that’s true and the other is false.
And that’s why this message is not printed.
So this is all about the logical operators in python.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about comparison operators in Python.
We use comparison operators in situations where we want to compare a variable with a value, for example, if temperature is greater than 30, then we want to print it’s a hot day.
Otherwise, if it’s less then 10, it’s a cold day, otherwise it it’s neither hot nor cold.
And by the way I’m taking about celsius, not farenheit.
So, to build these rules into our program, we need to use comparison operators.
Back to app.
Py, I define this temperature value, let’s write an if statement, if temperature now we want to check to see if this is greater than 30, so we use the greater than operator.
If this is greater than 30, we want to print it’s a hot day otherwise, let’s just print it’s not a hot day.
Now, when we run this program, we’re going to see this second message because 30 is not greater than 30.
So our first condition a value is to false.
let’s verify that.
So run, it’s not a hot day.
Now if you change the temperature to 35 and run this again, we’re going to see a different message, it’s a hot day, so this is where we use comparison operators.
Now what we have here as you know is an expression because it’s a piece of code that produces a value.
So more accurately this is a boolean expression.
So this is the greater than operator, we also have greater than or equal to, we have less then, less then or equal to, here’s the equality operator, so if the temperature equals to 30, then you can say it’s a hot day.
Note that this is different from the assignment operator that has only one equals sign.
You can see that if we use only one equal sign here we immediately get this red underline because this is simply an assignment statement.
We’re changing the value of the temperature.
you are setting the value of something else.
So we don’t have a boolean expression, you are not producing a boolean value.
Okay? So, our equality operator has two equal signs and finally we have not equal which is an exclamation followed by an equal sign.
Now here’s an exercise for you.
You have probably seen that when you fill out a form online, sometimes the input fields have validation messages, for example, let’s say we have an input field for the user to enter their name.
Now if the name is less then 3 characters wrong we want to display a validation error, like name must be at least three characters, otherwise, if the name is more then 50 characters long then we want to display a different validation error like name can be a maximum of 50 characters.
Otherwise if the name is between 3 and 50 characters then we just want to tell the user that name looks good.
So go ahead, and write a plan to implement these rules.
Alright let’s define a variable called name and set it to let’s say j.
So we’re assuming this is what the user types into an input field.
Now, we want to get the number of characters in this string.
So we use the len function, right? Len of name.
When we print this we get 1, right you have seen this before.
Now here we want to use an if statement so if len of name is less then 3, then we want to print name must be at least 3 characters now here we need a second condition to check the upper limit.
So el if len of name is greater than 50, then we want to print a different message, name, must be a maximum of 50 characters.
Okay? And otherwise if else none of these conditions are true that means the name looks good.
So, print, name looks good.
Let’s run our program.
So in this case we get this message because our name is too short.
Now if you go back here and type something really really long.
And then we run our program we’re going to see a different message name must be a maximum of 50 characters and finally if we type a proper name here like John Smith and run our program we get name looks good.
Here’s another good exercise that combines many of the materials you have learned so far, so earlier you built a program to convert someone’s weight from pounds to kilograms.
Now we want to extend this program and allow the user to enter their weight in either kilograms or pounds and then we will convert it to the other unit.
Here’s how our program is going to work.
So I enter my weight in pounds so 100 and 60 now it’s telling me if it’s in pounds or kilograms.
So here I’m adding l to lbs or k for kilograms.
And by the way, this program is not case sensitive so when I enter a capital l or lowercase l it takes it as pounds.
Now it tells me ur set it to kilos.
Let’s run this program one more time, this time I’m going to enter my weight in kilo’s, so send it to is the weight and the unit is kilograms so k, and it says you are 160 pounds.
So go ahead and spend a few minutes on this exercise, you will see my solution next.
Alright first let’s ask the user their weight.
So we use the input function, weight colon we get the return value and store it in the variable called weight.
Now the second question, so one more time we use the input function el for pounds.
Or k for kilograms.
So, let’s get that too and store it in a variable called unit now we need an if statement.
So if unit equals l then we need to convert this weight into kilograms.
However, with this implementation we are only allowing the user to enter a capitol l, if they enter a lowercase l this code is not going to work.
So this is where we use the upper method of string objects so this unit is a string because as I told you before, the input function always returns a string.
So, we can use the dot operator to access all it’s methods or functions, here we call the upper method, this will convert whatever the user enters to upper case and then we’ll convert it to a capital l.
Now, if this condition is true, then we need to get the weight and multiply it by 0,.
45 However, as you know this weight is a string object, and we cannot multiply a string by a floating point number, we talked about this earlier in this course.
So first we need to convert this weight to a numerical value.
So right here, when we call the input function, we can get the return value and pass it to the int function.
So, we call the int function and give it the return value of the input function.
Now, the in function will return an integer so we can store it in this weight variable.
So here’s the converted weight, let’s store it in a variable called converted, then we print here we can use a formatted string, so we prefix this string with f ur we add curly braces to dynamically insert the value of converted variable.
And finally we add kilo.
Otherwise, if the unit is kilograms.
We need to divide the weight by 0.
q So, weight divided by 0.
45 and just to refresh your memory, this division operator returns a floating point number but if we use double slashes we’ll get an integer.
In this case, we want to get a floating point number, finally let’s print a formatted string, ur curly braces, converted pounds.
Okay? Now let’s run this program and see what happens.
So weight is 160 and lbs in and that equals to 72 kilos, perfect, if we run it one more time, and enter 72 kilos we get 160 pounds.
In this tutorial I’m going to show you how to use y loops in python.
We use y loops to execute a block of code multiple times and there are often useful in building interactive programs and games.
In a future tutorial I’m going to show you how to build a simple game using a y loop.
So, let’s get started with the basics, we write a y statement and right after that, we type a condition followed by a colon as long as this condition is true the quote that we write in this block will be repeatedly executed.
Here is an example.
We can define a variable like i, as in short for index and set it to 1.
Now we set our condition to i less than or equal to 5, so as long as I is less then or equal to 5, we can print i, on the terminal.
And then we need to increment i, by 1.
So we set i to i plus 1.
The reason we do this is that if we don’t do this I will be 1 forever so we’ll end up with an infinite loop.
Because this condition will always be true.
One is always less then 5, so in every iteration of this loop, we increment i by 1, so at some point, i is gonna be six and then that is when this condition will be false and then we’ll jump out of this loop, okay? Now to demonstrate how everything works after this loop I’m going to add a print statement say done.
So note that these two lines are indented so they are part of the y block.
Okay, now let’s go ahead and run this program and see what happens.
So, take a look, we get the numbers 1-5 followed by done.
So heres how this program gets executed first we set i to 1 now python interpreter executes line 2, this condition is true because i is less then 5, so i is printed on the terminal and then incremented by 1.
Then the control moves back to the beginning of the y loop.
So it doesn’t go to the next statement.
So, we come back here and now we are in the second iteration.
In the second iteration i is 2, and because 2 is less then 5, our condition is still true, so i will be printed on the terminal, and once again it will be incremented by 1, so at some point i is going to be 6, and that’s when this condition will be false so our look will be terminated and this done message will be printed on the terminal.
So this is the basics of y loops.
Now let’s make this program a little bit more interesting.
Here we can write an expression like this.
We add a string, and in this string we add an asterisk and then we multiply this string by i.
So with this expression, we can repeat a string, when we multiply a string by a number, that string will be repeated.
For example, if i is two, this expression will produce a string with two asterisks.
Now let’s run the program and see what we get.
So we see this little triangle shape here.
Because in the first iteration i is 1, so, 1 times an asterisk produces 1 asterisk.
In the second iteration i is 2, so when we multiply 2 by 1 asterisks, we’ll get 2 asterisks.
In this tutorial I’m going to show you how to use a y loop to build a guessing game like this.
So we have this secret number which is currently set to 9.
Now the computer is asking me to make a guess.
So, let’s say 1 is not right because the secret number is 9, okay, try again, 2, no it’s not right, let’s try again, so I only have three chances to make a guess.
If I can’t guess the number the program tells me that I failed.
let’s run the program one more time, this time I’m going to guess the number, it’s 9, there you go, it says you in.
So let’s go ahead and build this program using a y loop.
Alright, let’s start by defining a variable to store our secret number so, we call the secret underline number and set it to 9.
Now we need a while loop to repeatedly ask a user to make a guess.
So while condition colon What is our condition here? Well we want to give our user a maximum of three guesses.
So similar to the last tutorial, we can define a variable like I, set it to 0, and assume this represents the number of guesses the user has made.
And then we write our condition as i less then 3.
Note that here I’m not using less then or equal to operator, because with this condition our loop will be executed 4 times, while i is 0, one, two, and three, so here we should use the less then operator.
Now if we give this code to someone else it’s unclear what does i represent here, it’s only in our head that i represents the number of guesses the user has made.
So as a best practice, always use meaningful and descriptive names for your variables.
So it’s better to rename this variable to guess, count.
Let me show you how to rename.
So right click on i variable, and then go to refactor and rename it.
Look at the shortcut.
On a Mac computer it’s shift and f 6.
Now in this dialogue box we can easily rename your variable and pycharm will update all the references to that variable so we don’t have to manually update each instance, okay? Let’s change this to guess_count enter, there you go, now that is better, also it’s better to store 3 in a separate variable to make our code more readable, because it’s not quite clear what does 3 represent here.
So, let’s define a variable called guess limit say to 3, and then we can change 3 to guess underline limit, now our code is more readable while guess count is less then guess limit, see it reads like a story this is how you should write code.
Okay, so while this condition is true, we want toast the user to make a guess.
So here we use our input function, guess Now whatever the user enters comes out as a string so we need to convert it to an integer.
So right here, we pass the result to the end function and then get it and store it in a separate variable called guess.
So at this point the user made a guess, now we need to increment guess count so guess count we set it to plus equal 1 or okay, now we need to check to see if the user will make the right guess.
So here we need an if statement.
If what the user guessed equals our secret number, again see our code is so readable.
It’s like a story you can read it like plain English.
So if this condition is true we want to tell the user they won.
So print you won now lets go ahead and run our program up to this point.
So okay it’s asking me to make a guess, I’m going to make the wrong guess so one it asked me again, 2 one more time, 3, okay, what is missing in this implementation is the message that tells me that I failed.
We’re going to take care of it momentarily, but let’s run the program one more time and make the right guess.
So, 9 okay it says you won, but it’s still asking me to make a guess, because our while loop is going to get executed 3 times.
Look 1 and 2.
So we need to change our program such that if the user makes the right guess, we need to terminate our while loop, we need to jump out of it.
How do we do that? So, over here if the user makes the right guess, after we print this message we can use the brick statement to terminate terminate a loop, when python interpreter sees this, it’s going to immediately terminate our loop, it’s not going to evaluate this condition again.
Now let’s run our program and see what happens.
So, I’m going to guess the right number, you won and look, you are now asked to make two more guesses, beautiful.
Now the last thing we need to add here is the message that tells the user that they failed if they could not guess the right number.
How do we do that? Well in Python our while loops can optionally have an else part.
similar to the if statements.
So earlier you learned that our if statements can optionally happen else part.
Here, so if this condition is true, do this, otherwise do something else.
In this case our if statement doesn’t have an else part.
Now, similar to the if statements Our while loops, our while statements can also have an else part.
So, right at this level we can add an else block, so else colon.
And the code that we write here will get executed if this while loop completes successfully without an immediate break.
In other words.
If the user guesses the right number, you break this loop, you jump out of it so the code that we write in the else block will not get executed.
But if the user cannot guess this number, you’re never going to break out of this loop, so this loop will be executed to completion untill this condition become false.
In that case, the code that we write in the else block will get executed, and this is the perfect opportunity for us to tell the user hey, you made three guesses but none of them were right.
So, print, sorry you failed.
Now, let’s test the program one more time.
So, guess 1, 2, 3, sorry you failed, let’s run it one more time.
This time I’m going to make a wrong guess, and then the right guess, we won and our loop terminated immediately.
Alright, now it’s time for you to practice what you have learned so far.
So once again we’re going to build a game this game is a simulation card game.
Now our game doesn’t have a graphical user interface or gooey and it doesn’t really matter for now, our focus is entirely on building the engine for this game.
So let’s see how this works.
When we run this, we get this little symbol here, and our program is waiting for us to enter a command.
If you type help either a lower case or upper case we get the list of commands that our program or our game currently supports.
So we can type the start command to start our car, we can type stop command to stop our car, and quit to terminate the game.
Any other commands that we type our program is going to tell us hey I don’t understand that.
For example, if I type asd here, it’s going to say I don’t understand that.
If you type start, we get this message, car started, ready to go, if you type stop it says car stopped, and finally if we hit quit our program terminates, this is a fantastic exercise for you to practice wha you have learned, so pause the video and spend 5-10 minutes to build this program.
Alright, we’re going to start with a while loop with a condition What is our condition here? We want to run this loop until the user types quit.
So we can define a variable or a story to command what the user enters, and then we can run this loop as long as the command does not equal to quit.
So right before the loop, we define a variable, command, and initially we set it to an empty string.
An empty string is a string that has no characters in it.
We only have the quotes.
So then we type out our condition as while command does not equal to quit then do something.
Now immediately we have a problem here because we’re assuming that the user types the command in lower case, so if they type this in upper case they our program is not going to behave properly, so to fix this problem, you need to call the lower method of the string object and then compare the results.
With this quit.
You could also call this upper and then type quit in upper case.
It’s about our personal preference in this demo I’m going to use lower case characters.
So, okay, now in this loop we need to ask the user to enter a command.
So once again we’re going to use our input function, we’re going to add a greater then symbol followed by a space, whatever the user enters, we get it and store it in our command variable.
Now apart from quit command, there are three other commands that we need to support.
Start, stop, and help.
So here we need an if statement to compare what the user enters with one of the supported commands.
So, if command.
Lower equals start then you want to print the message like the car started.
So print the car started.
Ready to go, it doesn’t matter, now the second condition.
What if its not start, maybe it’s stop? So, el if command.
Lower equals stop, there you go, then we print a different message car stopped.
Now look at our code.
We have repeated this lower lower lower multiple times.
This is bad, in programming we have a term called dry, which is short for don’t repeat yourself.
So whenever you have duplicate your code that means you’re doing something wrong.
So how can we solve this problem.
Well, instead of calling the lower method in each condition, we can call it right here when we get the input from the user, so this input function as you know returns a string, we can immediately call the lower method on this string, and with this command will always be in lowercase, so we don’t need to call this method in every condition.
Look, we remove the duplication and also our conditions are shorter and easier to read.
There is also one more place we need to modify so, it’s right here.
That is better.
Now, the third command.
We need one more el if.
If the command equals help, then, we want to show the commands that we support.
So, here we’re going to print a multi line string.
So we use triple quotes like this, and give the user a guideline like this.
So start to start the car stop to stop the car, and quit to quit.
Now finally we need an else part, so if what the user enters is none of these commands, we’re going to tell them, hey we don’t understand these, else, colon print sorry I don’t understand that.
And by the way note that here becomes I’m using double quotes, I can easily use a single quote as an apostrophe, okay? So let’s run our program up to this point and see what happens.
Alright, let’s type start car is started, beautiful, stop, car is stopped, help, we get this guideline, but there’s so much indentation before our commands, we’ll fix that in a second.
And finally let’s test the quit command, oops, our program didn’t work properly.
Here is the reason.
With these if statements, we’re comparing the command with start stop, and help.
Anything else will end up here, so that’s why our program says it doesn’t understand that.
So that’s why our program says it doesn’t understand that command.
However, after this el statement the control will be moved to the beginning of the loop.
At this point our command is quit, so our loop will complete and the program terminates.
In other words when we run this program and type quit, our program actually quits but we still see this message which shouldn’t appear here.
How can we solve this problem? Well, we can come back here and just before the else block, add another el if, something like this.
el if command equals quit then you can immediately break.
This will solve our problem, but note that we have kind of repeated this expression in two places.
The reality is that we don’t really need this condition on the top, because with these if statements well more accurately with this el if we can jump out of this loop and terminate our program.
So, we can simplify our condition to something like this.
So while true means this block of code is going to get executed repeatedly, until we explicitly break out of it, okay? Now let’s test our program one more time.
So, quit now our program terminates and we don’t see that message beautiful.
So let’s fix the last problem.
You saw that when we typed help, these guidelines appeared with so much in indentation, and here’s the reason, look, right here in our code, they are already indented.
So when we use triple quotes, what we type here will be printed exactly as is.
So, because we have an indentation here, this indentation will also be printed on the terminal.
So, let’s delete these okay, run the program one more time, type help, the indentation is gone.
Now here’s a challenge for you.
I want you to take this program to the next level.
So right now if we type start we get this message car started.
And if we type start again we get the same message.
It would be better if we got a message like car is already started so it doesn’t make sense to start a car twice.
Similarly, if we type stop it says car stopped, if we type it again we get the exact same message, it doesn’t make sense to stop the car twice.
So here’s what I need you to do if the car is stopped and the user tries to stop it again, the program should say hey, the car is already stopped, what are you doing? And similarly if the car is already started and the user tries to start it again, the program should yell at the user.
So go ahead and make the necessary changes to implement this scenario.
Alright to add this to our program, we need to know if the car is started or not.
So there is one more piece of information we need to store in the memory.
What is the kind of data we need to store here? A boolean.
Is the car started or not, it’s a matter of yes or no.
True or false.
So on the top, here we can define another variable like started and initially we set it to false.
So the car is not started, right? Now when the user types the start command, here we need to check to see if the car is already started.
If not the we’ll start it or otherwise we’ll yell at the user.
So in this block we’ll write another if statement, if it’s already started and we print car is already started.
Otherwise, so if you add an el statement here.
And at this point, you set started to true.
So we start the car and we print this message, okay? Now we need to make a similar change for the stop command.
So if the car is already stopped we need to print a different message.
If not started, so here we’re using the not operator to see if the car is stopped.
So if it’s not started that means it’s stopped, okay? So if it stopped we print car is already stopped with double p’s, otherwise so else we need to stop the car, how do we do that? We set started to false.
And then we’ll print this message.
As easy as that.
Let’s go ahead and run our program.
So, initially our car is stopped.
So I’m going to type stop, it says the car is already stopped, so lets start it, okay, now our car is started, let’s start it one more time.
The program is yelling at us.
So we can not start the car twice.
Now let’s stop it it says the car is stopped, let’s stop it one more time, we get this message again.
In this tutorial, I’m going to talk to you guys about for loops in python.
In the last tutorial, you learned about while loops you learned that we use while loops to execute a block of code multiple times.
In python we have another kind of loop, that is a for loop, and we use that and we use that to iterate over items of a collection, such as a string.
Because a string is a sequence of characters, so it looks like a collection so we can use a for loop to iterate over each character in a string and then do something with it.
Here’s an example.
We type out for then we define a variable, this is what we call a loop variable.
In each iteration, this variable will hold one item.
So, let’s call it item, in here we type out a string like Python, and then colon.
So with this for loop we can iterate over a string and in each iteration this item variable will hold one character at a time in the first iteration it will be set to p then in the second iteration it will be set to y, and in the third iteration it will be set to t and so on.
So here we are inside our for block, because of the indentation here, so whatever we type here will be executed in each iteration, for now we can simply print this item now let’s run this program and see what happens.
So you can see each character in this string is printed on a new line.
Let’s look at another example.
In Python we can define lists using square brackets, so let me remove this string from here, and define a list using square brackets, a list is simply a list of items, a list of numbers, a list of customers, a list of emails, products, blog posts, whatever.
So here we can define a list of names like Mosh, Jon, Sarah, and then go ahead and run our program so we can see in each iteration we get one name and print it on a new line.
We can also loop over a list of numbers, for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, let’s run it, again we see each number on a new line, but what if we want a list of numbers? We don’t to explicitly type out a list with let’s say 100 or 1000 numbers, we don’t want to type, 5, 6 7 all the way to 100.
That is when we use the range function.
So, let me delete this, In Python we have a built in function called range, for creating range of numbers.
So, we give it a number, let’s say 10, let’s run this program, now we can see here on the terminal we have 0 all the way to 9.
So 10 is not included.
So basically when we call the range function, this range creates an object, it’s not a list, it’s a special kind of object we can iterate over, in each iteration this object will spit out a new number.
We can also work with a range of numbers here, let’s say you want to start from 5, and go all the way to 10.
So, let’s run our program, now we have the numbers 5, 6, 7, and 9.
Also, this range function can optionally take a step, so we can pass two asa step to this function, and when we run our program, we can see our first number is 5, now we go two steps forward to get 7, once again we go to two steps forward we get 9 and that is the end of our range.
So this is the basics of using for loops in python.
Now here’s an exercise for you.
I want you to write a program to calculate the total cost of all the items in a shopping cart.
So let’s say we have a list of prices like 10, 20, and 30, I want you to use a for loop, to calculate the total cost of all the items in our imaginary shopping cart, so calculate that, and then print it on the terminal.
That’s pretty easy.
And you should do it in a couple minutes.
So as you learned we use for loops to iterate over all the items in a collection, a collection can be a string, it can be a list, it can be a range object that is returned from the range function.
Anything, any kind of object that has multiple items.
So in this example we’re going to use a for loop to iterate over the list of prices.
So for item in prices, colon, and by the way this loop variable we don’t have to call this item, can call this anything.
For example, in this case we can rename it to price.
So for price, in prices.
Now in each iteration this price will hold one value.
In the first iteration it’s going to hold 10, then it’s gooing to be 20, and then it’s going to be 30.
So we need to define another variable to calculate the total so we define that outside of our for loop, let’s call it total and initially we set it to 0.
Now in each iteration we get the current price and add it to the total so we write total equals total plus price or as you learned earlier we can use the augmented assignment operator to simplify this code.
So, after our for loop.
This total variable has a total of all the prices we can simply print it here, or we can use a formatted string, so a string prefix with f, the other label, like total, curly braces to dynamically include some value in our string, in this case our total variable.
So let’s go ahead and run this program, there you go, so the total cost of all the items in our imaginary shopping cart is 60.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about nested loops in python.
Using a nested loop basically means adding one loop inside of another loop, and with this technique we can do some amazing things for example we can easily generate a list of coordinates.
So, a acquired (?) as you know is a combination of x and y value.
Let’s say 0 and 0.
Now let’s say you wan to generate a list of coordinates like this.
So we have 0 and 0, then we’ll have 0 and 1, then 0 and 2, next we’re going to change x, so we’re going to use 1 for x, and once again we’re going to use these 3 values for the y coordinates so 1 and 0 then 1 and 1 and 1 and 2, you got the point.
We can easily generate these coordinates using nested loops.
Let me show you.
So, we start with one loop, let’s say for x in range 4.
With this loop, we can generate value for the x coordinate.
Let’s print this on the terminal, Okay, so, we get the values, 0 to 3.
Now for each x, like 0, we should generate a few y values.
So that is where we use a nested loop.
So inside of this loop we’re going to add another loop, so instead of just printing x first we want to add another loop, for y in range let’s say 3, now we can print x and y together so, print, here, we use a formatted string.
to display coordinates like this.
So we add parenthesis inside of this parenthesis first we need to add x so curly braces x then a comma followed by another set of curly braces, and y, let’s run this program and see what we get.
There you go.
So, we have these coordinates 0 and 0, 0 and 1, 0 and 2, then you have 1 and 0 1 and 1 1 and 2 and so on.
So let me explain exactly how this program gets executed.
So in the first iteration, of our outer loop, x is 0.
Now we are on line 2, here we have a new loop which we call an inner loop.
In this inner loop, in the first iteration y is going to be 0, so we print 0 and 0 on the terminal.
Now the control goes back to line 2 or our inner loop.
In this second iteration y will be set to 1, but we are still in the first iteration of our outer loop.
So x is still 0, but now y is incremented to 1.
So that is why we see 0 and 1 on the terminal.
Once again, the control goes back to line 2, we are in the third iteration of our inner loop, so this will continue until our inner loop completes.
That is when y reaches 2 because this range function generates number 0 to 3 but not including 3.
So we’ll have 0 1 and 2.
After this inner loop completes, then the control goes back to line 1, and at this point we’re going to be in the second iteration of our outer loop.
So x will be 1, then the control will be moved to line 2, or our inner loop, at this point, this range function is going to generate the numbers 0 to 3 one more time.
So this inner loop will be executed 3 times.
And then we’ll go back to our outer loop.
So this is how nested loops get executed.
Okay, here’s an exercise for you, but this one is a little bit more challenging then the exercises you have done so far.
So I really don’t expect you to do it, but if you do it, wow, I will be so proud of you, so see what I’ve done here? Using nested loops, I’ve written some code to draw this f shape, can you see that? So I let me give you a hint, first of all we have this list, called numbers, in this list we have these values, 5, 2, 5, 2, 5, 2.
These values determine the number of x’s we have in each line.
So, for example, the first item in this list, this tells us that we should have 5 x’s on the first line.
There you go, so 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, on the second line we’re going to have 2 x’s, on the third line we’re going to have 5 x’s like this.
So I’ve written code to convert a simple list of numbers into a shape like this.
Now here’s a tip for you.
Using your for loop you need to iterate over this list.
In each iteration you get one number, this determines the number of x’s to be displayed on that particular line.
So if you want to cheat, you can get this number and multiply by a string that contains x, so if you multiply x by 5, we’ll get 5 x’s, that’s not what I want you to do.
I want you to use an inner loop here to generate a string that contains 5 x’s.
So imagine in Python we cannot multiply a string by a number so to solve this problem we need a nested loop.
So go ahead and spend five minutes on this exercise.
And by the way, do your best to solve this.
It is a little bit challenging, but it’s not extremely difficult.
It just requires a little bit of focus.
You’ll see my solution next.
Alright so first we need to iterate over all the items in this list.
So for item in numbers, or, you could rename this variable to x_count.
That is the number of x’s on each line.
Okay? Now I told you that if you want to cheat you can write code like this.
Print x times x underline count.
If you run this program we get the same output.
So this is the beauty of Python, with Python we can write expressions like this, we can multiply a string by a number to repeat it.
A lot of other programming languages don’t support this feature.
But for this exercise, I wanted you to imagine that we don’t have this feature in Python so you will have to use an inner loop to solve this problem.
Here’s how it works.
In the first iteration, x count is going to be 5.
So we need to generate 5 x’s.
How can we do that? Well, let’s say we define a variable called output and initially set it to an empty string.
Now we need to add 5 x’s to this string.
So, we can use another loop for count in range, of x underline count.
So we’re using the range function to generate a sequence of numbers from 0 up to x count.
So in our first iteration x count is going to be 5, so range of 5 would generate the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4.
So this inner loop will be executed 5 times.
That is exactly what this count represents.
So now in each iteration we simply need to append an x to our output variable.
So we set output, plus, equals x, and then after this inner loop we simply print the output.
With his we’ll print 5 x’s on the first row.
Then we go to the second iteration of our outer loop.
At this point x count is going to be 2, now on line 3, we’re going to reset our output variable to an empty string.
So we start over.
Then we go to our inner loop, this loop will be executed 2 times, so we’ll append to x’s to the output variable and then print it, as simple as that.
So see, it wasn’t really that difficult, but it was slightly more difficult then the previous exercises.
So let’s run this program, there you go.
Now if you’re adventurous, I want you to modify the values that we have in our numbers list, to print and l here.
Now in this tutorial we’re going to take a closer look at lists.
So, I’m going to define a list of names, let’s send them to John Bob Mosh Sarah and Mary.
So, if you print this list here, what we see on the terminal look exactly like how we define our lists we have square brackets, and in between these square brackets we have our item our items, so we have 5 strings in this list.
So we can also access an individual element using an index just like how we can access an individual character in a string using an index.
So, here we type out square brackets, and specify an index.
The index of the first item in this list is 0.
So, let’s run this program, there you go, we get Jon now if you want to print out the third element in this list it’s index is 2, so names of 2, returns Mosh, now we can also pass a negative index here, so negative 1, refers to the last item in this list, that is Mary, let’s run the program, there you go, we see Mary, if you pass negative 2, this returns the second item from the end of the list.
So let’s run the program, there you go, we get sarah, so this is exactly like accessing individual characters in a string.
We can also use a colon to select a range of items, for example if you pass 2 colon.
This will get all items starting from the index of 2, that is Mosh here all the way to the end of the string.
So let’s run this program there you go.
We get this list with 3 items, Mosh, Sarah, and Mary.
We can also specify an end index, let’s say 4, so this will return all the items up to this index, but it doesn’t include the item at this index.
So when we run this program we only see Mosh and Sarah, the item I’ve indexed 4which is the 5th element or 5th item in this list is not returned.
So Mary is not returned.
And also here we have default values, so if you leave out the end index this expression is going to return all the items starting from the index of 2, to the end of the list or if you leave out the start index, this expression asumes 0 as the default index, so it will return all the items from the beginning to the end of the list.
And by the way, just like strings, these square brackets here, don’t modify our original list, they simply return a new list.
For example, if we pass 2 here, you can see this returns a new list with 3 items.
So if you go back here and print our original list of names right after you can see it’s not affected.
So here we want to use square brackets with a colon to select a range of items, we get a new list, and by the way we can also modify any of the elements in this list.
For example let’s say we made a mistake and the first item shouldn’t be john with an h, so we want to remove the h, that is very easy, so we access it, using an index that is names of 0, and we set it to a new value like this.
Now, let’s print our list so, you can see the first item in this list is now data.
So this is the basics of lists.
And here’s a exercise for you.
I want you to write a program to find the largest number in your list.
This is a fantastic exercise for beginners, so go ahead and spend a few minutes on this, then come back and continue watching.
Alright, let’s define a list of numbers, numbers, with a bunch of random numbers 3, 6, 2, 8, 4 and 10.
Now to find the largest number in this list.
We need to define another variable let’s call it max, this variable will hold the largest number, now initially you want to assume the first item in this list is the largest number.
So we set max to numbers of 0.
We’re only assuming that the first item is the largest number.
Chances are our assumption is wrong.
So we need to iterate over this list, we need to loop through it, get each item and compare it with max.
If it’s greater than Max, then we need to reset max to that number.
So in the first iteration we get 3, and max is also 3.
Is 3 greater than 3.
No, so we move on, we get the second number, is 6, greater than 3? It is, so we need to reset max to 6.
Once again, we continue, we get 2, these two greater than 6, no it’s not, so we move on, then we get 8, is 8 greater than 6? It is, so we should reset max to 8.
That is pretty easy.
So here we need a for loop, for number in numbers colon now we need too heck to see if this number is greater than max, so, if number is greater than max, max colon then we need to reset max, so max to this new number, that’s all we had to do.
So, let’s print max, and run our program we can see the largest number in this list is 10.
It doesn’t matter whether this number is at the end of the list or the beginning.
So if I move 10 and put it right at the beginning we should still see the same result.
Let’s run our program, we still see 10, if I put this somewhere in the middle, our program should still work.
Let’s put it right after 2.
Run the program, we still get 10.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about two dimensional lists in python.
Two dimensional lists are extremely powerfully and they have a lot if applications in data science and machine learning.
Here’s an example, In math we have a concept called matrix, which is like a rectangular array of numbers, let me show you.
So we have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
So we have a rectangular array of numbers.
You have rows, and columns.
So this is a 3 x 3 matrix in math.
Now we can model this in python using a 2 dimensional list.
A 2 dimensional list is a list where each item in that list is another list.
So, you want to define a matrix.
We set it to a list, each item in this list, is going to be another list, and that list represents the items in each row.
So, the first item in our list is going to be another list, and in this other list we’re going to have the values 1, 2, and 3.
Now the second item in our matrix list, once again, we have a list, this list represents the items in the second row.
So, 4, 5, and 6, and finally 7, 8 9.
So as you can see we have a 2 dimensional list Each item in our outer list is another list.
Okay? So, this is how we can implement a matrix in python, now to access an individual item in our matrix, once again we use square brackets, let me delete this stuff, alright, so how do we access 1 here, well, you start with our list then we add square brackets first we need to go and get the first item in this list.
Right? So we pass 0, now this expression returns another list.
That is the inner list.
In this list, let’s say you want to access the second item, so, once again we add square brackets, and we pass 1, that is the index of 2 in this list, alright.
So if we print this on the terminal we get 2.
Okay? So using 2 square brackets we can access individual items in our matrix, and also we can modify these values using this syntax, so, before printing this, let’s change this to 20, so matrix of 0, and 1, let’s change it to 20, and then print it, there you go, it’s modified, now here you can also use nested loops to iterate over all the items in this matrix.
Let me show you.
So, we start with a rows for the rows in matrix, so with this loop, we are iterating over our Matrix list, in each iteration row will contain 1 list, 1 item, okay? Now, here we need to use an inner loop.
So we need to loop over this row which is a list of items.
We can type out 4 item in row colon and print item.
Okay? So, let’s run this program, there you go, we get all the item in our list.
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In this tutorial, I’m going to talk to you guys about the list methods, or list functions.
These are the operations that we can perform in a list.
So let’s define a list of numbers, here we pass a bunch of random numbers, like 5, 2, 1, 7, and 4.
Now there are a number of things we can do with this list, we can add new items to it, we can remove existing items, we can check for the existence of an item these are the operations that we can perform on a list.
So, the we type numbers, we can see all these functions or more accurately the methods that are available in our list objects.
So we can call the append method to add a new item to this list.
Let’s say 13.
Actually, no it’s not a good number.
I’m joking I’m not superstitious, so let’s add 20, it doesn’t really matter and then print our list when we run the program we can see 20 is added at the end of this list but what if you want to add a number somewhere in the middle, or at the beginning of our list? For that we use a different method, that is called insert.
So, insert, now this method takes 2 values, let me show you.
So when we open parenthesis look at this little tool tip above the insert method.
You see the first value that we need to pass here is an index, so this is the index at which we want to insert this new item.
Let’s say we want to add an item at the beginning of our list, so we passed our index position of 0, and then the second value is the actual object we want to add to this list.
Let’s say we want to add the number 10, now when we print this list you can see that the number 10 is placed at the beginning of the list and all the other items are pushed to the right.
We can also remove an item so we call remove and pass the item that we want to remove 5.
Now we print our list so we see 5 is gone, and we have 2, 1, 7, 4.
If you want to remove all the items in the list, you can call the clear method, so, clear this method doesn’t take any values, so, we simply call it and it empties our list, all the items are removed.
We also have another useful method called hop, and with this we can remove the last item in a list.
Let me show you.
So, we run our program, you can see the number 4 is removed from the end of our list.
Now if you want to check for the existence of an item in our list, you can call the index method.
So, we call index and pass a value here, like 5 and this returns the index of the first occurrence of this item.
So let’s print this on the terminal.
We don’t need this line anymore.
So the index of 5 is 0.
What if we pass a number that doesn’t exist in this list? Let’s say 50? Run the program, we get an error.
We get a value error.
50 is not in the list.
There is also another way to check for the existence of an item, we can use the in operator.
So, let me show you we type our 15 in numbers, earlier we used the in operator with a string, we check for the existence of a character or a sequence of a character in a string, now here we’re checking for the existence of 50 in the list of numbers, so let’s print this, we get a boolean value, false, so unlike the index method, this expression, doesn’t generate an error, so it’s safer to use this.
We also have another method for counting the occurances of an item, let’s say we have another 5 over here.
Now we can call numbers.
Count and pass 5 and this should return 2 because we have 2 5s in this list.
Take a look.
There you go.
That is pretty useful now if you want to sort your lists you can call sort method.
So, we call the sort method here, this method doesn’t take any values so, look at he return value, that is none, none is an object in python that represents the absence of a value.
So this sort method doesn’t really return any values it simply sorts this list, in place, so instead of printing the return value oft his method, we simply call it to sort our list and then print our list.
Take a look.
Now, all the items are assorted in ascending order.
We can also sort the items in descending order, so after we sort the list we can call the reverse method.
We can simply reverse our list.
Now let’s go ahead and run our program, take a look.
Our numbers are sorted in descending order.
And one last method I want to show you here that is pretty useful is the copy method.
So copy, with this method you can get a copy of our list.
So let’s define another variable called numbers 2, now numbers 2, is a copy of our original list.
So if you make any changes to our original list, if you add new items to it, if you remove existing items, these operations are not going to impact our second list.
Let me show you.
So after we show you a copy of our numbers list let’s add a new item to this list, so numbers.
So the first list is updated, so now we have a new item in our first list, then lets print the second list.
Take a look, we don’t have the number 10 here, because these are 2 independent lists.
So these are all the operations that we can perform on lists.
We can add new items to a list, we can remove exxisitn items, we can check for the existence of an item, we can sort our list, and copy them.
Now here’s an exercise for this tutorial, I want you to write a program, to remove the duplicates on our list.
Again, this is a fantastic exercise.
So spend a few minutes on this and then come back and continue watching.
Alright let’s say we have a list of numbers with a bunch of duplicates.
So 2, 2, 4, 6, 6, 3, 4, 6, 1.
We want to remove the duplicates.
So we need to define another list let’s call that new list.
Initially we set it to an empty list.
Then we need to iterate over our first list, get each item, and if we don’t have that number in this unix list, then we’ll add it to this second list.
As simple as that.
So, for number in numbers, now we need to check to see if we have this number in the second list.
So we use the in operator.
If number not in units so if we don’t have an operator in this units list, then we’ll need to add it, so units.
apphend number, that’s all we have to do.
So, let’s go ahead and print the units list there you go.
So you have 2, 4, 6, 3,and 1.
The duplicates are removed.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about another important structure.
in Python called tuple.
Tuples are similar to lists so we can use them to store a list of items.
But unlike lists we can not modify them, we cannot add new items, we cannot remove existing items, we tuples are immutable.
We cannot mutate or change them.
So let me show you.
So I’m going to start by defining a list of numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, so we use square brackets to define lists and parenthesis to define tuples, so if we change this to parenthesis, 1, 2, 3.
Now we have a tuple.
So if we type numbers.
look here we don’t have the append or insert methods, so we cannot add new items to this tuple.
We also don’t have remove clear and pop, we cannot remove any of these items here.
We only have two methods, count, and index.
We use count to count the number of occurrences in an item, and index, to find the index of the first occurrence, of an item.
So we can only get information about a tuple, we can’t change it.
And by the way, these other methods that you see here, they start with two underscores, we refer to these as magic methods, they’re more of an advanced topic, so they go beyond the scope of this tutorial.
If you’re interested to learn bout them.
You can get my python course, I’ve covered them in detail.
So similar to lists you can address individual items using squre bracketts,s o we can get the first item like this and then print another terminal, there you go, the first item is 1, but if you try to change the first item we’ll get an error, so, numbers of 0, we set it to 10 and run our program there you go.
We get this type error, because the tuple object does not support item assignment.
So we cannot mutate or change tuples, they are immutable.
Now practically speaking, most of the time you’ll be using lists, but tuples are also useful.
If you want to create a list of items and make sure no where in your program you accidentally modify that list, then it’s better to use a tuple, In this tutorial I’m going to show you a powerful feature we have in python called unpacking.
So lets find a tuple called coordinates and here we pass 3 values, 1, 2, 3.
So you imagine these are the coordinates for x y and z.
Now let’s say we want to get these values and use them in a few expressions, a few complex expressions in our program.
Maybe we want to include them as part of a large complex formula.
So together we’ll have to write code like this, coordinates of 0, then let’s say we want to multiply this by coordinates of 1, and then multiply it by coordinates of 2, our code is getting a little bit too long, this is just a very simple example.
But let’s say we want to use these values in quite a few places in our program, a better approach is to get these values and store them in separate variables like we can get coordinates of 0, and store it in x, then you can get coordinates of 1 and store it in y.
And similarly we get coordinates of 2, and then store it in z.
Now we started repeating coordinates of 2 or coordinates of 0 multiple times, we can simply work with these variables, x times y times z, that is better.
Right? So nothing new so far.
But in Python we have a powerful feature called unpacking and with that we can achieve the same result with far less code.
So we can define our variables x, y, and z.
And set them to our tuple.
What we have on line 6 is exactly identical to what we have on lines 2-4.
So this is a shorthand to achieve the same result.
So let me delete this and explain how this code works.
When Python interpreter sees this statement, it will get the first item in this tuple and assign it to the variable.
Then it will get the second item in this tuple, then similarly we get the third item in this tuple and assign it to the third variable we have here, so we are unpacking this tuple into 3 variables.
Now if we print x you can see x is 1, similarly y is 2, there you go.
So this is unpacking.
And by the way this is not limited to tuples, we can use this feature for lists as well.
So, if I change parenthesis to square brackets, now coordinates is a list, so we can unpack our list into 3 variables now we run our program we can see y is 2.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you about dictionary in python.
We use dictionaries in situations where we want to store information that comes as key value pairs.
Here’s an example.
Think of a customer.
A customer has a bunch of attributes like name, email, phone number, address and so on.
Now each of these attributes has a value.
For example the name can be jon smith the email can be [email protected] gmail.
Com the phone can be whatevr so what we have ere is a bunch of key value pairs.
So in this example, our keys are name, email, and phone, and each key is associated with a value.
So this is where we use a dictionary.
With a dictionary, we can store a bunch of key value pairs.
So let me show you how to define a dictionary in python.
Back to our program, I’m going to define a variable, customer, and here we set it to curly braces.
With these curly braces we can define dictionary.
In this example we have an empty dictionary that doesn’t have any key value pairs.
Now we can add one or more key value pairs in between the braces.
So let’s add a key value pair here, I’m going to set the key to a name, and the value to John Smith, then we add a comma, to add another key value pair.
So let’s set age to 30 let’s add another key value pair is underline verified and we set this to a boolean.
Now what matters here is that these keys should be unique.
So if I add another key value pair here, set age to 40, now look pycharm has highlighted the age key, because we have duplicated that and that’s not allowed.
So each key should be unique in a dictionary, just like, the dictionaries we have in the real world, in a real dictionary we have a bunch of words and they’re definition each word is only listed once in a dictionary.
We don’t have the word book twice.
So let’s delete the second duplicate key value pair, so the keys should be unique, and in this example, I’m using strings, but they can also be numbers, we’re going to look at that later, but the value can be anything, it can be a string, a number, a boolean, a list, literally anything.
Now we can access each item in this dictionary using square brackets.
So, we type customer, square brackets and then specify key like name and this will return the value associated with the name key.
Let’s print it on the terminal, have a look, there you go, so, the name is John Smith, now what if we pass a key that doesn’t exist, lets say first date.
You run the program, you get a key error because we don’t have a key called birth date.
Also, if we spell name with let’s say a capital N, we get the same error because we don’t have a key with the exact same sequence of characters in this dictionary.
Now to get around this we can use the get method, so instead of using the square brackets we call the get method and specify the key Now if you use a key that doesn’t exist here, it doesn’t yell at us.
For example, if you pass birth date it simply returns the non value.
Earlier I told you that none is an object that represents the absence of a value.
So instead of getting a key error we get none and we can also option supply a default value, for example, if this dictionary doesn’t have this key, we can supply the default value, let’s say January 1st 1980.
Let’s run the program now instead of getting none we get this default value.
So, this is how we can access the value associated with the key in a dictionary.
We can also update these values for example before a print statement we can write code like this, customer of name, let’s update the name to jack smith, now this little warning is telling us here we can put jac smith here instead of defining it once, and then update it.
Don’t worry about them, it doesn’t really matter.
Now with this line if we print the name of this customer, we should see jack smith, let me show you.
So, I’m going to use the square bracket notation again, let’s print the name of the customer you can see that is updated here, we can also add a new key here, let’s set the birthdate to some value like january first 1980.
And then we can print it here, so as you see we can easily add new key value pairs to a dictionary.
So this is the basics of using dictionaries in python.
They’re extremely important and they have a lot of applications in the real world.
Okay, here’s an exercise for you.
So here we have this program that asks our phone number.
Let’s type 1 234.
We type it in digits and then this will translate it, to words, take a look.
Enter, it prints, 1, 2, 3, 4.
That’s a pretty cool program, so go ahead and spend a few minutes on this exercise, it’s pretty easy, I will see you next.
Alright, so first we need to get the users phone number, we call the input function with the label phone, we get the result and store it in this variable, now let’s say the user enters 123 4.
So we need to look through this string, get each character and translate it to a world, so what we need to implement this scenario.
is a dictionary, because a dictionary is a structure that allows us to a key to a value.
So we can have a dictionary with keys like 1234.
And we map each of these keys to a word.
So we cannot put digit 1 to the word 1 we can map 2 to two you get the point.
So let’s define a dictionary, you can call it digits, underline mapping now this dictionary I’m going to add a few key value pairs.
One, we map it to 1, 2, we to 2, 3, to 3, and finally, 4 to 4.
Now technically we should add all the digits from 0 to 9, but I don’t want to waste all your time typing repetitive things here, you got the point.
So lets move on, now we need to look through the phone string.
So 4 character in phone, we get each character and then use it to access a key value pair in dictionary.
So, digits underline mapping we can use square brackets or call the get method, I would prefer to use the get method, so in case the user enters some character that is not part of our dictionary, our program is not going to yell at them.
So, we call the gt method and pass this character a the key, and if we don’t have this key, we can supply a default value like exclamation mark, so with this we get a word now we need to add this word to an output string, so we can define an output string, initially we set it to an empty string, in each iteration we get this and add it to our output string.
So, we type output, plus equals.
This and we should also add a space at get.
So the words are not close to each other, okay? That’s all we have to do.
Now finally let’s print this output, run our program, so I want to type 1, 3,4, 5, lets see what we get.
We get 1, 3, 4 with an exlamantion mark.
In this tutorial I’m going to show you something really cool that you can do with dictionaries, so here in this program you can type a message like good morning followed by a smiley face, when we press enter, we get this beautiful smiley face, or we can type i am sad, with a sad smiley face and it gets translated to this beautiful emoji.
So this is another application if using dictionaries, we have a dictionary that maps these characters into smiley faces.
So lets go ahead and build this program together, we start by calling the input function, here we pass a greater than symbol as an indicator for the user to type a message, we give that message, store it here, as you know that is a string, now we need to split this string by a space, so if the user types good morning with a smiley face, we want to break this down into 3 words, good morning, and smiley face.
To do that we can call the split method.
So we call message.
Split and pass a string with one space as a separator.
What this method does is basically it goes through this string and anywhere it finds this character, in this case a space, it uses it as a boundary to separate this string into multiple words.
And then it will return a list.
Let me show you.
So let’s store that here, words, and then Then print it on the terminal, let’s go ahead and run our program.
So if you type good morning sunshine, enter, we get a list with three items each item is a string, okay? Now, back to our program, we need to define a dictionary for mapping special characters like these 2 into a smiley face, so, we can call that emojis set it to curly braces, here we add a key value pair, a smiley face, and we map that to a string, in this string we want to add an emoji, if you’re on a mac keyboard you can press control command and space and this should bring up this emoji box, if you’re on Windows honestly I really don’t know how you can do this, but there must be applications who do this for you.
So lets go ahead and pick this happy smiley face, good, now lets add another key value pair, or sad face we map this to, this face here, good.
So, we have a list of words now we need to look through this list, get each word and potentially map it to an emoji.
So we can write a for loop for word in words, now we want to go to our dictionary, and see if you have an item with this word as the key.
If you have an item with that key, we get it’s value, otherwise we want to use the same word.
So if a user types good morning, we don’t want to translate those words, we just want to return those.
So that is the case, where we use the get method to supply a default value, so we wan to get an item with a key word, and if we don’t have an item with that key, we simply use that word as the default value.
Now similar to the exercise that we did in the last tutorial we need an output variable.
So let’s define that here, output set it to an empty string, now back to line 9, we get the return value of the get method, and add it to our output variable.
So output plus equals whatever we get from the get method, and finally we need to append a space at the end.
That’s it, we’re done.
So let’s print the output and run our program and I’m going to type good morning sunshine with a smiley face, we get that beautiful, let’s try the sad face as well, I am sad.
Beautiful! So as you can see dictionaries have a lot of use cases in real applications.
Here’s a solution from the last tutorial where we created an emoji converter.
Now so far we have been writing all our code right here, in app,py, but as our programs grow we need a better way to organize our code.
We need to break up our code into smaller, more manageable and more maintainable chunks which we call functions.
So function is a container for a few lines of code that perform a specific task for example you have learned about a few of the built in functions in python like print, and input, each of these functions have a purpose, they know how to perform a specific task.
So when we build large complex programs, we should break up our code into smaller reusable chunks which we call functions to better organize our code.
And that’s what I’m going to show you in this tutorial.
So let’s write this simple program, for printing a greeting message.
So we’re going to do a print, hi there, and lets add another message welcome aboard.
So here we have a simple program with only two lines of code.
Now let’s say these two lines potentially we’re going to need them in other programs so we can put them in a function that we can reuse.
Let me show you how to do that, so, we start typing out death, that is a reserve keyword in Python, and it’s short for define.
When Python interpreter sees this it knows that we’re defining a function, next we need to give our function a name, lets say greet_user.
So all the best practices you learned about naming your variables also apply here, which means we should name our functions with lower case characters if there are multiple words, we need to separate them using an underscore and you should always, always, always use meaningful descriptive names for your functions.
So, here we define a function called greet user, after that we’ll need to add parenthesis followed by a colon.
Now you know that whenever we add a colon at the end of a line we’re telling python that we’re defining a block of code.
So when we press enter, the next line is indented.
Now any code that we write here will belong to this function.
So I’m going to move these two lines these two print statements inside of our function.
You can simply press tab to indent them, beautiful, also lets remove this extra line break, that is better, so these two lines now are part of our greet user function, so whenever we call this function, these two lines will be executed.
Okay? Now, let’s remove indentation so here we are outside of our function, let’s do a print statement and print start after that let’s call our function, so greet user.
And finally let’s do another create statement and print finish.
Now we have this little warning here, this underline, if you hover your mouse over this line, this tool was telling you that we should add two blank lines after a function definition.
This is coming from pep8 which is a document that defines the best practices for formatting our code.
We’ll look at that in the future.
So for now to make pycharm happy, lets add an extra line break to this function so whenever we define a function we need to add two lines breaks after.
Okay? so, now let’s run our program and see what happens.
Alright, so we have 4 messages on the terminal first we get the start message then we get the messages coming from our create function, so either and welcome aboard, and finally we see the finished message.
So let me explain the flow of our program when python runs this code it doesn’t actually print these two messages on the terminal because these two lines of code are inside of this function, so they would only get executed if we call this function.
If we don’t call this function, these lines don’t get executed.
Okay? So the execution of our program actually starts here, the first message that we see on the terminal is the start message.
After that, Python sees that we are calling the greet function, so it will jump over here and then execute these two lines.
Then, it will jump out of this function and continue the normal execution of our program so it will print the finish message on the terminal.
So this is how functions work.
Also note that the order of this code matters, so here we’re calling the greet function after after we have defined it.
If you try and call it before you define it you will see an error.
For example, if we call the greet user function right here, see we immediately get this red underline which says unresolved reference, greet user which basically means python doesn’t know what is this greet user, it’s not defined anywhere.
So we always define our functions first, and then call them.
Here’s a function we created in the last tutorial now I got a question for you, what is the difference between calling this functions nd the print function of python? The difference is that the print function takes some information, in this case the message that we want to print, but our greet function doesn’t take any information.
Wouldn’t it be nicer if you could pass the name of the user here and then instead of saying hi there, you could print the name of the user.
So, in this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to pass information to your functions, and that is pretty easy, so back to the definition of our greet user function, inside of these parenthesis, we can add parameters these parameters are pale holders for receiving information.
For example, you can add a name parameter, and we can pass the name of the user when calling this function.
So let’s pass Jon here, now when we call this function and pass this value this name parameter will be set to Jon.
So it will act like a local variable that we defined inside of this function.
Just imagine, we didn’t have this parameter, and instead we had a variable like name that was set to jump.
Now here we could simply print the name of this user, so we could use a formatted string, and print the value of the name variable, right? Now, we don’t really have this local variable defined in this function we have a parameter, it’s exactly the same thing.
So with these parameters we can receive information in our functions.
Now let’s go ahead and run this program, so take a look.
We get Hi John welcome aboard, we can take this to the next level.
Now we can call this function one more time.
So greet user, and this time supply a different name.
Let’s say Mary.
So we are reusing our greet function and passing it a different value.
Imagine if we didn’t have this function you would have to repeat this line twice , once for hi jon and another time for hi mary.
So this is the benefit of defining functions, we can take a few lines of code that have a specific purpose and put them inside of a function, so now let’s run our program one more time there you go.
So you get hi job, welcome aboard, then you get hi mary welcome aboard.
Now note that when a function has a parameter we are obligated to pass a value for that parameter.
So if you remove jon from here and run our program, we get this type error, greet user, missing one required positional argument.
Argument in programming is the value that we supply to a function, so back to this example, marrying this case is an argument that we pass to the name parameter.
And lot of programmers don’t know the difference between parameters and arguments and think they are the same.
But they are not, parameters are the holes or placeholders that we define in our function for receiving information, arguments are the actual pieces of information that we supply to these functions.
Okay? So, let’s bring back this jon string, now we can also define multiple parameters, for example, let’s rename this parameter to first name as I told you before, you can right click here, go to refactor and then rename, or preferably you can use a short cut.
So the shortcut for this on Mac is shift and f6.
And this brings up the renamed dial up box, here we can change this to first underline name.
Now we can add a second parameter so comma followed by last underline name so back to our formatted string, let’s also print the last name, beautiful, so here when calling this function, then we can supply another argument so jon smith and lets delete this line we don’t really need it anymore run our program, take a look, hi jon smith, so in the last tutorial you learned that whenever we define parameters for our functions we should always supply values otherwise we’ll get an error.
Let’s look at that error one more time.
So In going to delete this second argument and only pass jon.
Run our program, we get this message, greet user missing one required, position argument.
So these arguments that you have here like jon and smith you refer to these as positional arguments.
Which means their position or argument matters.
In other words, the first argument we add here is the value or the first parameter and the second argument is the value for the second parameter.
So if you change their position or order, we’ll get different results.
Let’s take a look.
Let’s pass smith first and then jon.
Okay, good, delete, now let’s go with this, so instead of getting Hi Jon Smith, we get hi smith jon.
So that is the reason we refer to these arguments as positional arguments, they’re positioned or order matters.
But in python we also have keyword arguments, and with those the position doesn’t matter.
Let me show you how they work.
So, let’s say here you want to pass Jon as the value for the first name parameter.
We can simply specify that here.
So first name equals jon.
Now what we have here is a keyword argument.
the key word argument.
So this combination of having the parameter name, followed by it’s value is what we call a keyword argument, and what we get with this keyword argument the position doesn’t really matter.
So here we’re supplying Jon as an argument fort he first parameter.
Now similarly, we can use a keyword argument for smith, so last name equals smith, so that we have 2 keyword arguments.
So with these keyword arguments we don’t have to worry about the order of the parameters.
Now that doesn’t mean we should always use keyword arguments.
Most of the time we use positional arguments, but in certain situations these keyword arguments helming us improve the readability of our code.
So on line 7 it’s quite clear that we are supplying smith as the last name and jon as the first name.
Now in this particular example, even if we didn’t have the keyword arguments, just passing two positional arguments like jon and smith, would be sufficient, because it’s easy to guess what is the purpose of these arguments.
But sometimes you’re dealing with functions and you’re passing numerical values to them, in those situations it may not be quite clear what those values represent.
Let me show you an example.
Let’s say we have a function for calculating the total cost of an order, so we still call that calculate, underline cost, so when calling this function, you need to supply three pieces of information.
One is the total cost of all the order items lets say 50 dollars.
The other is the shipping cost, let’s say 5 dollars, and the last piece is discount, let’s say 0,.
Someone reading this code, may not be sure what these three values represent, in this case, we can improve the readability of this code, by using keyword arguments.
So we can prefix each value with the name of parameter they target, for example, we can set total to 50 and then shipping to 5, and then discount to 0.
Now if you give this code to someone else, they can immediately tell what these values represent.
So that is the power of keyword arguments.
So here’s what I want you to take away.
For the most part, use positional arguments, but if you’re dealing with functions that take numerical values, see if you can improve the readability of your code by using keyword arguments.
You simply prefix the arguments that you pass with the name of their parameters and this will increase the readability of your code.
Now there is one more thing you need to know about keyword arguments.
These keyword arguments should always come after positional arguments.
Let me show you what I mean.
So, back to our simple greet user function, let’s use a keyword argument for the first thing.
So, let’s set first name to jon and see what happens.
So we immediately get this error and positional argument after keyword argument.
So when calling this function we’re supplying one keyword argument and one positional argument, and python doesn’t like this.
So, if you’re mixing positional and keyword arguments, you should always use and then the keyword arguments.
In other words, lets remove this keyword argument here, so jon is now a positional argument, is targeting the first parameter.
Now after this positional argument we can supply any number of keyword arguments, so if you set last name to smith look, python doesn’t have any problem with this because we are adding a keyword argument after a positional argument.
So let’s quickly recap, for the most part use positional arguments if you’re dealing with functions that take multiple numerical values and it’s not quite clear what those values represent, use keyword arguments to improve the readability of your code, and finally if your passing both positional and keyword arguments, use the keyword arguments after the positional arguments.
So far you have learned how to create functions and send them information using their parameters in this tutorial I’m going to show you how to create functions that return values, this is particularly useful if you’re doing some kind of calculation your function and you want to return the result to whoever is using your function.
let me show you.
So let’s start by defining a function, called square, this function simply calculates the square of a number.
So we need to add one parameter here, that is is our number, now here we want to calculate number times number, that is the square of a number.
Now to return this color outside of this function we simply use the return statement.
Now, our square function is very simple, it only had one line of code.
But in a real program, you might have a function that has ten lines of code to calculate something.
So, this return statement is very valuable.
So now we can return values to the caller of our function.
So, with this, when we call the square function, let’s say we give it 3, now this function returns a value, just like an input function of python, this input function waits for the user to type something and press enter and then it will return the user’s input as a string so we can get it and store it in a variable like this, right? We have the same story with our story, with our square function.
So our square function returns the value we can simply get it and store it in a variable.
Let’s call that result.
Now, we can print result on the terminal, there you go, so result is 9, we could also pass this function called directly inside of the print function without defining a separate variable.
Sometimes this is useful for writing shorter code, so in this case.
So, in this case, we don’t really need this result variable.
We simply want to print the square of 3.
So, we could simply pass this function call right here, as an argument for the print function.
So let’s delete this variable now our code is shorter so with this we’re calling the square function, this returns a value and we’ll pass that value as an argument to the print function.
Okay? When we run this program, we get the exact same result.
There you go.
Now what happens if we don’t use a return statement in our function.
So in the last example we simply used a print statement.
Let’s temporarily remove this return statement and print the result on the terminal.
So let’s run our program one more time and see what we get.
We see two things, the number 9, and none.
What is happening here? Well when Python interpreter executes this code, first it will call the square function.
So the control moves to the square function here we calculate the square of this given number and then print it on the terminal.
That is the reason we see 9 right here, now, by default, all functions return the value none.
So if we don’t have a return statement here, by default python returns none.
So, in this example, we didn’t have a return statement, and by default python returned none from this function.
So, after this square function is executed, the value none is returned and passed as an argument to the print function, that is the reason we see none on the second line.
So here are the two things you need to take away from this tutorial.
By default all functions in Python return none.
You can change that, so if you have a function that calculates something, you can return the result using the return statement.
Here’s the code for our emoji converter program that we wrote earlier.
If you missed that tutorial, make sure to go back and watch it, as I told you before, there is a table of content right below this video in the description.
So we can simply click on the emoji converter tutorial to watch it.
Now, your exercise is to reorganize this code using a function.
So I want you to extract a function in this code, because this algorithm for converting these smiley faces into emoji’s is something that we probably want to use in a couple different applications.
We can use it in a chat application in an email application and so on.
We don’t want to write all this code every time we want to convert these characters into smiley faces.
So, out of all these lines of code that we have from line 1 to line 10, the lines 10-2 belong to our algorithm, all these lines together implement this feature.
So, you should put these lines in a separate function, Now, why don’t we have the input in this function? Because the input will can come in different forms, currently we’re using the import function to receive the input from the terminal, but in other applications we might receive the input from a graphical user interface, so the input can come in different forms.
We don’t want to put that in our function, because this line will not be reuseable.
You want to give our function the actual message, as a string.
We don’t care how we got that message.
In one program you might get it from the terminal, in another program you might get it from a graphical user interface.
So that is the reason this line up code should not be in that function.
By the same function, you shouldn’t include the last line in that function because what we do with the output is different from one program to another.
In this program, we are printing the output in another program, you might send an output as an email, or as a response in a chat application, so as a general rule of thumb you’re function should not worry about receiving input and printing it.
These lines of code should not belong to your functions.
So go ahead and reorganize this code by extracting a function.
Alright, on the top, first we need to define our function.
So first we type def, give our function a name like emoji_ converter, so the name of this function clearly tells me what it does.
Each function should be responsible for one and only one task, and that task should be clearly explained in the name of the function.
So, our emoji converter function should take a parameter, we call that message, that is a string, right? Colon now we need to move the lines 5 all the way to the end of our for block into the function, so let’s select all these lines, you can cut them from here, by pressing command and x on Mac, or control and x on Windows, then we paste it here, as you can see these lines are automatically indented so, they are part of the emoji converter function, if this didn’t happen on your computer, make sure to select these lines and use the tab to indent them.
Alright, so here’s our emoji converter function beautiful.
Now after that in the main flow of our program, first we get the input from the user we store it in this variable message and then we call emoji converter and pass this message, this function should return a value, that is what we use to calculate the end of this function, so right after this for block we need to add a return statement, return output, now that our function returns a value, we can get it and store it in a separate variable, let’s call that result and then we can simply print that here, or we can make this code shorter, we don’t really need this code here so we can simply call the emoji converter, and print the result.
Now here we have an underline because as I told you before we need to blank lines after our function definitions.
So currently we have only one blank line we need to add another black line, good, let’s go ahead, and run this program, and make sure everything works as before so I’m going to type a message like good morning with a smiley face good, let’s run it one more time, times that, to add okay beautiful, so, here’s the final result, we defined this function called emoji converter, this function takes a parameter called message.
And finally returns the output.
In this tutorial I’m going to teach you how to handle errors in your python programs, so let’s start by writing a small program to get the user age from the terminal.
So we call the input variable input, and a label here, like age, this returns a string, so we need to pass it to the end funciton and store the result in a variable called age, now let’s print age to make sure you have implemented everything properly we run our program, we type 20, 20 is printed here, beautiful, now look at the exit code of this program, exit code 0 means our program terminated successfully, there were no errors, but what if we run this program one more time and instead of entering a numerical value, we enter something like asd.
We get a value error with his message invalid literal for int with base 10.
Basically what this message is telling us is that this string asd does not contain a valid home number that can be converted to an integer.
Now look at the exit code of this program, exit code 1 means our exit code crashed, so 0 always means success and anything but 0 means crash now as a good python programmer you should anticipate this situation.
You don’t want to let your entire program crash just because the user entered an invalid value.
So instead of letting the program crash you should handle the situation and print a proper error message, and that’s what I’m going to show you in this tutorial, now before we get any further look at the type of error we get here, value error, so remember this, we’re going to get back to this shortly now how can we handle these errors, in python we have a construct called try accept we use that to handle errors.
Let me show you how it works.
So on the top we type try: now as you know we are defining a code block so, I’m going to move these two lines, inside of our try block so press tab here.
And remove this black line, now these two lines are part of our try block, right? So after try we type accept, and then we add the type of the error that our program may encounter, that is value error okay? Then, we add a colon and in this block we can define what should happen if our program encounters an error of type value error.
In this case we want to print a proper error message, so print, invalid value.
So with this try and accept we are telling python hey, go ahead and try running one or these two lines of code, if you encounter, an error of type.
Value error then instead of crashing the program, try this error message on the terminal so this is how this works.
Now more accurately in programming we reefer to this kind of error as an exception.
So an exception is a kind of error that crashes our program.
So our user enters an invalid value, this line of code in line 2 will raise an exception, and on line 4 will catch it and print this error message, so our program will no longer crash.
Let me show you.
So let’s go ahead and run this age 20, everything works just like before and the exit code is 0, let’s rerun this program, and enter asd, so we get this proper error message invalid error menu and once again the exit code is 0, so that means our program completed successfully.
Didn’t crash, now, we can also handle different kinds of errors or exceptions, for example right when we get the age let’s define a variable income and set it to 20,000.
And then define another variable called risk and set it to income divided by age.
Let’s run this program and enter 0 as the game to see what happened.
So 0 is obviously a numerical value so when we enter this value, technically we shouldn’t get any exceptions.
Take a look.
Our program crashed, we did a 0 division error, because we cannot divide a number by 0.
Once again look at the exit code, so we couldn’t catch this kind of error or this kind of exception with this accept block.
Accept block is only cashing exceptions of type value error.
And this happens when we try to convert a nonnumerical value, to an integer.
So in a situation like this.
We should handle different kinds of exceptions, we can add another except statement for an exception of type 0 division error.
Now in this block we can print a different kind of message, like age cannot be 0.
Let’s run our program one more time.
Now, I’m going to enter 0 as the age so we get this error message age cannot be 0 and look at the exit code.
It’s 0, so our program didn’t crash, so to recap, we `used try accept blocks to handle exceptions that are raised in our programs, as a good programmer you should always anticipate these kind of exceptions and handle them properly.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about comments in python.
We use comments to add notes or comments to our programs.
For example, here I’m going to make a print statement, sky is blue.
Now, before that, I can add a comment using a hi sign and then whatever we type here is going to get ignored it’s not going to get executed.
Let me show you so let’s run this program, look we only see this message.
Sky is blue.
So with this comment we can explain something about our code, we can use it as reminders to fix things or clear things up, or we can use it to communicate things with other developers reading our code, why we have written this code in a certain way.
These are good use cases for using comments, we can also have comments over multiple lines, so we can simply add more comments, each line should start with a new hi sign.
Now one thing you need to avoid when using comments is explaining what the code does.
So here’s an example of a bad comment.
Let me just delete these two lines, and with this comment I’m going to say print sky is blue.
Why is this a bad comment, because it’s telling me the obvious, it’s telling me this slide is going to print sky is blue.
Now the problem with this comment is that apart from being verbose and repetitive, if you come here, and change sky to ocean, now this comment gets outdated.
So overtime we change this code, then we have to come back and modify the corresponding comment.
So I’ve seen some developers add comments in front of their functions, for example, they define a function let’s say a square that takes a number and simply returns number times number.
But it is obvious that this function calculates and returns the square of the given number.
So there is really no need to add a comment and explain that.
Calculates and returns the square of a number.
This is very repetitive and it creates noiser code.
Someone else reading your code they get distracted with all these unnecessary comments, so use comments to explain whys and hows.
Not why’s if you have made certain assumptions, we can use comments to explain those assumptions.
Or we can use them to add notes to remind yourself or other developers to do something in the code.
So comments are good, but too much of a good thing is a bad thing.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about classes in python.
Classes are extremely important in programming and they’re not specific to python, in fact, a lot of other programming languages do support the notion of classes.
We use classes to define new types.
For example, so far you have learned about the basic types in Python like numbers, strings, and booleans, these are the basic or simple types in python, you also learn about a couple of complex types like lists and dictionaries.
While these types are extremely useful, they cannot always be used to model complex concepts, for example, think about the concept of a point, or a shopping cart.
A shopping cart is not a boolean, it’s not a list, it’s not a dictionary, it’s a different kind of thing.
So we can use classes to define new types to model real concepts.
Now in this new model I’m going to show you how to define a new type called point, and this new type is going to have methods for working with points.
For example, back to our main program.
Let’s create a list, numbers, 1, 2, 3, you know that here, when we type that dot, functions or methods available in list objects, now similar to this, we’re going to create a new type called point, this point is going to have metas like move, draw, get, distance from another point, these are the operations that we can perform on points.
So let me show you how to do this.
We start by defining a class by using the class keyword, and right after that we give our class a name.
Now look at the naming convention I’ve used here.
I’ve capitalized the first letter here, this is what we call a pascal naming convention.
So the naming convention we used for naming our classes is different from the convention we use for naming our variables and functions.
For variables and functions we always use lower case letters and we separate multiple words using an underscore.
But when naming classes, we don’t use an underscore to separate multiple words, instead we capitalize the first letter of every word.
So in this case our class has only a single word, if you had multiple words, let’s say email client look I’ve capitalized the first letter of every word.
Once again, this is called pascal naming convention and it comes from the old pascal language that you might have heard of.
So, back to our point class.
Here we add a colon which means we’re going to define a block, now in this block we can define all the functions or methods that belong to points, for example, we can define a function called move for moving a port, now note that as soon as we type open parenthesis, pycharm automatically adds self here, this is a special keyword and we’re going to get back to this shortly.
So, for now, in this method, let’s print move on the terminal, now let’s define another method like draw, so define draw and in this method, let’s print draw on the terminal, now let’s remove the indentation, we’re done with the definition of our point class, so we need to add two line breaks okay, so with this class we defined a new type with this new type we can create new objects, so an object is an instance of a class, a class simply defines the blueprint or the template for creating objects, and objects are the actual instances based on that blue print.
So we can have tens of hundreds of points on the screen, these are the objects or the instances.
So to create an object, we type out the name of our class and then call it like a function this creates a new object and then returns it.
So then we can store that object in a variable, let’s call that point 1, there you go, now when we use the dot operator.
Look, we have these two methods that we defined, draw and move, we also have a bunch of other methods that we start with two underscores, these are called magic methods we’ll look at them later in the course.
Now, let’s call the draw method of our point object, and run our program so you can see draw is printed on the terminal.
Now apart from methods these objects can also have attributes and these attributes are like variables that belong to a particular object.
For example, here, after we’ve defined.
We can set.
X to 10.
1 to 20.
Now we can easily print out these attributes, let’s print.
X and run our program one more time take a look, so the x coordinate of.
1 is 10.
Now we can create another object, let’s call that.
2 once again we type out the name of our class and then call it like a function.
Now this object is completely different then the first object.
So if you print.
X look we get this attribute error, because this point object doesn’t have an attribute called, so each object is a different instance of our points class.
Now here we can assign a value to.
Let’s send that to 1, and then run our program so we can see the x coordinates of.
2 is 1.
So to recap we use classes to define new types, these types can have methods that we define in the body of the class and they can also have attributes that we can set anywhere in our programs.
You have learned how to create new types using classes now therein a tiny problem in this implementation.
We can create a pooint object without an x or y coordinate let me show you.
So point we create this object here, and before we set point.
X let’s print point.
X run our program we get this attribute error which you saw in the last tutorial, so point object has no attribute called x This is the problem we have here, it is possible, to have a point object without an x or y coordinates.
And that doesn’t really make sense, because whenever we talk about a point, we ned to know where that point is located.
To solve this problem, we use a constructor.
A constructor is a function that gets called at the time of creating an object.
So here on line 9, when creating this point object, we want to pass values for x or y coordinates, let’s say 10 and 20, and with this, this point object that we get here, will have it’s x and y coordinates initialized.
So how do we do this? We need to add a special method in this class called constructor.
So, on the top, I define a new function, look at the name of this function, double underscore init, double under score.
So init is short for initialized, and this is the function or the method that gets called when we create a new point object.
Now, press enter, so this automatically adds, self in parenthesis, we’re going to come back to this shortly.
Now, right after self, we want to add 2 extra parameters, x and y, so let’s type out x and y, and then in the body of this method, we should read the values past here, and use them to initialize our object, so when we pass 10 and 20, these arguments will be used for x and y parameters.
Now to initialize our object, we type our code like this.
X equals x.
And then self.
Y equals y.
What is going on here, this self that you see here is a reference to the current object.
So, back to line 13, when we create a new point object, self references that object in memory, the same object, that we’re referencing using this cariable.
So earlier we typed point.
X equals 10, with this code we set the x attribute of this point object.
Now what we have in the constructor is exactly the same, we use the self to reference the current object and then we set the x attribute to the x argument passed to this function.
So, using this init method, we can initialize our objects and we refer to this method as a constructor, this method is used to construct or create an object, okay? so, Now, let’s remove line 14, so we created point object with these values and then print point.
X let’s run our program there you go, x is 10, we can also change these values later, so just before printing point.
X we can set point.
X to 11 and then run our program so x is updated, beautiful, alright, here’s a exercise for you.
I want you to define a new type called person these person objects should have a name attribute as well as a talk method.
This is a very easy exercise so, you can tackle it in probably a couple of minutes.
Alright, so first we start with a class keyboard, we define this person class once again look at the naming convention I have used here, the first letter of the first word in this case the only word is uppercase.
Now, in this class we define all the methods we need, currently we only have method that is the talk method, so define talk, pycharm automatically adds self, we come back to this shortly, for now let’s just print talk.
So this is the body of our person class.
We remove the indentation and add two line breaks after defining our classes.
Now we can create the personal object, let’s call that jon, we set it to person, we can call jon.
talk, let’s run the program so we get this message, beautiful, but our person objects should also have a name attribute, it doesn’t make sense to have a person without the name.
So that is when we use the constructor function.
So on the top, we add a new method, at the name of this method is double underscore, init double underscore.
So we call this method a constructor.
Now in this method we need to add another parameter which is name, so we simply set self.
Name to name.
Once again, self references the current object, we’re setting the name attribute of the current object, to the name argument passed to this method.
With this we can go back to line 9, and when creating a person object we pass the name, let’s see jon smith now let’s print jon.
Name and run our program there you go.
So jon Smith is printed on the terminal, beautiful, so this is all you had to do as part of this exercise.
But let’s make this program a little more interesting.
Instead of printing this boring message here, let’s print hi, I am Jon Smith.
So, we can use a formatted string with a message like Hi, I am, now we want to dynamically add the name of this person.
How do we do this? Well, look at the parameter of this talk method.
As I told you before, every method in our class should have this parameter, self.
And they should be the very first parameter of each method, okay? So, with this self we can get reference to the current object, so we can add curly braces and type out self.
Thsi returns the name attribute of the current person object.
With this we can remove line 10, where we print jon.
Name and simply call jon.
Lets run our program.
Hi, I am Jon Smith.
There we go, beautiful.
Now we can build another person object, let’s say Bob, is a new person called Bob Smith, when we say Bob.
And run our program we get a different message, hi I’m Bob Smith, so each object is a different instance of a person class.
In this tutorial Im going to talk to you about inheritance in Python, inheritance is a mechanism for using code and once again it’s no limited to python, most languages that support classes also support inherence.
So let ms how you how this works.
Let’s say we have this dog class with a simple walk method, in this method we’re simply printing the walk message on the terminal, now let’s say in real program, instead of just one line of code here we’re going to have 10 lines of code.
Now, what if in the future we want to define a another class let’s say cat and we want to add this walk method there as well.
Sow e’ll have to repeat all that code, in this new class, walk.
This is bad.
because you have repeated or duplicated our code.
In programming we have a principle called dry which is short for don’t repeat yourself.
Let’s say sometime in the future, we discover a problem with our walk method.
If you have repeated or duplicated this method in many other places, then we’ll have to come back and fix that problem in every single place we have duplicated this code.
So that’s why in programming we should not define something twice.
So how can we solve this problem.
There are different approaches, one approach that is easier to understand for beginners is inherence Now here’s how it works.
We define a new class called maml and move the walk method right there.
Then we’ll have the dog and cat classes inherit that method from their parent just like how humans inherit certain attributes or behaviors form their parents.
That’ exactly the same, so on the top, we define a new class, let’s call it mammal then we need to move the walk method there.
So, we select it, cut it, using command and x on Mac, or control x on Windows and then paste it here, beautiful, now we want our dog class to inherit this class from the mammal class so right after the class name we add parenthesis and then type out the name of the parent class.
In this case, mammal.
That’s all we have to do.
So with his the dog class will inherit all he methods defined in the mammal class.
Now there is a tiny problem here, if you look at line 9, there is a red underline here.
The reason this is happening is because python doesn’t like an empty class, so right now our dog class is empty, it doesn’t have anything, we either need to add methods specific to dogs or just to make Python happy, we can use the path statement, and that basically means nothing.
We’re telling python interpreter, hey, pass this line, don’t worry about it.
But with this, we don’t have an empty class, okay? Now as I told you before after each class I should have two line breaks so right now we only have one line break and that is the reason we have this little warning here, so let’s add another black line, beautiful, so our dog class is inheriting the walk method from the mammal, you need to apply the same change to the cat class.
So we’ll have cat inherit from mammal, and then, use the path statement here.
With these changes, now we can create either a dog or cat object, let’s say dog, one, we set it to a dog object, and when we type dot look we have the walk method that is defined in the mamall class.
We can easily call it, let’s run our program there you go, you see the walk message, so both the dog and cat classes are inheriting all the classes methods defined in their parent class.
Now here we can add methods specific to dogs, for example, we can define a method called bark, and then print bark.
Now, we don’t need the path statement because we already defined one method in our dog class.
So now when we type out dog1.
look we have two methods one is the walk method that we inherited and the bark method that we just defined in the dog class.
Similarly, we can add a method specific to a cat, for example, we can define a method called be annoying, I hate cats, so let’s print annoying , now when we create the cat object, let’s remove that, cat1 and type out cat1.
you have these two methods dog and be annoying.
So these are the basics of inheritance in python Now there is more to this that really goes beyond the scope of this beginners tutorial.
If you’re interested to learn more about inheritance and other mechanisms for reusing code, I encourage you to get my complete Python course.
In this tutorial, I’m going to talk to you about modules in python.
A module in python is basically a file with some python code.
And we use modules to organize our code into files.
Just like sections in a super market.
When you go to a super market there are different sections for fruits, vegetables, cleaning products, and so on.
We don’t have one section with all the products in the super market.
We have the same concept in programming.
So instead of writing all our code, instead of writing all the functions and classes in app.
Py we want to break up our code into multiple files.
We refer to each file as a module.
With this, not only is our code better organized and structured, but we’ll also have the ability to reuse our code.
For example, over here in app.
Py, I’ve defined two functions for converting weight from pounds to kilograms and vice versa.
Now we can take these two functions and put them in a separate module called converters, and then we can import that module into any program that needs these converter functions.
Let me show you how to do this.
So, let’s open up our project panel and right click the project, go to new, and add the new file, we’re going to call this file, converters.
Then, we go back to app.
Py select all this code, cut it and then paste it into our new module.
With this we have cleaned up our app module it’s not bloated with different functions, so as we write more functions with classes, we put them in their corresponding modules, a module should contain all the related functions and classes, okay? Now you want to import the converters module into our app module, and that is really easy, on the top we write import converters without extension, so we don’t add.
Py we only type out the name of the file.
Let me close that project panel.
Now, this converter is an object so we can use the dot operator to access it’s members.
So currently we have defined these two functions inside of our module, kilogram to pound, and pounds to kilograms.
So we can easily call one of these functions let’s pass 70 kilos get the result and print it out.
Run our program, so, that is under 55 pounds.
Now there is also another syntax for importing modules, let me show you, so instead of importing the entire module we can import specific functions from that module.
Here’s how it works.
We type out from then we add the name of our module, so converters import, now here if you press control and space we can see the list of all the functions defined in this module.
So here we can grab one of these functions let’s say kilogram to pound, and with this we can directly call this function just like the function defined in this file.
Compare what we have on line 4 to what we have on line 6.
On line 6 we’ll have to prefix this function with the name of an object converters.
So we have to type converters.
and then we’ll be able to access this function.
When we import a specific function from our module, then we can easily call that function without prefixing it with the module name.
So here’s what you need to take away.
We use modules to better organize our code.
Instead of writing all the code, instead of writing all the functions in one file, you break up our code across multiple files.
Each file is called a module and it should contain all the related functions and classes then we can import a module into another module, in this case, we are importing the converters module into our app module.
And as you saw, there are two ways to import this module, we can import the entire module, and then we’ll get an object with the same name as the module so we can type converters.
and then we’ll be able to access all the functions and classes defined in this module.
The other appraoch is to impot a specific function or class from a module using the from import statement.
Now here is your exercise.
Earlier in the course you had an exercise for finding the largest number in the list.
So here on the top we have a list of numbers, initially we set max to the first number in this list then, we look through this list, get each number, if the current number is grater than max, then we reset max.
And finally when we are done with our loop we print max on the terminal.
Now here’s what I want you to do.
This code currently has no organization.
We don’t have any functions, we don’t have any modules, we wrote all the code in app.
Py, that is okay for small programs, but as your programs grow, you need to properly organize your code into classes and modules.
So, as part of this exercise, I want you to write a function, call it find max.
This function should take a list, and return the largest number in that list.
Now after you do this, go ahead and put this function in a separate module.
So extract it from here, and put it in a module, called utils.
So in this module we’re going to have a bunch of utility functions, oaky? Then import the utility module into the current module and call this function.
Finally, get the result and print it on the terminal, this is a fantastic exercise to teach you how to properly organize your code.
So, go ahead and spend a couple minutes on this exercise.
So the first step is to define a function called find max.
So on the top, I’m going to define function, find max this function should take a list of numbers, so we add a parameter called numbers.
Now inside of this function you want to have these few lines, this is the algorithm for finding the largest number in a list, we don’t want to bring the first line, because this is where we create a list.
So somewhere in our program we’re going to create this list, and tehen pass it as an argument to pass max function.
Okay? So, let’s go ahead and grab these few lines, cut them, and put them inside of find max function.
Alright, so we find the largest number in this list, finally we need to return it, so, return max.
So here’s our function.
Now we need to move this into a separate module.
So let’s go to the panel right click the project and add a new file, we can also add a new python file that’s the same, let’s call that utils so if you add a new python file pycharm automatically adds.
Py extension, but if you go to new file we’ll have to explicitly type out.
So make sure to get the extension right.
Now, back to app.
Py, let’s cut this code and paste it into this new module, okay beautiful.
Now I’m going o go back to app.
Py and import our new module.
We can either import the entire module, so import utils and then access individual functions so we can call utils.
Find max or we can explicitly import this function from the utils module.
It doesn’t really make a difference.
So, we could type from utils import find max.
And then we don’t need to prefix this with the name of it’s object, so we simply call find max.
Now we need to call this after we initialize our list.
So first we need to define the list of numbers.
Then, we pass that list as an argument to find max we get the result which is max and finally we print it on the terminal.
let’s go ahead and run our program, so the largest number is 10, beautiful, now one last thing before we finish this tutorial, here we have this little warning under max and the tool tip says shadows built in name max.
The reason we see this is because we actually have a function called max.
And it does the exact same job as our find max function.
So this is actually built into python.
But I ask you to do it as an exercise because it’s a great exercise for beginners.
Now, back to the warning, this warning is basically telling us that we are overwriting the built in max function in python so we are changing the meaning of this function, and this is considered a bad practice, let me show you what I mean.
So let’s comment out what we have on line 4, by putting a hash sign here, we can also use, a short cut command and slash on Mac, or control on slash on Windows.
So now this line is commented out.
Look at the color of max here, it’s purple, it’s the same color as print.
And this is the color used to identify the built in functions.
So now we can call this function and give it a list of numbers run our program we get the same exact result however, if we bring this line back, once again we can use the same shortcut that is command and slash on Mac or control slash on Windows.
Now, we are redefining max, so up to this line, max used to be a function, but after line 4 is executed max is set to an integer, that is the largest number in this list.
So, we’ll no longer be able to call it on line 5, let’s run our program and see what happens.
So there you go, we get this type error, int object is not callable, because max is now an integer, it’s not a function, so we cannot call it.
So to solve this problem, we can rename this variable to something else.
So right click here.
Go to refactor and rename, and rename this to maximum.
So you can see the warning is gone.
As you can see we have the same warning in our utils module.
So here we’re redefining max and as I told you before this is a bad practice.
We’re changing the meaning of built in functions in python.
So, let’s rename these as well, I’m going to use the short cut that is shift and f6 there you go and here we can change this to maximum.
In this tutorial we’re going to talk about packages in python, packages are basically another way to organize our code, so currently we have only 3 files for modules in our project but a real project can contain hundreds or even thousands of modules.
We don’t want to add all those modules here, because over time this directory will get bloated with so many files, so a better approach is to organize related modules, inside of a package, so a package is a container for multiple modules In file system terms a package is a directory or folder.
So in our project we can add a new directory and in that directory we can add all the directed modules, as a metaphor think of a mall.
When you go to a mall or a shopping center there are different sections for mens women and kids clothing, so that is ilke a package, now when you go to the mens section, there are different areas fior different kinds of products, we have a section for shoes, t shirts, jackets, and so on, so each of these is like a module, so, in this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to create and use packages in Python, here in our project panel, right click the panel and add a new directory.
Let’s call this directory e commerce.
So we’re going to create a package called e-commerce and in this package we’re going to have all the modules related for an ecommerce application.
For example, we can have modules for sales, shipping, customer service and so on.
So let’s go ahead Now here we have an empty directory, in order to convert this to a package we need to add a special file in it.
So, right click this directory and add a new python file, call that file double underscore in it, double underscore this is a special convention in Python.
When Python interpreter sees a file with this name and name in a directory, it treats this directory as a package, we also have a shortcut for that in pycharm so let me delete this directory and start again.
So delete, once again right click the project, and go to new but instead of creating a new directory we can create a new python package, let’s call our package ecommerce as you can see pycharm automatically creates this file for us so we don’t have to manually create it.
Okay? Now, in this package, let’s add a new module, so a new python file, let’s call it shipping okay? Now in this module we want to have a function for calculating the shipping costs.
So define calculate, underline, shipping.
Now don’t worry about parameters or implementation, we simply print calculate underline shipping.
Now lets say you want to import this shipping module into our app module, with this new structure this shipping module is now part of the ecommerce package, so we cannot import a direct you have to start from the ecommerce package.
So, bak to app,py once again there are two ways to import this module.
We can import the entire module or we can import one of it’s functions or classes.
So let me show you both approaches.
First, we’re going to import the entire module.
Now what is the name of our package? it is ecommerce, right? So ecommerce.
So instead of typing import shipping we type import ecommerce.
we have to prefix it with the name of it’s package.
Now to access any of the functions or classes in this module we’ll have to type out ecommerce.
and there you go.
Now we can access the calculate shipping function.
So let’s go ahead and run our program, we see this message printed on the terminal, beautiful.
However with this approach, every time you want to call one of the functions to this module, we’ll have to prefix it with ecommerce.
that is very verbose.
So when working with packages we often use the second approach, using the from statement.
So we can type from ecommerce.
Shipping import calculate shipping.
Now we don’t have to prefix this function with ecommerce.
Shipping, and we can call it multiple times in this module, so our code is a little bit shorter.
But what if you want to use multiple functions in this shipping module.
We can either import them here, so calculate shipping, comma, let’s say calculate_ tax.
Or we can import the entire module and then access all he functions or classes in that module.
So, let me revert this back.
To import the entire module we type from ecommerce so we remove.
Shipping so from this package, import the shipping module.
Now the shipping module, is an object so we can access all the functions and classes defined here, using the dot operator, so shipping.
there you go, calculate shipping.
So to recap, when using the from statement we can either start from the package and import a specific module, or we can start from package.
Module and then import a specific function.
Like calculate shipping.
So, this was the basics of using packages in python.
As I told you before, packages are extremely important, especially when you want to work with a framework like django, we use django for building web applications with python, and I’m going to show you that later in this course.
So in Django we have quite a few packages and each package contains several modules.
So make sure to watch the tutorials, about modules and packages one more time, otherwise you’re going to get confused later when we get to Django.
In this tutorial I’m going to talk to you guys about the built in modules in python, so python comes with a standard library that contains several modules for common tasks such as sending emails, working with date and time, generating random values and passwords and so on.
There are so many modules already built into Python and that means there is already lots of functionality that we can reuse.
Let me show you where you can find this standard library.
So open up this browser and search for python 3, module index, make sure to add the version number, because the modules in python 2 are different from modules in python3.
So here we search for python 3 module index, and the first page here, you can see is python module index, or python 3, let’s go ahead, so these are all the modules built into python, for example we have modules for working with date and time, we have modules for sending emails for encoding values, there are so many modules here.
Now the explanation of all these is beyond the scope of this course, that really requires it’s own course.
Because we have so many modules here, but don’t let this list intimidate you.
This is not something that you need to learn right now, as you learn python as you build more applications, gradually you will get familiar with more modules here, in fact nobody knows all the modules in python standard library.
Everybody knows some modules based on the applications they have built.
So in this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to use one of the built in modules, for generating random values.
So on the top, we import the random module, now because random is a built in module, we don’t need to have a file here called random.
So python interpreter knows that random is a built in module as long as it knows where to find it.
Now if you’re curious where this random module is stored on the disk, let me show you, so here in the project panel, expand external libraries, then expand python 3, and then one more time python 3.
7 library route.
So this is a folder somewhere on your computer, in this folder, we have all the built in modules in python.
So, if you scroll down, you should be able to find.
The random module.
There you go.
It’s right here.
You can open this and this shows you the source code of this module.
there you go.
Now in this tutorial, we don’t want to worry about hat, so let’s go back to our app.
Py, and use this module to generate random values.
So when we import this module, now we have this object, random, so we can use the dot operator to acces it’s methods.
One method that is useful here is the random method, and every time we call it it generates a random value between 0 and 1.
So here we can do a for loop, let’s say for I in, range 3.
So just to refresh your memory we are using the range function to create a range object.
We can look through this range object and in each iteration this object will spit out a value.
So with this for loop, we can execute this code 3 times.
Now, let’s indent this.
Okay, and finally, let’s print the result, There you go.
So we can see that in each iteration we get a new random value between 0 and 1.
Now what if we want a random value for a particular age? Let’s say random values between 10 and 20, well, there is another method here, rand int, we use 2 arguments here to specify our range, let’s say 10 and 20.
Run our program one more time.
Now we have the numbers 20 13 and 18.
If we run our program one more time, We get different values, so 20, 19, 11, one more time.
Look, you also have another powerful method for randomly picking an item from a list.
Let’s say we have a list of team members and you want to randomly pick someone as the leader.
Let me show you how to do that.
So, we define the list of team members, we set it to jon, mary, bob, and mosh.
Now we can call random.
Choice and pass our members list this method randomly picks a method from this list and returns it.
SO, we can store the result in leader and then print it on the terminal.
let’s run our program, so now the leader is mary, if you run our program one more time this line is mosh now it’s mosh again one more time, it really likes mosh, you get the point.
So the random module is very powerful, and it has a lot of applications.
Now here’s a very cool exercise.
I want you to write this program to roll a dice.
So every time we run this program we get a different value.
Now we have 3 in 1, next time we get 3 and 6, one more time 5 and 6, 4 and 3, double one, that’s a very cool exercise.
So before we get started, I want you to pay attention to a few things.
I want you to define a class called dice in this class we’re going to have a method called rope so every time we call this method, we get a tuple, a tuple remember is a list of values but values cannot be changed, you cannot add a new item to it, we cannot remove it.
So it’s like a read only list.
So every time, we call the row method, we should get the tuple of two random values.
So go ahead, and do this exercise, You’ll see my solution next.
Alright, we start by importing the random module on the top, then we define a class called dice: this class we want to have a method called row.
So define row parenthesis, this automatically adds self, now in this method, you want to generate two random values between 1 to 6.
So we call random.
And pass 1 and 6.
So this generates the first number, we can ut that here, now let’s call this one more time, so I’m going to copy what we have on line 5, put it here, and change this variable to second.
So we have two variables first and second.
With two random values, finally we need to return them, in a tuple, so return parenthesis instead of square brackets, first and second, now in python when you want to return a python from a function, you don’t have to add this parenthesis, so you can simplify your code and python will automatically interpret this as a tuple.
So we are done with a definition of our class, we remove the indentation and add two line breaks.
Now we create an object of this type so you set dice to dice next we roll the dice, so dice.
Roll and print the result on the terminal, that’s all you have to do.
Let’s run this program, so now we get 2 and 5, lets run it one more time, 3 and 2, 1 and 1, beautiful.
Now we have this little warning here, that says expected 2 black lines found 1.
Once again this is coming from pep 8, pep is short for python and proposal.
We have so many python enhancement proposals or peps.
Pep 8 is a very famous 1, and in this document we have all the best practices for formatting our code.
So pep 8 says, that after we define our classes we should have 2 lines breaks, we’ve already done that so the reason this is complaining is because we had 1 line break before the class, so let’s add one more line break, now pycharm is happy.
So basically pycharm is following all the best practices defined in pep8.
Now you don’t have to memorize any of these best practices, as you code in pycharm, pycharm gives you a little more warning, and gradually you will learn how to properly format your code, so it’s readable by other people.
In this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to work with directories in python.
So here in python3, module index, you can see we have a module called path lib which provides an object oriented file system pact.
That basically means it provides classes that we can use to create objects to work with directories and files.
So, if you click here, you can see how this module works, we can see all kinds of examples.
For example, here on there basic useage, you can see this is how we import the path class from the path lib module.
Let me zooming so you can see clearly.
Okay, so look, from path lib, that’s our module, import path, note the naming convention.
P is capitalized, that means path is a class, so we need to create an instance of this class as you can see, right here, now there’s so much documentation here, you can read this on your own, but let me quickly show you a few examples to help you get started.
So after pycharm on the top, from the path led module, that’s import the path class.
Now we need to create, a path object to reference a file or directory on our computer.
So there are basically to ways to do this we can use an absolute path, or a relative path which basically means a path starting from the current directory.
For example, if you wanna reference this ecommerce directory in our project, we can use the relative path.
So we start from the current directory and then go somewhere else.
With absolute paths we start from the root of our hard disk.
For example, if you’re on Windows you might have an absolute path like this, c drive, backslash, program, files, backslash microsoft, so these are directories in c drive.
On Windows we use a backslash to build a path.
If you’re on Mac or Linux, your paths will look a little bit different, so instead of backslash we have a forward slash lets say user/local /bin.
So these are examples of absolute paths.
In this tutorial we’re going to work with he relative path to work with this ecommerce directory that we have in our project.
Now if you didn’t create this directory earlier, simply right click on the project and then go to new directory.
oaky? So, let’s close this panel, we create a path object, now, if you don’t pas an argument here, this will reference the current directory alternatively, we can pass string, in this string we can add a file or a directory.
let’s say the ecommerce directory.
Now this runs a path object, so we store it here, now this path object has a few interesting methods for example, we can check to see if a path exists by calling the exist method.
This simply returns a boolean so let’s print it on the terminal, there you go.
So this path exists, what if it changes to ecommerce 1, and run our program and get false, we can also create a new directory for example, let’s change our path to email, now when we run this program, obviously we don’t have this directory but we can create it by calling the mk dir method so make directory.
Let’s run our program alright, this method returns none which basically means it doesn’t return any values.
Now if you look at the project panel you can see here we have a new directory called emails, we can also delete this directory so, instead of mk dir we call rmdir which is short for remove directory, but let’s go ahead, now we can see that directory is gone.
We can also see all the files and directories in a given path, that is, very useful if you want to write a little program to automate something.
For example, you can iterate over all the spreadsheets in a directory one them and process them.
Let me show you.
First we change the path to the current directory and then we call the glob method.
With his method we cans each for files and directories in the current path.
So as the first argument we need to pass a string that defines a search pattern.
We can type an asterisk and that means everything, all files and all directories.
We can optionally add an extension, so to get all the files, you need the files you use star.
With this pattern, we’ll only get the files in the current directory.
But not the directories.
We can also search for all the py files, or all the excel spreadsheets.
So let’s search for all the py files in the current directory, now when we run our program we get this generator object.
Generator object are kind of an advanced topic, and they are beyond the scope of this beginners python course.
But for now all you need to know is we can iterate or loop through these generator objects.
So instead of printing this generator object, let’s just iterate over it using a for loop, so, for, file in, the generator object that is returned from the glob method.
q Let’s print file.
We run our program, there you go.
So these are all the py files in my current directory, this could be different on your machine if you didn’t follow the exercises I gave you earlier.
For example, this utils.
Py, we created this as part of one of the exercises earlier in this course.
So don’t worry if the files you see here are different on your machine.
So, you can use the glob method to search for files using a pattern, we can also get all the files and directories in the current path, so, we just use one asterisk, then run our program, take a look, so we have this ecommerce directory, we have notes.
Txt, this is a file I added earlier just to write notes as part of my presentation so you’re not going to have this file.
We also have a bunch of directories and files.
Even though python’s standard library is comprehensive and has so many modules for common tasks, it’s not complete by any means.
That’s why we have this directory called python package index.
And in this directory you can find hundreds of packages for doing awesome things.
These are packages that people like you and I have built as part of our projects, and then they have published it as part of this directory.
For other people to use.
So that’s why we have a fantastic community in python, there are so many python developers out there and there are so many packages right in front of us to reuse in our programs, let’s say you want to send text messages in your programs, you don’t have to build this functionality from scratch, we can simply come to pypi.
Org and search for sms aas you can see there are so many projects or apckages that give you this functionality.
Of course not every package, not every project is complete or bug free, some of them are still in development or they have bugs, but if you look around I’m pretty sure for any kind of function you can imagine there is a good reliable and well documented package for you.
In my complete python course, I will show you some of those most useful packages on pypi.
For example you will learn how to access the information on yelp.
Com in your programs.
So you can write a program and search for businesses registered on Yelp.
Let’s say you want to search for the best barber in New York City.
I will show you how to do that.
You will also learn how to use a technique called web scraping, which means you can build an engine and have that engine browse a website, and extract information from HDML files.
This is the same technique that Google does to index various websites.
So they have several engines, or web crawlers, these web crawlers are continuously looking at various websites and extracting information from their pages.
When you publish a blog post Google’s web crawler finds the title of your post, its keywords and so on.
So, I’m going to show you how to do that with Python, we’ll also look at browser automation, and this is extremely powerful, because you can automate testing of your web applications.
So you might get a job as a test engineer, and your daily job is to browse a website, click here and there, fill out this form, that form, and ensure that this website is functioning properly.
You can automate all that with a powerful python package called selenium, as I have shown in my complete, as I show in my complete python course.
Now in this tutorial, I’m going to show you how to install packages, from pypi.
So, here on pypi.
Org let’s search for open py xl.
This is a package that we use for working with excel spreadsheets.
So let’s search for this package, there you go, so currently it’s at version 2.
On the top you can see, this instruction pip install open pyexcel.
this is the command that we need to type in the terminal window to install this package into our program, so back to pycharm, here on the status bar.
You can open up a terminal window for executing various commands.
So let’s open it, now if you’re on Windows you’re probably going to see something different instead of this dollar sign, don’t worry about that just execute this command I’m going to show you.
So pip install open py xl Make sure to spell everything properly.
So pip is the tool, that comes with a python installation, and we use it to install or uninstall packages registered on pypi.
So here, we’re using pip to install this package.
open py xl.
Enter, let’s go ahead with that, it’s going to take a few seconds, oaky done, now we can import this package and it’s modules just like the built in modules in python, or the modules that we have in our project.
Now if you’re curious where this package is stored on disc let me show you.
So open up the project panel, and then expand external libraries, next expand python 3, and then expand sight packages.
This is where all these packages that we installed with pip are stored.
So here we have open py xl, you can open this, in this folder we have another folder called cell, now Now, look what we have here you have this init type, earlier I told you that whenever we add this file to a folder, python treats that folder as a package, so sell is a package, and this package we have is modules.
Sell, interface, read only and text.
So as you can see, this package openpyxl has several subpackages like cell, start, chart sheet and so on.
And in each package we have several modules, in the next tutorial I will show you how to work with excel files.
So we have covered all the core concepts in Python, I hope you have learned a lot.
please support my hard work by liking this video and sharing it with others.
And be sure to subscribe to my channel for more tutorials like this.
Next we’re going to work on our first python project that involves automation.
You’re going to write a python program that can process thousands of spreadsheets in under a second.
Are you excited? Let’s get started.
In this tutorial I’m going to show you something really awesome you can do with python.
You’re going to learn how to process spreadsheets, and this is extremely valuable in situation where you have hundreds or thousands of spreadsheets that need to be updated.
If you want to do this by hand it may take hours or days weeks, or even months, you can simply build a python program in less then half an hour.
And have that python program, automatically process thousands of spreadsheets in under one second.
So, here we’re going to work on this excel spreadsheet.
You can download this below this video.
In this spreadsheet we have three columns, transaction ID, product ID, and press.
Now don’t worry about the fourth column yet.
So in this spreadsheet we’re going to record all kinds of transactions, but let’s say due to an error, it could be a human error or a system error.
The price that we have here is wrong.
Let’s say we need to decrease this by 10 percent.
If you want to do this manually, we’ll have to come back here and add a formula, so we typed out equal sign, let’s say you want to recalculate say you want to recalculate the value of this cell.
have to get that and then multiply it by 0.
9 and that is like 90% of the original price, we are reducing the original reducing the price by 10%.
Now when you hit enter you can see the updated price.
Next we’ll have to come back here, select this cell and apply the same formula to all the other rows.
Now what if you have thousands of rows here? You’ll have to scroll up and down, this is going to be very tedious.
So we’re going to write a python program that will do this for us.
It’s going to auotmate this process and not only that it will also add this beautiful chart right here, once again if you want to open up hundreds or thousands of spreadsheets and add a chart to each one, this is going to take at least a week or two Our python program is going to do all of this in a matter of seconds.
So, let’s get started.
Alright the first thing I want you to do is to download this transactions file and add it to your project.
I put the link below this video for you to download.
So if you’re wondering how to put this in this project, you can simply right click the project, and if you’re on Mac you have this item where reveal in finder, if you’re on Windows you should see something like reveal in explorer, or file explorer, or whatever it’s called when you click this, this opens up the direct on your machine where this is stored.
So simply copy paste the transactions file right here.
Now, here on the top, first we need to import the open py excel package.
So import open py excel, we can give it a an alias to make our code shorter.
This is not required but it just makes our code a little bit cleaner.
Let me show you.
So now instead of typing open pyxl.
we type xl.
okay so that’s an alias for this package.
Now in this package we have a function for loading an xl workbook.
So let’s call load workbook, and as the argument we pass transactions.
So this we load our excel workbook and return a workbook object.
Okay? Now if you open this workbook, you can see you add only 1 sheet, and that is called sheet 1, so to access that you use square brackets, and specify the name of the sheet, that is sheet one, make sure to spell this with a capital S.
Because this is case sensitive, if you don’t spell it properly you’re going to get an error, so this returns a sheet, now in this sheet, we have various cells.
So next you need to learn how to access a particular cell, and that is very easy.
back to py charm, with this sheet object, you can use square brackets and give the coordinate of a cell.
Coordinate is the combination of the column and the row.
For example, this cell it’s coordinate is a1.
So back to pycharm, we can type a1, and this returns our first cell.
Also, there is another approach to getting a cell, instead of using square brackets with a string, we can use the cell method of the sheet object, so, sheet.
Cell, you pass the row and the column, so row and column 1 these return the exact same cell.
Now let’s print the value of this cell, cell.
Value and run our program so the value is transaction id, beautiful, so now we need to iterate over all these rows and for each row we need to get the value in the third column.
That is the price.
We’ll get that and then multiply by 0.
So first we need to know how many rows we have in this spreadsheet.
We can get that from the sheet object so sheet has an attribute called mx_ row.
Let’s print this, so in this sheet, we have 4 row, and you can verify that here.
So we have a total of 4 rows.
So we need to add a for loop.
that would generate the numbers 1-4.
So, let’s delete this print statement, nd add a for loop for row in were going to use the range function unction to generate a range of numbers, starting from 1, all the way to sheet.
The reason we’re adding 1 to this, is because as I told you before this range function will generate numbers, starting from this value all the way to this value, but it will not include the second value.
So currently max row returns 4, if you use range of 1-4 this will generate the numbers 1, 2, and 3, but not 4.
So to include 4, we need to add 1 to it.
Let’s go over here, so we tied sheet.
Max underline row plus 1.
Now before going any further let’s just print row and make sure our program is working up to this point.
So let’s run this, we get the numbers 1-4 beautiful.
So now we can easily get the cells in the third column.
However we don’t really want this first cell, that’s the heading.
so technically you want to ignore the first row.
Back here, you want to change our range function, and start from 2.
Now, we’re going to use sheet.
Cell to get access to the cell at this row.
And the column should be 3.
We get a cell object, let’s print it’s value and make sure you’re on the right track, so run the program these are the values we get.
95 and 7.
95 these are the values of the third column.
Next we need to multiply each value by 0.
9 so instead of printing cell.
Value we multiplied by 0.
9 and this is the corrected underline price, so this is the mistake we’re going to make with our program, now we need to add a new cell to our worksheet, so we want to add all the corrected prices, ia new column, it could also overwrite the values in this column, but in this tutorial I’m going to show you how to add a new column.
So using the same method, now we need to get a reference to the cell, to the given row, but in the fourth column.
So, we call sheet.
Cell, and pass row and four as the arguments.
Once again, this returns a cell object, let’s store that in a separate variable and call it price_cell.
So note that my variable names are very descriptive.
There is no guess work.
You have corrected price which holds actual value and we have corrected price, which is a cell object in this spreadsheet.
Next we have to set the value in this cell.
So we set corrected price cell.
value to this corrected price.
With these few lines we can easily update our spreadsheet, but first we need to save it.
So, after our for loop, we call workbook.
Now let’s save this in a new file because we don’t want to accidentally overwrite the original file in case our program has a bug so, I’m going to call that transactions 2.
And finally let’s run our program, so, you can see that happened in a split of a second, now here we have a new file tranactions 2.
When we open this we get something like this.
So you can see we have this 4th column with the updated prices.
So half of the problem is solved, now we need to add a chart here.
To add a chart, we need to add a couple classes on the top, so, after this import statement let’s type out from open py excel.
Chart, import, bar chart, comma, reference.
So lets see what’s going on here.
In this package you have a module chart, and from this module we’re importing two classes, bar chart, and reference.
Again, look at the naming convention used here.
The first letter of e very word is capitalized.
Also it’s better to add a line break after our import statements to make our code cleaner.
So, before we save our workbook, we need to add achart to the current sheet.
First we need to select a range of values.
For this exercise, I’m going to select the values in the fourth column/.
So all the values in rows 2-4 these are the values I’m going to use in our chart.
Now in this part 2 example it doesn’t really make sense to add a chart per transaction, but that doesn’t really matter we just want a bunch of numbers to create a chart, so after our for loop, we’re going to use the reference class to select a range of values.
Now the first argument in the constructor is the sheet.
So we pass our sheet here, then we add 4 keyword arguments, the first one is min_row, we set this to 2.
The second one is max_row we set this to the maximum row in this sheet.
That is sheet,.
Max_row, so we want to select the cells in row 2-4.
kay? Now to make this code a little bit cleaner I’m going to put this on a new line, so we can see clearly, now this is going to select all the cells in all the columns in these rows.
That’s not what we want.
we only want the values in the fourth column, so back here we need to set a couple more key word arguments men_call or column, we set that to for, and also max underline call, we set that to 4 as well.
So we are limiting the range of cells we’re selecting to the fourth column.
Now, we’re creating an instance of the reference class, let’s store the result in a variable called values, so this values object will have all these values in the fourth column, now we are ready to create a chart, so we create an instance of the bar chart class and store it in this object.
Next, we call chart.
Add_date and pass our values.
That is pretty straight forward finally we need to add this chart to our sheet.
So, we call sheet,.
Add_chart and pass this chart object We should also specify where we want to add this chart.
let’s say we want to add it here, on row 2, after the fourth column.
So the coordinate of this cell is e2, and this is going to be, the top left corner of our chart.
So as the coordinate I’m going to pass e2 that’s all we had to do, done.
Let’s run our program one more time, beautiful, let’s open up the update workbook.
And here’s the end result, so right after the fourth column, we have this beautiful chart.
Now we could take this to the next level, we could add a legend here, we could change the color of these bars, we could even use a different kind of chart, it doesn’t have to be a bar chart.
So to learn more about this we can read the documentation for openpyxl.
So our program is complete, for our code is dirty, it’s not clean, it’s not organized.
We don’t have any functions here.
We have written all the code in app.
So let’s goo ahead and organize this code like a professional software developer.
So, on line 4, we are loading our workbook then we’re getting a reference to the first sheet, but we don’t really need these two lines here this is purely for demonstration to show you how to access a cell.
So, let’s delete these unnecessary lines, this is a very important practice as you’re coding always look at your code, always review it, see if you have some code that is not used.
Always delete those.
Okay, next we are iterating over all the rows, fixing the prices, and then we select the values to add a chart, and finally we save the workbook.
Now, if you were going to use this to automate the process of updating thousands of spreadsheets, this program wouldn’t work, because it’s only relying on this file.
So we want o reorganize this code, and move it inside of a function.
This function should take the name of a function So let’s define a function.
Let’s call it process_workbook.
It gets a file name.
Now, we move all the code inside of this function, so let’s select everything, and press tab, beautiful, now back to our function, instead of loading this transactions file we’re going to load this file name, that’s better, Also, now that our program is working properly, there is really no need to store the result in a separate file.
So here we can simply overwrite the same file.
So let’s pass file name, that is the end of our function, so, now, we have this reusable function, we can simply reuse this to process thousands of spreadsheets.
Earlier in this python course you learned how to find all the files in a directory, so we can get each file in a directory and pass the name of the file to this function, this function will go ahead and update this spreadsheet in just a second or less.
So, that was just one example of using python to automate repetitive boring task that waste your time.
But automation is not just about processing excel spreadsheets, there are so many things we can automate.
Here’s a question for you, what do you want to automate, how do you want to use python to make your life easier? Use the comment box below and let me know.
I love to hear about your ideas.
Next we’re going to work on project which involves machine learning, which is a subset of artificial intelligence.
Are you excited? Let’s get started.
In this section, you’re going to learn about machine learning, which is a subset of AI or artificial intelligence.
It’s one of the trending topics in the world, these days, and it’s going to have a lot of applications in the future.
Here’s an example.
Imagine I ask you to write a program to scan an image, and tell if it’s a cat or a dog.
If you want to build this program using traditional programming techniques, your program is going to get overly complex You will have to come up with lots of rules to come up with specific curves edges and colors in an image to tell if it’s a cat or a dog.
But if I give you a black and white photo, your rules may not work, they may break.
Then you would have to rewrite them.
Or I may give you a picture of a cat or a dog from a different angle that we did not predict before.
So solving this problem using traditional programming techniques is going to get overly complex or sometimes impossible.
Now to make the matter worse.
What if I ask you to extend this program such that it supports 3 kinds of animals.
Cats, dogs, and horses, once again you will have to rewrite all those rules.
That’s not going to work.
So machine learning is a technique to solve these kinds of problems, and this is how it works.
We build a model or an engine and give it lots and lots of data.
For example, we give it thousands or tens of thousands of pictures of cats and dogs.
Our model will then find and learn patterns and the input data, so we can give it a new picture of a cat that we haven’t seen before.
And ask it, is it a cat or a dog or a horse and it will tell us with a certain level of accuracy, the more input data we give it, the more accurate our model is going to be.
So that was a very basic example, but machine learning has other applications in self driving cars, robotics, language processing, vision processing, forecasting things like stock market trends and the weather, games and so on.
So that’s the basic idea about machine learning.
Next we’ll look at machine learning in action.
A machine learning project involves a number of steps, the first step is to import our data which often comes in the form of a csv file.
You might have a database with lots of data, we can simply export that data and store it in a csv file for the purpose of our machine learning project.
So we import our data, next, we need to clean it.
And this involves tasks such as duplicated data.
If you have duplicates in the data, we don’t want to feed this to the model, because otherwise our model will learn bad patterns in our data and will produce the wrong result, so we should make sure that our input data is in a good, and clean shape.
If there is data that is irrelevant we should remove them, if there are duplicates or incomplete we can remove or modify them, if our data is text based, like the name of countries, or genres of music, or cats and dogs, we need to convert them to numerical values.
So this step really depends on the kinds of data we’re working with, every project is different.
Now that we have a clean data set, we need to split it into two segments.
One for training our model, and the other for testing it, to make sure our model produces the right result.
For example, if you have 1,000 pictures of cats and dogs, we can reserve 80% for training, and another 20% for testing.
The next step is to create a model, and this involves selecting an algorithm to analyze the data.
There are so many machine learning algorithms out there, such as decision trees, neural networks and so on.
Each algorithm have pros and cons in terms of accuracy and performance so the algorithm you use, depends on the kind of problem you’re trying to solve and your input data.
Now the good news isnthat we don’t have to explicitly program an algorithm, there are libraries out there that provide these algorithms, one of the most popular ones, which we are going to look at in this tutorial, is side kick learn.
So we build a model using an algorithm , next we need to train our model.
So we feed it our training data.
Our model will then look for the patterns in the data, so enxt we can ask it to make predictions.
Back to our examples of cats and dogs, we can ask our model is this a cat or is this a dog and our model will make a prediction, now the prediction is not always accurate in fact when you start out, it’s very likely your predictions are inaccurate.
So we need to envalue the predictions and measure their accuracy.
Then we need to get back to our model and either select a different algorithm that is going to produce a more accurate result for the kind of problem we’re trying to solve.
Or fine tune the parameters of our model.
So each algorithm has parameters that we can modify to optimize the accuracy.
So these are the high level steps that you follow in a machine learning project.
Next we’ll look at the libraries and tools for machine learning.
In this lecture we’re going too look at the popular python library that we use in machine learning projects.
The first one is numpy which provides a multidimensional array.
A very, very, popular library.
The seconnd one is pandas, which is a data analysis library that provides a concept called data frame.
Data frame is a two dimensional data structure similar to an excel spreadsheet.
So we have rows and columns we can select columns in a row or a column or a range of rows and columns, again, very very popular in machine learning and data science projects.
The third library is mad plot lib which is a two dimensional plotting library for creating graphs on plots.
The next library is sidekick learn, which is one of the most popular machine learning libraries that provides all these common algorithms like decision trees, neural networks and so on.
Now, when working with machine learning projects, we use an environment called jupiter for writing our code, technically we can still use vs code or any other code editor, but these editors are not ideal for machine learning projects, because we need to frequently inspect the data, and that is really hard in environments like vs code and terminal.
If you’re working with a table of 10 or 20 columns visualizing this data in a terminal window is really, really difficult and messy, so thats why we use jupiter.
So that’s why we use jupiter, it makes it really easy to inspect our data.
Now to install jupiter, we are going to use platform called anaconda.
So, head over to Anaconda.
On this page you can download Anaconda distribution for your operating system, so, we have distributions for Windows Mac and Linux.
So let’s go ahead and install Anaconda for python 3.
Download, Alright, so here’s Anaconda, download it on my machine, let’s double click this.
Alright, first it’s going to run a program to determine if the software can be installed.
So, let’s continue and once again continue, pretty easy, continue one more time, I agree with the license agreement, we can use the default you ca use the default installation location so don’t worry about that, just click install, give it a few second, now the beautiful thing about Anaconda is it will install jupiter, as well as all those data popular science libraries like numpy, Pandas and so on.
So we don’t have to manually install this using pip.
Alright now as part of the next step Anaconda is suggesting to install Microsoft vs code.
We already have this on our machine so we don’t have to install it we can go with continue and close the installation, now finally we can move the this to trash because we don’t need this installer in the future.
Alright, now open upa terminal window and type jupiter, with a y, space, notebook.
This will start the notebook server on your machine.
So enter there you go.
This will start the notebook server on your machine, we can see these default messages here, don’t worry about them, now it automatically opens a browser window, pointing to local host port 888.
This is what we call jupiter dashboard.
On this dashboard we have a few tabs, the first tab is the files tab, and by default, this points to your home directory.
So every user on your machine has a home directory, this its my home directory on Mac, you can see here we have a desktop folder as well as documents, downloads and so on.
On your machine you’re going to see different folders, so somewhere so somewhere on your machine you need to create a jupiter notebook.
I’m going to go to desktop here’s my desktop I don’t have anything here, and then click new, I want to create a notebook for python 3.
In this notebook we can write python code, and execute it line by line.
We can easily visualize our data as you can see over the next few videos.
So, let’s go ahead with this, alright, here’s our first notebook, you can see by default it’s called untitled, let’s change that to Hello World so this is going to be the hello world of our machine learning project.
Let’s rename this now if you look at your desktop you can see this file hello world.
This is a jupiter notebook.
It’s kind of similar to our py files where we write our python code, but it includes additional data that jupiter uses to execute our code.
So back to our notebook, let’s do a print hello world.
And then, click this run button here and here’s the result printed in jupiter, so we don’t have to navigate back and forth between the terminal window we can see all the result right here.
Next I’m going to show you how to load a data set from a csv file in jupiter.
Alright, in this lecture we’re going to download a data set from a very popular website called caggle.
Caggle is basically a place to do data science projects.
So the first thing you need to do is to create an account, you can sign up with Facebook, Google, or using a custom email and password, once you sign up then come back here, on caggle.
Com, Here one the search bar search for video game sales.
This is the name of a very popular data set that we’re going to use in this lecture.
So, here in this list you can see the first item with this kind of reddish icon, so, let’s go with that, as you can see this data set includes the sales data for more then 16,000 videos games.
On this page you can see the description of various columns in this data set, we have rank, name, platform, year, and so on, so here’s our data source, it’s a csv file called vg sales.
Csv, as you can see there are over 16,000 rows, and 11 columns in this data set.
Right below that you can see the first few records of this data set.
So, here’s our first record, the ranking for this game is 1, it’s the wi sport game for wii as the platform and it was released in the year 2006, now, what I want you to do is go ahead and download the data set, and as I told you before you need to sign in before you can download this.
So this will give you a zip file as you can see here, here’s our csv file, now I want you to put this right next to your jupiter notebook, on my machine that is on my desktop so I’m going to drag and drop this onto the desktop folder.
Now, if you look at the desktop you can see here’s my jupiter, hello world notebook, and right next to that we have vgsales.
With that, we go back to our jupiter notebook, let’s remove the first line and instead import pandas as pd.
With his we’re importing pandas module and renaming it to pd, so we don’t have to type pandas.
several times in this code.
Now let’s type pd.
And pass the name of our csv file.
That is vgsales.
Now because this csv file, is in the current folder right next to our jupiter notebook, we can easily load it, otherwise we have to supply the full path to this file.
So, this returns a data frame object which is like an excel spreadsheet.
Let me show you.
So we store it here, and then we can simply type df to inspect it.
So one more time let’s run this program here’s our data frame with these rows and these columns so we have frank name platform and so on.
Now this data frame object has lots of attributes and methods that we’re not going to cover in this tutorial, that’s really beyond the scope of what we’re going to do, so I’m going to leave it up to you to read pandas documentation or follow other tutorials to find out about pandas data frames.
But in this lecture, I’m going to show you some of the most useful methods and attributes.
The first one is shape, so shape let’s run this one more time, so here’s the shape of this data set, we have over 16,000 records and 11 columns.
Technically this is a 2 dimensional array of 16,000 and 11, okay? Now, we can see here we have another segment for writing code.
SO we don’t have to write all the code in the first segment so here in the second segment we can call one of the methods of the dataframe, that is df.
Now when we run this program, we can see the output for each segment right next to it.
So here’s our first segment, here we have these three lines, and this is the output of the last line.
Below that we have our second segment, here we’re calling the describe method, and right below that we have the output of this segment So this is the beauty of jupiter, you can easily visualize our datsa, doing this with vscode in windows is really tedious and clunky.
So what is the describe method returning? Basically it’s returning some basic information about each column in this data set, So, as you saw earlier we have columns like rank, year and so on.
These are the columns with numerical values.
Now for each column we have the count which is the number of records in that column, you can se our rank column has 16,5 -98 records whereas the year column has 16,3- -27 records.
So this shows that some of our records don’t have the value for the year column.
We have null values.
So in a real data science or machine learning project we’ll have to use some techniques to clean up our data set.
One option is to remove the records that don’t have a value for the year column.
Or we can assign them a default value.
That really depends on the project.
Now another attribute for each column is mean so this is the average of all the values, now in the case of the rank column, this rank doesn’t really matter, but look at the year.
So the average year year for all these video games in our dataset is 2006.
And this might be important in the problem we’re trying to solve.
We also have standard deviation, which is a measure to quanitfy the amount of variation in our set of values, below that we have min, as an example the minimum value for the year column is 1980.
So quite often when we work with a new data set, we call the describe method to get some basic statistics about our data.
Let me show you another useful attribute.
So, in the next segment, let’s type df.
Let’s run this, as you can see this returns a two dimensional array, this square bracket indicates the outer array and a second one represents an inner array.
So the first element inn our outer array, is an array itself, these are the values in this array, which basically represent the first row in our data set.
So the video game we ranking 1, which is called wii sports.
So this was a basic overview of pandas data frames, in the next lecture I’m going to show you some of the useful shortcuts of jupiter.
In this lecture I’m going to show to you some of the most useful shortcuts in Jupiter, Now the first thing I want you to pay attention to is this green bar on the left.
This indicates that this cell is currently in the edit mode, so we can write code here.
Now, if we press the escape key, green turns to blue, and that means this cell is currently in the command mode.
So basically the activated cell can either be in the edit mode or command mode.
Depending on the mode, we have different shortcuts, so here we’re in the command mode.
If we press h, we can see the list of all the keybord shortcuts, right above this list we can see, Mac OS modifier keys, these are the extra keys on a Mac keyboard.
If you’re a Windows user you’re not gong to see these.
So as an example, here is the shape of the command key, this is control, this is option, and so on.
With this guideline you can easily understand the shortcut associated with each command.
Let me show you.
So here we have all the commmands when a cell is in the command mode.
For example, we have this command, open the command palette.
This is exactly like the command palette that we have in vs code.
Here is a short cut to execute this command.
That is command shift and F.
Okay, so here we have lots of shortcuts, of course you’re not going to use all of them all the time, but it’s good to have a quick look here to see what is available for you.
Tis these shortcuts you can write code much faster.
So let me show you somme of the most useful ones.
I’m going to close this, now with our first cell in the command mode I’m going to press b, and this inserts, a new cell below this cell.
We can also go back to our first cell, press escape, now the cell is in the command mode.
We can insert an empty cell above this cell by pressing a.
So either a or b.
A for above or b for below.
Now if you don’t want this cell, you can press d twice to delete it.
Now in the cell I’m going to print a hello world message.
So print hello world.
Now, to run the code in this cell, we can click on the run button here, so, here’s our print function, and right below that you can see the output of this function.
But note that when you run a cell, this will only execute the code in that cell.
In other words, the code in other cells will not be executed.
Let me show you want I mean, so in the cell below the cell, I’m going to delete the call to a describe method.
Instead I’m going to print ocean.
Now, I’m going to put the cursor back in this cell where we print this hello world message and run this cell.
So we can see hello world is displayed here, but the cell below is still displaying the describe table, so we don’t see the changes here.
Now, to solve this problem, we can go to the cell menu on the top, and run all cells together.
This can work for a small project, but sometimes you’re working with a large data set, so if you want to run all these cells together it’s going to take a lot of time.
That is the reason jupiter saves the output of each cell, so we don’t have to rerun that code if it hasn’t changed.
So this notebook file that we have here, includes our source code organized in cells as well as the output for each cell.
That is why it’s different from a regular py file where we only have the source code.
Here we also have autocompletion and intellisence, so in this cell, let’s call df data frame.
now if you press tab you can see all the attributes and methods in this object.
So let’s call describe, now with the cursor on the name of the method we can press shift and tab, to see this tool tip that describes what this method does and what parameter it takes.
So here in front of so here in front of signature you can see the describe method, these are the paramter and their default value, and right below that you can see the description of what that method does.
In this case, it describes generates descriptive statistics, that summarize the central tendency and so on.
Similar to vs code, we can also convert a line to comment by pressing command and slash on mac, or control slash on windows.
Now that line is a comment, we can press the same shortcut one more time to remove the comment, so these are some of the most useful shortcuts in jupiter.
Now over the next few lectures we’re going to work on a real machine learning project, but before we get there, let’s delete all the cells here, so we start with only a single empty cell, so here, in this cell, first I’m going to press the escape button, now the cell is blue, so we’re in the command mode, and we can delete the cell by pressing d twice.
There you go.
Now, the next cell is activated and is in the command mode.
So, let’s delete this as well, so we have two more cells to delete there you go, and the last one, like this, so now we have an empty notebook with a single cell.
Over the next few lectures, we’re going to work on a real machine learning project, imagine we have an online music store, when our users sign up, we asked our age and gender, and based on their profile, you recommend various music albums their likely to buy.
So in this project, you want to use machine learning to increase sales.
So, we want to build a model, we feed this model with some sample data, based on the existing users.
Our model will learn the patterns in our data, so we can ask it to make predictions.
When a new user signs up, we tell our model, hey, we have a new user with this profile, what is the kind of music, that this user is interested in, our model will say jazz, or hip hop, or whatever, and baed on that we can make suggestions to the user so, this is the problem we’re going to solve, now back to the list of steps in the machine learning projects, first we need to import our data, then, we should prepare or clean it, next we select a machine learning algorithm to build a model, we treat our model and ask it to make predictions.
And finally, we evaluate our algorithm to see it’s accuracy.
if it’s not accurate we either fine tune our model or select a different algorithm.
So let’s focus on the first step.
Head over to bit.
Csv this is a very basic csv that I’ve created for this project, it’s just some random made up data it’s not real.
So we have a table with 3 columns, age, gender, and genre.
Gender can either be one which represents a male, or a 0, which represents a female, here I’m making a few assumptions.
I’m assuming that men between 20 and 25 like hip hop men between 26 and 30 like jazz, and after the age of 30, they like classical music.
For women I’m assuming that if they are between 20 and 25 they like dance music, if they are between 26 and 30 they like acoustic music, and just like men, after the age of 30 they like classical music.
Once again this is a made up pattern, it’s not the representation of the reality, so, let’s go ahead and download this csv.
Click on this.
icon here and download this file.
In my downloads folder, here we have this music.
I’m going to drag and drop this onto the desktop because that’s where I’ve stored this hello world notebook.
So I want you to put this csv file right next to your jupiter notebook.
Now, back to our notebook, you need to read the csv file, so just like before first we need to import the pandas module, so import panda as pd.
And then we’ll call pd,.
Read_csv and the name of our file is music.
As you saw earlier this returns a data frame which is a two dimensional array similar to an xl spreadsheet, so let’s call that music_ data.
Now let’s inspect this music_data to make sure we loaded everything properly so run, so here’s our data frame, beautiful, next we need to prepare or clean the data.
And that’s the topic for the next lecture.
The second step in a machine learning project, is cleaning, or preparing the data, and that involves tasks such as removing duplicate null values and so on.
Now on this particular data set we don’t have to do anything kind of cleaning, because we don’t have any duplicates, and as you can see As you can see, all rows have values for all columns, so we don’t have null values.
But there is one thing we need to do, we should split this data set into two separate data sets, one into the first two columns, which we refer to as the input set, and the other with the last column which we refer to as the output set.
So when we train a model, so when we train a model we give it two separate data sets.
The input set and the output set.
The output set which is in this case the genre column contains the predictions so we’re telling our model that if we have a user who’s 20 years old and a male they like hip hop.
Once we train our model then we give it a new input set.
For example, we have a new user who is 21 years old and is a male, what is the genre of the music that this user probably likes.
As you can see in our input set, we don’t have a sample for a 21 year old male, so we’re going to ask our model to predict that.
That is the reason we need to split this data set into two separate sets.
Input and output So back to our code, this data frame object has a method called drop.
Now if you put the cursor on the method name and press shift and tab, you can see this tool tip, so this is the signature of this drop method, these are the parameters you can pass here.
the parameter we’re going to use in this lecture is set to none by default.
Witht his parter we can specify the columns we want to drop, so in this case we set columns to an array with one string, genre now this method doesn’t actually modify the original data set.
In fact it will create a new data set but without thisq call.
So by convention we use a capital X to represent that data set, so capital x equals this expression.
Now, let’s inspect x, so as you can see our input set or x includes these two columns, age and gender, it doesn’t have the output or predictions.
Next we need to create our output set so, once again we start with our data frame using data, using square brackets we can get all the values in a given column.
In this case, genre.
Once again this returns a new data set.
By convention we use a lower case y to represent that.
So that is our output data.
Let’s inspect that as well.
So, in this data set we only have the predictions or the answers.
So we have prepared our data, next we want to create a model using an algorithm.
The next step is to build a model using a machine learning algorithm.
There are so many algorithms out there, each algorithm has its pros and cons, in terms of the performance and accuracy.
In this lecture we’re going to use a very simple algorithm called decision tree.
Now the good news is we don’t have to explicitly program these algorithms, they’re already implemented in a library called side kick learn.
So, here on the top, from sklearn.
Tree let’s import the decision tree classifier.
So sklearn is the package that comes with sidekick learn library, this is the most popular machine learning library in python.
In this package, we have a module called tree.
And in this module we have a class called decision tree classifier.
This class implements the decision tree operator, okay? So, now we need to create a new instance of this class.
So, at the end, let’s create an object called models nd set it to anew instance of decision, tree classifier.
So now we have a model, next we need to train it so it learns patterns in the data, and that is pretty easy.
You call model,.
Fit this method takes 2 data set.
The input set and the output set.
So they are capital x, y.
Now finally, we need to ask our model to make a prediction, so we can ask it, what is the kind of music a 24 year old male likes? Now before we do that, let’s temporarily inspect our initial data set.
That is music data.
So, look what we got here.
As I told you earlier, I’ve assumed that men between 20 and 25 like hip hop music but here we only have 3 samples for men age 20, 23,and 25.
We don’t have a sample for a 21 year old male.
So if you ask our model to predict the kind of music that a 21 year old male likes, we expect it to say hip hop.
Similarly, I’ve assumed that women between 20 and 25 like dance music, but we don’ have a sample for a 22 year old female.
So once again if you ask our model to predict the kind of music that a 22 year old woman likes, we expect it to say dance.
So, with these assumptions let’s go ahead and ask our model to make predictions.
So let’s remove the last line, and instead we’re going to call model.
This method takes a 2 dimensional array.
So here’s the outer array.
In this array, each element is an array.
So I’m going to pass another array here, and in this array I’m going to pass a new input set.
a 21 year old male.
So 21, 1 that is like a new record in this table.
Okay? So, this is one input set, let’s pass another input for a 22 year old female.
So here’s another array, here, we add 22 comma 0, so we’re asking our model to make 2 predictions at the same time.
We get the result and store it in a variable called predictions, and finally let’s inspect that in our notebook.
Run, look what we got, our model is saying that a 21 year old male likes hip hop, and a 22 year old female likes dance music.
So our model successfully will make predictions here.
But wait a minute, building a model that makes predictions accurately is not always that easy.
After we build a model we need to measure it’s accuracy.
And if it’s not accurate enough, we should either fine tune it or build a model using a different algorithm.
So next lecture I’m going to show you how to measure the accuracy of a model.
In this lecture I’m going to show you how to measure the accuracy of your models.
Now in order to do so, first we need to split our data set into two sets.
One for training and the other for testing, because right now, we are passing the entire data set, for training the model and we’re using 2 samples for making predictions.
That is not enough to calculate the accuracy of a model.
A general rule of thumb is to annotate 70-80% of our data to training, and another20-30% for testing, then instead of passing only two samples for making predictions, we can pass the data set for testing we’ll get the predictions and then compare the predictions with the actual values.
In the test set.
Based on that, we can calculate the accuracy.
That’s really easy, all we have to do is import a couple functions and call them in this code.
Let me show you.
So first on this top from sklearn.
Model underline selection module we import a function called train test split.
With this function we can easily split our data set into two sets.
So training and testing, now, right here, after we define x and y, sets, we call this funciton, so train test split.
We give it 3 arguments, x, y, ad a keyword argument that specifies the size of our test dataset.
So test _size we set it to 0.
2 So we’re allocating 20% of our data for testing.
Now this functions returns a tuple, so we can unpack it into 4 variables right here.
x_train x_test y_train and y _test.
so the first two variables are the input sets for training and testing.
And the other are the output sets for training and testing, now, when training our model, instead of passing the entire data set we want to pass only the training data set.
So, x_train, and y_train.
Also, when making predictions instead of passing these two samples, we pass x_test.
So thats the datas set.
That contains input values for testing.
Now we get the predictions.
To calculate the accuracy we simply have to compare these predictions with the actual values we have in the output set for testing.
That is very easy.
First on the top, we need to import a funciton, so, from sklearn.
Metrics import accuracy _score.
Now at the end.
We call this function, so accuracy score and give it two arguments y_test.
Which contains the expected values and predictions which contains the actual value.
Now this functions returns an accuracy score between 0 to 1.
So we can store it here, and simply display it on the console.
So let’s go ahead and run this program.
So, the accuracy score is 1 or a 100% but if we run this one more time, we’re going to see a different result because every time we split our data set into training a test sets.
We’ll have different data sets, because this function randomly picks data for training and testing.
Let me show you, so put the cursor in the cell, now we can see this is activated note that if you click this button here, it will run the cell and also insert a new cell below this cell.
Let me show you.
So if I go to this second cell press the skip button, now we are in the command mode, press d twice, okay now it’s deleted, if we click the run button, we can see, this code was executed, and now we have a new cell, so if you want to run our cell multiple times every time you have to click this and then run it, and then click again, and run it, it’s a little bit tedious.
So I’ll show you a shortcut.
Activate the first cell, and press control and enter this runs the current cell without adding a new cell below it.
So, back here, lets run it multiple times okay, now look the accuracy dropped to 0.
75, it’s still good, so the cuuracey scored here, is somewhere between 75% to a hundred %.
But let me show you something, if I change the test size, from 0.
2 to 0.
8, so essentially we’re using only 20 percent of our data, for training this model.
And you’re using the other 80% for testing.
Now let’s see what happens when we run this cell multiple times.
SO, control and enter, look, the accuracy immediately dropped to 0.
4 One more time, now 46% 40%, 26% it’s really, really bad.
The reason this is happening is because you are using very little data for training this model.
This is one of the key concepts in machine learning, the more data we give to our model and the cleaner the data is, we get the better result, so if you have duplicates, irrelevant data, or incomplete values, our model will learn back patterns in our data.
That’s why it’s really important to clean before training our model.
Now let’s change this back to 0.
2, run this one more time, okay, now the accuracy is 1, 75%, now we drop to 50% again, the reason this is happening, is because we don’t have enough data.
Some machine learning problems, require, thousands or even millions of samples, to train model, the more complex a problem is, the more data we need.
For example, here we’re only dealing with a table of three columns, but if you want to build a model to tell if a picture of a cat or a dog or a horse, or a lion, we will need millions of pictures, the more animal it will support the more pictures we need.
In the next lecture, we’re going to talk about model persistence.
So this is a very basic implementation of building a training a model to make a prediction.
Now to simplify things I have removed all the code that you wrote in the last lecture for calculating the accuracy, because in this lecture, you’re going to focus on a different topic, So basically we import our data set.
Create a model, train it, and then ask it to make predictions, now this piece of code that you see here, is not what we want to run everytime we have a new user or every time we want to make recommendations to an existing user sometimes it’s really time consuming.
In this example, we’re dealing with a very small data set that only has 20 records.
But in a real application, you might have a data set with thousands or trillions of examples, training for that might take seconds or minutes or even hours.
And that is wy model persistence is important, once in a while, you build and train our model and then we save it to a file.
Now, next time we want to make predictions, we simply load the model from the file and ask it to make predictions.
That model is already trained you don’t need to retrain it, it’s like an intelligent person.
So let me show you how to do this.
it’s very very easy.
On the top, from sklearn.
Externals module we import joblib.
This job lib object has methods for saving and loading modules.
So, after we train our model we’ll simply call job lib.
Dump and give it two arguments.
Our model and the name of the file in which we want to store this model.
Let’s call this music -recommender.
Job lib That’s all we have to do.
Now temporarily I’m going to comment out this line, we don’t want to make any predictions, we just want to store train model in a file.
So let’s run this cell with control, and slash, okay, look, in the output we have an array that contains the name of our model file.
So this is the return value of the dump method.
Now back to our desktop, right next to my notebook we can see our job lib file, this is where our model is stored.
It’s simply a binary file.
Now back to our jupiter notebook.
As I told you before in a real application we don’t want to train model every time.
So let’s comment out these few lines, on Mac, we can press command and slash and on windows control slash.
Okay, these lines are commented out, now this time, instead of dumping our model, we’re going to load it, so we call the load method, we don’t have the model, we simply pass the name of our model file.
This returns our trained model.
Now with this two lines we can simply make predictions, so, earlier, we assumed that men between 20-25 like hip hop music.
let’s print predictions and see if our model is behaving so control so this is how we persist and load models.
Earlier in this section, I told you that decision trees are the easiest to understand.
And that’s why we started machine learning with decision trees.
In this lecture, we’re going to export our model in visual format, so you will see how this model makes predictions, that is really, really cool.
Let me show you.
So once again I’ve simplified this code so we simply import our data set, create input and output sets, create a model, and train it, that’s all we are doing, now I want you to follow along with me, type everything exactly as I show you in this lecture.
Don’t worry about what everything means we’ll come back to it shortly.
So on the top, from sklearnimport tree, this object has a method for exporting our decision tree in a graphical format.
So after we train our model, let’s call tree _graph vis.
Now here are a few arguments we need to pass.
The first argument is our model, the second is the name oft he output file.
So here we’re going to use keyword arguments, because this method takes so many parameters, and we want to selectively pass keyword arguments without worrying about their order.
So, the parameter we’re going to set it out_file let’s set this to music-recommend.
This is the dot format, which is the graph format, which is a graph description language, you will see that shortly.
Now the other parameter you want to set is feature _names.
We set this to an array of two strings, age and gender.
These are the features or the columns of our data set.
So they are properties or features of our data.
Okay? The other parameter is class names.
So class_names we should set this to the list of classes or labels we have in our output data set, like hip hop, jazz, classical and so on.
So, this y data set includes all the genre or all the classes of our data, but they are repeated a few times in this data set.
So, here we call y.
Unit this returns the unique list of classes, now we should sort this alphabetically.
So, we call the sorted function, and pass the result a y.
The next parameter is labeled, we set this to a string, all, once again don’t worry, about the details of these parameters, we’re going to come back to these shortly.
So, set label to all, then round it, to true, and finally field to true.
So, so this is the end result, now let’s run this sound using control and enter, okay, here we have a nw file music recommender.
that’s a little bit funny.
So we want to open this file with vs code.
So drag and drop this into a vs code window.
Okay, here’s a dot format, it’s a textural language for describing graphs Now to visualize this graph we need to install an extension in vs code.
So on the left side, click extensions panel and search for dot, dot.
Look at this second extension here.
Language by stephon vs.
Go ahead and install this extension and then reload vs code.
Once you do that, you can visualize this dot file.
So let me close this tab.
Alright, look at this.
on the right side.
Click this, you should have a new menu, open preview to the side.
So like that alright, here’s the visualization of our decision tree, let’s close the dot file, there you go.
This is exactly how our model makes predictions.
So we have this binary tree, which means every node can have a maximum of two children.
On top of each note we have a condition if this condition is true we go to the child node on the left side.
Otherwise we go to the child node on the right side.
So let’s see what’s happening here, the first condition is age less then or equal to 30.
If this condition is false, that means that user is 30 years or older, so the genre of the music that their interested in is classical.
So here we’re classifying people based on their profile.
That is the reason we have the word class here, so a user who is 30 years or older, belongs to the class of classical.
Or people who like classical music.
Now what if this condition is true.
That means that user is younger then 30, so, now we check the gender, if it’s less then 0.
5, which basically means it equals to 0, then we’re dealing with a female.
So we go to the child node here, now once again we have another condition, so we are dealing with a female who is younger than 30.
Once again we ned to check their age so is the age less then 25.
5? If that’s the case then that user likes dance music, otherwise they like acoustic music.
So this is a decision tree that our model uses to make predictions Now if you’re wondering why we have these floating point numbers like 25.
5 These are basically the rules that our model generates, based on the patterns in our dataset.
As we give our model more data, these rules will change so they are not always the same.
So they are not always the same, also the more columns or the more features we have, our decision tree is going to get more complex.
We only have two features, age, and gender.
Now back to our code let me quickly explain the meaning of all these parameters, we set field to true so each box or each node is filled with a color.
We set rounded to true, so they have rounded corners.
We set label to all so every node has labels that we can read.
We set class names to the unique list of genres and that’s for displaying the class for each note, right here, and we set feature names to age and gender, sow e can see the rules in our notes.
So that was a short and sweet introduction to machien learning.
Now you can use the materials that you learn in this section and apply them to solve a different set of problems.
Now here’s a question for you: What ideas do you have for machine learning? What kind of problems do you want to solve with machine learning? Use the comments box below and let me know.
I love to hear about your ideas! Next we’re going to use python and a popular framework called django.
To build a web application.
Are you ready, let’s get started In this turorial, I’m going to show you how to create your first website with python, and A and a very popular framework called django.
So it’s spelled with a silent D, and is pronounced django.
it’s a web framework for perfectionists with deadlines.
So if you’re a perfectionist and you want to quickly put together a website that is fast, scaleable and secure, django is your best friend.
And here are the popular websites built with Django.
Like Instagram, Spotify YouTube, Washington Post, and so on.
Now you might say what is a framework, and why do we need a framework to build a web application or a web site? Well, the framework is essentially a library of reusable modules these modules provide functionality for common tasks for example, in the case of a web framework like django we have modules to work with http requests url’s, sessions, cookies and so on.
These are the concerns of pretty much every website or application out there.
So all this functionality is baked into django, we don’t have to code it from scratch, that is why we use a framework like django.
Now technically a framework is more then a library, apart from providing these modules it also provides a structure for each application It tells us what folders or files we should have in our project.
So this provides a consistency among various django projects.
So as you move from one company to another and work on different projects, you can easily transition from one project to another, because all these applications follow the same structure now, with that interaction, let’s create our first django project.
So back to pycharm, close the hello world project, and create a new project, create a new project, let’s call this new project pyshop go ahead, alright, now down at the bottom let’s open up a terminal window, in this window we’re going to install django.
So we use pip to install django.
But be sure to add two equal signs here followed by 2.
1 With this we are telling pip that we want to install django version 2.
The reason I’m doing this, is because in the future when you’re watching this video, chances are there is a newer version django out there.
I want to make sure that you can easily follow these tutorials, even though what I’m going to show you in these tutorials will most likely work with the latest version of django.
I just want to be on the safe side.
So let’s go ahead alright, django is installed, next we need to create a django project, so here press control and L this cleans up our terminal window, you don’t have to do it, but it’s just easier to see.
To create a django project, we need to execute this command, django, -admin space start project space, you’re going to call this project pyshop space period.
So when we install django, django brings a command line utility called django admin so this is a utility or program that we can execute form the command line or terminal, right here.
Now, this program takes various arguments, in this case we want to use this argument start project, with this we’re going to create a project called pushup in the current folder.
So this period is imported here, that means the current folder, if you don’t add this period, this utility is going to create an extra folder and that looks a little bit repetitive, so let’s go ahead with this, alright, now, back to the project panel, if you expand py shop we can see that this is our project that we created in pycharm and in this folder we have these files.
Py, you have seen this before, that means this folder is package, so we can import various modules, of this package into other modules, and in this module, we define various settings for our application, you’re going to see this later in this course.
You also have this url’s module, and with this module we define what should the user see when they see slash about/contact/products/shopping cart again, we’re going to work with this only.
And finally we have this module, that wsgi, that is short for web server gateway interface.
The purpose of this module is to provide a standard interface between applications built with django and web servers.
This is an advanced topic, so for now, don’t worry about it.
Now, outside of this folder, of this folder you also have this new folder in our project manage.
As the name implies, we use this to manage this django project.
With this we can start our web server, we can work with our data base, again, we’re going to work with this soon, let’s open up the terminal window one more time, now, type out this command, python if you’re on windows or python 3 if you’re on Mac, because as I told you at the beginning of the course, Mac by default comes with an installation of python, that is python 2.
But that is this course is python 3.
So python 3 space manage.
Py space run server.
What is going on here? So with python interpreter we are running this program manage.
Py and passing run server as an argument.
Py is essentially the same program that we worked with here, django admin.
But we use django admin before creating a django project, now we have a django project, so now in this project we work with manage.
Py this is a module that contains some python code, so we use this module to manage our django project.
So let’s go ahead and. | <urn:uuid:cb9e6f9d-c4d7-41c8-8014-b37dce0cef51> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://techcofounderdating.com/python-tutorial-for-beginners-full-python-programming-course-2019/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.888698 | 65,139 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Top 8 React Bootstrap Templates for Enthusiasts and Pros
Beauty is the purgation of superfluities. This statement by Michelangelo isn’t only about aesthetics. Masters of various professions have made similar statements. And the ones who didn’t often showed a similar attitude to their craft and life. Empty spaces in a painting give weight to the parts that aren’t empty. Mechanisms with fewer moving parts break less. Fewer components in software mean fewer things can go wrong.
In this article, we’ll talk about the best React Bootstrap templates. Both React and Bootstrap are frameworks that let you use existing functionality in your web applications. Using them is the software analogy of fewer moving parts in a mechanism. By using Bootstrap templates, you trade some versatility for speed and reliable operation. If you need components not supported by Bootstrap, you’ll want to use other solutions. But when used right, Bootstrap saves time and helps avoid potential compatibility issues. To know what templates to choose and how to use them, keep reading!
What You Need to Know About Bootstrap
We’ve written so much about React it’s hard to find an article in our blog that doesn’t have a paragraph on it. Today, we’ll pay more attention to Bootstrap. So, what is Bootstrap? In short, Bootstrap is a FOSS (Free and Open-Source Software) CSS framework. It serves to develop a responsive cross-platform front-end with an emphasis on mobile platforms. It also serves as a design templates library for interface components like typography, forms, navigation, and more. Bootstrap helps front-end developers create gorgeous integration-ready interfaces that are also design-conscious. But it has other uses besides building web apps from scratch. Like integrating new design elements into your ReactJS project. Bootstrap’s ready-made kit packages help you integrate these elements into your project.
Integrating Bootstrap into your project has many advantages:
1. Time Efficiency
Twitter programmers Mark Otto and Jacob Thornton developed Bootstrap in 2011. Their goal was a framework that eliminated any consistency issues. If you create a project with Bootstrap, it looks the way you intend on any platform and browser. This fact helped Bootstrap become one of the top front-end frameworks on the market today.
3. Conducive to Teamwork
Bootstrap is what you would call beginner-friendly. It is easy to learn and needs minimal training. The detailed documentation that we have mentioned helps avoid any ambiguity. If a new person joins your project’s team, they’ll have no issue learning this framework and seamlessly joining the work process.
4. The Grid System
When creating a page layout, a good grid is necessary. Bootstrap is divided into 12 fluent and responsive website content columns. It allows developers to create desktop-specific elements by hiding them in the mobile version and vice-versa. And the predefined classes each component possesses also make the grid much easier and faster to understand.
As nowadays all the initial searches are run through mobile devices, the website’s responsiveness is as important as it ever was. And guess which framework is all about creating mobile-friendly websites? That’s right – Bootstrap is. Add that to the Grid System and you’ll get a website that passes the required level of responsiveness, with little effort.
Of course, Bootstrap has its downsides. Let’s make a rundown of all the things about Bootstrap you’ll want to avoid.
1. It creates similar websites
Websites and interfaces built with Bootstrap usually look fine, with little that can go wrong or look out of place. But Bootstrap’s creators aimed for consistency above versatility and it shows. Creating standardized interfaces is a different task from creating recognizable website designs. Bootstrap’s consistency comes at a cost of end results looking alike. The more you use Bootstrap the more Bootstrap-y everything will look. It is possible to override and change style sheets manually but it kills a big part of why we use Bootstrap.
2. It can be heavy
We’re used to devices getting thinner and lighter. Perhaps that’s why it’s hard to wrap our heads around how heavy software has grown. Bootstrap-based projects are no exception. Using Bootstrap often causes your web app to grow too heavy for casual mobile browsing. This issue can be manually resolved, but, again, this messes with the purpose of Bootstrap.
3. Learning Curve
Bootstrap’s learning curve is less steep than, for example, Angular’s. Still, it is there, especially in the Grid and the component attribution department. A beginner usually spends quite some time studying those before using Bootstrap casually. Luckily, it’s a one-time investment of your time. Bootstrap’s documentation covers the newer version adaptation once you’re familiar with it.
The Best Bootstrap Has to Offer
Bootstrap’s best sides are, of course, the quickness and seamlessness of web development. Especially for mobile devices. On the other hand, Bootstrap inflates the websites’ weight and makes any attempts at originality harder. Should you use Bootstrap? As is often the case, the short answer is ‘it varies’. Bootstrap has its pluses and minuses. And it’s your usage of it that determines which outweighs the other. To give you a better idea of where to start, we’ve picked eight of our favorite React Bootstrap templates. They vary in design and functions but we believe each one can be of interest. Let us dive in!
Top React Bootstrap Templates
Coming up are our list of the best React Bootstrap Templates. No particular order.
Material Dashboard 2 React
Coming in at number one on our list is Material Dashboard 2 React by Creative Tim. As you can deduct from the name, Material Dashboard 2 React is not just a template but a fully functional Admin Dashboard with lots of cool features. Let’s give them a quick rundown:
Google’s Material Design inspired design;
Over 70 individual elements for your front-end: like buttons, inputs, navbars, nav tabs, cards, alerts, and many more. Each of the elements mentioned above is customizable in color;
Example Pages to get inspired by, show to the potential clients, or get a jump-start on your development;
Full documentation built by the developers.
So, all in all, we can describe Material Dashboard 2 React as a reliable and beautifully made Bootstrap template. If you want to lighten the process of web project creation, give it a go!
Argon Dashboard React
At number two, we have the Argon Dashboard React by Creative Tim. This open-source Bootstrap Dashboard contains over a hundred different components. Choose and combine them as you wish! Argon Dashboard React’s every component has plenty of color variations that you can adjust with SASS files. Many hover and focus variations are yours to experiment with.
At the same time, there are example pages and thorough documentation. It provides enough guidance for you to learn the ropes. So, despite the hundred-something components, the Argon is easy to navigate. Give it a try, and see this balance of simplicity and versatility for yourself!
Shards Dashboards Lite React
The third entry on our list is Shards Dashboard Lite React by design revision. Consider it a little treat we would like to add for all the lovers of free templates. The first good thing about Shards Dashboard Lite is that it’s free of charge, but that’s the first of many things. Shards Lite is responsive and lightning-fast. It’s built from scratch but follows all the best modern development practices. That stands true for every template within the Shards Dashboard Lite React. It has over a dozen custom components and more than a thousand and a half icons from FontAwesome and Material icon packs. If you want to start with a free React Dashboard Template and see where to go next, try Shards Dashboard Lite React. It will probably be a while before you have to upgrade.
Light Blue React Template
We take pride in the product that comes next. The Light Blue React Template is Flatlogic’s product, and it’s quite a heavy hitter. Admin dashboards are our specialty, and we spared no effort this time. The Light Blue React can cover you as an admin dashboard, a booking management system, or an app for promo deals. We paid a lot of attention to design, too. Light Blue’s visuals are unobtrusive and, well, light. If you plan to work with an interface for hours on end, you want a subtle design that you barely notice is there. Add customizable stylings, and you’ll have an idea of why you should try the Light Blue.
CoreUI Bootstrap Admin Template
The next React Bootstrap Template for you to check out is CoreUI Bootstrap Admin Template. Built on Bootstrap 5 and React.js, CoreUI is a simple template to handle. CoreUI boasts mobile and cross-browser compatibility. But we can say the same about other templates on this list. Likewise, for the long-term support. What sets it apart is the dedicated support from developers. If you face issues with CoreUI, you can get qualified guidance from the people who wrote the damned thing.
CoreUI is a responsive, cross-browser template with lots of features and no requirements for your design skills. Give it a try!
Now we get to sixth place on our list, which means we are about to talk about BizLand. BizLand is a Bootstrap template that is most fitting for business and corporate projects. BizLand helps manage consulting, finance, tax information, insurance, and more. It has a slick “it’s all about business” design and vibe. BizLand comes with all the features and components a good React Bootstrap template needs. But the thing that made us love BizLand was the way it works. React components improve the speed of development but often make the website slower. That’s not the case with BizLand. The interface is fast and smooth, so the user experience will be fantastic. BizLand is responsive and functional, comes with well-commented code and its file structure is easy to deal with. A definite catch of a Bootstrap template.
One might nitpick and say that calling a template Creative can be ironically uncreative. Nonetheless, Creative more than deserves the seventh spot on our list, as it is stylish and quite practical. Creative contains a bunch of features. SB Forms-based working contact form and UX-friendly navigation contribute to the consistent experience. And the HTML markup and custom SASS layout make things intuitive. Creative will be a great fit for your next Bootstrap-based, especially if it is a small business or a creative agency.
Coming Sssoon Page
And now it is time to wrap up this list. But we cannot do it without mentioning the last, eighth, entry, which is Coming Sssoon Page. Let’s use your deductive abilities once again and with their help we can come to the conclusion that this light, easy to use Bootstrap 3 template is going to be most fitting when it comes to a project that is going to launch in some time in the future. With the help of Coming Sssoon Page you can create a beautiful and engaging page of this kind that can help you establish a following even before your project actually starts its life.
Of course, we can’t say that this list is fully complete, as there are hundreds, if not thousands, more templates that deserve your attention, but we believe that the ones that are on that list are most deserving of it due to the way they look and operate. But, if after all, none of them made an impression on you, we have a solution – creating your own! Don’t worry, it will not be either hard, nor time consuming. Follow us to the next part of this article to get tot know what we are talking about.
How to Create your React Dashboard Template
Let’s not keep the intrigue and get straight to the heart of the matter: you can create your own React-based Bootstrap-looking template with the help of Flatlogic’s Full-Stack Web Application Platform! Here’s how you do it:
Step #1. Choose a name for your project. Despite perceived simplicity, this step might as well be the hardest one, as you will have to think of a name that can befit your project. And also, the other steps are even easier.
Step #2. Choose a stack for your project. As we are creating a React-based template, we need to choose the React option for the front-end. Backend and database can be entirely of your choosing.
Step #3. Choose a design for your project. Here, we should say, it is better to choose the Transparent variant, as it is Bootstrap-based.
Step #4. Choose a schema for your project. That is right, you don’t even have to spend time creating a schema yourself, as there are ready-made variants for you to choose from.
Step #5. Review and generate your project. Just assure yourself of your choices and press the «Create Project» button.
And what you will have on your hands is a brand-new beautiful React-based Bootstrap-looking template. Give yourself a round of applause on a job well-done!
Bootstrap is a tool that you should definitely try, if you haven’t already, as you will find it greatly simplifies the not-so-easy process of web projects creation. And simplifying the hard processes that life has is never a bad thing.
And that’s it for today! We hope that you’ve enjoyed it as much as we did. And, as always, have a nice day and feel free to read more of our articles!
The post Top 8 React Bootstrap Templates for Enthusiasts and Pros appeared first on Flatlogic Blog. | <urn:uuid:f5c1797d-d07d-4342-a820-1ed6fd0c04cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://javascriptant.com/top-8-react-bootstrap-templates-for-enthusiasts-and-pros/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.911269 | 3,148 | 1.539063 | 2 |
After The Battle Of Karbala, What Happened To Yazid?
Yazid was a bad man. He grew up in a non-Muslim family.
His mother was not a Muslim, and her character was not good.
Hazrat Muwaviya divorced her, and she brought Yazid with her.
She used to tell Yazid that Ali ibn Abi Talib, Ameer Hamza,
and the Prophet Muhammad killed and defeated his ancestors on the Battlefield.
Revolt of Ibn al-Zubayr
After the Battle of Karbala, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr led a revolt against Yazid I.
Ibn al-Zubayr did not take part in politics while Muawiyah I was in charge,
but when Yazid I became caliph, he refused to swear loyalty to the new ruler.
Husayn, his sisters, daughters, sons, brothers, and the sons of Hasan all left Medina together.
While Husayn bin Ali was in Mecca, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abdullah ibn Umar,
and Abdullah ibn Abbas told him to make Mecca his base and fight Yazid from there. In Mecca,
a lot of people backed Husayn bin Ali. Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr encouraged Husayn bin Ali not to go to Kufa.
Abu Bakr’s grandson, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, was Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr’s cousin.
Aisha was the aunt of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.
Imam Jafar al-grandfather Sadiq was also named Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr.
Ali, Husayn’s father, had a lot of problems with the people of Kufa and the Kharijites when he lived there.
After Husayn ibn Ali died at the Battle of Karbala on October 10, 680 (the 10th of Muharram, 61 AH),
Ibn al-Zubayr went back to Mecca, where he called himself the righteous caliph and started gathering support.
Ibn al-Zubair Speech
When Husayn was killed in Karbala, Ibn al-Zubair gathered the people of Makkah and gave the following speech:
“O people! No one is worse than an Iraqi, and the people of Kufa are the worst of the Iraqis.
They wrote letters to them over and over, called on Imam Husayn, and swore allegiance to his caliphate.
But when Ibn Zeyad got to Kufa, they gathered around him and killed Imam Husayn,
who was religious, fasted, read the Quran, and should have been caliph in every way.”
He finally got his power under control by sending a governor to Kufa.
Soon, Ibn al-Zubayr took control of Iraq, southern Arabia, most of Syria, and some parts of Egypt.
All of Tihamah and Hejaz said, “Abdullah Ibn Zubayr benefited a lot
from the fact that the people were unhappy with Umayyad rule.
” Yazid tried to stop Ibn Zubayr’s rebellion by invading Hejaz and Tihamah, but he died suddenly, ending the campaign.
This threw the Umayyads into chaos, and eventually, civil war broke out.
Yazid Attacked The Holy Kaaba
The Omayyad forces of Yazid ibn Mu’awiyah brutally attacked the holy city
of Mecca on the third day of the Islamic month of Rabi al-Awwal in 64 AH.
Yazid ibn Mu’awiyah then ordered the desecration of the holy Ka’ba by ordering catapults to be
placed on mountains overlooking the Masjid al-Haraam or the Grand Sacred Mosque to fire and
The ultimate emblem of monotheism was severely damaged as a result,
and many people who had sought safety in the most sacred place of Islam were killed or severely burned.
The populace fiercely defended the city after being encouraged by Mukhtar ibn Abu Obayda Saqafi’s bravery.
Death and Succession of Yazid
Two versions of Yazid’s demise have been documented by historians.
One is that he developed stomach and intestinal disease.
He would experience constant pain and be unable to eat or drink.
He would emit a foul odour. Due to the offensive odour, no one would dare to stand next to him.
He used to drink water, but it simply made the discomfort worse.
He used to drink to numb the hurt. Where was his monkey, he inquired one day?
They stated that it had left the building. To find his monkey, Yazid mounted a horse.
He was in too much discomfort to sit properly.
The rider’s foot became stuck as the horse raced, and he crashed to the ground.
While the horse continued to run, his head kept crashing to the ground.
He was then placed in the middle of a desert. Before soldiers discovered his decaying remains,
birds and insects had already begun to eat them.
Yazeed’s romance with a Roman girl is the other incident.
He was invited to a desert oasis by her. She used the blade to assassinate Yazid there when he arrived.
He was left to die on his own. Soldiers located his body a few days later.
Second Account Of Yazid Bin Muwaviya
Most of the dead bodies were consumed by insects and birds.
That is the second account of Yazid bin Muwaviya’s demise that can be found in the history book.
When Yazid passed away, the throne was presented to Muwaviya bin Yazid.
He was a young man. He declined the position of the caliph and declared that he
would not accept any throne erected on Ahle Bayt’s blood and remains.
Muwaviya bin Yazid passed away a few months later as well.
He is respected by all Islamic faiths, yet they all denounce his father’s behaviour.
To maintain his throne and pass it on to his son, Yazid sacrificed Hazrat Hussain and Ahle Bayt.
To his distress, his son turned down the throne.
Marwan bin Hakam and his lineage ruled Muslims after seizing the crown. | <urn:uuid:ab3ff962-f4c4-48f8-bbbc-3714efa7d72a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://azofficial.org/after-battle-karbala-what-happened-yazid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.975427 | 1,373 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Top Anti-Aging Skin Treatment Products
Skincare is definitely the wide variety of techniques that service body health and wellbeing, enhance its physical appearance and relieve skin disorders. They can incorporate suitable use of skin lotions, avoidance of excessive sunlight lighting and also over-being exposed to the dangerous sun nutrients and radiations. Additionally, it involves health and surgery therapy for skin disorders. Healthy skin care also encompasses protection against skin illness and earlier detection of skin conditions. The makeup industry also employs skin-care to reinforce the appearance of stars, other and products popular people.
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Skin care is performed on a regular basis to hold it healthy and balanced and eye-catching. Anyone would be wise to make sure you always keep his/her epidermis neat and healthier to maintain a fantastic appearance, however. People must implement contra –getting older lotions 2 times a day or right after just about every two days and nights. Cleaning complexion with cleansing soap and tepid to warm water can help in detaching the departed tissues and disclosing a whole new complexion. Just before beginning the cleaning schedule, a skin care product ought to be put on the face and neck to make it for your laundering regimen.
Moisturizing will be the next essential part in skin care. This process can help to keep skin hydrated and in addition make it flexible. Proper use of moisturizers depends upon the particular skin area. For oily skin area, petroleum jelly and olive oil are your favorite while for that dry skin, products that contains aloe-vera and emu oils are usually more ideal.
As part of your skin-care and attention schedule, individuals are needed to pay attention to their diets. Should the individual is using other complexion-care products including hard components, diet program works an important role in pores and skin-care, as some substances could potentially cause allergic reaction, specifically. Someone who is taking the high serving of prescription antibiotics might have to transformation his diet to prevent side effects on the body. A number of the popular meals hypersensitivity are: rhino skin breakouts, soreness, aggravation and hives etc.
To keep up a wholesome body program, folks are necessary to thoroughly clean their fingers correctly and workout a cleansing soap that fails to irritate the skin. Regular laundering works well for taking out the old microscopic cells and dust out of the skin. Together with hand clean, it is actually needed to use a cream right after washing. People can decide cream for day and night.
An exfoliator or a rub is likewise beneficial in keeping the facial skin attention. It is very important analyze the product on modest locations to determine whether or not this triggers any irritability, ahead of getting an exfoliator or possibly a wash. The utilization of an exfoliator or perhaps a scrub as well as a lotion helps in removing dead tissues.
People affected by bad acne are advisable try using a fantastic moisturizer and also a facial cleanser and exfoliator. Acne beauty goods are commonly comprised of benzoyl hydrogen peroxide. People with oily body are encouraged to keep away from benzoyl peroxide mainly because it reasons dry skin. Some cosmetic dermatologists recommend an all-natural ingredient referred to as salicylic acid solution that has a comedogenic house and may be used in conjunction with other ingredients. People being affected by bad acne are advised to acquire at the least 2 tablespoons on this component along with 2 tablespoons of green tea shrub engine oil or sandalwood natural powder in a glass prior to going to sleep.
Those who experience pimples and whiteheads can pick a page mask or possibly a cleansing face mask. A detoxifying mask, such as the 1, with crushed walnut shell brings together alpha-hydroxy components and alpha-and gamma-Sarovin. This factor assists in doing away with unhealthy toxins offer in the human body. Some skin doctors recommend by using these page masks a second time or thrice regular to get much better success.
Most people are now buying zero-ageing skincare, as they wish to take a radiant, youthful skin area that is clear of okay lines and wrinkles. Some dermatologists suggest healthy protein peptides among the efficient zero-maturing skin care ingredients. One effective anti–growing old beauty factor is retinol, and this is frequently located in some of the helpful wrinkle ointments.
There are numerous healthy skin care experts in Vancouver who can assist you clear up your epidermis complications. The majority of them focus on beauty or complexion relevant concerns including pigmentation, creases, pimples and staining stretch marks etc. You may contact these beauty pros in their internet websites and request their expert consultancy. You can also head over to their stores and find out about the most up-to-date skincare tendencies in Vancouver.
Dermatologists in Vancouver also offer various other varieties of beauty remedy for instance contra –wrinkle skin treatment goods, bad acne methods, oily skin care merchandise, locks treatment, physique or body replacement unit and many others. Additionally you can choose a great dermatologist in Vancouver by browsing on many search engines like yahoo for instance Google, Yahoo! or MSN. You can even make reference to Vancouver regional classifieds or drug store sites to locate a very good skin care professional in Vancouver.
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Go on your search for lots more relevant content articles: | <urn:uuid:453b5141-e274-4f02-b734-ba2ce64c5914> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://popmagazine.website/the-top-anti-aging-skin-treatment-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.941171 | 1,163 | 1.625 | 2 |
Black Velvet is a dwarf Alocasia and has dark, almost black leaves, adorned with brilliant silvery-white veins and velvety look makes for a strikingly beautiful plant. The underneath colour throws off a purple tone. Anthurium-like flowers are produced throughout the year when growing conditions are favourable. These consist of a sterile, finger-like floral column (spadix) surrounded by a pale green petal-like leaf (spathe).
This little baby requires high humidity for good growth. Choose a location with partial to full shade and organic-rich, well-drained soil. They are very cold sensitive. This Darker leaf Alocasia prefers well-drained soil on the drier side - like a succulent let the soil dry out a little between watering.
Alocasia will adjust its size according to the amount of sun it receives. The more sun it receives the smaller it will be, the less sun it receives the larger it will become "to a point" | <urn:uuid:650ee360-5338-4224-8824-0af332559226> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://indoorplants.com.au/collections/indoor-plants/products/alocasia-black-velvet | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.924391 | 210 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The European Spine Journal has published six-month results from iMIA (iFuse Implant System Minimally Invasive Arthrodesis). iMIA is a randomised controlled trial conducted in Europe to measure the safety and effectiveness of minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion using iFuse (SI-Bone) implants, compared to conservative management in patients with chronic sacroiliac joint dysfunction.
iMIA is the second randomised controlled trial comparing iFuse to conservative therapy. Results and results from iMIA mirror those of INSITE, an earlier multicentre randomised controlled trial performed in the USA. Both trials were performed in the post-market setting and used very similar inclusion and exclusion criteria, according to a SI-Bone press release. Study entry criteria were designed to reflect real-world clinical practice.
The publication reports results on 103 patients with chronic sacroiliac joint pain enrolled at nine centres in four European countries. Study subjects were randomly assigned to either sacroiliac joint fusion with iFuse (n=52) or to conservative therapy (n=51). Conservative therapy was performed according to the European guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pelvic girdle pain and consisted of optimisation of medical therapy, individualised physical therapy, and adequate information and reassurance as part of a multifactorial treatment. The primary outcome was the difference in change in self-rated low back pain at six months. Additional endpoints included quality of life using EQ-5D-3L, disability using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), sacroiliac joint function using active straight leg raise (ASLR) test, and adverse events.
In the study, sacroiliac joint fusion provided superior improvement in pain, disability, function and quality of life compared to conservative management. Mean low back pain improved by 43.9 points in the sacroiliac joint fusion group compared to 5.7 points in the conservative therapy group (difference of 38.2 points, p<.0001) (see Figure 1). Mean ODI improved by 26 points in the sacroiliac joint fusion group and 6 points in the conservative therapy group (p<.0001) (see Figure 2). ASLR, EQ-5D-3L, walking distance and satisfaction were statistically superior in the subjects treated by sacroiliac joint fusion. The frequency of adverse events did not differ between groups.
The iMIA trial extends the findings from prior studies in two aspects, according to SI-Bone. First, iMIA included two functional assessments (walking distance and sacroiliac joint function via ASLR), neither of which had been previously reported; both showed improvement in the sacroiliac joint fusion group but not in the conservative therapy group. Second, conservative therapy was provided per European treatment guidelines, meaning that the control group intervention may have been more standardised than in prior trials.
“Results from iMIA provide additional, independent confirmation that the improvements after iFuse surgery are clinically important and statistically superior to those seen with continued conservative care,” said Bengt Sturesson, from Ängelholm Hospital, Ängelholm, Sweden, lead author of the paper. “Furthermore, results from iMIA, combined with the INSITE randomised control trial, as well as four- and five-year outcomes from other published cohorts, suggest that minimally invasive sacroiliac joint fusion with iFuse can be added to the portfolio of typical spinal surgeries that European surgeons can now offer their patients.” | <urn:uuid:17513c5a-f501-4744-9736-41f55142720f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://spinalnewsinternational.com/imia-results-mirror-insite-for-si-bones-ifuse-minimally-invasive-sacroiliac-joint-fusion/?hilite=low+back+pain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.932243 | 738 | 1.65625 | 2 |
How Is the New Generation Root Canal Treatment Performed?
The inflamed nerve of the decayed and inflamed tooth is removed with special instruments after the cavity is cleaned by protecting the tooth with special methods. During root canal treatment, the root canal is irrigated and cleaned with various irrigation solutions.
By virtue of special root apex locator devices and electronic root canal treatment devices, it is possible to determine the tooth size and root apex with minimum error without being exposed to unnecessary radiation. Furthermore the nerves within the tooth root are completely removed and the root canal can be expanded by purifying from unhealthy tissues.
Then, the root canal hygiene is provided with special pointers of laser and the nerve scrapings -if any- are cleared away and the healing process is accelerated.
After this procedure, masticatory function and aesthetic appearance are provided with Aesthetic Filling by giving an intra-canal filling and an anatomical dental shape.
As a result of a wrong treatment, the recovery can delay, tooth aches may occur and even loss of tooth may eventuate. | <urn:uuid:b078795a-338a-416f-89d9-335f793d4f2d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.drbirkanozkan.com/en/treatments/aesthetic-dentistry/methods-of-preventing-tooth-removal/new-generation-root-canal-treatment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.938528 | 216 | 2.6875 | 3 |
A Time to Die
Most of you will be aware of the Ecclesiastes reading often chosen at funerals: To every thing there is a season, and a time to every purpose under the heaven: A time to be born, and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to pluck up that which is planted. One of the big questions in this is do we have we a right to choose a time to die if we become terminally ill and seek to do so by means of voluntary euthanasia, otherwise known as ‘assisted suicide’?
The concept of euthanasia has been around since the 17th century when medicine first looked at ways at alleviating pain and suffering through death in the elderly ill. Religion has always opposed euthanasia with the Catholic Church declaring it a serious mortal sin. The author Martin Amis caused controversy when he called for euthanasia ‘booths’ to be placed on all street corners where elderly people could end their lives with ‘’a martini and a medal’’. His comments were considered deeply offensive by anti-euthanasia supporters but Amis hit back by stating there are over 700,000 people with dementia living in the UK and his experience of seeing people he loved and admired with the illness had taught him there are no reasons for prolonging life once the mind and dignity goes.
It is only in the last fifteen years that assisted suicide became legal in Switzerland, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg and some USA states. The only Catholic country to legalalise it is Colombia. Two previous attempts to legalize in the UK were rejected but a Bill is currently before the Scottish Parliament to permit it.
Most people have heard of Dignitas, an assisted suicide Swiss organisation set up in 1998 that has so far helped over a thousand people with terminal cancer, motor neuron disease and multiple scorlesis by means of lethal overdoses of Nembutal resulting in a painless death within minutes. The cost is £4,000 and over a hundred people from Britain and Ireland have so far travelled to Dignitas clinics in Switzerland. An interesting statistics from Dignitas states that 20% of their clients do not have a terminal illness, but choose to end their lives because of a debilitating disability or a general ‘weariness of life’.
Daniel James, 23, became the youngest Briton to die at the Dignitas clinic after travelling to Zurich with his parents. He was paralysed from the chest down after a major spine injury incurred whilst playing rugby. David couldn’t walk, had no hand function and had constant pain in his fingers, was incontinent and suffered uncontrollable spasms in his legs and upper body, thus needing 24-hour care. He considered his life had become ‘’a second-class existence’’. It is hard to judge someone like David because most people will never have to endure pain and suffering on this scale in their lives. Besides, he might have made his peace with God before making the decision to travel to Switzerland, and God, or at least the God I believe in, was probably incredibly loving and understanding in return.
The hardest aspect of assisted suicide that I find difficult to understand is when I see pictures in the media of people who have died at a Dignitas clinic ‘enjoying’ a final meal before their death with close family members. I would find this incredibly hard to do and if I’m honest I would probably do my best to talk the family member or friend from not going ahead with it, based simply on the premise that I would find it heart-wrenchingly hard to say goodbye to them. But from articles I have read, one family described their final hours and moments with their loved one as a ‘’beautiful and remarkable thing’’ before the death took place.
The Hippocratic Oath historically taken by doctors swearing to practice medicine ethically is changing in its direction. The sanctity of preserving life at all costs falls outside the remit of the oath when morphine is given in excessive doses to hasten death to patients in a lot of pain or sometimes because they are simply elderly with little chance of getting better. It happens in Irish hospitals far more often than we like to think. Undoubtedly, a broad debate into euthanasia needs to continue. We may one see it one day become legal in Ireland and England. I remember writing an essay on it when I did my Leaving Certificate in the early eighties condemning it strictly on religious grounds. England is in a progressive state of secularism and Ireland is following along in a similar pathway. That leaves me to wonder what students in the year 2040 will write about euthanasia in their copybooks. But for that only time will see.
Published in The Irish Community News magazine | <urn:uuid:9155776f-7f2e-4982-9322-17cbda7dd9a0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://declanhenry.co.uk/product/a-time-to-die/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.978859 | 983 | 2.296875 | 2 |
This video is about the Marx Memorial Library in London, England.
By Meirian Jump in England:
Workers’ library shows knowledge is power
Thursday 26th February 2015
THREE action-packed months as archivist at the Marx Memorial Library (MML) have sped past. One of the highlights was answering a knock on the door from an Argentinian whose great grandfather spoke at meetings of the London Patriotic Society on the same site in the 1870s.
The library is a very special place with a history rooted in Clerkenwell’s radical tradition. It was there, at 37a Clerkenwell Green, that the International Working Men’s Association met. It was also where Twentieth Century Press printed Marx and Engels’s classic works and where Lenin worked in exile 1902-3 — visitors can still see his office.
The library was founded in 1933, on the 50th anniversary of Marx’s death, by a group of British socialists and trade unionists. Ever since, it has collected, published and archived material on Marxism, the working-class movement and trade unionism, making it available through education programmes and facilitating publication and research projects.
Eighty years on, the library is imbued with the same proud history and sense of place. There is also a new energy about Marx House. With the twin goals of fulfilling its self-proclaimed role as a workers’ school and of reaching out to new audiences, the MML has a number of exciting projects underway.
Next month the library will open its doors for special twice-weekly tours of the building. This will be an opportunity for visitors to go “behind the scenes” with trained guides and view our displays, both old and new. The William Morris Hammersmith Socialist Society banner, embroidered by the Morris family and recently returned from display at the National Portrait Gallery, can be seen alongside a newly acquired series of dynamic Communist Party equality campaign posters from the early 1970s.
Every year trade unionists, workers, students, pensioners and activists gather at Clerkenwell Green for the May Day demonstrations. This year the MML and the Morning Star will jointly host an open day, inviting people into the library to view a display of photographs of May Day events throughout history.
Many of these evocative images, showing banner-waving, cap-wearing crowds from the 1940s and 1950s, originally appeared in the Daily Worker. This sense of history will, I hope, give context to the continued relevance of this festival of international solidarity.
Education has been at the core of the MML’s operation for decades. The library’s archives testify to the continuity and adaptability of its work in this field.
Syllabuses from the 1940s still resonate today, including those for classes on “women in industry,” examining unequal pay and childcare provision; and the “economics of capitalism,” highlighting the ever-evolving nature of capitalism and its propensity for crisis.
While courses on Marxist political economy were previously accessible through correspondence, students can now sign up to online courses on the same subject — see our website www.marx-memorial-library.org.uk for further details.
The unique archival collections at the library are being mobilised in new ways. Building on the success of exhibitions like the News International Wapping Dispute display, the library is delving into its archives, including the printers’ collection, and looking ahead. A team of volunteers are assisting in the cataloguing of previously unsorted collections, soon to be listed as part of the catalogue on our website.
Next year will see the 80th anniversary of the outbreak of the Spanish civil war. Work is already underway to ensure that the library’s International Brigade archive is catalogued in full with digital images in time for a series of launch events. This forms part of a broader programme of digitisation taking place at the library with newly acquired reprographic equipment.
It was this archive — the Spanish collection — that first brought me to Marx House almost 10 years ago. My grandfather, Jimmy Jump, was an International Brigader. His experiences, and those of my grandmother Cayetana Lozano Diaz, who fled Spain as a refugee from the civil war, inspired me to study the Aid Spain movement as an undergraduate.
I sat at the back of the MML’s reading room leafing through Daily Worker reports on grassroots support for the Spanish Republic. I’ve been hooked ever since.
Meirian Jump is archivist and library development officer for the Marx Memorial Library. We need your support to continue with this ambitious programme of work. Donations can be made to the Marx Memorial Library’s Development Fund, here. | <urn:uuid:acd06681-d13f-4d1d-bdb7-b4e605599f99> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dearkitty1.wordpress.com/2015/02/26/london-library-about-working-class-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.950612 | 987 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Facebook to Remove Thousands of Ad Targeting Options
August 22, 2018—Facebook announced it's making a change to how its ad targeting system works in order to tackle the misuse of its platform to discriminate and exclude audiences based on factors like ethnicity and religion, reported MSN News.
The company says it's now removing over 5,000 ad targeting options that could have been misused to place discriminatory ads across its platform, according to the report.
"While these options have been used in legitimate ways to reach people interested in a certain product or service, we think minimizing the risk of abuse is more important," the company explained in a blog post. Facebook didn't provide a list of the options being removed, but noted they related to attributes such as religion and ethnicity.
According to MSN News, it also said that it would roll out a new certification to U.S. advertisers through its Ads Manager tool, that will require the advertisers to properly register their compliance with Facebook's non-discrimination policy if they post housing, employment or credit ads. The advertisers will need to complete the certification, which involves being educated on the policy and agreeing to it through a form. | <urn:uuid:cd6a8599-9b3d-4844-ba35-362d4361065f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ratchetandwrench.com/articles/6864-facebook-to-remove-thousands-of-ad-targeting-options | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.973195 | 236 | 2 | 2 |
Offers a resources on spiritual and metaphysical teaching in many different forms. Home of the Spiritual Rights Foundation, a non-profit organization.
A non-profit religious organization and mystery school dedicated to elevating the consciousness of mankind. With a members-chat, prayers and general information.
Sells tapes and books, gives information on retreats and courses and meditation trips.
Jasmuheen, the Self Empowerment Academy and M.A.P.S. - Movement of an Awakened Positive Society.
With free items, information on pythagorean tuning forks and ideas on inner transformation in relation to the Christian tradition.
Contemporary knowledge about God, evolution, and the purpose of human life. On-line books on methodology of spiritual self-perfection.
Classic New Age Centre in Northern Scotland - also known for growing gigantic vegetables, produced in close cooperation with nature spirits (devas). Information on workshops, retreats and news.
Assisting humanity's spiritual awakening by providing facilitation and resources for individuals who are expressing this consciousness in practical ways. Includes mission and organizational elements.
Spiritual institution for the enlightenment of man, through the Maha Sutras (Universal Teachings), Sadhanas (Spiritual Practices) and Dikshas (Spiritual Initiations).
Empty the expectations from the soul in order to live in the between-ness.
An independent, educational church teaching applications and use of spiritual gifts in personal life today.
Teachings and lectures regarding responsibility, knowledge and self-acceptance. Includes information on community centers and counselors, products, and a chatroom.
Offering practical ideas to living a healthier and more spiritual life. Includes philosophy, service centers, and healing resources.
On the cosmology and spirituality of the Danish Martinus. Also gives dates and places of lectures in Europe, outside Denmark.
MSIA offers an approach to living called "practical spirituality". Details on membership, teachings, events, classes and seminars.
with Sheldan Nidle
An ancient wisdom mystery school dedicated to the study, development, and practical application of the divine inherent in every person.
The study of Universal Order and Natural Law, integrating the metaphysical and physical principles of the cosmos into a holistic vision of universal order.
Offers information on retreats and a newsletter.
A center dedicated to the transformation of humanity beyond dying cultural paradigm into new healings, sacred passages, astrology, psychotherapy.
A uniting of the scientific, spiritual, and moral laws which together underpin the universe in which we exist.
Educational organization dedicated to mental, physical, and spiritual well-being.
Out of the conviction that man is spirit enclosed in matter, ESSCR devotes its efforts to awaken man to that realization.
An organization that believes that we are in the end times. Channeled material on evacuation and landings.
This organisation gives an online glossary, a newsletter, a few quotes by Margaret Laird and details on programs.
Aims to teach the intention process. Details of centers, newsletter, archives and FAQs.
A non-profit organization whose mission is to provide education, training and research for individuals to develop to their fullest potential on all levels.
Offering meditations, classes in spiritual empowerment, vibrational and spiritual healing, DNA activation, and channeled messages from Archangel Tzadkiel.
Mission statement, information on activities, contact information, products, and related links.
An informal Christian Fellowship founded by John Todd Ferrier. Gives information on its meetings and philosophy.
Information on meetings, books, tapes and Richard Rose quotes on his system for spiritual achievement.
A non-profit foundation to promote The Infinite Way, which evolved through the consciousness of Joel S. Goldsmith and was made available with the assistance of Lorraine Sinkler.
Thanks to DMOZ, which built a great web directory for nearly two decades and freely shared it with the web. About us | <urn:uuid:d1dbcd39-449e-495b-99c4-200b2540d31b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://odp.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/New_Age/Organizations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.838001 | 1,178 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Economic growth isn’t just an end in itself. Strong economic growth provides hard working people the opportunity to succeed.
Today, I would like to address the Jobs and Economic Growth pillar of the Republican agenda. House Republicans will continue to pursue policies that encourage free enterprise because these policies are proven to support economic growth and create jobs. We will propose legislation to harness the abundant energy resources of our nation, roll back burdensome regulations and fix our tax code.
Our economy is still far from reaching its full potential and our nation’s slow recovery from the 2008 recession continues to impact many people. Our economic policies should make it easier for people to invest, produce and manufacture in America. Recently, we took an important first step by lifting the 40-year-old crude oil export ban. Ending the ban will encourage economic growth in Texas and across our nation. However, there’s still much more to be done.
Far too often, federal agencies like the Environmental Protection Agency issue unnecessary regulations that cripple businesses across this country. These burdensome regulations stifle some of Americans’ greatest traits - innovation and ingenuity - and harm our economy. Overregulation from Washington shouldn’t be the reason hard-working people cannot support their families.
In addition, our outdated tax code is unfair, overly complex and prevents our nation from reaching its full economic potential. We need a simpler, fairer tax code for the 21st Century that will benefit everyone and help families and small businesses thrive. You can be confident that we will continue to make progress on issues that help those working to make a better life for themselves and their families.
Member of Congress | <urn:uuid:d08b1a4c-9acd-4276-b4b6-d51721f03dda> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://kaygranger.house.gov/2016/2/weekly-e-newsletter-looking-forward-jobs-and-economic-growth | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.937835 | 346 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Someday A Helicopter Drone May Fly Over Mars And Help A Rover
Is there ever a time when cool trumps science?
It's a question that becomes relevant when you consider NASA's plans to put a helicopter drone on an upcoming rover mission to Mars.
Think about it. If you tell a friend that NASA's Mars 2020 mission will have an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer on board for determining the fine scale elemental composition of Martian surface materials, you'll probably be greeted with a blank look.
Tell that friend the mission will be carrying a helicopter drone that will fly over the rover and take aerial photos, and the response is more likely, "Wow, that's cool."
Well, that was my reaction, anyway.
Now you might be thinking, wait a minute, there's not a lot of atmosphere on Mars, so is there enough air for a helicopter's rotors to push against?
NASA scientist Matthew Golombek says yes, the atmosphere on Mars is pretty thin. "But there is enough atmosphere to actually do stuff with wings or rotors," he says.
He says tests in a chamber that simulates the Martian atmosphere have proven that.
Golombek works at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. As a serious scientist, his first reason for wanting a helicopter drone on a Mars rover mission isn't poetic or cool, it's scientific.
"The rover spends a fair amount of time wandering around looking for the good stuff to go analyze," Golombek says. "The idea for the helicopter is if you could get that beforehand, then the rover wouldn't need to wander around, it would know exactly where to go. Where are the best out-crops. Where are the key relations that you want to study."
The helicopter drone Golombek wants to send to Mars is a pretty simple affair. It has two, 3-foot-long rotor blades that rotate in opposite direction for stability. Below the rotors are a couple of boxes that hold the drone's electronics. There's also a solar panel for charging the drone's batteries.
"Mounted on the outside of this is a small camera that takes pictures," Golombek says, "and that's it."
The whole thing weighs just a bit more than 2 pounds. And to keep costs down, Golombek says NASA has tried to use off-the-shelf parts. For example, a GoPro camera right out of the box. Tests show that will work on Mars.
Even though Golombek is a serious scientist, that doesn't mean he's immune to a kind of magical feeling that comes from working on the team that's running Opportunity, a rover that's been roaming Mars for almost 12 years.
"We have a presence on Mars, a continuous presence on Mars, with a bunch of people that are Martians. I'm a Martian," Golombek says with a laugh. "Maybe not me personally, but my brain is there with the rover."
He says pictures from a helicopter flying above a rover rolling across Mars will only reinforce that feeling of being there. "In a sense that's humanity being on another plant," he says. "First small step."
It may be a while before we can take that first small step. For now at least cool didn't trump science. NASA chose other scientific instrument for the 2020 mission, in part because the agency wanted to make sure the drone would work as advertised. It still may get there on a future mission.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. | <urn:uuid:a23dd2dd-6c4f-4e88-b30a-bcd4ab779b0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ksmu.org/2015-11-27/someday-a-helicopter-drone-may-fly-over-mars-and-help-a-rover | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.960065 | 740 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Take nothing but pictures, leave nothing but footprints. It’s an unattributed quote you often see as an inspirational caption to beautiful holiday vistas, but it could easily have originated in Pokémon Snap.
Back in 1999, Nintendo released the first-person photography simulation game. The slogan “Gotta catch ‘em all” was translated from capturing pocket monsters in balls, to capturing them through photography. A review at the time in CYBERCULTURE said that the concept “should never work,” before conceding that “it is one of the most creative and entertaining games on the market.” Over twenty years later, Pokémon Snap is back for another shot at video game photography.
A new lens but the same spirit
The timing of New Pokémon Snap’s imminent release (set for April 30th) is fitting given the recent surge in photography games — titles no doubt partly inspired by its predecessor. According to a Wired article by Lewis Gordon “video game photography is arguably enjoying a golden age.” From AAA to indie, many games now have a dedicated photo mode.
Recommended: STEALTH 600 & 700 GEN 2
The best-selling wireless headsets just got even better; the Stealth™ 600 & 700 Gen 2 feature massive upgrades to ensure that Turtle Beach gamers always have the definitive audio advantage.
New Pokémon Snap is inspired by the 1999 Nintendo 64 game, to the extent that the original team was consulted, though this version is being developed by Bandai Namco. New Snap makes use of the Switch’s gyroscope to emulate the experience of controlling an actual camera, though you can use the joystick for this as well.
In an interview with The Washington Post, Bandai Namco director Haruki Suzaki explained that New Pokémon Snap “is a simple game of taking pictures in a world where Pokémon are alive and well in nature, but at the same time there are a variety of contemporary ways to play with photography.”
In the original Snap, the Nintendo 64 cartridge could be taken to a Blockbuster and your Poké snaps printed on stickers. New Pokémon Snap has leveled up to the Instagram age, allowing you to add stickers, frames, and filters to photos before sharing them with players around the world (if you have Nintendo Switch Online membership).
Illuminating new gameplay
Nintendo recently released an ‘Overview Trailer’ which provides the fullest picture so far of what we can expect from the game. Unsurprisingly, it shares the same core gameplay and mechanics as the original. Snap is quite literally on rails, as you ride through the landscape on a motorized buggy called the NEO-ONE.
As you travel, the aim is to take photos of the eponymous critters in their natural habitat. If that description sounds suspiciously like the ‘It’s A Small World’ ride, fear not. For one thing, New Pokémon Snap definitely isn’t a small world: it’s set in the new Lental region, which is made up of an archipelago packed with various ecosystems.
The official Snap website describes the game as “an ecological survey,” and this is reflected in the player building their own Photodex. Captured photos are rated by Professor Mirror according to certain criteria like how large the Pokémon appears in the frame, whether they’re facing you, and what poses they’re making. There are now almost a thousand Pokémon across the mainline games, so understandably not all of them will feature in the Lental region. Still, there will be over 200 in the game (including the wonderfully rotund Wailmer).
New Pokémon Snap looks to be a kinder game than its predecessor. The 1999 version encouraged players to throw pester balls at Pikachu and friends to knock them out or stun them. New Snap trades that in for Fluffruit (an apple-looking fruit that pokemon seem to love), which can be tossed near Pokémon in order to trigger reactions. As you complete more research on a particular course, your research level will increase and Pokémon behaviour will vary, providing some incentive for replaying each area.
Perhaps the flashiest fresh feature in New Pokémon Snap will be its nighttime phase. This is when the party gets started: nocturnal Pokémon appear and you’ll be able to throw light-up balls called Illumina Orbs rather than those mysterious Fluffruits. Due to something called the ‘Illumina phenomenon,’ some Pokémon and vegetation glow in the Lental region, so you won’t need to pack your ring light.
To celebrate the release of New Pokémon Snap there will be a special event in Pokémon Go between April 29 and May 2 which will allow you to catch a shiny version of Smeargle (not to be confused with one Smeagol). Otherwise, it’s not long now till the release of New Snap on April 30 — let’s hope Pikachu is ready for their close-up!
Read More: Cozy Grove Beginner’s Guide
If you’re tired of paying off your debts to Tom Nook but still want to enjoy the island lifestyle, you should take a trip to Cozy Grove. The life sim game has a lot in common with Animal Crossing.
Article author: Florence Smith Nicholls can be found on Twitter via @florencesn | <urn:uuid:0bfae236-fc43-492b-8c4e-72e63ce37316> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog.turtlebeach.com/picture-perfect-everything-we-know-about-new-pokemon-snap/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.937403 | 1,104 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Rather than blaming international bodies and institutions, our effort must be to remain in close touch with them as also the think-tanks and prominent NGOs in other countries through our embassies, and furnish them with clarifications and background when they compile data or make their own assessments about India.
The Mumbai School of Economics Alumni Association celebrated its centenary year by organising a Special Centenary Address on ‘India’s 75th Year of Independence – Daunting Challenges Ahead’. The address was delivered by Dr Madhav Godbole, with Dr S.A. Dave (Founder Chairperson, Securities and Exchange Board of India and later UTI Mutual Fund) as Chairperson on March 26. The Leaflet reproduces Dr Godbole’s lecture in three parts. We are grateful to Prof. Ritu Dewan, President and Dr Chandrahas Despande, Vice-President of the Mumbai School of Economics Alumni Association for agreeing to The Leaflet’s reproducing Dr Godbole’s address. This is the second part.
Click here to view the first part.
Enact at least the following basic electoral reforms
Now, with the BJP [Bharatiya Janata Party] firmly in power in the Centre and most of the states, it is impossible to separate religion from politics by enacting the requisite constitutional amendment. I have therefore been advocating for some time that at least two basic electoral reforms should be undertaken to reduce the impact of majoritarianism and to protect the interests of minorities.
i) To make voting compulsory
The first is to make voting compulsory, as has been done in at least 30 democracies, which has increased the voter turnout to over 90 per cent. Currently, the voter turn-out in India ranges between 50-70 per cent. In India, since the day of voting is declared a public holiday, there is no justification for not making voting compulsory. After the voting age was reduced to 18 years, voting percentages have gone up considerably. This will be further reinforced by making voting compulsory. After all, India cannot afford to become an absentee democracy.
ii) To make 50 per cent plus 1 vote necessary to win
The other overdue reform is to make 50 per cent plus one vote necessary for a candidate to win an election. The first-past-the-pole system adopted in India, though simple to operate, suffers from some glaring deficiencies. In most cases, the winning candidate gets negligible votes, at times just 20 to 30 per cent of the total, which is a mockery of a representative democracy. In a multi-religious, multi-lingual, multi-ethnic, plural society, it is imperative that the elected candidate represents all sections of the diverse constituency. The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2002) has, after detailed analysis, recommended the adoption of this electoral reform. After some initial hesitation, the Election Commission of India has also said that there will be no difficulty in implementing it.
Also read: The urgent need to modernise Indian elections
Humongous arrears of over four crore cases in the courts is the stark reality in India.
Huge numbers of under-trial prisoners are a matter of serious concern. Successive Chief Justices of India [CJI] have talked about it. One CJI, T.S. Thakur, publicly shed tears. Ranjan Gogoi, who recently retired as CJI, has in his autobiography entitled ‘Justice for the Judge: An Autobiography’, has made intermittent references to the imperative need for judicial reforms, but there is no focused discussion on the subject. He bemoans the fact that in the Union Budget, only about 0.2-0.4 per cent of the allocation is for the judiciary and “shockingly, the average allocation of funds for the judiciary in the state budgets is again a negligible percentage of the total allocation.” Two of his statements are significant: “Though numerically the pendency of cases is very high in each court, my understanding of the situation is that a large number of the pending cases can easily be put in the category of ‘non-essential’, ‘not contested’ or ‘infructuous’ matters. The truly contested cases or cases of substance would be perhaps not more than one-third of the total pending cases…One-third of the above pendency is still a considerable number.” If this is so, I do not know why such an exercise of categorization has not been done by the Supreme Court so far. In the third Ramnath Goenka Memorial Lecture, Justice Gogoi had mentioned that the judiciary in the country needed a thorough shakeup, a revolution and not mere reforms. He has not elaborated on what steps he took as the CJI in this direction. As a result, it remains a mere rhetoric. The other statement is equally disconcerting: “After interacting with the members of the political branch on [the tenure of high court and Supreme Court judges], most informally, the impression I gather is that, by and large, the thinking is that Supreme Court judges should not have long tenures and the CJI, in particular, should not remain in office for more than a year.” This is shocking, to put it mildly, and will be the surest way of weakening the judiciary which has been assigned such an important role in India’s Constitution. The present revolving-door policy, as seen from the very short tenures of most CJIs, is hardly conducive to dealing with the huge challenges facing the judiciary. Experience has shown that the future of Indian democracy will be greatly dependent on the effective counter-check on the actions of the executive and Parliament exercised by the judiciary.
The Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution, which comprised several judges and jurists, glossed over the subject of judicial reforms. I had criticized this lapse in my article in the Economic and Political Weekly, soon after the report of the commission was published in 2002. My article in Firstpost, an open letter to Prime Minister, titled Narendra Modi’s legacy should be bringing down the arrears of court cases in India (16 January 2017) has fallen on deaf ears.
Governance issues must not be mixed up with democratic functioning
The global Democracy Report 2022, which has brought out the back-sliding of democracy in India, along with some other countries such as the USA, mixes the issues pertaining to the governance of the country with those pertaining to its democratic functioning. The report talks about India’s backsliding of democracy with the most democratic violations during the pandemic. Violations include: harassment, arrests and prosecution of human rights defenders, activists, journalists, students, academics and others critical of the government or its policies; excessive use of force in the enforcement of Covid-19 regulations; harassment against Muslim minorities; internet obstructions; and lockdowns, particularly in Kashmir. India, a backsliding democracy, deployed Internet shutdowns during election periods, with India topping the world’s list of countries that most frequently used such a tactic. In India, the government has used laws against cow slaughter and anti-conversion to target Muslims, while sedition and counter-terrorism laws have been used to target human rights defenders, student activists, academics, opposition members and other critics.
The Freedom in the World 2022—India Country Report gives India a score of 66/100 and categorises India as “partly free”. India’s score in the previous year was 67/100, with the same categorisation, namely, “partly free”. In respect of political rights, India’s score is 33/40 and in respect of civil liberties it is 33/60. In the overview, the report states: “While India is a multi-party democracy, the government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has presided over discriminatory policies and a rise in persecution affecting the Muslim population. The constitution guarantees civil liberties including freedom of expression and freedom of religion, but harassment of journalists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other government critics has increased significantly under Modi. Muslims, scheduled castes (Dalits), and scheduled tribes (Adivasis) remain economically and socially marginalized.”
The UN Office of Human Rights commented sharply on the UAPA [Unlawful Activities Prevention Act], which “raises serious concerns relating to the right of presumption of innocence along with other due process and fair trial rights. The Act is also increasingly being used to stifle the work of human rights defenders, journalists and other critics.”
India has fallen three places to 79 out of 139 countries in the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index and is ranked third in South Asia, behind Nepal and Sri Lanka. The rankings are based on eight factors: constraints on government powers, absence of corruption, open government, fundamental rights, order and security, regulatory enforcement, and civil and criminal justice.
Also read: India still described as ‘Partly Free’ in Freedom of the World 2022 report, ‘electoral autocracy’ in Democracy Report 2022
India’s over-sensitivity to criticism
The Government of India has been over-sensitive to any criticism, whether domestic or international. Public memory is short but Indira Gandhi had a paranoia about a foreign hand in everything. Piloo Mody, who was known for his sarcasm and humour in Parliament, had ridiculed Indira Gandhi’s frequent allegations against the Central Intelligence Agency [CIA] of the United States by going to the Lok Sabha with a prominent pendant, around his neck, proclaiming, “I am a CIA agent”. India has reverted to the same mind-set in Narendra Modi years. This can be seen from action against several foreign-funded organisations, including some well-known international organisations such as Oxfam India, who help in poor children’s education, empowering women and fighting against inequality, and the International Human Rights Commission. Provisions of the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act have been tightened for the purpose. This is highly counter-productive.
The government claims that assessments by international bodies lack appreciation of the situation facing the country. It is true that there is no ‘one- size- fits- all’ solution to the problems facing different countries. The situation in each country has to be assessed keeping in view a number of factors unique to it. While this is true, the Indian response to critical comments is mostly difficult to understand. For example, the Indian reaction to the downgrading of Indian democracy, calling out its restrictions on civil society, treatment of minorities and crack-down on free speech by the US-based Freedom House and Sweden-based V-Dem Institute do not make any sense. The Minister of External Affairs, S. Jaishankar, had hit back saying India did not need sermons by “self-appointed custodians of the world” and that “India is not looking for their approval, is not willing to play the game they want to play”. (The Indian Express, 22 February 2022, p. 1) It will be recalled that, some time back, Jaishankar had refused to attend the US Congressional committee meeting on Kashmir on the ground that one of its members was prejudiced against India and spreading falsehood. If this was so, it was all the more imperative that he should have attended the meeting and authoritatively dealt with the criticism. When India’s ranking in the World Bank’s ‘Ease of Doing Business Index’ went up steeply in 2019, Prime Minister Modi did not hesitate to proclaim it to the world repeatedly. India must be prepared to accept both the credit and discredit for its actions and inactions. Rather than blaming international bodies and institutions, our effort must be to remain in close touch with them as also the think-tanks and prominent NGOs in these countries through our embassies and furnish them with clarifications and background when they compile the data or make their own assessments. India, which is looked at as a counter-weight to China and a rising power, cannot be found wanting in this important respect.
As can be seen from my writings over the years and this lecture, I too have been critical of the government on a series of points. And so have been several others but the government has been impervious to their criticism. I believe that without serious introspection of our failings and weaknesses, it will be impossible to bring about any significant change in the situation. In this lecture, I am imagining an India in which I would like its future generations to live and be proud of being Indians in the world community.
In the following paragraphs I propose to deal with some of the major issues and concerns raised by international agencies and suggest corrective action which is long over-due and has been recommended repeatedly.
i) Anti-terror laws
The origin of most of the restrictions on civil liberties, free speech, access to internet, denial of bail and long periods of imprisonment as under-trials are to be found in the threat of terrorism faced by India. As compared to most other countries, India has had the misfortune of living with insurgency and terrorism since its Independence. Pakistan has been the main perpetrator, with active support of China in recent years. India did not get much international help in its anti-terror endeavours except for lip sympathy and some intelligence inputs. For its own geo-political interests, the United States and U.K. were more inclined to shield Pakistan and even to help it politically and militarily. Pakistan has been on the watch list of Paris-based global watchdog, Financial Action Task Force, and continues to be on its terror grey list since 2018, without any penal action, mainly due to the strong support of China and the soft-pedalling by the United States.
In such a bleak scenario, India had to fall back on its own devices and enact a number of laws from time to time such as the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act [TADA], Prevention of Terrorism Act [POTA], Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and so on. The accepted wisdom of ‘bail and not jail should be the rule’ was disregarded by making several offences non-bailable. Terms such as ‘Muslim terrorism’, ‘Hindu terrorism’, and ‘urban naxalism’ found ready acceptance. These laws were passed from time to time by Parliament when the United Progressive Alliance [UPA] headed by the Congress Party, and the National Democratic Alliance [NDA] headed by the BJP were in power. The stand of these parties differed depending on whether they were in power or in the Opposition, at any given time. Now only the UAPA is in operation. Time has come to urgently review some of the provisions of the anti-terror enactments in the light of experience of their working so far, namely, long delays in investigations and conclusion of court proceedings, shoddy investigations, witnesses turning hostile, and, most importantly, very low rate of convictions. Since the offences were non-bailable, the accused had to suffer incarceration for years and decades together, before being acquitted.
India is unique in terms of delays in disposal of even criminal cases, leave aside civil disputes. It is common to see the under-trial prisoners languishing in jails for years together. As the former Chief Justice of India, M.N. Venkatachaliah, had said, it is like locking up a prisoner and throwing away the keys! As a result, denial of bail implies inflicting imprisonment for a longer period than even that prescribed by law for the given offence, and that too, without trial. It is high time the category of non-bailable offences is reduced to the barest minimum. And in respect of those offences which would continue to be non-bailable even after such a review, discretion must be given to the judges to grant bail on merit.
Also read: The Dangers of UAPA Were Sown in Earlier Preventive Detention Laws in India
The other major irritant is the gross misuse of Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code pertaining to sedition, which reads: “Whoever, by words, either spoken or written, or by signs, or by visible representation, or otherwise, brings or attempts to bring into hatred or contempt, or excites or attempts to excite disaffection towards the Government established by law in India, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, to which fine may be added, or with imprisonment which may extend to three years, to which fine may be added, or with fine.”
Mahatma Gandhi, Bal Gangadhar Tilak (“The father of the Indian unrest”, as the British called him), and several other freedom fighters were punished under this section during the British rule. In view of the gross misuse of this provision during the colonial period, it was expected that this provision will be done away with after Independence. Instead, it has become the main weapon for the government in hauling up its critics, irrespective of which political party is in power. The strict guidelines laid down by the Supreme Court for application of this provision have been repeatedly flouted by the police, with impunity. The matter is now before the Supreme Court again for review. It is a travesty but most political parties do not want the deletion of this provision of law. But, it is my long-held view that this provision should be done away with altogether, as it is a negation of democracy. If considered necessary in the interests of national security, a new highly restrictive, and focussed provision may be enacted.
Also read: UAPA and sedition law being used to stifle dissent; must be repealed, say former judges
iii) Misuse of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act
The misuse of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act is yet another ground for repeated complaints from the North-East and J&K, where it is in operation. Lt. Gen. H. S. Panag (retd.), who was GOC-in-C of Northern Command and Central Command in the Indian Army, has brought out: “The AFSPA draws its inspiration from the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Ordinance, promulgated by the British on 15 August 1942 to enable the deployment of the armed forces to suppress the ‘Quit India’ movement. In 1947, the central government invoked four similar ordinances to deal with the adverse internal security situation during the Partition. In 1948, the Armed Forces Special Powers Act was promulgated, replacing the four ordinances. The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1948 was repealed in 1957, only to be resurrected a year later as the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 because of the deteriorating internal security situation in the ‘unified Assam’ as a result of the Naga rebellion.”
Panag has written: “It is ironic that the AFSPA, on two counts, is even more draconian than the colonial model that inspired it. As per the latter, the special powers to order “shoot to kill”, search and arrest were restricted to an “officer not below the rank of Captain”. In the case of AFSPA, the special powers can be exercised by “any commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer”….The prolonged deployment of the armed forces and its lack of transparency in dealing with human rights violations has, in the words of [former judge of the Supreme Court] Justice Jeevan Reddy, made the AFSPA “a symbol of oppression, an object of hate and an instrument of discrimination and high-handedness. It is time for the AFSPA to be repealed.” (The Print, 6 January 2022)
I hold a somewhat different view. The fault lies with the government of India in deploying the armed forces in the so called “disturbed areas” for years together. There must not be any other country where the armed forces have been used for such a prolonged period to contain insurgency. This is not the legitimate function of the armed forces. They are neither trained or nor mentally equipped for it. The government must use the state armed police and central para-military police for the purpose. Deployment of armed forces must be in exceptional situations and that too for a very short period such as serious communal riots, namely, anti-Sikh riots in Delhi (1984), post Babri Masjid demolition riots in Mumbai (1992-93) and Godhra (2002). It is important to ensure that the morale of the armed forces is not permitted to be adversely affected in dealing with such situations. The AFSPA must remain on the statute book for use in such grave situations. I have been arguing this for a long time and my latest book, ‘India- A Federal Union of States: Fault Lines, Challenges and Opportunities’ (2021) makes a strong case for withdrawing the armed forces from the civilian areas in J&K and moving them near the international border to deal with infiltrations, mercenaries, terrorists and militants.
Also read: AFSPA in the North East – the never ending trauma
iv) Police reforms — a dead-end
Considerable criticism against India, both domestically and internationally, is on account of police excesses and atrocities. India is at a dead-end so far as police reforms are concerned. The subject has been under discussion since the submission of the report of the National Police Commission [NPC] way back in 1979. On return to power in 1980, Indira Gandhi had disbanded the NPC as it was critical of the working of the police and the government during the Emergency. The NPC reports were also withdrawn. It was only when Indrajit Gupta of the Communist Party of India became Union Home Minister (1996-98) during the United Front government that he initiated action on NPC reports by writing to the state chief ministers for taking expeditious action. However, the states were reluctant to do so. Finally, Prakash Singh, a retired police service officer, filed a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court in 1996. The court was reluctant to intervene in the matter but, after years of efforts, finally took up the case and gave its directions for restructuring the police departments in the states and the centre in 2006. The states have been resisting implementation of the directions on the plea that it is an uncalled-for interference by the Supreme Court. Several chief ministers filed review petitions in the Supreme Court but these were dismissed by the court. At the same time, the Court too has been reluctant to haul up the states for contempt of court.
There are repeated complaints of political interference in the working of the police, both at the states and the Centre. There are also repeated complaints of misuse of central agencies for action against opposition party leaders. In some rare cases, the high courts and the Supreme Court have agreed to supervise the investigation of cases. But obviously, this cannot be a normal practice. I had raised some of these concerns in my public interest litigation before the Supreme Court in 2004 on making good government a fundamental right (referred to later). Unfortunately, the Supreme Court had declined even to admit the petition for hearing!
Also read: Police Reforms via Prakash Singh judgment: A boon or a bane?
v) Shift ‘public order’ and ‘police’ from the State List to the Concurrent List
With the vast changes which have taken place after the Independence of the country, it is necessary to shift the two subjects, ‘public order’ and ‘police’, which are currently in the State List, to the Concurrent List of the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution. This will enable the centre to act in suitable cases. It will also act as a counter-check. However, on the pretext of breach of federalism, the states have been objecting to it vehemently, though, as stated earlier, India is not a federation but a union of states. The states are entirely the creation of the Constitution. It must be underlined that law and order is an important pre-requisite for development, and the country’s democratic and accountable functioning. The following illustrative list brings out the grave consequences of the present situation.
First, India does not have an all India police law any longer, after the expiration of the Indian Police Act, 1861. Though a draft of such a law was prepared by the committee under the eminent jurist, Soli Sorabjee, the centre did not have the courage to enact such a law due to the resistance of the states and each state has been left to enact its own police act. Second, it was way back in 1992, when I was Union Home Secretary, that I had made concerted efforts to bring in a central law against custodial violence, which is a serious problem all over the country. But the effort had to be given up due to the resistance of the states. Third, Mamata Banerjee, as the then Railway Minister, had tried to enact a law to give police powers to railway police. This too had to be given up due to the resistance of the states. Fourth, Lok Ayuktas had been demanding in their annual conferences that an all India Act should be passed to provide uniformity of structure and enhanced powers to their offices. This effort too had to be given up due to the resistance of states. Fifth, the enactment of a central law for the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is languishing for over six decades due to the resistance of states. Sixth, the same is true of passing a law for the empowerment of central intelligence agencies. Seventh, looking to the experience so far, it is necessary to have a central law to deal with serious communal riots. Such an effort was made by the UPA government but had to be given up due to the resistance of the states. Eighth, it is also necessary to have a central law on genocides such as during the anti-Sikh riots in Delhi in 1984, atrocities against and resultant exodus of Kashmiri Pandits in 1990, and Godhra riots in 2002, to name a few. Ninth, the Supreme Court had suggested enactment of an anti-lynching law to create a deterrent against the tendency to take the law into one’s hand. This was in 2018. Only four non-BJP states have passed such laws but they are awaiting President’s approval! The central government considers such a law unnecessary as the existing provisions of the Indian Penal Code are adequate. I have serious problem with this logic. The Supreme Court had also suggested that the central government issue a directive to state governments under Article 256 of the Constitution. As I had argued in my article, India as Lynchistan, Frightening and Disheartening, in The Citizen (16 August 2018), the main instrument for taking any action is the police, which has become totally ineffective by its blatant politicisation and communalisation. I had expressed serious doubts about whether the central government was competent to give any directive under Article 256 to the states, on a subject which clearly falls in the ‘state list’ in the Constitution. The states will consider it as going against the principles of federalism, which is now a favourite hobby-horse of all opposition parties. Tenth, most importantly, the central government was unable to directly intervene even in grave situations such as the build-up of the agitation for demolition of the Babri Masjid.
This is a highly disturbing situation. But, in the final analysis, of course, whether to act is a question of political will, on the part of the centre or the states. In a democracy, a common person is helpless in such situations and becomes a mute spectator of the doings of the politicians.
Also read: Straying from Constitutional values: India’s democracy is at a crossroads
vi) Adopt inquisitorial system
Looking to the political interference and inadequacies in police investigations, time has come to make a structural change from the accusatorial system India has adopted from the colonial times to the inquisitorial system prevalent in Europe. Justice V. S. Malimath, in his report on Reform of Criminal Justice System (2003) had observed: “the inquisitorial system is certainly efficient in the sense that the investigation is supervised by the judicial magistrate. As result, the rate of conviction in court cases is substantially higher.” This will also shield the police from political interference. To begin with, at least in sensitive cases, selectively, this procedure should be tried in India.
vii) The Kashmir conundrum
This subject has been grossly misunderstood and misinterpreted, at times due to the deliberate misinformation spread over the years by vested interests and Pakistan. Till recently, even the United Kingdom and the United States consciously favoured Pakistan, as a part of their geo-political interests. Article 370 of the Constitution was a “temporary” device, meant to extend India’s Constitution to J&K, over the years, in consultation with the state government. It was not meant to give any special status to J&K, as has been widely misinterpreted and propagated. Abrogation of Article 370 was long overdue for the full integration of the state and should have been done years ago to set the record straight on the status of J&K. As seen from the speeches of Nehru and other leaders like the then Union home minister, Gulzarilal Nanda, and M.C. Chagla, Union education minister and former chief justice of Bombay high court, though the Congress Party was convinced of the need to abolish Article 370, it did not have the political courage to do it. It is India’s fault that this position has not been fully explained to the international (and also a section of the domestic) audience. In my latest book, ‘India – A Federal Union of States: Fault Lines, Challenges and Opportunities’, I have dealt with this subject at length and have suggested, among other steps, very early action to restore the statehood of Kashmir valley and Jammu, with Ladakh continuing as a union territory. | <urn:uuid:98a99880-8c2b-499f-a75a-9b79254caec8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newsclick.in/reforms-india-needs-fulfil-constitutional-goals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.963678 | 6,251 | 2.265625 | 2 |
To celebrate the 40th anniversary of Earth Day, Discovery’s Planet Green has announced 16 visionaries — people with big ideas that are shaping our world. Joining the likes of Moby, Philippe Cousteau and Stephen Dubner on the list is our very own CEO, Andy Sharpless.
Here’s an excerpt of Planet Green’s interview with Andy:
What accomplishment of the environmental movement over the past 40 years stands out to you?
I remember the first Earth Day. I was a student in Philadelphia and I went to an Earth Day concert where I was in high school. It is absolutely the case in the 40 years since then, environmental legislation in the US — pushed through by the environmental movement and its many supporters both in Congress and out in families of America — cleaned up the air and cleaned up the water in meaningful ways especially in American cities like the one I grew up in. The air is safer to breath and the rivers and the lakes are cleaner for the people who use them, and swim in them, boat on them, and fish out of them and for the creatures that live in them.
What should be the mission of the “green” movement for the next 40 years?
We need to remember the difference between talking about saving the world and actually saving the world. The desire that many people have for having the task of saving the world be easy, sometimes interferes with focusing on the concrete practical work associated with putting in place the policies like we did in the 70s with clean air and clean water that will deliver a healthier world.
We’ve got to keep our feet on the ground and be practical and actually be willing to trade off noble grandiose objectives for maybe less noble objectives that can actually be defined and be delivered on in a short period of time. | <urn:uuid:0dcbd275-1807-4354-bac5-ef9b8c9ac958> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://usa.oceana.org/blog/andy-sharpless-ocean-visionary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.964637 | 373 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Maintaining a business can be an expensive task. There are many points to consider, including advertising, space rental, website maintenance, employee salaries, and production cost. One aspect that is often overlooked is liability insurance for miscellaneous professionals, but this type of coverage is one of the most important forms of protection a company can have.
It is widely accepted that doctors, lawyers, mechanics, pharmacists, and dentists should carry malpractice insurance in the event of an accident, but what most people don’t realize is that there are several other types of professionals who should also carry some form of protective liability insurance. Some of these include: consultants, travel agents and event planners, outsourced administrators, including payroll processors and benefit plan administrators, property and construction managers, interior designers, and graphic designers. There are several other professionals who need liability insurance, and the best way to determine if you are one of them is to consider your scope of exposure. How many people does your service reach? The greater the number, the greater the need. Many contractors will also require that their providers carry insurance.
The necessity for liability insurance for miscellaneous professionals is increasing all the time. A lawsuit-conscious public and a belief in the need for compensation has fueled a rise in legal claims against professionals. The need to protect your company is more vital now than it has ever been before, making liability insurance a must for any business owner. | <urn:uuid:b33b21f0-93e5-4ea2-b643-f6cbb7f22761> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.voippacket.com/why-you-should-consider-professional-liability-insurance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.965101 | 288 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Something to Crow About
It isn't every day you see a guy walking down the street carrying a 50-pound rooster.
Of course, I'm only guessing it was 50 pounds. I really have no idea how much he weighed -- the rooster, I mean, not the guy. I'm assuming around 50 pounds because he was enormous, and the guy seemed to struggle to get both arms around him. In truth, the rooster looked more like a turkey than a rooster. But I heard him crow, which let me know that he was undeniably a rooster -- not a turkey, just a very large rooster.
Still, it was less surprising to see a very large rooster than it was to see a rooster of any size being carried down a suburban street. People around here walk dogs down the street, and on one occasion I saw someone walking a goat, which was strange but not as strange as a rooster being carried down the street. At first, I thought maybe the rooster had flown the coop and the guy was bringing the rooster home, I guess, to roost. But then I saw him again. And again. And then a fourth time. At this point it became clear to me that the man was not rescuing his rooster. He was taking his very large, 50-pound, pet rooster for a walk.
Naturally I found this pretty curious, and I wanted to ask the guy why he kept carrying this heavy rooster down the street. I thought maybe the guy might be depressed and he had an emotional support rooster. Or maybe the rooster was depressed, and he needed a change of scenery. But if so, why not just let the rooster walk himself? Or if he doesn't like to walk, why not get him a wagon and take him for a ride? Even one of those infant carriers would be easier on the back than carrying a giant rooster in your arms down the street. Especially a depressed rooster.
Alas, I didn't know the man so I thought it would be weird to approach him and ask him questions about his pet poultry. I began to keep an eye out my window every day, around the same time, hoping to catch sight of them and maybe get a clue as to why this was an ongoing occurrence. But every day it was simply the same show of the guy carrying his rooster down the street.
Eventually my curiosity got the best of me, and I couldn't stand not knowing anymore. So, one day when I saw the man carrying his rooster, I ran outside and approached him.
"Excuse me, I'm sorry to bother you," I said. "But every day I see you out here carrying your rooster and I just had to ask you why."
He nodded, rebalancing the weight of the compliant rooster in his arms.
"My friends have some hens down there but no rooster," he said. "So, I've been bringing him over to fertilize their eggs."
"Why don't you just drive him over?" I asked.
"Can't," he said. "He gets carsick."
"Oh," I said. "So, why not just walk him on a leash?"
He shook his head. "He refuses to go."
"Why is that?" I wondered.
He shrugged. "I guess he's a little chicken."
Tracy Beckerman is the author of the Amazon Bestseller "Barking at the Moon: A Story of Life, Love, and Kibble," available on Amazon and Barnes and Noble online! You can visit her at www.tracybeckerman.com.Copyright 2022 Creators Syndicate Inc. | <urn:uuid:1e1e2fd8-3423-480a-83e8-76e4dd51adf3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.arcamax.com/entertainment/humor/tracybeckerman/s-2693828 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.988898 | 768 | 1.609375 | 2 |
SOLID-STATE BATTERIES BASED ON ADVANCED POLYMER ELECTROLYTE TECHNOLOGY
Energy storage is an essential and ubiquitous aspect of our world today. Tremendous, unmet need exists for longer lasting portable electronics, more efficient electric vehicles, and alternative sources of power which drive a seemingly insatiable demand for more efficient and powerful energy storage materials and devices.
Sidhu Laboratories is leading advancements in critical technical areas to overcome the hurdles facing next-gen energy storage solutions. Our technology draws upon our expertise in non-traditional and sophisticated organic materials and revolutionary manufacturing techniques. Production scalability of our technology is integral to our business model and we believe also greatly differentiates us in the marketplace.
Our corporate vision is to lead storage technology innovation through development of a integrated, fully accountable battery solution - not a narrow “materials only” component supplier approach. | <urn:uuid:f8e00eee-6fa9-4a1a-aaab-2b1076c4bc24> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.sidhulabs.com/home | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.880648 | 198 | 1.539063 | 2 |
EV Sales Remain Slow
Feb. 4, 2020—While electric vehicles get showered with attention, their actual prevalence is very small in the grand landscape of the auto industry.
The New York Times took a look at the numbers after a few Super Bowl ads made notable pitches for various EVs. GMC, Audi and Porsche were a few examples.
But the numbers still show a small impact. EVs made up just 1.9 percent of overall sales in 2019, according to the Times. Tesla accounted for half of those sales. Ad spending for EVs was just a 0.3-percent chunk of the overall pie.
Automakers are going in big on EVs, as noted by big announcements around models like the EV Hummer or the Ford Mustang Mach E. But some companies sell the cars at a loss, according to the article.
Sales could turn a corner in the near future, the article notes, as companies shift more ad dollars toward EVs, public awareness increases and the cost of the vehicles come down. | <urn:uuid:047a1112-de16-4f1a-a4bf-e2a6da6e2181> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fenderbender.com/articles/14454-evs-get-big-attention-still-small-sales | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.970128 | 205 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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AUS Greenhouse continues to operate and grow cucumber plants
Education is truly successful once it helps you become a critical thinker and solve real-life problems for the benefit of you and your community. AUS strives to provide students with experiential learning opportunities, and AUS Sustainability is honored and delighted to help unfurl projects that genuinely benefit, treasure and nurture the natural environment and not only sustain its resources, but help them blossom. The AUS Greenhouse project is one of them.
On May 3, 2019, AUS Community Services, part of the Office of Student Affairs, inaugurated a first-of-its-kind, student-led greenhouse project that took three years and 200 AUS volunteers to plan and build. Recycled or reused items made up more than 90 percent of the materials used to build the greenhouse, including more than 20,000 single-use water bottles, which were all collected from the university campus before the single-use plastic ban was initiated by AUS.
The plastic water bottles that make up the walls of the greenhouse create significantly cooler temperatures and provide protection from various pests, allowing for the cultivation of plants all year round. The sheltered structure offers ideal growing conditions for plants that otherwise cannot survive the harsh, arid and hot local climate. The AUS Greenhouse is part of the Community Service Farm, where students grow fruits and vegetables to be sold during the farmers’ markets in collaboration with AUS Sustainability. The proceeds from the sale of the Community Service Farm produce are used to support the continuation of the project and additional donations go towards charity initiatives.
With the COVID-19 pandemic impacting physical activities on campus, there is no longer any produce sold at on-campus markets. However, the AUS Greenhouse is still fully functional as a greenhouse farm today, with the University City gardeners currently using it.
With successful projects like these, AUS Sustainability aims to transform AUS into a powerful test-bed, generating ideas and forming behaviors that can address the challenges of our changing planet. Among other approaches that AUS Sustainability takes, it sees the campus as a living lab. We envision our campus to be an incubator for new ideas and solutions that address environmental and social issues at AUS and beyond. We support both undergraduate and graduate student research projects and initiatives that contribute to AUS’s commitment to sustainability, and students are encouraged to apply for our sustainability project funding.
Written by Apoorva Dudani, a third-year mass communications student who began work as an AUS EcoRep in 2021. | <urn:uuid:3a8a3448-18e0-4ad4-9219-94c278a81b1b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.aus.edu/blog/aus-greenhouse-continues-to-operate-and-grow-cucumber-plants | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.939004 | 545 | 2.046875 | 2 |
In Kansas, businesses are allowed to incorporate, thereby becoming their own legal entities. After incorporation, buying and selling property, agreeing to contracts and exercising legal rights are considered acts of the business itself and not its owners. To incorporate in Kansas, a business must file with the Secretary of State in compliance with specific guidelines.
Benefits of Incorporation in Kansas
There are distinct advantages to incorporating a business. Most importantly, liabilities the business accrues may be satisfied only by assets that the owners have specifically invested in it. With unincorporated businesses, personal property of owners can be liquidated in order to fulfill the liabilities of the business. Also, creditors in the Olathe area generally prefer to deal with corporations, since a loan is an investment more easily evaluated when the credit-worthiness of various owners is not an issue. Lastly, ownership of a corporation is divided into equal portions or "shares" of stock, which may be bought and sold much more easily than the ownership of an unincorporated business.
Costs of Incorporation
Incorporation comes at a price. First, Kansas might charge a filing fee to process applications for incorporation. Also, the corporation will pay taxes as its own entity. In other words, the profits a corporation makes are now taxed separately, while any disbursements to shareholders are taxed as individual income. This is called double taxation. However, a business might avoid this disadvantage with proper planning and assistance from a local Olathe lawyer. | <urn:uuid:30f222ea-bf0d-4e45-909b-70e8d27c4c75> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://businessattorneys.legalmatch.com/KS/Olathe/business-incorporation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.971529 | 301 | 1.992188 | 2 |
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ability according Aunt Blackwell blessing body born brother called cause character Christ Christian Church College commanded County Cousin created daughter death Deut died earth Elizabeth faith father five friends fruits gate gave girls give give unto given glory Goodwin Gospel hand hath heart heaven holy inheritance Israel James Jesus John John Blackwell Jones keep ladies land letter Levites live Lochleven Lord thy Lord thy God Lunenburg married Mary Matt means mind Miss negroes never offer poor Prov received rest Robert servant soul speak spirit talents teaching thee thereof thine things Thomas thou shalt thought tion tithes trust University unto unto the Lord Virginia wife written young
Стр. 79 - I speak after the manner of men because of the infirmity of your flesh : for as ye have yielded your members servants to uncleanness and to iniquity unto iniquity ; even so now yield your members servants to righteousness unto holiness.
Стр. 98 - Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow; they toil not, neither do they spin: And yet I say unto you, That even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, shall he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?
Стр. 97 - Therefore I say unto you ; Take no thought for your life, what ye shall eat, or what ye shall drink ; nor yet for your body, what ye shall put on.
Стр. 101 - Who goeth a warfare any time at his own charges? who planteth a vineyard, and eateth not of the fruit thereof? or who feedeth a flock, and eateth not of the milk of the flock?
Стр. 87 - At the end of every seven years, in the solemnity of the year of release, in the feast of tabernacles, when all Israel is come to appear before the Lord thy God in the place which he shall choose, thou shalt read this law before all Israel in their hearing.
Стр. 88 - But who am I, and what is my people, that we should be able to offer so willingly after this sort ? for all things come of thee, and of thine own have we given thee.
Стр. 98 - If then God so clothe the grass, which is to-day in the field, and to-morrow is cast into the oven; how much more will he clothe you, O ye of little faith!
Стр. 94 - And the scripture was fulfilled which saith, 'Abraham believed God, and it was imputed unto him for righteousness': and he was called the Friend of God.
Стр. 106 - And he said unto them, Verily I say unto you, There is no man that hath left house, or parents, or brethren, or wife, or children, for the kingdom of God's sake, 30 Who shall not receive manifold more in this present time, and in the world to come life everlasting. | <urn:uuid:c6537dc2-6ab7-4273-a3a6-5678a31199e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.com.qa/books?id=px4aAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions:STANFORD36105002500119&hl=ru&output=html_text&lr= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.895883 | 746 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Why is Parris so worried about his reputation?
Why is Parris so worried about his reputation?
Why is Parris so worried about the evidence of witchcraft being discovered in his own house? Parris wants to remain minister and fears any evidence that may harm his reputation. What does Rebecca Nurse think is wrong with the girls? Putnam so eager to prove there is witchcraft in the village?
What are the parallels between the incidents Miller dramatizes and the acts of Senator McCarthy in the 1950s?
What are the parallels between the incidents Miller dramatizes and the acts of Senator McCarthy in the 1950s? People were wrongly accused of being a communist or doing witchcraft, that had no intention or want to be either of them.
How does Abigail change by the end of the play?
At the end of the play, when Abigail realizes that her plan has failed and that she has condemned Proctor to hang, she displays the same cold indifference that governs her actions throughout the play. She flees Salem, leaving Proctor without so much as a second glance.
What has happened to Abigail in Act 4?
In Act 4 it’s revealed that Abigail has run away and stolen money from her uncle (and so her reputation takes a hit in her absence), but since she is no longer in Salem, it doesn’t really matter for her. In Act 2, Abigail still seems to want to be with John Proctor, since she’s accused Elizabeth Proctor of witchcraft.
How are the crucible and the Red Scare similar?
The Red Scare was basically just one huge breakout of mass hysteria. People became paranoid over the ideas of communism and espionage. Similarly to in the Crucible, many people were put on trial and convicted without proper evidence and were innocent.
Why does Elizabeth refuse to stop him from being hanged?
Elizabeth does not stop him because she is happy he finally forgave himself for his one sin (adultery).
Why do you think Miller decided to end the play with Proctor’s death?
Hover for more information. After the dramatic events of Act IV, Miller closes the play with Proctor choosing to be put to death in order to preserve his good name. The Puritan judges have forced Proctor into an impossible and paradoxical situation: If he lies and “confesses” to being a witch, his life will be spared.
Why is Proctor important?
John Proctor is the protagonist of the play “The Crucible”. He is a farmer in his mid- thirties, he is married to Elizabeth Proctor and the father of three sons. He is a very direct person and because of his behaviour to other people he is respected and even partly feared in town.
Did John Proctor do the right thing?
John Proctor also chose to die because he could not double cross his friends, the fact that he has three children, John could not raise his children to walk like men in the world if he himself was not a true man. Therefore for the sake of his name,reputation and his kids, John’s decision to die is the right one.
What does the crucible parallel?
An allegory is a story in which characters or images represent specific ideas. The events of The Crucible parallel McCarthyism, with intolerance, hysteria, and fear causing characters to implicate each other as witches, and legal trials determining the fates of the accused.
Who dies in the crucible Act 4?
Everyone leaves the room to allow Elizabeth and Proctor privacy. Elizabeth tells Proctor that almost one hundred people have confessed to witchcraft. She relates that Giles was killed by being pressed to death by large stones, though he never pleaded guilty or not guilty to the charges against him.
How is the crucible an allegory for McCarthyism essay?
Arthur Miller’s “The Crucible” is an allegory for McCarthyism during the red scare due to the near parallel events that confide in the plot and history such the accused confessing to a crime they did not commit to save their life, people rising to power by taking advantage of others, anda accusations having merit with …
Why did Miller develop John Proctor the way he did?
Miller uses The Crucible to express his own views on what was happening in America at the time-McCarthyism was at a prominence. He uses John Proctor as he is interested in the person who doesn’t allow himself to be caught up in hysteria but thinks for himself and stands up for his values against all odds.
Why is John Proctor concerned about his reputation?
His immense pride and fear of public opinion compelled him to withhold his adultery from the court, but by the end of the play he is more concerned with his personal integrity than his public reputation. He still wants to save his name, but for personal and religious, rather than public, reasons.
Who cares about their reputation in the crucible?
Reputation is the main theme associated throughout The Crucible. The major fear that townspeople of Salem have is losing their reputation, since rumors circulate very quickly in such town. Reverend Parris is the first character that we are introduced to, who is mostly interested in gaining the reputation.
Why is the crucible an allegory?
Arthur Miller uses allegory in his play, The Crucible, to show the similarities between the Salem witch trials and the Red Scare. In the Salem witch trials, all substantial evidence is through out of the window, and everything that supports witchcraft is valid. Much is the same with the Red Scare court system.
What is the ending of the crucible?
The Crucible ends with John Proctor marching off to a martyr’s death. By refusing to lie and confess to witchcraft, he sacrifices his life in the name of truth. At the end of the play, Proctor has in some way regained his goodness.
Why is John Proctor not a tragic hero?
Proctor is not a true tragic hero in Miller’s play because he never recognizes his egotistical concerns and self-superiority as fatal flaws that lead to his fate in the Witch Trials. Proctor is doomed by the same means that he is redeemed.
What has happened to 7 of Mrs Putnam’s children?
Ann Putnam lost seven babies on the night each of them was born. Ruth, her only living child, has become sickly and “secret.” Believing that this sickness, as well as the deaths of her seven babies, is the work of the devil, she sends Ruth to Tituba, a slave woman known for her ability to “speak with the dead.” Mrs.
What is Miller trying to represent with Proctor?
Miller uses Proctor to symbolize the difficulty that righteousness entails. Whereas scheming and lying may be an easier path, Proctor chooses honesty though it is at great cost to himself.
Who is to blame for proctors death?
Mary Warren is to blame for John Proctors deaths, because even if the whole hysteria continued, John Proctor wouldn’t have died if she didn’t say John Proctor is a witch.
Who does John Proctor represent in Mccarthyism?
Is Elizabeth really pregnant in the crucible?
Yes, Elizabeth likely is actually pregnant in The Crucible. Though Judge Danforth expresses some skepticism, Elizabeth is shown to be an honest and moral woman, which makes it unlikely that she’s lying. In real life, Elizabeth Proctor was really pregnant during the Salem witch trials.
Who was pregnant in the crucible?
Is Abigail in love with Mr Putnam?
______F________Abigail is in love with Mr. Putnam. Putnam’s children died at child birth.
How many children did Mrs Putnam lose?
What time period is the crucible set in?
Salem witch trials
What is the main message of the crucible?
One of the main messages of “The Crucible” is that mob mentality in any situation, religious or political, leads to thoughtless (and therefore unethical and illogical) actions. In this play, those actions lead to the persecution of innocent people.
Who lost 7 babies in the crucible?
What happens in the crucible Act 4?
This act takes place in a jail cell in Salem. Marshal Herrick wakes up the occupants, Sarah Good and Tituba, to move them to a different cell. The two women speak of their plans to fly away to Barbados after the Devil comes for them and transforms them into bluebirds. | <urn:uuid:2daa5048-dc29-477c-9b0d-b8ee703d79ea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.yoforia.com/why-is-parris-so-worried-about-his-reputation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.978058 | 1,818 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Peace Terrace Academy is dedicated to providing an integrated academic and Islamic program which develops self-directed and resourceful learners. We consider the whole child and the stages of life development to help us engender a strong sense of self and a life-long commitment to learning and to Islamic traditions.
Spiritually, it is our goal to inspire every child’s personal connection to Allah, suhanahu wa’tala. By offering a dynamic curriculum that focus on core foundational knowledge of Islam such as Qur’anic Studies, Islamic Creed, Rights and Responsibilities Towards Parents, Study of the Life of Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings upon him, and History and Contributions of Muslims we hope our students will not only embrace their Islamic identity but will work toward further contributions of their own.
Educationally, it is our goal to create intellectually vibrant people, independent thinkers, who will never lose their passion for learning, their delight in research and their involvement in religious pursuits. Research indicates that the process of learning is as important as the product. Therefore, we provide an individualized, experiential program that emphasizes the development of thinking, problem solving, and creative self-expression which reaches far beyond the rote mastery of basic skills. Our teachers and staff collaborate to design curricula and set goals and objectives based on the developmental stages of children as well as the particular needs to the children in their classes.
Socially, it is our goal to instill mutual respect, compassion and tolerance among our students. Our staff is dedicated to creating a supportive structure and a warm, loving atmosphere in which children can safely address problems and grow in their understanding of themselves and others. Our small size, just 100 students in grades Pre-K-8th, is an important part of our philosophy. It creates a warm, secure, personal learning environment, and provides more meaningful opportunities for involvement and learning.
Every member of the Peace Terrace family is essential to the life of our school. Students, staff, parents, and alumni generate the warmth and excitement that define Peace Terrace Academy. Staff and families share meaningful moments of their lives and build bridges to the broader community. | <urn:uuid:3b9ee71b-dd45-43a5-953f-71438f8c196b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://peaceterrace.org/philosophy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.955511 | 441 | 1.859375 | 2 |
READING COMPREHENSION :-
READ THE PASSAGE AND DO THE EXERCISE GIVEN BELOW.
A mouse, a crow, a tortoise and a deer were very close friends. The mouse had a brown body with a long tail and pink ears. The crow’s feathers were as black as coal. The tortoise had a hard, brown shell and moved very slowly. The deer had beautiful spots on her golden skin. Everyday they met near the lake and had their food together. They also helped one another in times of need.
The following statements are incorrect. Rewrite them correctly.
Q.1. The mouse had golden skin.
Q.2. The crow had brown feathers.
Q.3. The tortoise had a hard shell.
Q.4. The dear moved slowly.
Q.5. The four friends lived near a river. | <urn:uuid:83478a84-de01-49c3-a80f-676b8b642a37> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://edurev.in/studytube/Worksheet-1-Writing/84a837b9-ad07-4b0e-97ad-636692eecf04_t | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.979105 | 222 | 3.671875 | 4 |
The first cryptocurrency was started in 2008 which was also known as Bitcoin Currency. This currency was made by a Japanese engineer named Satoshi Nakamoto. There was not much value of this currency in the beginning, but gradually when people started to understand its benefits, their demand started increasing and today this currency is successful. At present, about one thousand types of cryptocurrency are present in the market.
What is Bitcoin Currency?
Bitcoin is also a type of currency like the dollar, rupee, like other currencies. But we cannot touch bitcoin like other currency because bitcoin is a digital currency which we can store and store in an online wallet only.
Bitcoin is an independent currency that has no owner. It is a currency that is not under any authority. This currency can be used to buy goods or buy a service.
Do You Know : What is mutual fund
If we talk about the value of bitcoin, then it keeps changing with time. If we talk about the present time, then in today’s time the value of 1 bitcoin is 7,47,111.24 Indian rupee, now it is not that if you want to buy bitcoin currency. If you want to buy only one bitcoin, then if you want, you can buy even the smallest unit of bitcoin. One bitcoin has 100 million units.
Understand it in easy language
Just as there is money in one rupee in Indian currency, similarly 10 crore units together make a bitcoin.
Do You Know : HOW TO INVEST IN MUTUAL FUND
Some famous currencies other than bitcoin
Apart from bitcoin, some other cryptocurrencies are also present in the market. Which is also being used more nowadays?
1. Red Coin: – Red Coin is also a cryptocurrency like bitcoin, it is used to tip people.
2. Sia coin: – Sia coin is denoted with SC. This coin is growing well. The price of this coin may increase even more.
3. Cisco: – It is a revolutionary cryptocurrency that is provided with zero cost financial transactions and incredible speed. Business Asset provides the business with the infrastructure to securely trade digital certificate data. Cisco works on the blockchain which is a part of bitcoin itself.
4. Vice Coin: – It is a platform designed for emerging musicians where singers can price their music on their own. They can provide a sample track of music for free. Also, you can get support from music enthusiasts and users on the platform. The main objective of this platform is to monetize independent artists.
5. Monero: – It is also a type of cryptocurrency in which a special type of security is used. This is known as a ring signature. It is used extensively in the dark web and black market. Smuggling is done with its help. With this currency, black marketing can be done easily.
Also Read : What is Education Loan
Some Advantages of Bitcoin Currency
- The biggest advantage of bitcoin is that it costs less to exchange
- You can easily sell or buy bitcoins anywhere in the world.
- You can also invest long term in bitcoins because so far the value of bitcoin is increasing.
- The government does not keep an eye on these lesser amounts due to bitcoin, so you do not need to pay tax here.
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Some Disadvantages of Bitcoin Currency
Bitcoin currency is not controlled by any government organization, due to which if hackers steal your bitcoin currency, then the government will not help you in any way, and in this case, you may have to bear a huge loss.
Bitcoin is used extensively in black money, drug sales, tax evasion, and terrorist activities.
The increasing use of bitcoin has woken up security agencies in countries around the world. The Reserve Bank or any other regulator in India has not given legal recognition to this virtual currency.
Must Read : How to get Bajaj Finserv Personal Loan
How to buy Bitcoin Currency?
Just like you buy shares of a company, you can buy this currency also, through Indian currency, there are some websites in India through which you can easily buy bitcoins.
The UNOCOIN website is very user friendly which any user can easily use and through this website, you can buy bitcoins very easily.
If you have to buy bitcoins, you can also buy through the Android application of unicorn.
ZebPay is also a user-friendly website through which you can easily buy bitcoin currency. If you want to buy bitcoin currency through the ZebPay website then you can buy through ZebPay’s Android application.
Must Read : What is ICICI Lombard General Insurance
Using Bitcoin Currency ?
- You can use this currency in international shopping.
- You can use this currency to send money to anyone in the world or you can receive it.
- You can easily pay through bitcoin currency.
- You can easily earn money by buying and selling this currency.
How is the growth of cryptocurrency?
Some time ago the prices of cryptocurrency used to be very low, but today due to an increase in their demand, their prices are also increasing continuously. Therefore, in today’s time investing in bitcoin cryptocurrency can be a profitable deal.
At present, there are about a thousand types of cryptocurrency in the market and the prices of all these currencies were absolutely negligible in the beginning. But in the last few years, their prices have also reached $ 1000.
Now you understand from bitcoin itself. When Bitcoin was launched, there was a daily transaction of $ 10 million worldwide. Today, Bitcoin is being transacted for $ 1 trillion in a week, while the worldwide physical currency of a week is about 70 transactions Trillions of dollars.
The price of bitcoin was initially close to 1 dollar but in today’s time, the price of bitcoin has reached close to eight lakhs. Now you can yourself guess what the growth of cryptocurrency could be in the future.
Also read : What is GDP
In this article, we have given you complete information about cryptocurrency bitcoin.
- what is bitcoin?
- what are its benefits?
- how can you use this currency?
- why it is different from other currencies?
Hope that you have liked it, if you have liked this information, then you can also tell us by commenting. Share this information with others so that they too can know about this currency.
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Become a Patron! | <urn:uuid:23269a4d-a3b7-49ae-8bbe-8d8d70fc94fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://formalnews.in/bitcoin-currency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962816 | 1,502 | 2.5 | 2 |
Reading from a screen harms our ability to concentrate
Linguist Naomi S. Baron speaks to Michael about her new book, "Words Onscreen: The Fate of Reading in a Digital World"
CBC Radio ·
Sunday Edition24:30Reading from a screen instead of a page can harm the ability to concentrate
Long live the revolution - the digital revolution, that is! There is much to celebrate. Take the convenience - with a click of your mouse or a touch of your finger, you have easy access to a newspapers and magazines from around the world. E-books are not only easier on the wallet, but you can carry a library with you simply by downloading your favourite titles onto your iPad or phone. And digital print has made it possible to bring free books and other written materials to young people in developing countries.
But like all revolutions, there is a downside. Naomi S. Baron is professor of Linguistics and Executive Director of the Center for Teaching, Research, and Learning at the American University in Washington, DC. Her expertise is the impact that digital print has on how and what we read. It is a subject she explores in great detail in her recent book Words Onscreen: the Fate of Reading in a Digital World.
Professor Baron is no luddite bemoaning progress. Like most of us, she spends hours reading online, from keeping up with the latest research in her field, to browsing the latest edition of the New York Times on her smartphone. But she admits that all that digital reading has had a personal cost: "About two years ago, I realized that I was reading fewer books than I had since age ten, and reading them less well - with less attention - and therefore getting less pleasure from reading."
Professor Baron is not alone. According to her research, a diminished ability to concentrate on what you are reading is just one of the downsides to digital reading - regardless of your age. "I did a study in five different countries with university age students in the United States, in Japan, Germany, Slovakia, and India. I asked them all kinds of questions, one of which was: what is the medium on which you concentrate best? So print was a possibility...your cell phone was a possibility...a laptop...an e-reader...a tablet. Ninty-two per cent of all the students ages 18 to 26 said, 'I concentrate better when I read in print."
The shrinking of our attention spans has a lot to do with all the distractions that are part of reading online, as a study conducted by Professor Baron reveals.
"One of the questions I asked in my survey was about multitasking: are you more likely to be doing multiple things - besides reading - if you are on a digital device then if you were reading in print? No surprise - depending on the country - it is somewhere between three to four times as likely you'll be multitasking if you're reading on a digital screen. Why? Because for most screens you can get multiple screens. At the same time you could be doing things, in principle simultaneously, but they're taking your mind away from the task at hand -- which is reading."
The problem with reading digitally is that itencourages us to keep going. Print gives us the leeway to pause and think.- Naomi Baron
It is not only our concentration that is affected. Reading digitally can also impact our comprehension of what we are reading. Professor Baron reports: "The problem with reading digitally is that it is a medium that encourages us to keep going, to scroll forward, to page forward...not to have a sense, let me go back and see what was it that this character said? Or what was it that this political figure said a couple of pages back? Print gives us the leeway to pause and think, where digitally, the medium encourages us to keep going forward."
If you're of a certain age, you might be mourning another consequence of the digital revolution: the death of actual books. After all, ebooks are the future, right? Not so fast, says Professor Baron. "A lot of hype goes into commercial activity. So one of the reasons that we heard that print is dead, or that no baby born today is going to be reading in print, was that these things were said by people who have a lot at stake in developing electronic reading." As recent figures on print books vs ebooks show, the death knell for print is premature. Booknet Canada, a non-profit industry agency, recently reported "the sale of print books in Canada, at 79 per cent of the market, still outstrip that of ebooks at 18 percent." Professor Baron says that these figures are more or less in line with what is happening in the US and much of Europe. And in collecting data on who prefers print to digital, she was surprised by what she discovered: "What's clear from the scientific data, and an incredible amount of anecdotal data from around the world, is that when you talk to young people - and I'm talking particularly about so-called tweens, and then teenagers - you'll find a lot of appreciation for the values of print. So they will say such things as, 'If I read a print book I can put it on my shelf, and I know that is part of who I am now. When my friends come over I can say, see what I read!'"
The digital print revolution is here to stay, but it doesn't look like print is going the way of the dodo anytime soon."The mantra now is not either/or, but both/and," says Professor Baron, adding, "I find that very healthy". | <urn:uuid:de231168-b42f-496a-ab34-5f0923cff8c0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/radio/sunday/year-end-pot-pourri-the-fate-of-reading-christmas-memory-christmas-music-of-black-america-1.3371566/reading-from-a-screen-harms-our-ability-to-concentrate-1.3371749?x-eu-country=false | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.970426 | 1,158 | 2.765625 | 3 |
DE-SPAIN, BENJAMIN,ROSS (2016) Hope for the Doctrine of the Divine Ideas: A Study on the Habit of Thinking Theologically in the Summa Theologiae of Thomas Aquinas. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
|PDF - Accepted Version|
This thesis offers a reconstructive reading of Thomas’s doctrine of the divine ideas, and its contribution to his pedagogical efforts in the Summa Theologiae to train its readers in the habit of thinking theologically. I argue that through a series of primary and peripheral gestures, Thomas appropriates the doctrine of the divine ideas to help guide his readers from the confession of faith to the understanding of humanity’s creational and soteriological dependence on God. Accordingly, Thomas’s multilevel integration of the divine ideas into the Summa typifies the convergence of faith and reason that defines the nature of theological discourse in his exposition of sacra doctrina. More specifically, this integration reflects Thomas’s understanding of the theological task as the contemplative process of discerning the fittingness (convenientia) of God’s actions revealed in the mysteries of faith. Following the pedagogical structure of the Summa, then, Thomas uses the doctrine of the divine ideas to help discern the mysteries of creation and salvation. Corresponding to this pedagogical repurposing of the divine ideas, Thomas’s intimations and subtle references to the divine ideas throughout the Summa are designed to direct the reader’s attention to the goal of theological inquiry, which is the contemplative vision of God. He does this by utilizing the divine ideas both to prepare his readers for his theological exposition on God’s creational activity and providential oversight of all that exists and supplement their understanding of these issues. Thomas’s theological appropriation of the divine ideas is, therefore, grounded in the unity of his exposition on the trinitarian life of God, which demonstrates that his integration and elevation of the doctrine is rooted in his understanding of theological inquiry as a pedagogical response to God’s self-disclosure in scripture. This process of appropriating and elevating the doctrine of the divine ideas into dialogue with the mysteries of faith culminates when Thomas extends the grammar of the divine ideas into his theological reflections on Christ’s salvific work and humanity’s response.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Doctoral)|
|Award:||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Keywords:||Thomas Aquinas; divine ideas; sacra doctrina; theological fittingness|
|Faculty and Department:||Faculty of Arts and Humanities > Theology and Religion, Department of|
|Copyright:||Copyright of this thesis is held by the author|
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What is mandatory in the conversation, so that a sales pitch the sales pitch is a dialogue, which is run by the seller, with the intention to conclude a contract with a potential client is positive. A prerequisite for the success of this negotiation is that the seller manages to create a positive mood. Here he adds positive observations in the dialog. Also negative perception can be played in a sales pitch to change ways to work out and to obtain customer satisfaction. Through active listening to seller assumes the conversational skills, i.e. He explored, how the customer feels when he says something to him. The feeling of enjoying the full attention evokes the thinking and the sensitivity of a good seller in the other. To implement the sales pitch really successfully, none must the seller carefully interpreting statements his interlocutor and them add own additions.
It succeeds when it critically examines his own perception. All conditions should be ideally matched to the conversation. Frequently Andre Dawson has said that publicly. Everything that could lead to devolution should be turned off. This means that the dialog manager should master the technique of proper filtering. It is not conducive for a sales pitch, if the seller drift mentally and not captured thus the factual information or the emotions of his opponent.
Because a successful conclusion of the ability of the seller, the State of mind of the potential customers to assess, an important role plays. The seller can influence by means of non-verbal communication on the conversation. The seller indicated his utmost interest by the posture, a nod or a smile. Furthermore, he can direct the conversation at the linguistic level through to loud and short questions. Moreover, promote positive food for thought and also short breaks the course of the conversation. A tone of command, however, is rather disturbing. Even threats or warnings should not be pronounced. As the customer feels more uncomfortable, at worst even mitigated if the seller tries to persuade him or if his own statements made by the seller, or played down. The sales pitch is divided into several phases. First, there is the greeting, in which the seller briefly imagines. Then, it is determined whether a particular product needs of our customers. Then the seller advises customers professionally. And finally, the conclusion of the contract is the last phase. | <urn:uuid:264a2b28-b5d0-4db9-b4ab-df2c04948e76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.eurasianenergysummit.com/sales/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958308 | 455 | 2.375 | 2 |
A personal injury lawyer is also a lawyer who offers legal services to individuals who claim to have been personally injured, psychologically or physically, due to the negligence of another individual, business, government department or any other entity. The concept of personal injury law was introduced in American law by Benjamin Franklin, who advocated providing legal representation to individuals who suffered from injuries, illness, or damage caused by others’ negligence. Find more information here. Today, there are hundreds of lawyers practising personal injury law all across the United States. In most instances, a personal injury attorney can be reached through his law offices or via the Internet. Personal injury lawyers Darwin mainly practice in the area of civil law considered as tort law.
Bar Exam: To practice personal injury, lawyers must pass the state bar exam conducted by the states Bar Association. Candidates aspiring to practice personal injury lawyers need to fulfil many educational and training requirements before considering the bar exam. Candidates need to take a written examination and then appear in a three-hour hearing before the state bar exam board. Once a candidate passes the bar exam, he is legally qualified to appear in cases before the state bar. In some states, candidates need to appear for the state bar exam in each jurisdiction to maintain their license. Find more information here.
Attending Law School: To become a personal injury lawyer, one needs to attend law school at an accredited law college. A significant part of the course work will involve learning about the different areas of personal injury law, contracts, landlord and tenant law, corporate law, family law, and civil procedure. Students can also choose to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in these areas if they do not wish to pursue a career in law after law school. There are many law schools located throughout the United States.
Training & Certification: Personal injury lawyers Darwin get their start in the legal field by participating in state bar associations training courses. After completing the training, they need to take the bar exam for the state where they desire to practice. Once they pass the bar exam, they can work as an attorney in any state they want. They can also take the National Association of Legal Assistants (NALA) certification exam designed for certified lawyers in all areas of law. Passing this certification exam is essential for personal injury lawyers because NALA puts heavy emphasis on certification. Passing this exam gives a lawyer more credibility in the eyes of clients. Find more information here.
Negotiation Skills: Injury cases are settled out of court most of the time. When personal injury lawyers settle an issue out of court, they learn how to negotiate to get the best settlement possible for their clients. This is because most people do not want to suffer the consequences of payment they do not win. To successfully negotiate with a client, personal injury lawyers have to be excellent at negotiation. It takes years of experience to become an expert in this area truly. | <urn:uuid:4992b302-4daf-45fc-a3a1-f19a470c8211> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://charnigup.com.au/personal-injury-lawyers-darwin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.971442 | 584 | 1.882813 | 2 |
Profit and Loss
Let’s continue this week with your income statement also known as profit and loss (the P&L) for your company. Your P&L is a summary of your income and your costs and expenses for a set period of time, typically done monthly or quarterly for a company. Most P&L statements are compared to a yearly budget for the company to keep you on track for your yearly goals. It answers one question, is the company profitable?
Your P&L is one of three financial statements that are shared with you in order to get a full and clear picture of your financial health. The P&L should be accompanied by your balance sheet and your cash flow for the month. The P&L is different from the cash flow because under the accrual method of accounting, revenues and expenses can be logged before cash is exchanged.
Why do I need a CFO?
You didn’t start your business or become the head of an organization because you are a financial expert. You are there to grow and succeed. The accounting, bookkeeping and financial aspects of your business are important to how you run your company, but it is time consuming and if not done properly, can lead to more headaches down the road.
Keeping track of your bookkeeping and your financial statements is time consuming and difficult to manage. But most frustrating is understanding and interpreting your financial picture from reports. CFOs are responsible for timely and accurate presentations and financial reports in order to capitalize on your growth. | <urn:uuid:eb7547e8-c34c-4a30-827c-5d3b7bb0ec82> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://capitalcfollc.com/2016-11-4-your-financial-statements-profit-and-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.967598 | 310 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Autor: Vernon Roderick, Ostatnia aktualizacja: 16 maja 2020 r
Many users tend to be very careless when handling their files. That is why they eventually encounter a situation where they need to format their hard drives. Only then will you know just how careless you were.
Unfortunately, there are lots of issues that can only be solved by formatting. The worst part about it is that you will lose your files in the process. This article will teach you how to recover files after formatso you can do it without worrying too much. Let’s start by discussing the reasons for formatting a drive.
As I have said before, there are many reasons why you might want or need, to format your hard drive. Of course, since you want to know how to recover files after format, I’m assuming that you were forced to format the drive.
If I’m correct, then your scenario is either one of the following scenarios:
Now for the million-dollar question, can you really recover files after format gave the scenarios that were mentioned?
Lucky for you, it actually is still possible to get back your precious files even after getting lost from formatting. The chance of success, however, depends on whether you can fulfill the one and only condition.
You see, when a drive is formatted, the bits of information are simply emptied out. But the files that were there before are still left intact, that is if you don’t replace it with new data.
As such, I extremely advise you to not touch your hard drive after formatting. Put simply, the more you add data into the drive, the lower the chances of being able to recover files after format. With that said, let’s proceed to the first of the three ways to recover files after format.
My first recommendation is to use third-party recovery software. This is, of course, owing to many reasons.
To begin with, this method is the easiest since you only need to click a button or two to make this work. Plus, you can do it yourself. Lastly, to recover files after formatusing this method, you won’t have to spend money, at least most of the time. Now for the best data recovery software, I suggest Odzyskiwanie danych FoneDog.
Odzyskiwanie danych Odzyskaj usunięte zdjęcia, dokumenty, pliki audio i inne pliki. Odzyskaj usunięte dane z komputera (w tym Kosza) i dysków twardych. Odzyskaj dane o stratach spowodowane wypadkiem na dysku, awarią systemu operacyjnego i innymi przyczynami. Darmowe pobieranie Darmowe pobieranie
FoneDog Data Recovery is a tool that allows users to recover files, whatever it is, from hard drives, flash drives, and other storage devices. This is available for both Mac and Windows. Without further ado, these are the steps you need to follow to use this tool:
Download, install and run the FoneDog Data Recovery software on your PC. Once the software is up, you will be shown a list of file types as well as storage drives. Simply select the file type that you want to recover. You may also click on Check all file types to include all of them. Now select the storage drive, which should be up to you.
Kliknij na Skanowanie button once you are finished with the configurations. This will start the Quick Scan process. Once it is done, you can continue scanning with Deep Scan for more accurate results.
Once the scanning process is finished, you will get a list of items at the right panel. These are files that can be recovered. Simply select the ones you want to recover by clicking on their corresponding boxes. Then, click on the wyzdrowieć button once you are finished with selections.
Although it can be considered the easiest method out of the three, I can’t say the same when it comes to effectiveness. Since you are only doing it unprofessionally, there is a lower chance of success. For the highest chance to recover files after format, you have to use either one of the next two.
A very similar method to using recovery software is when you opt for services from data recovery firms. It is exactly what you think it is. You ask for specialists to odzyskać dane for you. And you guessed right, you will have to pay them to recover files after format.
Since that’s the case, I advise you to look into firms very carefully. Remember that not all services are fair. Here’s a look at some things that you should consider:
As you consider these things, you should be able to end up with some of your own thoughts. However, for your sake, I have some recommendations as well.
One of the most popular recovery firms out there. Due to their popularity, they should be very trustworthy. They are experts in their job since they have been doing it for quite a long time, so it should be possible to recover files after format.
The only thing I find unappealing is their outdated equipment. However, as they have more knowledge than most, their skills should compensate for their lack of equipment.
If we’re talking about success rate, Datarecovery.com is among the best, with over 95% chance of success when it comes to recovering and extracting files. They include various services such as RAID recovery, so trying to recover files after formatshould be very much doable.
Due to a high chance of success, you can’t get any insurance in case of a failure. This might be very disappointing for those that want to be assured.
The last method involves restoring your files from a premade back up. Thus, it is not exactly a way to recover files after formatthat you can use right away.
If you want to restore files, you have to get it from somewhere. That’s why this is not suitable for users that formatted their dyski twarde without preparing beforehand.
However, if you have a backup prepared, then there’s no harm in trying this out. Here’s how to recover files after formatfrom a backup file:
This will restore your files, but this is only applicable if you created a system image backup, just as I said before. This has the highest chance of success so far, but the condition is not exactly easy to fulfill.
No one wants to lose their files over a minor issue. That should apply to every one of us. However, not everything goes according to plan, definitely not when you are careless when handling your hard drive.
If you were forced to format your storage drive, it is understandable why you want to recover files after format. Even though you already know how to, I advise you to be careful next time, so as to prevent this scenario from happening ever again.
Dziękuję Ci! Oto twoje wybory:
Ocena: 4.7 / 5 (na podstawie 63 oceny) | <urn:uuid:19288d90-88d6-4beb-9f21-c5db5cf76394> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fonedog.pl/data-recovery/recover-files-after-format.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.931066 | 1,593 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Stop Chasing your Invoices & Focus on GROWING your Business!
Invoice Finance Providers
Factoring: Reverse factoring: when buyers take charge
Just like export finance relates to trade finance as much as to receivables finance , reverse factoring, also known as approved payables finance, is largely a supply chain finance product. Contrary to typical factoring arrangements, this one is initiated not by the supplier of goods, but by the buyer. The intervention of a bank is necessary to make the supplier’s life easier, so it’s important to understand how financial institutions work in this kind of framework.
Although reverse factoring has many advantages, even over factoring, it is not without risks.
How reverse factoring works
With this type of factoring, the buyer initiates the arrangement to solve cash flow problems and banks play a very large part.
Reverse factoring VS “traditional” factoring
While factoring is initiated by the supplier who wants to finance his receivables, reverse factoring is started by the buyer so as to help finance the supplier’s receivables.
The same three parties are involved: ordering party, supplier and factor. Contrary to factoring, the ordering party can choose the invoices that the factor will pay. Here, it’s the buyer’s liability which is engaged.
Buyer approves invoices, finance is raised separately against the accounts payable by the supplier from a financial services provider (usually a bank), who valuates the creditworthiness of the buyer.
Supplier immediately receives 100% of the invoiced amounts from the factor, contrary to factoring arrangements where this amount is discounted, and buyer pays the bank when the invoice is due, plus fees.
Pros and cons of this finance facility
Reverse factoring is a very convenient financial product, even more convenient than factoring, for a number of reasons. However, this solution suffers from several disadvantages.
Advantages of reverse factoring
- faster payments;
- low interest rates as rates are based on the creditworthiness of the buyer.
Ordering parties, or buyers, enjoy:
- better commercial relationships with their core suppliers, leading to possible lower prices;
- time saved from not having to answer their customers’ demands for faster payments;
- total availability of the invoice value for factoring, contrary to discounted amounts involved in traditional factoring.
Reverse factoring is not for any company yet. Disadvantages include:
- Qualified ordering parties are often large companies with AAA credit rating. In fact, this product was invented for large retail groups, known for paying their suppliers only after a very, very long time;
- Agreements can be quite lengthy, with businesses having to commit for up to two or three years sometimes, although the market is changing;
- Suppliers can get trapped in a system where they cannot really choose exactly which invoices will be paid up front;
- Payment orders can’t be cancelled;
- On their side, suppliers may refuse the arrangement because they can find better factoring deal for themselves.
Discover the buying guide for Factoring
Import finance: the solution to engage in international trade
Export finance: not just receivables finance, but trade finance
Liability for unpaid invoice and factoring: who’s eventually footing the bill?
Recourse factoring and non-recourse factoring: who ultimately has to pay the debt?
Evaluating the importance of a cash flow forecast
Debt factoring: advantages and disadvantages
How does confidential invoice discounting work?
Receivables finance, or how to turn the problem of unpaid invoices into immediate cash
Investigating business cash flow solutions
Spot factoring, an interesting alternate factoring scheme for SMEs
How are factoring companies regulated?
Credit factoring explained
Invoice factoring: what requirements must be met?
Invoice payment terms - and how to have them abided by | <urn:uuid:379fbd45-071b-430a-a47e-872ea8edd489> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.companeo.co.uk/factoring/guide/reverse-factoring | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.955908 | 880 | 2.21875 | 2 |
Walker & Hall Bowie Knife
A large spear point Walker & Hall Bowie Knife, marked Walker & Hall, Sheffield. They marketed their early knifes (1850’s) as the “Rio Grande Camp Knife“.
This knife is 15″ overall with a 9 ¾” blade, stag handle with German Silver mounts. It is a heavy high-quality knife that they were known for. The knife and scabbard are in overall excellent condition showing no damage and little use.
After John Wilkes Booth shot Abraham Lincoln and jumped down onto the stage, it was a Walker & Hall, Rio Grand Camp Knife, that he was holding in the air and flaunting.
Clarks Antiques – Western Memorabilia – Bowie Knife, Walker & Hall – Price $2,750.00
If you like this period piece, you may also like our 1816 US Socket Bayonet | <urn:uuid:3f88e640-36fd-482d-8f53-fdc389a74733> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://clarksantiques.com/tools-and-knives/walker-hall-bowie-knife/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949327 | 198 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Residents of the small Shuswap community of Turtle Valley, near Salmon Arm, continue their opposition against a plan to spread biosolids on a ranch in the area, citing concerns of soil and water contamination.
The Turtle Valley Bison Ranch is planning to work with Arrow Transportation and NutriGrow to apply biosolids, the processed byproduct of human sewage, to land that was logged to create more pasture space for the bison.
The dried, processed waste product – which comes from Kamloops – is mixed with compostables such as wood chippings and sand or soil, and mixed with the existing land.
While it is hoped this will improve the soil for grazing, some studies suggest the presence of metals and chemicals in biosolids may be harmful to agricultural land, and the substance has been heavily regulated in Europe.
After learning of these potential issues, the response from within the community has been largely opposed to the spreading of biosolids .
Connie Seaward is leading the opposition to this use of biosolids as a community spokesperson. She says members of the community are concerned with the potential environmental impact and lack of prior communication.
“The reason we live here is it’s a pristine valley. The painted turtle is on the endangered species list, we have rivers and creeks that eventually flow into Shuswap Lake,” she says.
“And now we have these chemicals, which they say are only present in small amounts, but they are being applied to farmland that is intended for a food chain.”
Seaward notes that a primary issue residents have with biosolids is the potential for trace amounts of non-biodegradeable matter including microplastics and chemicals such as pharmeceuticals to leech into the soil and water. She said the chemicals may be carcinogenic.
The claim that only small amounts of these chemicals are found in biosolids is little comfort to Seaward and the rest of the community when the Turtle Valley plan calls for upwards of 700 double-trailer loads to be spread on the land.
In addition, the short notice given to the community has been a point of contention. While Arrow did host a community meeting about the project on March 24, it has been in the works since at least January.
“We had an overwhelming amount of community members who just found out about this a day or two before the meeting,” Seaward says. “It’s not something you can look into in one day and then decide if you are for or against it.”
She says the project has a 90-day period that allows the community to oppose the use of biosolids, but as the application was submitted in January that timeframe is nearly over.
The City of Kamloops, Arrow and NutriGrow had previously attempted to strike a similar deal with the Little Shuswap Lake Indian Band, to assist in creating an expansion to Talking Rock Golf Course.
Arrow has stated in the past that due to the long federal application process for use on band land, however, the project has been delayed and shifted to Turtle Valley until at least the fall.
Seaward notes some within the community are willing to protest or form blockades in an attempt halt the project. | <urn:uuid:e23f0f8a-e22a-4bcb-8cee-dc2eef1d08de> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kelownacapnews.com/news/use-of-processed-sewage-as-fertilizer-on-b-c-ranch-sees-continued-opposition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.971405 | 687 | 2.796875 | 3 |
While everyone is thinking and worrying about the economic crisis and the potential detrimental effects on the nonprofit sector, an idea occurs to me. With the continuing volatility in the stock market and a dark economic forecast at least for the next few months, perhaps the next year, foundations and individuals won’t make money on their investments in the market. What if a foundation took say $100,000 from their corpus and made a program-related investment (PRI) in a nonprofit hoping to build their capacity to raise unrestricted dollars. A PRI is basically a loan to a nonprofit at low interest rates.
What if a foundation, or a wealthy individual, loaned a nonprofit $100K+ for a 2-3 year term. Then, the nonprofit could use that capital to invest in their fundraising infrastructure in order to diversify and be more strategic in raising unrestricted dollars. They could hire a seasoned Development Director, purchase a new donor database, upgrade their website and email marketing efforts, launch a major gifts campaign, train their board, and so on. The idea is that all of these investments would pay for themselves in 2 or 3 years, at which time the nonprofit could pay back the individual or the foundation.
We did something like this at KLRU, however it wasn’t with PRIs, but with donor investments, which in a market like this might be harder to come by. With investments from a handful of donors totaling $350K we completely revamped our fundraising function and increased annual revenue by $1.6 million, a 40% increase. That’s a pretty amazing ROI. And donors loved it.
If you applied this idea to PRIs, donors could help nonprofits increase their capacity and sustainability, while the donor protects his corpus in a down market.
Just a thought. | <urn:uuid:7227dd39-a3fc-4df3-b4ff-b6624662b275> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.socialvelocity.net/a-crazy-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.965428 | 366 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Poultry Framers say they are yet to receive compensation for the outbreak of bird flu that hit the country sometime in July 2021. The ministry of Agric last year announced the government will compensate affected farmers by partially covering the losses of farmers whose activities have been affected by the disease.
The government on the 26th of January, 2021 confirmed it had released an amount of 44million Ghana cedis to contain the spread of the disease in the country. This was disclosed by the Minister for Food and Agriculture, Dr. Owusu Akoto Afriyie.
This comes on the back of reported cases of bird flu across the country. According to information from the Agric Ministry, the outbreak has spread to ten out of the sixteen regions and affected over 700,000 birds.
The Minister for Food and Agriculture, at a press briefing in Accra, announced some major interventions, including the allocation of money to curb the spread of bird flu.
However, in an interview with Citi Business News, Board Member of the Greater Accra Poultry Farmers Association, Kwame Ntim Duduo said farmers are yet to receive their monies.
“A few farmers that some of us have contacted indicated that their information was taken, such as their names addresses and number of birds killed but up until now we haven’t heard of any case of compensation”. | <urn:uuid:b8cf3db4-324b-4b49-a4aa-e64883d0741f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://citibusinessnews.com/2022/01/poultry-farmers-yet-to-be-compensated-despite-gh%C2%A244m-allocation-to-fight-bird-flu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.976607 | 277 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Vicki Mowat, MLA for Saskatoon-Fairview and a former member of CUPE Local 3287, spoke about the importance of having women leaders elected at all levels of government.
“We make a difference when we are at decision-making tables. We bring forward different types of ideas and legislation that focus on families, on education, and on child care.”
Mowat urged members to get involved politically. “We can build a better Saskatchewan together. We just need to get involved.”
Sharlene Miller, a member of CUPE Local 5430, has served as a city councillor in Prince Albert for three terms.
“As sisters, we need each other. It is much easier to be at the council table when there is a friendly face,” said Miller. “It is difficult to run, but I encourage you to consider it.”
CUPE Saskatchewan Women’s Committee member Melody Stark spoke about the need for women to be engaged in politics.
“We would love to see more CUPE members step up and run for office. There are barriers for women getting involved, but CUPE is here to help out and support our members,” said Stark. “Even if you don’t want to run, there are many different things we can each do make a difference.” | <urn:uuid:c19f70dd-9ce1-4975-bf42-5c5f5a226354> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cupe.ca/cupe-saskatchewan-womens-forum-explores-women-leadership | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.972467 | 291 | 1.546875 | 2 |
A Place Where Sunflowers Grow
By Amy Lee-Tai
Illustrated by Felicia Hoshino
Hardcover: out of stock
Mari wonders if anything can bloom at Topaz, where her family is interned along with thousands of other Japanese Americans during World War II. The summer sun is blazingly hot, and Mari’s art class has begun. But it’s hard to think of anything to draw in a place where nothing beautiful grows. Somehow, glimmers of hope begin to surface under the harsh sun—in the eyes of a kindly art teacher, in the tender words of Mari’s parents, and in the smile of a new friend.
Inspired by her family’s experiences, author Amy Lee-Tai has crafted a story rooted in one of America’s most shameful historical episodes—the internment of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. The art schools which offered internees moments of solace and self-expression are a little known part of this history. Amy Lee-Tai’s gentle prose and Felicia Hoshino’s stunning mixed media images are a testimony to hope and how it can survive alongside even the harshest injustice.
Check out the lesson plan A Place Where Sunflowers Grow developed by Lessa Pelayo-Lozado, Children’s Librarian, as part of the Association for Library Service to Children’s Día Family Book Club Curriculum. The project was part of the Everyone Reads @ your library grant funded by the Dollar General Literacy Foundation.
Check out the Interview with Illustrator Felicia Hoshino and Interview with Author Amy Lee-Tai for A Place Where Sunflowers Grow.
About the Creators
was born in Queens, New York and is of Japanese and Chinese ancestry. She first learned of the internment from her mother and through her grandmother, Hisako Hibi’s paintings. After earning her Master’s in Education from Harvard, she worked in schools as a Reading Specialist. Amy now lives in Virginia with her husband and children. A Place Where Sunflowers Grow is her first book.
is a graphic designer and an award-winning illustrator of picture books, among them Lee & Low’s A Place Where Sunflowers Grow and Little Sap and Monsieur Rodin. In addition to creating mixed-media images for children’s books and magazines, she enjoys painting children’s portraits, cooking with her husband, and decorating the walls at home with art created by her son and daughter. Hoshino lives in San Francisco, California, with her family. Her website is felishino.com. | <urn:uuid:1fbce704-e365-4448-895e-18fa849c625f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.leeandlow.com/books/441/hc/a_place_where_sunflowers_grow | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949509 | 566 | 2.765625 | 3 |
§ 11.0 P.M.
§ Mr. CROFT
This afternoon, in reply to a great number of questions, the Prime Minister gave very unsatisfactory answers, and for that reason I am raising this question briefly tonight. We heard a very eloquent defence of Mr. Bryce and the part he took during the Reciprocity negotiations, but the questions which were addressed to the Prime Minister this afternoon did not 166 really deal with Mr. Bryce at all, but deal with the action the Government took upon that occasion. I think that all the eloquence of the Prime Minister will be necessary if this country is to endorse the part the Government took during the time of these negotiations with the United States. I think it is, if I may say so with all respect, an absurd suggestion to make, that my hon. Friends have been attacking Mr. Bryce because he gave assistance to Sir Wilfrid Laurier and the Canadian Ministers. We attack Mr. Bryce for the same reason that we attack the Government, for neglect to watch Imperial interests in regard to this question of Reciprocity. We all remember the utterances of Mr. Taft at the time of that campaign. He told us that Canada had come to the parting of the ways, and he told his fellow countrymen that was the last chance of preventing British Imperial union. But although the Government may have thought his utterances were cryptic, those who have followed the history of this question knew perfectly well what their meaning was. As long ago as 1891 a most influential body was formed in the United States, known as the Continental Union, which had for its avowed object the through extension of the United States to the Arctic Ocean, but had for its first object the establishment of a Reciprcocity agreement with Canada, with the ultimate object of annexation. The gentlemen forming that original organisation were men of the greatest prominence in the United States. They included Mr. Charles Dana, Andrew Carnegie, Mr. John Hay, Mr. Theodore Roosevelt, Mr. Seth Low, Chauncey Depew, Elihu Root, General Wilson, and many other prominent men. Those who were aware of that fact knew what Mr. Taft meant when he said that Canada had come to the parting of the ways. I remember a remark in a Debate last Session in this House to the affect that Canada was endeavouring to steal what she could not conquer, was received with laughter, but Mr. Taft's letter absolutely bears out that statement. Not only that but Mr. Taft's letter, which was written to Mr. Roosevelt, was submitted to and approved if I understand correctly by the Government. This is very serious. The letter says:—A current of business could be produced between Western Canada and the United States that would make Canada an adjunct of the United States, and would transfer all their important business to Chicago and New York with their bank credits and everything else.167 Is the British Government going to ignore this attempt on the part of a first-class Power to get a hold of a great Dominion of the British Empire which was attempted at the very time the United States were pressing arbitration upon this country? Is the Government going to say that they have for all time dissociated themselves from that policy of reciprocity which they so blindly and hurriedly supported at that time? They must clearly understand what was the original object of that reciprocity agreement. I make three charges against the Government—first of all that the British Government gave their support to a policy that they were ill-informed upon, and the consequences of which they had never really considered in its relation to the United Kingdom and the British Empire. I say, secondly, that that policy was assisted by the British Ambassador, who was well aware of what the consequences of such a policy would be. Thirdly, Mr. Bryce did not keep the Home Government in touch with all that was going on in regard to these negotiations; the consequence was that great trade necessities, which will continually grow larger in the Dominion, were jeopardised through his action. As the Foreign Secretary informed us, the Embassy did make an examination as far as it could, but the attempt was exceedingly short, and yet Mr. Bryce never took any steps to delay that agreement until the Board of Trade had full opportunities of ascertaining what the result would be on British trade. Mr. Bryce was not asked to assist these negotiations, and he was not asked by the Canadian Government, but he did everything in his power to bring about a policy which he had no illusions about. In his book on the American Commonwealth he said:—The material growth of Canada would probably be quickened by the union with the United States on the plan of n commercial league that the United States might have carried out leading to a political union, but it is hard to see how otherwise Canada can have her share in changes which might from time to time become necessary.
§ Mr. CROFT
I am not sure of the exact date the last edition was produced; but, as far as I know, Mr. Bryce has never altered his view. Indeed, it would appear that he is more than ever firmly convinced that it is desirable that such a policy should be carried into effect. To sum up, the Government supported a policy about which they knew nothing, and which they had not had time to consider, and yet which threatened the whole future of British Imperial Union. As Mr. Lemieux said in the Canadian Parliament, the reciprocity agreement was approved of by the home Government, and had been made with the assistance of Mr. Bryce. It is essential, after the Canadian verdict, that Mr. Bryce should be promoted to some other sphere of usefulness, and I am perfectly certain his abilities could be used with great effect elsewhere. Nobody blames Mr. Bryce for supporting the Canadian Ministers, but we do blame him, as we have blamed the Government, for not guarding against what must be a fundamental attack on the whole of the British industrial system. Canada is well able to take care of herself, as she has recently shown. Nobody on this side of the House ever said anything to the contrary. It is perfectly obvious that no Canadian Minister would ever have gone in for this reciprocity policy but for the policy of the "banged door." We are entitled to ask, and we do ask, and we demand an explanation from the Government, and we hope at the earliest possible opportunity—to-night, if possible—that the Government will state that they have abandoned their policy and the support of that policy which was fraught with so great danger to the British Empire. They supported it on the ground that the Canadian people desired it; on the same ground, they are no longer able to support it this evening.
§ The SECRETARY of STATE for FOREIGN AFFAIRS (Sir Edward Grey)
What I am most concerned to do is to repudiate the really unfair attacks which have been made upon Mr. Bryce. As far as the attacks upon the Government are concerned, we can fight these out in this country, and are ready to do so upon every occasion and there is plenty of time for that. But what ought to be repudiated at once, and without delay, are the attacks upon Mr. Bryce. Mr. Bryce has, in the whole of his dealing with the Canadian Government, rendered the greatest Imperial service that he could have rendered.
169 His dealings with the Canadian Government have not been confined to reciprocity. There have been many other Canadian dealings, and I am sure the general view in Canada is that the support Mr. Bryce has given to Canadian interests has been of the greatest value to Canada. With regard to the reciprocity negotiations, what did he do? He did not initiate those negotiations. He received a letter from the President of the United States for transmission to the Canadian Government. He transmitted that letter. He did nothing whatever to induce the Canadian Ministers to respond to that letter by entering into the negotiations, nothing whatever. He did not attempt to influence them in any way. He received a reply from them and he transmitted that reply to the United States Government. Certain Canadian Ministers were sent by the Canadian Government of the day to negotiate at Washington. When they arrived there, Mr. Bryce, as it was his duty to do, presented them to the United States Government. He took no part in the negotiations. He was not present at them. His only part was to be kept informed by the Canadian Ministers of the negotiations which it was constitutionally within their own competence to carry on and at which he was not present, because it was entirely their affair. When the hon. Member says he does not think he was fully informed himself, I reply that in the Paper which has been published and laid before Parliament, Mr. Bryce says:—It was difficult for us to be kept fully informed, because the discussion ranged over many details all interwoven each with the other. The general scheme of the bargain became difficult to follow from such account as the Canadian representatives from time to time gave of them to Mr. Bryce.Ought he to have stopped the negotiations? That would have been an interference which would have been resented by the Canadians. Whatever may have been their views as to the merits or demerits of a particular policy for the British Ambassador to dictate to Canadian Ministers what their policy should be on a matter constitutionally within their own competence, would be resented by everybody in Canada, however much they might differ about the particular question of policy themselves. In the next place, Mr. Bryce did not overlook British interests in his discussions with Canadian Ministers. He says:—No opportunity was lost in the course of the negotiations of reminding the Canadian Ministers of the regard winch it was right and fitting that they should have to Imperial interests while also, as was their 170 obvious duty, doing their best for Canadian interests. Such reminders on every occasion met with a frank and cordial response.He says further:—When it became apparent the agreement was not to be restricted to natural productions, but was to include manufactured articles, it was pointed out by me to the Canadian Ministers that the extension of the scope might involve consequences not altogether desirable, and might bring into question the interests of the Mother-country, both by reducing or removing the Preference at present accorded to British goods in the Canadian market, and putting British manufactures at an unfair competition with Canadian manufactures in the markets of the United States.Mr. Bryce was not present. The Canadian Ministers gave him information, and whenever it seemed to him there was a risk of British interests being affected, he pointed it out to the Canadian Ministers. I think he performed his duty as Ambassador in the special position in which he was placed with regard to Canadian interests admirably. This is really a very delicate question to raise. The late Canadian Government were engaged in more than one negotiation entirely within their own competence affecting Canadian interests, and we had to instruct British Ambassadors abroad who were concerned as to what their attitude should be. We were very careful to give general instructions to give support to the Canadian Ministers in matters which were within their own competence. We had to deal with a very delicate matter at Tokio, where the Canadian Government were negotiating, with the Japanese Government, and these were the instructions which we gave. There has been one, and perhaps more than one, occasion when an attempt has been made to put forward in the Canadian Parliament the demand that Canada should have separate diplomatic representation. If Mr. Bryce, or any of our Ambassadors had shown reluctance to support the Canadian Ministers who were negotiating matters within their own competence, the Canadian Government of the day would have found it difficult to resist that demand in the Canadian Parliament. It follows, of course, that the support which Mr. Bryce gave to the late Canadian Government will be given equally in the fullest degree to the present Canadian Government, and I trust by any future British Ambassador to any future Canadian Government. But underlying this question is the question of separate diplomatic representation. I believe that in the action which Mr. Bryce has taken he has not only carried out the general instructions of His Majesty's Government 171 to Ambassadors abroad, but that he has rendered in the highest degree the services that a British Ambassador can render not only to British, but also to Imperial interests, by the confidence which he has acquired, not only here but in Canada, and that Canadian interests which are so many and so important in their relations with the United States will have in the person of the British Ambassador some one who will support and assist them, and some one who will have regard to the wishes of the Canadian Government, whether it be the late Canadian Government or the present Canadian Government.
§ Mr. MACMASTER
If the Foreign Secretary and the Prime Minister think they have created an impression which will be favourable, I can assure them they are very much mistaken. I have opportunities of knowing what the feeling in Canada is, and I am perfectly persuaded that they are mistaken. The Prime Minister asked a question of my hon. Friend as to the date of the book in which Mr. Bryce made the statement. It was some years ago—at all events the book was published before Mr. Bryce was appointed our Ambassador at Washington, and no other book has been published by him since that time. A later edition contains some modification of the original statement. The point I wish to make is this: that at the time Mr. Bryce was appointed his book was a well-known book, well known on this side of the water and well known in the United States, and in that book there was a most emphatic declaration of the advantages of union between Canada and the United States. Indeed, he stated in positive terms that it was inconceivable that Canada would get full benefit of union unless there was community of tariffs. I am not quoting, but paraphrasing his words. I say, with great submission, that I do not think the Secretary for Foreign Affairs was quite frank in the statement he has made to the House. He read a statement from a portion of the correspondence, but he did not read an earlier letter to which I am going to call his attention. If he will look at the papers presented to the House some days earlier than the communications he read, he will find that on the 10th January, 1911, two or three days after the negotiations commenced at Washington, Mr. Bryce—and I will give him credit to this 172 extent—did make a Report to the Government. The Report was that:—The negotiations were continued to-day and may probably last during the week. I have been in constant communication with the Canadian Commissioners and gather from them that the difficulties incident to any general reciprocity still appear serious.There we have an intimation, in a communication to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, that the proposition of a "general reciprocity" was introduced, and was under the consideration of the Canadian and the United States Commissioners. What does general reciprocity mean? It means Free Trade between the United States and Canada. Mr. Taft himself, in a speech he made at Atlanta, very shortly afterwards, pointed out in the clearest terms that he authorised his Commissioners to offer Free Trade between Canada and the United States. Did not the Foreign Office so interpret those words, communicated to them by their own Ambassador, and if they did, why did they not send him instructions and so delay the proceedings if possible, and call the attention of the Canadian Commissioners to the fact that Free Trade between the United States and Canada would mean the destruction of the Preference that Canada had given to the Mother-country, and would destroy the general advantage that this country has in trading under preferential terms in the Canadian market. But instead of any instruction coming from the Foreign Secretary, either by letter or telegram, the whole correspondence shows that no intimation was made to Mr. Bryce whatever, and, of course, his were willing ears to questions of general reciprocity because he had said in his book which was in circulation in this country and throughout the world, this would be for the advantage of Canada. So whether he was a bystander or a participant he was a sympathiser with the general proposition then going on. The Government knew what this all meant, and they are more reprehensible than the Ambassador. Why did he not call the attention of the Government to the seriousness of the proposition? Why did not he say in this dispatch if he thought the Government was so dull and inconsiderate of the interests of the country, "This is a most serious thing for the country I represent." But not a word from him to them or from them to him on this very important subject. This is a very grave matter, and I think that the Canadian public understood it, because this document became a matter of public discussion at the 173 elections and the blame attaches not merely to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, not merely to the Ambassador to the United States, but primarily to this Government itself. The Prime Minister said to-day that "Mr. Bryce saw the late Canadian Minister of Finance from time to time during the conferences at Washington in order to learn from him if there was anything which it might be needful for us to know." Did they not get information from the Ambassador of something which it was needful for them to know or did they consider it not needful for the people of this country to know the fact that a proposal of that character was under consideration at the time. It seems to me that the primary blame in this whole matter is with the Government of this country. I have no doubt they were willing to take the responsibility, because they have to take it, and when the public documents are examined, it is clear as the sun at midday that they knew perfectly well what was proposed and what was going on, and if the final proposal did not go through we have to thank, not the Government of this country, and not Mr. Bryce, but the patriotism of the Canadian people.
§ Mr. MARTIN
The hon. Member (Mr. Macmaster) has suggested that the people of Canada would not agree to the statement made by the Foreign Secretary, and that, no matter what Government was in power, they would not allow them to interfere, but would resent any interference by any Government here with regard to a matter entirely under the control of Canada.
§ Mr. MARTIN
I say that the hon. Member could not get an audience of any kind in Canada to agree with him in that. The hon. Member has suggested that Canadian opinion is against the action of Mr. Bryce. He has given no reference to any public man or newspaper in Canada that has taken that stand. On the contrary, I can state that a few days ago the best Conservative paper in Canada, the "Montreal Gazette," which has been established for a hundred years, and which is looked upon in all parts of Canada as the leading Conservative paper, had a leading article on this very subject, in which it stated that in every respect Mr. Bryce's conduct at Washington was entirely proper conduct 174 for a British Ambassador to take, and that any attempt by Mr. Bryce to interfere in the matter one way or another would have been resented by the people of Canada. That is not the opinion of a Liberal paper, but of a strong Conservative paper. What has called forth all this? It is a statement by Mr. Taft which is interpreted as indicating a desire on the part of the American people to annex Canada.
And, it being Half-past Eleven of the clock, Mr. SPEAKER adjourned the House, without Question put, pursuant to the Standing Order.
Adjourned at Half after Eleven o'clock. | <urn:uuid:b5335125-46ac-4f8b-8041-bf3fb8d44594> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1912/may/06/united-states-and-canada-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.989003 | 3,999 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Co-Founder, Co-Chair, and Strategic Advisor
“General Colin Powell was a soldier’s soldier and an American hero. I was fortunate to work closely with Colin on a range of critical issues when he held senior military posts and civilian positions in our government. He had superb leadership skills and excellent judgment. He made significant contributions to our nation’s security and to bringing people together to strengthen America. Colin’s devotion to our young people and his leadership by example inspired our generation and will inspire generations to come. Colleen and I send our condolences and love to Alma and the Powell family.”
Sign up for our newsletter to get the latest on nuclear and biological threats. | <urn:uuid:36e5cba1-8c0d-48b7-9a25-c20e5ba8878f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.nti.org/news/statement-of-former-senator-sam-nunn-on-general-colin-powell/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.959184 | 148 | 1.5 | 2 |
Harris, Thomas West
15 Dec. 1839–19 Nov. 1888
Thomas West Harris, physician, educator, and first dean of The University of North Carolina Medical School, was born in Chatham County, the son of Thomas Brooks and Nancy Clegg Harris. His father was a planter, stock raiser, and large slave owner. Following his early education, Harris enrolled at The University of North Carolina where he was one of four honor graduates in the class of 1859.
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Harris enlisted as a private in the Confederate Army, serving in the Pittsboro company known as the Chatham Rifles. Subsequently, he was commissioned as captain to organize and command Company E, Sixty-third Regiment, Fifth North Carolina Cavalry, a unit that served with General Robert E. Lee during the Battle of the Wilderness in Virginia. Harris received a serious gunshot wound at the Battle of Dinwiddie Courthouse during Lee's evacuation of Petersburg, and he returned home to recuperate as the war came to an end.
With the collapse of the Confederacy, Harris decided to pursue a medical education in Europe. After his marriage to Sally M. Foust in the autumn of 1865, he moved to Paris, France, where he studied surgery and anatomy under Dr. D. Velpeau at L'hôpital de la Charité. Harris was awarded his certificate from Velpeau in late 1866, returned to America, and received the M.D. degree from New York University in 1868. He then returned to North Carolina, where he practiced medicine in the eastern part of the state and later in Chatham County.
In the autumn of 1877, Harris moved to Chapel Hill and established a large practice in the village and surrounding rural community. Concerned about the shortage of qualified physicians in North Carolina, in 1878 he began teaching private courses in anatomy and materia medica. On 12 Feb. 1879, The University of North Carolina executive committee formally established the School of Medicine and appointed Harris as its first dean and professor of anatomy. The curriculum provided two years' instruction in basic medical and clinical science to prepare students for more advanced studies at major medical institutions outside the state. In addition to lectures by Harris, the first year of study included instruction in chemistry by Professor A. Fletcher Redd and in physiology by Professor Frederick W. Simmons. During the second year, Harris taught materia medica, therapeutics, surgery, and anatomy, which included human dissection and the use of a large collection of models. Lectures were delivered in Old West Hall, and dissections were performed in a small building near the site of present Venable Hall. Harris conducted free clinics each week, allowing students to observe and treat a variety of diseases. Unfortunately, the university was unable to provide a salary for Harris, who was thus forced to devote much of his time to private practice. In recognition of his contributions to medical education, the institution awarded him an honorary M.A. degree in 1880. By 1885, the conflict between teaching and practice caused Harris to resign his position with the university. The School of Medicine then ceased operation until 1890, when it reopened under the deanship of Dr. Richard H. Whitehead.
Following his resignation, Harris moved to Durham where he continued a general and surgical practice until his death three years later. He was survived by his wife and several children. A portrait, commissioned by Dr. Isaac Harris, hangs in The University of North Carolina Medical School library.
Asheville Citizen-Times, 3 Apr. 1949.
Kemp P. Battle, History of the University of North Carolina, vol. 2 (1912).
Durham Herald, 3 Apr. 1949.
Daniel L. Grant, Alumni History of the University of North Carolina (1924).
W. Hadley, D. G. Horton, and N. C. Stroud, Chatham County, 1771–1971 (1971).
Pittsboro Chatham Record, 22 Nov. 1888.
Harris and Foust Family Papers, 1838-1946 (collection no. 05482). The Southern Historical Collection. Louis Round Wilson Special Collections Library. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/h/Harris_and_Foust_Family.html (accessed June 14, 2013).
Thomas West Harris. Image courtesy of the North Carolina Digital Collections. Available from http://dc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/dig_nccpa/id/2828/rec/71 (accessed June 14, 2013).
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Purpose of Wire Wrap
Wire wrapping is considered an alternative to soldering and was developed to provide electricians with an easy and safe method to connect wires to terminals in a secure way, still offering high levels of reliability. The wire wrapping technique is used to coil the wire that is exposed around the sharp corners of the terminal, which is done under mechanical tension.
This method is a great alternative to soldering and is relatively reliable, simple, fast, solderless, cheap, and easy to learn. Industries like telecom/datacom have successfully used wire wrap for many decades. It is considered an ideal wire connection method for one-of-a-kind circuits and systems.
How to Make a Wire Wrap Connection?
For wire wrapping, a tool known as a rotating tool known as the bit is required to perform the task. The wire wrapping bit has a large hole used to mark the point of rotation on the terminal to create the connection. The bit has a perfect contour that provides just the right amount of tension required to direct the wire into the consistent helix and is narrowly spaced. When you work with a bit, it will be guarded by a metal tube known as a sleeve that helps the operator to remain safe while performing the wire wrapping process. | <urn:uuid:fe722d05-8d91-4dc4-a17c-80d61e8338ec> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.enrgtech.co.uk/category/cables-wires/wire-wrap | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.953915 | 387 | 1.9375 | 2 |
HBV DNA Quantification
Within scope of accreditation
To assess treatment outcomes for patients infected with Hepatitis B virus
PURPOSE OF PROGRAMME:
To provide EQA for laboratories determining levels of HBV DNA
PROGRAMME OF ANALYSIS:
Results are entered online via the UK NEQAS secure website. The distribution is open for three weeks. Intended results are usually uploaded the day after closing date. Late results are not accepted after intended results are uploaded.
The report displays absolute quantitation data (log) for each specimen reported by method; this data includes the number of users, range, median concentration and values at 5%, 95% percentiles. For performance assessment the uncertainty of the median difference of the participants’ results is calculated to confirm the appropriateness of applying the assessment criterion. ISO 13528 states the uncertainty should be less than/equal to 0.3 of the SD for PT (when the participant SD is used as the assigned value).This scheme uses a fixed value based on the technical limitations of testing. The uncertainty of the median difference is checked to confirm it is less than 0.09 (0.3 x the fixed value). General descriptive statistics.
Consensus. Participants are assessed on their ability to report to within a fixed value of the average of assay medians log difference in results reported between the two specimens (assessment criterion). For HBV from April 2011 this fixed value is 0.3 log. Also see scoring policy
PERSISTENT POOR PERFORMANCE:
See the Annual Directory for UK and Irish participants only
The first distribution of UK NEQAS for Microbiology was sent out by the then Public Health Laboratory Services on the 1st of May 1971 organised by Dr Peter Crone. This distribution consisted of one scheme, three bacteriology specimens, sent to 67 laboratories in the UK. One of our recent distributions consisted of 12 different schemes, comprising 8 bacteriology, 13 serology, 10 molecular and 9 mycology specimens, and sent to 53 countries representing over 1300 laboratories. UK NEQAS for Microbiology, operated by UK Health Security Agency, is a UKAS accredited proficiency testing provider No. 4715. | <urn:uuid:617600cd-81e3-4a79-876a-7de6685cc8ba> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ukneqas.org.uk/programmes/result/?programme=hbv-dna-quantification | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.890229 | 495 | 1.65625 | 2 |
In other words, are you appalling colleagues with your awful e-mail manners? Clean-up your act with these etiquette tips from the experts.
Agreeing on certain rules, reference points and values in your customer support process—basically, putting together a simple customer service style guide—will help everyone doing support in your company be faster and more efficient at it.
Customer Service Email Tip 4: But it does make a difference. Researchers at UC-Riverside tested the order in which they delivered news to subjects, and gauged their responses and behavior.
What they found was interesting: People who were given the bad news first were more likely to feel better about what they were told, while people who were given the bad news last were more motivated to act on the news. That means that the right way to deliver good and bad news depends on the context.
The good news is that there is a workaround. That feature already exists. To access it, just upgrade to the Pro plan by clicking here… Next time you need to deliver both good and bad news to a customer, think about the context; the order you choose matters. Customer Service Email Tip 5: Most people assume that customer service automation is about replacing, or minimizing, human-to-human interaction.
Automating little things is one of the 5 things to do to improve your customer support in under 10 minutesand will save you tons of time and money in the long run—while still keeping your customer service emails personal and interactive.
You might also find useful: Use the ELI5 Technique Even if they seem like second nature to you, the complex or technical concepts behind your product can be really confusing to customers.
Instead, use the ELI5 technique. As an example, see how one user explains the difference between email, Google, AOL, a website, and web browsers: Spend some time reading the ELI5 subreddit, and practice writing your own instructions in the same format to make life easier for your customers.
Customer Service Email Tip 7: Link to Longer Instructions Having to scroll through long emails is annoying and tedious.
And because customer loyalty is built by reducing customer effort, we want to avoid anything annoying and tedious. Having a knowledge base with articles that you can link to is really helpful, as it can save your customers the hassle of trying to navigate a long email.
As a rule of thumb, if your instructions contain more than one image or three steps, link to them rather than including them in the email. In addition to saving you time, being able to fix their own issues without having to go back and forth with a customer support agent will give your customers a sense of accomplishment.
Customer Service Email Tip 8: And while the answer, as is frustratingly true with many things, is that it depends, there is some research here.
Use Positive Language Using positive language can be incredibly powerful in changing the way your customers read your support emails. But how do you do that? Just by removing a few negative words or phrases from our customer interactions, we can completely change the way what we say is perceived.
Use the power of positive words in customer service to make your customers have better experiences, both in the moment and over the long-term course of your relationship with them.
Customer Service Email Tip The two things that we do to avoid check-ins are: Make sure that we proactively keep the customer posted as often as possible at least once per day. Let the customer know exactly when they should expect to hear from us.
That personal touch is made in those little details: What are the tips you have for making sure every single one of your support emails provides value and helps create a better relationship with your customer?
Let us know in the comments!Customer service email Looking for a talented writer who can process my daily emails of potential and established customers who are planning destination elopements through my company. I receive about 10 emails per day. Download our article for Contact Professional magazine (k, PDF).We share tips for avoiding endless e-mail loops that cost you money and customers.
1. Restate the customer’s question in the opening paragraph of the e-mail. According to a study by Accenture, 52% of customers who’ve had a bad customer service experience with a company stopped buying their products and services.
Plus, an estimated $ trillion worth of business in the U.S. is lost for the same reason. This email etiquette and business writing course is designed to help employees create email messages that are understood as intended by the writer in a single reading.
This program contains a heavy writing component. Find contact information for sales and Customer Service. Get help with your order, your account or your Verizon Wireless device. We provide this sample performance appraisal for customer service positions to help you write performance reviews for your employees.
This will cover a lot of your employees – it covers the “meets expectations” type employee that excels in some areas and needs work in others. | <urn:uuid:608223d1-9f84-433b-a05d-6cf44cf0f1c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jemegepahyn.timberdesignmag.com/customer-service-email-writing-33463ds.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.957173 | 1,026 | 1.679688 | 2 |
It’s not stress that kills us; it is our reaction to it.” This quote by Hans Selye summarizes America’s very stressful society today. The economic and family pressures are particularly high for African Americans. Want proof? Jay Harold has a post that talks about this economic reality. Read more
Anxiety disorders affect nearly 1 in 5 American adults(1) each year. People with these disorders have feelings of fear and uncertainty that interfere with everyday activities and last for six months or more. Anxiety disorders can also raise your risk for other medical problems such as heart disease, diabetes, substance abuse, and depression.
Anxiety is a normal reaction to stress and can be beneficial in some situations. It can alert us to dangers and help us prepare and pay attention. Anxiety disorders differ from normal feelings of nervousness or anxiousness and involve excessive fear or anxiety. Anxiety disorders(2) are the most common of mental disorders and affect more than 25 million Americans. But anxiety disorders are treatable, and a number of effective treatments are available. Treatment helps most people lead normal productive lives. There are several different types of anxiety disorders(3). Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health discusses anxiety disorders in detail.
Signs and Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
People with generalized anxiety disorder display excessive anxiety or worry for months and face several anxiety-related symptoms.
Generalized anxiety disorder symptoms include:
- Restlessness or feeling wound-up or on edge
- Being easily fatigued
- Difficulty concentrating or having their minds go blank
- Muscle tension
- Difficulty controlling the worry
- Sleep problems (difficulty falling or staying asleep or restless unsatisfying sleep)
People with panic disorder have recurrent unexpected panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear that may include palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate; sweating; trembling or shaking; sensations of shortness of breath, smothering, or choking; and feeling of impending doom.
Panic disorder symptoms include:
- Sudden and repeated attacks of intense fear
- Feelings of being out of control during a panic attack
- Intense worries about when the next attack will happen
- Fear or avoidance of places where panic attacks have occurred in the past.
Social Anxiety Disorder
People with social anxiety disorder (sometimes called “social phobia”) have a marked fear of social or performance situations in which they expect to feel embarrassed, judged, rejected, or fearful of offending others.
Social anxiety disorder symptoms include:
- Feeling highly anxious about being with other people and having a hard time talking to them
- Feeling very self-conscious in front of other people and worried about feeling humiliated, embarrassed, or rejected, or fearful of offending others
- Being very afraid that other people will judge them
- Worrying for days or weeks before an event where other people will be
- Staying away from places where there are other people
- Having a hard time making friends and keeping friends
- Blushing, sweating or trembling around other people
- Feeling nauseous or sick to your stomach when other people are around
Evaluation for an anxiety disorder often begins with a visit to a primary care provider. Some physical health conditions, such as an overactive thyroid or low blood sugar, as well as taking certain medications, can imitate or worsen an anxiety disorder. A thorough mental health evaluation is also helpful because anxiety disorders often co-exist with other related conditions, such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
7 Steps to Stress Less(4)
In honor of Stress Awareness Month, Psychiatrist Gabriela Cora, M.D., provides these tips to reduce stress:
Step 1. Analyze your situation.
Assess your current level of performance, productivity, health and well-being. How is your body feeling—tense and tired? Are you able to focus and be present at home and at work? Are you in tune with your vision and values? If conflicts exist, don’t ignore them; think about how to resolve them and plan on improving this situation.
Step 2. Learn about the negative effects of stress on your physical and emotional health.
Identify the biological factors and the environmental sources of stress and review strategies to manage them. Educate yourself about better ways to manage your time and bring those ideas into action.
Step 3. Establish your priorities and set boundaries.
Take charge of your schedule. Make sure that members of your household share responsibilities so that it is not only up to you to tackle household chores.
Although technology makes it possible to have 24/7 access to coworkers, be sure to set clear boundaries between work and home. It’s important that new technologies—emails, smartphones, wearables—work for you and not vice versa. If you have trouble disconnecting, explore your smartphone’s options for a scheduled “Do Not Disturb” period each night.
Step 4. Develop a master plan of action.
First, identify what is not working for you and then create a pro-active plan of continued improvement.
Some things in your plan are nonnegotiable to live a healthy life and manage stress. Those non-negotiable things are:
- 30 minutes of daily physical activity, which will help us maintain all aspects of our health.
- Eating well, which means three nutritious meals each day.
- 7-8 hours of sleep each night to replenish your stamina is key if you want to sustain periods of intense activity throughout the course of the day.
Step 5. Relax.
Learning and incorporating relaxation techniques as a part of your regular schedule will be a long-standing benefit in your life and will assist you in creating a strong core that can maximize sustained success. Drink caffeinated, and alcoholic beverages in moderation as these can keep you from getting restful sleep.
Step 6. Build solid relationships.
The support of and connection to family, friends and colleagues are known to sustain those under stress. Incorporate into your schedule an adequate amount of time to build and sustain these relationships. This is beneficial in the short-term to enjoy your time with them and in the long-term as you build a solid network of support.
Step 7. Revisit your plan on a regular basis.
What works for you today may not work for you next year. Children need different kinds of care as they get older and new jobs come with different requirements of your time. Change is inevitable and offers a wonderful opportunity for constant improvement.
Resources for Coping with Anxiety Disorders
Anxiety and stress are a given in the African American Community. Fortunately, there are resources available to help. This include:
- National Institute on Mental Health(5)
- Anxiety and Depression Association of America(6)
- National Alliance on Mental Illness(7)
Click this link to get free Health and Wealth information to improve your life. Play the free “Slow Roll Through Civil Rights” Game found on the Jay Harold website. Enjoyed this post? Share it and read more here. | <urn:uuid:94024957-ccc4-451a-94d3-fe4e3eb4bc04> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jay-harold.com/7-steps-to-less-stress-and-anxiety/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.924852 | 1,650 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Scientists have lauded semaglutide drug as a game changer in the treatment of obesity
In a historic development, a drug has shown positive results in suppressing the body’s appetite to help in treating obesity. The drug named semaglutide was made by Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk.
Scientists have hailed the drug as a potential ‘game-changer’, noting that the results of the study could mark a “new era” in the treatment of obesity. The study, carried out by researchers at Chicago’s Northwestern University, saw the participation of around 2,000 people in 16 countries taking higher doses of the semaglutide drug for a 15-month trial duration. The results showed an average 15 kg weight loss (20 percent) during the trial period. The results of the clinical trial have been published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
Reportedly, the drug is already being promoted as an effective treatment for Type 2 diabetes and aids in regulating appetite to limit calorie intake. The drug works by mimicking the GLP1 hormone which is released in the body after eating a full meal.
One of the participants, Jan from Kent, lost a critical 28 kg, equal to over a fifth of her total body weight.
“The drug changed my life and completely altered my approach to food,” she said while speaking media.
One of the leading authors of the study, Prof Rachel Batterham from University College London, called the Semaglutide drug a “game-changer” after monitoring its effect on weight loss.
“I have spent the last 20 years doing obesity research, up until now we’ve not had an effective treatment for obesity apart from bariatric surgery,” she said as quoted by a BBC report.
Cambridge University’s Prof Sir Stephen O’Rahilly also affirmed that the amount of weight loss achieved by this drug is greater than that observed with any other licensed anti-obesity medicine.
“This is the start of a new era for obesity drug development with the future direction being to achieve levels of weight loss comparable to semaglutide, while having fewer side-effects,” Pro O’Rahilly added.
There were a few side-effects observed in the treatment of obesity during the study, including diarrhea, vomiting, nausea and constipation. Further studies are underway to analyze the long-term benefits of the drug. Meanwhile, Semaglutide has been submitted to drug regulators for clinical prescription.
Scientists have also affirmed that weight loss directly depends on lifestyle changes, advising to consult a health professional before embarking on the journey to lose weight. | <urn:uuid:9a8f0df3-d428-46de-aa52-e7eeeae6c411> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thepakistan.pk/semaglutide-wins-praises-as-effective-weight-loss-therapy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958057 | 561 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Training is really a customized kind of personal growth where by a professional particular person, known as guru, helping a client or novice in reaching some personal or professional purpose giving precise assist and coaching. Sometimes your customer is known as cache. The idea of teaching could be used to talk about training along with administration. Instructors will often have an Master of business administration diploma and they are been competing in variations of training tactics and skills.
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In the USA, the greatest learning group is definitely the Institution for Business and Specialized Direction for the University of Phoenix, arizona. There are other smaller sized learning corporations across the country and around the earth. The most important difference between coaching as well as other operations exercising is that instructors are appointed for any fixed stretch of time to guide and help employees to quickly attain specific plans. They will also be provided particular abilities in strategic setting up and solving problems together with development of firm capability.
Master of science recently presented their new system termed Nadella, in the training approach. The Master of science Finding out Firm has started a coaching application using the Nadella podium. This platform is built to enable supervisors enhance some other part of efficiency in the workplace. A single big region during which Nadella helps administrators is due to elevating employee production. The corporation has now presented its latest technology – Home windows Cell 4.2 – by using a refined interface and latest features.
The modern Windows Cell phone will allow administrators to confirm every single worker’s cellphone exercise from another location. Using this, operators can look at serious-time data regarding their workforce including simply call records, electronic mails, sms and other connected files. Actually, if you use Nadella, an executive can even course and admittance info on any employee throughout the entire organization. Another necessary aspect of Microsoft Nadella is its loaded credit reporting capacity. It allows supervisors to simply see operation files and acquire doable intelligence. In this connection, it’s significant that Nadella may be custom-made geared to the demands of any finding out group.
Regardless of each of the advantages inherent in the Master of science Finding out Managing Program, you need to still consider a few factors while choosing a Microsof company Nadella instruction company. Such as, many companies prefer to get having access to a few coach because they do not desire to will lose out on education possibilities offered by a specific supplier. Concurrently, some business owners wouldn’t like to spend over our limits on working with a trainer for themselves. It may be recommended to examine the services provided by a particular provider in advance of determining to go ahead by using a unique mentor.
Most companies that utilize Nadella have reported positive results therefore. Actually, some management have gained a total new view concerning their company just after on a regular basis attending training. Additionally, most of the managers who’ve been given typical mentoring times record a significant surge in their production stages. Apart from elevating staff member diamond and general gain levels, the direct reports also gain as they are confronted with new ideas and methods that they’ll use to implement adjustments into their firm.
The one thing that numerous managers have advised us that they have managed to take advantage of education is the roll-out of their tactical imagining skills. Most likely, managers stay cornered into their strategies and this puts a stop to them from creating crucial selections. The techniques invented with the motor coach buses generally act as instigators to overcome their ineffectiveness. Supervisors are shown how to think otherwise, which empowers those to make fast and advised choices. In fact, fortunately they are taught to produce much better communication skills so as to facilitate smoother sales and marketing communications by any means amounts of a company.
Another thing that most executives have instructed us that they’ve benefitted from is improved rely on and commitment in the direction of their corporations. When administrators obtain regular feedback with their operation using their organizations, they’re better equipped to name and take care of issues quickly. Furthermore, when supervisors know that they’ll trust their many other downline, also they are almost certainly going to interact them in successful talks about methods they might improve their operation along with the all round path from the group. An important obstacle that administrators often experience if you have to increase the overall performance in their competitors is deficiency of have confidence in between downline. Via training, executives are tutored how to improve the quality of have confidence in their business, consequently enhancing the productiveness with their groups.
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Common Name: none
Enhydritherium terraenovae is a large, extinct otter capable of living in both freshwater and coastal marine habitats.
A nearly complete skeleton is on permanent public display at the Florida Museum of Natural History. It was collected at the Moss Acres Racetrack Site in Marion County.
Its presence in both Florida and California suggest it dispersed westward from the Gulf of Mexico into the eastern Pacific through the still open Panamanian Seaway. This predicts that its fossils should be recovered in late Miocene marine deposits in Panama.
- Late Miocene to very early Pliocene epochs; early to late Hemphilian (Hh2-Hh4) land mammal age
- About 6.5 to 4.5 million years ago
Scientific Name and Classification
Enhydritherium terraenovae Berta and Morgan, 1985
Source of Species Name: The species name was formed by the combination of the Latin words terra meaning ‘earth’ or ‘land’ and novus meaning ‘new’, in reference to the species distribution in the New World, in contrast to closely related fossil otters known from Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Classification: Mammalia, Eutheria, Laurasiatheria, Carnivora, Caniformia, Arctoidea, Musteloidea, Mustelidae, Lutrinae
Alternate Scientific Names: none
Overall Geographic Range
In addition to records from Florida, the species is also known from several locations in coastal southern California (Berta and Morgan, 1985). The type locality is the Palmetto Mine, Polk County, Florida.
Florida Fossil Occurrences
Florida fossil sites with Enhydritherium terraenovae:
- Marion County-Moss Acres Racetrack Site; Withlacoochee River 4A
- Polk County-Brewster Mine; District Grade Mine; Fort Green Mine; Fort Meade Mine (Gardinier); Whidden Creek Site in Fort Meade Mine (Gardinier); Palmetto Mine; Phosphoria Mine; Rockland Mine
Otters, or members of the mustelid subfamily Lutrinae, fall into into two different groups based on the anatomy of their carnassial teeth, the upper fourth premolar (P4) and the lower first molar (m1). One group is called the “fish-eating” otters (Repenning, 1976; Lambert, 1997) and includes the extinct otter genus Satherium and the extant otter genera Lutra, Lontra, Pteronura, Amblonyx, and Aonyx. These otters are characterized by more blade-like carnassials, unlike the other group of otters, the bunodont otters. Bunodont otters possess non-blade-like carnassials with thick enamel and rounded cusps. The bunodont otters include the extant genus Enhydra (sea otters) as well as the extinct genera Enhydritherium and Enhydriodon (Lambert, 1997).
The genus Enhydritherium is thought to be closely related to the Enhydra and Enhydriodon, two genera found in late Miocene to early Pleistocene fossil sites of Europe, Asia, and Africa (Berta and Morgan, 1985; see Figure 2). This clade may be differentiated from all other members of the subfamily Lutrinae by the lack of the first premolar, a shorter rostrum, and bunodont cusps on the lower first molar (node 2, Figure 2). Enhydriodon is overall larger in size and is characterized by an “isolated” hypocone on the upper fourth premolar, which is different from Enhydritherium and Enhydra, which share several features including similar body size and the shapes of the upper fourth premolars and lower first molars (node 3, Figure 2). Enhydritherium may be distinguished from both Enhydriodon and Enhydra by the anterior and medial position of the protocone in the upper fourth premolar (Figure 3) and by the absence of the protostylid and presence of the metastylid on the lower first molar (Figure 4; Berta and Morgan, 1985; Lambert, 1997). Currently, Enhydritherium terraenovae is the only species in the genus.
Enhydritherium terraenovae was at first primarily described from partial mandibles (Figure 5B-C; Berta and Morgan, 1985), although some isolated limb bones were tentatively referred to the species. A nearly complete skeleton of Enhydritherium terraenovae (UF 100000) was later found in 1987. It includes the skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, forelimbs, and hind limbs (Lambert, 1997). Before the discovery of UF 100000, Enhydritherium terraenovae had primarily been recovered from marine and nearshore fossil deposits in both Florida and California, leading Berta an Morgan (1985) to conclude that its ecology was similar to that of the modern sea otter, Enhydra. However, after the discovery of UF 100000 at the Moss Acres Racetrack site, which is believed to be a freshwater lake deposit in the middle of a grassland habitat, it has been hypothesized that E. terranovae was probably more terrestrial than previously believed, capable of moving inland to exploit freshwater habitats. Evidence from the postcranial fossils of E. terraenovae supports this hypothesis. Its limb proportions are more like those of the modern river otter Lontra and other “fish-eating” otters, which are more capable of terrestrial locomotion than the sea otter Enhydra. Furthermore, there is little evidence of swimming specializations in the hindlimb of E. terraenovae compared to Enhydra, which is more adapted for propulsive swimming using its hindlegs. In fact, E. terraenovae has a more robust greater tubercle on the humerus in comparison to Enhydra, which suggests that E. terraenovae primarily swam using its forelimbs. Although metapodial proportions suggest that E. terraenovae was probably less capable of terrestrial locomotion than Lontra, the lack of swimming specializations in the hindlimbs suggest they were still more terrestrially capable than Enhydra.
While the bunodont dentition of Enhydritherium terraenovae suggests that this species was adapted to eat tough foods (such crabs and shellfish) like Enhydra, the only extant otter with this type of dentition, Lambert (1997) hypothesizes that the diet of Enhydritherium terraenovae was not strictly limited to this food type following several lines of reasoning. Firstly, modern populations of Enhydra are not exclusively durophagous (tough-food eating), and some populations have been known to eat significant amounts of fish and cephalopods. Secondly, UF 100000 was found together with a large concentration of fish bones. This led Lambert (1997) to conclude that these fish bones were the stomach contents of UF 100000, as fish remains were otherwise rare at the site. Furthermore, molluscs thought to be common in freshwater habitats in the Miocene of Florida were probably too small (less than 3 cm or 1.2 inches in diameter) to exclusively sustain an animal the size of Enhydritherium terraenovae, which is hypothesized to have weighed between 22 and 45 kg (49–100 lbs).
Lambert (1997) also suggested that Enhydritherium terraenovae was more reliant on fish for food than Enhydra, based on anatomical features. Firstly, its metacarpal proportions were more similar to those of modern fish-eating otters and unlike those of Enhydra. The hands of the bunodont otter Enhydra are specialized for procuring and handling food items, whereas modern fish-eating otters primarily procure food with their jaws. The specialization of the hands for food manipulation is also hypothesized to be the reason why Enhydra relies primarily on the hindlimbs for swimming. Secondly, the cranium of Enhydritherium terraenovae has a more well-defined nuchal crest and a long, robust mastoid process relative to modern otters. Because the nuchal crest and the mastoid process are the attachment sites of neck muscles, the robustness of these cranial features suggest relatively powerful neck muscles. The combined evidence of a lack of hindlimb swimming specialization, hand proportions more similar to modern fish-eating otters, and osteological evidence for powerful neck muscles, suggest that Enhydritherium terraenovae was well-adapted for catching fish and other moving prey with its jaws (Lambert, 1997).
- Original Author(s): Richard C. Hulbert, Jr. and Arianna Harrington
- Original Completion Date: February 13, 2013
- Editor(s) Name(s): Richard C. Hulbert, Jr., Natali Valdes, and Arianna R. Harrington
- Last Updated On: March 10, 2015
Berta A., and G.S. Morgan. 1985. A new seat otter (Carnivora: Mustelidae) from the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene (Hemphilian) of North America. Journal of Paleontology 59(4):809-819.
Lambert, W.D. 1997. The osteology and paleoecology of the giant otter Enhydritherium terraenovae. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17(4):738-749.
Repenning, C.A. 1976. Enhydra and Enhydriodon from the Pacific coast of North America. Journal of Research of the United States Geological Survey 4:305-315.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number CSBR 1203222, Jonathan Bloch, Principal Investigator. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. | <urn:uuid:e20addfb-accf-4c10-abff-bb800786307d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-vertebrate-fossils/species/enhydritherium-terraenovae/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.920449 | 2,212 | 3.046875 | 3 |
The main focus is made on the design of viscoelastic cantilever
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Ducker, "Lateral, normal, and longitudinal spring constants of atomic force microscopy cantilevers
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used an electrochemical method to deposit polyaniline on the cantilever
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With its cantilevered
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(2.) Sader, J.E., Chon, J.W.M., and Mulvaney, P., "Calibration of Rectangular Atomic Force Microscope Cantilevers
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The purpose of this paper is to expand on the details of the experimental measurements that were made during the MRR and also provide additional data on the same cantilevers
using techniques that were not available at the time of the MRR in order to establish the potential accuracy of the techniques. | <urn:uuid:55c3364c-f5c5-4115-8112-b2984959fd88> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/cantilevers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.915302 | 404 | 2.5 | 2 |
The World Conservation Congress will be held from 3 to 11 September in Marseille. Two journalists from Report is present at this event around biodiversity, and offers daily monitoring.
Find all our articles here.
Marseille (Bouches-du-Rhône), report
The carpet falls on the Parc Chanot in Marseille. After a week of intense debates, the World Conservation Congress ended on the evening of Friday, September 10th. The final statement, “ The Marseille Manifesto »wants to bring hope in the light of the collapse of the living:
“ Mankind has reached a turning point (…) Economic “success” can no longer be achieved at the expense of nature. We have an urgent need for systemic reforms (…) Nevertheless, there is reason for optimism. We are perfectly capable of implementing transformative change and fast. During the pandemic, we have changed our behavior to protect our health and those around us. »
This Declaration, adopted by the Assembly of Members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) – which brings together governments as well as associations or research centers – provides it that future international negotiations on biodiversity, to be held in April 2022 in China. In the cave, it draws a new vision for the protection of the environment, assesses Didier Bazile, researcher at CIRAD, a research center member of the organization: “ We are no longer in an approach that is solely centered on the conservation of species ; links to climate change, agriculture and healthhe explains. Above all, there is now consensus on the vital importance of biodiversity and its preservation for global welfare. » In other words, biodiversity has fully entered the international political agenda. “ This Congress made it possible to put the points on inalso says Pierre Cannet, of WWF. He succeeded in proposing concrete solutions to respond to the emergency. »
For in addition to this manifesto, more than a hundred proposals have been adopted, which are just as many recommendations to stem the ecological crisis. “ L ‘IUCN is a transmission belt between the scientific and associative worlds on the one hand and the political and economic worlds on the otherexplains François Chartier, who is in charge of Oceans campaigns at Greenpeace. It promotes positions on which there is general consensus, which is based on research, and which calls for action. » If these adopted proposals are not binding, they will nevertheless have political influence: “ In 2016, during the last Congress, a resolution called for the protection of 30 % oceansremembers Mr. Chartier. Today, this proposal is on the agenda for COP15 on biodiversity. »
The ambitious position of the French Government
Among the proposals adopted, some actually bring real potential progress. “ With regard to forests, we adopted a resolution calling for the protection of 80 % of Amazondelights Pierre Cannet. Another focuses on the fight against imported deforestation and another on the conservation of primary and mature forests in Europe, some of which are severely degraded. » Mr. Bazile, for its part, maintains several proposals that push for a change in the agricultural model, by promoting alternatives to synthetic pesticides or by encouraging a change in food systems.
- One of the proposals seeks to protect 80 % of the Amazon rainforest. Flickr /CC BY–CN–reach 2.0 / Cifor / Neil Palmer /CIAT
In the oceans, the program even seems complete: itIUCN calls for the protection of one third of the oceans, for the fight against plastic pollution, for the conservation of whales in particular and for voting in favor of a moratorium on seabed extraction. “ Afterwards, we will have to see how these proposals are – or not – implemented.warns Pierre Cannet. They must not remain in the closet and that will depend on the mobilization of NGO just like states. »
As such, the French government has played an ambiguous role, once again posing as a green leader, but remaining vague on concrete actions, notes Jean-David Abel, of the France Nature Environnement (FNE): “ This world congress is held a few months before important international events, the COP26 about climate and COP15 on biodiversityhe points out. One could, for once, have imagined that the government would announce more square, more precise measures. But there was nothing new. » Even the announcement on the 5th % of protected sea areas in the Mediterranean leave him skeptical: “ Without funds, they remain on paper. » More generally, France has missed opportunities to show real ambitions for the seas, as François Chartier explains: “ For example, it abstained on the moratorium on offshore mining because a few months ago the government adopted a national strategy for the exploration and exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources. »
- In one of the proposals isIUCN calls for the fight against plastic pollution in the seas. Flickr / CC BY–CN 2.0 / Robert Vicol
Synthetic biology disappointments
There is therefore no consensus withinIUCN. The members thus fought until Friday night for the adoption of proposal 75 on synthetic biology. “ The debates were very lively, because it is a key issue for the preservation of the futuresays Estienne Rodary, a researcher at the Institute of Research for Development (IRD), who followed the discussions. Some see it as a very dangerous slope because we absolutely do not know the effects that extinction of mosquitoes can have in certain areas of the planet. But for others, we can not do without these technological solutions. »
Other disappointments, for Didier Bazile certain topics were not or little discussed: “ The importance of genetic diversity [c’est-à-dire la diversité des individus au sein même d’une espèce] is not really taken into accounthe remarks. We are also lagging behind in terms of governance: what real participation of communities and indigenous peoples and what weight in decision-making? ? » The indigenous people’s – marginal – place had been condemned at the start of the congress by several organizations during a counter-summit and a demonstration.
The participants in the congress inIUCN therefore left Marseille with a bag full of suggestions. “ They should serve as a roadmap for the next international deadlines.says François Chartier and presents a busy menu:A conference on the conservation of Antarctica in late October COP26 for the climate, the One Ocean Summit announced by Macron in January 2022, followed by a conference on the seabed, before COP15 on biodiversity in April 2022. » The work has only just begun. | <urn:uuid:242c24ef-fa7f-4839-8aad-5e09026c8711> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://paddlely.co.uk/2022/07/14/there-were-a-hundred-movements-but-what-effect/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.932334 | 1,373 | 2.359375 | 2 |
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