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Instrumentation of the water pocket
- Following of the brainstorming about the ToF sensors : instead of putting them on a stand, we could put them under the sides of the pocket, facing the ground. We could use more sensors (up to 4), in order to improve the reliability of the measurement.
- Searches about the I2C protocol, used to communicate with the ToFs
- Brainstorming about the control of the pumps, with new informations provided by Mr Hibon
- Some thoughts about the use of the X-NUCLEO-IKS01A1's accelerometer to get additionnal data when the the water pocket is being filled | <urn:uuid:6046ec4d-8ed0-4e88-a652-06b041867c79> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://air.imag.fr/index.php/ASAC/GEJC/CR3 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.904295 | 156 | 2.40625 | 2 |
EEG tech gives users the power of mind control without putting a hole in their heads
Ever since quadriplegic Jan Scheuermann used a mind-controlled robotic arm to eat a bar of chocolate back in 2012, Brain Control Interfaces (BCI) have been touted as a promising technology that could give others like her a new lease on life. However some critics say that for all its life-changing potential, it is also potentially dangerous as most of the devices used in clinical trials so far require the use of surgical brain implants. Researchers at the University of Minnesota could help to quell those fears while advancing this field further with their latest breakthrough: a mind-controlled robotic arm that requires no surgical implants.
The electroencephalography (EEG)-based BCI device developed by the University of Minnesota researchers incorporates an EEG cap fitted with 64 electrode sensors to interpret brain signals and convert them into action. While wearing the cap, test subjects first learned to control a virtual cursor on a computer screen, and then a robotic arm to reach and grasp objects in fixed locations on a table. After this, they were able to control the robotic arm with their minds, and use it to reach and grasp objects in random locations on a table and move them to a shelf.
The success rate was promising: 2,000 trials were conducted in an eclectic range of environments, and the subjects succeeded more than 80 percent of the time when picking up objects from a fixed location and more than 70 percent when placing them on a shelf.
"This is the first time in the world that people can operate a robotic arm to reach and grasp objects in a complex 3D environment using only their thoughts without a brain implant," says lead author Bin He, a biomedical engineering professor at the University of Minnesota. "Just by imagining moving their arms, they were able to move the robotic arm."
The researchers say understanding the geography of the motor cortex – the area of the cerebrum that governs movement – is key to making BCI technology work. While individuals might lose their ability to move and control their muscles, most of them, even those with severe neuromuscular disorders or damage to the motor system, retain the ability in the brain to produce motor function-related neural activities, explain the study's authors. This is why BCI is seen as a bridge between the brain and the outside world.
When humans move, or think about a movement, neurons in the motor cortex produce tiny electric currents. Crucial to the success of this study was the ability of the sensors in the cap to filter out background noise and pick up the neural signals the brain was sending.
"We figured out how to pick up the real brain signal out of the huge background noise ... and decode its intention," He told the Star Tribune.
The study builds on his previous research, in which subjects used noninvasive EEG technology to fly a drone. The goal back then was the same as it is now: to develop robotic prostheses that would restore the autonomy of paralyzed individuals or those with neurodegenerative diseases without a need for surgical implants.
"Three years ago, we weren't sure moving a more complex robotic arm to grasp and move objects using this brain-computer interface technology could even be achieved," He says. "We're happily surprised that it worked with a high success rate and in a group of people."
Neuroscientist and engineer Jose Luis Contreras-Vidal, whose research team at the University of Houston developed an EEG-based bionic hand, told New Atlas that this new study adds to the evidence that EEG is an adequate source signal for developing neuroprostheses. But since the tests were conducted on able-bodied individuals, what will be of special interest are the results of clinical trials conducted on the technology's target audience.
While prosthetic technology has come a long way from the metal hook – amputees currently have options such as the Star Wars-inspired Luke Arm – there are still limitations to what they can do and who they can serve. The Luke Arm, for instance, cannot be used by people with limb loss occurring at the elbow or wrist joint. In comparison, BCI-enabled devices would be able to benefit a lot more people, especially those with stroke or severe spinal cord injuries. A non-invasive option would be an added bonus, as it would do away with the risks and costs associated with brain surgery.
Until this becomes a reality, here's a video demonstration of the test subjects controlling the robotic arm with the EEG cap:
The results of their study were published in Scientific Reports.
Source: University of Minnesota | <urn:uuid:e789d417-c08e-451d-afe4-af224c8b2ff8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://newatlas.com/bci-non-invasive-robotic-arm-umn/46962/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.961783 | 944 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Looking forward to a 4-day workweek (but working 10 hours a day)?
Congressman Steny Hoyer (D-MD) recently asked OPM to do some research and to try and implement such a system on a more widespread basis throughout the government to save gas and energy. In his letter to OPM he wrote: “I write to obtain your views on the feasibility of such a policy on the federal level, and an assessment of whether additional statutory authority would be required to accomplish such an objective.”
But, reports Federal Times, OPM doesn’t think the Congressman’s idea is such a good one.
OPM wrote back: “We have concluded that such a proposal would be detrimental to the Federal Government’s ability to provide essential services, would weaken national security safeguards, and impact recruitment and retention efforts within the Federal workforce.”
Part of the reason for OPM’s reluctance is that it does not want to force employees into a “one size fits all” work schedule.”Forcing employees into a four-day workweek” would create problems for some employees with children or aging parents.
Also, the compressed schedule would hamper the services being provided to the public and could result in hampering national security in the name of energy conservation.
Finally, says OPM, the agency is already promoting workplace flexibility in agencies and that fifty percent of the federal workforce is already using some form of flexible work schedule. OPM concluded: “[W]e believe each Federal agency is in the best position to determine the extent to which it uses these flexibilities to achieve the optimum balance between employee flexibility and the agency’s ability to effectively carry out its mission.” | <urn:uuid:4c2b2460-e387-4bdd-a9ff-0945e9b35c68> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fedsmith.com/2008/09/03/opm-congressman-hoyer-thanks-unworkable-idea/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966353 | 362 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Safeguarding and Wellbeing
At Woodcote High School we recognise that positive wellbeing and good mental health is vital for our students’ happiness and achievement.
We address it directly in tutor times and an awareness of its importance pervades the everyday ethos and work of the school.
The aim of this area of the website is to provide links to good quality information and guidance on mental health and wellbeing. We would also encourage students and parents who have any concerns or who are experiencing difficulties to get in touch with us. We will do everything we can to help. We also have a designated Safeguarding email ([email protected]) where you can also discuss any concerns you may have.
External Websites and Contacts
- Young Minds - a fantastic organisation offering free, confidential online and telephone support, including information and advice, to any adult worried about the emotional problems, behaviour or mental health of a child or young person. You can also find a Confidential Parents Helpline - This has information about their campaigns, their publications and help and guidance for children & young people.
- A-Z of Mental Health
Reliable information for parents and carers about common mental health and behaviour concerns in children and young people aged 0-25.
The NSPCC’s Parents’ site recognises a big part of keeping children safe is making sure to look after their emotional and mental well-being. The site offers information on an array of topics including mental health and wellbeing; self-harm; sexual behaviour; and talking about difficult topics.
- Royal Society of Psychiatrists
The main professional body for psychiatrists in the UK believes that everyone needs the knowledge to make informed decisions about their health and aim to produce information which is: evidence-based, accessible and up-to-date. Their online A-Z leaflets cover all areas of mental health.
- NHS Live Well
Over 100 topics on healthy living.
- Talk to Frank
An advice section of the site for parents offering up to date advice and information about drugs, providing access to live chat, email and telephone support, as well as leaflets, FAQs and links to other sites.
Thinkuknow is an education programme from the National Crime Agency’s CEOP Command.
- Health Matters
Whether you’re a parent or a secondary school aged pupil in any of the nine boroughs where Health Matters deliver their school nursing services, here, you will find lots of health and well-being information to support you or your child’s health. You can also contact the school nurse directly through our ‘Ask a question’ service.
KIDS are a national charity, founded over 45 years ago, providing a wide range of support services to disabled children, young people and their families. They support children with any disability from birth to 25 years of age. They offer their support to the whole family with the aim of giving disabled children a brighter future.
Childline is yours - a free, private and confidential service where you can be you. Whatever your worry, whenever you need help, however you want to get in touch. We're here for you online, on the phone, anytime.
Barnardo’s believe in children – no matter who they are, what they have done or what they have been through. They will ensure their needs are met and their voices are heard.
- Disrespect Nobody
The 'Disrespect NoBody' campaign is aimed at preventing young people from becoming perpetrators and victims of abusive relationships by encouraging them to understand what a healthy relationship is, to re-think their views of controlling behaviour, violence, abuse, sexual abuse and what consent means within their relationships and directs them to places for help and advice.
Oiimysize is a youth-led project to raise awareness about how boys talk to girls and what is appropriate.
- Anna Freud A free network that provides a trusted source of up-to-date and accessible information which parents can use to support the mental health and wellbeing of the children and young people in their care.
- Rethink Helps people affected by mental illness by challenging attitudes and changing lives. They directly support almost 60,000 people every year across England to get through crises, to live independently and to realise they are not alone. Their website is full of advice, support and resources.
- Mind A National Mental Health Charity who provide advice and support to empower anyone experiencing a mental health problem.
- NHS Choices Moodzone Whatever you need to know about coping with stress, anxiety or depression, or just generally improving your emotional wellbeing. It offers practical, useful information, interactive tools, and videos to support you on your way to feeling better.
- Big White Wall A safe online community of people who support and help each other by sharing what’s troubling them, guided by trained professionals. Available 24/7, Big White Wall is completely anonymous so you can express yourself freely and openly. Professionally trained ‘Wall Guides’ ensure the safety and anonymity of all members.
- Relate Are the UK’s largest provider of relationship support. The website has a free Live Chat service, where anyone can chat in real time with one of their trained counsellors completely confidentially.
- Rise Above A new website developed by Public Health England to boost resilience among 11-16 year olds by teaching them the skills needed to make better decisions in ‘risky’ situations such as smoking, drugs, drinking, relationships and sex.
- Parent Gym An evidence-based parenting programme involving a series of six sessions proven to increase parents’ skills and confidence and so improve the behaviour and wellbeing of their children.
- The Charlie Waller Memorial Trust Was set up in 1997 in memory of Charlie Waller, a young man who took his own life whilst suffering from depression. Shortly after his death, his family founded the Trust in order to educate young people on the importance of staying mentally well and how to do so.
- The Mix Whether you’re worried about your mental health, or someone else’s, they have everything you need to know about mental health, from anxiety and depression to self-care and counselling.
- Young Stonewall The site for all young people to find out about issues affecting lesbian, gay and bisexual people at home, at work and at school.
- Mermaids Supports gender-diverse children and young people until their 20th birthday, as well as their families and professionals involved in their care. Transgender and gender-variant children and teens need support and understanding, as well as the freedom to explore their gender identity. Whatever the outcome, Mermaids is committed to helping families navigate the challenges they may face.
- MindEd Provides free, completely open access to online education available on tablets, phones or computers – to help adults support wellbeing and identify, understand and support children and young people with mental health issues.
- Doc Ready A digital tool that helps young people to prepare and make the most out of mental health related GP visits. It helps young people to know what to expect during a GP.
The Royal College of Psychiatrists Parents and Youth Info Index Provides specifically tailored information for young people, parents, teachers and carers about mental health.
- The Children’s Society Fights child poverty and neglect, trying to help all children have a better chance in life.
- Papyrus Are the national charity for the prevention of young suicide.
- The Campaign Against Living Miserably (CALM) Is leading a movement against male suicide, the single biggest killer of men under 45 in the UK.
- Family Lives Provides a 24 hour helpline, advice website, live chat and parenting/relationship support groups. They respond to questions on all aspects of family life that include all stages of a child’s development, issues with schools and parenting/relationship support. They also respond when life becomes more complicated and provide support around family breakdown, aggression in the home, bullying at school, teenage risky behaviour and mental health concerns of both parents and their children.
- Kidscape Works UK-wide to provide individuals and organisations with practical skills and resources necessary to keep children safe from harm. The Kidscape staff equips young people with practical knowledge and skills around personal safety, as well as reducing the likelihood of future harm.
- Counselling Directory Has a nationwide database of qualified practitioners, alongside lots of useful information on mental health.
- Selfharm.co.uk Is a project dedicated to supporting young people impacted by self-harm, providing a safe space to talk, ask any questions and be honest about what’s going on in your life. These pages will tell you a bit about us as well as pointing you in the right direction if you need to contact us or find out more about our policies and procedures.
- National Online Safety They believe in empowering parents, carers and trusted adults with the information they need to hold informed and age-appropriate conversations about online safety with their child, should they feel it is needed. Every Wednesday they produce guides to focus on specific platforms/risks which they believe trusted adults should be aware of.
- Every Mind Matters Is Public Health England Campaign encouraging adults to be more aware of their mental health and helps them to discover simple steps to look after their mental health and wellbeing.
- Teenage Cancer Trust Have a range of high quality education resources for schools around what cancer is, signs and symptoms, the importance of healthy living, sun safety, HPV vaccine, the impact of a cancer diagnosis and other topics.
- Kooth Is your online mental wellbeing community. Access free, safe and anonymous support.
- Thinkuknow Is the education programme from NCA-CEOP, a UK organisation which protects children both online and offline.
- Childnet The internet is an amazing place and a wonderful resource and our aim is to help make the internet a great and safe place for children and young people.
- Self-generated Child Sexual Abuse Imagery Schools are being asked to share information with parents about the Internet Watch Foundation’s (IWF) self-generated child sexual abuse imagery campaign: https://www.iwf.org.uk/selfgenerated-prevention-campaign. IWF’s self-generated child sexual abuse prevention campaign launches in April 2021. Our data shows 11-13 year old girls are increasingly at risk of grooming and coercion at the hands of online predators.
- Emotional Resilience Getting it on… information and services for 13-19 year olds on sexual and mental health issues, drugs & alcohol and relationship problems.
- Online Safety Packs Activity packs include simple 15 minute activities you can do with your child to support their online safety at home.
- National Self Harm Network Distractions that can help.
- BBC Bitesize - Parents’ Toolkit Top tips, expert advice and fun activities to help you support your child's wellbeing and learning in a changing world. Parents, we've got you!
- BBC Bitesize - Parents’ Toolkit Anxiety How you can help your child - with five simple coping techniques.
- Alcohol - Talking About Alcohol
- Alcohol and You Facts and support for teenagers.
- National Online Safety App Say hello to the new National Online Safety mobile application.
- NSPCC Positive Parenting Guide Positive parenting uses techniques that work well for every child. These techniques build on your child’s wish to please you, the importance of listening, and, above all, loving your child – leading to a better-behaved, happy child and less-stressed parents.
- Young Minds - Grief and Loss When you lose someone close to you, it’s natural to feel sad, depressed, worried or angry. Everyone reacts in their own way. If you’re finding it hard to cope, Young Minds can help you find support.
- Beat Eating Disorders We are the UK’s eating disorder charity. Founded in 1989 as the Eating Disorders Association, our mission is to end the pain and suffering caused by eating disorders.
- Anna Freud - Self Care Plan Self-care is all about what you can do to help yourself feel better or to keep yourself feeling good. It’s a way that we can look after our own mental health and wellbeing.
We have put together some of the best mental health apps, designed by experts, to offer you support from the comfort of your mobile phone. Remember: you are not alone. Mental health help is out there.
All the below apps are currently available on Apple (iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch) and Android (smartphones and tablets) devices. To download the app, search for the name of the app, for example: "Headspace" in the Apple App Store or the Google Play Store.
Headspace - Through science-backed meditation and mindfulness tools, Headspace helps you create life-changing habits to support your mental health and find a healthier, happier you.
StayAlive - This app is a pocket suicide prevention resource packed full of useful information and tools to help you stay safe in crisis. You can use it if you are having thoughts of suicide or if you are concerned about someone else who may be considering suicide.
WellMind - WellMind is your free NHS mental health and wellbeing app designed to help you with stress, anxiety and depression. The app includes advice, tips and tools to improve your mental health and boost your wellbeing.
Pacifica (Sanvello: Anxiety & Depression) - A mobile and web-based app intended to assist users in relieving stress, anxiety, and depression.
Moodpath - A written mood journal that uses progress reports and health assessments for reflection and guidance on how to improve wellbeing. In addition, the app uses written and audio exercises to help with anxiety and depression.
7 Cups - We live in a world where you can be surrounded by people, but still feel lonely, with nobody to turn to when things get rough. But being heard is an important part of being human. Thanks to thousands of volunteer listeners stepping up to lend a friendly ear, 7 Cups is happy to say, "We're here for you!“
SuperBetter - SuperBetter builds resilience - the ability to stay strong, motivated and optimistic even in the face of change and difficult challenges. Playing SuperBetter unlocks heroic potential to overcome tough situations and achieve goals that matter most.
Happify - Happify's science-based activities and games can help you overcome negative thoughts, stress, and life's challenges. | <urn:uuid:7b53a50f-9d2d-4bac-84bf-31d143bb4182> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.woodcotehigh.com/Parents/StudentsSafeguarding-and-Wellbeing-/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.935396 | 3,030 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The International Wireless Communications Expo (IWCE) will celebrate its 40th anniversary when it takes place March 27 - 31, 2017 at the Las Vegas Convention Center. IWCE is an annual event for communications technology professionals and offers a comprehensive education program in the communications technology industry.
IWCE’s conference program offers over 100 sessions in a variety of formats, giving flexibility to build a schedule. The week of learning includes Workshops, Power Sessions, Short Courses, Multi-Day Training Classes and Special Events including Keynote Addresses, General Sessions and Town Hall Meetings. All sessions are organized by track or topic, click on Search by Topic/Day to view sessions in different ways.
In addition, two keynote sessions will be held on the morning of 29 March. The opening keynote will be presented by Dr. Preston Marshall, Technical Program Manager, Spectrum Access Technology, Google. Dr. Marshall will discuss the US experience in deploying shared spectrum services in the 3.5 GHz Citizens Broadband Radio Service (CBRS) band and what it may warn for future wireless architectures and technology. Additionally, FirstNet leadership will provide a keynote address to update the IWCE audience on the nationwide public safety FirstNet network.
On 30th March there will be a General Session entitled “Everything is Changing – The Next Generation of Connectivity” which will forecast what the future holds for communications technology including applications, devices, networks, technology and connectivity.
Town Hall Meetings are also free to attend and is where government and association partners will present their latest initiatives. To register to attend, click here. | <urn:uuid:5cb923aa-2f96-4da8-84cd-2ac0879027ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.everythingrf.com/News/details/3474-IWCE-2017-Celebrates-40-Years-of-Educating-Communications-Technology-Professionals | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.916227 | 327 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Program with projects that support it. I have used this approach for longer than I care to admit in public,…
Due to critical shortages of healthcare personnel and ICU beds, several states have declared “crisis standards of care,” including Alaska. As if they don’t need one more thing to worry about, a new virus has been detected in the state. Dubbed “Alaskapox” by the media, the virus was found in two additional patients who sought treatment at a Fairbanks urgent care clinic. The symptoms include skin sores, fever, joint pains, and swollen lymph nodes. Both patients recovered within a few weeks, but it’s worrisome as these cases are similar to an initial case in 2015 and another one five years later. The virus has been identified as one from the same family as smallpox and cowpox. Epidemiologic investigation linked the virus to outdoor cats who may have picked it up from cows or other mammals, including voles. Just goes to show that public health was important before COVID-19 and will continue to be important in the future. Let’s hope governmental entities show up with their pocketbooks to fund the kinds of investigations needed to tackle emerging illnesses.
A new report from AHIMA, AMIA, and EHRA asks for consensus on the definitions of “electronic health information” and “designated record set” to better help organizations operationalize the requirements found in the 21st Century Cures Act. The organizations had formed a task force last year in preparation for key compliance deadlines. The task force will be asking stakeholders for feedback on the report and will continue to refine their work as the 2022 deadlines for compliance to the information blocking portions of the Act approach. The health information export portion of the Act kicks in at the end of 2023.
I’m glad to see that EHRA is participating since its members are the ones that actually need to incorporate the definitions in the systems we use each day to care for patients. Especially given the need for interoperability and portability for patient data, it’s critical that vendors use a common set of definitions. Having worked with dozens of healthcare organizations over the years, there are so many other definitions that are nebulous, including the definition of the legal medical record. I’ve got some clients that think that the final “visit notes” that you can print from the EHR are the legal medical record, completely disregarding the idea that there is a lot of other information in the system that becomes part of the legal medical record. I can’t count how many hours I’ve spent trying to educate clients on this, but until recognition of the concept is required, there will continue to be confusion.
Looking back to 2019, physicians were already exhausted trying to do everything they needed to do to care for patients – managing in-office visits and managing non-visit encounters including telephone messages, patient portal messages, refill requests, pharmacy communications, insurance communications, and more. Throw 18 months of a pandemic on top of that and we’re seeing some serious burnout. A number of my close colleagues have left the clinical trenches, choosing to either retire early or leave medicine altogether. Someone sent me a recent article from the Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association that looked specifically at objective EHR measures (including time, volume of work, and proficiency) and whether they are associated with exhaustion and cynicism. The study was done in 2018 within the primary care clinics of a large academic medical center. It found that over a third of clinicians had high cynicism and more than half had high emotional exhaustion. Those that had the highest amount of after-hours EHR documentation time and those that had the highest volume of messages had greater odds of high exhaustion. No specific measures were associated to high cynicism.
I would think that cynicism is more likely to be associated with factors that can be difficult to quantify, including having to jump through regulatory hoops, having to deal with administrators that don’t have solid experience but are trying to push the latest and greatest thing they heard in their master’s program despite never having worked in healthcare, and having to deal with the moral injury that stems from not being able to deliver the care we were trained to provide.
As far as exhaustion being related to having high volumes of patient messages, I’ve seen it first hand. A while ago, I worked with a large national organization that was looking to optimize its EHR. Whenever I start one of those engagements, I begin with a current state assessment where I observe a variety of users – extremely proficient ones, middle of the road ones, and those that are struggling. I also observe providers at various visit volumes and across various subspecialties.
The first thing I found was that the organization had different policies depending on whether you were part of the “northern” medical group or the “southern” one. One set of clinics allowed their staff members to do preliminary triage of all messages and handle all the back and forth, while the other required the licensed clinicians to handle every single message in the inbox queue. It’s not difficult to figure out which clinicians were less satisfied and felt more overworked. The organization had never looked at whether it made sense to have different policies for the different regions, it had just evolved over time due to lack of overarching governance. I tried to engage them in a discussion of how modifying the policies could be helpful far beyond any optimization we might do with the EHR, but they weren’t interested.
They also weren’t interested in strategies that have been proven to enhance their patients’ ability to adhere with medication regimens – simple things such as providing refills through the next scheduled visit or providing medications for a year in stable patients. They absolutely refused to consider the idea of a delegated refill policy, where nurses or other clinical staff could check various parameters defined by policy then refill accordingly. They were perfectly happy to push the work up to the physicians rather than to embrace change.
After numerous discussions, it was clear that they just wanted to demonize the EHR. I left them with a lengthy report that included some changes they could make in their system that would help micro-level workflow on the screens, but the vast majority of changes that needed to happen were operations and cultural. They weren’t thrilled with my recommendations, but frankly their technology was in pretty good shape, although their people and processes were not.
Email Dr. Jayne. | <urn:uuid:37463311-3256-4c60-a8c6-316a6a0e1ff5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://histalk2.com/2021/09/30/eptalk-by-dr-jayne-9-30-21/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.974184 | 1,347 | 1.773438 | 2 |
Adair Turner on "Debt Déjà Vu"
Writing for Project Syndicate, Adair Turner, Chairman of the Institute of New Economic Thinking discusses debt, and the “failure to grasp the strength and global nature of the deflationary forces now shaping the economy.”
He explains that we are in a trap where debt burdens shift among sectors and countries, as a result of the debt used to fund real-estate investment and construction. In the United States and several European countries, excessive debt creation before 2008 was followed by efforts at private deleveraging, initially offset by large government budget deficits.
After a collapsing external demand in late 2008, Chinese growth and employment was threatened, resulting in the Chinese government unleashing a massive credit-fueled construction boom. Turner states, “Within China, the consequences for growth may be less dire than some commentators fear: a rapidly tightening labor market is boosting real wages; household consumption is growing strongly; and a buoyant services sector is helping to create ten million new jobs per year.” But for the rest of the world’s economy, the consequences of the slowdown in China’s construction and industrial sectors are profound, and the QE alone cannot stimulate enough demand in a world where other major economies are facing the same challenges.
Turner concludes, “Seven years after 2008, global leverage is higher than ever, and aggregate global demand is still insufficient to drive robust growth. More radical policies – such as major debt write-downs or increased fiscal deficits financed by permanent monetization – will be required to increase global demand, rather than simply shift it around.” | <urn:uuid:79784e3a-85fa-408c-a320-bd2e4474a839> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.chartwellspeakers.com/adair-turner-on-debt-deja-vu/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.922022 | 334 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Anya Kamenetz, author of The Stolen Year: How Covid Changed Children's Lives, and Where We Go Now, says the US got pandemic schooling “more wrong” than other wealthy countries. Anya explains how and why decisions were made that put children last.
We've spent a lot of time over the past couple of years reassuring ourselves that our kids would be okay, that we were doing our best, that we'd get them through this, that there could even be silver linings. But it's important to take stock of the costs to our children, as well, because they were considerable.
Today's guest, Anya Kamenetz is the author of several acclaimed books on learning and the future, including The Art of Screen Time: How Your Family Can Balance Digital Media and Real Life, and The Test: Why Our Schools Are Obsessed With Standardized Testing, But You Don’t Have To Be. Her latest book is The Stolen Year: How Covid Changed Children's Lives, and Where We Go Now.
In this episode, Anya, Amy, and Margaret discuss:
- Why Anya says the United States got pandemic schooing "more wrong" than other wealthy countries
- How "years of neglect and bad faith" in public education contributed to what happened after our abrupt shift to remote schooling
- How we can create something better for the future
Here's where you can find Anya:
Special thanks to our sponsors for this month:
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EC number: 224-957-0
CAS number: 4573-50-6
The test item showed no thermal effects in the temperature range of 25 -
Dynamic method: Vapour-liquid equilibrium (VLE)
The vapour pressure was measured in the temperature range of 83.8 to
161.5 °C. The measured vapour pressure values together with the measured
temperatures are listed in the following table.
Results of the dynamic method
Temperature / °C
Vapour pressure / hPa
From the measured data points of the vapour pressure curve, the
constants A, B and C of the Antoine equation were calculated:
Log10 ρ = A + B / ( C + θ )
A = 10.4799
B = -2733.79
C = 273.15.
The vapour pressure of the test item was calculated by interpolation and
extrapolation of the measured vapour pressure curve for the temperatures
20, 25 and 50 °C, according to Regulation EC No. 440/2008 Method A.4.
Calculated vapour pressure values for 20, 25 and 50 °C
Vapour pressure: 0.14 hPa at 20 °C, 0.20 hPa at 25 °C, 1.05 hPa at 50 °C
(EU Method A.4, dynamic method)
According to Regulation EC No. 440/2008 Method A.4, the vapour pressure
values of the test item for the temperatures 20, 25 and 50 °C were
calculated by extrapolation of the measured vapour pressure curve.
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Article Contents ::
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- 3 GLYKACIN have Amikacin is comes under Sub class Aminoglycosides of Main Class Anti Infectives
- 4 Main Medicine Class:: Anti Infectives Sub Medicine Class :: Aminoglycosides
- 5 Disclaimer ::
The Brand Name GLYKACIN Has Generic Salt :: Amikacin
GLYKACIN Is From Company Gland Ph. Priced :: Rs. 16.5
GLYKACIN have Amikacin is comes under Sub class Aminoglycosides of Main Class Anti Infectives
Main Medicine Class:: Anti Infectives Sub Medicine Class :: Aminoglycosides
|Salt Name : OR Generic Name||Form||Price : MRP /Probable||Packing|
|Amikacin||INJ||Rs. 16.5||2ML V.|
Indications for Drugs ::
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Drug Dose ::
Parenteral Uncomplicated urinary tract infections Adult: 250 mg bid, given via IM, IV inj over 2-3 minutes or as IV infusion. Severe Gram-negative infections resistant to gentamicin and tobramycin Adult: 15 mg/kg daily in equally divided doses injected every 8 or 12 hr for 7-10 days. Max: Up to 500 mg every 8 hr in life-threatening infections. Max cumulative dose: 15 g. Doses may be given via IM, slow IV inj over 2-3 minutes or IV infusion. Child: 15 mg/kg daily in equally divided doses injected every 8 or 12 hr for 7-10 days. Neonates: 10 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses. Impaired renal function: In patient with impaired renal function the daily dose should be reduced and/or the intervals between doses increased to avoid accumulation of the drug. Simple doses schedule for renal impairment is given below: Renal function Dosage schedule Mild impairment 500 mg every 18 hours Moderate impairment 500 mg every 24 hours Severe impairment 250 mg every 24 hours.
Pregnancy, perforated ear drum, myasthenia gravis, hypersensitivity.
Drug Precautions ::
Renal impairment; vertigo, tinnitus. Discontinue if signs of ototoxicity, neurotoxicity or hypersensitivity occurs; lactation. Safety has not been established for treatment period >14 days. Monitor renal function before and during treatment.
Drug Side Effects ::
Tinnitus, vertigo; ataxia and overt deafness. Potentially Fatal: Ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular blockade.
Pregnancy category ::
Drug Mode of Action ::
Amikacin binds to 30S ribosomal subunits of susceptible bacteria, thus inhibiting its protein synthesis.
Drug Interactions ::
Amphotericin B may lead to increased nephrotoxicity and reduced clearance of amikacin when used together. Potentially Fatal: Increased ototoxic or nephrotoxic effects with other nephrotoxic or ototoxic drugs. Enhanced neuromuscular blockade with neuromuscular blocking drugs. Increased risk of ototoxicity with potent diuretics. | <urn:uuid:efdd4678-63c9-4e06-87a2-f950982b8aa6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicscientist.com/drug/glykacin-2ml-v-50mgml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.782642 | 782 | 1.835938 | 2 |
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Broadband Monolithic Constrained Lens Design by
Leonard Thomas Hall B.E. (Electrical & Electronic, with Honours), The University of Adelaide, Australia, 2000
Thesis submitted for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy in School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences The University of Adelaide, Australia August, 2009
Chapter 1 Introduction and Motivation
HE growing complexity of radar and communications systems has created a need for antennas capable of forming multiple simultaneous beams. At the heart of these antennas is a beam-forming network
capable of generating multiple, independent, highly directional beam patterns, using a single linear antenna array. While many techniques exist, this thesis focuses on the beam-forming network known as the Rotman lens. Developed in 1963 by Rotman and Turner, the Rotman lens is a passive structure capable of driving arrays containing hundreds of broadband elements. While the Rotman lens has been implemented using a number of dierent transmission media, few are as compact and inexpensive as microstrip. Using standard monolithic manufacturing techniques, microstrip lenses can include active elements, such as low noise ampliers and power ampliers, and passive elements such as power dividers and antennas. This combination is particularly attractive for systems operating at millimetre wavelengths. This thesis examines the Rotman lens to determine its potential as a broadband beam-forming network.
1.1 Thesis Overview
1.1 Thesis Overview One of the key ideas developed in this thesis is that a Rotman lens, or any constrained lens, is simply a number of transmission lines connecting antenna elements. Beam ports are treated as closely spaced antenna elements, and antenna ports as elements of a nonlinear antenna array. Although the beam ports and antenna ports of a modern Rotman lens are hardly recognisable as antenna elements, their treatment as such is shown to be at the heart of a successful lens design. This approach is used to address the challenges of port impedance mismatch, port mutual coupling, and unwanted reections from the lens sidewall. This thesis explores these problems and provides a methodology for addressing these challenges. This chapter opens with an introduction and motivation, followed by a summary of the key contributions presented in this thesis. Chapter 2 begins with a brief history of electromagnetism describing the work of Maxwell and Hertz. A short history of antenna element and antenna array development is presented introducing a more detailed summary of antenna theory. This is extended to describe the behaviour of arrays of antenna elements and introduces some of the popular methods of feeding these arrays. Chapter 2 concludes with a description of the rst Rotman lens and explains why this simple structure has generated so much interest in the literature. Chapter 3 presents transmission line theory and multi-port network parameters, which are engineering tools needed to develop microwave lenses and connecting circuits. The Telegraphers' Equations are used to derive transmission line parameters and introduce reection coecient and impedance transformation. Multi-port networks are introduced using the impedance and admittance matrices. These concepts are developed into Sparameters and generalised S-parameters. The alternative travelling wave formulations of pseudo-wave and power-wave scattering parameters are introduced and why they are needed for multi-port matching is explained. A number of impedance matching techniques are then described and the chapter concludes with a short comparison of their relative merits. Chapter 4 describes the Rotman lens in detail and explores the history of Rotman lens development. The Rotman parameters are dened and their eect on lens shape is presented. A brief summary of the signicant contributions in lens analysis is included, and latest approaches to lens design are discussed. Chapter 4 nishes by describing the historical development of Rotman lens implementation and summarises the signicant advances in this area. Page 2
Introduction and Motivation
Chapter 5 closely examines the properties of the Rotman equations and their application to linear antenna array feed network design. The Rotman equations are re-written in a form more appropriate for this task and an improved method of characterising the lens aberrations is described. This method is used to comment on optimal focal arc geometry and the eectiveness of approximations commonly used in the literature. Chapter 6 presents the software tools used to conduct and analyse the experiments described in this thesis. This is followed by the methods used to gather measured data from the realised lens designs. A description of the numerous ways the performance of a constrained lens is measured, and how these measures are derived from simulated and experimental results is also provided. Chapter 7 explores the key areas of constrained lens implementation. By treating lens ports as antenna elements in an array or in the presence of other elements, this chapter examines the eects of port geometry, spacing, and impedance in the broadband constrained lens application. This analysis denes clear limitations of constrained lens performance that have not been identied in the literature. The chapter continues by tackling the signicant broadband, multi-port, matching problem. An eective matching solution is described and applied to single, multiple xed phase, and multiple variable phase port matching. Finally, the techniques described within this thesis are applied to four lens designs. The major conclusions and future directions of this work are summarised in Chapter 8.
1.2 Original Contributions This thesis makes a number of signicant contributions to the analysis, design and implementation of the Rotman lens and constrained lenses in general. The Rotman equations dene the lens geometry and aberrations in terms of the lens focal length rather than aperture size. This is not consistent with the role of a beamforming network for a linear phased array. The renormalisation of the Rotman equations by the aperture size rather than the focal arc paves the way for a thorough analysis of the Rotman lenses in this role. Further, the accepted method of dening lens aberration performance measures the maximum deviation from the theoretical linear wavefront. This does not translate well to the beam-forming performance of the lens. An improved aberration measure is proposed and then used to examine the relationship between aberration performance and the ve Rotman parameters Sec. 5.1 and 5.2.
1.2 Original Contributions
The Rotman equations do not dene the focal arc connecting the three focal points of the lens. Using numerical methods, the focal arc of the Rotman lens is optimised for a large range of parameter values. This analysis shows that the circular focal arc results in the lowest path length errors of any focal arc shape (Sec. 5.3). The ports of the Rotman lens are analysed as antenna elements to clearly dene the mechanisms that limit monolithic constrained lens performance. Signicant insight has been gained by focusing on the performance of an individual port, both in isolation and in the presence of other ports. This provides a clear understanding of how port geometry and substrate choice is used to improve lens aberrations and simplify the task of port matching. In addition, the coupling of energy to adjacent ports is a signicant limiting factor of lens performance. By examining port coupling and impedance properties, fundamental monolithic constrained lens limitations are dened (Sec. 7.1). Impedance matching of linear phased antenna arrays and antenna ports of a Rotman lens are very similar problems. The lens matching problem is complicated further by the need to simultaneously match the beam and dummy ports. This is successfully addressed by applying an iterative impedance matching algorithm using the power-wave formulation of generalised S-parameters. This matching algorithm accounts for single port excitations, simultaneous xed phase port excitations and multiple variable phase port excitations. This matching algorithm signicantly improves the performance of broadband lenses and is also useful for matching closely spaced antenna arrays and multi-port networks (Sec. 7.3). The critical issue of lens sidewall implementation is addressed using dummy ports terminated with microstrip loads. This motivated the design of two microstrip load designs. The rst is a compact, narrow-band load, while the second is a larger broadband load (Sec. 7.4). Finally the numerous methods and tools are combined to design and manufacture a number of constrained lenses. Two narrow-band Rotman lenses with an integrated linear antenna array are designed and characterised. To demonstrate the eectiveness of broadband port design and matching, a third Rotman lens design is presented. The performance and bandwidth of these lenses provide a benchmark from which state-of-the-art can be dened (Sec. 7.5).
fully appreciate the intricacies of constrained lens design, the fun-
damentals of antenna element and antenna array design should be clearly understood.
This chapter presents a brief history of anten-
nas and propagation followed by an introduction to antenna fundamentals. The principles of beam-forming using arrays of antenna elements is then presented, followed by a summary of the power dividing networks used to feed such arrays. To understand the signicance of the most popular of constrained lens architectures, the Rotman lens, it is necessary to provide a review of constrained lens development.
The evolution of constrained lenses from dielectric lenses
and reector antennas is presented.
The concept of the bootlace lens is ex-
plained, followed by descriptions of lens geometries suitable for driving both circular and linear antenna arrays.
2.1 Brief History of Antennas and Propagation
2.1 Brief History of Antennas and Propagation An antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device for propagating electromagnetic energy (Balanis 1997). The guiding device could be any number of transmission line types. The transmission line ensures ecient energy transfer between the antenna and the rest of the system. The rst publications on the design of antenna elements and their application, to generating electromagnetic waves, is found through the work of science historians (Kraus 1985, Gordon 1985, Garratt 1995, Sengupta and Sarkar 2003). James Clerk Maxwell's radical concept of displacement current brought together the work of Hans C. Oersted (17771851), Carl F. Gauss (1777-1855), André-Marie Ampère (1775-1836), Michael Faraday (1791-1867), and others in the form of Maxwell's equations (Maxwell 1865, Maxwell 1873). Maxwell, pictured in Figure 2.1(a), showed that a planar electromagnetic wave travelling in free space does so at the velocity of light and the wave consists of both electric and magnetic components that lie in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. These components are mutually orthogonal, and propagate together. Maxwell did not live to see his work conrmed by experiments performed by Hertz (1888), pictured in Figure 2.1(b). Heinrich Rudolph Hertz, as professor at the Technical Institute in Karlsruhe, assembled the rst complete radio system in 1886. The system consisted of an end-loaded half-wave dipole as the transmitting antenna and a resonant loop antenna as the receiver. When sparks were produced at a gap at the centre of the dipole, sparking also occurred at a gap in the nearby loop (Bryant 1988). During the next two years, Hertz extended his experiments demonstrating reection, refraction and polarisation, showing that radio waves and light are the same phenomenon, diering only in their wave length and frequency. In his 1890 paper, Hertz expressed Maxwell's equations in component form and brought a new clarity to Maxwell's theory (Hertz 1890). Hertz's equipment remained merely a laboratory experiment until Guglielmo Marconi showed that electromagnetic waves could be used to send messages (Friedel 1981, Friedel 1984). Marconi quickly incorporated tuning and larger antennas for longer wavelengths in attempts to transmit over ever increasing distances. In December 1901, he successfully received radio signals sent across the Atlantic and in doing so started a wireless revolution. While World War I drove the development of wireless communications, World War II saw the maturity of radar and the emergence of many new forms of antenna, see Figure 2.2. Page 6
(a) James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
(b) Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)
Fig. 2.1: Founders of radio. James Clerk Maxwell and Heinrich Rudolph Hertz are credited for the basis of electromagnetic theory today (Friedel 1981). Despite Maxwell's insight into electromagnetic propagation, there is no indication that he thought waves could be generated electrically, it was Hertz that demonstrated the rst radio system in 1886.
Radar required high gain, directional antennas and ever increasing bandwidth. For the rst time, antenna elements were constructed using long tapered conductors rather than the shorter resonant lengths demonstrated practical broadband antennas (Balanis 1997). The two decades before 1940 contained much activity on array theory and experimentation. Some of the prominent researchers were G. H. Brown, E. Bruce, P. S. Carter, C. W. Hansell, A. W. Ladner, N. E. Lindenblad, A. A. Pistolkors, S. A. Schelkuno, G. C. Southworth, E. J. Sterba, and T. Walmsley. During World War II, much array work was performed in Britain and the United States. Beam-forming and beam-steering attracted signicant interest as a solution to creating large apertures without the mechanical problems associated with a large single element (Pistolkors 1929, Southworth 1930, Bruce 1931, Carter et al. 1931, Sterba 1931, Bruce and Beck 1935, Brown 1937, Schelkuno 1943, Silver 1949). The complexity of feed networks for large arrays posed signicant problems. Time delay and phase delay networks, such as the Blass and Butler matrices, achieved good results (Blass 1960, Butler and Lowe 1961). Comparatively low cost and reduced Page 7
2.1 Brief History of Antennas and Propagation
NOTE: This figure is included on page 8 of the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library.
Figure 2.2: SCR-270 radar antenna array. The SCR-270-BA uses a 4 by 8 antenna element array of half wave dipoles, resonant at 104-112 MHz, with a beamwidth of 12 degrees. The SCR-270-BA is a pulsed radar with a peak power of 100 kW and was developed in 1938 and put into service in 1941. After Vieweger and White (2003).
complexity made lens solutions appealing (Kock 1946, Ruze 1950, Gent 1957, Rotman
and Turner 1963). The rst extensive coverage of phased arrays was the publication by Academic Press of the three-volume book
Microwave Scanning Antennas, with volume 1
appearing in 1964, and volumes 2 and 3 in 1966 (Hansen 1964). The early 1950's produced a small, lightweight, and conformal antenna element called the
patch antenna (Deschamps and Sichak 1953, Gutton and Baissinot 1955, Munson 1974, Howell 1975, Pozar 1992). At millimetre-wavelengths the patch antenna combined with microstrip and stripline circuitry has made conformal, compact, high gain, steered beam antenna arrays practical.
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles An antenna radiates electromagnetic energy into free space from a transmitter, or conveys electromagnetic energy extracted from free space to a receiver. The following section provides the parameters that are used to describe antennas in these roles. These properties are divided into two categories; those describing the radiation characteristics and those describing the electrical characteristics of the antenna element. Finally these antenna properties are presented in the context of the Friis transmission equation and the radar range equation. This section continues with the discussion of antenna elements combined in a linear array. Understanding antenna array principles is critical to understanding both the purpose, and the inner workings, of constrained lenses. Critical concepts of mutual coupling and mutual impedance are explained, along with the basic array theory of beam-forming and beam-steering. 2.2.1 The Antenna Element
The radiation characteristics are most commonly described in terms of the antenna radiation pattern. The radiation pattern is a mathematical function or graphical representation of the radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space coordinates. In most cases, the radiation pattern is determined in the far-eld region and is represented as a function of the directional coordinates. Radiation properties including power ux density, radiation intensity, eld strength, directivity, phase or polarisation (IEEE Standard 1993). The directivity parameter measures the ability of the radiating structure to direct the electromagnetic energy in a preferred direction. An isotropic antenna is one that radiates equally in all directions. Although an isotropic antenna is impossible to implement, it is used as a conceptual reference from which we dene directivity. If single beam antenna has higher directivity, it radiates more eectively in one direction than in all others while an antenna with low directivity emits radiation in all directions. The directivity of an antenna is dened as the the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions. The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna divided by 4π. If the direction is not specied, the direction of maximum radiation intensity is Page 9
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles implied (IEEE Standard 1993). This is expressed by:
U , U0 4πU = , Prad 4πUmax = , Prad
radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
Umax = U0 = Prad =
maximum radiation intensity (W/unit solid angle)
radiation intensity of isotropic source (W/unit solid angle)
total radiated power (W).
The parameters directivity and eciency of the antenna.
are similar concepts, however gain also includes the
Gain is dened as the ratio of the radiation intensity, in a
given direction, to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna were radiated isotropically. The radiation intensity corresponding to the isotropically radiated power is equal to the power accepted by the antenna divided by
Gain does not include losses arising from impedance and polarisation mismatches
(IEEE Standard 1993). This is expressed by:
4πU , Pin G(θ, φ) = eD(θ, φ), 4πUmax Gmax = , Pin Gmax = eDmax , G =
e = = Pin = The
antenna radiation eciency (dimensionless)
Prad , Pin total accepted power (W).
in a given direction is dened as the ratio of the available power at
the terminals of a receiving antenna to the power ux density of a plane wave incident on the antenna from that direction, the wave being polarisation matched to the antenna.
If the direction is not specied, the direction of maximum radiation intensity is implied (IEEE Standard 1983). The eective area can be written as:
PT , Wi
eective area or aperture (m ),
power delivered to the load (W) ,
power density of incident wave (W/m ).
The maximum eective area,
is related to the maximum directivity,
λ2 D0 . = 4π
This equation suggests that to achieve high directivity in a chosen direction the area of the antenna must be large when projected onto the plane perpendicular to that direction. The
is the angle between the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half the maximum value, in a radiation pattern cut containing the direction of the maximum of a lobe (IEEE Standard 1993). The
of an antenna in a given direction is the same as the polarisation of the
radiated wave in that direction. This is dened as that property of an electromagnetic wave describing the time varying direction and relative magnitude of the electric-eld vector; specically, the gure traced as a function of time by the extremity of the vector at a xed location in space, and the sense in which it is traced, as observed along the direction of propagation (IEEE Standard 1983, Balanis 1997). In the most general case, the gure traced by the E-eld vector is elliptical. Two special cases are linear polarisation where the ellipse collapses into a line or circular polarisation where the ellipse becomes circular.
Linear polarisation is produced when the
components of the E-eld are in phase, producing a varying electric eld in a particular orientation.
Linear polarisations are classied based on the angular orientation of the
E-eld. Circular polarisation is produced when the
components are 90
phase, producing an E-eld of constant magnitude that rotates about the direction of propagation. Circular polarisations are classied based on the direction of rotation about the propagation vector. Polarisation is largely predictable from antenna construction, however the polarisation of side lobes can be quite dierent from that of the main propagation lobe. In practice
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles it is important that the polarisation of transmit and receive antennas be matched.
mismatch exists, the received signal strength is reduced.
Electrical Characteristics The electrical characteristics of the antenna, connected to terminals a and b in Figure 2.3(a), are described by the antenna
Input Impedance .
The input impedance is dened
as the impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals (IEEE Standard 1993). The impedance of the antenna is expressed as:
ZA = RA + jXA ,
antenna impedance (ohms)
antenna resistance (ohms)
antenna reactance (ohms)
The resistive component of the antenna impedance is divided into two parts, the
loss resistance :
R A = R r + RL ,
radiation resistance (ohms)
loss resistance (ohms)
Energy absorbed to the radiation resistance is converted to electromagnetic energy and radiated into free space. The energy absorbed by the loss resistance is converted to heat within the antenna.
These denitions lead to a simple denition of
the ratio of the total power radiated by an antenna to the net power accepted
by the antenna from the connected transmitter (IEEE Standard 1993). This is expressed by:
Rr . R r + RL
Maximum power is delivered to the antenna when the impedance of the source is the complex conjugate of the antenna impedance. This is known as a conjugate match as shown in Figure 2.3(b) and is expressed by: ZS = RS + jXS , = RA − jXA ,
where RS = XS =
Source resistance (ohms), Source reactance (ohms).
Vg a Generator (Zg)
(a) Antenna in transmitting mode
(b) Antenna Thévenin equivalent circuit
Fig. 2.3: Antenna electrical characteristics. The antenna shown in Subgure (a) is represented elec-
tronically by an equivalent circuit in Subgure (b). The generator is on the left made up of the generator driving voltage Vg and impedance, Rg and Xg . The antenna element is on the right made up of the radiation resistance Rr , loss resistance RL and antenna reactance XA . Maximum power transfer between the generater and freespace is achieved when the source impedance is the complex conjugate of the antenna impedance.
In the case where the antenna is connected to the source by a transmission line, an electromagnetic wave travels from the source, through the dierent parts of the antenna system and out into free space. The antenna acts as a matching network that takes the power from the transmission line, and matches it to the free space impedance of 377 Ω. If the wave encounters dierences in impedances as it propagates through the system, some fraction of the wave's energy will reect back towards the source. The reected energy forms a standing wave in the feed line. The ratio of maximum voltage to minimum voltage in the standing wave can be measured and is called the standing wave ratio. Page 13
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles
The bandwidth of an antenna is the range of frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specied standard (IEEE Standard 1993). For broadband antennas it is convenient to express bandwidth as the ratio of the upper to lower frequencies of acceptable operation. While for narrow-band antennas the bandwidth is generally expressed as a percentage of the centre frequency. Transmission and Reception
The Friis transmission equation (Friis 1946) describes how much power is directly coupled between two antennas while the radar range equation describes how much power is coupled between two antennas after reection from an object. The Friss transmission equation for two impedance matched antennas is expressed by: λ2 Pr G t Gr = Pt 4πR2
relating the power delivered to the receiver Pr to the power generated at the transmitter Pt at a distance R. The radar range equation makes use of a quantity known as radar cross section, denoted by σ, dened as the area intercepting that amount of power which, when scattered isotropically, produces at the receiver a density which is equal to that scattered by the actual target (IEEE Standard 1997). For polarisation matched antennas the radar range equation is expressed by: Pr G t G r λ 2 = σ , Pt 4π 4πR1 R2
where R1 is the distance of the target, with a radar cross section of σ, from the transmitting antenna and R2 is the distance of the target from the receiving antenna. 2.2.2 Linear Antenna Array
An antenna array is two or more antennas coupled to a common source or load to produce a specic radiation pattern. The radiation pattern of a properly implemented antenna array is usually narrower with higher value of directivity than a single antenna element. Many applications benet from antennas that concentrate their energy within a narrow beam, and the ability to vary the angle of that beam. These properties can be achieved by arranging multiple elements into an antenna array and exciting them appropriately. Page 14
The radiation pattern of the array is determined by the vector addition of the elds radiated by the individual elements. To achieve a directive pattern, the elds of each element must interfere constructively in the desired direction and destructively in all others. There are ve properties used to control the radiation performance of an array (Balanis 1997): 1. the geometrical conguration of the array, 2. the relative displacement between the elements, 3. the excitation amplitude of the individual elements, 4. the excitation phase of the individual elements 5. the relative pattern of the individual elements. Antenna array design is not the topic of this thesis. Therefore array theory is covered only briey, focusing on linear phased arrays. Although mutual impedance and mutual coupling between antenna elements is beyond the scope of our phased array discussion, the concept is directly related to constrained lens port design and has thus been included.
Pattern Formulations In general, the excitation of an array is dened by the voltage amplitude and phase at each element. Assuming identical elements in both construction and orientation, and neglecting mutual coupling, the far-eld radiation pattern is the product of the isolated element pattern and the isotropic array factor (Pozar 1998). Therefore, the array radiation intensity, expressed in terms of the element radiation intensity Ue, is U (θ, φ) = |AF(θ, φ)|2 Ue (θ, φ).
This is referred to as pattern multiplication. The isotropic array factor is the radiation pattern of the array where all antenna elements are replaced with theoretical isotropic elements. The array factor for N equally spaced elements placed along the X -axis, as illustrated by Figure 2.4, is calculated by forming the vector sum of all elements in every direction θ.
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles
The array factor is written as: AF
= 1 + a1 ej(kd cos θ+β) + a2 ej2(kd cos θ+β) + . . . + aN ej(N −1)(kd cos θ+β) , N = an ej(n−1)(kd cos θ+β) , =
an ej(n−1)ψ ,
where ψ = kd cos θ + β, 2π , k = λ
and a1, · · · , an is the magnitude of the excitation of each element, d is the spacing between elements, and β denes the slope of the phase delay between each adjacent element. Y
Figure 2.4: Antenna array beam-forming. The electromagnetic radiation generated by each antenna
element is combined in the far-eld. This eld is described by the combination of the array factor and element beam pattern. The array factor is calculated, for all θ and φ, by forming the vector sum of all elements, blue dots spaced by distance d, in the far eld.
A linear array of identically oriented and equally spaced radiating elements having equal current amplitudes, a1 . . . an = 1, and equal phase increments between excitation currents is referred to as a uniform linear array (IEEE Standard 1993). The array factor for a Page 16
uniform linear array can be further simplied to:
sin N2 ψ . sin 12 ψ
This simplied formula is used to calculate the angle of the array factor maximum, which includes the main beam, θ0 , and the grating lobes θG , and also the position of nulls and local maxima referred to as side-lobes. Furthermore, an approximate value for the 3 dB beam width and sidelobe level are easily obtained as depicted in Figure 2.5. 3.5
Magnitude Array Factor
0.5 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(a) Array Factor
(b) Beam Pattern
Fig. 2.5: Array factor and beam properties. The beam pattern is described by a number of features,
the main lobe, sidelobes, grating lobes, and the position of the beam maxima and nulls. The most important of these is the main-lobe described by the observation angle of θ0 and the 3 dB beam width, Δθ3dB . Other lobes that are often present are sidelobes, described by their magnitude relative to the mainlobe, and the grating lobes, located at θG . Subgure (a) shows how the array factor varies with angle, while Subgure (b) shows the beam pattern relative to the antenna elements represented by green dots.
The number of maxima present in the array factor depends on the spacing between elements, d. The position of the maximum and main beam is expressed by: θmax = cos−1
λ (−β ± 2mπ) , 2πd
m = 0, 1, 2...
The maxima corresponding to m = 1, 2 . . . are referred to as grating lobes. To ensure only one maximum is present, and therefore no grating lobes are present, the distance between
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles elements must be limited to:
λ . 1 + | cos(θ0 )|
The direction of maximum radiation intensity, and m = 0, is referred to as the observation
angle, θ0 . This is related to the relative phase delay β by:
θ0 = cos−1
, kd −λβ = cos−1 , 2πd
β = −
2πd cos(θ0 ). λ
By varying β , the observation angle is swept through −π to π as shown in Figure 2.6. The radiation local maxima and nulls are calculated by examining when sin( N2 ψ) equals zero and 1. Therefore the position of the nulls is expressed by:
θnull = cos−1
2n λ (−β ± π) , 2πd N
n = 1, 2, 3... n = 0, N, 2N, 3N..., and the approximate position of the local maxima or side-lobes is expressed by:
λ 2s + 1 (−β ± π) , 2πd N
s = 1, 2, 3... Approximations for beam width have been made (Balanis 1997):
0.886 λ b. sin(θ0 ) N d
The broadening factor b depends on the choice of the window and its sidelobe level. A side-lobe is a radiation lobe in any direction other than that of the main or grating lobes (IEEE Standard 1993). The maximum relative side-lobe level is the maximum relative directivity of the highest side lobe with respect to the maximum directivity of the antenna (IEEE Standard 1993). Low sidelobes, < -30 dB, are of interest for several reasons. Reducing sidelobes reduce radar and communications intercept probability, radar
Magnitude Array Factor
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(a) 60 degree array factor
(b) 60 degree beam pattern
Magnitude Array Factor
7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(c) 30 degree array factor
(d) 30 degree beam pattern
Fig. 2.6: Array scanning and beam width. The beam is scanned by varying the relative phase delay
between elements, β . The width of the beam changes due to the reduction of the array's eective area as the beam is swept towards end-re. Subgures (a) and (c) show how the array factor varies with angle while Subgures (b) and (d) show the beam pattern relative to the antenna elements represented by green dots.
and jammer vulnerability, and spectrum congestion in satellite transmissions. To
achieve a low sidelobe radiation pattern, the array excitation should be heavily tapered in amplitude.
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles
The larger the sidelobe attenuation, the larger the broadening factor. Some examples of broadening factors for dierent windows are given as follows: Rectangular : Hamming : Taylor-Kaiser : Dolph-Chebyshev :
dB b = 2, R = −40 dB b = 1, R = −13
b = 1 + 0.636
b= 2 Ra
acosh (Ra) − 2
where R and Ra represent the sidelobe level in dB and absolute units, respectively. The precise control of amplitude excitation along the length of the array is used to improve the sidelobe performance of the array as highlighted in Figure 2.7. The sidelobe levels of a uniform excitation is -13 dB, Figures 2.7(a) and 2.7(b). By implementing a Hamming window excitation function, this will be reduced to -40 dB at the expense of beam width and maximum directivity, Figures 2.7(c) and 2.7(d). A grating lobe is a lobe, other than the main lobe, produced by an array antenna when the interelement spacing is suciently large to permit the in-phase addition of radiated elds in more than one direction (IEEE Standard 1993). For half wavelength spacing of elements, a grating lobe appears at -90 ◦ for a beam scanned to +90◦. When elements are spaced by one wavelength, grating lobes are present at ±90◦ for a beam at broadside as apparent in Figures 2.8(a) and 2.8(b). The signicance of grating lobes is exacerbated for scanning arrays as any movement from broadside beam quickly moves the sidelobe away from the end-re directions. Figures 2.8(c) and 2.8(d) show a grating lobe at 138◦ when the beam is scanned to 75 ◦ for an element spacing of one wavelength. While Equation (2.2) ensures that only one maximum is present within the beam pattern, it does not prevent a large part of the grating lobe appearing at the edge of the radiation pattern. It is desirable to prevent any of the grating lobe appearing in the radiation pattern, as illustrated in Figure 2.8(b). By placing the pattern null adjacent to the grating lobe at ±90◦ the entire grating lobe is excluded. The array spacing reduction required to accomplish this is given by: √ N − 1 + b2 . d λ N (1 + sin(θ0 ))
This is a general formula that applies to amplitude tapered distributions through the inclusion of the broadening factor b (Hansen 1997). Page 20
Magnitude Array Factor
7 6 5 4 3
2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(a) Array factor of uniform excitation
(b) Uniform excitation beam pattern
Magnitude Array Factor
8 7 6
5 4 3 2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(c) Array factor of Hamming excitation
(d) Hamming excitation beam pattern
Fig. 2.7: Side-lobes and beam pattern. Careful choice of excitation taper will signicantly reduce sidelobe levels. This gure compares a linear excitation with a Hamming excitation taper, highlighting the signicant improvement in sidelobe level. The Hamming excitation taper has improved the sidelobe levels by 23 dB while increasing the width of the mainlobe by approximately 1.5 times. Subgures (a) and (c) show how the array factor varies with angle while Subgures (b) and (d) show the beam pattern relative to the antenna elements represented by green dots.
2.2 Antenna and Linear Array Principles
Magnitude Array Factor
8 7 6 5 4
3 2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(a) Broadside grating lobe array factor
(b) Broadside grating lobe beam pattern
Magnitude Array Factor
8 7 6 5
3 2 1 0 0
80 100 120 Theta (Degrees)
(c) Scanning grating lobe array factor
(d) Scanning grating lobe beam pattern
Fig. 2.8: Grating lobes and beam pattern. Increasing the spacing between elements beyond the limit
dened by Equation (2.2) allows the in-phase addition of radiated elds at more than one angle. The repercussions of this are reduced width in the main-beam and additional lobes of equal magnitude to the main lobe. Subgures (a) and (c) show the main lobe at 90◦ and grating lobes at 0◦ and 180◦ . Subgures (b) and (d) show the main lobe at 75◦ and grating lobe at 137.8◦ for the same antenna element spacing. All gures are calculated for antenna element spacing of λ, represented by the green dots.
The bandwidth of an array is aected by many factors, including change of element input impedances with frequency, the existence of grating lobes, and change in element beamwidth. When an array is scanned with xed units of phase shift, provided by phase shifters, there is also a bandwidth limitation as the position of the main beam will change with frequency. When an array is scanned with time delay, using variable path lengths, the beam position is independent of frequency to rst order.
Mutual impedance and interaction between antennas The interchange of energy between neighbouring antenna elements is known as mutual coupling. This energy is absorbed into the load connected to the antenna terminal or rescattered. Thus, the total contribution to the far-eld pattern of a particular element in the array depends not only upon the excitation furnished by its own generator (the direct excitation) but upon the total parasitic excitation as well, which depends upon the couplings from and the excitation of the other generators (Allen and Diamond 1966). The strength of the mutual coupling depends primarily on the: •
radiation characteristics of each antenna,
relative separation between elements,
relative orientation of each element.
The input impedance of the antenna, in the presence of other elements, depends on the self-impedance and the mutual-impedance between the driven element and the other elements. The self-impedance is the input impedance of a radiating element of an array antenna with all other elements in the array open-circuited while the mutual-impedance is dened as the mutual impedance between any two terminal pairs in a multi-element array antenna is equal to the open-circuit voltage produced at the rst terminal pair divided by the current supplied to the second when all other terminal pairs are open-circuited (IEEE Standard 1993). The self impedance, Z11 and Z22, and mutual impedance, Z12 and Z21, are shown in Figure 2.9 for an array of two resonant monopoles. The variation in self and mutual impedance is shown for a range of element spacings and excitation frequencies. As expected, Figure 2.9(a) shows that the mutual impedance is reduced as element spacing is increased. Less obvious is that mutual impedance peaks at 5/3 of the resonant frequency of half wavelength spaced monopole antennas. In order to maximise the radiated power for any one element in an array, the generator impedance should be a conjugate impedance match to the impedance seen at the element terminals while all elements are excited, rather than the impedance of the element when excited alone (Balanis 1997).
2.3 Beam-forming techniques
150 Real Imaginary
2 2.5 Spacing in λ
(a) Element spacing
1 1.5 2 Normalised Frequency
Monopole mutual impedance. The mutual coupling of two quarter wavelength monopoles is represented by the real and imaginary mutual impedance (Z12, Z21). Subgure (a) shows the relationship between mutual impedance and element spacing. This gure show that interdependence of the antenna impedances increases as spacing is reduced. Subgure (b) demonstrates the relationship with frequency normalised by the monopole self resonant frequency. While a resonant antenna produces a peak in mutual impedance near resonance, a broadband antenna displays a gradual increase in the magnitude of mutual impedance as frequency is reduced.
The radiation characteristics of an antenna array, directivity, beam width and sidelobes, are optimised by manipulating the phase and amplitude distribution between each element. The focus of this thesis is the design of multi-beam arrays, as such, the phase taper is the primary property controlling the direction of maximum array gain. Selection of amplitude taper is used to trade o beam width with sidelobe strength. Minimum beam width and maximum gain are achieved using a linear amplitude taper while reduced sidelobe strength requires a smooth taper that reduces in strength towards the edge of the array. The conicting requirements force a compromise between high gain, narrow main beam, and power radiated within the sidelobes.
2.3 Beam-forming techniques To present constrained lenses in context, alternative beam-forming techniques are now described. The discussion begins with techniques to produce a xed single beam using series or corporate feeds. These basic feed structures, with the addition of phase shifters, Page 24
allow the concept of phased array scanning to be introduced. Finally, beam-forming networks are described, capable of producing multiple independent beams from a single linear array.
2.3.1 Single Fixed Beam Feeds Fixed beam arrays are usually linear arrays. When the array elements are connected in series along a transmission line, the array is referred to as series connected. Similarly, when the elements are connected in parallel with a feed line or network, the array is referred to as shunt connected.
Series Feeds The series feed network is most well known for its application in travelling wave slot antennas (Hansen 1997). The series feed consists of a single waveguide element connecting multiple antenna elements along its length. The resultant feed structure is only as long as the array, resulting in a very compact low-loss network. The regular spacing of the elements along the transmission line causes the system to resonate at the frequencies where the spacing becomes an integer multiple of half the wavelength. Resonant arrays
often have the end of the transmission line shorted to allow a standing
wave to exist. The sum of the antenna reactances should equal zero while the sum of the antenna impedances is equal to the characteristic impedance of the line (Hansen 1997). As the the frequency varies, both the radiation pattern and input impedance of the array vary. The speed of the impedance variation is proportional to the number of elements. Therefore, resonant arrays are limited by narrow bandwidth and high input impedance. A travelling wave array , like the resonant array, has radiating elements dispersed along a transmission line (Hansen 1997). Unlike the resonant array, the elements are not spaced by nλ/2, n = 1, 2, 3 . . ., and the transmission line is generally terminated by a matched load. As the energy propagates along the transmission line, each element radiates a small portion and the remaining energy is absorbed by the load. To achieve a linear excitation along the length of the array, elements near the feed must couple lightly to the transmission line, while elements near the load must couple heavily. Because of the non-resonant spacing, the main beam pattern will vary with frequency. The beam squint that travelling wave arrays experience, as the frequency is varied, has been used to scan the main beam in a frequency scanned array (Hansen 1997). The
2.3 Beam-forming techniques direction of the main beam is calculated by assuming that the radiating elements are spaced a physical distance d apart, and are connected by a feed with a length of s and guided wavelength of λg . The wavefront is dened by 2πs − 2πn, λg n = 1, 2, 3 . . .
kd sin θ0 =
The position of the main beam is calculated using: sin θ0 =
sλ nλ . − dλg d
Clearly, larger s/λ, and correspondingly larger n, gives a faster change of beam angle with frequency. When the main beam becomes broadside or end-re, the impedance of the array changes very quickly due to the in phase addition of element impedances (Hansen 1997). As a result, the eld-of-view of this approach is limited to that between broadside and end-re.
Corporate Feeds A corporate feed structure connects multiple antenna elements by cascading power combiners/dividers. Such feeds commonly use binary branching, but sometimes the divider tree includes 3-way, or even 5-way dividers, depending upon the number of array elements. Figure 2.10 shows a simple binary parallel feed with phase shifters. The critical component in the corporate feed is the power divider or combiner. While early corporate feed networks used waveguide dividers and hybrids (Riblet 1952, Hadge 1953), they can also be implemented very eectively in stripline or microstrip (Jones et al. 1958, Levy 1966, Young 1972). While many microstrip corporate feeds use the simple and compact split line power divider, other examples of power dividers or combiners include the broadband line coupler developed by Schiman (1958); the popular Wilkinson divider incorporating resistive loads to improve the match (Wilkinson 1960); and the Lange coupler, which is a 90 degree hybrid coupler utilising interdigitated coupled lines (Lange 1969).
Distributed Arrays The distributed array is another type of shunt feed network (Hansen 1961). A distributed array has each element connected to its own receiver/transmitter module. These systems
Figure 2.10: Binary power divider. Corporate feed networks are often used due to their simplicity. A
corporate feed network connects multiple antenna elements by cascading power combiner/dividers. While this gure shows a corporate feed network using binary power splitters, triple and quadruple power splitters are also possible. This gure shows a corporate feed network feeding a phased array.
tend to have higher cost but have several advantages over simpler systems. Many lowpower semiconductor sources are used instead of a single high-power source. Feed network loss is minimised, which increases the signal to noise ratio. Graceful degradation allows the system to continue to operate with small gain and sidelobe changes as each module fails. Therefore, mean time before failure is greatly increased (Hansen 1961).
2.3.2 Phased Array Scanning A series feed or corporate feed is converted to a phased array feed by adding
in the feed line or connected to each element. These congurations are shown in
Figure 2.11 and are referred to as
series phase shifters
parallel phase shifters .
phase shifters enjoy the advantage that all phase shifters have the same phase shift equal
2.3 Beam-forming techniques to
The disadvantage is that the rst phaser must handle almost the entire power, and
the phaser losses combine in series. Parallel phase shifters experience less loss than series phase shifters because each phaser handles only
of the transmitted power. The disadvantage is that each phaser must
be capable of phase shift equal to the inter-element phase shift the number of the elements, as phase shifters capable of
β = kd cos θ0
At lower frequencies this is not a signicant disadvantage
phase shifting are relatively easy to produce (Hansen 1961,
Balanis 1997). At higher frequencies or very broad bandwidths this requirement is much more dicult to achieve.
In Parallel phasers
Figure 2.11: Phaser congurations. A phased array may be driven using parallel phase shifters, where phase shifters connected to each element, or series phase shifters where each phaser is placed in the feed between elements. Parallel phase shifters require large phase shifters because each successive phaser must be capable of N β shift where N is the element number. Series phaser implementation uses identical phase shifters, however losses increase along the length of the array.
2.3.3 Beam-forming Networks
Multiple beam antennas allow a number of beams to be simultaneously transmitted and received from a single array aperture. Multiple-beam systems have applications in electronic countermeasures, satellite communications, multiple-target radars, and in adaptive nulling (Mayhan 1976). Multiple beamformers or beam-forming networks are either networks or quasi-optical lenses. In general, beam-forming matrices have beam crossover levels that are independent of frequency, while beamwidths and beam angles change with frequency. Lens beam formers have xed beam angles, while beamwidths and hence crossover levels, change with frequency. Power Divider Beamformer
The simplest beam-forming network is simply N xed phase or time delay feeds connected to each element by a N -way power divider. The power divider causes a 1/N signal reduction making preampliers necessary to maintain the signal to noise ratio. This type of network is only practical for small numbers of beams and elements, however it has been used to drive as many as 91 elements and 16 beams (Metzen 1996). Butler Matrices
A Butler matrix beam-forming network connects 2 array elements, connected to an equal number of beam ports (Butler and Lowe 1961). It consists of alternate rows of hybrid junctions and xed phase delays, shown in Figure 2.12(a) for a typical 8-element Butler network (Moody 1964). The Butler network is a simple network using components easily implemented in stripline or microstrip, however layout is dicult due to conductor crossovers. The ideal Butler matrix is the analogue circuit equivalent of the fast Fourier transform (Butler and Lowe 1961, Shelton and Kelleher 1961), and an orthogonal system. An orthogonal system means that the network remains perfectly matched at all beam ports and no power is coupled between the beams. In practise this condition is only approximated by very narrow-band systems. While the Butler matrix is capable of near-orthogonal performance for half-wave antenna spacing, and large element number, N , it can also be used to drive antenna elements with n
2.3 Beam-forming techniques other spacings. The beam position for generalised antenna spacing, d, is
iλ , 2N d i = 1, 3, 5 . . . (N − 1).
sin θi =
For half-wave element spacing the beams ll up visible space as demonstrated by Figure 2.12(b). The array is uniformly excited and the sidelobe level is -13.2 dB. When the element spacing is increased, the beamwidths become narrower and the beams move closer together. However, the crossover level remains -3.87 dB, as these eects cancel out.
0 −2 Elements
−8 −10 −12 −14 −16
(a) Butler matrix circuit
(b) Orthogonal beams
Fig. 2.12: Butler matrix and beam pattern. The Butler matrix is a beam-forming network that uses
phase delays and hybrid junctions to excite a number of simultaneous and independent beams. The number of beams and antenna elements is 2N where N is the order of the matrix. The eight beams for the third order network shown in Subgure (a) is shown in Subgure (b). Each beam in plotted in a dierent colour.
Blass Matrices The Blass matrix describes a set of array element transmission lines, which intersect a set of beam port lines, connected using directional coupler at each intersection (Blass 1960), as depicted in Figure 2.13(a). The Blass matrices consists of a number of travelling wave coupler arrays, where beam-forming is a result of the interaction these arrays. However these arrays are dicult to construct due to the sensitivity required of each coupler and the complexity of design due to the multiple interaction between couplers (Hansen 1997).
Nolen Matrices The Nolen matrix (Nolen 1965) is a generalisation of both Blass and Butler matrices. The Nolen matrix is an analogue implementation of the general discrete Fourier transform algorithm and works for any number of elements. Owing to the high number of parts and the diculties tuning the network, the Nolen beam-forming network is seldom used but is shown here for completeness, Figure 2.13(b). Elements
load beam ports
(a) Blass matrix circuit
(b) Nolen matrix circuit
Fig. 2.13: Blass and Nolen matrix circuits. The Blass and Nolen matrices shown in this gure are
beam-forming networks similar to the Butler matrix. These Blass matrix shown in Subgure (a) is dicult to implement due to the interactions between waves travelling between the large number of couplers. The Nolen matrix shown in Subgure (b) is made impractical by the large number of components.
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds Constrained lenses fulll the same function as dielectric lenses and reector antennas. They collimate energy from a transmitting feed into a narrow beam, or focus a planar wave incident on a large aperture into a feed. In contrast to dielectric lenses, constrained lenses focus their energy via arrays of antennas connected by sections of transmission line. The combined eect of line length and antenna array geometry acts as a phase transformer or time delay, transforming a plane wave into a spherical or circular wave converging on a feed location. The development of constrained lenses began with the single and dual focal point metal plate lenses of Kock (1946) and Ruze (1950). Figure 2.14(a) shows a single beam, metal plate lens. The parallel metal plates form both the antenna array and transmission lines connecting the antenna elements to the body of the lens. The transitions between the transmission lines and the body of the lens are referred to as antenna ports. The parallel plate section of the lens transforms the incoming planar wave into a circular wave. This wave propagates across the body of the lens, converging on a single feed location known as a beam port.
NOTE: These images are included on page 32 of the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library.
(a) Metal plate lens
(b) Rotman lens
Fig. 2.14: Constrained lens examples. Subgure (a) shows the layout of a metal plate lens. The lens is formed using the parallel metal plates on the right, to focus the incoming planar wave onto the single beam port on the left. Subgure (b) shows a modern 37 GHz Rotman lens constructed using waveguide. The black material, each side of the lens, absorbs energy that would otherwise be reected back into the lens from the sidewalls (Peterson and Rausch 1999b). Page 32
Constrained lenses provide low-cost, broadband, beam-steering networks. The trifocal Rotman lens and perfectly focused R2R lens (Hannan and Newman 1983, Hall and Vetterlein 1990) developments followed the metal lens. A wide variety of materials, transmission lines, and antenna types have been used; and the frequency of operation has been increased to near visible light (Sparks et al. 1998, Sparks et al. 1999). Figure 2.14(b) shows a waveguide based Rotman lens designed to operate at 37 GHz (Peterson and Rausch 1999b). This lens uses waveguide to connect the antenna elements and the body of the lens. The beam ports and antenna ports are implemented using tapered waveguide sections that impedance match the waveguide to the body of the lens. Energy reected from the sides of the lens can degrade the performance by increasing sidelobes and coupling between beam and antenna ports. The lens shown in Figure 2.14(b) uses Radiation Absorbing Material (RAM), shown in black, to absorb this energy, preventing it from being reected back into the body of the lens. 2.4.1 Metal Lenses
Early forms of Ruze lenses (Ruze 1950) operate in a similar way to dielectric lenses (Hall and Vetterlein 1990) with the restriction that the rays within the lens must propagate parallel to the lens axis. This is represented by path P Q shown in red in Figure 2.15. The path in metal lens conguration is formed using parallel metal plates. The equations describing the ray path through the arbitrary path P Q and the path along the axis are solved for two focal points F1 and F2. The resultant solution is an elliptical inner contour, referred to as the lens contour. The shape of the lens contour is dependent on the lens thickness and the desired refractive index. The focal arc is a circle centred on the origin that passes through the two focal points. Aberrations are a result of the path length variation of all paths from a point on the focal arc, through the lens, to the desired planar wavefront. The path length aberrations associated with a metal lens can be large and are highly dependent on the design of the lens. To combat abberations, refocusing of the lens is carried out by moving each point C on the focal arc radially, to nd the position of minimum aberrations for each angular position θ on the lens contour. A portion of the refocused focal arc is shown by the dashed line in Figure 2.15. The lenses take on dierent forms depending on how the equations describing the Ruze lens are applied. Figure 2.16 shows four types of Ruze lens designs. The constant thickness
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds
θ Metal Lens P
Bootlace Lens P X
Figure 2.15: Geometry of a constrained lens. Both the metal lens and bootlace lens are solved for two
focal points shown by the red dots at F1 and F2 . The remaining beam ports, shown in green, are placed on a circular arc centred on the origin and joining these focal points. The errors associated with the remaining ports have been reduced by refocusing the focal arc shown by the dashed line. The metal lens on the left requires the paths connecting the antenna elements and antenna ports, the red lines labelled P and Q, must be parallel to the lens axes. The bootlace lens on the right removes this restriction by allowing the antenna elements and ports to be connected using arbitrary lengths of transmission line as shown by the blue lines labelled P and Q . This simple innovation adds the extra degree of freedom to the lens that later enabled the development of the Rotman lens.
lens shown in Figure 2.16(a) is small and compact but requires substantial refocusing. Figure 2.16(b) has a variable thickness but requires little refocusing. To reduce the size of this lens, Figure 2.16(c) has implemented zoning. Zoning is the process of varying the length of each path through the lens by a multiple of one wavelength.
This means the
lens is no longer a time delay beam-forming network. Instead it is a phase delay network that achieves perfect focus at multiples of the design frequency.
Finally, Figure 2.16(d)
shows a at front lens requiring only a small amount of refocusing.
← Focal arc
← Focal arc and best focus arc
← Best focus arc
(a) Constant thickness ← Focal arc
← Best focus arc
(c) Variable thickness with zoning
(b) Variable thickness ← Focal arc
← Best focus arc
(d) Flat front
Fig. 2.16: Ruze lens congurations and refocusing characteristics. Four Ruze lens congurations based on the same lens requirement are shown. The choice of lens conguration has a signicant eect on the refocused focal arc and lens size and weight (Ruze 1950). Subgure (a) has a constant thickness but requires signicant refocusing to achieve optimal performance. Subgure (b) has a variable thickness and does not require refocusing but results in a very heavy lens. This weight is reduced using zoning in Subgure (c) by stepping the lens by multiples of a wavelength. Subgure (d) uses a at front face and requires limited refocusing.
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds
2.4.2 The Bootlace Lens
Until the bootlace lens was reported by Gent (1957), constrained lenses were treated merely as a convenient refractive medium. The bootlace lens changed this perception by considering constrained lenses as arrays of antennas connected by lengths of transmission line. The rst antenna array forms the input contour and the second is referred to as the lens contour. The lens is then driven by individual antennas placed along the focal arc. The bootlace aerial demonstrated that constrained lenses could be implemented using a wide variety of transmission line types connecting several types of radiators. The use of non-dispersive transmission lines, coax or parallel wire cable for example, make very broadband lens systems practical. Microstrip or stripline implementations, combined with a high dielectric substrate, allow very compact constrained lenses to be built (Maybell 1981). The bootlace lens is similar to the Ruze lens except that the path P Q in Figure 2.15 is no longer required to be parallel to the axis. Instead P Q can be specied independently of the input and output element positions. Gent (1957) demonstrated this using a simple antenna array consisting of two ground planes, separating folded dipole radiators, connected by parallel wire cables. By decreasing the length of the connecting transmission lines towards the outside of the lens, the wavefront is slowed in the middle of the lens relative to the outside, focusing the wave onto a single point. The three degrees of freedom available in the metal lens are supplemented by a fourth in the bootlace lens (Gent 1957). The four degrees of freedom are: 1. the shape of the input contour or antenna array; 2. the shape of the output contour or lens contour; 3. the length of the transmission line connecting corresponding antenna elements and antenna ports; 4. the relative positions of the antenna elements and antenna ports on the antenna array and lens contour respectively. Gent et al. (1956) considered several bootlace lens based antenna designs that describe most practical constrained lens antennas. Examples of these, shown in Figure 2.17, are: 1. the Parasitic Array Mirror or reect-array which has only one surface, shortcircuiting the transmission lines connected to each element; Page 36
Chapter 2 2. the
Variable Line-Length Scanning Lens
has rotary phase shifters between the lens
faces to achieve wide angle scanning while the lens covers a narrow sector; 3. the
Stepped Parasitic Array Lens
implements zoning by reducing the transmis-
sion line lengths by increments of a wavelength. This reduces the total line length required at the expense of bandwidth; 4. the
has attenuators inserted in the transmission lines to
control the aperture amplitude distribution. This is used to reduce sidelobes or implement beam shaping; 5. the
has high-power transmitting ampliers inserted in each of the
transmission lines. This achieves high output power without the need for a single very high power amplier; 6. the
Polarisation Changing Aerial
implement diering polarisations on the front
and back faces of the lens.
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds
Sorted tx lines
(a) Parasitic Array Mirror
NOTE: These images are included on page 38 of the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library.
(b) Variable line length scanning
(c) Stepped parasitic array lens
NOTE: These images are included on page 38 of the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library. low power feed
(d) Attenuation control
(e) Active aerial
(f ) Polarisation changing aerial
Fig. 2.17: Fundamental bootlace lens types. These sub gures show the fundamental bootlace lens types described by Gent et al. (1956). All practical bootlace lenses can be thought of as a combination of these six congurations. Subgure (a) is the parasitic array mirror and operates in the same way a parabolic reector does. Subgure (b) uses variable line lengths or phase shifters to scan the beam. Subgure (c) steps the line lengths by multiples of λg to reduce the length of the larger delay lines. Subgure (d) uses attenuators to control the excitation taper of the antenna array. Subgure (e) achieves large output power by combining each antenna element with a small amplier. Finally, Subgure (f) uses polarised antenna elements to change the polarisation of the incident wave.
2.4.3 Circular Apertures In contrast to the lens topologies described so far, the R2R and RKR lens make use of a uniformly spaced circular antenna array instead of a linear antenna array. The R2R geometry is unique because it is perfectly focused for all beam angles, however it is limited by a maximum eld-of-view of 180 degrees. The RKR lens is able to scan through 360 degrees but has no perfect focal points.
R2R Lens The R2R lens concept originated during wartime work on microwave radar (DeVore and Iams 1948, Myers 1947) and the original application used line-source antennas (Clapp 1984). The R2R lens is named because the outer radius is twice that of the inner radius and the angular spacing of the lens ports is twice that of the antenna elements.
results in equal spacing of both lens ports and antenna elements. The elements of the lens are connected to array elements using equal line lengths.
An example of a R2R
Figure 2.18: R2R lens topology. The R2R lens topology consists of an circular lens contour with radius B and a circular antenna contour of radius A. The positions of the lens ports are dened by β and γ while the position of the antenna elements are dened by α and δ . By setting the radius A twice that of B , perfect beam-forming is possible at every beam port.
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds lens layout capable of scanning up to 180 degrees is shown in Figure 2.18 (Boyns
al. 1968, Provencher 1970).
For a circular array to generate a plane wave directed at an angle
the elements must
have a path length dierence of
d = A(1 − cos(δ − α)), where
is the angular position of the antenna element and
(β + 180◦ )
will be a length
is the outer radius. A feed
from each point on the lens given by
R = 2B cos( where
γ−β ), 2
is the angular position of the antenna element and
is the radius of the lens.
The path length equality condition is
R + d = 2B. This can be written as
2B(1 − cos(γ/2 − β/2)) = A(1 − cos(δ − α)). It is obvious that for
A = 2B , γ = 2δ
β = 2α, the above condition is always satised.
The R2R lens is particularly interesting because Equation (2.3) is satised for all
the lens capable of aberration free scanning.
RKR Lens The R2R lens design is limited by its maximum eld-of-view of 180 only half of a circular antenna array. array and enjoys a eld-of-view of 360
and its ability to feed
The RKR lens utilises the entire circular antenna
(Provencher 1970, Jodelson
et al. 1979b, Jodelson
et al. 1979a, Clapp 1984). This is achieved by placing the antenna elements at the same angular position as the lens ports. The antenna ports and beam ports are connected using equal length transmission lines containing a circulator as shown in Figure 2.19.
The equal angular spacing of antenna elements and lens ports means that Equation (2.3) becomes
2B(1 − cos(γ/2 − β/2)) = A(1 − cos(γ − α)).
Figure 2.19: RKR lens topology. The topology of the RKR lens places antenna elements at the same angular position as the beam ports and antenna ports. The beam ports are fed by a circulator. The ratio of the inner to outer radius, K , is optimised to minimise the phase errors of the wavefront. The RKR lens does not have any perfect focal points but is able to produce beams across a 360◦ eld-of-view.
This equation does not have a solution for all α and γ . Aberrations can be minimised by the careful selection of A and B . Figure 2.20 plots the path length error from: l/A = 2K(1 − cos(γ/2 − β/2)) − (1 − cos(γ − α)),
for ve values of K where B = KA. The graph shows that values between 1.7 and 1.9 result in acceptable path length errors. The resultant lens is then approximately twice the size of the antenna array. To be practical the lens size must be reduced using dielectric material if it is to t inside the array. Lenses have been reported which are capable of -20 dB sidelobes with 10◦ beams covering 360◦ at 11 GHz (Archer 1984).
2.4 Constrained Lens Feeds
0.3 K=1.7 K=1.8 K=1.9 K=2.0 K=2.1
Path Length Error (l/A)
0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 −0.05 −100
Figure 2.20: RKR path length aberrations. The RKR lens optimises the ratio of the inner lens contour and the outer antenna contour to minimise the magnitude of the path length aberrations. This gure shows the path length error versus aperture angle for a RKR lens for K = B/A = 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1. Setting K ≈ 1.9 produces a lens with very small aberrations for |γ − α| <50◦ .
2.4.4 Rotman Lens
The Rotman lens (Rotman and Turner 1963) is one of the most useful linear array feed networks due to its excellent aberration characteristics and frequency-invariant beam pointing. The Rotman lens achieves path length errors an order of magnitude smaller than that of dual focal point lenses (Smith 1982). The excellent aberration characteristics are a product of an additional focal point made possible by the extra degrees of freedom oered by the bootlace lens. This improvement in performance satises the low phase error requirements of wide apertures forming narrow beams. For this reason the Rotman lens has become the accepted standard when driving linear antenna arrays.
NOTE: This figure is included on page 43 of the print copy of the thesis held in the University of Adelaide Library.
Figure 2.21: First Rotman lens. Designed by Rotman and Turner (1963), the rst Rotman lens consisted of 37 antenna ports, connected to a linear array, and 3 beam ports at 0◦ , 15◦ , and 30◦ . The Rotman lens uses the extra degree of freedom, available in the bootlace lens, to realise a third perfect focal point on the axis of the lens. Adapted Rotman and Turner (1963).
The rst Rotman lens is shown in Figure 2.21. It was constructed using reector backed E-plane probes mounted between two parallel plates, excited by H-plane sectorial horns (Rotman and Turner 1963). The width of the beam ports was varied to approximate a cosine illumination excitation taper in an attempt to obtain a sidelobe level of -23 dB. However, measurement showed sidelobe levels of only -18 dB. This lens demonstrated
2.5 Chapter Summary the feasibility of the Rotman lens and the low aberration performance revolutionised constrained lens design. The Rotman lens is designed using a simple set of equations that relate the position of each element of a linear antenna array, to the position of an antenna port, based on the positions of three focal points. One of the focal points is situated on the axis of the lens and the other two are placed symmetrically ether side. These equations are described in detail in Section 4.2.1. The design equations do not dene the shape of the focal arc connecting the three focal points or the sidewall connecting the antenna port arc to the focal arc. The optimal choice of focal point position and focal arc choice has generated signicant discussion in the literature. This discussion is presented in Chapter 4 with a summary of Rotman lens construction techniques and examples found in the literature.
2.5 Chapter Summary Rotman lenses have proved a popular multiple beam-forming technology, due to their simplicity and performance. They have been overtaken by developments in digital signal processing and the speed of analogue to digital converters. The result is that many of these applications now use digital beam-forming techniques instead.
that remain, operate at millimetre wavelengths, have bandwidths of many gigahertz, or must drive so many beams that digital techniques are not practical or aordable. This thesis examines the construction of monolithic constrained lenses using microstrip or stripline. These manufacturing techniques are mature, inexpensive and support the construction of lenses at millimetre wavelengths and into the terahertz band. While understanding the Rotman lens design equations need only a basic understanding of geometry, to manifest these simple concepts into a functional beam-forming network requires a sound understanding of transmission line theory and design.
To this end,
the following chapter gives an overview of transmission lines, network parameters, and impedance matching circuits. | <urn:uuid:b2e9d5d4-2083-4b1f-9da6-c4c72d85d67e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pdffox.com/broadband-monolithic-constrained-lens-design-pdf-free.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.883276 | 17,207 | 2.296875 | 2 |
THE LEGACY OF JUSTICE INITIATIVES
In 2004, a group of civic leaders, lawyers, business owners and concerned citizens in North Carolina formed Justice Initiatives, Inc. (JI), a justice system organization (nonprofit). JI’s founders understood that the rule of law is the bedrock of our civilized society, that a healthy court system is critical to safeguarding this foundation and that the effective and efficient administration of justice is essential to a strong, prosperous and vibrant community.
Between 2004 and 2021, JI developed programming to address the deficits in the public’s understanding and appreciation for the rule of law and the role of courts in our republican form of government. JI demonstrated the inextricable connection between each individual’s and each community’s quality of life and the courts’ ability to fairly adjudicate legal rights. JI sought to ensure that the judicial branch received the funding it needed to provide timely access to justice for all and defend against policies that undermine the independence, fairness, or integrity of the courts. JI raised money to use as seed funding to initiate smarter and innovative judicial programs and services that built public trust and confidence in our courts and studied new ideas about justice and our courts with our academic partners.
JI’s mission was to educate the community about the court system and to advocate, support and advance its needs and interests.
JI’s vision was a court system that delivers the highest quality justice resulting in community trust and confidence.
JI’s purpose was:
• To educate and advocate regarding the needs of the court system within the State of North Carolina.
• To advance reforms related to the North Carolina Judicial Branch’s organization, structure and/or administration.
• To raise seed money to initiate smarter and innovative judicial programs and services within affiliated North Carolina judicial districts consistent with abilities and resources.
• To receive, hold and disburse funds donated by individuals, foundations, corporations, and governmental entities that are earmarked for particular offices, programs and/or services within affiliated North Carolina judicial districts.
JI was a volunteer-based organization that depended upon dedicated members of the community to help accomplish JI’s important work. Volunteers served in many different capacities: administration, marketing, social media, speakers bureau and staff for annual events and day-to-day activities. JI’s incredible boards of directors and longtime team members proudly promoted JI’s mission, vision, and purpose for almost two decades.
JI’s legacy will endure through the people, services, causes, policies, and entities it championed.
Unfortunately, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic brought severe and long-term disruption to the funding streams for JI, challenging the consistent delivery of services and execution of the organization’s mission. The JI Board of Directors reached an agreement to transition some of the organization’s core services, including CourtCalendar, to the Mecklenburg Bar Foundation (MBF). MBF graciously agreed to maintain CourtCalendar for the 26th Judicial District. | <urn:uuid:0acf7ebe-845b-4923-94c6-2ce93d6fbbcc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://justiceinitiatives.org/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.941348 | 641 | 1.5 | 2 |
What Is the Origin of the Word Lesbian?
The word lesbian mean a animal tribadistic or woman who is chiefly attracted to added women. Answer: The word lesbian virtually means resident of the Isle of Lesbos, the hellenic Island. The term came to describe women who physical attraction women after the island's well-nigh famous resident, the author Sappho. The writer Sappho of Lesbos (or Lesvos) lived in 600 B. poetess was an serious and poet who wrote some love poems to remaining women.
Lesbian Herstory - From When The Name Came
Once upon a time, over 2,600 years ago, on an island titled Lesbos, in the sunny sea Sea near Greece, there lived a woman of the blue assemblage named Sappho (also sometimes spelled Psappha). She was beautiful and blessed by the gods and goddesses with the gifts of poetry, music, and teaching. Her poems were heralded, quite a literally, near and far.
Lesbian relationships originated in ancient Greece on Lesbos Island
A seemingly odd anomalousness of sexual body process originated about three thousand life ago in old Greece. It was belief that physiological self-stimulation of one’s private parts and gay relationships were more than ethical, added enjoyable and thomas more esteemed than orthodox physiological property practices involving men and women. The ethical position on the issue gave rise to sexual activities betwixt men and lesbian relationships between women. | <urn:uuid:990c529a-67b3-42e9-878e-85fda641426a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://debiutext.eu/other/first-time-greek-lesbian.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958846 | 300 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Madagasikara Voakajy and the regional office of the Ministry of Environment and Forests in Toliary organized a workshop in March 2011 to develop a Species Conservation Strategy for the Belalanda Chameleon, Furcifer belalandaensis. This species was considered to be among the most threatened chameleon in the world. Found only around Belalanda village, west of Toliary, this chameleon is threatened by an increase in tree harvesting for charcoal. These trees are important habitats for the Belalanda chameleon. Currently, the status of the Belalanda Chameleon as a separate species is being re-questioned following genetic analysis. Nonetheless, the activities planned in this project will benefit three other endemic chameleon species, including the Vulnerable Furcifer antimena.
The strategy outlined the goals, objectives and activities that need to be implemented over the next five years. Because the Belalanda Chameleon only occurs in villages, the strategy is closely linked to improving the environmental conditions in these settlements. And because the strategy was developed largely by people from the Belalanda area, there is a heavy sense of expectation that it will be implemented. With funding from the Van Tienhoven Foundation and Darwin Initiative, we started implementing the key actions in the strategy, aiming to (i) increase tree availability for chameleons, (ii) reduce irrational tree harvesting, (iii) increase availability of fuel-wood, and (iv) reduce chameleons' direct mortality.
In December 2012, we distributed 264 seedlings to the households in three villages: Belalanda, Sakabera and Belitsake-Tanambao. These were families willing to plant trees on their grounds. In February 2013, another 60 seedlings were planted by the local associations FIMAB in Belalanda and FITAMITO in Sakabera. Only 35% of these trees survived after the inundation caused by cyclone Haruna in the area in March 2013. During the visit in May 2013 when chameleons are less active, we found no F. belalandaensis and only nine F. antimena. People expressed their willingness to replant the trees despite the low success. Meanwhile, we will organize a workshop in Toliary later this month to present these results to all stakeholders, review the Belalanda chameleon conservation strategy and define the next steps in this project. | <urn:uuid:ce6ece87-ef82-442d-ae18-ca17305dd06f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.madagasikara-voakajy.org/blog/chameleons-conservation-in-belalanda | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.935826 | 498 | 2.953125 | 3 |
According to The World Athletics Council press release, it has approved an innovation to the regular competition format for the Paris 2024 Olympic Games, introducing a repechage round to all individual track events from 200m to 1500m in distance, including the hurdles events.
In the new repechage format, athletes who do not qualify by place in round one heats will have a second chance to qualify for the semi-finals by participating in repechage heats.
This will replace the former system of athletes advancing through the fastest times (q) in addition to the top placings in the first round heats (Q).
These events will now have four rounds – round one, repechage round, semi-finals, and the final, with schedules varying according to the specific nature of the event.
The new format means that every athlete competing in the events with a repechage round will have at least two races at the Olympic Games.
As the 100m already has preliminary heats, before round one, the repechage will not be introduced in this event. In addition, the repechage will not be introduced in distance events as the need for proper recovery between rounds makes the format impractical.
The final regulations of the format, including the timetable as well as a system of advancement in each event, will be announced well in advance of the Olympic Games. | <urn:uuid:35080672-cb3d-46d3-b981-939ab0547c3a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.allsportspk.com/2024-paris-olympic-games-world-athletics-to-introduce-repechage-round/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958076 | 275 | 1.625 | 2 |
Season 5 Trailer: The Repair
This season explores the cultural roots of our current ecological emergency, and the deep changes Western society will need to make to save the Earth and our species. Through interviews with historians and other experts, The Repair traces the evolution of the West’s colonizing, extractive culture, and how we in the rich Global North drove humanity into the ecological ditch. We hear from producers in other countries where climate change hit early and hard. Finally, with help from leading thinkers and activists, Biewen and Westervelt look at potential solutions—the repair. | <urn:uuid:edf82747-7f68-4610-bcdf-d5fbd75fb8d1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://documentarystudies.duke.edu/podcasts/season-5-trailer-repair | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.905435 | 117 | 1.523438 | 2 |
Burlington Montessori Preschool is a private preschool that seeks to provide a fun, loving, safe, and warm learning environment for your child. We want your child to be as comfortable as possible because we believe that children learn best when they are comfortable. The materials in our Montessori classroom allow children the opportunity to explore, create, and build understanding through hands-on experiences. We have two locations in Burlington - Millcroft and Downtown. Parents can choose the location closest to their home as per their convenience.
We understand that no two children are the same. And this is why we do our best to tailor our curriculum and programs to meet the unique needs of each child at every learning stage. We are committed to providing high-quality Montessori education at an affordable price. We aim to give children an environment that focuses on the development of their self-esteem, concentration, coordination, and independence.
At Burlington Montessori Preschool, we are dedicated to providing your child with the best possible care and environment. Our focus is on creating an environment that not only boosts your child’s mental growth but also helps in building a positive personality.
We provide your child with:
The Montessori environment
Tailored Montessori programs
Skill development opportunities
At Burlington Montessori Preschool, we offer learning programs for children 2 to 5 years of age. Along with enriching two, three, and five day programs, we also offer full-day junior and senior kindergarten for your kids. We invite you to come, visit our preschool, explore our programs, and meet the staff.
We have provided a virtual tour of each of our centres for you to view
|Downtown Location||Millcroft Location|
“We are sad to think our time at BMP is coming to an end. You run a beautiful, loving and educational program. Thank you for your flexibility and your time in the class as well. Cole says “I love you a lot!”
We understand that each child is different and, therefore, we offer different programs to suit the needs of each child.
We have proper policies and guidelines in place to provide your child with a safe environment against COVID-19. | <urn:uuid:da741e3a-c9fb-401b-967f-41cb6948cf52> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.burlingtonmontessori.com | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.94884 | 476 | 1.539063 | 2 |
As a producer, account manager, or a business owner you and your creative team need to deliver jobs with tight deadlines.
As part of a job, work order or a project, you often require the creative team to use specific reference assets. For example, you might have a concept graphics that you wish them to look at before they start their design process. Or, you might have project specific audio or video footage they need to reuse, with specific instructions such as script to follow or selects of the good shots or takes from the timeline.
Working with Video Editors
Data timeline is a collection of timecode metadata tags or text applied to an audio or video asset in Zoom.
In this article, you will learn how to easily create clips using the data timeline features in the Zoom Web and Desktop client. | <urn:uuid:236d7d96-36f4-493a-b077-1c0ffbaae97f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://learn.evolphin.com/evolphin-zoom/business-owners/collaborate-with-team/reference-assets/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.920898 | 165 | 1.585938 | 2 |
This blog is adapted from ‘A People’s Agenda: Citizen Participation and the SDGs,’ the author’s chapter in a new Brookings Press book, "From Summits to Solutions: Innovations in Implementing the Sustainable Development Goals".
The problem with the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), was that no one ever lost their job for failing to meet an MDG target.
When I say this at high-level meetings, participants shift uneasily in their seats. Their unease really shows when I ask why, if we truly want the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to succeed, would we not hold accountable those of us in governments, intergovernmental agencies, global business, or civil society organizations (CSOs) responsible for achieving them—even to the point that our jobs would depend on it?
My provocation seems absurd because we do not (yet) see the SDGs as having real political bite. They are not legally binding, their complexity and interconnectedness make apportioning blame (or credit) difficult, and they arise out of an intergovernmental system that seems ineffective at accountability.
To me, one of the key priorities, especially for civil society working on sustainable development, is to deliver an accountability revolution.
Civil society at every level—from local to national to global—needs to play its oversight or watchdog role effectively. We need to make sure that ambitious goals are not watered down or cherry-picked, and that states embrace the new universalist, human rights-based approach that is required of them.
Holding governments and the private sector to account will be essential.
One example of how civil society can drive accountability is through investment in data. The MDGs achieved something remarkable by entrenching the idea of measuring progress through robust metrics, partly to measure effectiveness for donors, but more importantly, to promote greater accountability on international development objectives. The SDGs may follow in the tradition of the MDGs, but their requirements in terms of volume, complexity, and breadth of data go far beyond anything previously attempted in the development sector.
SDG metrics are still in their infancy, but already there is widespread consensus that significant investment in the capacity of all development actors—including citizens—to generate, use, and curate data is crucial. If we are to have any hope of achieving the new vision, robust new metrics, fed by nothing less than a data revolution, will be essential.
With over 200 distinct indicators to quantify, measuring progress toward the SDGs is a daunting task, but one that comes with opportunity: the opportunity to create a new approach to monitoring and accountability that puts citizens at its core. New forms of citizen-generated data—produced by people, or their organizations, to monitor, demand, or drive change on issues that affect them—will revolutionize the successful implementation of this agenda.
New technologies offer exciting new ways for citizens to generate and use data democratically and creatively. Citizen-generated data can monitor commitments made by governments, as in the case of Promise Tracker in Brazil. They can feed evidence from the ground up into higher-level policy debates as the ocean litter program Dive Against Debris is doing. Importantly, data can verify official narratives and datasets, empowering people and giving them a way to actively engage with political processes that might otherwise seem far removed (for example, Float Beijing in China, which allows citizens to monitor local air quality themselves).
For CSOs involved in sustainable development, the SDGs present some significant challenges and opportunities. In an era of disintermediation and disruption of existing power dynamics, no longer can it be assumed that a few, relatively well-resourced international NGOs will be at the leading edge of citizen action around sustainable development. We need a new set of actors, including many more grounded in local action—whether it is the soup kitchen in the developed world or the women’s rights organization in the developing world—who can effectively translate a global agenda to local issues and, in turn, feed local concerns into global monitoring frameworks.
Promoting such trans-local action will increase the chances of civil society raising political pressure on both local actors (who will feel the power of locally led mobilization) and global actors (who will see evidence grounded in local realities) to act. Indeed, broadening participation in this process beyond the relatively few CSOs who are currently active around the SDGs to a wider set of civil society actors will be critical to delivering any sort of accountability revolution.
Successfully implementing the 17 SDGs requires a new way of working with more meaningful multi-stakeholder partnerships. Members of civil society need to play their rightful and multifaceted roles in sustainable development–as campaigners, as generators of data, as implementers, and as innovators. Part of their role is to convince key power-holders—from government officials to business leaders—that they are ultimately answerable to citizens for the delivery of Agenda 2030.
That is, their jobs depend on it. | <urn:uuid:212e072b-ddd1-4611-82d0-077baf1395b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/07/17/should-not-meeting-the-sustainable-development-goals-get-you-fired/amp/?__twitter_impression=true | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.943956 | 1,016 | 2.4375 | 2 |
Classical Christian educators are often asked how their curriculum prepares students for jobs in science and technology. History shows that while classical education prepares its graduates for any profession, it was central in the creation of modern science. Advocates of STEM education say it prepares graduates for a world where good jobs will be in areas indicated by the acronym STEM: science, technology, engineering and mathematics. Classical education, however, teaches the arts of mathematics, the quadrivium, with four different subjects: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. The superiority of the quadrivium is acknowledged by those who see the need to supplement STEM subjects with an arts component (STEAM).
The quadrivium, however, is only half of classical education. The other half is the trivium, the arts of language: grammar, dialectic and rhetoric. The trivium aims at mastery of the fundamentals of language, then of logical thinking and finally of winsome and persuasive discourse. The arts of language are essential for anyone who wants to participate actively as a citizen in governments with consensual institutions. Citizens need to be able to think clearly and express themselves grammatically and persuasively. The narrowly pre-professional STEM curriculum ignores this important vocation. Furthermore, even if it were to be true—which is not proven and not likely—that all good jobs in the future will be in STEM areas, many of these will involve using language. This includes teachers, researchers who must write grant proposals for committees of scientists with other specializations, and writers who explain the significance of the results of scientific research to non-scientists. A STEM or even STEAM curriculum without mastery of the arts of language is a recipe for personal frustration and national disaster.
Classical Christian education is not only useful for those looking for STEM jobs. History indicates that it provided the intellectual environment in which science prospered. From the invention of science by the ancient Greeks and its development under the Roman empire, during late Antiquity and the Middle Ages and on into the early modern and modern age until the middle of the twentieth century, science has been associated with classical culture and classical education, in fact, for most of this period, with classical Christian education.
Let us limit ourselves to the modern period. Marie Boas Hall called the first period of the Scientific Revolution The Scientific Renaissance (1960). She showed that modern science began with Renaissance humanism, the cultural initiative to re-establish contact with classical antiquity. Renaissance humanists discovered, interpreted and translated ancient texts, including Greek scientific manuscripts. They studied ancient science, corrected its errors and misconceptions, and then made new discoveries.
Renaissance humanists had classical Christian educations. Peter Dear in Revolutionizing Science: European Knowledge and its Ambitions, 1500-1700 (2009), after discussing medieval science, goes on to explain the classical curriculum, trivium and quadrivium. The classical curriculum taught the arts of language (trivium) and mathematics (quadrivium) so students could speak, think and compute. They revered the past as the source of beauty and truth. Michelangelo promised in his contract that his Pietà would emulate the beauty of ancient art. Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy’s First Decade ransacked the Roman republic for ways to restore freedom to Italy. Protestants like Luther and Calvin tried to reform the church by reading the Bible.
Sixteenth century scientists had the same classical education as other Renaissance humanists. Science then was self-consciously a return to the ideas and texts of ancient science. Copernicus (1473-1543) knew that he was reviving the heliocentric hypothesis of Aristarchus of Samos (third century BC). His book did not start from scratch, but was
a careful revision of Ptolemy’s Almagest (second century AD). The great doctor Andreas Vesalius (1514-64) devoted years to editing the works of the ancient Greek doctor Galen (second century AD) before publishing his seminal work on physiology, On the Structure of the Human Body, in 1543, the same year Copernicus’s De Revolutionibus was published.
As Peter Dear wrote, “Like Copernicus, Vesalius presented his work as a restoration of an ancient practice; also like Copernicus, he pointed out flaws in the work of his great model from antiquity; and like Copernicus the rationale for his project emerged directly from humanist values and ambitions.”
Classical Christian education continued to foster scientific research. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) was a Copernican who read the texts of the Pythagoreans and Plato. Like them, he believed that mathematics was essential for understanding the physical world, even when this method led him to postulate that the planets moved in ellipses instead of circles. His fellow Copernican Galileo (1564-1642) denounced him for breaking with the ancient tradition of positing circular motion for the heavenly bodies. He too quoted Plato and the Pythagoreans. Scientists like Kepler and Galileo studied geometry in Euclid’s ancient text to understand the natural world, as Plato had urged in Timaeus and Republic VII. Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan (1651) called geometry “the only science God hath seen fit to bestow upon mankind.” Newton composed Principia (1687) in Latin with geometrical proofs as part of the same tradition.
There is a wide gap between popular opinion and the scholarly consensus on the role of Christianity and the classics in the explosive creativity of the seventeenth- century Scientific Revolution. Voltaire in the eighteenth century and twenty-first century polemicists and federal judges have presented the Scientific Revolution as rejecting tradition and explaining the world as mechanical and godless. In fact, the leaders of the Scientific Revolution were classically educated Christians.
In 1938 sociologist Robert K. Merton studied the founders of the Royal Society in 1660. So many were Puritans that he hypothesized they all were. They were certainly Christians. Merton’s careful study of the Royal Society, a key institution in the Scientific Revolution, showed the “warfare” of science and religion did not exist then. In 1988 historian Steven Shapin wrote, “No historian of science now seriously contends that religious forces were wholly, or even mainly, antagonistic to natural science. When Merton wrote his thesis, that was not the case.”
The memo had not reached Judge Jones when he composed his decision in Kitzmiller et al. v. Dover Area School District (2005): “Expert testimony reveals that since the scientific revolution of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, science has been limited to the search for natural causes to explain natural phenomena.”
Scholars have continued to confirm Merton’s results. Stephen Gaukroger in The Emergence of a Scientific Culture (2006) argued that in the seventeenth century “Christianity set the agenda for natural philosophy” or science. In 2009 Margaret J. Osler agreed: “For many of the natural philosophers of the seventeenth century, science and religion—or, better, natural philosophy and theology—were inseparable, part and parcel of the endeavor to understand our world.”
Scientists then were also influenced by their study of the ancient classics. Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Kepler, Galileo and Newton were products of classical Christian education. They studied ancient authors and could read and write Greek and Latin. Kepler and Galileo quoted Plato’s Meno and Timaeus. The atomic theory Newton used in his optics was based on Gassendi’s recovery of ancient Epicureanism. Classical Christian education shaped science then and continued to educate scientists for centuries.
Today scientists hide their faith in the closet unless they become so famous, like Francis S. Collins, that it cannot damage their careers. Seventeenth-century scientists openly proclaimed that their discoveries confirmed their faith. Robert Boyle (1627-1691), for example, discovered Boyle’s Law in chemistry. Gaukroger wrote, “For Boyle the whole point of pursuing natural philosophy in the first place is that it reveals to us the handiwork and purposes of God in a way that goes deeper than anything we can achieve by
use of natural reason.” Boyle established a lecture series to defend the coherence of science and Christianity.
The first Boyle lectures were not delivered by a professional scientist, but by England’s greatest classicist, Richard Bentley. Bentley did not see his Christian faith or knowledge of ancient authors as obstacles to science. On the contrary, he argued that Isaac Newton’s Principia (1687) confirmed God’s existence. Newton responded to a letter from Bentley, “Sir, When I wrote my Treatise about our System, I had an Eye upon such Principles as might work with considering Men, for the Belief of a Deity; nothing can rejoice me more than to find it useful for that Purpose.”
In the appendix he added to Principia in 1713, Newton wrote, “This most elegant system of the sun, planets and comets could not have arisen without the design and dominion of an intelligent and powerful being…. He rules all things, not as world soul but as lord of all. And because of this dominion he is called Lord God Pantokrator.” The classically educated Newton composed Principia in Latin with geometrical proofs to show that an omnipotent God had designed the universe. Newton shared with other contemporary scientists a confidence in the compatibility of classics, science and Christianity. (Today, of course, Newton could not teach science in public schools.) The classical Christian education that shaped scientists like Kepler, Galileo, Boyle and Newton was then and still is the best education for scientists.
Sceptics object, “Of course the greatest scientists then had classical Christian educations. All this proves is that they were educated. There was no serious alternative back then. It was only in the eighteenth century that the case for vocational training was made by men like Tom Paine and Benjamin Rush, who argued for a modern education that rejected the trivium in favor of STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) for a world that wanted the fruits of science and technology.”
History does not usually allow us to study events with a control group. One exception is nineteenth-century Germany with its two distinct educational paths. One path preserved the classical Christian curriculum (supplemented with more Greek) taught in the classical or humanist Gymnasium, from which students went on to the university. The other path was devoted to STEM subjects and a modern language (usually French) taught in technical high schools, from which students went on to a professional school or a job in industry. This critical mass of technically trained graduates working in factories protected by the tariff spurred German industrial growth in the generation before World War I.
The decades on either side of WWI also witnessed brilliant discoveries in Physics: the concept of quanta, the theories of special and general relativity and the development of Quantum mechanics. One might expect most important work in Physics to be done by graduates of the technical school system. Nearly the opposite is true. Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger and Niels Bohr were classically educated. Einstein attended a Swiss technical high school, but he spent his first six years at a classical school, where his sister remembered his best subjects as Mathematics and Latin: “Latin’s clear, strictly logical structure fit his mindset.” Latin and arithmetic are the fundamental arts of language and mathematics found in the classical curriculum.
When Einstein published his four great articles of 1905, his editor was Max Planck, the discoverer of quanta. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, “When Planck was nine years old…Planck entered the city’s renowned Maximilian Gymnasium, where a teacher, Hermann Müller, stimulated his interest in physics and mathematics. But Planck excelled in all subjects, and after graduation at age 17 he faced a difficult career decision. He ultimately chose physics over classical philology or music because he had dispassionately reached the conclusion that it was in physics that his greatest originality lay.” Classical Christian educators will notice that his favorite subjects belong to the Seven Liberal Arts: Latin (and Greek) grammar from the trivium, mathematics, science and music from the quadrivium. In a speech delivered shortly after Planck’s death, physicist Werner Heisenberg, also a graduate of the Max Gymnasium, said, “I believe that in the work of Max Planck, for instance, we can clearly see that his thought was influenced and made fruitful by his classical schooling.”
Heisenberg then explained how his own science was shaped by his classical education. After World War I Heisenberg was drafted into the militia. In his spare time he read Plato’s Timaeus in the original Greek. He had been bothered by the notion that the fundamental particles of nature were little hard things with irregular shapes, the atoms of the ancient scientists, Democritus and Lucretius. Recently scientists had observed light behaving sometimes like particles, but at other times like waves. In Timaeus Plato argued that nature made most sense when viewed mathematically, not physically. Plato’s advice to follow the math even when it contradicted common sense helped Heisenberg toward his discovery of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in quantum mechanics. As a young scientist, Heisenberg reports, “I was gaining the growing conviction that one could hardly make progress in modern atomic physics without a knowledge of Greek natural philosophy.”
Classical Christian education formed the minds of important scientists from the sixteenth to the twentieth century (and long before as well). They learned from ancient wisdom to make important discoveries. Americans should not desert a curriculum that has been successful for so long. If they do, they may learn that the relationship of classical Christian education and science is integral and that science will not and cannot flourish apart from the educational ideal and curriculum that fostered it. | <urn:uuid:d6f36e48-2c37-4727-ab3d-454922e21fd9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://societyforclassicallearning.org/classical-christian-education-and-the-future-of-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.959077 | 2,916 | 3.25 | 3 |
Sales of plug-in hybrid vehicles are faltering in Europe, which has been their most important market to date, while demand is rising for for full-electric vehicles.
As consumers turned away from diesel cars after Volkswagen’s diesel scandal and Europe’s lawmakers toughened emissions regulations, some automakers bet heavily on plug-in vehicles, which are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor that can propel the vehicle without emissions for short distances.
Plugs-in models offer consumers a way to get a sampling of the EV experience without jumping fully in and are often described as a transition technology — a bridge to a full-electric future.
The latest data shows two very different sales trajectories between plug-in hybrids and full-electric vehicles.
Sales of plug-in hybrids in France fell 28 percent in June. In Germany — another former stronghold for the technology — registrations dropped 16 percent.
In the UK, plug-in hybrids were neck-and-neck with full-electric cars as recently as 2019. Now, two battery-electric cars sell for every one plug-in model.
Some of this is to be expected. In 2020 and 2021, automakers had to meet Europe’s stricter CO2 targets for new vehicles, and plug-in hybrids were treated favorably under the regulations.
Many automakers did not have their new full-electric architectures fully ready. When faced with two options — to market full-electric vehicles underpinned by modified internal combustion platforms, or plug-in hybrids — many opted for the latter.
Europe’s vehicle CO2 regulations do not tighten again until 2025. As more automakers get their full-electric platforms ready for model launches, full-electric models look poised to continue their ascendency of the sales charts.
Consumers are clearly ready, with wait times already stretching well into next year for most of the popular full-electric models in Europe.
Many plug-in hybrid owners are happy with their cars.
But from a policy perspective, there is an elephant in the room: drivers often do not end up charging these vehicles all that frequently.
A recent study of 9,000 vehicles from the International Council on Clean Transportation found that real-world fuel consumption from plug-in hybrids was 2.5 to 5 times higher than what is approximated under official laboratory testing procedures.
That gap between theory and practice is part of the reason national governments are cutting purchase subsidies for plug-in hybrids faster than for full-electric models.
The UK, for example, eliminated purchase subsidies for plug-in hybrids in 2018, while Germany announced just this week that subsidies will end this year.
One critical distinction here is that the share of electric kilometers driven on a plug-in hybrid depends heavily on who owns it.
Among privately owned vehicles, the ICCT study found real-world electric-driving share was 45 percent to 49 percent. Not bad, though still short of what the official test cycles assume.
For company cars, that dropped to a dismal 11 percent to 15 percent. Company vehicles are a huge part of the market in Europe, accounting for more than half of new-car sales in many countries.
Upcoming policy changes could further erode the case for plug-in hybrids. The European Commission is expected to introduce new “utility factors” for these models from 2027. These are the values intended to reflect how often the vehicles are driven in electric mode, and critically, what CO2 emissions value they are assigned.
The goal for the regulation is to use real-world driving behavior from both private and company-owned vehicles to set the values, using on-board monitors.
Unless something dramatic changes in the next few years, this will make plug-in hybrids a less attractive way for automakers to meet emissions regulations.
Manufacturers will see this change coming down the road and start to allocate investments accordingly.
Relatively strong sales of plug-in hybrids in China are keeping the global numbers afloat for now.
Plug-in sales there more than doubled last year, led by offerings from BYD and Li Auto, though even that was not enough to keep pace with growth in full-electric demand.
China has more high-rise apartment dwellers with limited home-charging options, but the government is making a huge push to build out public-charging options and help keep the full-electric car market expanding quickly.
The municipal government in Shanghai is also set to remove favorable treatment for plug-in hybrids beginning in 2023, and others could follow.
If plug-in hybrids are a bridge, it’s starting to look like a short one. | <urn:uuid:c5c4a45c-06d6-421e-b001-d8cab3cad734> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coolcarsnow.com/2022/07/29/plug-in-hybrid-sales-fall-as-demand-rises-for-full-evs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958382 | 949 | 2.171875 | 2 |
SciGlow is a newsletter of science stories from the major research labs. Headlines link to in-depth articles and editorials. SciGlow keeps scientists and others up-to-date on current research.
Student Background Records
Do you want to meet new friends in your college or university in the USA? To help you make friends and feel more at home in your new college or university, we have collected publicly available information about its students, so you can get to know the people around you. Starting a new life in college or university is easier when you have like-minded friends around you.
The information in this guide is for communication purposes only.
Private university in Cedarville, Ohio Cedarville University is a private Baptist university in Cedarville, Ohio. At its founding, the school was affiliated with the conservative General Synod of the Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America,
General Synod, now Presbyterian Church in America. Address: 251 N Main St, Cedarville, OH 45314, United States Phone: +1 937-766-7700
Student Education Facts
Breanna Lawrence - Evansville, WI
Breanna is a high school graduate. She has a Psychology degree. She studied Psychology at Cedarville University. She lives in Evansville, Wisconsin. Breanna graduated from the university in 0000.
Nia Learned - Peyton, CO
Nia is from Peyton, Colorado. At Cedarville University, she studied Nursing. Nia graduated in 2020.
Rachel Leake - York, NY
Rachel grew up in York, New York, and studied Spanish Educ Multi Age at Cedarville University. In 2018, she graduated from Cedarville University.
Charles Learned - Peyton, CO
Originally from Peyton, Colorado, Charles Learned studied Psychology at Cedarville University. Charles completed studies in 2019.
Jenna Lawless - Mt Sterling, OH
Originally from Mt Sterling, Ohio, Jenna Lawless studied Nursing at Cedarville University. She completed her studies in 0000.
Laura Lasich - Huntsburg, OH
Laura is from Huntsburg, Ohio. She studied Studio Art at Cedarville University. She has obtained his degree in 0000.
Megan Lawrence - Kalamazoo
A native of Kalamazoo, Megan Lawrence graduated from the local high school in her hometown, not too long ago. Upon graduating from high school, she decided to continue her education at Cedarville University. She graduated from this college in 2017.
Ryan Lee - Bloomington, IN
Ryan is a native of the city of Bloomington, Indiana. Ryan attended Cedarville University where #she# studied Marketing. In 2018, has completed degree program.
Rachel Leake - York, NY
It has been a successful year for Rachel Leake in graduate school. Currently, she holds a degree in Management. She studied at Cedarville University and is a resident of York, New York. She resides with her parents. Rachel Leake graduated from Cedarville University in 2018.
Elizabeth Ledbetter - Carmel, IN
Elizabeth has completed her high school education successfully. She is currently working towards her Doctor of Pharmacy degree. Originally from Carmel, Indiana, Elizabeth is currently studying at Cedarville University. After graduating in 2017, Elizabeth will begin her career as a nurse.
Charles Lasky - Elgin, IL
Charles went on to study after graduating from high school. Charles current field is Mech Engineering. Charles, of Elgin, Illinois, studied Mech Engineering at Cedarville University. Charles graduation is scheduled for 2018.
Abigail Lebs - Ypsilanti, MI
Lebs graduated from high school with honors. Her current degree is in Visual Communication Design. Originally from Ypsilanti, Michigan, Abigail Lebs studied Visual Communication Design at Cedarville University. She graduated in 2018.
Kevin Lee - Bloomington, IN
Kevin is from Bloomington, Indiana. Kevin studied Allied Health at Cedarville University. Kevin has obtained his degree in 2019.
Maria LeFaive - Wilmington, OH
Maria has successfully completed high school education. Maria is currently enrolled in a Geology program. Maria resides in Wilmington, Ohio. Maria studied Geology at Cedarville University. Maria graduated from Cedarville University in 2020.
Christopher Leick - Brooklyn Park, MN
Christopher is from Brooklyn Park, Minnesota. Christopher studied Mathematics at Cedarville University. Christopher has obtained his degree in 2019.
Riley Larson - Red Wing, MN
Larson is a native of Red Wing, Minnesota Riley studied Pharmacy at Cedarville University. As of 2019, had earned degree and continues working in field of studies.
Charles Lasky - Elgin, IL
It has been a successful year for Charles Lasky in graduate school. Currently, holds a degree in Computer Science. Charles studied at Cedarville University and is a resident of Elgin, Illinois. Charles resides with parents. Charles Lasky graduated from Cedarville University in 2019.
Scarlet Lau - Columbus, OH
Having successfully completed her high school education, Scarlet Lau has achieved a college degree. Currently, she is studying Pharmacy. Scarlet Lau lives in Columbus, Ohio. She attended Cedarville University where she studied Pharmacy. Ms. Lau is scheduled to graduate in 2018.
Sarah Lavezzo - Colorado Springs, CO
Sarah is a native of the city of Colorado Springs, Colorado. She attended Cedarville University where #she# studied MED.TCHLD. In 2017, she has completed her degree program.
Stuart Leach - Boiling Springs, PA
Stuart has successfully completed high school. Currently, he holds a Theatre degree. Mr. Leach has a degree in Theatre from Cedarville University. He resides in Boiling Springs, Pennsylvania. Mr. Leach graduated in 2018.
Naomi Leak - New Carlisle, OH
Leak graduated from high school with honors. Her current degree is in Prof Writing & Info Design. Originally from New Carlisle, Ohio, Naomi Leak studied Prof Writing & Info Design at Cedarville University. She graduated in 2018.
Trevor Larter - Mount Holly, NC
His hometown is Mount Holly, North Carolina, where Trevor Larter was educated through high school. Trevor Larter attended Cedarville University after he graduated. In 2018, Trevor Larter has graduated and currently works full-time in his field of studies.
Katherine Larson - Newton, IA
Katherine is from Newton, Iowa. At Cedarville University, she studied Brdcst, Dig Med, Journalism. Katherine graduated in 0000.
Hannah Lechner - Dalton, OH
Having successfully completed her high school education, Hannah Lechner has achieved a college degree. Currently, she is studying Middle Child Education. Hannah Lechner lives in Dalton, Ohio. She attended Cedarville University where she studied Middle Child Education. Ms. Lechner is scheduled to graduate in 0000.
Hannah Lehman - Newark, OH
Hannah went on to study after graduating from high school. Her current field is Social Work. Hannah, of Newark, Ohio, studied Social Work at Cedarville University. Her graduation is scheduled for 0000.
Jacob Lashuay - Oakwood, IL
Lashuay graduated from high school with honors. His current degree is in Brdcst, Dig Med, Journalism. Originally from Oakwood, Illinois, Jacob Lashuay studied Brdcst, Dig Med, Journalism at Cedarville University. He graduated in 0000.
Hannah Lawrence - Salina, KS
The high school graduation of Hannah Lawrence has been successfully completed. Her current degree is in Nursing. Hannah Lawrence is a resident of Salina, Kansas. She studied Nursing at Cedarville University. In 2019, Hannah Lawrence will graduate from Cedarville University.
Abigail Lebs - Ypsilanti, MI
Lebs studied Social Work at Cedarville University. She is a native of Ypsilanti, Michigan Having earned her degree in 0000, she has begun her successful career.
Emily Leeds - Tuckerton, NJ
After graduating from high school, Emily Leeds has continued her studies. Her current degree is in Social Work. Originally from Tuckerton, New Jersey, Emily Leeds has studied Social Work at Cedarville University. Leeds is expecting to graduate in 0000.
Uriah LeFaive - Wilmington, OH
Uriah is a native of the city of Wilmington, Ohio. He attended Cedarville University where #she# studied Geology. In 2020, he has completed his degree program. | <urn:uuid:cf36c45e-17c5-4467-b48e-c7581ed871ff> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sciglow.com/stl/?uni=cedarville&pg=44 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.961308 | 1,752 | 1.5 | 2 |
Change is imminent! Every business has to keep changing its methodologies, practices, tools and technologies periodically to keep progressing. Technology intervention has become an inevitable part of modern day businesses. There’s way too much competition all around. If you want to compete, you better be good. To be better than the rest, you need information. Surveys are a great way to collect information. Every business will make use of outsourcing Survey data processing services at some points. It is the most convenient way of extracting information from the target market and customers the most efficiently. Surveys bring in a lot of useful information. But a good survey needs to be comprehensive, non-intimidating, fun, and appealing to the intended customers. At the same time, it should also address the business requirements. If the survey is being done to fix the pricing, it should result in ample information that assist the management to take the pricing decision. Here are some new approaches for effective data processing in 2018:
This is the digital age! Your customer is probably busy using his/her smartphone or smart device checking the office matters or cricket score. Using the digital media to interact with customers to extract information is proven to be very effective. Digital surveys are easier to complete as customer can complete it within a few clicks. Moreover, these surveys can be done on a mobile on the go also, taking up minimal time. When digital, collecting the survey data is also easier. You only need to extract the information stored in the database and consolidate the same for analysis. Outsource survey data processing is considered the best option to manage digital surveys.
Be ready with the default answers
When you are conducting digital surveys, you have to make sure that the survey form has the default answers available. This makes surveys faster to complete and appealing to the user. It gives the user an idea of what’s the data expected and also an idea of the likely answer by most people.
Use minimal inputs
Digital surveys offer another interesting and important option. In digital survey forms, you can keep minimal user inputs. The Survey data entry company India has to design the survey such that it addresses the data requirement while also does not keep the customers long into the survey. People are very busy and will usually despise having to complete a survey for any purpose. But when you provide minimal inputs and use more of selections, it makes the user easier to understand what the survey company is looking to extract.
Convey the message clearly
Simple language that’s easily understood by laymen is what you need in a survey form. Whether online or offline, surveys are considered successful only when they result in providing outstanding information. To extract relevant and reliable data, you need to make the survey professional and authentic.
Use social media effectively
Social media networks are a great source of information. The survey online data entry services should also capture the essence of social media too in the surveys. Online surveys can be made more effective using social media. You can run your Facebook survey campaign and interact with a larger audience which will ensure more data that’s authentic. | <urn:uuid:cbf6a182-2db3-4c7c-8ce8-280e1a404379> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://blog-admin.bpodataentryhelp.com/2018/06/29/new-approaches-effective-survey-data-processing-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.924642 | 630 | 1.585938 | 2 |
By Sean Ryan - 23 May, 2016
Last week, a Catholic teaching training college in West Belfast welcomed members of the Orange Order to speak to students of Geography and Religion about their culture.
It was a first time that St Mary’s University College on Belfast’s Falls Road took part in such an event.
Two members of the Orange Order gave a presentation about its history to the university seminar.
David Scott and Dr Jonathan Mattison spent over an hour speaking to and taking questions from about 25 staff and students and received a polite and enthusiastic welcome.
St Mary’s educates many students who become teachers in Catholic maintained schools.
Speaking to the BBC, Professor Peter Finn, the college’s principal, said building a relationship with the Order was good for the students.
“St Mary’s is a university institution of higher education in the Catholic tradition, but that doesn’t mean to say we can’t engage,” he said.
“We seek to develop in our student teachers attitudes and values which are positive to other people.”
“We have put in place a project enabling our geography students to learn more about the Order, the traditions of that culture and to enable them to see another perspective.”
Some students who attended Wednesday’s seminar had recently visited the Museum of Orange Heritage in east Belfast.
Mr Scott and Dr Mattison spoke about the Order’s traditions, its past and its outreach work. They answered questions from the audience, and some of the exchanges were frank.
Qualifications for membership of the Orange Order state that prospective member “should strenuously oppose the fatal errors and doctrines of the Church of Rome, and scrupulously avoid countenancing (by his presence or otherwise) any act or ceremony of popish worship.”
However, Orangemen are also told to refrain “from all uncharitable words, actions, or sentiments” towards Roman Catholics.
Mr Scott said the Order was a pro-Protestant rather than an anti-Catholic organisation.
“That doesn’t prevent us from building relationships with our neighbours,” he said.
“And it’s critical that we do that. We find exercises like this very, very valuable, and if we can make a single step of this change through this process we want to do it.”
“We’re not going to change the mindset of everybody, we’ll never do that. This is a very powerful relationship we have with St Mary’s, but we’ve found that the engagement with the maintained schools sector has been very, very successful.”
While the relationship between the university and the Order is in its relatively early stages, representatives of the two institutions say they are committed to developing it further. | <urn:uuid:52b7a67c-b7dd-4ead-a4a9-26948cdb9f5d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.catholicireland.net/catholic-college-belfast-hosts-orange-order-seminar/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.969294 | 612 | 1.8125 | 2 |
Clifton Farmhouse August 2009
Clifton Farmhouse was listed by the former Ministry of Public Buildings and Works in October 1966 as Grade II, of special interest. The ministry dated it to the early 17th century. It is a timber-framed construction with red brick infill and rendered; it has clay tile roofs. It is built in an H-plan and has two storeys, the left hand cross-wing being slightly lower than the right.
The first record pertaining to the farm held by Bedfordshire and Luton Archives and Records Service is a sale catalogue of 1856 [WG2331]. At that date the farm comprised 140 acres and was worth £212 per annum and it was sold in three lots. The first lot comprised the farmhouse itself, described as brick built and slated and containing an entrance passage and staircase, dining room, parlour, kitchen, pantry and four bedrooms. The site also contained a brick and tile brewhouse with a servant's room and loft over. The homestead comprised four timber-built and thatched barns, a hen house, pigsties, a cow house, horse hovel and sheds as well as a brick and tiled stable and granary, timber and slated cart shed, cattle yard and rick yard. 112 acres, 3 roods, 27 perches of land in Home Meadow, Gravel Pit Field and East Field "principally of sound wheat, barley and turnip land" was included in the lot. The particulars noted: "This part of the estate lies very compact, on the Road from Biggleswade to Henlow and Langford with the Homestead situate opposite Clifton Church, bounded by properties belonging to Sir William Horne, Earl de Grey and General Rainsford, in a remarkably healthy part of the County of Bedfordshire and is a most desirable property for investment, having been occupied by the present Tenant and family for upwards of 80 years". That tenant was George Neale.
Lot Two comprised 21 acres, 1 rood, 22 poles "of excellent arable land". Lot Three comprised 9 acres, 13 perches "of fine old pasture land" known as Stimpson and Baker Wig Close. It included: "a Timber and Thatched Cottage thereon, containing Two Rooms below and Two above and Garden".
The Rating and Valuation Act 1925 specified [Section 19 (1)] that every piece of land and property in the country be valued to determine the rateable value. The valuer visiting Clifton Farm [DV1/H44/22] noted that it was owned and occupied by D. H. Hale. The farm comprised about 130 acres and the valuer commented "A great number of buildings. Land scattered in small parts". Another valuer commented: "Covered yard - 2 thatched buildings - lot of wood Buildings, too many - were for a 300-400 acre farm. One Sitting Room (very small). Land very scattered. Pieces bought as opportunity arose. Mostly very good land".
The attractive farmhouse ("cement faced and tile") comprised three reception rooms, a kitchen, scullery and pantry downstairs with five bedrooms and a bathroom with hot and cold running water upstairs. The extensive homestead comprised the following groups of buildings, as shown on the map shown above:
- A: a brick and corrugated iron garage and stable; a wood, brick and corrugated iron stable for five horses; a stable for four houses; a three bay open hovel and a barn;
- B: a three bay open hovel and covered yard, fenced off for piggeries and an open hovel - all wood and tile; a brick, wood and thatch barn, mixing house and two calf pens; a wood and tile covered shed in a field;
- C: a wood and corrugated iron garage, for bay implement shed and potato barn; a wood and thatch implement hovel, implement shed and two bay open cart shed; a wood and thatch hen house, open hovel, small barn and four bay open shed;
- D: a wood and thatch store house and mixing room, an open hovel and two piggeries; a brick, wood and corrugated iron two bay open shed, loose box and three bay open hovel.
There was also an onion loft in a nearby field. | <urn:uuid:9ca08221-664c-438f-b658-74baf57dbdf0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bedsarchives.bedford.gov.uk/CommunityHistories/Clifton/CliftonFarm.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966938 | 907 | 1.640625 | 2 |
If you asked a stranger what sound conveys clinical depression, suicidal thoughts or psychosis, the grinding noise a handsaw being drawn through wood would feel like a decent answer. For all its schlock-horror connotations, it is still oppressively belligerent: the sound of a head splitting open or bones being crunched. It’s almost impossible to listen to for more than a few moments without wanting to scream or cry. And it’s used to devastating effect in this Lyric Hammersmith/Royal Opera House revival of Philip Venables’ opera, based on Sarah Kane’s final play 4.48 Psychosis.
The latter was first performed in the Royal Court’s Theatre Upstairs a year after her suicide. It’s a brutal masterpiece for sure, but its clear-eyed, unapologetic deep dive into the bowels of despair never amounts to ugliness. It is a piece of writing in which lyricism and rhythm carry the weight of Kane’s experimental pursuit of self-expression through contextless fragments of text for unspecified characters.
That Venables used 4.48 Psychosis as the base for a contemporary opera, which garnered Olivier and Southbank Award nominations in 2016, makes complete sense. In his hands, Kane’s always-eloquent howls of despair become a beautiful, polyphonic cacophony of noise. The excoriating sound of the saw becomes not a pop-culture play on fear, but the feeling left by the abrasive comments of a well-adjusted doctor to his suffering patient.
It forms part of several call-and-response exchanges between psychiatrist and patient that are among the highlights of this one-act, 90-minute opera, which is performed with six voices and the Chroma Ensemble. Beaten out on two timpani and including, among other items, a hammer on metal and a bicycle bell for punctuation and intonation, they are strangely relatable, moving passages, which are even humorous at times. With the accompanying dialogue projected onto the walls of the clinical, off-white psychiatric ward set below the ensemble, it sums up the kind of attention to detail that defines the work. Levity heightens the despair as the words come with ironic, heart-quickenly perfect timing.
In between these exchanges there are interludes of spoken voiceover, passages of elevator muzak-ish stuff, a projected list of medication and their awful side-effects and, of course, the haunting voices of six identically clad (in the grey-toned jeans and cardigan combo beloved of people who want to disappear) singers, lead by Gweneth-Ann Rand and Lucy Schaufer, who loosely act out the doctor-patient relationship.
These six human zombies become like fragments of a single persona; the same but different, they perform on their own and also in harmony. Kane’s text feels reassuringly unforced in its sung form – unlike many a strained libretto – but despair is always nestled amid the beauty. The singers float aimlessly around the stage, occasionally coming together for a more structured scene. While it’s an effective means of conveying the listlessness of depression, it leaves the audience little to engage with, and the ensemble becomes the focus for long periods.
For a shortish evening of fragmentary passages, 4.48 Psychosis certainly isn’t fleet-of-foot. There’s a languishing quality about it that makes it feel much longer than 90 minutes. No doubt, this is deliberately so. But while Venables’ work astonishes with its ability to create a powerful, authentic-feeling score from Kane’s rollercoaster of despair, the overall effect is positively exhausting. Affecting, but exhausting.
4.48 Psychosis is at the Lyric Hammersmith until May 4th. For more details, click here. | <urn:uuid:08948fa2-bc65-4c19-8113-b3dbcac88b26> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://exeuntmagazine.com/reviews/review-4-48-psychosis-lyric-hammersmith/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.935568 | 812 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Main Article Content
Sweet syndrome, Endometrial adenocarcinoma, Group C Streptococcus
Sweet syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis) is characterized by painful, erythematous skin lesions clinically, and pathologic findings inclusive of neutrophils in the upper dermis. It may be associated with infection, particularly of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. We describe a case of Sweet syndrome in a 54-year-old woman provoked by a post-surgical pelvic infection.
Cohen PR. Sweet’s syndrome—a comprehensive review of an acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007;2:34.
Von den Driesch P: Sweet's syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis). J Am Acad Dermatol 1994, 31:535-556.
Lallas A, Tzellos TG, Papageorgiou M, Mandekou-Lefaki I. Sweet's syndrome associated with upper respiratory tract streptococcal infection: "wait-and-see" strategy or anecdotal use of corticosteroids? Hippokratia. 2011;15(3):283.
Cohen PR, Kurzrock R. Sweet's syndrome: a review of current treatment options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002;3(2):117-31. | <urn:uuid:8be1222b-7f05-4c03-b8b0-d3e6801c374f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jofskin.org/index.php/skin/article/view/379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.702143 | 303 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Dental Students’ Perception of Dentine Hypersensitivity and Awareness about its Management
Dr. Abdul Majeed,
Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.
Introduction: Dentine hypersensitivity is a common painful oral condition that can interfere with drinking, eating, tooth brushing and even breathing. Successful management depends on the identification and elimination of aetiological factors, careful clinical examination and differential diagnosis.
Aim: The purpose of the study was to report dental students’ understanding of dentine hypersensitivity and knowledge of its aetiology and management.
Materials and Methods: A total of 218 questionnaires were distributed among dental students who routinely provided treatment to patients at College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire consisted of pre-coded and open-ended questions related to the knowledge of students about dentine hypersensitivity. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise data. Pearson’s chi-square test (Fisher-Exact test as appropriate) was performed to assess differences in male and female students’ response at significance level of p<0.05.
Results: The response rate was 75.7% as 165 of 218 students returned the questionnaires. According to participants (66%; n=109), one in four of their patients suffered from dentine hypersensitivity complaint. Nearly 57% (n=92) reported that sensitivity was a severe problem in 25% of their patients with discomfort lasting up to 5 weeks. Majority agreed that patients asked questions about dentine hypersensitivity. About 66.6% (n=110) did not know regarding the steps to diagnose dentine hypersensitivity. Treatment options included at-home (18%; n=30) and in-office desensitising agents (8.5%; n=14), education on appropriate tooth brushing techniques and restorative treatment (16.4%; n=27). Almost 47.3% (n=78) believed that patients complied with professional advice on dentine hypersensitivity. About 55.8% (n=92) highlighted the need to provide patients with an educational leaflet.
Conclusion: Students lacked the knowledge and confidence to manage dentine hypersensitivity in clinics. A comprehensive informational handout should be developed to guide diagnosis, prevention and treatment for both students and patients. | <urn:uuid:b2efe5ae-10d9-4685-b007-ecd35cc22f6f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jcdr.net/article_abstract.asp?issn=0973-709x&year=2019&volume=13&issue=8&page=ZC15&issn=0973-709x&id=13080 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.915806 | 543 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Three Steps to Redefine the Information Professional
Dr. Sandra Hirsh, professor and director at the San José State University School of Library and Information Science, was a recent guest presenter for the Ontario Library Association’s Education Institute.
Her presentation titled “Redefining the Information Professional” laid the groundwork for the current situation, addressing stereotypes, such as “bunheads.” She then outlined how information professionals can change perceptions, detailing three steps essential to redefining the information profession:
- We need to be clear and proactive
- Leverage our skills as technology evolves
- We need to become catalysts for change
The way that information is being created, consumed, stored, accessed, and found has changed in very profound ways. What does this mean for our profession? How can we redefine what it means to be an information professional in today’s evolving information landscape? As new technologies emerge, new opportunities for information professionals are emerging, too. This presentation explores some of the perceptions of our profession, and what we can do as information professionals to change them. Dr. Hirsh will outline how you can be a catalyst for change and inspire others to rethink the information profession.
If you missed the free webinar held May 3, 2013, you may view a recording. The recorded session link will expire in May 2014. Her slides are also available via Slideshare.
Recorded Session Link: http://ola.adobeconnect.com/p8p1eo7×7at/ | <urn:uuid:44e64321-bd5b-4c34-8f36-79d3235d45fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ischool.sjsu.edu/about/news/detail/three-steps-redefine-information-professional | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.920703 | 321 | 1.679688 | 2 |
President Francois Hollande assured Muslims in France and abroad that his country respected them and their religion but would not compromise its commitment to freedom and democracy.
Speaking a week after three days of Islamist militant violence that killed 17 people in Paris, he told a meeting at the Institute of the Arab World in Paris that Muslims were the first victims of fanaticism, fundamentalism and intolerance.
His speech struck a careful balance between France's commitment to protect its five-million-strong Muslim minority, Europe's largest, and to uphold the principle of free speech even for caricatures that Muslims find offensive.
French Muslims have reported dozens of attacks on mosques since Islamist gunmen targeted satirical journal Charlie Hebdo last week. Authorities in several Middle East countries have denounced the newspaper's decision to print more cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad in its first post-attack edition on Wednesday.
”Islam is compatible with democracy and we should refuse any confusion (about this), Hollande said at the Institute, where the slogan We are all Charlie was written in French and Arabic on the building's facade.
French of the Muslim faith have the same rights and duties as all citizens, he said, and should be protected and respected, as they should respect the republic.
Also on Thursday the French military's cyber defense specialist reported a surge of hacking against 19,000 different French websites in the past four days, mostly denial of service attacks. Websites of all kinds were affected, he said.
This is the response to last Sunday's march by people who do not share our values, ranging from shocked believers to hardened terrorists, Vice Admiral Arnaud Coustilliere told journalists, referring to a mass protest march led by Hollande and more than 40 world leaders.
Freshly printed copies of Hebdo's survivors' edition, which ran a cartoon of Mohammad on the cover holding a Je suis Charlie” sign, quickly sold out on Thursday morning, as they did on Wednesday when the weekly first hit the newsstands.
Five victims of last week's violence were buried in ceremonies on Thursday covered on national television. | <urn:uuid:6b453876-f3f0-4e29-bc76-b4a6adca802f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://en.mercopress.com/2015/01/16/hollande-admits-muslims-are-the-first-victims-of-fanaticism-fundamentalism-and-intolerance-. | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.963866 | 416 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The anti-hypertensives are an important & broad group of medications.
Hypertension is a very common condition that represents a significant source of morbidity and mortality. It is a major risk factor for MI, stroke and chronic kidney disease. Hypertension is managed in a step-wise fashion according to the NICE guidelines (see our Hypertension notes for more).
Several groups of drugs, by varying mechanisms, are used to reduce blood pressure.
Blood pressure is maintained by a number of physiological reflexes that respond to acute and chronic changes.
Blood pressure = cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance
Numerous interconnected systems contribute to the regulation of blood pressure. There are both immediate and long-term mechanisms, these include:
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a commonly used class of antihypertensives. They are also frequently utilised in heart failure and chronic kidney disease.
ACE inhibitors cause a reduction in circulating angiotensin II & aldosterone.
Examples: Ramipril, Lisinopril.
ACE inhibitors act by blocking the effect of ACE, causing a reduction in circulating angiotensin II. Reduction of angiotensin II has numerous effects:
A dry cough is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors. This is due to an increase in bradykinin within the lungs (ACE breaks down bradykinin).
Caution is also advised during intercurrent illnesses when using an ACE inhibitor. Their mechanism disrupts the kidneys autoregulation mechanisms and may prevent maintenance of adequate renal perfusion - resulting in an acute kidney injury (AKI). It is often advisable to stop ACE inhibitors during severe illness.
Other adverse effects include:
Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are also a commonly used class of antihypertensives.
There are two main types of CCBs:
Dihydropyridine CCBs block the action of L-type calcium channels, which are found in vascular and cardiac tissue.
Examples: Amlodipine, Nifedipine.
CCBs block the action of voltage-gated L-type calcium channels, which are found in vascular and cardiac tissue. Within vascular smooth muscle, L-type channels permit the entry of calcium ions leading to contraction and subsequent vasoconstriction. Dihydropyridine CCBs inhibit this influx of calcium ions and induce vasodilatation, which reduces the peripheral vascular resistance.
The mechanism of the antihypertensive effects of thiazide diuretics are poorly understood.
Examples: Bendroflumethiazide, Indapamide.
Thiazide diuretics act on the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) of the nephron where it inhibits the Na+/Cl- co-transporter. This prevents sodium and chloride entering the tubule cells and, therefore, water cannot follow.
This mechanism has an initial hypotensive effect, however, this is mostly abolished by the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The long-term antihypertensive effects may be due to vasodilation of peripheral vasculature through a mechanism that is poorly understood.
Alpha-1 blockers act to blockade alpha-1 adrenoreceptors.
Alpha-1 adrenoreceptors are found in most sympathetic tissues including vascular smooth muscle and have excitatory effects. Stimulation results in vasoconstriction.
Consequently, blockade of alpha-adrenoreceptors causes:
Beta-blockers act to reduce sympathetic activity
Examples: Propanolol, Atenolol.
Different agents may have variably selective action on beta-1 receptors (predominantly found in the heart) and beta-2 receptors (predominantly found in the lungs).
These drugs antagonise catecholamines at beta-adrenoceptors. The antihypertensive effect is mediated primarily by blockade of beta-1 adrenoreceptors. As such, they reduce the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart. They, therefore, have both negative inotropic and negative chronotropic effects. That is they reduce the heart rate and the strength of contractions.
Beta-blockers cause a reduction in blood pressure through a number of mechanisms:
Have comments about these notes? Leave us feedback | <urn:uuid:e458cbcf-d7bb-4403-a10f-d376d38cf685> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://app.pulsenotes.com/clinical/pharmacology/notes/antihypertensives | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.898453 | 904 | 3.546875 | 4 |
235 Of The Best Signs From Women’s Marches Around The World
How can you display your dissatisfaction about the quality of life, when nobody's listening to you? Grab a sister, a protest sign and go out in the streets! That's exactly what the women in Washington, D.C. did to show their disapproval with current politics in their anti-Trump protest. While the Women's March was initially centered around Washington, it soon became a record-breaking worldwide protest to promote gender equality, LGBTQ rights and equal rights for all human beings.
There were 408 marches reported in the U.S. and 168 in other countries. It is estimated that the march drew around 500,000 to D.C. alone, and 2.9 million people in the U.S. Actually, there were so many people protesting with their snarky yet funny posters, that stores were running out of cardboard.
"The Women’s March on Washington will send a bold message to our new government on their first day in office, and to the world that women's equality is human equality," says their official website. The message was loud and clear as you can see from the funny signs below.
More info: womensmarch | <urn:uuid:0a5fa188-b8e9-4517-a200-9607f5216bfa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.boredpanda.com/best-protest-signs-womens-march-washington-donald-trump/?comment_id=974442 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.978646 | 252 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Home renovation and repair projects can create dangerous lead dust inside and outside of your house. Even small projects like installing a closet storage system, replacing a light fixture or repainting a window can create lead dust.
Both adults and children can be poisoned by breathing or swallowing dust that contains lead. Young children are at highest risk.
Houses that were built before 1978 could have lead paint. Those built before 1950 are the most likely to have lead paint.
Home repairs will always be necessary and are important for your family's health and safety. If you're planning to repaint or remodel, there are things you can do to ensure the work is carried out safely.
Ask your contractor
If your home was built before 1978 and you are hiring a contractor to work on your home:
- Ask the contractor if they have lead-safe trained and certified staff.
- Ask if they have the correct Construction Contractor's Board (CCB) licenses to do the work safely and in compliance with Oregon rules. (They should be able to provide you with copies of these documents).
- Ask to put specific language about lead-safe work practices in the contract. How will the project be set up? How will the work be done safely? What will be done to clean up at the end of each day and at the end of the project?
If you are working on your own home that you live in and no part of the home is rented out to others, you can:
- Learn the basics of lead-safe work practices. This lead-safe work practices can help you do the work safely.
- Plan carefully before you begin projects so that you do your work in the safest way possible. The Community Energy Project offers a free class on lead-safe work practices that can help you learn how.
- Your neighbors may be concerned about lead dust and debris getting on their property. Make sure that all dust and debris is carefully contained and disposed of safely.
Working on homes built before 1978? The federal Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP) applies to many projects in or on homes built before 1978.
- At least one person in your company must attend a class on lead-safe work practices to become a Certified Renovator. This training is good for 5 years. Find upcoming classes»
- In Oregon, your company must have a special Lead Based Paint Renovator license from the Oregon Construction Contractor's Board (CCB) and renew it annually.
Copies of both the Certified Renovator training certificate and the Lead-Based Paint Renovator license must be on site at all projects when:
- More than 6 square feet of lead paint will be disturbed per interior room, or
- More than 20 square feet of exterior paint will be disturbed on the whole house or facility occupied by young children.
State and federal lead-based paint regulations apply to work you do on properties you own if they were built before 1978.
- Landlords who do work on their own properties must take a class on lead-safe work practices and become Certified Renovators. Find upcoming classes»
- After getting the training certificate, landlords must also apply for a special license from the Oregon Health Authority Lead-Based Paint Program.
- Make sure you have a copy of both the training certificate and license on site at projects at all times.
Questions? Call the Leadline | <urn:uuid:4fa0475c-29b1-41fc-9cd8-855d4aa1aba1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.multco.us/health/lead-poisoning-prevention/lead-safe-repainting-and-remodeling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.946954 | 728 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Hunter and Illawarra regions are set to become the centre of hydrogen production in the state after a government plan to produce energy there ended up attracting production proposals more than eight times its target.
Expressions of interest for developing hydrogen production in the Hunter and Illawarra, currently "coal country", have attracted more than $4 billion in proposed private sector investment.
Treasurer and Energy Minister Matt Kean says "the market has spoken".
"This is an overwhelming level of commercial interest and it shows our policies are sending the right signals to energy investors, making NSW the go-to state for energy investment," Mr Kean said.
The initial plan targeted 700 megawatts of production, but proposals before the government could produce up to 5900MW.
The hubs were part of a $70 million commitment in the NSW hydrogen strategy launched in October last year.
Acting Premier Paul Toole said they will help secure jobs into the future and also provide huge export potential as the demand for hydrogen rises globally.
The 21 proposed projects could produce up to 268,000 tonnes of "green hydrogen" annually.
Unlike "blue hydrogen" that relies on gas, the green hydrogen is produced using renewable sources such as solar and wind.
Mr Kean said green hydrogen will play an important role in decarbonising heavy industry and transport, and the proposals for the hubs could fuel 26,000 trucks.
On Friday, NSW, Queensland and Victoria announced plans for a hydrogen refuelling network across the Hume, Pacific and Newell Highways.
Last year, the state's largest gas supplier, Jemena, began blending green hydrogen into its gas network from a facility in Sydney's west, powering homes, commercial and industrial sites.
That facility, co-funded by the Australian Renewable Energy Agency is also expected to provide hydrogen for transport uses this year.
Our journalists work hard to provide local, up-to-date news to the community. This is how you can continue to access our trusted content:
Sign up for our newsletter to stay up to date. | <urn:uuid:cc0f924c-bdc8-4efe-8616-79d20d607ece> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/7675721/market-has-spoken-on-nsw-hydrogen-hubs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.953782 | 439 | 2.015625 | 2 |
In the battle between a cell and a virus, either side may resort to subterfuge. Molecular messages, which control the cellular machinery both sides need, are vulnerable to interception or forgery. New research at Rockefeller University has revealed the unique twist on just such a strategy deployed by the liver-infecting hepatitis C virus - one that may help explain the progression of liver disease and that the researchers suspect may be found more widely in the world of disease-causing viruses. Led jointly by Dr. Charles Rice, the Maurice R. and Corinne P. Greenberg Professor in Virology and Head of the Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease and Dr. Robert Darnell, Senior Attending Physician, Robert and Harriet Heilbrunn Professor, and Head of the Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, the research was published online on March 12, 2015 in Cell. It employed a powerful combination of techniques to map the interactions between the hepatitis C virus and a small piece of genetic material - known as miRNA-122 - that is produced almost exclusively by liver cells, which normally use it to regulate expression of their own genes. "It is well known that once inside a liver cell, the hepatitis C virus must bind to miRNA-122 in order to establish a persistent infection. We found an unanticipated consequence of this interaction: By binding to miRNA-122, the virus acts like a sponge, soaking up these gene-regulating molecules," says first author Joseph Luna, a graduate student with a joint appointment in the labs. "Our experiments showed this has the effect of skewing gene activity in infected liver cells." The fight between an infecting virus and its host is often viewed as proteins fighting like soldiers.
Login Or Register To Read Full Story | <urn:uuid:5f8cbbab-bf73-488c-b35a-531b8ec269c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bioquicknews.com/rockefeller-scientists-illuminate-role-of-mir-122-in-hepatitis-c-infections/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949922 | 358 | 3.328125 | 3 |
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (WTVF) — As a formerly homeless woman who got sober, it took Liz Mallard months to get into housing.
Now, she's trying to pay some of her fortune back.
Every Tuesday, over in West Nashville, there's an outpouring of love for a group of people who've likely seen easier days.
"Every Tuesday, we come out and we bring hygiene, clothing, toiletries and food," said Mallard. "We also have some meals, some bread and some sweets we bring out."
Mallard knows living on the streets is difficult.
She spent more than a decade at various camps. A majority of that was spent in Brookmeade Greenway.
She'll have been off the street and in her new apartment for a year on Aug. 3.
Mallard said she still remembers what it's like, and she remembers she spent that time with, such as a young man people call "Smoky."
He's a young man who's had some trouble, but Mallard isn't giving up on him.
"He's really interested in getting housing. I had talked to him a couple weeks ago about it, and today he goes, 'I really want to get some housing,'" she said.
She said it takes small steps constant reassurance can convince a person to take the leap.
Mallard said there's fear for people of leaving what they know.
For her, the encouragement of people like those with Colby's Army got her on the path to sobriety and housing.
"Out here, you see a lot of bad things," she said. "You see death, you see overdoses, and they want to get out of it too. To have the resources to do it is what everybody is seeking."
There are many others who are joining her, like Julie Bendler from the Mental Health Coop.
"We don't have an agenda. We're just trying to give them what they need right now to do better to know this is not the reality they have to settle for," said Bendler.
There are many stories about the problems with Brookmeade Greenway's homeless camp.
But for the people trying to find a permanent solution, they see the people.
People who they feel can have the same story as Liz Mallard.
"There's days I wake up and I still am in shock that I'm in my apartment and that's what I want them to see that's possible," said Mallard. | <urn:uuid:88aac41d-5a4b-49c3-916c-016456436081> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newschannel5.com/news/formerly-homeless-nashville-woman-working-to-get-others-housed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.988234 | 524 | 1.625 | 2 |
Native Dugout Canoe
Panebianco Photo Album (MAGNT R/N 1687); PictureNT; PictureNT
Native dugout canoe, which is made from a solid log and cut out with a hatchet. No date. No atribution
5000 x 3623 pixels : 48bpp ; 106.16Mb, jpeg 2.9Mb.
1 photograph : b&w ; 15.5 x 11.3 cm.
Attribution International 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)
Library & Archives NT
http://hdl.handle.net/10070/265937 [Panebianco Photo Album (MAGNT R/N 1687)]
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are advised that this website may contain the names, voices and images of people who have died, as well as other culturally sensitive content. Please be aware that some collection items may use outdated phrases or words which reflect the attitude of the creator at the time, and are now considered offensive.
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You are welcome to provide further information or feedback about this item by emailing [email protected] | <urn:uuid:efb4dd5e-5b27-47e5-b4fd-32165e50b0fc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://territorystories.nt.gov.au/10070/439508/0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.822514 | 329 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Kynseed Game Free Download TorrentKynseed is a life simulator with elements of farming, work simulator, relationships, and more. But you will manage here not one character, but several at once. The main feature of this game is that you have to manage a whole family, or rather even whole generations of the same family. It all begins with a magic acorn, a child, and a grown tree. Your task — by all means, from generation to generation to protect the tree from all sorts of problems.
Here you and the battle with various enemies, who will encroach on a tree, and farm simulation, allowing you to grow, sell and do much more, and the simulation of relations between people, and the maturing of characters, and much more. Moreover, what is equally interesting is that you will become a witness to the movement of life in Kynseed. Children grow up, build relationships, create families, have children, die, and they are replaced by new generations — and you will be in this process a leader and God in one person.
About This Game
OverviewDuring the game you will have to defend the tree from various enemies and detractors, build a house, even build a business, such as a forge or tavern, grow a lot of vegetables and fruits, craft equipment and even trade with non-game characters. But what about the creation of a family and the establishment of relations between the characters? You are waiting for quarrels, disagreements, reconciliation.
And of course in this game the role-playing system is well developed, allowing each character to be made unique in its own way. Plus, the developers promise to add many more new features to the game in the future. In general, there is no need to be bored here, and at the same time the gameplay itself can drag on for many hours.
- Run a business such as a blacksmith, tavern, apothecary, or goods store.
- Go adventuring in dangerous regions and battle dark faery tale creatures.
- Farm your land to create various ingredients that you’ll come to rely on.
- Develop relationships with NPC’s who have their own lives and who will remember your deeds, actions, and pranks!
- Find proverbs to unlock the secrets of this mysterious dark faery tale world.
- Gather materials to create items, craft beers, or mix cures for a range of bizarre maladies.
- Buy strange artifacts from the mysterious Mr Fairweather — items which can aid your chores, help you in combat, or just let you mess with the world. But be warned of his life tax, for each item must be paid with years from your life.
MINIMUM:OS: Windows 7 or Higher
Processor: Intel Core i3
Memory: 4 GB RAM
Graphics: DirectX 11 Compatible Video Card
DirectX: Version 11
Storage: 550 MB available space
Instructions1. The first thing we do is download the game’s installation files.
2. After downloaded, go to the folder and run the file «setup.exe».
3. During the installation, we specify the location on the disk where we want to install it.
4. At the end of the unpacking process, a shortcut appears on the desktop.
5. Start the game.
Download Kynseed v0.5.5 upd.30.01.2022 [ 670 MB ]
kynseed-v0_5_5.torrent (downloads: )How to download torrent games | Manual
Game Update History:
- Kynseed v0.5.4 → v0.5.5 [ 30.01.2022 ]
- Kynseed v0.5.1 → v0.5.4 [ 12.01.2022 ]
- Kynseed v0.5.0 → v0.5.1 [ 29.11.2021 ]
- Kynseed v0.3.0 → v0.5.0 [ 19.11.2021 ]
- Kynseed v0.2.2.3913 → v0.3.0 [ 24.05.2021 ]
- Kynseed v0.2.2 → v0.2.2.3913 [ 21.03.2021 ]
- Kynseed v0.2.1 → v0.2.2 [ 26.02.2021 ]
- Kynseed v0.2.0 → v0.2.1 [ 24.12.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.19.2672 → v0.2.0 [ 17.10.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.19.2645 → v0.1.19.2672 [ 15.09.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.19.2626 → v0.1.19.2645 [ 20.08.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.19.2607 → v0.1.19.2626 [ 29.07.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.18.2561 → v0.1.19.2607 [ 24.06.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.18.2540 → v0.1.18.2561 [ 28.05.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.18.2520 → v0.1.18.2540 [ 08.05.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.18.2511 → v0.1.18.2520 [ 23.04.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.17.2461 → v0.1.18.2511 [ 18.04.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.17.2459 → v0.1.17.2461 [ 18.03.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.16.2415 → v0.1.17.2459 [ 12.03.2020 ]
- Kynseed v0.1.16.2412 → v0.1.16.2415 [ 11.02.2020 ]
This game has been updated 30-01-2022, 04:47 to the latest version v0.5.5 upd.30.01.2022. | <urn:uuid:b571bd7b-a49b-4ccf-9f02-8072e7b1408e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://skidrowgamereloaded.co/2253-kynseed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.849967 | 1,370 | 1.507813 | 2 |
A Sore throat or burning throat is a common issue caused by Flu or an illness. It can manifest as a symptom of something simple as congestion or fever or a sign of an underlying health issue. You wake up with a disturbed throat that might fade away with simple saline water gargling or some home remedies. But if it persists for several weeks with additional health issues, you must seek medical attention.
The article discusses common causes and symptoms of a burning throat and suggests some effective home remedies to treat a burning throat.
Causes of a burning throat
A few of the several causes of the burning throat are:
Viral infection: Virus is a microorganism made of genetic material inside a protein coating. It can cause various diseases, such as influenza or Flu. It can also trigger severe illnesses, such as Ebola and COVID-19. One common cause of soreness and discomfort in the throat is pharyngitis( sore throat), inflammation in the pharynx caused by a virus or bacteria that gets into one’s blood system. The first sign that something is a bacterial or viral infection is usually the appearance of associated symptoms. A viral infection usually causes a cough and runny nose, as well as swelling in the throat. On the other hand, a bacterial sore throat can cause nausea and vomiting.
Symptoms of Burning Throat due to viral infection:
- Sore throat accompanied by cough and runny nose.
- A burning sensation in the throat
- Swallowing and talking becomes harmful due to a throat infection
- Swollen glands around the throat
- Inflamed and reddish tonsils
- The throat feels dry and irritable itchy.
- Other symptoms include congestion and body aches.
Although viral pharyngitis doesn’t have a specific treatment, it can be treated by adding salt to a glass of warm water and gargling. The method can help relieve the symptoms. Taking plenty of healthy fluids and giving ample rest to the body help beat a viral infection faster.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
GERD is a type of digestive disease that occurs when the stomach acid or bile flows back into the food pipe. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease or acid reflux occurs mainly due to the weakening of muscles in the digestive tract. Some of the symptoms of this condition include heartburn and a burning sensation in the throat, which can occur frequently. A burning feeling in your chest, which can be worse at night, is one of the most common symptoms of GERD. Other symptoms are difficulty swallowing and a lump in your throat.
Symptoms of GERD:
- Persistent burning sensation in the chest (heartburn).
- Sour tastes in the back of the tongue.
- Acidic burps.
- A lump feeling in the throat accompanied by difficulty in swallowing.
- Variance in the vocal tone.
- Vomiting acidic stomach fluids at certain times
- Dryness in throat and cough.
Some of the most common food and drink items that people with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) avoid are alcohol, caffeine, and carbonated drinks. Include vegetables, fruits and milk derivatives in the diet. Eating smaller portions and slower eating can help control GERD. Maintaining a healthy weight and improved lifestyle habits could help.
Burning mouth syndrome
Burning mouth syndrome is a medical term referring to persistent or recurrent discomfort in the mouth that doesn’t go away. This discomfort can affect various parts of the mouth, such as the tongue, lips, cheeks, roof of the mouth, and fingers. The burning mouth syndrome creates a burning or tingling sensation in the mouth that lasts for several days or weeks. It is hard to diagnose since it can manifest in different ways.
Burning mouth syndrome caused by acid reflux occurs when the stomach acid gets back into your mouth. Other causes include allergic reactions to certain materials used in making dentures, depression, and changes in hormones caused by diabetes, thyroid disease, or menopause. Dryness in the mouth due to treatments, such as radiation therapy or Sjogren’s syndrome.
Symptoms of Burning mouth Syndrome:
- A burning sensation on the roof of the mouth, cheek and throat.
- Difficulty in swallowing
- Dry cough and sore throat
- Mouth has a metallic or bitter taste
The burning sensation in the throat can be relieved by increased fluid intake or eating. Avoiding acidic and spicy foods can help reduce burning mouth syndrome. Practicing yoga or other fitness regimes to control weight will also help reduce the burning throat.
Tonsillitis is a type of inflammation that affects the tissue that covers the back of the throat. It can manifest in symptoms such as a sore throat and difficulty swallowing. Lymph nodes and swollen tonsils are symptoms of Tonsilitis. Most Tonsillitis cases are caused by a common virus, though bacterial infections can also cause the illness. It’s better to get a diagnosis and treatment that’s right for you. If the symptoms are severe or last for a long time, surgery to remove the tonsils is done. However, it’s usually only performed if the condition doesn’t respond to other treatment options and causes serious complications.
Symptoms of Tonsillitis:
- Redness of the tonsils tissue.
- Loss of appetite and difficulty in swallowing.
- Some might experience bad breath and swollen glands around the neck.
- Tonsillitis in kids might cause nausea and vomiting.
- Difficulty in talking and voice tone change.
The treatment for tonsillitis will depend on the cause of the illness. If caused by bacteria, antibiotics help treat it. However, they can be one-time injections or pills. Getting enough sleep and drinking warm or cold fluids help decrease inflammation. Eating smooth and warm foods helps reduce the pain. Using a cool-mist humidifier and medications such as benzocaine or ibuprofen to numb the throat can also help treat Tonsillitis at home.
The mucus produced by the glands in the nose, throat, stomach, and intestinal tract is a thick, wet substance that helps keep foreign invaders such as viruses and bacteria from entering your body. If your body produces more mucus than required, it becomes more noticeable. The excess comes out of the nostrils as a runny nose. When the mucus flows down the back of your nose, it’s called a postnasal drip.
Symptoms of Postnasal drip:
- A persistent cough that worsens at night.
- Sore and itchy throat
- Infection in the ear duct or sinus
Getting enough rest and fluids intakes can reduce the effects of postnasal drip. Consuming warm and nutritious soup and avoiding viral infections can also help.
Strep throat is caused by a type of bacteria known as group A streptococcus and spread through the nose and throat. People infected with this bacteria can also get it from someone who is a carrier. If untreated it can lead to various health conditions, such as rheumatic fever and kidney inflammation.
Symptoms of Strep Throat:
- Sore throat and high fever.
- Swollen glands in the neck.
- Loss of appetite and red spots on the mouth.
- Inflamed and reddish tonsil.
- Nausea, vomiting and body aches.
- Rashes on the body
- Cough, runny nose and change in voice.
Various ways can help ease the pain that you’re experiencing. Some of these include: Gargling with a mixture of warm water and salt to relieve the discomfort. Drink warm fluids and keep hydrated to prevent dehydration. When eating soft food, choose items such as soups or cereals. Drinking citrus drinks like orange juice can also help ease the pain. Honey can also help decrease inflammation. Use a saline nasal spray or a humidifier to keep your airways moist.
The Flu, referred to as influenza, is a respiratory illness that can cause severe illness and even kill. It can affect people of all ages, including children and people with chronic diseases. The flu is caused by the spread of the virus from one person to another. When someone coughs, sneezes or talks, release tiny droplets into the air. These particles can land in the noses and mouths of people close to them. Less often, people get the flu by touching an object or surface and having the Flu virus on it.
Symptoms of Flu
- Sore throat and fever
- Runny nose accompanied by a headache.
- Fatigue and body ache
- Loss of appetite and tiredness.
- Cough and Nasal congestion.
Taking in plenty of fluids and good rest is the best solution to the flu. Warm fluids like ginger and herb-infused tea, soups and other healthy eating also help reduce influenza. Taking rest at home and maintaining low contact with others will prevent Flu from spreading among kids and colleagues
Symptoms of a burning throat
There are a variety of reasons why people experience a burning throat. Some of these include gastric reflux, LPR, and an inflamed esophagus. Other conditions such as postnasal drip can also cause this issue. Although these conditions are less harmful and untreated they can still lead to consequences.
Some of the common symptoms of a Burning throat or Sore throat are:
- Inflamed and reddish larynx.
- Cough, runny nose and Nasal congestion.
- Fatigue, body aches and loss of appetite.
- Fever and headaches
- Nausea or vomiting with stomach pain.
- Difficulty in swallowing and the food pipe feels blocked.
- Changes in voice and difficulty in talking.
- Sour or bitter taste.
- Swollen glands in the neck.
Effective Home remedies
Gargling: the best remedy for a burning throat is saline water gargling. Mix a few spoons of salt into lukewarm water and gargle five-six times a day. Gargling helps reduce sore throat faster and controls bad breath due to throat infection.
Honey: Honey is a natural food with lots of medicinal benefits. Honey helps soothe the itchy and inflamed throat. It will also help relieve cough and burning feelings in the chest.
Honey ginger candies: homemade throat lozenge with honey and ginger helps reduce sore throat within a few days. Both natural ingredients are very effective in treating viral flu.
Taking rest: sore throat is often accompanied by fever and body pain. Taking a good rest is the best solution to bring your body back to normal. Adequate rest helps the medication to act well and also helps you feel relaxed.
Plenty of fluids: increase water intake and it will help get rid of the sore throat causing viruses out of your system. Warm food like soups and cereals will make you feel energetic and also relieves sore throat and fever. The fluid intake helps soothe the throat and reduce inflammation.
Inhaling vapors: a very effective home remedy is to use a vaporizer to inhale mint or other herb-infused vapors. You could also use medicated tablets that dissolve in water and help reduce nasal congestion and open your sinus.
Any illness is best controlled and treated if it’s identified at the right time. A sore throat or a burning throat is the main symptom of a nasal cavity infection caused by bacteria or a virus. If the initial symptoms are identified and treated it will prevent larger health complications from occurring. Many effective home remedies help treat a burning throat. These remedies are effective in almost all cases. But if the symptoms like sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, body aches and fever continue for more than a week, you should seek medical advice. | <urn:uuid:df3ae1c3-233f-4b6d-b2fb-a5236063025b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://braceyourhealth.com/2022/08/02/burning-throat-causes-symptoms-and-effective-home-remedies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.933734 | 2,480 | 2.84375 | 3 |
You will be much more in control, if you realize how much you are not in control.Benjamin Graham
The end of the offshore era – the Common Reporting Standard (CRS), FATCA and the new challenges for the financial privacy. Bulgarian foundation – why would you need one?
Bulgarian foundation – the ultimate asset protection vehicle
The hunt for safety
Long gone are the days when bank secrecy was seen as basic human right and economic value. With the turn of the century, new challenges emerged and the world governments are now fighting vigorously terrorism, tax evasion and money laundering. This fight, although fully justified, comes at a price. Not only the privacy of the criminals is at stake, but unfortunately, the average law abiding citizen is now suffering from all international reporting agreements and the never ending “leaks” of stolen financial and bank information.
Everyone deemed guilty
So are there any options left for those who still believe in the right of financial privacy? The proven old maxima, the constitutional principle of English law, that “Everything which is not forbidden is allowed” seems outdated already. Now, one should be thinking more like “Only what is explicitly allowed is not forbidden”. Offshore companies, although perfectly legal in most jurisdictions, are now seen as taboo. Many governments threatened that all their citizens, which names appeared in the many offshore leaks scandals are under suspicion and will be thoroughly checked and questioned. Swiss bank accounts are being seen now as an incriminating prove of guilt – only the fact that a person or a company has a financial relation in the Alps is considered dodgy, least to say. World governments are paying dishonest financial employees for stolen customer’s information, a controversial practice that is now a common standard among most of the Western countries.
The legal solution
So is there a legal solution? What can a law abiding taxpayer do to protect its privacy and its investments? One thing is clear – whatever he or she does, it must be 101% legal. Even the slightest doubt of the legality of the arrangement will surely backfire with the next offshore leak or the next international agreement for information exchange.
The most obvious solution would be using a nominee. However, under the latest legislative acts, CRS, FATCA and others, nominees have to declare explicitly the true beneficiary. In many cases, this is fine and the privacy of the investor will be still preserved, to a certain degree. In other cases however, it is unacceptable. Disclosure agreements and information exchange policies, combined with unfavorable national legislation may result in very serious consequences. Our specialists can assist you, taking into consideration your personal tax position and advice you on to whether nominee structure is appropriate in your particular case.
Another option is setting a private foundation under Bulgarian law, which has many advantages. You will not only achieve full legal compliance, but you will also stay away from any controversial nominee arrangements. We can not outline all benefits here, but assets protection comes first in mind. The assets of the foundation do not belong to any shareholder or owner (as with Limited Liability Company – LLC), so they are virtually not subject to any “confiscation” measures. The Bulgarian law on foundations is very flexible and when setting up the articles, there are endless possibilities to safeguard and protect additionally the foundation’s assets. Last, but not least, the records of the Bulgarian foundations are not publically accessible online, which is another layer of privacy protection. Bulgarian foundations are governed by a separate law, clearly distinguishing them from commercial entities. It is of utmost importance to set up the foundation correctly with clear vision in mind for asset protection, privacy and tax consequences.
What we offer
IN ORDER TO SET UP YOUR BULGARIAN FOUNDATION TODAY AND ENJOY CAPITAL PROTECTION, PRIVACY, LOW TAXES AND TRANSPARENT ADMINISTRATION, WE OFFER YOU THE FOLLOWING:
- Bulgarian Foundation formation, ideal for assets and privacy protection. All incorporation documents are tailor made and prepared for your personal circumstances. The registration procedures are carried out by a licensed lawyer, guaranteeing your ultimate legal protection;
- Articles of incorporation, deed of donation, minutes of first meeting, appointment of managing body and beneficiary and all other required documents and declarations prepared bi-lingual in Bulgarian and English. Other languages available on request;
- All state registration fees;
- First class bank introduction and bank account opening;
- Registered business office in prestigious central Sofia district;
- Free tax advice by professional tax consultant;
- Comprehensive tax and legal advice on reporting issues in order to fully meet the client‘s privacy expectations;
- Business mail handling.
Utilizing Bulgarian foundation for arranging residence permit in Bulgaria
Through registration of Bulgarian NGO (ie foundation), a non-EU citizen has the unique opportunity to obtain residence permit in Bulgaria. For more information, please read How to register foundation in Bulgaria and enjoy EU legal framework protection and Bulgarian legal residency rights. | <urn:uuid:2de3560e-9420-4ea9-9653-dd5e3798329a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://euroformat.eu/bulgarian-foundation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.93578 | 1,020 | 1.59375 | 2 |
“You know that the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them,
and the great ones make their authority over them felt.
But it shall not be so among you.
Rather, whoever wishes to be great among you shall be your servant;
whoever wishes to be first among you shall be your slave.
Just so, the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve
and to give his life as a ransom for many.” (Mt 20:25-28)
I do not think I ever heard a single person say, “When I get my job, I want to be a low-level employee who has several bosses to whom I need to report.” No. I usually hear things like, “I am going to be the boss some day.”
Power seems to be one of the things to which we are hard-wired.
In today’s Gospel, the mother of James and John comes to Jesus with a bold request. She wants her sons to sit at His right and His left when He comes into glory. In other words, she wants them to be powerful, certainly more important than the other Apostles, more important than anyone else aside from Jesus.
The Apostles, as you can imagine, are indignant at that request.
But what was the source of their indignation? Were they upset at James and John for their bold request? Or, were they upset that James and John beat some of them to the punch?
I think it was probably the latter; because, immediately afterwards, Jesus gathers them all together for a “talk”.
He admonishes them about being rulers. He reminds them about the rulers that they all know and whom they cannot stand. He tells them that rulers should not be overbearing and domineering and demand excessively of their subjects. He tells them that, if they want to be considered great, they need to become servants.
We have seen that theme before in our Lenten journey and we see it again today. Probably because we need to be reminded of it often.
We should not crave to rule over others. Rather, we should do all that we can to supply for the needs of others. It is in building up others that we build up the Kingdom of God.
Our entire goal should be to please the Lord, not to establish ourselves as some kind of force with which to be reckoned.
FAITH ACTION: In the place where you are in authority — perhaps as a parent at home or as an employer in the workplace — try to “rule” humbly instead of with a heavy hand. Do the best you can to encourage others rather than dominate others. | <urn:uuid:94e93e90-fc26-40f1-8ba1-07d608e40f36> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://dailyreflection.org/who-is-in-charge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.983884 | 559 | 1.890625 | 2 |
To Mask or Not to Mask – That Is the Question in Florida
Gov. Ron DeSantis is again rejecting the notion of a statewide mandatory use of face masks to protect against the coronavirus – despite a massive increase in such cases.
For the fifth time in six days, Florida has topped the 3,000 mark in new COVID-19 cases. As of Wednesday, Escambia County recorded a massive jump overnight, increasing 88 positive cases for a total of 1,312. Santa Rosa increased 16 cases, bringing its total to 371.
Speaking in Orlando, Gov. DeSantis tried to convince Floridians that the spike is less of a concern than the raw numbers might suggest. He calls on everyone to stick with practices in place since Phase-1 of reopening began last month.
“It’s still important to maintain the appropriate physical distance; to exercise good hygiene – wash your hands,” the governor said. “It makes a difference. And then it’s also important when you can’t socially distance and keep that six-feet wearing the face mask can help reduce transmission.”
The suggestion to don a mask is just that — a suggestion. About 15 states have statewide mandatory masking policies to protect against COVID-19, but Florida is not one of them.
“My view, a couple of things — one, I think you can catch more flies with honey than vinegar; I think that when some people get ordered they don’t do that,” said DeSantis. “That’s why we did that in May; we thought that would be a better way to go about it. And then also when you attach criminal penalties to something, you’ve got to enforce it. And the questions is, in some parts of Florida is that really a good use of resources?”
A number of counties and cities around the state have implemented their own mask requirements in certain situations. They include Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Tampa, and St. Petersburg, along with Orange County, which includes Orlando. Little steps, said the governor, are what are needed.
“The things that are the most effective are doing the basic hygiene [and] practicing the basic social distancing,” said DeSantis. “If you can’t social distance, [then] having the mask to cut down on transmission. Those are all very easy things to do that will make a huge difference.”
But the governor insists that the varying numbers of corona cases, depending on where you are in Florida, makes a “one size fits all” mask requirement a moot point.
“We’ve got a big, diverse state; the outbreak is not uniform,” the governor said. “Even now, that you see more cases in Orlando that we did March, April, May – the demographic in terms of the age is different than what we’re seeing in like, Dade County. So I’ve encouraged the locals to fashion those policies that fit their communities, and I think that they’ve done that.”
Many Floridians, says DeSantis, have also undergone changes in their perspectives since the first COVID cases in the state were reported in early March. By mid-May, the pandemic had taken a back seat to other developments.
“Obviously we had the big [police] protest, we had some other stuff going on in the country; and I think a lot of folks, particularly the younger folks just kind of thought,’ COVID’s behind us,’” said DeSantis. “And now that this is something that is more back on the front burner; now that you have local officials involved in doing some of this thing, I think the message being sent. And I do think people are going to respond positively to it.”
“COVID is one of those things that we’re simply going to have to learn to live with; and so the precautions that you can take in taking care of your health are probably the most vital,” said Pensacola Mayor Grover Robinson, during his Facebook appearance on Wednesday from City Hall.
While not making masks mandatory in the city limits, he is asking that residents put them on when going out, saying the current tourist season brings its own challenges.
“It’s not just what’s here in Escambia and Santa Rosa [counties], but it is also being a venue for people to come from all over continues to expose us to those kinds of things,” said Robinson. “But I think if you continue to wear your mask; wash your hands, and be socially distant as best you can when you’re in a public setting, then those are the cases we’re seeing.”
Robinson maintains that asking people to wear a mask is not political on his end. But he tells those reluctant to cooperate that they can use them to create their own statements, political and/or otherwise.
“Here’s the deal — perhaps if you’re trying to keep [President Trump] and get him reelected, then you should do that,” said the mayor. “If you don’t like the president and you want [Joe] Biden, you need to do a mask that does that. Do whatever it is that you feel to be representative. Maybe we’re looking at this the wrong way; maybe we should have everyone think about what it is, and what they want to express going forward. This mask allows you to do it.”
Robinson did say there are exceptions in the mask advisory issued by the Florida Department of Health. Children under age two, and adults with medical conditions not conducive to face coverings.
“You’re out walking, your our exercising, you’re socially distanced from other individuals – that is not a case when you need to have a mask,” said Robinson. “By yourself in your own car you don’t need a mask. But, if you are with other people, especially inside a building with other people, all city buildings require a mask to be worn.”
Monroe County, the Florida Keys, also requires face coverings until June 1, 2021. That applies to businesses and other public settings where there is a roof overhead, both visitors and staff. | <urn:uuid:c33977c2-c812-4613-ac96-6d8cad23914c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wuwf.org/local-news/2020-06-24/to-mask-or-not-to-mask-that-is-the-question-in-florida | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.968256 | 1,349 | 1.828125 | 2 |
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CHICAGO—August 20, 2018—The emerging field of diabetology—a sub-specialty of endocrinology focused on the treatment of people with diabetes—is intended to address an emerging crisis in health care: nearly one-third of Americans has a type 2 diabetes diagnosis or has prediabetes.
Compounding this problem, numbers of endocrinologists, the physicians who specialize in treating diabetes, are dwindling as the older generation retires with fewer new physicians filling the ranks. This means the burden of care has fallen on primary care physicians, who treat 82 percent of diabetic patients.
Fourteen years after one-year fellowship programs were created to give primary care physicians the clinical skills to better manage diabetes and its complications, new research in The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association finds resistance among payers and other physicians may slow growth of the fledgling specialty.
In 2004, diabetology fellowship programs opened at Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine and East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine—both located in underserved communities. As of now there are four diabetes fellowship programs nationwide.
Unknown but not untested
According to researchers who surveyed all 39 physicians who graduated from the first two fellowship programs between 2005 and 2016, diabetologists are filling a much needed gap in patient care, however, acceptance and trust have been slow to come.
The survey tracked graduate physicians’ practice type and location, finding 41 percent in primary care, 20 percent working as hospitalists, 14 percent who are full-time diabetologists and 22 percent who went on to become endocrinologists. The survey also found all respondents were comfortable or very comfortable managing type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
However, when it came to perceptions from colleagues, responses were much more mixed. Only 28 percent reported that they agreed or strongly agreed that colleagues were receptive to their diabetes training. There was 19 percent who responded “neutral,” another 19 percent who disagreed or strongly disagreed that their colleagues were receptive to their training, and 33 percent who left this item blank.
“Some primary care physicians have been reluctant to refer diabetic patients to diabetologists because so many diabetologists are also primary care physicians. I think there’s a fear that patients will simply change physicians entirely,” says Amber Healy, DO, who graduated from Ohio University’s diabetology fellowship and co-authored the article in the JAOA. “Endocrinologists, on the other hand, believe that the diabetes fellowship constitutes a dangerous shortcut to becoming an endocrinologist, enabling a scope of practice overreach.”
Jay Shubrook, DO, who practices as a full-time diabetologist and served as a co-author on the JAOA article, believes these issues are improving and will continue to do so through education, advocacy and exposure.
“I think the biggest misconception is that diabetologists are trying to replace anyone. That’s just not true. The sheer number of patients with diabetes makes that impossible; there are way too many for any one group to handle,” says Dr. Shubrook. He adds that a one-to-one patient care model is far from the ideal care delivery model for diabetologists. Instead, he sees them being far more effective as a force multiplier for primary care.
At the federally qualified health center where he practices, Dr. Shubrook can treat patients directly but, more importantly, he can share his expertise with the other primary care physicians, raising their knowledge and proficiency.
Dr. Shubrook acknowledges that endocrinologists have a greater depth of knowledge in certain types of diabetes treatments, but also notes they treat many other conditions—and some don’t even treat diabetes. “I realize ideally one option is endocrinologists could exclusively provide diabetes treatment. However, given the massive scope of the problem, that’s simply impossible. I think we are better off sacrificing some depth of knowledge in order to recruit and train physicians who are capable of making an impact,” he adds.
Perhaps the biggest obstacle facing diabetologists is recognition from payers, who are reluctant to reimburse for a new specialty which is mostly unrecognized even by colleagues from its adjacent specialties. This creates a problem as healthcare is still paid for by volume. Primary care visits last between 10 and 15 minutes, because physicians need to see enough patients in a day in order to have a profitable practice. Unfortunately, that’s not nearly enough time to address the concerns of a patient with diabetes. Further, most diabetologists will actually get paid less as they end up seeing fewer patients in a system that rewards volume of care.
“No one with diabetes has just one health complaint,” says Dr. Shubrook. “The basic diabetes treatment and education could take twice as much time allotted for in a typical primary care visit—but most have multiple chronic conditions that also need attention.”
This creates a difficult position for physicians as they have to decide between giving a patient adequate time and attention within a single visit—which does not get reimbursed by their insurance—or asking the patient to come in for more frequent visits, which isn’t always possible for the patient’s schedule. However, if diabetologists were recognized as specialists, they could get reimbursed at higher rates, which would allow them to spend more time with patients.
“Board certification is the standard for payers to recognize a physician as a specialist,” says Dr. Shubrook. “Right now diabetology just doesn’t have that.”
Dr. Shubrook says diabetologists will likely have their own board and certification exams in the future. Until that happens, he says payers have started to acknowledge and accept board certification in advanced diabetes management, which comes from the National Association of Diabetes Educators. He recommends all new fellows get this recognition.
“Our graduates are doing such good work—and it’s meaningful work that’s having an impact,” says Dr. Shubrook. “Change comes slowly, especially in healthcare, but our patients are seeing a positive difference, so their insurers are too. I would encourage anyone who is passionate about providing care for diabetes and other chronic health conditions to take the leap and join this specialty.”
About The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (JAOA) is the official scientific publication of the American Osteopathic Association. Edited by Robert Orenstein, DO, it is the premier scholarly peer-reviewed publication of the osteopathic medical profession. The JAOA’s mission is to advance medicine through the publication of peer-reviewed osteopathic research.
Jeff Brennan, Media Relations Manager
312-202-8161 | [email protected] | <urn:uuid:a6e6de86-b00a-4402-93f5-4e325acd5594> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://osteopathic.org/2018/08/20/new-medical-specialty-needed-to-manage-growing-number-of-americans-with-diabetes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.967885 | 1,457 | 2.1875 | 2 |
More than 37 thousand tons of foodstuff and construction materials are being delivered to 60 bases and units all over the Russian Arctic.
A long winter is over and soon a new one will be on its way. Stockpiles are low and the people serving along the vast Russian northern coast and the remote Arctic archipelagos are soon hungry for fresh supplies.
There is no other way to get the goods delivered than by boat, and the delivery season is short. In October, the ice will again start to cover the seaways and make shipping expensive and complicated.
The Northern Fleet is in a hurry to get its many bases equipped and ready for a new cold season, and ships are now shuttling across Arctic waters with deliveries.
According to the Navy, a total of 17,300 tons had been delivered by mid-July. Another 20,000 tons are left to be shipped. The full amount of about 37,000 tons is to be safely delivered by 1st October.
There are as many as 60 bases and units across the region that are to be supplied. They are located in 48 different remote and hard-to-reach places, the Northern Fleet informs.
The Russian Armed Forces have over the last years significantly strengthened its presence in the Arctic and there are now more servicemen based in the region than any time before. Among the biggest new and upgraded bases in the region are the ones in Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, New Siberian Islands, Tiksi, Cape Shmidt and Wrangle Island.
A number of ships are involved in the deliveries. Among them is the nuclear-powered container ship «Sevmorput». The 260 meter long vessel with a deadweight of 33,000 tons has recently been engaged in deliveries to the Nagurskoye base in Franz Josef Land.
The vessel in early July loaded a big number of 21-ton heavy modules destined one of the Arctic military bases, the Murmansk Commercial Seaport informs.
Related stories from around the North:
Canada: Sea ice blocking shipment of materials into Iqaluit, northeastern Canada, CBC News
China: China’s COSCO planning ‘several’ shipments along Northern Sea Route, The Independant Barents Observer
Finland: Finland chooses Kirkenes in Norway for new Arctic railway terminal, The Independent Barents Observer
Norway: Russia’s Novatek turns to Norway to ease Arctic LNG exports, The Independent Barents Observer
Russia: Nuclear-powered container ship unloads cargo for LNG project in Arctic Russia, The Independent Barents Observer
United States: World maritime body approves first Arctic ship routing measures, Radio Canada International | <urn:uuid:b141eebd-4f64-48ac-b169-ca8d3dc25048> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2019/07/24/arctic-military-bases-russia-shipping-supplies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.945855 | 559 | 1.976563 | 2 |
These instructions are for schools that are currently syncing with Clever. For schools with manual enrollment, please see the instructions for Manual Enrollment Setup.
If your school uses Clever to sync data into the platform, that data can only be updated in your Student Information System (SIS)— there is no way to update Clever synced data directly from the platform.
Some examples of data that should be updated in Clever:
- Adding or removing:
- Students from a section
- Teachers from a course
- Students between grade levels
- Students between sections
- Teachers between sections
- Teacher names and/or emails
- Student names and/or emails
First, your SIS administrator will need to make any of the above changes in your SIS. Then, that information needs to sync with Clever, and finally, Clever will need to sync with the platform.
Please reach out to your SIS administrator to make these changes. Your SIS administrator can often be part of your school’s tech team, a department lead, or a school leader. If you’re unsure who your SIS administrator is, please check with your school leader.
We suggest following these steps if you need to update information in your SIS:
- Reach out to your Student Information System (SIS) administrator.
- Ask your SIS administrator to adjust your roster accordingly. The SIS administrator will then sync your SIS to Clever in order to update the information in the platform. Your admin should follow the instructions in this article to update your school’s SIS.
- After this happens, and the SIS administrator has confirmed that the email is in Clever, an administrator can manually sync Clever to the Platform or wait for the nightly automatic syncs. | <urn:uuid:fd31ac39-b678-47e2-a4ae-334d37eb44d2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://help.summitlearning.org/hc/en-us/articles/360053885553 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.915322 | 372 | 1.523438 | 2 |
June is LGBTQ Pride Month, a time when we celebrate diversity and inclusion in the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community. This year’s theme is “Ally Together.” Allies are people who support the LGBTQ community and work to create inclusive environments for everyone. This month, we will highlight the important work that allies do to promote equality and acceptance for all. We also want to acknowledge the progress that has been made in recent years toward LGBTQ rights and acceptance. There is still a lot of work to be done, but we are hopeful that with allies by our side, we can create a world where everyone can feel safe and accepted for who they are.
The Stonewall Inn was a gay bar in New York City that was raided by the police in 1969. This event is considered to be the beginning of the LGBTQ rights movement.
As of June 2019, same-sex marriage is legal in 37 states and Washington, D.C.
The gay rights movement began in 1969 with the Stonewall Inn raid. As of June 2019, same-sex marriage is legal in 37 states and Washington, D.C.
Q is for queer. Queer is an umbrella term used to refer to people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and/or questioning their gender identity or sexual orientation.
Pansexuality is a sexual orientation that refers to people who are attracted to all genders. This includes people who are attracted to men, women, transgender people, and gender non-conforming people. Pansexuality is different from bisexuality, which refers to people who are attracted to two genders.
LGBTQIA stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and asexual. This acronym represents a range of sexual orientations and gender identities. | <urn:uuid:22e12102-e645-45fe-a465-d099c191b87b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hotpartystripper.com/blog/lgbtq/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.972504 | 369 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Fairfax, VA – A Fairfax County Circuit Court judge has ruled that black defendants won’t be able to receive a fair trial in his courtroom unless all portraits of white judges hanging in the space are removed.
In an opinion letter issued by Fairfax County Circuit Court Judge David Bernhard on Sunday, the judge said he could not “permit a jury trial to take place in a courtroom gilded with portraits of jurists,” especially when those portraits “are overwhelmingly of white individuals peering down on an African American defendant whose liberty is the object of adjudication.”
The judge’s opinion was issued in response to a motion filed by a black defendant who asked for the “Portraiture Overwhelmingly Depicting White Jurists” to be removed from the courtroom where his trial is expected to be held, according to the letter.
Bernhard said that because judges are “disproportionately white,” and “criminal defendants are disproportionately of color,” he couldn’t help but wonder if “it is appropriate for the symbols that ornament the hallowed rooms of justice to favor a particular race or color.”
He noted that other judges might disagree with him and advocate for “celebrating the service of prior judges,” but that he will not hold any court proceedings until the portraits are removed from the courtroom he is using.
“In weighing the interests of honoring past colleagues against the right of a defendant to a fair trial…the Defendant’s constitutional right to a fair jury trial stands paramount over the countervailing interest of paying homage to the tradition of adorning courtrooms with portraits that honor past jurists,” Bernhard wrote.
The judge further asserted that the portraits are only “of benefit to a few insiders” who may have worked with or have been friends with the judges depicted.
“To the public seeking justice inside the courtrooms, thus, the sea of portraits of white judges can at best yield indifference, and at worst, logically, a lack of confidence that the judiciary is there to preside equally no matter the race of the participants,” Bernhard opined.
Removing the white judges’ portraits does nothing to “detract from public confidence in the judiciary,” he added.
Bernhard further argued that it doesn’t matter whether or not there is any racist intent behind the portraits.
“Perception is often deemed reality to those participating in the justice system,” he wrote.
He also raised concerns over whether or not seeing the white judges’ portraits might “bias the jury for or against the defendant” or the victims.
“The display of portraits of judges in courtrooms of the Fairfax Courthouse is based on a non-racial principle, yet yields a racial result,” Bernhard concluded. “Consequently, the jury trial of the Defendant, and of any other defendant tried before the undersigned judge, shall henceforth proceed in a courtroom devoid of portraits in the furtherance of justice.”
Bernhard, who has been on the bench since 2017, is a former defense attorney who describes himself as a “White Hispanic,” according to The Washington Post.
He was born in El Salvador to parents of German and Jewish descent, and sought asylum in the U.S. in the 1970s, The Washington Post reported.
Bryan Kennedy, the attorney for the defendant who filed the motion, said racial bias has a long history in Virginia.
“Too often, the actors in the system do not look like the people who are swept up into it,” Kennedy told The Washington Post. “This ruling is a start to ensure the optics in our courtrooms are more consistent with justice, but more work is needed to improve the substance as well as the appearance of justice.”
Fairfax County GOP Chairman Steve Knotts said the decision was further evidence of liberals’ tendency to view people narrowly through the lens of race, The Washington Post reported.
“Judge Bernhard seems to have embraced this reductive, racialist view of his fellow man,” Knotts told the paper. “We’d all do well to remember that, whether we are Black or White, Christian or Jewish, immigrant or native-born, we are all equally human. As a culture, we must reject all divisive ideologies and, instead, unambiguously affirm our shared humanity.” | <urn:uuid:f2249c43-54b7-465b-8ed7-e534264d7a62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://policetribune.com/judge-rules-black-defendants-cant-get-fair-trial-in-courtrooms-with-portraits-of-white-judges/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.96136 | 937 | 1.859375 | 2 |
The holiday will be officially celebrated on Monday, January 18th, but today is the actual birthday of this man whose life will always be celebrated by Americans.Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial discrimination and segregation. In 1986, the Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. became a Federal Holiday.
Before King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, he became actively involved for religious reasons to end poverty and the Vietnam War. James Earl Ray was convicted for his death, but King’s family believed he was a victim of conspiracy. It wasn’t until the year 2000 when the Justice Department concluded, after an 18 month investigation, that there was no evidence of an assassination plot.
His speech, delivered on August 28, 1963, at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C. became known as the “I Have a Dream” Speech is an important part of our history that we must not forget. Read the speech and let his words remind us all of how far we have come as a nation. The holiday will be officially celebrated on Monday, January 18th, but today is the actual birthday of this man whose life will always be celebrated by Americans. | <urn:uuid:35212fbd-e8e7-4eaa-a20c-d2a179386ac6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.searchamelia.com/in-honor-of-martin-luther-king-jr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.977509 | 253 | 3.4375 | 3 |
By Byron Macías, C.M.F.
Like many immigrants, the Ecuadorian Maria Maldonado had to adapt to a new culture, learn English, and get a job. As time passed, she struggled with the question many young people face: Should she seek a higher education or stay where she was.
She chose to fight for her ideals. After working for several years at an immigration law firm in Chicago, Maldonado realized that she wanted to help her people as an attorney. She found her vocation.
Maldonado knocked on many doors; several opened and some did not. She had to think about her finances and beginning a new life in a different city, far from family and friends. After discerning and a series of sacrifices, she enrolled at Thomas Coley School of Law in Lansing, Michigan in 2012. Maldonado chose education and fought for her ideals. It was worth it!
¡OYE! had the opportunity to talk with the young professional.
¡OYE! Why law?
Maria Maldonado: I was working for a law firm and enjoyed listening to people and giving them support and hope. People come with painful stories, looking for hope. One of the attorneys there observed my interaction with people and saw things in me that I didn’t see. One day he asked: “Why don’t you become a lawyer?” I started thinking about possibilities and speaking to God about it.
¡OYE! What challenges have you faced?
MM: Sometimes the biggest challenge is you. Sometimes we doubt our own capabilities, but we must overcome these doubts. I was afraid of leaving my job and financial stability. It was also hard to leave my family. As a Latina, a woman, and the youngest in my family, it was hard to move to a different city and to live by myself. That’s why we must have discipline. I had to learn to be more responsible, to take care of myself in all ways, and to establish and follow a budget. Even $10 make a difference when you don’t work and live on a budget.
¡OYE! What would you advise people who are thinking about their education?
MM: First, and I want to emphasize this, you must have faith in God and allow yourself to be guided by God and the Virgin. They help us when things don’t go well and we get depressed, and we lack the strength to carry on. Visiting the Blessed Sacrament and praying there on my knees brings me peace. Then, you have to believe in yourself and try, at least try! You can’t stay in the dark, but have to take the first step. And step by step you move forward and things will follow.
¡OYE! Some young people give up, because they are undocumented immigrants.
MM: I have met people who, despite being undocumented immigrants, have applied for scholarships. Everything is possible, as long as you have determination. There is always an alternative and everything helps; you can even take a class at a time, at a community college. Strive to get good grades. Time flies by and you can’t waste it. Volunteer, find good influences, get a mentor and be a mentor; but, above all, bring God into everything. God helps and that's a fact!
What are the greatest fears you have to face to reach your dreams? What obstacles do you have to overcome?
Celebrating 10 years of service to Hispanic youth! | <urn:uuid:95a7d1e5-9339-4141-a44b-fb3277c13f28> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://oyemagazine.org/articles/article-type/11/13/2013/it-worth-it | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.979276 | 739 | 1.828125 | 2 |
If you weren’t already convinced, you double your risk of cardiac incidents and the rate of stillborn babies is up by 29 times (but only if you are vaccinated). Does anyone in authority care?
I’m getting a lot of people telling me about this abstract that appeared in Circulation, which is arguably the top-rated journal on cardiology. This was incorporated in my latest slide deck (slides 26 and 27 at the time this is being written).
Yes, this is a big deal. But nobody is listening. The cardiac risk could go up 1,000X after vaccination and it wouldn’t matter. Nobody is listening. This article is proof of that.
Here’s the punch line from the abstract:
These changes resulted in an increase of the PULS score from 11% 5 yr ACS risk to 25% 5 yr ACS risk. At the time of this report, these changes persist for at least 2.5 months post the second dose of vac. We conclude that the mRNA vacs dramatically increase inflammation on the endothelium and T cell infiltration of cardiac muscle and may account for the observations of increased thrombosis, cardiomyopathy, and other vascular events following vaccination.
The punchline here:
There is a 29X increase in the rate of stillborn babies in Waterloo, Ontario that started after the vaccination program rolled out. All the mothers of the stillborn babies were vaccinated.
I’m sure this is happening everywhere, but nobody in the US wants to lose their job over this.
So why the CDC is saying this is perfectly safe for pregnant women? I’m curious as to what the CDC has determined the cause of this. Obviously, it couldn’t be the “safe and effective” vaccine. Note: the CDC doesn’t have jurisdiction in Canada of course, but they could call over there and find out.
The good news of course is that this only appears to be happening in areas of the world where they release data to the public on what is going on.
One place is Scotland: Investigation launched into an abnormal spike in newborn baby deaths in Scotland. This only started post-vaccine and I bet that all the moms were vaccinated. Isn’t it odd that they don’t list the vax status of the moms?
Another place in Canada, but only thanks to a courageous whistleblower (otherwise, we wouldn’t know):
From a post by John Smith: 2 hr ago
One Canadian doctor is speaking out about the sudden increase of stillbirths in Canadian hospitals. Transcription of a video interview:
Reporter: Dr. Daniel Nagase – the very famous doctor who treated three of his patients with ivermectin and they survived. He is a hero for all Canadians right now and we are so very fortunate to have them here.
Reporter: Dr. Nagase, we noticed that you were creating some attention in North Vancouver a couple of days ago with the stillborn babies in the hospital there, could you tell us a little about the outcome of that?
Dr. Nagase: From one of the local doctors in North Vancouver, Dr. Mel Bruchet, he has contacts all through Vancouver. And some doulas who work in Women and Children’s Hospital which isn’t in North Vancouver, it’s in Vancouver-Vancouver, it’s one of the birthing centers for Vancouver. They had 13 stillbirths in a 24 hour period. That was what I heard. But the thing is I’ve also heard a similar story out in Waterloo, Ontario. So in Waterloo, Ontario, I have a more reliable statistic that there were 86 stillbirths between January and July. And normally it’s 5 or 6 stillbirths every year. About 1 stillbirth every two months is the usual rate. So to suddenly get to 86 stillbirths in 6 months, that’s highly unusual. But the confirmation, the most important confirmation that we have, from the Waterloo, Ontario report was that all of the 86 stillbirths were fully vaccinated.
Reporter: Fully vaccinated mothers?
Dr. Nagase: That’s right.
Reporter: So we’re seeing a correlation.
Dr. Nagase: We’re seeing a correlation. And certainly when you see a correlation, then you have to start asking: in the water in Waterloo, is there something in the air, is there some toxin in the food supply? But when you see the same correlation in different parts of the country – in Vancouver, and then in Waterloo – and you see an increase in stillbirths, you have to ask yourself: what is going on that is both in Waterloo, Ontario, and Vancouver, BC, that is suddenly causing an increase in stillbirths?
Reporter: So we need to demand answers as Canadians. What can we do, Dr. Nagase?
Dr. Nagase: We need to get the freedom of information requests. We need doctors, nurses, unit clerks at hospitals, to start printing out the statistics. Because we know if we ask the health authorities to print out the statistics, they will refuse. And that is absolutely criminal. Because who pays for the hospitals? We do. It is our information. We own that information. We should not be asking some administrator for permission to get the death statistics. We should not have to ask some kind of health minister for permission to get the actual rate of ICU stays.
Well, they’re saying it’s unvaccinated people. But there are so many people who are within two weeks of their second shot, and they are getting deathly ill. This information is our information. We deserve to know how many percent of the ICU is filled with people who are having side effects within one week of the injection. And then if they are clogging the ICUs because they are getting a vaccine injury, but then they’re being labeled as unvaccinated, that is an absolute lie. We deserve – we have the right – to all the information and all the details.
Thank you to Steve Kirsch for providing this COVID vaccine safety article and early Treatment. | <urn:uuid:cf5b399e-897d-4efd-8e01-1ce14ba88f27> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://liberalwatch.com/latest-devastating-news-on-the-vaccine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.954158 | 1,301 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Part 1: Ten Months to Go: The State Landscape in 2020
2020 is the last chance for Democrats to undo the damage of the last decade. Since 2010, we have watched Democrats lose 1,000 state legislative seats, seen Republicans gerrymander anti-democratic legislative majorities after taking power, and then use that power of the legislature to enact laws to suppress the right to vote. The good news is that Democrats can make major gains in 2020. The bad news is that it won’t be easy. Our initial ratings for the key state legislative chambers show that while a few chambers should fall our way with a good year, many more will require big investments and new strategies and approaches.
Today, we are writing about where Democrats can win and where it will be more of a challenge.
In our next piece, we’ll cover where we are focusing our efforts at EveryDistrict.
After that, this series will pick back up with a discussion of the candidates, dollars, and data that could help us actually win in these places. As the year continues, we’ll profile each state in detail.
Where Democrats can win in 2020
You may have heard a few stories recently about where Democratic groups will be spending resources to win the states in 2020. Based on our analysis, here is the landscape in the states looking at partisan competitiveness. Using our unique data analysis, we’ve grouped Republican-held legislatures in “purple states” into six categories:
This chamber is held by Republicans, but likely to flip due to the high number of winnable districts.
Democrats need to flip two seats, and there are at least four seats in the Senate that lean Democratic. As a result of this, we think Democrats are well-poised to win complete control of Minnesota at the state level. Democrats’ success in the House in 2018, where they won an astounding 18 seats, further suggests that Democrats can make big things happen in Minnesota. The downside risk in the state is the trend away from Democrats in traditionally blue rural areas, like the Iron Range. Democrats could lose two GOP-trending seats in the 2020 cycle.
These chambers should flip if Democrats win the highly winnable districts up in 2020, plus a few slightly GOP-leaning districts.
Democrats had a strong performance in the Iowa House in 2018, netting five seats. Democrats only need to flip four more seats to win back the chamber, and there are ten priority districts that Democrats can compete in to win the majority. Five of these districts lean Democratic, and another five lean only slightly Republican. These opportunities, along with Democrats’ two-seat congressional pickup in 2018, make clear that we can win back Iowa. What’s worrisome, though, is the potential lack of attention on Iowa in the general election. We can’t give up on this state if we want to build a nationwide party.
Democrats are in a strong position to flip the Michigan House in 2020. They need to flip four seats to do so, and there is one Democratic-leaning district and three slightly Republican-leaning districts that Democrats can compete in for the majority. For under $1 million, Democrats can make sure these districts have the minimum-necessary funding. In other words, Michigan is one of the most cost-effective places to invest in change in 2020.
Democrats have netted 11 Pennsylvania House seats since 2016. In 2018, Democrats need to flip nine more seats to take the majority, and there are 15 seats that lean Democratic and slightly Republican that Democrats can win to flip the chamber. Winning in Pennsylvania will depend not only on continued overtaking of Republicans in the Philadelphia suburbs, but also on making gains in places like Erie, the Lehigh Valley, and the outskirts of Pittsburgh. This broader geographic landscape may create some challenges for Democrats, but if they can marshal the resources, there is no doubt that the right sort of districts are out there to win.
While a Democratic majority is out of reach in 2020, in these chambers the seats are there for Democrats to beat a GOP supermajority.
Democrats need to flip three seats to break the supermajority in the Kansas Senate. There are two seats that lean Democratic and four seats that lean slightly Republican that Democrats can compete in to do so. There is something big afoot in Kansas. Democrats won the Governorship in 2018, picked up a congressional seat, and almost won a second. A highly competitive Senate election is expected this November. Breaking the Kansas supermajority would give Democrats significant leverage in policymaking, creating a real opportunity to expand Medicaid. Medicaid expansion in Kansas would provide 150,000 people with affordable health care.
Democrats need to flip one seat to break the supermajority in the Kansas House. There are two seats that lean Democratic and four seats that lean slightly Republican that Democrats can compete in to do so. Kansas state legislative races are some of the cheapest in the country ($20-$40,000 can fully fund a campaign), so one of the most cost-effective ways to save lives and provide people with health care is to invest in Kansas in 2020.
These chambers can flip if Democrats win not only the most winnable districts, but a reasonable number of challenging districts as well. Unfortunately, these chambers (and Likely Republican chambers) predominate in 2020.
Arizona is a rapidly changing state and 2018 federal election results point to real opportunities for Democrats. The reasons for optimism in Arizona are the narrow two-seat GOP majority and the relatively inexpensive cost of races in the state. The challenge comes from just how conservative the few districts that Democrats need to win are, most with a Republican lean between R+5 and R+10. While the winnable districts tilt red, Democrats came within 4,000 votes, representing less than 1% of all votes cast, of flipping the chamber in 2018.
Democrats made strong progress in the Arizona House in 2018, flipping four seats. While the remaining seats lean Republican, Democrats had several close losses in 2018 and the relatively inexpensive cost of races in the state means a smaller investment will go a long way. Where Democrats fell short in 2018, more effective strategies to turn out and persuade voters are required.
In both chambers, Arizona represents what will be one of the most interesting tests of 2020. It is a state getting substantial national attention as it is shifting rapidly purple. Between the Senate and the House, there are only five seats to win. Since those seats lean decently Republican, big shifts and smart strategy will be needed to claim them.
In 2018, Democrats saw a two-seat net loss in the Iowa Senate. Half of the Senate will be up in 2020, and Democrats need to flip eight seats to win the majority. Even with only half of the Senate on the ballot, Democrats have nine priority seats they can compete in for the majority. Senate races in Iowa are relatively inexpensive, but too many 2018 candidates did not meet the minimum funding threshold. The major question for the Iowa Senate in 2020 will be whether it can get the attention it deserves. Many are writing off Iowa as a competitive general election state and most in and out of state groups are focused on the House. The opportunities in the Senate merit similar focus.
Democrats have flipped six Pennsylvania Senate seats since 2016. In 2018, half of the Senate will be on the ballot, and there are five somewhat challenging seats that Democrats can flip. Pennsylvania Senate races are some of the most expensive races, but the investment is needed to make sure candidates in these districts can run campaigns that can win. With the defection of one Democratic senator to the Republicans, the path for Democrats gets even harder. However, successfully winning the Senate over two cycles depends on good gains in 2020.
The Texas House has some of the most Republican LDI scores that make their way into our target list. Why is that? Fueled by a strong top of the ticket and rapidly changing demographics, Democrats picked up a whopping 12 seats in the Texas House in 2018. In 2020, Democrats need to flip an additional nine seats to flip the chamber. We have identified 12 competitive seats, including nine that Beto won in 2018, that have rather negative LDIs but the right (or left) shifting demographics. Candidates can be competitive with a $250,000 raise and there is a lot of attention, as always of late, on Texas. We think this is a year that the Texas hype can be met by the outcome. However, we shouldn’t be surprised if these races prove harder to win than initially thought. Galvanizing white suburban and Hispanic voters to turn out for state legislative races in the lowest-turnout large state in the country will remain an important, but difficult, challenge.
Barring some big upsets, these chambers should remain firmly in Republican hands. But, we believe an outside path exists for Democrats to win the majority.
Democrats need to win 14 districts to take the Florida House. We’ve been excited by the amount of attention that different liberal groups have been paying to the House in 2020. In our opinion, Florida saw some of the worst misses in 2018 because of inadequate funding. That said, people need to come into the chamber with eyes wide open. Ten of the 17 winnable seats lean Republican by 5 to 10 points.
In Montana, we need to flip nine seats and, if some pretty GOP-leaning seats were to come through, we might be able to snag those seats. Doing so would come down to exceptionally strong Democratic performance at the top of the ticket and some smart campaigns in the very low cost, but highly regulated, Montana political environment. It is worth a look. Montana is a growing state likely to get a second (and potentially competitive) congressional district in 2020. It is a small state that sends Democrats to Washington. We should be investing here.
Like Georgia, North Carolina is a state getting broad attention. Even with new court-ordered district maps, we think that there are fewer competitive seats than the five seats they need in the Senate to gain control. However, the North Carolina Democratic Party has shown great leadership since 2018, helping to flip six Senate seats last cycle, so there is reason to believe big gains could be possible.
We don’t think there will be six winnable seats for Democrats in 2020, but we do think that Democrats have a strong shot to get within 1-2 seats of a majority. Plus, there is little that would be sweeter than beating the North Carolina GOP after their efforts to enact ultraconservative, anti-democratic policies during their time in office. That alone makes it worth serious investment in the North Carolina House.
When people complain to us about Republican gerrymandering preventing opportunities, we point to the hundreds of winnable districts that are still out there that helped us take over in places like Virginia. In Wisconsin, however, Republicans have built quite an effective gerrymander. Republicans have won a supermajority of seats previously while losing the statewide popular vote. While Democrats must win 14 of these challenging seats to gain a majority, we see an outside path through 18 seats. Few others do, so we’ll need substantial support in making big gains in Wisconsin this year.
While we expect these chambers to remain in Republican control, Democrats can make significant gains to build toward winning a majority in 2022. We’ll focus on a few chambers where we expect to be most engaged in 2020.
Democrats need to pick up four seats to flip the Florida Senate. Of the seats up in 2020, we only see two that could be winnable. These seats, which require about $1 million each, are pricey, but essential for changing Florida over two cycles.
Because of the close 2018 gubernatorial election and big swings to Democrats in the Atlanta suburbs, there is a lot of energy around Georgia in Democratic circles. We think that major change at the state level will be a challenge. Of the eight Senate seats that Democrats would need to win to take control there, we think that there are only two GOP-leaning seats that could be on the table for Democrats. Let’s win them and build for the future.
Similar to the situation in the Senate, the interest in the Georgia House is high, but the districts are a major challenge. Democrats need to pick up 16 seats. Of the 12 that are winnable, half of them lean Republican by 5 to 10 points. With the rapidly shifting dynamics in the state, some of these districts could become competitive and could help Democrats have a big night in November with the right resources.
Montana is perhaps a somewhat unexpected focus of our list. However, statewide Democrats like Steve Bullock and Jon Tester, as well as legislators, have been successful. Democrats seem to have a shot at four districts, though six would be needed to flip the state. Building a stronger minority could support a Democratic governor should we retain the seat in 2020.
While the path for Democrats is challenging in Ohio, we think it is too early to give up hope on the Buckeye State, which voted for Obama twice. The results in the State Senate were disappointing in 2018 and, as a result, it will take at least two cycles to win the needed eight seats in the Senate. We can start with three highly winnable seats across the state.
The Ohio House has more opportunities than the Senate, with nine winnable seats in 2020. Still, while that won’t be enough to take the 12 seats that Democrats need to win the House, it can build momentum for redefining how Democrats can win in this crucial state. What will make things more challenging is the lack of attention that Ohio is receiving. It is not seen as a 2020 presidential priority and other state legislative groups are not going to be heavily involved. We’ll need help getting candidates the resources that they need.
Despite the tectonic shifts that have happened in West Virginia over the past two decades, Democrats have shown life at the state legislative level. In the Senate in 2018, Democrats netted two seats. Democrats need four seats to take the chamber. We only see three seats that seem reasonably winnable this year, with only half of the seats on the ballot. Whether Democrats can make these gains depends on whether Democrats can continue to make state-level gains even as Trump is likely to carry the state by something on the order of 40 points.
Democrats are extremely close in the Wisconsin Senate, needing to pick up only three seats to take back the majority. However, the landscape is very difficult, and we can see only two reasonably winnable districts. Western Wisconsin, often noted as one of the swingiest regions in the country, will be pretty key to efforts in the Senate and to win statewide for the Presidency.
What should we make of these opportunities, summarized in the table below? That it’s going to take something special to win in 2020. We’ve recently heard a lot of news that Democrats are making new investments in the states. These efforts help, but without the resources being spent in the right way, they aren’t going to overcome the substantial partisan advantage that Republicans have in most of these purple states. In our upcoming pieces, we’ll talk about what that “right way” looks like.
Table 1. The Purple State Landscape in 2020
What can you do right now to make a difference? Make a donation to our 2020 Fund, where 100% of your donation will go to the eventual Democratic nominees in districts we can win in these states. Then, sign up for our email list to be the first to know when we make endorsements and how you can support these candidates. | <urn:uuid:f97b7f0d-b1be-454f-99da-284c62af9872> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://everydistrict.us/blog/ten-months-to-go-the-state-landscape-in-2020/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.96268 | 3,220 | 1.765625 | 2 |
The operation time (A) and intraoperative blood loss (B) during elective tonsillectomy with traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) and bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta) techniques presented as a box plot. There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant difference between the groups (Mann-Whitney test). The black line indicates median value; the shaded boxes, interquartile range (25% and 75% percentiles); and error bars, range.
The occurrence and management technique of primary (A) and secondary (B) bleeding after elective tonsillectomy with the traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) and bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta) techniques. Primary bleeding occurred during and secondary bleeding after the first 24 hours postoperatively.
The 2 operative techniques, traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) and bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta), compared in relation to 3 recovery parameters (A, uvula swelling; B, general condition; and C, need for antibiotics) following tonsillectomy and the retreatment acceptance (D).
The visual analog scale (VAS) scores obtained daily for 2 weeks on different symptoms (A, pain; B, swelling sensation; C, difficulty drinking; D, difficulty eating; E, difficult opening the mouth; and F, difficulty speaking) following elective tonsillectomy with the traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) and bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta) techniques. The data points represent the median value for the group on each day.
The median (range) number of doses of pain medication taken by group A (A, those treated with ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and acetosalicylic acid) and group B (B, those treated with acetaminophen–codeine phosphate and tramadol hydrochloride) following elective tonsillectomy with the traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) and bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta) techniques measured at 3 different times. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups (Mann-Whitney test).
Median (range) for C-reactive protein (CRP) values, A; leukocyte count (LEUK), B; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C before surgery, 1 day after surgery, and 2 weeks after surgery. NS indicates not significant (P value calculations performed with a pairwise multiple comparison procedure with the Dunnet method).
Effects of learning curves of the new bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation tonsillectomy (n = 18) on operating time (A) and intraoperative blood loss (B).
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Bäck L, Paloheimo M, Ylikoski J. Traditional Tonsillectomy Compared With Bipolar Radiofrequency Thermal Ablation Tonsillectomy in Adults: A Pilot Study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(9):1106–1112. doi:10.1001/archotol.127.9.1106
To assess the morbidity and efficacy of bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation tonsillectomy and compare it with traditional cold dissection tonsillectomy with diathermy hemostasis.
Prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled clinical study.
Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Helsinki, Finland.
Forty healthy volunteer patients aged 18 to 65 years admitted for elective tonsillectomy with recurrent or chronic tonsillitis, obstructive tonsillar hypertrophy, or history of quinsy. Two patients were excluded from the study and 1 patient cancelled the operation.
Nineteen patients underwent a traditional cold dissection tonsillectomy with diathermy hemostasis, and 18 patients underwent a bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation tonsillectomy. There was no intergroup difference in age, sex, weight, and indications for tonsillectomy. The subjects were not informed of the type of procedure until the telephone interview 3 weeks after the operation.
Main Outcome Measures
Operating time and intraoperative blood loss; need for anesthetics during the operation; different recovery indicators in the recovery room (ie, duration and medications administered), surgical ward (ie, medications administered, use of corticosteroids, general condition, and status of the uvula on the first postoperative day), and in the 2 weeks following surgery (ie, visual analog scale scores on 6 symptoms, medications needed, the day patients returned to work, use of antibiotics, and retreatment acceptance); and complications and certain laboratory parameters.
There was a statistically significant but clinically insignificant difference in operating time and intraoperative blood loss in favor of the traditional tonsillectomy group. The other outcome measures showed no statistically significant differences.
Bipolar radiofrequency thermal ablation and traditional tonsillectomy were associated with similar postoperative morbidity.
TONSILLECTOMY is one of the most common surgical procedures performed worldwide. Over the years, various techniques and instruments have evolved to accomplish this operation and have a long history; in fact, the first description of tonsillary removal as a medical procedure is from the first century AD.1
There is still controversy over which is the optimal technique of tonsillectomy with the lowest morbidity rates. The described techniques are blunt dissection, guillotine excision, cryosurgery, monopolar and bipolar diathermy dissection, suction diathermy dissection, bipolar scissor dissection, microscopic bipolar diathermy dissection, ultrasonic removal, and laser dissection.2-10 A few centers perform guillotine excisions, and tonsillotomies are also performed for certain indications.11
All the techniques have certain advantages and disadvantages. Any improvement of this procedure should decrease operating time, blood loss, postoperative hemorrhage, and particularly the postoperative morbidity. With the growing interest in day-case surgery, quick techniques with rapid recovery are favored.
Unlike most operative procedures, which are closed primarily, tonsillectomy produces an open wound that heals by secondary intention. The major postoperative morbidity problems are pain and delayed hemorrhage. The pain is the result of disruption of mucosa and glossopharyngeal and/or vagal nerve fibers followed by inflammation and spasm of the pharyngeal muscles that leads to ischemia and a protracted cycle of pain; it does not completely subside until the muscle becomes covered with mucosa 14 to 21 days after surgery. The postoperative delayed hemorrhage is due to secondary infection of the tonsillar fossa resulting in disruption of vessels and bleeding.12
Monopolar radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFTA) of soft tissues has been studied extensively by specialists in cardiology,13 neurosurgery,14 urology,15 and oncology.16 It has demonstrated acceptable efficacy, safety, and reproducibility of treatment results. A precise controllable lesion characterizes the RFTA method. The coagulation necrosis effect of monopolar radiofrequency energy is also effective, safe, and associated with low morbidity in treatments of the soft palate,17 nasal turbinates,18 and the tongue base.19
The bipolar ENTec Coblator Plasma Surgery System (ArthroCare Corporation, Sunnyvale, Calif) functions with a voltage range of 96– to 312–voltage root-mean-square value (Vrms) at 100 kHz. The molecular disintegration achieved by the gentle heating of tissue breaks molecular bonds with improved precision and control at a low temperature of 60oC to 100oC, with minimal thermal damage to the surrounding tissue while simultaneously coagulating blood vessels. The ENTec Coblator Plasma Surgery System has a Food and Drug Administration approval for "ablation and coagulation of soft tissue in ENT [ear, nose, and throat] surgery including head, neck, oral and sinus surgery."20 One of the suggested applications is for the entire removal of the tonsil (tonsillectomy) with the bipolar radiofrequency equipment. This differs from Coblation (cold + ablation) (ArthroCare Corporation) of the tonsils or Coblation tonsillotomy, which leaves the tonsillar capsule intact.
Our aim was to assess the morbidity and efficacy of bipolar RFTA (Coblation) tonsillectomy (TErfta) and compare it with traditional tonsillectomy (TEtrad) in subjects scheduled for elective tonsillectomy. For this purpose we evaluated several specific recovery rate indicators related to the procedure.
This study was prospective, randomized, and single blinded. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the research ethical committee of the of Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Forty patients aged 18 to 65 years admitted for elective tonsillectomy at the ENT unit of Helsinki University Central Hospital entered the study. The indications for tonsillectomy were recurrent infections, chronic infection, airway obstruction, or history of quinsy. Exclusion criteria included patients with bleeding disorders and any significant chronic illness that would interfere with expected recovery. The electrosurgery system was also contraindicated in patients with pacemakers or other electronic device implants. Each patient was randomly assigned to either the TEtrad or TErfta group by the surgeon's (L.B.) picking a card from a pack of cards. None of the nursing staff taking care of the patient was aware of the group in which the patient was randomized, and the subjects were not informed of the type of procedure until the telephone interview 3 weeks after the operation. The first author (L.B.) did all the procedures, and the same anesthesiologist (M.P.) administered the anesthesia.
A standardized anesthetic technique was used in all patients. The preoperative inquiry was based on a questionnaire completed by the patient. Premedication, if requested by the patient, consisted of 10 mg of oral diazepam. After 2 µg/kg of intravenous fentanyl citrate was administered, anesthesia was induced with an injection of 10 mg/kg of propofol, and 3% isoflurane in oxygen was administered by endotracheal intubation without neuromuscular block. Prior to the start of the tonsillectomy, an additional dose of 1 µg/kg of fentanyl citrate was administered. Anesthesia was maintained with 65% nitrous oxide in oxygen and isoflurane in necessary concentrations (1-2 minimum alveolar concentration). An additional dose of fentanyl was given, if necessary, according to autonomous nervous system signs (eg, a sudden increase in heart rate or blood pressure and reduction of the plethysmographic pulse amplitude). In the recovery room, 0.05 mg/kg of intravenous oxycodone was administered to relieve immediate postoperative pain, and a dose of 0.1 mg/kg of intramuscular oxycodone was allowed in the surgical ward for intractable pain. The numbers of required analgesic doses were used to differentiate the patients between the groups.
The patients were prepared in accordance with our standardized guidelines for tonsillectomy in both groups. Routine prophylactic antibiotic agents were not prescribed. Traditional tonsillectomy was initiated by an incision overlaying the superior pole of the tonsil. The dissection proceeded along the tonsillar fossa in the peritonsillar plane keeping as close to the tonsil capsule as possible. Hemostasis was achieved by the application of pressure with packs, and persistent bleeding was controlled by a bipolar diathermy coagulation of vessels. The bipolar ENTec Coblator Plasma Surgery System and ENTec Plasma Scalpel wand (ArthroCare Corporation) were used in the TErfta technique. The wand comprises 5 active electrodes located at the distal end of the tip with the exposed portion of the shaft acting as the return electrode just proximal to the active electrodes. Cooled saline was connected to the wand and set to a flow rate of 1 to 3 drops per second through the saline delivery channel. A different suction line was used. The power was set to levels 5 to 7 (192-260 Vrms) during the ablation, and in case of bleeding the coagulation mode was applied. The Coblation tonsillectomy proceeded slowly along the capsular plane. If there was more bleeding or if the wand did not seal the vessel within 5 seconds, the point diathermy coagulation was applied. In both groups, the tonsillar beds were irrigated with water to localize smaller bleeding vessels.
The time taken to perform the operation was measured from the first incision to the removal of the mouth gag. The intraoperative blood loss was measured by volume of suction aspirate. The need for anesthetics during the operation, the time spent in the recovery room, and the need for pain medications in the recovery room were recorded.
In the surgical ward we registered the need for treatment with pain medications and corticosteroids during the first postoperative day and recovery status the morning after surgery, including patients' general condition as graded 1 to 4 (grade 1, no problems; grade 2, a minor problem with pain, nausea, or difficulty swallowing, but normal hospital discharge; grade 3, left the hospital in the evening of the postoperative day because of pain, nausea, or difficulty swallowing; and grade 4, stayed in the hospital an additional day because of pain, nausea, or difficulty swallowing) and the swelling of uvula as graded 1 to 3 (grade 1, no swelling; grade 2, the tip of the uvula is swollen but not lying on the tongue base; and grade 3, the tip of the uvula is swollen and lying on the tongue base).
We measured C-reactive protein values, leukocyte counts, and erythrocyte sedimentation rates before surgery and 1 day and 2 weeks postsurgery to evaluate the inflammatory host response induced by the procedure.
The use of a visual analog scale (VAS) has been firmly suggested as a reliable method for reporting pain and other symptoms.21 Patients were asked to grade their symptoms with a VAS and to start the recording on the evening after surgery. They drew a vertical line crossing a 100-mm line where 0 indicated no symptoms and 100, very intense symptoms. The symptoms evaluated were pain, a swelling sensation of the soft palate, difficulty drinking, difficulty eating, difficulty opening the mouth, and difficulty speaking. On discharge, all patients were given a questionnaire to be completed during the next 2 weeks; they were also asked to keep a diary of the doses and frequency of pain medication use.
The patients were prescribed analgesia as required (100 mg of ketoprofen and a combination of 500 mg of acetaminophen and 30 mg of codeine phosphate). In the analysis of the amount of pain medications used, we converted the milligrams into doses related to the maximum amount of the medication recommended per day (for ketoprofen at 300 mg/d, 1 dose = 100 mg; ibuprofen at 3200 mg/d, 1 dose = 800 mg; acetosalicylic acid at 3000 mg/d, 1 dose = 1000 mg; combination of 500 mg of acetaminophen and 30 mg of codeine phosphate in 8 tablets/d, 1 dose = 1 tablet; and tramadol hydrochloride in 8 tablets/d, 1 dose = 1 tablet). The total number of doses taken by group A (those treated with ketoprofen, ibuprofen, and acetosalicylic acid) and group B (those treated with acetaminophen-codeine and tramadol) were calculated in 3 different periods: 3 days, 7 days, and 2 weeks.
Three weeks after surgery, the first author (L.B.) conducted a telephone interview with each patient. All the bleeding episodes were evaluated according to the following: (1) by report only; (2) witnessed (patients were observed and treated conservatively); (3) treated with local care; and (4) controlled in the operating room. Primary bleeding occurred during and secondary bleeding after the first 24 hours postoperatively. We also asked about any eventual antibiotic requirement, the day each patient returned to work, and each patient's retreatment acceptance.
We chose a clinically significant difference of 20 mm on the VAS, which is considered reasonable. A sample size of 15 patients per group was calculated to reveal a clinically significant difference of 20 mm on the VAS with a probability of 80% in our power calculations.
The Friedman test was used to determine whether changes from the baseline to the final measurements in the laboratory parameters were significant. Pairwise multiple comparison procedures with the Dunnett method were performed if the change was significant. Nonrepeated, nonparametric data were compared using the Mann-Whitney test (MWT). For the VAS scores, area under the curve (AUC) values were calculated from the time points of postoperative days 1 through 14 to evaluate the total discomfort of the 14 postoperative days. Day-by-day calculations were made using the MWT. A learning curve of the new TErfta method was drawn to evaluate the influence of experience on operating time and intraoperative blood loss. Correlations were calculated using nonparametric Spearman rank correlation.
Results are expressed as medians and range, and they were generated using a computerized statistical package (SPSS version 9.0 and Sigma Stat version 3.0; SPSS Inc, Chicago, Ill). We considered P<.05 to be statistically significant.
Forty patients entered the study; 2 were subsequently excluded: 1 developed severe postoperative pneumonia, which influenced her recovery rates significantly (TErfta group); the other had only the right tonsil removed because the left one had been removed previously (TEtrad group). One patient cancelled the operation (TErfta group). Thus, 37 patients were available for the analysis, 19 in the TEtrad group and 18 in the TErfta group. Thirty-six patients completed the VAS analyses and the analgesic consumption questionnaires.
The groups were similar for the demographic and clinical parameters of interest. No intergroup difference was noted in age (P = .39), sex (P = .71), weight (P = .48), and indications for tonsillectomy (P = .21) (MWT, Table 1). There was a statistically significant difference in operating time and intraoperative blood loss in favor of the TEtrad group (Figure 1).
The study groups differed neither in the need for additional intraoperative fentanyl doses nor in the need for postoperative oxycodone doses. The median dose of intravenous oxycodone in the recovery room was 4 mg (range, 0-16 mg) for the TEtrad group vs 7 mg (range, 0-12 mg) for the TErfta group (P = .39, MWT). For intramuscular oxycodone in the surgical ward, the median dose was 7 mg (range, 0-21 mg) for the TEtrad group vs 0 mg (range, 0-16 mg) for the TErfta group (P = .99, MWT). To achieve hemostasis, the vessels of the upper and lower part of the tonsillary bed were more or less coagulated by bipolar diathermy in the TErfta group.
The median time spent in the recovery room was 85 minutes (range, 60-185 minutes) for the TEtrad group vs 82.5 minutes (range, 60-210 minutes) for the TErfta group (P = .95, MWT) and the use of pain medications in the surgical ward showed no statistically significant difference: the median dose of ketoprofen was 250 mg (range, 0-300 mg) for the TEtrad group vs 200 mg (range, 0-200 mg) for the TErfta group (P = .23, MWT), and for the combination of acetaminophen (500 mg) and codeine phosphate (30 mg), the median dose was 3 tablets (range, 1-6 tablets) for the TEtrad group vs 2 tablets (range, 1-5 tablets) for the TErfta group (P = .73, MWT). Two patients in both treatment groups needed therapy with corticosteroids during the first 24 hours because of an extreme swelling sensation of the soft palate and an edematous uvula found in the clinical examination (P = .99, MWT). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the occurrence and management of primary and secondary bleeding (P = .56 and .82, respectively, MWT). In 2 (5%) of 37 patients the hemostasis was performed in the operating room, and in 7 (19%) of 37 patients the bleeding was managed locally (Figure 2). Regarding the general condition of the patients and the swelling of the uvula the morning after surgery, the use of antibiotics and the patients' retreatment acceptance showed no statistically significant differences (Figure 3). The patients in both groups returned to work in a median time of 14 days (range, 14-27 days [TEtrad group] vs 14-21 days [TErfta group]; P = .92, MWT).
The VAS questionnaires on the different symptoms showed no statistically significant differences either in the day-by-day analysis (P>.05, MWT) or in the whole postoperative period analysis (P>.05 for AUC, MWT; Figure 4). The use of pain medications during the postoperative periods of 3 days, 7 days, and 2 weeks did not show statistically significant differences between the groups (P>.05, MWT; Figure 5).
The laboratory parameters showed a statistically significant change from the baseline to the final measurements, suggesting that an inflammatory host response is induced by the procedure (P<.001, Friedman test). According to the pairwise multiple comparison procedures with the Dunnett method, the change in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was statistically significant on the first postoperative day and 2 weeks after the operation with both techniques. A statistically significant change occurred in C-reactive protein values for both techniques in the first postoperative day, but in the TErfta group this statistically significant change also occurred 2 weeks postsurgery. Thus, the only difference between the groups was a statistically significant C-reactive protein value change in the TErfta group but not in the TEtrad group (Figure 6).
The variations on the learning curves in the TErfta group on operating time and intraoperative blood loss diminished, but they showed no statistically significant correlations with the number of procedures performed: nonparametric Spearman rank correlation for number vs operating time was r = 0.185 (P = .46) and for number vs intraoperative bleeding, r = −0.099 (P = .70; Figure 7).
The reduction of posttonsillectomy morbidity is important, not only for patient comfort, but also because reducing pain improves oral intake, reducing the risk of dehydration, infection, and postsurgery hemorrhage. Electrosurgical instruments and lasers all achieve cutting and simultaneous hemostasis by sealing the blood vessel lumina by virtue of tissue heating. Several studies support the hypothesis that the extent of diathermy used in tonsillectomy has a direct influence on the delayed postoperative morbidity and healing of the mucosal wounds.22 The degree of pain must be related to the degree of soft tissue damage.
Radiofrequency current applied to surgical tools was used to generate a plasma field to remove tissue volume without heat as the primary means. This technology (Coblation) is fundamentally different from electrocautery and monopolar thermal radiofrequency ablation. Bipolar administration of radiofrequency current results in less electricity being leaked to distant tissues, theoretically decreasing the morbidity following tonsillectomy.
Questionnaires were used extensively in this investigation to gather data on the subjective variables such as pain, swelling sensation of the soft palate, swallowing problems, and difficulties opening the mouth and speaking. Pain is moderate or intense after tonsillectomy and requires treatment with pain medication for up to 2 weeks, even if laser equipment is used.
Our aim was to evaluate several different postoperative symptoms in our VAS questionnaires, and we thought that it would be difficult to evaluate differences between sides. Therefore we chose to randomize the patients into 2 treatment groups.
Our study did not show a statistically significant difference in postoperative morbidity between the 2 techniques, TEtrad and TErfta. Differences in intraoperative blood loss and operating time were statistically significant but clinically insignificant in otherwise healthy adults (median time, 18 minutes for the TEtrad group [range, 12-33 minutes] and 27 minutes for the TErfta group [range, 18-43 minutes]; median blood loss, 20 mL for the TEtrad group [range, 5-100 mL] and 80 mL for the TErfta group [range, 5-300 mL]).
Although there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the occurrences of primary and secondary bleeding, their frequencies were higher than usual in our practice. This might have been a function of the study setting (ie, the patients were advised to contact the ENT ward immediately when there were signs of bleeding) or chance.
During the operation, the need for diathermy was common in the TErfta group, indicating there might be deeper thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. Thus, both groups sustained the same thermal injury at least in portions of the tonsillar beds, and the possible benefit of TErfta was eliminated by the use of cautery. This can affect the postoperative morbidity in a significant manner. In 1 patient in the TErfta group, the peritonsillar plane was partly obliterated by scar tissue, and sharp scissor removal was therefore required. When learning a new technique, these procedural flaws may be corrected; however, this was not shown in this pilot study with small groups. Apparently the Coblation technique does not positively affect the factors that cause postoperative pain. The laboratory parameters showed minor differences in the inflammatory host response in favor of the TEtrad group, but its clinical significance cannot be evaluated in this study.
Patients with elective TErfta did not show any significant advantages compared with the traditional technique in this study. Both techniques were safe and resulted in similar postoperative morbidity. The controversy is not resolved over which tonsillectomy technique is preferable and which has the lowest morbidity rates.
Accepted for publication March 27, 2001.
This study was supported by the Helsinki University Central Hospital Funds.
Corresponding author and reprints: Leif Bäck, MD, Department of Otorhinolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4E, PO Box 220, Helsinki 00290, Finland (e-mail: [email protected]). | <urn:uuid:f795ec4f-4e69-4e44-b784-93c4015afcae> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/482497 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.930069 | 5,752 | 2.6875 | 3 |
All the children of Our Lady and St Brendan’s RC Primary school completed this mosaic celebrating 50 years of the school opening in November 2012. Children from age 4 to 11 compiled drawings and added tiles during a week or mosaic workshops at the school in Bradford.
Please see the SCHOOL MOSAICS section for more information about the provision of mosaic sessions/projects in schools.
If you would like to discuss a taught school session, mosaic workshop or community art project please send an email using the 'contact' button or call 07929 884759.
Mosaic Artist (York, North Yorkshire, UK)
Email Sue Kershaw Mosaics | <urn:uuid:17feae56-14e1-4417-b67f-0a973bee25e4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mosaicart.org.uk/photo_10609811.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.882974 | 150 | 1.671875 | 2 |
It’s a great pleasure to welcome Sumitha Bhandarkar here today, the creator of afineparent.com. Sumitha created the fantastic infographic below, based on Dr Laura Markham’s new book, Peaceful Parent, Happy Siblings, and joins us to share some thoughts about raising loving siblings. Welcome, Sumitha!
“Having one child makes you a parent; having two, you are a referee.” -David Frost
If you have more than one child, I’m willing to bet good money that your reaction to the quote above is either (a) fierce agreement or (b) frustrated resignation. Probably both.
So, you’d have to agree – it would definitely make parenting easier if you could just stop having to be a referee all the time and your kids just handled their issues by themselves, amicably and without anyone getting hurt. Don’t you think?
According to the new book “Peaceful Parent, Happy Siblings” by Dr. Laura Markham, this is definitely a goal that most parents can achieve.
Contrary to traditional wisdom however, it is not just a matter of “leave them alone and they will eventually figure it out”. Research cited in the book shows that the reason why the age-old approach seems to work is that eventually the stronger of the kids gets away with what he wants, while the weaker one(s) uneasily makes peace with the idea of being helpless and never being able to win.
And that’s not a healthy dynamic.
Definitely not something I would intentionally foster in my house. I’m guessing you neither?
Now on the other hand, if we parents can guide our children to resolve their conflicts in fair, amicable ways, then we could rest back and relax as we watch them sort things out into win-win solutions.
At the core of all successful conflict resolution techniques lies one simple fact – mutual respect. And in a family setting, especially with kids who have to share a lot – from the attention of their parents to toys – unshakeable love for each other is as important.
So let’s look at a few simple things we can do to weave that into our family and the way kids relate to each other.
#1 Make your home a blame-free environment
When there are Legos everywhere underfoot and kids are squabbling about whose responsibility it is to clean up, it is easy to get sucked in and try to get to the bottom of who spilled all those Legos in the first place.
But seriously, does it matter?
The goal is to have a clean room. So keep the eye on the ball. State clearly that Legos belong to everyone, and everyone is responsible for cleaning it up. Get down on your knees and start putting it away to model the behavior you want to encourage and gently rope in the kids to help with the cleanup.
A blame-free environment where everyone is united and helps each other with their responsibilities is a beautiful place indeed.
#2 Make your home a shame-free environment
Remember the time when you were little and you stole your sister’s eraser because it was so very cute and you just wanted it, and then somehow it seemed like a good idea to bite it and before you know it, it was totally destroyed.
Wait, was that just me? Oops.
But, it’s OK. I’m sure you have your own stories.
The point I’m trying to make is, as kids, some ideas which are just wrong, seem good in the moment.
Most of us parents, in the interest of teaching kids to behave better insist on apologies.
Kids are not dumb though. At some level, when the moment passes, they know they’ve made a mistake. And they feel bad. And a little ashamed. Forcing to apologize, simply makes that shame more concrete.
And shame is an insidious paralytic that does not help anyone.
Instead, focus on repair.
Make it clear to the child that yes, she did make a poor choice, and destroyed her sister’s best eraser. But we are a loving family and we understand that everyone makes mistakes. What can she do now to make her sister feel better (and also, forgive herself)? She may choose to apologize, give a hug, make a card or do her sister’s chores for the rest of the day. As long as the repair works for both parties, it’s all good.
When you have kids who forgive each other, and themselves, and move on from conflicts with closure instead of grudges, parenting suddenly becomes a whole lot easier.
#3 Make your home an inclusive environment
Your son may have your eyes. Your daughter may have your husband’s nose. And yes, the little one, definitely has your father-in-law’s chin and your mother-in-law’s “unique” sense of humor.
But at the end of the day, they are individuals. They are their own persons. With their own strengths and weaknesses.
The single best thing we can do for our kids is to give them the freedom to explore that individuality. And if that takes them away from what is considered the norm in the family, then at the least, acknowledge it with respect and at best, celebrate it.
When we raise kids to be comfortable in their own selves, there is no need for them to compete with their siblings to prove themselves worthy of our love and attention every chance they get.
Conflicts have a way of fizzling out even before they start to bubble up. Issues get sorted out as quickly as they are noticed. And peace in the family is as much a reality as the sun rising tomorrow.
Now, does all this mean that there will never be any sibling rivalry in your family? Heck, no. Where’s the fun in that?
Sibling rivalry is a part of life. Conflicts between siblings will arise not matter how you parent. The difference is, when you raise kids who love and respect each other, sibling rivalry is not a knife that ruthlessly breaks the relationship, but rather a fire at which the sibling bonds are strengthened.
Here is a beautifully illustrated infographic that shares a few more ideas about how to effectively deal with sibling rivalry based on Dr. Laura’s book. I hope it gives you many more ideas about whether you should interfere or not when conflicts arise, and what exactly you can do to gently guide your kids towards finding win-win solutions.
Sumitha Bhandarkar is the creator of afineparent.com, a community for parents who believe that great parents are made, not born. If one of your life goals is to be a better person and a better parent, she invites you to join her and the A Fine Parent community in their slow and steady quest for personal and parenting excellence.
#7: How to help siblings love and respect each other | <urn:uuid:8b97f03d-1a03-4de8-9462-b97a9352f554> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://sacraparental.com/2015/06/14/making-parenting-easier-7-how-to-help-siblings-love-and-respect-each-other-guest/?shared=email&msg=fail | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966714 | 1,465 | 2.015625 | 2 |
If you intend to begin a business, there are several alternatives for acquiring funding. Financial institutions are one alternative, yet there are also other sources. Non-bank establishments are another choice. Although not purely banks, these organizations also grant fundings to people and also services. While these organizations use their own collection of specifications, they resemble banks in some ways. For example, they might consider a business’s credit history and capacity to pay its dues to establish if it deserves funding.
In other words, funding entails obtaining the sources essential for the acquisition of an item and also repaying the car loan over a certain time period, generally by paying a monthly or once a week fee. Numerous financial institutions supply financing to both online and offline customers. These consist of charge card funding as well as home loan. There are 2 sorts of loans: safeguarded and unsecured. These car loans can be made use of for different purposes. Some types of car loans are a lot more beneficial than others, depending on their conditions. loan fast cash
A company that requires funding might require cash for development or launching a brand-new product. In general, financing is necessary for any type of service activity that requires money. It is a required element of every company, and also can not be divided from it. Also average consumers can make use of funding for acquisitions. Funding is a beneficial tool for businesses, as well as must be made use of sensibly. If your service has an idea that will increase need for a product and services, securing the funds can be an efficient means to achieve this goal.
Financial obligation financing is one more prominent technique of elevating funds. With this type of funding, a firm obtains money and after that pays it back with interest. However, it comes with strict problems as well as requirements. It is necessary to follow these problems, or else you will wind up in more difficulty than you began with. If you do not meet these conditions, lenders may include added terms. The even more you borrow, the less adaptable your options are. There are advantages and disadvantages per alternative.
The most obvious means to maintain the cost of your loan controlled is to make your routine monthly settlements promptly. If you can afford it, you may additionally want to make added settlements to speed up the procedure of paying back the lending. Establishing calendar reminders to advise yourself to pay additional in a timely manner can help to stay clear of late costs. Also, bear in mind that your car will certainly lose value right after you drive it off the whole lot. Whether you choose to obtain financing is entirely up to you, but the best strategy can save you numerous dollars.
Equity financing is an additional option. Equity financing involves the exchange of ownership in a firm. In return, the investor will certainly obtain a share of the business’s revenues. Equity investment is permanent as well as can not be repaid by the business at a later date. In order to get approved for this sort of funding, you need to have a recognized business entity. In a limited responsibility firm, the equity risk is membership devices, as well as ordinary shares in a firm. borrow money quick
If you have actually ever before been in need of funds, you believe come across the term “funding.” This term is utilized to explain any kind of type of borrowing that lugs a specific interest rate. The purpose of funding will differ, however in general, it is utilized for individual requirements such as acquiring a new automobile or paying off debt. If you require to obtain cash for other personal objectives, an individual lending might be the answer.
There are a number of kinds of financial obligation funding offered, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. Financial obligation financing, for instance, involves borrowing cash from a 3rd party and also paying it back with rate of interest. Nevertheless, this kind of funding comes with several strings affixed. Among these requirements is credit report ranking, and also companies with bad credit are much less most likely to be accepted. The process of debt funding includes borrowing money from a third party to buy debt tools and afterwards repaying the loan.
Existing companies frequently look for financing to increase their procedures or enter a brand-new market. Whether this is with development, starting a new product line, or launching a new line of work, funding is an essential part of any business. Also normal consumers rely on funding for purchases. In order to remain competitive, companies should have a strong financing approach. As well as while most companies may not agree to buy themselves, they can utilize the cash of others.
Grants as well as car loans are 2 types of outside funding. The initial is a type of entitlement program. Government programs give money to start brand-new companies as well as help them expand. Government warranties, on the other hand, assistance loan providers feel confident in approving their loans. The Small Business Administration and USDA Rural Advancement are 2 of the extra popular federal government programs that provide business loans. The advantages of both of these kinds of funding may surpass the negative aspects of conventional financing.
In addition to financings, companies can additionally use external financing to help fund development projects. Without the aid of outside cash, firms can not finance development projects by themselves. Therefore, firms commonly combine both interior and external financing approaches. For example, a firm might utilize inner sources to develop brand-new company sectors while utilizing outside funding to buy devices as well as equipment. So, while both approaches are crucial, the latter is the much more typical choice. You must very carefully consider the benefits and drawbacks of each technique of funding before picking one. borrow money online quick
Usually, equity financing entails an exchange of possession for a monetary investment. In exchange, the capitalist will gain a share of the firm’s revenues. Equity investments ought to be long-term. The company can not request payment later. In addition, the equity stake in a service ought to be specified in the formal legal entity. A common stock in a corporation or membership device in a restricted responsibility firm will certainly be an equity risk in a business. | <urn:uuid:87779a79-08a2-4da4-9dfb-78a158361722> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.jazzutopia.com/2022/07/21/the-ultimate-discovery-of-finance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.967086 | 1,239 | 2.03125 | 2 |
STRENGTH TRAINING FOR CHILDREN AND TEENS
By: Dave Mansfield MA, MSPT, HFI, CSCS
Free Weights or machines? Or does it matter?
In Part I of this discussion we answered the question: Is strength training safe for children and young teens? This time we will discuss some of the pros and cons around training with free weights vs. training with machines. Generally speaking, this discussion is applicable to adult trainees as well as children and teens. Of course, if you coach young or future Powerlifters you know that they will need to lift free weights eventually in order to train the “power lifts”. Should free weights be a part of the regular strength training programs for youngsters?
The short answer is “yes”. Training with barbells or dumbbells, particularly movements performed in standing, challenges the body’s ability to balance and requires good coordination skills. Free weights also challenge the adult coach’s organizational abilities since keeping track of all those loose plates and making sure that the bars are properly loaded and secured while also watching your youthful charges can be difficult! The athletes must first be trained to perform the movement flawlessly using nothing more than body weight and a broomstick, or at most, extremely light resistance. Only after they have mastered the correct technique should they be allowed to add resistance to the bar. In addition to coaching the athletes you will need to provide spotting while they perform their exercises. Since free weight training requires more technical skill than machine based strength training good form throughout each repetition of each set cannot be overemphasized. The coach needs to be on the alert for even small changes in technique that suggest a lack of focus or fatigue as bad habits are easily acquired and difficult to break! In addition, lack of attention can quickly lead to injury. It isn’t that these problems cannot occur with machine or body weight training but with free weights the risks seem greater.
Despite the risks involved, a properly designed and executed free weight based training program will deliver the most “bang for your, training, buck”! These movements require far more involvement of other, supportive muscle groups and balance than the “equivalent” machine exercises. This is particularly true for exercises performed in standing such as the overhead press, deadlift, squat, low pull, etc. The coach must be well versed in the techniques for these lifts in order to correct technique flaws early in the training process.
Let’s compare a small muscle so called “isolation” movement done with free weights vs. the machine based version. The dumb bell or the bar bell biceps curl performed in standing. Before the athlete can initiate the curl the first muscles to contract are the calf muscles in order to provide balance for the upcoming movements. After that the legs and hip muscles must contract to establish a stable base. Next the Core contracts (the abdominals, lumbar paraspinals, hip flexors and extensors etc. After that the thoracic paraspinals and the parascapular muscles contract to provide a solid proximal base for the impending distal movement (the biceps curl itself). Then as the curl is initiated the hands, wrists, and forearms must tense to control the moving bar. Whew! That’s a lot going on to perform a simple curl! Contrast this with the seated, machine-based version where the equipment is secure on its platforms and the weights glide on well-lubricated chrome tubing. True you will work your biceps and most likely your hands, wrists and forearms but very little else. Of course, the machine is safer since you can’t drop anything on yourself or your friends (provided everyone keeps their fingers out from between the plates on the weight stack). Safer? I suppose so. Effective? Sort of. Efficient training? No way! All this happens with a “simple” properly executed biceps curl! Just imagine what goes on when your athlete performs a barbell back squat! I won’t bore you with the details. Let’s just say that you I can’t think of any muscles in the entire body that don’t work during a squat… well maybe, maybe your eye muscles don’t work more than just a little during a heavy squat. Try it yourself. If you think I’m mistaken then you probably need a little training in how to properly perform a squat. What do you get on a Smith machine or Hack squat? Well, aside from sore knees. Not much, eh? Leg press? Not even close! Just what I thought.
Of course, some exercises, some important exercises, simply can’t be done in standing. The bench press is the most common. Nevertheless, a free weight bench press, like the squat and standing barbell curl provides much more bang for the training buck! In order to perform the movement correctly the trainee must firmly push the feet into the floor (calf muscles, hamstrings/glutes etc.), next he or she must use the quadriceps to drive the shoulders down and back into the bench (make sure you squeeze the butt cheeks tight here). Of course, the Core muscles must be tight to provide the bridge. Then the shoulder blades must be squeezed tightly together to give the upper body a solid base to push from. After all this, you squeeze the bar very tight (hands, wrists, forearms) and drive your head down tight onto the bench (cervical paraspinals). Then, and only then, do you begin your bench press. Did I hear anyone say that the reason you do the bench press is to strengthen your “pecs” and “tris”? Oh really, is that all that the bench does for you? Think again. Do all of the above with dumbbells rather than a barbell if you want to get serious. Now consider how many muscles go into a seated “bench press” motion with a weight stack.
Other exercises that may be exceptions are chin-ups or pull-ups. These require much more coordination and bring far more muscle groups into play than, say, cable pull downs. That being said, however, if your charges cannot do a single bodyweight chin-up the cable pulldown is what you will need. As soon as they can do a few bodyweight chins, however, you will want to get them away from those cables.
Note, again, that to provide a safe training environment for your young athletes you will need to keep track of all those pesky, loose plates. Make sure that the bars are properly loaded and secured. Provide careful and timely technique training cues. Spot your lifters to assure safety and make sure they do not try to progress the resistance faster than their technique and strength gains will safely allow. That is a lot of responsibility. Of course you will also need to supervise exercises done on machines but you do have a larger safety margin there. In the end, for practical reasons, you may find that a judicious mix of free weight and machine-based exercises works best for you and your facility and the athletes who train with you.
Of course, if the athletes intend to compete in Powerlifting or Weightlifting they will need to train the competition movements using free weights. At any rate, the basic guidelines still apply. Do not let them try to progress too fast, make sure that technique comes first and is flawless. Discourage young lifters from seeking a maximum single. Even in competitions pre-teen and early teen lifters should not be pushed beyond their comfort zone with excess poundage. Keep them fresh, enthusiastic and injury free and they will have many years to enjoy their sport and to push their limits as they mature.
© 2007 rev. 9-20-2018 Dave Mansfield | <urn:uuid:192d13f9-1007-4496-9d66-da67413f48b4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adfpf.net/strength-training-for-children-and-teens-part-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952855 | 1,627 | 2.421875 | 2 |
ERIC Number: EJ794695
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2008-Jul
Novice Teachers' Conceptions of Fairness in Inclusion Classrooms
Wiebe Berry, Ruth A.
Teaching and Teacher Education: An International Journal of Research and Studies, v24 n5 p1149-1159 Jul 2008
The issue of "fairness" troubles some general education teachers, who may be reluctant to teach students with disabilities. Journals written by 47 general education preservice and novice teachers were data sources for examining teachers' concerns about fairness. Five areas of concern emerged: general responses, definitions of fairness, dealing with students, classroom applications (e.g., grading), and negative views. These themes are illustrated and discussed within the theoretical framework of principles of distribution of benefits. Suggestions are offered for helping teacher education students move toward acceptance of needs-based principles of fairness.
Descriptors: General Education, Attitudes toward Disabilities, Beginning Teachers, Inclusive Schools, Models
Elsevier. 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887-4800. Tel: 877-839-7126; Tel: 407-345-4020; Fax: 407-363-1354; e-mail: [email protected]; Web site: http://www.elsevier.com
Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A | <urn:uuid:c8fc11e8-08d9-49fe-8f3a-5631abb2eca7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ794695 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.843247 | 383 | 2.40625 | 2 |
FOURTH VOLUME, 29th LETTER
This letter was written to Mirzâ ’Ubaydullah by Muhammad Ma’thûm. It stresses the necessity of advice and the importance of jihâd:
Some people suppose that Tasawwuf means to care for one’s own business, not to interfere with others and not to deal with anybody. This is not true. This kind of thinking injures Islam. I wonder what kinds of people a person who talks like this about men of Tasawwuf means? If he means the great men who were attached to Hadrat Abû Bakr Siddîq ‘radiy-Allâhu ’anh’; that the way guided by those great people was to adhere to the Sunnat-iseniyya (Islam) and to avoid bid’ats is writen in their books. On the other hand, Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar and Bughd-i fillâh and Jihâd-i fîsabîlillah are requirements of the Sunnat-iseniyya of our Prophet; that is, they are among the fards and wâjibs of Islam. [‘Bughd-i fillâh’ means ‘to feel hostility (towards disbelievers) for Allah’s sake,’ and ‘Jihâd-i fîsabîlillâh’ means ‘to struggle for Allah’s sake.’ We explained Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar earlier.] Then, to abandon Amr-i ma’rûf means to abandon the way of those great people. As a matter of fact, Imâmi Muhammad Bahâaddîn-i Bukhârî ‘quddisa sirruh’, who was one of them, said: “Our way is to cling to the ’Urwa-i wuthqâ, that is, to follow the way of Rasûlullah and of his Ashâb.” For this reason, an insignificant deed on this way gives birth to a great profit. He who abandons this way falls into great dangers. If Tasawwuf meant that you abandon Amr-i ma’rûf, Muhammad Bahâaddîn-i Bukhârî ‘quddisa sirruh’, who was one of the chiefs of Tasawwuf, would not have performed Amr-i ma’rûf to his own master, Sayyid Amîr Kulâl. While it was incompatible with manners to warn his master, he still did Amr-i ma’rûf. Gathering the savants of Bukhârâ, he proved in the presence of them all that it was not acceptable in Islam to repeat Allâhu ta’âlâ’s name loudly, thus explaining to his master the importance of stopping it. Being very pious and in love with a true word, his master admitted it and stopped doing it. Men of Tasawwuf wrote thousands of books in order to communicate the things that will cause men to attain salvation and those things which will draw them to perdition. What are these works of theirs, if not Amr-i ma’rûf? Khwâja Mu’îniddîn-i Cheshtî, one of the great men of Tasawwuf, was told by his master: “The darling’s path is very subtle and dangerous. Advise everybody and inform them of the danger!” Why did Shaikh-i-Ekber Muhyiddîn-i ’Arabî ‘quddisa sirruh’ prohibit the men of Tasawwuf in his time from playing music and dancing, while it was he who spread Wahdat-i wujûd all over the world? Some of them obeyed him and stopped doing so. And others did not obey him and did not stop it. But eventually they confessed their fault. [It is written in the book Hadîqa and also Akhî Chalabî writes in this book Hadiyya: “It is fard to do Amr-i ma’rûf. But it is necessary not to do Amr-i ma’rûf if it will result in fitna or events that Islam disapproves of.”]
Gaws-i samadânî Sayyid Abdulqâdir-i Geylânî performs Amri ma’rûf in detail in his book Gunyat-ut-tâlibîn. He says: “Supposing a person sees someone else doing something sinful and yet knows that he himself is likely to come to harm if he attempts to dissuade that person from sinning, will it be permissible for him to dissuade the sinner? Yes, it will be, as far as we are concerned. In fact, it is very valuable. He will be rewarded as if he warred against disbelievers for Allah’s sake. Especially if it is intended to rescue the victims from the oppression of cruel authorities or to spread îmân when disbelief invades one’s country. Savants advise to perform Amr-i ma’rûf at such times.” If great ones among the Awliyâ and the leaders of Tasawwuf had neglected Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar, would they have written these in their books or paid that much attention to them? Hadrat Abdulqâdir-i Geylânî says: “Things that are compatible with the Qur’ân, hadîths and reason are called ‘Ma’rûf’, and things that are incompatible with them are called ‘Munkar.’ [The book Hadîqa, while explaining the disasters incurred by one’s speech, says, “Things that are prohibited by the Qur’ân and hadîths and by the unanimity of Mujtahids are called ‘Munkar’.”] Each of them is of two types. The ma’rûfs and munkars of the first type are obvious; savants and those who are not savants know them. It is Ma’rûf, i.e. fard to perform namâz five times each day, to fast in the month of Ramadân, to pay zakât, to go on a pilgrimage (hajj) and things of this type; and it is Munkar, i.e. harâm to commit fornication, to drink alcoholic beverages, to steal, to pick somebody’s pocket, to charge or pay interest when lending or borrowing money, to snatch away others’ property and things of this type. Every Muslim has to advise or dissuade from these things. The second type is known only by savants, such as kinds of facts to be believed in concerning Allâhu ta’âlâ and how to believe them. Muslim savants advise and dissuade from things of this type. If a savant has stated them, those who are not savants may state them, too, if they can. The munkars of the second type comprise mostly aberrations pertaining to îmân and creed. Every Muslim should adhere to the Sunnî creed, and avoid aberrant belief, i.e. deviation and bid’at in creed. A person who is not learned in religious knowledge should not dispute with holders of bid’at, but he should keep away from them and should not greet them. He should not visit them on religious feasts, at times of happiness, should not perform namâz in their funerals, and he should not pity them. Since their creed is corrupt, he should deem it as an act of worship to dislike them. Rasûlulah ‘sall-Allâhu ’alaihi wa sallam’ stated in a hadith: “If a person looks at another person harshly for Allah’s sake because there is bid’at or aberration in his îmân or worship, Allâhu ta’âlâ will fill his heart with îmân and will protect him against fear.”
[It is written in the book Kanz-i mahfî: “It is prohibited to live in places where ignorance and immorality, i.e. bid’at and sinful activities are rife. Those who migrate in order to maintain their faith will be rewarded with Paradise. It is wâjib to migrate from one quarter where there are no pious and wise people and where bid’at and intrigues are on the increase, to another quarter, or from such a city to another city. If Muslims in all cities are attacked, they should migrate to another Islamic country. If there are no Islamic countries, they should migrate to a kâfîr country where human rights are respected and worshipping is free and live there. Please see the eighth chapter of the sixth fascicle of Endless Bliss! This is because those who live among them will be subjected to the same catastrophe which is expected to befall them. The twenty-fifth âyat of Sûra Anfâl purports: “And fear an affliction which may not only smite those of you who do what is wrong.”]
Fudayl bin ’Iyâd ‘rahmatullâhi ta’âlâ ’alaih’, one of the great men of Tasawwuf says: “Allâhu ta’âlâ does not accept the worships of those who love the people who commit bid’at in their words and deeds, and He takes their îmân away from their hearts. Even if he who dislikes the performer of bid’at prays a little, I hope that Allâhu ta’âlâ will forgive him. If you meet a holder of bid’at on your way, change your way.” Again, he says: “I have heard Sufyân bin ’Uyayna say that Allâhu ta’âlâ becomes angry with the person who attends the funeral of a holder of bid’at until he leaves the funeral.” Our Prophet ‘sall-Allâhu ’alaihi wa sallam’ stated: “If a person makes up a bid’at or commits a bid’at, may Allâhu ta’âlâ and angels and all people curse him! Neither the fard nor the supererogatory acts of worship he performs will be accepted.” ’Abdulqâdir-i Geylânî’s words are concluded here.
If the way of the Sôfiyya-i-kirâm were to not interfere with anybody, one of them would not have said, “When the niqâr among the Sôfiyya (men of Tasawwuf) is no longer performed, they are no longer any good.” Shaikh-ul-Islâm-i Hirawî ’Abdullah Ansârî said that Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar were called niqâr among the Sôfiyya. [It is written in Nafahât, while telling about the life of Abû Saîd-i Kharrâz, that the scholar who said, “when the niqâr is no longer performed,” was Abul-Hasan Alî bin Muhammad Muzayyan.] Those who slander the great men of Tasawwuf by saying that they did not interfere with anybody; don’t they think why the Qur’ân and hadîths are full of descriptions of the rewards and torments in the next world? Won’t the person who believes in the vehement torments that are said to be prepared for the sinners want to save his Muslim brother from this danger? If there is a well or a fire in front of a blind man, or if a person is about to fall into another worldly danger, they will certainly let him know of it and show him the way to safety. They will not leave him alone. Then, why shouldn’t they let him know of the torment in the next world, which is more dismal and more impetuous and endless, and show him the way to salvation? It means that he who does not let others know or show them their mistakes does not admit or believe in the torment in the next world, and does not have îmân in the day of the Last Judgment.
If Allâhu ta’âlâ did not want to interfere with anybody, He would not have sent Prophets, He would not have declared the religions, He would not have invited people to the Islamic religion, and He would not have let us know that the other religions were wrong and aberrant, nor would He have destroyed and tormented those who denied the earlier Prophets. He could have left everybody free and alone; He could have not commanded anybody to do anything, nor would He have tormented those who denied Him. Why did Allâhu ta’âlâ order Muslims [that is, the Islamic state] to perform jihâd against disbelievers [those who prevent people from hearing about Islam and becoming Muslims,] while in jihâd there is torment and death not only for disbelievers but also for Muslims? For what reason were the virtues and blessings of jihâd, of people who perform jihâd and of martrys declared in the Qur’ân and hadîths? Why was it commanded to attack evil people, to harass them, and to destroy those creatures of Allah’s? As a matter of fact, He commands man to also feel hostility towards his own nafs, and explains that the nafs is inimical towards Allâhu ta’âlâ. To perform jihâd against the nafs was called the Jihâd-› ekber (the greatest jihâd). Why did Allâhu ta’âlâ associate his approval and appreciation to this jihâd? Why didn’t Allâhu ta’âlâ leave the nafs alone? It means that it is Allah’s enemy. Allâhu ta’âlâ wants His enemies to be punished. Owing to His infinite mercy, Allâhu ta’âlâ first sent Prophets ‘’alaihim-ussalâtu wa-t-teslîmât’ as messengers, and thereafter He sent the Awliyâ and the savants in their place. By declaring His rewards and torments through their tongues, He did not give an occasion for an excuse or pretext. No one can change Allah’s decree and laws. The world’s order cannot be rearranged in accordance with the opinions of those who do not know or see what is right. If Allâhu ta’âlâ wished, He could guide everybody to the righteous way and could put everybody into Paradise. But He wanted in eternity to fill Hell with people and genies. A person who realizes the greatness of Allâhu ta’âlâ cannot ask Him the reason why.
Who can say anything against Him, save fear;
What should be done, except giving oneself up.
He who follows the Prophet will also follow him in inviting people and in performing Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar. He who does not do so has not adapted himself to him. If disbelievers were not Allah’s enemies, it would not be fard to feel hostility towards them. It would not be the first of the things to bring a man closer to Allâhu ta’âlâ. It would not be an important part of îmân or an addition to îmân. It would not cause the Wilâyat (the grade of Awliyâ) to be attained and Allah’s grace and love to be gained. Our Prophet ‘sall Allâhu ’alaihi wa sallam’ stated: “The best of worships is to love Muslims because they are Muslims and to dislike disbelievers because they are disbelievers.” When Allâhu ta’âlâ asked Hadrat Mûsâ, “What did you do for Me?” he answered, “O my Allah, for you I performed namâz, fasted, paid zakât, and mentioned Your Name very much.” Upon this, Allâhu ta’âlâ declared, “O Mûsâ! Your prayers (namâz) are documents for you. Your fastings are a shield against Hell. The zakât is a shade that protects you against the heat of the day of the Last Judgment. Your mentioning My Name very much is a light that will illuminate you in the darkness of the grave and the Rising. That is, all these things are useful for you. What did you do for Me?” Hadrat Mûsâ entreated, “O my Allah! Tell me the worship which is for Thee!” Allâhu ta’âlâ declared in an âyat-i-kerîma, “O Mûsâ! Did you love those who loved Me for My sake, and did you feel hostility towards My enemies for My sake?” So, Hadrat Mûsâ realized that the good deed done for Allah was to love for His sake and to be hostile for His sake.
Love necessitates that you love the friends of your darling and be inimical towards the foes of the darling. This love and this enmity are not within the power of faithful lovers; they cannot help themselves. This happens by itself without striving, without taking pains. The friend’s friends seem beautiful, and His enemies seem ugly and evil. Also, the love that occurs within those who are seized by the pretty appearance of the world goes through this same process. Unless the person who says that he loves keeps away from the enemies of his darling, he is not regarded as a man of his word. He is called a hypocrite, i.e. a liar. Shaikh-ul-Islâm ’Abdullah Ansârî ‘quddisa sirruh’ says: “One day Abul Huseyn bin Sam’ûn offended my teacher Husrî. Since that day my heart has been feeling unfriendly towards him.” It will be appropriate here to mention a famous saying of the great: “If you do not feel offended towards a person who offends your master, a dog is better than you are.” These two principles of love are declared in the Qur’ân and hadîths. [Those who wish may refer to the Persian original or the Arabic or Turkish versions of the twenty-ninth letter.] As it is understood from these âyat-i-kerîmas, it causes a man to be away from Allâhu ta’âlâ if he loves the enemies of Allâhu ta’âlâ. Unless there is enmity, there will be no love. But this enmity should not be deflected into hostility against the Ashâb-i kirâm, as some people do. Enmity is to be felt towards the enemies. Hostility felt towards friends, as in the example of Râfidîs and Shiites, is rejected. Because all of the Ashâb-› kirâm were honoured with attaining our Prophet’s presence and company and his blessed looks, which were nourishment for the heart and soul, they loved one another and felt hostility towards disbelievers. They all were darlings of the Messenger of Allah. Can it ever be a principle of love for Rasûlullah to feel hostile even towards one of them! Don’t those who say so betray their enmity instead of showing their love?
Question: Of the great Awliyâ ‘qaddas-Allâhu ta’âlâ asrârahum- ul-’azîz’, those who believed in Wahdat-i wujûd said that everything in this world is a mirror reflecting Allâhu ta’âlâ. In everything, nothing besides the perfect Attributes of Allâhu ta’âlâ can be seen. Then, isn’t it necessary to deem everything good, to love everything, and not to deem anything bad? There is a saying: No absolute evil exists in the world! [The pantheistic philosophy of Spinoza, a Dutch philosopher, is based on a plagiarism from Muslims’ books on Wahdat-i wujûd.]
Answer: It is commanded clearly in the Qur’ân to dislike disbelievers, to feel hostility towards them through the heart, and to treat the harbîs harshly. [Harbîs are a class of disbelievers explained at the end of the twentieth chapter.] It is out of the question to doubt this. No matter what disbelievers’ essence is, it is fard and necessary for us to adapt ourselves to the Qur’ân. Our business is with nâss, not with fûss. [That is, our task is with the Qur’ân al-kerîm and hadîth-i sherifs, not with the books of the Awliyâ. For example, Hadrat Muhyiddîn-i Arabî’s kashfs that are contrary to the Qur’ân and hadîths, which he communicates in his book Fusûs, cannot be documents for us.] On the Day of Judgment, being saved from Hell and attaining salvation will depend on the Qur’ân and hadîths, not on the books of the Awliyâ. Fancies, dreams, kashfs and inspirations that occur to the hearts of the Awliyâ cannot take the place of the Qur’ân and hadîths. Those with erroneous kashf or inspiration have to adapt themselves to the Qur’ân and hadîths and act in accordance with the Qur’ân and hadîths, though they may not conform with their conscience and kashf. They must entreat Allâhu ta’âlâ ceaselessly so that correct inspirations will occur to them and their hearts’ eyes will be salved with the dust of Prophets’ feet. Also, let us mention the fact that those Awliyâ who recognize Wahdat-i wujûd divide beings into grades. They say that the state and the importance of each grade are different. They do not ignore the rule of Kathrat-i wujûd, which is the basis of Islam. They know that to relinquish it is to be a renegade, i.e. to abandon Islam. Since performing Amr-i ma’rûf and knowing the sinners and disbelievers as evil are rules of Kathrat-i wujûd, as the other rules of Islam are, they deem those who ignore them as mulhids and zindiqs. Also those who say that there is no certain evil have to say that there is evil [in one respect]. Since we have to know disbelievers as evil and keep away from them, this evil in one respect is enough for them.
Those who recognize Wahdat-i wujûd do not eat poison. They do not let others eat it, either. They kill the scorpion and the snake and tell others to be mindful of them. They love those who obey them and dislike those who disobey them. Hadrat Celâleddîn Rûmî, one of the notables of men of Wahdat-i wujûd, says in his Mathnawî:
“He who will not believe this word;
Now I see him headlong in Hell.”
These great people prefer sweet foods, delicious sherbets, exquisite textures, touching voices, fragrant odors, fine sceneries, beautiful appearances to the tasteless, ugly ones, and like them much more. They protect and take care of those who approach them, and they protect them and themselves against dangers. They pick out useful things and avoid harmful ones. They try to obtain what they need. They educate their children. They consult one another about their important affairs, and they do not let their daughters and wives go out without covering themselves properly and do not let others approach them. They keep their children away from bad friends. They punish the cruel and their enemies, and warn their patients against harmful food. Are these acts of Wahdat-i wujûd or Kathrat-i wujûd? Then, is it worthy, is it reasonable to try to escape one’s duties as a born slave (of Allah) by exploiting the rules of Wahdat-i wujûd and to avoid obeying the rules of Kathrat in matters pertaining to the Hereafter, while it is fard to obey them? Is it reasonable to make Wahdat-i wujûd a pretext for dodging the responsibilities we have in this base worldy life? The reason for it is to deny the divine rules, to disbelieve the Prophets and not to have îmân in the Rising and in the torments and blessings of the next world. Of those who recognized Wahdati wujûd, the ones with correct hâls very strongly adhered to their faith and their actions were compatible with Islam. This fact is written at length in books. My father, who was my master, the cause of my coming to life and my happiness, was very careful while making an abdast (ablution), in tahârat [cleaning oneself from najâsat which is explained in the sixth chapter of the fourth fascicle of Endless Bliss,] in namâz, and in observing the adabs, and he used to say, “I learned these by closely watching my father’s manners. It is not easy to learn from books how to observe the adab together with all its subtle particulars.” His father, the grandfather of this faqîr, was a man of Wahdat-i wujûd and was an unequalled ’ârif in the ma’rifats in the book Fusûs. At the same time, he was perfect in observing the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyye. My father used to say that he had learned this behavior from his master Hadrat Ruknaddîn-i Cheshtî by observing his manners. He was one of the great Awliyâ of Wahdat-i wujûd and he was always overcome by his hâls and kashfs; yet it was known by everybody that he was a perfect person in adhering to the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyye. Hadrat ’Ubaydullah-i Ahrâr was inclined to Wahdat-i wujûd. Yet he was matchless in adhering to the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya and in spreading the religion, the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya. He often said, “If I were a shaikh, no other shaikh would find a disciple for himself. But I was commanded to spread the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya, not to become a shaikh.” Shaikh-i Akbar Muhyiddîn-i ’Arabî ‘quddisa sirruh’ was a Sâhib-i ithnâd in the knowledge of Hadîth and was in the grade of ijtihad in the knowledge of Fiqh. He used to say, “With our Prophet’s command, ‘Call yourself to account (for your conduct) before you are called to account,’ some shaikhs call themselves to account every day and every night for what they have done. I have surpassed them in this accounting; I call myself to account for what I have thought as well as for what I have done.” Sultân-ul-’Ârifîn Bâyazîd-i Bestâmî and Sayyid-ut-tâifa Junayd-i Baghdâdî ‘quddisa sirruhumâ’, who may be said to be the founders and the leaders of Wahdat-i wujûd, adapted themselves to the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya from head to toe. When Bâyazîd performed namâz, the rattling of the bones in his chest would be heard. Everybody should have heard about the words of Hallâj-i Mansûr. Nevertheless, he used to perform a thousand rak’ats of namâz every day and every night, and he performed five hundred rak’ats the night before he was executed.
It is surprising that some of those who say that we shouldn’t interfere with anybody and that we shouldn’t attack [others’] consciences make intimate friends with the disbelievers, such as Jews, Jûkis, Brahmans, Mulhids, Zindiqs, Armenians, Freemasons and Renegades, who have deviated into different ways. At the same time they say, ‘retrogressive, reactionary, fanatical,’ about the Ahl-i sunnat wal jamâ’at, who adhere to the Sunnat, to the way of Rasûlullah; and they feel hostility towards these true Muslims, who were given the good news of “It is only these who will be saved from Hell,” and who were praised, “It is only these who follow my and my Ashâb’s way.” While they make friends with disbelievers, they take pleasure in hurting, insulting and annihilating these true Muslims. What kind of Wahdat-i wujûd, what kind of unity is it to feel hostility towards those who follow the way of Hadrat Muhammad, who is Allah’s compassion upon all classes of beings, while being friendly with disbelievers, towards whom the Qur’ân commands us to feel hostility? Isn’t this sheer disbelief and enmity towards Islam?
All the Prophets, the Ashâb-i kirâm, the Tâbi’în and the Salafi sâlihîn ‘radiy-Allâhu ’anhum ajma’în’ strove very much to perform Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar. They endured much torment and torture for this cause. If it were good in our religion not to interfere with anybody, it would not have been said that it was a symptom of îmân for the heart to refuse a sin. Indeed, it is stated in a hadîth: “Prevent the sinner from sinning with your hand. If you are unable to do so, prevent him through words. If you cannot do so either, dislike it [the sin] through your heart! And this is the lowest grade of îmân.” If it were good not to perform Amr-i ma’rûf, the worshipper who would not do Amr-i ma’rûf to a sinning tribe would not be destroyed together with them. As a matter of fact, it is declared in a hadith: “Allâhu ta’âlâ commanded Hadrat Jabraîl to sink a city into the earth. Jabraîl said, ‘Yâ Rabbî! A born slave of Thine in that city has not disobeyed Thee even for a moment. He has always obeyed and worshipped Thee;’ ‘Sink him, too! His face never changed when he saw sinners’.”
Question: The hundred and eighth âyat of Sûrat-ul-Mâida purports: “O My born slaves who have îmân! Take care of yourselves! If you find the right way, others’ going astray will not harm you.” That is, Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar are not permitted to be done, are they?
Answer: To find the right way mentioned here, it is also necessary to do Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar. In other words, Allâhu ta’âlâ declares: “My believing born slaves! If you do what I have commanded and worship and perform Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar, others’ going astray will not harm you.” It is written in books when and why this âyat was revealed, and that many âyats and hadîths about Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar were commanded after it.
Question: It is the Prophets’ way to perform Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i munkar and jihâd against disbelievers. Isn’t it the way of the Awliyâ not to touch consciences, not to interfere with anybody?
Answer: They are fard [commanded] in the Qur’ân and hadîths. The commandments are for everybody. They are not only for some people. Prophets, Awliyâ, savants and the ignorant are equal in carrying out the commandments. Let us repeat that it depends on following the Prophets to be saved from Hell and to attain endless bliss. Whatsoever the Awliyâ obtain in the name of Wilâyat, love, ma’rifat, and qurb-i ilâhî they obtain it as a reward for following the Prophets. What is other than this way is the way of deviation, of the devil. ’Abdullah Ibni Mas’ûd ‘radiy-Allâhu ’anhumâ’ says: “One day, the Prophet drew a straight line for us and said, ‘This is the right way which makes man attain Allah’s grace.’ Then, drawing some slanting lines like fish-bones on both sides of that line, he said, ‘And these are the ways which the devil makes one deviate into,” Therefore, if a person wants to walk on the right way without adapting himself to the Prophets, certainly he will deviate into slanting ways. If he obtains something, it is istidrâj. That is, it ends in loss and harm. Hadrat ’Ubaydullah-i Ahrâr ‘quddisa sirruh’ said: “If they gave me all the kashfs and hâls that are experienced through the heart, and yet if they did not ornament my heart with the Ahl-i sunnat creed, I would deem myself destroyed, ruined. If they piled up all the disasters and desolations upon me, yet if they honoured my heart with the creed of the Ahl-i sunnat wa-l-jamâ’at, I would never worry.” If the hâls and kashfs that occur to the Awliyâ are consistent with following our Prophet, they make light upon light and the subtle mysteries of the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya begin to show up. All of the Ashâb-i kirâm ‘radiy-Allâhu ta’âlâ ’anhum ajma’în’, the Salaf-i sâlihîn, and the mashâyikh-i mustakîm-ül-ahwâl were in this state. In Tasawwuf, the two paths which are the way of Nubuwwat and the way of Wilâyat are in Haqîqat a single way shown by the Ahkâm-iislâmiyya, for both of them make man attain [perfection] on condition that he will adapt himself to the Prophet. Likewise, the saying that the ways that will guide man to Allah’s grace and ma’rifat are as many as the breaths of creatures is correct, for there is a way that guides every fancy to its origin, and there is a different ’ayn-i thâbita, i.e. a mabda-i ta’ayyun, for each creature. In other words, a different divine Name causes each creature to be created and to stay in existence. To attain through any of these ways depends on observing the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya. He who deviates from the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya will either break down on the way, or will go off the rails. Then, all ways begin with the Ahkâm-iislâmiyya. That is, the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya is like the trunk of a tree. All the Tarîqats, i.e. paths, are like the branches, veins, buds, leaves and flowers of that tree.
[Amr-i ma’rûf can be performed in two ways. One is through speaking, writing and any other means of communication. However, with this method, fitna may occur if one has an insufficient amount of knowledge, or if disrespect is shown to the people being addressed, or to their traditions or laws. The other approach is to be an exemplary person in your behaviour by adopting the superior morality of Islam. In the present time, a similing face, a friendly manner, obeying the laws, paying your taxes and debts, and not despising anyone or violating anyone’s property, rights or chastity is a most efficient and beneficial method of teaching Islam to others. For this reason, it is said that “lisân-ul-hâl antaqu min lisan-il-qâl,” which means the language of the body and behaviour, without making use of words, is superior to languge itself. Therefore, to live in concordance with the superior morality of Islam is the best way of performing Amr-i ma’rûf and Nahy-i-munkar. It is to carry out an important fard; it is to perform an ’ibâdat. Tasawwuf is the way which enables man to develop the ikhlâs needed in worshipping his Creator, and in enhancing the good morals necessary in his dealings with human beings. This way is taught by a Murshid-i kâmil. Every science has its own specialists. Man learns a specific branch of science from its specialist. The specialist of the knowledge of Tasawwuf is the Murshid-i kâmil. Being a specialist in a branch of science will not make a person eligible for being called a Murshid-i-kâmil.]
Not to know that creatures also exist. To know that only the Creator exists, who is one, and that creatures are His various reflections. Please see the thirty-fifth and the fortieth chapters of the sixth fascicle of Endless Bliss.
Please see the third chapter of the sixth fascicle of Endless Bliss.
Manifestation, appearance of Allah’s Attributes.
‘Kathrat-i-wujûd’ means ‘to know of the existence of creatures as well; to know both the Creator and His creatures.’ The rules that are put forth by recognizing the existence of all beings are called “the rules of Kathrat-i-wujûd (plurality).”
The person who does ilhâd, which in turn means to misunderstand one or more parts of the Qur’ân al-kerîm and thereby go out of Islam.
Atheists who pretend to be Muslims.
Continuous variation of the kashfs and manifestations that come to the heart.
There is a special adab in doing everything. The adab of doing something means to follow the conditions necessary for doing it in the best manner. Please see the sixth chapter of the sixth fascicle of Endless Bliss.
What he said was taken as a document. His words were used as documents.
Its lexical meaning is ‘closeness to Allah’. In Islam, it is used in the sense ‘to earn the love of Allah, to be loved by Allah.’
The great men of Tasawwuf whose hâls, kashfs are correct and whose kashfs conform with the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya.
The information which Allâhu ta’âlâ sent to Prophets through an angel is called the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya. Each Muslim learns the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya from masters. When a Muslim’s heart has been purified from sins, information on the Ahkâm-i-islâmiyya comes to
his heart by itself. That Muslim has reached the Haqîqat. To reach the Haqîqat, it is necessary to strive and make progress in the way called Tasawwuf. The spiritual training that is done and the things that are required to enter this way until attaining the Haqîqat are called the Tarîqat (paths, orders of Tasawwuf). A Muslim who has attained the end of one of the paths called Tarîqât is called ‘Walî’, (pl. Awliyâ), and the rank he has reached is termed ‘Wilâyat’. | <urn:uuid:78e79461-63d5-42b2-8ce3-5e134ba972e7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://beliefandislam.com/the-blessings-of-amr-i-maruf-nahy-i-anilmunkar-and-jihad/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.964591 | 9,175 | 2.171875 | 2 |
– Flu Shots Contain More than 250 Times the EPA’s Safety Limit for Mercury (Activist Post, Oct. 2, 2011):
Thimerosal is a widely used vaccine preservative that is present in the majority of flu shots and other vaccines. Thimerosal is 49% mercury by volume, an extremely toxic chemical element that wreaks havoc on the nervous system, neurological function, and overall biological function . Each dose of flu vaccine contains around 25 micrograms of thimerosal, over 250 times the Environmental Protection Agency’s safety limit of exposure.
Mercury, a neurotoxin, is especially damaging to undeveloped brains. Considering that 25 micrograms of mercury is considered unsafe by the EPA for any human under 550 pounds, the devastating health effects of mercury on a developing fetus are truly concerning.Though thimerasol is not entirely mercury, the mercury content is still extremely high, making it very toxic to the human body. Despite highly exceeding the EPA safety standards for mercury content by over 250 times, flu shots are still recommended for children over 6 months and pregnant women.
It seems that the age groups that are urged to receive the flu shot are actually most affected by mercury exposure. Young children, pregnant women, and elderly are the ‘targeted’ demographic of flu shot manufacturers, and these individuals also happen to have the least defense against the elemental neurotoxin mercury.
Dr. Russel Blaylock, a leading neurologist, expains:
A recent study looked at the immune reaction in newborn infants up to the age of one year who had received the HepB vaccine to see if their immune reaction differed from adults getting the same vaccine. What they found was that the infant, even after age one year, did react differently. Their antibody levels were substantially higher than adults (3-fold higher) and it remained higher throughout the study.
In essence, they found that the babies responded to the vaccine by having an intense Th2 response that persisted long after it should have disappeared, a completely abnormal response.In 2004, the The Coalition for Mercury-free Drugs petitioned the FDA to limit the use of thimerosal in vaccine citing safety concerns. In a reply made public years later, the FDA denied the request despite overwhelming evidence that mercury is harmful to the human body .
In addition to mercury, vaccines also contain other toxic fillers and preservatives that have been linked to health conditions such as cancer:
- Aluminum: Also a neurotoxin, aluminum has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease and other cognitive diseases .
- Antibiotics: Various forms include neomycin, streptomycin, and gentamicin.
- Triton X-100: A detergent that should not be injected into the human bloodstream.
By recommending flu shots to the public, the CDC and vaccine manufacturers are ignoring the warnings of not only major studies conducted by prominent universities, but also the EPA. The EPA’s safety limit of mercury exposure is being exceeded by over 250 times each shot. In addition to a number of other ‘recommended’ vaccines, flu shots are dished out each year to the public, meaning that this exposure increases to 250 times the limit each year. Over a 10 year period, it is possible to exceed the limit by 2500 times simply by receiving a yearly flu shot.
1. Frustaci A, Magnavita N, Chimenti C, et. al; Marked elevation of myocardial trace elements in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiology 1999;33:1578-83
2. Chang YC, Yeh C, Wang JD. Subclinical neurotoxicity of merucyr vapor revcelaed by a multimodality evoked potential study of chloralkali workers. Amer J Ind Med 1995;27(2):271-279.
3. Yang Y-J, Huang C-C, Shih T-S, et al . Chronic elemental mercury intoxication:clinical and field studies in lampsocked manufacturers. 1994;Occup Environ Med 57(1):245-247.
4. Bluhm RE, Bobbitt RG, Wlech LW, et al. Elemental mercury vapour toxicity, treatment and prognosis after acute intensive exposure in chloraklali plant workers. Part 1I. History, neuropsychological findings and chelator effects. Hum Exp Toxicol 1992 11(3):201-210.
5. Bertholf, R. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s disease: prospectives for a cytoskeletal mechanism. CRC-Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 25:195, 1987
6. Krishnan, S. Aluminum toxicity to the brain. Sci Total Environ 71:59, 198
More information on vaccinations:
– Governor Jerry Brown Signed Bill AB499 Allowing 12-Year-Old Children Giving ‘Consent’ To Gardasil Vaccine Injections Without Their Parents’ Knowledge
– Finland: 79 Children Develop Narcolepsy After Swine Flu Vaccine, Need Lifetime Medical Care
– CDC Vaccine Secrets Revealed (Video)
– Lethal Injection: The Story Of Vaccination (Documentary)
– Gov. Rick Perry lies again about Texas Gardasil scandal, claims woman he met after signing executive order lobbied him to pass it
– GMO Gardasil DNA Contamination: EMA Steps Up To The Plate, FDA Drops The Ball
– Outrage: 100% Human Papillomavirus (HPV) DNA Contamination In GMO Gardasil Vaccine Reported To FDA
– 3 Girls Dead, Others Hospitalized After Gardasil HPV Vaccine
– 100 Compiled Studies on Vaccine Dangers
– California Bill Would Allow To Inject HPV Vaccine Into 12 Year-Olds Without Parental Consent
– Institute of Medicine Adverse Reactions Report Admits MMR Vaccine Causes Measles, Seizures, Anaphylaxis And Other Health Problems
– Bill Gates In Global Push To Vaccinate Every Child On The Planet
– Bill Gates Says Vaccine Investment Offers Best (Depopulation) Returns
– CDC Vaccine Scientist Who Downplayed Links To Autism Indicted By DOJ In Alleged Fraud Scheme
– US Government Vaccine Compensation Payouts Prove Autism Link
– CDC Vaccine Scientist Who Downplayed Links To Autism Indicted By DOJ In Alleged Fraud Scheme
– Panel Confirms H1N1 Vaccine Link with Narcolepsy – Health Official: Swine Flu Vaccinations for Children Possibly a Mistake
– Japan: Four Infants Die Shortly After Receiving Pfizer, Sanofi Vaccines
– More Horrific US Medical Experiments Come to Light
– US Supreme Court Shields Vaccine Makers From Lawsuits
– Flu Vaccine Failure In Western Pennsylvania
– And NOW: Boys ‘Need’ HPV Vaccination To Prevent Genital Warts, Anal Cancers And To Help Protect Women Against Cervical Cancer
– International Medical Council on Vaccination Refutes Vaccine Propaganda With Myth-Busting Report
– The Seasonal Flu Vaccine Fairy Tale Collapses
– Man Dies of Swine Flu Despite Swine Flu Vaccine
– Two-Thirds of Whooping Cough Cases Were Vaccinated in Worst Outbreak in More Than 60 Years
– 1 in 3 Americans Already Got A Extremely Toxic Flu Shot This Year
– Vaccination Link To H3N2 Death Cluster In Japan Hospital?
– UK Government ‘Investigates’ 300 ‘Mystery’ Baby Deaths on Cyprus
– Pregnant women to be vaccinated against flu for first time: Genocide!
– India: Twins Die Minutes After Measles Vaccination
– CDC Allegedly Falsifies Reports, Ignoring Up To 3,587 Miscarriages From H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccine
– More Than $1.5 Million in First-Ever Vaccine-Autism Court Award
– 3 Babies Die Within Hours After They Were Vaccinated
– And Now: Mandatory Flu Shot Pushed For Healthcare Workers (With Unemployment As Only Alternative)
– Cervical Cancer Vaccine For Girls Aged 12 Can Be Given Without Parental Consent
– Mother Wins £90,000 MMR Vaccine Compensation After 18 Years
– Dr Robert Sapolsky’s Stress Vaccine: A ‘Herpes Virus To Carry Engineered ‘Neuroprotective’ Genes Deep Into The Brain To Neutralize The Rogue Hormones Before They Can Cause Damage
– First batch of untested (!) flu vaccines approved by the FDA causes seizures in children
– WHO To Tax Internet Usage To Fund Genocide Vaccines In Third-World Countries
– WHO Wants to Tax Us to Death, Plans Billions in Internet and Other Taxes
– Rotavirus Vaccines Contaminated With Pig Virus, But FDA Says No Problem
– Dr. Len Horowitz: Profitable Depopulation Plot Links JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs to Vaccination Contaminations and Big Pharma Corruption
– Dr. Rima E. Laibow: The Globalist Depopulation Agenda
– Discharged IDF Soldiers Sue For Millions Over Anthrax Vaccine Experiment
– Rotarix Rotavirus Vaccine Contaminated With Pig Virus DNA
– European health officials: ‘H1N1 pandemic false alarm, inquiry to expose the truth’
– 60 Million in US Vaccinated Against Swine Flu … They Have Just Destroyed Their Health
– Police State: Student Suspended And Assaulted For Handing Out ANTI-VACCINE Flyers
– Swine Flu Pizza Party: Get a shot, get a pizza for your class!
– Virologist Adrian Gibbs Repeats H1N1 Swine Flu Lab-Escape Claim in Published Study
– Shocking H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccine Miscarriage Stories From Pregnant Women
– Dr. Roby Mitchell Retracts H1N1 Vaccine Advice After Reading Insert!
– French Woman Develops Guillain-Barre Syndrome After H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccination
– Poland: Health Minister Says No To The H1N1 Swine Flu Vaccine For The Entire Country
– Boy developed Guillain-Barre syndrome within hours after swine flu vaccination, but CDC says no clear link
– 3 Dutch babies die after pneumococcal vaccine, Dutch authorities pull Pfizer’s Prevenar batch
– UK government: All schoolchildren may be vaccinated against H1N1 swine flu
– CFR admits false scarcity tactic to get people to take the H1N1 swine flu vaccine
– Twenty Reasons Why Vitamin D Is Better Than The Swine Flu Vaccine
– Protect your child from swine flu vaccinations: A letter for your school principal (and nursing staff)
– H1N1 Swine Flu A National Emergency? Take A Close Look At This Chart
– Dr. Gary Null Speaking Out at the NYS Assembly Hearing on Vaccinations, Fraud, Junk Science, Crimes Against Humanity and Profit
– CDC Guesstimated H1N1 Swine Flu Cases and Refused CBS Freedom of Information Act Request
– President Obama declares H1N1 swine flu a national emergency
– Flu Vaccine Brainwashing by the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services
– Doctor, cited on FOX News as expert on infectious diseases, would not give highly toxic swine flu vaccine to his children
– Satire: How to be a swine flu vaccine zealot
– New York judge puts hold on mandatory swine flu vaccinations
– Robert F. Kennedy Jr. – Shocking Vaccine Cover Up
– Junk Science And The Flu Vaccine Scam Revealed
– Dr. Leonard Horowitz: The CDC’s Vaccination Genocide
– Autism Explodes As Childhood Vaccines Increase
– ‘Just get your damn vaccine’ America! (The Swine Flu Conspiracy
– Canada will protect swine flu vaccine maker GlaxoSmithKline from lawsuits
– CDC drafts ‘ISOLATION ORDER’ for swine flu (H1N1)
– Poll: Nearly 2/3 of US parents won’t vaccinate their children against the H1N1 swine flu
– Australia: Nationwide swine flu vaccination
– US: Military to get mandatory swine flu shots soon
– Washington State lifts limit on mercury preservative in swine-flu vaccine
– Forced Swine Flu Vaccination Refused By Nurses In New York
– Long Island nurses to rally against mandatory swine flu vaccines
– Seasonal flu shot may increase H1N1 risk
– First wave of vaccine will be mostly nasal spray, a LIVE FLU VIRUS
– Nanoparticles used in untested swine flu vaccines
– China: Mass Swine Flu Vaccination
– US: Governor Baldacci proclaims civil emergency due to H1N1
– EMERGENCY UPDATE: French government document details forced mass vaccination plans from September 28th: GPs and hospitals to be excluded.
– Study: Causal Connection Between Thimerosal and Autism Established
– Historical facts exposing the dangers and ineffectiveness of vaccines
– Exposed: ‘The Swine Flu Hoax’ by Andrew Bosworth, Ph.D.
– Up to 60% of doctors may refuse swine flu vaccine
– Massachusetts ’swine flu’ legislation: A $1000 fine per day or up to 30 days in prison for each day that you do not follow the emergency declaration rules
– Yes, you will! FORCED vaccinations, isolation & quarantine, health care interrogations and mandatory ‘decontaminations’
– German health expert’s swine flu warning; Does virus vaccine increase the risk of cancer?
– Dr. Russell Blaylock: Harmful Effects of Swine Flu Vaccine
– Swine Flu: The DynCorp ‘COINCIDENCE’
– H1N1 Swine Flu Pandemic: October Surprise Prevention
– Dr. Russell Blaylock: How to reduce the toxic effects if force vaccinated
– Poll: Only a third of nurses willing to have swine flu vaccine
– Leaked Government letter to neurologists reveals concern about swine flu vaccine
– Untested swine flu vaccine could be given to your children
– £27,000 swine flu bonus for GPs
– Squalene: The Swine Flu Vaccine’s Dirty Little Secret Exposed
– NVIC on swine flu and the consequences for you!
– US Military To Work With FEMA During Swine Flu Pandemic
– Former Assistant Secretary of Housing: ‘I believe one of the goals of the swine flu vaccine is depopulation’
– US: 12,000 Children To Be Swine Flu Vaccine Guinea Pigs
– 131 Children Vaccinated At Gunpoint In Africa
– Baxter Filed Swine Flu Vaccine Patent a Year Ahead of Outbreak
– UK Government Swine Flu Advisor On Vaccine Maker Payroll
– Swine flu vaccine to be cleared after five-day trial !!!
– Baxter sent out 72 kilos of live bird flu material destined for vaccines confirmed by Austrian Health Minister Alois Stöger
– Baxter: Product contaminated with live H5N1 avian flu virus
– Now Legal Immunity for Swine flu Vaccine Makers
– New Zealand orders 300,000 doses of untested and unapproved swine flu vaccine
– Journalist Files Charges against WHO and UN for Bioterrorism and Intent to Commit Mass Murder
– Swine Flu 1976: Reality vs. Propaganda
– Homeopathy Successfully Treated Flu Epidemic of 1918
– Epidemic Influenza And Vitamin D (Flashback)
– Dr. Russell Blaylock on 1976 Swine Flu and Current Outbreak
– Merck Plant Dumps Vaccine Waste and Chemicals Into Water Supply
– Vaccines and Medical Experiments on Children, Minorities, Woman and Inmates (1845 – 2007)
Swine Flu and the Microchip:
– VeriChip Corp. Granted Exclusive License for Patents Used in Virus Triage Detection System for H1N1 Virus
– Greg Evenson on Microchips and Swine Flu
– Whistleblower: Forced vaccinations – clear warning
Additional information on Tamiflu:
– Canada ignores Oxford University’s warning about Tamiflu
– Swine flu: TV presenter’s daughter almost died after taking Tamiflu
– Study: Tamiflu causes sickness and nightmares in children
– Tamiflu drug made with cocktail of chemical ingredients, linked with bizarre behavior
– Bird Flu Medicine Toxic for Teens | <urn:uuid:be4b7973-284b-40bd-ac17-75cc93074f0b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://infiniteunknown.net/2011/10/13/flu-shots-contain-more-than-250-times-the-epa%e2%80%99s-safety-limit-for-mercury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.836215 | 3,492 | 3.328125 | 3 |
On August 13th, 1979, Business Week ran on its cover a story entitled “The Death of Equities.” Between the covers, the magazine opined that the condition — a flattening of stock returns — had to be regarded as a “near-permanent condition.” When the article was published, the Dow was trading at 875 and had been in essentially a see-saw pattern since it had peaked at just over 1,000 in late 1972. The article was published on the heels of a dismal period in the US economy – one that included historically unprecedented oil prices (a 60% rise in 1979 alone) and double-digit inflation. Additionally, the article predicted that large institutional investors (e.g., pension plans) — by far the largest holders of US equity shares — would soon be fleeing the market out of necessity, to seek higher returns, and that this would almost certainly drive the market down further. By most standards, the outlook couldn’t have been worse. In the two years that followed, the Dow rose 17%, followed by yet another dip to 776, before beginning what would become the greatest secular bull market in US history. That rise would continue for nearly 18 years bringing the Dow to 11,500 in late 1999, an unprecedented 16% per year average return (not including dividends and inherent trading costs).
* * *
As I write this, I’m a bit tired from having stayed up too late last night watching the New Hampshire primary returns. What an interesting evening that turned out to be! If you followed the polls in the days leading up the NH primary, then you know that virtually every poll – including Hillary Clintons’ own internal tracking poll – showed that Barack Obama would almost certainly win with between a 1% and 13% lead going into the primary. Even MSNBC’s exit polls predicted a 5% margin of victory for the Obama camp. Despite what appeared to be insurmountable momentum coming out of Iowa, and every poll and every pundit in the county seeming to assure an Obama win, somehow, that turned out to be exactly what didn’t happen. (Stay with me here, there’s a point coming eventually.)
* * *
This has been a difficult six months in the market. The subprime mess which “blossomed” in late July, has spawned a series of earnings write-downs, a tightening of credit, and added significantly to concerns about an economic slowdown, and possibly a recession. The Dow has gone from 12,500 at the beginning of ’07 to 14,100 (in July ’07) and then back to 12,600 as I write this. Despite a dismal second half, 2007 was not a total disaster, with most clients performing positively, though unimpressively, overall for the year, thanks in large part to broad diversification.
So, what’s ahead? As both the 1979 Business Week article and Tuesday night’s New Hampshire primary show, making predictions about complex systems is an iffy proposition at best, and I don’t think it serves the long-term prudent investor very well anyway. As I said in my last missive, I think some of what is going on right now in the economy and in the financial markets is the giving back of perhaps what never should have been in the first place (i.e., there may have been a little too much economic growth, and with it stronger than expected stock market returns, because there was too much easy money floating around over the last few years).
So, a few things to keep in mind:
- Trying to time the market, by all objective measures I’ve seen, is likely to be a bad bet and, in the end, more likely to cost money than save money.
- Stock market returns tend to occur in concentrated periods interspersed with long periods of flat-to-volatile markets. Miss those few occasional days, weeks, or months when the sun is shining and you can miss out on the bulk of what the market has to offer.
- Except in all but the most egregious periods of market over-valuation (and I don’t think this is one of those periods by any stretch), I strongly advise a buy-hold-and-rebalance approach.
- The darker things get, the less risk of over-valuation there is likely to be. Said another way, a market that has fallen 10% has less over-valuation risk after the fall than before the fall, and a market that has fallen 20% is likely to contain less over-valuation risk than it did when it had only fallen 10%. Or, indirectly, said another way: it’s always darkest just before dawn.
- Almost all of our client portfolios are structured such that in an exceedingly bad 12 month market period, they could potentially see a potential downside of 20% or more, and some clients (those 100% in equities) have portfolios that could see a downside of 40% or more. This despite being very well diversified. So, when (and not “if”) that eventuality materializes, as it inevitably will at least once in every client’s lifetime, it shouldn’t come as a shock. That said, when we run retirement projections for clients, we know this eventuality will occur and we have factored such a certainty into the projections. It’s an evitable part of the investing experience, and it’s impossible to separate market returns from market volatility.
- Finally and most importantly, I view the process of investing for a lifetime of independence as a long-term journey. Regardless of whether you are 40, 50, 60, or 70, the greatest risk for most retirees is the possibility of declining purchasing power and/or running out of money. I sincerely believe that equities are an essential part of every portfolio and are the part most likely to drive long-term returns and long-term purchasing power, despite their inevitable short-term volatility. Since this is a long-term journey we are on together, it is important to keep the focus on the beacon that a long-term perspective provides us. I don’t think there is any way to navigate around the inevitable storms that the market suffers without the risk of sacrificing long-term returns and long-term purchasing power. So, know that you have a well-diversified portfolio, that these storms are an inevitable part of the investing experience, and that, over the course of a lifetime, a long-term perspective is the prudent perspective.
As always, please let me know if you have any questions or if there is anything I can do for you. | <urn:uuid:f52ee761-6b84-457b-9816-662074d494ed> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rpspecialists.com/2008/01/a-little-long-term-perspective/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966809 | 1,385 | 1.726563 | 2 |
So, you’ve decided to start a home-based business. Congratulations! and welcome to the fast-paced world of entrepreneurship. While there is a lot to learn, your effort will be worth it. The thrill of growing your business, the freedom and flexibility to set your hours, and the possibilities of ever-increasing financial rewards are all excellent reasons to start your home-based business.
Now that you’ve decided to start your business, you might be wondering, “How can I get it off to the strongest possible start?” These seven tips will help:
- Set up a separate working space in your home. It doesn’t matter if this is a small bedroom, one part of the garage, or a living room corner. The important thing is to have some space that you can designate as your working area. This will give you the freedom and room you need to craft your dream.
- Stock your working space with materials. This sounds essential, perhaps, but one underlying element of success is that you have easy access to the tools, materials, and other resources you need. Gathering everything close by also keeps you from wasting time searching for it, so this step can also be considered a time management strategy.
- Speaking of time management, your third step is to define the parameters of your business. What days and hours will you work? When will you market? When will you provide services or products to clients? How will you keep all this straight?
- Balance action with planning. One of the most common pitfalls to successful entrepreneurship is getting too caught up in acting without planning. Stated another way, this means that you confuse “being busy” with “working on important projects.” The best approach is to plan your next couple of goals and then work backward to create step-by-step action plans to reach them. Once you have the program, then it’s time to act.
- Network like crazy. One of the fastest ways to grow any business is to make connections with other people. Be sure to share your passion and enthusiasm with others at every opportunity. Let people know who you are and what you offer. Remember, people can’t buy if they don’t know you’re selling.
- Present a professional image. If you want to be treated professionally, present a professional image. Set up a separate bank account for your business. Install a separate phone and fax line. Create professional marketing materials. Be courteous and pleasant in all your customer-facing interactions. Be someone people want to do business with.
- Automate your business as much as possible. Granted, you are just one person (right now) and might have a lot of extra time to take care of all the details. This might work for now but won’t work into the future as you get busier and busier. It’s best to set up automatic systems and processes right from the start to free up your time to concentrate on the most profitable activities. | <urn:uuid:6b65fe3e-e7dd-494c-8453-61a6b0f74fdf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://andreafoy.com/entrepreneurship/7-tips-to-thriving-while-working-from-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949787 | 624 | 1.523438 | 2 |
The history of TYCO trains can be traced back to John Tyler, a pioneer in HO scale who helped found the Mantua Toy & Metal Products Company in 1926 with other members of his family. They began selling trains under the Mantua name in the 1930s. Early offerings included the powerful Midjet Motor as well as a variety of rolling stock and steam locomotive kits. The shift towards “ready-to-run” (RTR) train sets after World War II led to the creation of the Tyler Manufacturing Company in 1952, better known as TYCO.
Consolidated Foods purchased TYCO in 1970, and manufacturing was shifted from New Jersey to Hong Kong. Consolidated Foods would later change its name to Sara Lee, though Norman Tyler remained as an executive with the new company. This change in ownership ushers in the “brown-box” period for collectors. Prior to 1970, TYCO offered models that reflected fairly accurate prototypes. After 1970, TYCO’s offerings wander into a fantasy world of unprototypical models.
In early 1986, Savoy Industries put TYCO stock on the open market generating $13.4 million and ending Savoy’s involvement in the toy company. Model train production ended in the 1990s, with the final catalog appearance in 1993. The TYCO name continues as a line of radio-controlled cars produced by Mattel. | <urn:uuid:d59f01b8-f425-491f-8e39-56c1a73cf96c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ho-scaletrains.com/tyco/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966718 | 288 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Hearing Loss Overview
Hearing loss is the third most common condition in the United States.
It affects the very young, the very old, and all ages in between. About 15 percent (18 and older) of adults in the United States report some trouble hearing — about 37.5 million people. Interestingly, men (age 20 to 69) are nearly twice as likely to suffer hearing loss as women.
Hearing loss may progressively or suddenly come on. And the underlying causes range from genetics to infections, to certain medicines' side-effects, to aging.
Symptoms of Hearing Loss
The initial signs of hearing loss may include:
It's likely someone else will notice your hearing loss before you do so, so be aware of this when talking to your friends and family.
Causes of Hearing Loss
Hearing loss is most commonly down to age-related changes. Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a natural occurrence. It typically begins between the ages of 45 and 65 and can be exacerbated by environmental factors' chronic exposure to noise.
Age-related hearing loss primarily affects the higher frequencies and develops in both ears. It's all down to the wear and tear of the hair cells in the cochlea. The reduced capacity of these cells to pick up sound means that the auditory nerve receives fewer sound signals to send to the brain for processing.
The second-largest source of hearing loss is noise-induced. Prolonged exposure to intense noise levels, such as from noisy occupations or listening to loud music, triggers noise-induced loss of hearing. It can also occur from short and thunderous sound bursts, such as gunshots and explosions, which can cause physical damage to the ears.
You may not notice for a long time the symptoms of noise-induced hearing loss, but the damage has undoubtedly been done. The first indication that noise has impaired an individual's hearing is that they suffer from tinnitus.
The Benefits of Hearing Loss Treatment
Improved Quality of Life
Hearing loss often limits us in ways that are hard to quantify but have a significant impact. Since hearing loss is fundamental to how we communicate, if we allow hearing loss to go unaddressed, our quality of life may be significantly reduced.
Loss of listening leads to changes in our social patterns. We may intuitively avoid social activities that we once enjoyed since our hearing loss limits our enjoyment.
However, treating hearing loss helps us stay socially engaged and keeps us involved in the activities we love to do, and the people we love to connect with.
Better Job Prospects
Hearing is essential to keep up with today's busy workplaces, from getting the most out of meetings to catching important updates on projects. Untreated hearing problems are indeed correlated with lower pay rates and higher unemployment. While employers are unable to discriminate against employees with hearing impairments, hearing loss often makes jobs more demanding.
Treating hearing loss relieves stress in the workplace; it also connects you to hearing technology, which helps you stay on top of your career.
Improved Cognitive Health
Trying to understand speech with untreated hearing loss is akin to solving a puzzle without all the pieces. Your brain must work extra hard for a more unsatisfactory quality outcome.
This process pulls cognitive attention away from other tasks and creates a cognitive burden as we struggle to hear. This stress is thought to lie behind higher dementia rates in people with unaddressed hearing loss.
The good news is that treating hearing loss relieves that cognitive strain and boosts your brain. When a hearing is more natural, your cognitive functioning feels that relief and performance for other cognitive tasks improve.
Don't wait seven years from when you notice a loss of hearing to do something about it. Make a hearing test appointment with us, and start living your best life today! | <urn:uuid:c65d4edc-5a00-4223-92a6-920adf3319bd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://audiologyhears.com/hearing-loss/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.957474 | 778 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Submitted by guitar-list on
Blind Arvella Gray (January 28, 1906 – September 7, 1980) was an American blues, folk and gospel singer and guitarist.
His birth name was James Dixon, and he was born in Somerville, Texas, United States. He spent the latter part of his life performing and busking folk, blues and gospel music at Chicago's Maxwell Street flea market and at rapid-transit depots. In the '60s, he recorded two singles for his own Gray label including "Freedom Rider" backed with "Freedom Bus."
Gray's only album, 1973's The Singing Drifter was reissued on the Conjuroo record label in 2005. The re-issue producer was Cary Baker, who wrote the liner notes for the original Birch Records vinyl LP.
Gray died in Chicago, Illinois in September 1980, at the age of 74. Read more about Blind Arvella Grey on Last.fm. User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License; additional terms may apply.
Gear used by Blind Arvella Grey
Blind Arvella Grey links
1906-01-28 to 1980-09-07 | <urn:uuid:f76abc69-9ddc-4f85-95a3-281368f15c72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.guitar-list.com/guitar-players/blind-arvella-grey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.963281 | 255 | 1.5 | 2 |
In this brief guide, we will answer the question, “What can I use in place of a Dutch oven?”. We will elaborate on different alternatives to the Dutch oven, and how we can use them.
What can I use in place of a Dutch oven?
You can use the following things in place of the dutch oven:
- Slower Cooker (for almost similar results)
- Instant pot (The wonder dish)
- Clay Pot
- Metal Pot (with some tweaks)
- Casserole Dish (a fair alternative)
- Ceramic pot (handle with care)
- French Oven (Enameled iron)
Slower Cooker (for almost similar results)
A slow cooker is the best alternative tool for Dutch ovens because both these kitchen tools work on the same principle. You could adjust the parameter of the slow cooker according to the requirements of the food recipe. The slow cooker will also enable you to cook quickly just like a Dutch oven by adjusting the slow cooker to a high cook if you are in a hurry.
Dutch ovens are slow cookers. If you want to relish the process then keep a slow cooker for double the time of cooking at a low setting of temperature.
A slow cooker has the benefit of keeping your food warm for a long time after cooking just like the Dutch oven. The only drawback of the slow cooker is that you are not able to brown the meat without simmering it in a sauce. So, use a cast-iron skillet for browning the meat and then move it into the slow cooker for the end product.
Stockpot could also be used as a good alternative for Dutch oven but usually, stockpot has a tight lid and heavy bottom. The food could be seared and sautéed in a stockpot at low heat then the rest of the ingredients could be added.
Just a caveat: you should cook in low heat and check the level of liquid at regular intervals.
Instant pot (The wonder dish)
Instant pot is a recent invention and has become the most loving tool of passionate cooks. Instant pots can handle more recipes just like the Dutch oven than all other alternatives of the Dutch oven.
Higher steam is produced in the instant pot and you could cook stews, risotto to braised meat faster approximately at the rate of 30 per cent.
The clay pot resembles the Dutch oven because they both have a cone and a lid which after collecting steam in the pot cook and condense the recipes. This process of collecting steam makes the dish highly nutritious and moist and known as self-basting.
Braiser is a good substituted tool for Dutch oven which could be used in place of Dutch oven but with a minor tweak. The size and heights of the braiser vary. So, you opt for your recipe depending upon the size of the braiser.
Metal Pot (with some tweaks)
Metal pot could also be used as a good alternative to the Dutch oven but to use it ideally you should read the instructions of metal pot firstly. The best method to use the metal pot is not to heat the pan before heat because it could not distribute the heat evenly in the pot.
The bottom of the pan with high heat can burn the food. So, low heat is recommended to use for metal pan because it becomes hot quickly as compared to Dutch oven.
Casserole Dish (a fair alternative)
The casserole dish works just like the Dutch oven but for better results, you should choose the casserole dish that is deep enough to hold more food with a tight-fit lid. Casserole dish has a composition that could not be directly exposed to heat.
Ceramic pot (handle with care)
You can use the ceramic pot in place of the Dutch oven and ceramic pots are also safe to place in the oven. They are easy to use and clean with a dishwasher. Ceramic pots are also non-stick. The best thing about the ceramic pot is you can serve it right after cooking, you could place it in the center of the dining table.
What is a Dutch oven?
A Dutch oven can do almost anything since it is safe for both oven and stove top, so you can initiate your recipes on a burner and complete cooking them in the oven.
A dutch oven is created from enameled cast iron or ceramic, so it can be used at a higher temperature. Also, it holds heat well, hence maintaining the perfect simmer for an all-day braise or work to keep the food warm for longer after it gets out of the oven.
You can use a Dutch oven for practically everything; from braising meats, soups and sauces, casseroles, frying food, and also baking bread or cookies.
In this brief guide, we have provided an answer to the question, “What can I use in place of a Dutch oven?”. We have elaborated on different alternatives to the Dutch oven, and how we can use them. | <urn:uuid:6edccd7a-9547-4d4c-ab5b-38b813dc091c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://thewholeportion.com/what-can-i-use-in-place-of-a-dutch-oven/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.94648 | 1,051 | 1.703125 | 2 |
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CLASSICAL AND FOREIGN
A POLYGLOT MANUAL OF
HISTORICAL AND LITERARY SAYINGS
PHRASES, PROVERBS, AND BONS MOTS
COMPILED, EDITED, AND TOLD,
With their References, Translations, and Enderes,
W. FRANCIS H: KING, M.A., Oxford.
THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND REWRITTEN
"A Quotation without a reference is like a geological specimen of unknown locality."
-Prof. SKEAT, Notes and Queries, 6th Series, vol. ix. p. 499.
-BAYLE, Dict., art. SANCHEZ, Remarques.
-SHAKESPEARE, “Love's Labour Lost,” v. 1. | <urn:uuid:3807e604-ef12-4bf9-8075-45e0a182be92> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=yoUVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=related:UOM39015066464473&output=html_text&lr=&vq=%22Nomen+beati,+qui+Deorum+Muneribus+sapienter+uti,+Duramque+callet+pauperiem+pati,+Pejusque+leto+flagitium+timet+%3B+Non%22&source=gbs_quotes | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.662738 | 201 | 1.78125 | 2 |
The Campinas Data Center has everything you need to provide your company with an efficient and secure environment.
- 6 MW total power.
- 54,000 ft² total area.
- TIER III certification.
- Carrier Neutral.
Campinas Data Center
Site located in “Brazilian Silicon Valley”
Campinas has a vibrant economy and a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of BRL 57 billion. It currently ranks as the 10th largest GDP in Brazil.
Campinas is also the largest city in the interior of São Paulo State, and is also known as the “Brazilian Silicon Valley.” That is because the city is one of Latin America’s leading technology hubs, and home to 30 of the world’s top 500 tech companies.
Ascenty chose Campinas to build a data center and meet the demand from the local technology and manufacturing industries. The site is strategically located near several major highways. | <urn:uuid:441e2aff-3e2b-455e-b6c6-f651a61d2399> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ascenty.com/en/data-centers-en/campinas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.941626 | 202 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Still not sure?Ask your question in our comments section below (we reply to all comments within 24 hours)
or return to main search.
This page is a spellcheck for word apologies. All Which is Correct spellings and definitions, including "Apologies vs appologies" are based on official English dictionaries, which means you can browse our website with confidence! Common searches that lead to this page: how to spell apologies, correct spelling of apologies, how is apologies spelled, spell check apologies, how do you spell apologies. | <urn:uuid:d16cee7e-3b9a-4a78-976f-42c19c794783> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://whichiscorrect.com/apologies-vs-appologies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.848892 | 122 | 1.84375 | 2 |
统计研究 ›› 2004, Vol. 21 ›› Issue (8): 9-4.
• 论文 •
Abstract: The accounting of resources and environment is the important basis for the sustainable developmentindicators and the framework of green accounting system. In this paper, the present state of the naturalresources, environment, and the economic and social development in Poyang lake wetlands have beenanalyzed. On the basis of these, we find the key factors that have effects on the sustainable development ofthe research areas. The economic value that owing to several eco-environment losses have been calculated.It appears that only the several ones, which is the 9.35 percent of the GDP in 1999. Because of the confine, which comes from the data, it is only a preliminary study on the economicvalue accounting of eco-environment losses in Poyang lake wetlands system. But from the calculatedresult, we can see that there are lots of economic losses owing to the eco-environment destroyed. It is veryimportant to set up a framework of green accounting system in Poyang lake wetlands, with it theinhabitants and government apparatus should be aware of the importance of preserving the naturalresources and eco-environment.
张军涛 . 鄱阳湖湿地生态环境损失价值初步核算[J]. 统计研究, 2004, 21(8): 9-4.
导出引用管理器 EndNote|Reference Manager|ProCite|BibTeX|RefWorks
电话：010-68783961 传真：010-68783948 E-mail: [email protected] | <urn:uuid:416dce71-c729-4b2e-8068-76b2bcb41ef4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tjyj.stats.gov.cn/CN/abstract/abstract912.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.78816 | 647 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Life After the Robot Apocalypse
Photo courtesy of the Sir Paul Callaghan Eureka Awards.
In 2016, I was fortunate enough to be a finalist in the Sir Paul Callaghan Eureka Awards for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) communication.
I spoke on a passion of mine, Artificial Intelligence. My focus was on the current fear surrounding the “rise of the machines”, and how they were taking all our jobs. This is, thankfully, not the reality of the situation. In this talk, I draw parallels with the industrial revolution, a similar time when we all feared the machines would destroy the world.
The crux of the talk is this:
Robots add real value when working with humans, not replacing them.
– Matt Beane writing for TechCrunch
I discuss how, when robots and AI enter a field, they do not tend to take over entire jobs. Instead they handle the parts that are, frankly, not the parts we want to do anyway. The machines work in the tedious, or more often dangerous scenarios that people should never have to enter. They can extend the capabilities of the workers, adding to human value, not decreasing it.
Robots have already taken our jobs. They’re doing those jobs better than us. And everything will be OK. Keep calm and carry on. | <urn:uuid:5bdf16da-e39e-4c70-a89b-007475ab226b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://aaron.stockdill.nz/blog/life-after-the-robot-apocalypse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.925457 | 284 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Make sure that each and every paragraph that you write should follow this format. It should focused and succinct. To write a proper essay one needs to have structure of thought, imagination, and creativity. The first page of the header should contain only the page number.
By contrast, online applications let you be confident that your materials were received. Computers cannot detect the context in which you are using words, so be sure to review carefully.
You should note what you have studied while in high school; what activities you have joined both in and out of school; and you should write specifically about how the college of your choice meets your needs. An examiner can tell a lot about a student by looking at the way a student writes his essays.
Go to the insert option. Tips for the macro levelof your college application essay format: As far as head starts are concerned, you need to make that first few lines of the first paragraph have as much impact as possible.
When you are finished writing, you need to make sure that your essay still adheres to the prompt. Get to know your prompt Ease yourself into the essay-writing process. Is it as tight as it could be?
Tips for the micro level of your college application essay format: You will need to speak about who you are and who you hope to become. Nothing is worse than trying to match an application essay with no name or, worse, an e-mail address such as donutsarelife domain.
Be certain the college or university you are applying to received your essay. It will make your essay sound canned and bland—two of the worst things a college essay can be.
Finally, you should include two spaces at the end of a sentence. The first thing they notice is the format. Take advantage of being able to share something with an audience who knows nothing about you and is excited to learn what you have to offer.
So before giving a title, ask yourself- What impact do you want to make?
Remember, when you intend to spell "there" and mistakenly spell "here" spell-check will not see this as an error though it will be one. It should capture your genuine personality, explaining who you are beyond a series of grades, test scores, and after-school activities.
Have these people review your application essay to make sure your message is on target and clear to any audience. Regardless of how you will end up submitting your essay, you should draft it in a word processor. Inside the top of page option select the right indented page number.
Is this essay prompt asking you to inform? Hence, it is very important that you pay attention to the simple college essay formatting guidelines, which are given below.The college admission essay has long stumped many high school seniors. The heading or title for the essay should not be the primary concern.
Unless specified in the application, a college admissions essay's title can be omitted.
College application essay format heading. how dead is dead, college application essay format fresh-air-purifiers.com recommends that your application be no more than 12 essays in heading and that it should not contain colleges or formats that serve no purpose.
College application essay format heading.
Tips for Formatting Scholarship Application Essays. When you are preparing a scholarship application essay, make sure to pay as much attention to the scholarship essay format as you do to the content.
Individuals who judge college scholarship essay contests look very closely at the essays they receive and evaluate them based on. College Application Essay Format. Your college essay should be a brief essay about who you are and what you intend to study at the academic institution of your choosing.
You should write an essay that is strong and personal while being specific and focused. You will need to speak about who you are and who you hope to become.
Mar 12, · College Essay Format with Style Guide and Tips.
The structure is the format and the content is whatever you write adhering to the essay format. Before you write the contents of your essay, you need to get the format right; because without the format done properly, the examiner will not even consider reading the contents of your Author: Laran Joseph.
How to Format a College Essay: Font, Margins, Etc. Some of your formatting concerns will depend on whether you will be cutting and pasting your essay into a text box on an online application form or attaching a formatted document.Download | <urn:uuid:ceb3c85e-28e5-40ea-996b-ccfe1563bc15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://sivawocubujamyx.fresh-air-purifiers.com/heading-for-college-essay-application-format-42074vyl3590.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.951945 | 908 | 2.296875 | 2 |
One challenging week as a vegetarian in Barcelona
Is life really that difficult as a vegetarian in Barcelona? We challenged the predominantly meat and fish-based Catalan cuisine through a week of discovering restaurants, organic shops and vegan eateries in the city. Ham legs tied to the ceiling do not help the perception that vegetarians would have to survive on a diet of nuts and bread, but after our search we found that Barcelona is an incredibly vegetarian-friendly city. This short guide, organised following the days of the week, will help you to know your way around it.
Barcelona (CNA).- Food is one of the main local cultural features, and Catalan cuisine is especially replete with typical meat and fish dishes such as ‘Estofats’ (meat and vegetable stew), ‘Esqueixada’ (salted cod salad with tomato and onion), ‘Embotits’ (cured dried sausages) and ‘Botifarras’ (Catalan raw sausage). Being vegetarian in the Catalan capital can seem nerve-wracking and challenging, bumping into ham shops with legs tied to the ceiling at every corner is not an easy way to feel welcome in a city. However, once you overcome the first impression, Barcelona is a very friendly place for non-meat- and fish-eaters, offering a large range of vegetarian products, while at the same time, revealing the wealth of Catalan food.
Monday-shopping at an Organic store
Monday is as one of the best days to go shopping as most of the shops are empty of customers, enabling you to choose quietly which products are the best and cheapest. There are a lot of organic shops in Barcelona and almost every neighborhood has a vegetarian store. One of them is Veritas, the leading organic supermarket chain in Spain, based in Barcelona. This refined shop offers a great variety of products, from pastries to cleaning products, and more conventional ingredients such as tofu and organic pasta. Prices are a little steeper than average but you can find some cheap offers, for instance, a bottle of organic wine ranges from 4 to 15 euros. Some rare products can also be found in Veritas, such as specific varieties of mushrooms and seeds. Although the packaging is often rather elementary (for ecological reasons), it still succeeds in staying appealing through good use of colour and original styles, not to mention that all the ingredients are written in English on every product.
Tuesday at Teresa Carles, a renowned vegan restaurant
By consistently seeing Teresa Carles ranked as one of the best restaurants in Barcelona, it was a given that we were going to help ourselves to a meal at the famous, if slightly expensive, vegetarian restaurant. Individual dishes were around 12-14 euros each but to our delight, Teresa Carles offers a wide array of options as part of a 13 euro three-course meal and being the food connoisseurs that we are, we had already decided which dishes we were going to devour. The best bit about this place is that the cuisine ranges from Thai to Italian and so there’s something for everyone. It felt great to have a meal without having to worry about whether a piece of chicken could have slipped into the soup or if the dishes were being cooked in the same pan where a piece of fish had just been fried. We left the restaurant with our stomachs stuffed and with a sincere determination to return as soon as they post the set menu options for the month of March online.
Wednesday, the Markets phenomenon
Markets are everywhere in Barcelona. They are a great opportunity, as nothing is better than choosing food on display while getting a sense of the various colours, textures and smells at the same time. Even if these places are far from being 100% vegetarian, you will always be able to find a section dedicated to vegetarian products. It is hard to stay in Barcelona and miss La Boqueria on the main walkway of Les Rambles. This wonderful market is full of appetising products, transcending you into an Eden for the senses, from fresh fruits to pastries, as well as vegetables and spices. Veggies should be careful not to venture into the meat and fish section or you could involuntarily be confronted with some beheaded animals and hanging guts.
Among the most famous markets in the Catalan capital, mention must be made of the Sant Antoni market in Ronda Sant Pau, open every day except Sunday, and which is far bigger than La Boqueria and less crowded by tourists. If you want to hear stallholders chanting prices and offers in Catalan, you can also go to the Santa Caterina Market in the El Born neighbourhood. This is the most recently constructed market in Barcelona, as it was renovated in 2005 by Enric Miralles and Benedetta Tagliabue, and is characterised by multi-colour ceramic roof waves on a wooden structure, covering all the market stalls, which offer a large range of fresh products.
Thursday, time for a beer at Cat Bar
Located in a hidden comer in El Born, Cat Bar is an artisan beer bar and vegan burger joint. This British bar very aptly has a cat theme and an alternative vibe, which puts it in stark contrast to other vegan bars/restaurants. The burgers lived up to the hype and having a beer sampling menu certainly does add to the allure of Cat Bar. It was also a relief that because this place served vegan food we did not have to have long-drawn-out and badly translated conversations with waiters explaining how we do not want our meal to include meat, fish or eggs. A mention of the live music must also be made as there is a piano available for anyone who wishes to give it a try and it is not odd to occasionally find a random guitarist, who was passing by, strumming away.
Let’s experience falafels and tapas on Friday and Saturday!
On Friday we found ourselves excitedly heading to Maoz Vegetarian, a falafel salad bar with a reputation for leaving your clothes bursting at the seams. Although there isn’t much of a seating area, the concept behind this salad bar would please anyone looking for a delicious meal on a budget. The best part is that you can refill your pita bread with toppings or sauces as many times as you want and, as hungry students, I have got to say that we ensured we had more than our fair share of refills. This is an excellent fast food option, without the horrid drawbacks of fast food, since the food is fresh and healthy.
Saturday, walking down the streets of El Born, we were surprised to see how many Tapas bars were hidden away in the nooks of the city. These little samples of food are always amazingly tasty and imaginative, a whole host of savoury foods and various textures. You will almost always be able to find vegetarian options among the numerous propositions offered to you. If you are not sure what the 'tapa' is made of, simply ask the waiters who will be pleased to help you learn more about this traditional food made with love for customers.
On Sunday, in order to bring our enjoyable week as a vegetarian in Barcelona to an end, we decided to cook a meal together not only to have a try at cooking with organic products, but also because we were running short on cash after a week of consistently eating out. Surprisingly enough, even though there would be the occasional piece of ham in your sandwich or the usual ordeal of explaining your situation to waiters who are unfamiliar with English, we found Barcelona to be extremely vegetarian-friendly. | <urn:uuid:419a6789-7646-4234-aaa3-ccbf0577e21c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.catalannews.com/life-style/item/one-challenging-week-as-a-vegetarian-in-barcelona | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.972374 | 1,552 | 1.578125 | 2 |
It’s actually quite refreshing to not be able to understand everything people are saying- it’s peaceful to hear the poetic tones of the Spanish language, and so intriguing to see how a wordless vocabulary can reach others. I love dance. I love the action, I love the performance, I love watching bodies move through space, and I love the pedagogy. But the most rewarding part for me is watching kids interpret what they see and how they make it their own.. or maybe how they struggle until finally they’ve conquered a step ball change or pas de bourree. That’s what it’s all about for me: educating others to discovering new things they may have never thought of doing.
This morning with the help of the Move-Ex team, I taught a jazz class at la Universidad de Panamá. A) I’ve never taught university age students B) I’ve never taught students who don’t speak ingles. The class flowed much easier than expected and the students from both Panamá and the US were extremely eager to learn- that was the biggest compliment for me. Seeing my friends whom I admire and value so much alongside complete strangers who were so focused and interested in what I was doing. Moments like those make me confident about and excited for my future as a dancer.
Later in the day we went to an orphanage referred to as Malambo. Because I have knee injury most of my friends took the control of the classes we taught. We played an animal game with the first group and the girls, ranging from ages 8-10 and las niñas had such a pleasure teaching us the names of different animals in spanish and movements they associated with those animals. Keeping their attention was not an easy task, but we’ve devised secret strategies to help the process go more smoothly tomorrow.
After the long day, we took a walk around Panamá, learning about the history of the many times conquered country. Why was the canal built in Panamá and not Nicaragua, you ask? Because Panama is more resistant to earthquakes. Through the night we ate delicious pizza and ice cream and talked to some locals about Panamanian activities. …More on those activities in the coming days!
What I saw: Community (and the Panama Canal!)
What I heard: ¿Eres un niño o una niña? My answer: NIÑA!!
What I smelled: The ocean
What I tasted: FRIED PLAINTAINS, I asked for muchos
What I felt: Humidity and warmth, just like home
What I learned: Beyoncé is universal & how to say monkey in Spanish- mono | <urn:uuid:c8e12299-8858-4d9b-900c-bb76d49e5169> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://movementexchanges.org/senses-of-panama/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.949662 | 559 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Republic Act 6972: Barangay-Level Total Development and Protection of Children Act
AN ACT ESTABLISHING A DAY CARE CENTER IN EVERY BARANGAY, INSTITUTING THEREIN A TOTAL DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OF CHILDREN PROGRAM, APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Section 1. Title.- This Act shall be known as the “Barangay-Level Total Development and Protection of Children Act.”
Sec. 2. Declaration of Policy.– It is hereby declared to be the policy of the State to defend the right of children to assistance, including proper care and nutrition, and to provide them with special protection against all forms of neglect, abuse, cruelty, exploitation, and other conditions prejudicial to their development.
Filipino children up to six (6) years of age deserve the best care and attention at the family and community levels. Towards this end, there is hereby established a day care center in every barangay with a total development and protection of children program as provided in this Act instituted in every barangay day care center.
Sec. 3. Program Framework.– The total development and protection of children for day care centers shall be provided for children up to six (6) years of age with consent of parents. Provided, however, that in case of abused, neglected or exploited children, such consent shall not be required. The program shall include the following:
(a) Monitoring of registration of births and completion of the immunization series for prevention of tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, measles, poliomylitis and such other diseases for which vaccines have been developed for administration to children up to (6) years of age;
(b) Growth and nutritional monitoring, with supplementary nutritional feeding and supervision of nutritional intake at home;
(c) Care for children of working mothers during the day and, where feasible, care for children up to six (6) years of age when mother are working at night. Provided, That the day care center need to take care of the children in a particular place but shall develop network of homes where women may take care of the children up to six (6) years of age of working mothers during work hours, with adequate supervision from the supervising social welfare officer of the Department of Social Welfare and Development: Provided, further, That where young children are left to the care of paid domestic, an elderly relative or older children without adequate and competent adult supervision, the supervising social welfare officer shall provide such training and adult supervision until the children’s care meets adequate standards whereby the children under their care will develop normally as healthy, happy and loved children even in the absence of their mothers during working hours;
(d) Materials and networks of surrogate mothers-teachers who will provide intellectual and mental stimulation to children, as well as supervise wholesome recreation, with a balanced program of supervised play, mental stimulation activities, and group activities with peers;
(e) A sanctuary for abused, neglected or exploited children either in one child institution in the barangay and/or a network of sanctuary homes which will take in children in urgent need of protection due to a situation which endangers the child or which has exposed the child to cruelty and abuse. Provided, That the day care center, with the help and support of the barangay chairman and their barangay level support system, may call upon law enforcement agencies when the child needs to be rescued from unbearable home situation;
(f) A referral and support system for pregnant mothers for prenatal and neonatal care and, in the proper case, for delivery of the infant under conditions which will remove or minimize risk to mother and child. Provided, That high-risk mothers shall be referred to the proper tertiary or secondary care service personnel and children who are at risk from any condition or illness will be brought for care: Provided, further, That the day care center shall be alert to illegal abortions and incompetent and untrained hilots so that they are provided the needed basic training for normal delivery and are trained to recognize high-risk pregnancies which should be referred to competent obstetrical and pediatric medical care for mother and child who are at risk; and
(g) A support system and network of assistance from among the members of the barangay for the total development and protection of children.
Sec. 4. Implementing Agency.- The program shall be implemented by the barangay.
The Sangguniang barangay may call upon private volunteers, who are responsible members of the community, and utilize them to assist in the care of children and provide consultative services for medical, educational and other needs of children.
Sec. 5. Functions of the Department of Social Welfare and Development.– The Department shall:
(a) Formulate the criteria for the selection, qualifications, training and accreditation of barangay day care workers and the standards for the implementation of the total development and protection of children program;
(b) Coordinate activities of non-government organizations with the day care workers and other social workers of the Department in order that their services may be fully utilized for the attainment of the program goals; and
(c) Protection and assist abused, neglected or exploited children and secure proper government assistance for said children.
Sec. 6. Funds for the Center, the Program and Day Care Workers. –
(a) The funds for the establishment, maintenance and operation of barangay day care centers shall be appropriated from the national budget and shall be included in the Annual General Appropriations Act as part of the budget of the Department of Social Welfare and Development;
(b) The province, city or municipality concerned shall provide financial assistance for the establishment of every barangay day care with their respective locality;
(c) Barangay day care workers in accredited day care centers shall receive a monthly allowance of not less than Five Hundred Pesos (P500.00) to be charged to the annual appropriations of the Department of Social Welfare and Development;
(d) In order to carry out the provisions of this Act the amount needed for the program and day care worker shall be appropriated in the General Appropriations Act of the year following its enactment into law; and
(e) A portion of health programs available to the Philippines under official debt arrangements from foreign countries, the amount to be determined by the Office of the President, shall extended in support of the day care centers.
Sec. 7. Repealing Clause.- All laws, decrees, rules and regulations, and executive orders contrary to or inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.
Sec. 8. Effectivity.– This Act shall take effect upon its approval and completion of its publication in at least two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.
Approved: November 23, 1990
DOWNLOAD a copy. | <urn:uuid:86ee3127-e395-47c4-9202-8d9fa9eb4839> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pcw.gov.ph/republic-act-6972-barangay-level-total-development-and-protection-of-children-act/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.935895 | 1,411 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Business relies on contracts, and mistakes made during the preparation of a binding commercial agreement can prove very costly down the line.
It therefore benefits all professionals to understand how contracts are drawn up and what, exactly, all the legal terms actually mean. The good news is that, according to Professor Mark Watson-Gandy – one of the UK’s leading experts on English contract law – the subject can be adequately learned in just one afternoon.
Timothy Arden reviews Professor Mark Watson-Gandy latest book: ‘Simple Contract Law: A Brief Introduction to English Contract Law’.
If there’s one image associated with the legal profession then it’s the rows of dusty, voluminous law tomes threatening to break the shelves with their sheer density.
When Simple Contract Law by Professor Mark Watson-Gandy landed on my desk I was, therefore, understandably surprised by just how compact it is.
Upon opening the book, I was further amazed to find not only that the author’s promise that English contract law can be learned in just one afternoon was correct, but also that it was actually enjoyable to do so.
This deft combination of conciseness, information and pleasure is to be applauded as professionals in all sectors discount a familiarity with contract law at their peril.
Every form of business transaction is underpinned by a contract. Often, however, we readily enter into contracts without fully parsing the details, and the legality of those contracts only become tested when there is a dispute between the parties. This is great news for the lawyers and courts, of course, but a potentially costly mistake for businesses, both in terms of legal fees and the wider reputational fallout from such disagreements.
And with the rise of free online contract generator websites, where you may just end up getting what you pay for, it has never been more essential to know what the contract actually states before going any further with a deal.
As a respected barrister as well as legal academic, Professor Watson-Gandy knows better than most the importance of understanding contract law. As he points out in his book, English contract law is the preferred choice for parties not only domestically, as would be expected, but also internationally.
In fact, three quarters of those using London’s commercial courts during litigation come from outside of the UK, and this sector represents one of the UK’s biggest exports, amounting to some £5billion per annum for UK legal services.
The reason for this is simple: English contract law is simple, convenient and straightforward.
Until now, however, books on the subject have been anything but straightforward. Recognising this, Professor Watson-Gandy – a seasoned barrister based at Three Stone Chambers in London, one of the UK’s leading chancery and commercial barristers’ chambers – set out to provide an “antidote to the dry, laborious legal textbooks”.
He has succeeded admirably because this slim, 104-page guide provides a fully-accessible reference that cuts through the complexity and waffle to demystify English contract law within the space of just a few hours. It is, therefore, the perfect overview to English contract law and, most likely, the only book you’ll ever need on the topic.
The book packs in 20 chapters, commencing with a brief explanation of the importance and value of English contract law, and analysis of the nuts and bolts of contracts, before covering all relevant areas such as necessary formalities; the difference between valid, void, voidable and unenforceable contracts; acceptance; offers; exclusion clauses; and remedies.
For additional guidance there are examples of contracts and a handy glossary of common contract terms and their function.
As well as going through the fundamental elements of English contract law, Professor Watson-Gandy – who is also a Visiting Professor at the University of Westminster – also provides the real-life stories behind the legal cases that have shaped contract law over the centuries.
These help to illustrate each key principal while being fascinating to read in themselves. For instance, in the chapter discussing ‘Offers’, we learn about the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893), where a certain Carbolic Smoke Ball Company made a bold advertising claim of a £100 reward to “any person who contracts the increasing epidemic influenza colds, or any disease caused by taking cold, after having used the ball three times daily for two weeks, according to the printed directions supplied with each ball”.
One customer, Mrs. Louisa Elizabeth Carlill, used the product as directed for nearly two months, and then caught the flu. She claimed her £100 but the company refused to pay, until the Court of Appeal found that it was bound by its advertisement, which was “construed as an offer which the buyer, by using the smoke ball, accepted, thus creating a contract”.
The icing on the cake is the witty and charming cartoons provided by Gordon Collett that further illuminate the principles and binding precedents that have formed contract law, such as two cavemen thrashing out the first (verbal) contract for the exchange of a mammoth skin.
The bottom line is that, as professionals, we may well be called upon from time to time to scrutinise a contract or prepare one without a legal professional at hand. Given this, gaining a familiarity with English contact law is a wise decision.
In the final verdict, Simple Contract Law will be of immeasurable value, being one of those books that should always be within arm’s reach. | <urn:uuid:b849843f-e175-4e92-9a0a-e26f0fa73a43> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bmmagazine.co.uk/in-business/bookshelf/reviewed-english-contract-law-by-professor-mark-watson-gandy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.956312 | 1,157 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Elon Musk shows how the flight onboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon Capsule from Earth to ISS will look like.
SpaceX CEO Elon Musk in a tweet has shared a video simulation of how the company’s own Crew Dragon mission to the International Space Station (ISS) would look like. In the video, we can see a flight crew boarding the Crew Dragon, countdown, take off and separation from the Falcon 9 rocket. It also shows the capsule docking at the ISS and then detaching and making a return to Earth.
According to an Engadget report, NASA is hoping that the Crew Dragon capsule should be ready for its first crewed “Demo-2” test flight to the ISS in the first quarter of 2020.
To recall, SpaceX back in November completed a series of static fire engine tests of Crew Dragon, demonstrating an in-flight launch escape.
However, back in April, while running a similar set of engine tests an anomaly occurred due to which there was an explosion, which caused the loss of the vehicle, but no one was injured during the tests. Later, it was revealed that the explosion happened due to a slug of liquid propellant in the high-flow helium pressurisation system, which caused a titanium ignition event.
SpaceX has now redesigned components of the system, which eliminate the possibility of slugs entering the high-flow pressurisation system.
And to test if the modifications and the redesign were successful, the company conducted a successful uncrewed test flight of Crew Dragon. The test flight was successful as Crew Dragon was successfully able to fly to ISS, dock and return back to Earth.
Source - The Indian Express | <urn:uuid:8086b248-b0a7-46a8-8ff5-9baa4a193739> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dothink.org/post/this-is-how-elon-musk-s-spacex-will-send-astronauts-to-space | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.953588 | 341 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Protesters gather at critical race theory presentation on Park Point
Around 30 people attended the controversial event in Duluth, while around 40 people showed up to protest it.
After four attempts to bring its "Raise Our Standards" event to Duluth, the Center of the American Experiment presented its program on pushing back against critical race theory to an audience of about 30 inside the Lafayette Community Center on Tuesday, June 13. Outside, a gathering of about 40 protesters showed their disapproval of the event.
Four different locations including the Northland Country Club, the Holiday Inn and Suites Duluth, the AAD Shrine Event Center and the Cast Iron Bar and Grill canceled the event before it shifted to the community center on Park Point. It was originally scheduled to take place on June 17 in the middle of the organization's 17-city speaking tour, which wrapped up June 30.
Critical race theory is a framework developed by legal scholars in the 1970s as a response to persisting evidence of racism in the wake of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s. It examines the enduring legacies of racism in the U.S.
Before the event, protesters gathered along Minnesota Avenue with flags and signs promoting racial justice. One of the organizers of the protest, Sam Nelson of Superior, said she was there as a parent of two girls.
"I think the U.S. has a really bad track record of telling the truth and whitewashing history," Nelson said. "We leave a lot of important things out when we teach our kids. It's important for me to teach my kids the truth and for them to understand why things are the way they are so they can make the changes necessary to make the world a more equitable place."
Protesters moved from Minnesota Avenue to the stairs outside of the venue while the presentation got underway at 5:30 p.m. A few police officers were stationed inside and a few more arrived when protesters grew a little loud at points throughout the presentation.
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Kendall Qualls, former Minnesota Congressional candidate and founder of TakeCharge, claimed the disintegration of the family, especially for Black Americans, is responsible for a lot of the issues in today’s society.
“Are there racists out there in this country? You bet. But is America a racist country? Emphatically no,” Qualls said.
Qualls argued that teaching critical race theory in schools “belittles the progress that has been made in the country over generations” and that whole families with two parents is what makes a greater difference when bridging the gap between disparities.
Then John Hinderaker presented the center’s views on critical race theory.
“Those knuckleheads outside would call us racist for talking about this, which is ironic because this presentation that I’m about to present to you was created by Catrin Wigfall who is married to a Black man,” Hinderaker said.
Normally the presentation given by Hinderaker is presented by Catrin Wigfall of the Center of the American Experiment, but as she is currently seven months pregnant, Hinderaker gave the presentation in her stead.
He argued that critical race theory is not “just an academic discipline but a way to fundamentally transform the way children are taught about our society.”
As Hinderaker presented, a few people in the room mumbled under their breath in disagreement to some of his points. One such person was UMD student Tom Julstrom of St. Cloud. Julstrom said he attended the meeting to hear what the organization was saying about the topic.
“It was a remarkable misrepresentation of a number of things,” Julstrom said. “I’m just flabbergasted at the amount of fairly straightforward facts that they’ve wrapped up and twisted to suit their message. But it was a fun way to spend an afternoon.”
Greg Cooper of Duluth also attended the event to hear what the organization had to say, and sided with the presenters' claims in the end.
"I’ve been hearing a lot about the topic and I wanted to get another perspective on it,” Cooper said. “It seems like they’re removing huge chunks of history which would dramatically impact how our children learn. It seems like a pretty radical shift from what I was taught back in the day and it breaks my heart to learn about it.”
Some states have introduced legislation banning public schools from promoting critical race theory, including six that have enacted laws. Last month, the Minnesota Department of Education addressed the topic in a statement to the News Tribune, which starts by saying critical race theory isn't included in the state's K-12 academic standards, or in any proposed ones.
The event wrapped up around 6:30, and protesters remained in place along the exit as attendees made their way out.
A more in-depth analysis of the presentation by the Center of the American Experiment is slated for publication later this week. | <urn:uuid:be22cb65-4eec-401e-9535-0a3eee759425> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.duluthnewstribune.com/news/protesters-gather-at-critical-race-theory-presentation-on-park-point | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.969116 | 1,071 | 2.375 | 2 |
The report, featuring new Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger, summarized how semiconductor manufacturing capacity in the United States had fallen to 12% , a major shift. The major manufacturer, to which many firms outsource, is the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company. It’s the world leader in making next-generation chips and fortunately has committed to building two new plants (at $10 billion each) in Arizona. Gelsinger said that Intel also is making a major commitment with a new facility in Arizona.
The report also noted that China had failed to develop its own semiconductor manufacturing capability so it was dependent on Taiwan and other countries. This all is magnified by a worldwide chip shortage that has caused automobile assembly lines to halt in the United States and elsewhere as the challenges of a stretched supply chain have become apparent.
The 60 Minutes report echoed a Hoover Institution program last month that explored America’s options, diplomatic, economic and military should China decide to forcibly try to bring Taiwan back into its control. Philip Zelikow, a Hoover fellow, and Robert Blackwill, from the Council on Foreign Relations, co-authored a paper that dug into the issues. They noted that the Taiwan citizenry appreciates its democracy and has no interest in being part of China, particularly after the brutal crackdown on Hong Kong that laid to rest the fantasy of one country, two systems.
The discussion, which also includes Hoover fellows ret. Gen Jim Mattis and ret. Admiral James Ellis, included warning signs that the Chinese Community Party is preparing the public for potential war and increasing the readiness of their military forces. One noted that it is irrelevant how the Chinese citizens feel, it’s all about the communists retaining power in Beijing.
The authors carefully defined America’s national interests and concluded that Taiwan met one of the five criteria. They then outlined four scenarios that ranged from China trying to use its fleet and power to isolate Taiwan to an outright military invasion.
They advocated for an approach that would challenge China’s attempt to block military aid to Taiwan from the United States and its allies by aggressively selling it; if a war breaks out, make sure the burden is on China to expand it (no U.S. attacks on Chinese soil), and finally very publicly plans to break economic ties with China, remilitarize nearby Japan and prepare the United States for general war.
This would contrast with the policy for the last 10 years that was intentionally vague. They pointed out how many times the experts were wrong in history and war broke out—including Gen. Douglas MacArthur during the Korean War who missed entirely on whether China would engage. They also cited the German invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1939 which Mattis pointed out was tied to the arms industry where the Czechs had the fourth greatest capacity In the world.
Their conclusion, supported by Mattis and Ellis, is the United States needed to decide on a strategy and pursue it open and directly by engaging with China so there’s no misunderstanding of where America stands.
To read the report, please seeTaiwan | <urn:uuid:a611c938-8787-4fba-a098-d3c6b5622c14> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pleasantonweekly.com/blogs/p/2021/05/06/thinking-through-taiwan-and-china-with-hoover-fellows | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962398 | 621 | 1.921875 | 2 |
LOUISVILLE, Ky. – The McConnell Center at the University of Louisville is continuing its lecture series focused on American political life and culture with three spring talks.
The presentations are part of the Center’s lecture series, “American Political Culture,” inspired by Alexis de Tocqueville’s book “Democracy in America” and his observations on American society and social conditions.
All talks begin at 6 p.m. in Ekstrom Library’s Chao Auditorium. Here is the schedule:
Jan. 28 – “Henry Clay’s Lessons for America Today.” James Klotter, State Historian of Kentucky and Georgetown College professor emeritus of history, will discuss his book “Henry Clay: The Man Who Would be President.” He will sign copies of his book and take part in a Q&A session.
Feb. 18 – “Political Culture from the 1960s to the 21st Century: Edward M. Kennedy as a Bipartisan Partisan.” Barbara Perry, a Louisville native and UofL graduate who is now director of presidential studies at the University of Virginia’s Miller Center and co-director of the Presidential Oral History Program, will share insights and research from her forthcoming book on Kennedy. Perry, the author or editor of 12 books on presidents, First Ladies, the Kennedy family, the Supreme Court and civil rights and civil liberties, is a frequent commentator for national and international news sources.
April 8 – “Dark Strands and Bright Threads: Viewing America from the Outside.” James Nolan, a Williams College professor of sociology and author of “What They Saw in America: Alexis de Tocqueville, Max Weber, G.K. Chesterton and Sayyid Qutb,” will draw on insights from his book and take part in a Q&A session.
The non-partisan McConnell Center, created at UofL in 1991, prepares Kentucky’s top undergraduate students to become future leaders; offers civic education programs for teachers, students and the public; and conducts strategic leadership development for the U.S. Army.
For more information, contact GlyptusAnn Grider Jones at [email protected] or 502-852-4579. | <urn:uuid:a6ca094b-7e3e-474a-bd51-bdab98a72fef> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dev.uoflnews.com/releases/political-life-in-america-is-focus-of-mcconnell-center-spring-talks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.911526 | 498 | 2 | 2 |
1. A plant that uses process costing has 8,000 units in beginning work in process, 15,000more started, and 5,000 units in the ending work in process. Using this information, answerthe following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Label each answer carefully andshow all of your work. (Each answer is worth 3 points.)a. How many units are there to account for?b. How many units are transferred using the average cost method?c. How many units are transferred using the first-in, first-out method?d. How many units were both started and completed during the period?2. The Spangle Company uses the process cost system and average costing. The followingprediction data are for the month of July:Use the form at the end of this examination to prepare a cost of production summary forthe month. (This problem is worth 15 points.)Production CostsWork in process, beginning of monthMaterials $2,500Labor 1,200Factory overhead 1,100 $4,800Costs incurred during the monthMaterials $13,500Labor 9,200Factory overhead 8,500 31,200$36,000Production Report UnitsIn process, beginning of month 500Finished and transferred during month 3,800Work in process, end of month 400Stage of completion 50%Use the form at the end of this examination to prepare a cost of production summary forthe month. (This problem is worth 15 points.)3. The following data is for a production company:Beginning inventory 1,000 units, three-fourths completedFinished and transferred 16,000 unitsWork in process, end of month 2,000 units, one-half completedAssume that materials, labor, and factory overhead are added evenly throughout the process.On a separate sheet of paper, complete the following problems. Label each answer carefullyand show all your work.a. Using the average cost method, compute the equivalent production.b. Using the first-in, first-out method, compute the equivalent production.c. During the month, Department B received 10,000 units from Department A with a unitcost of $10; 2,000 of these units were lost during production in Department B.Determine the adjusted cost of these units.d. During the month, Department 2 received 8,000 from Department 1 with a unit cost of$15. Department 2 added materials that increased the number of units by 50%.Determine the adjusted cost of these units.(Each answer is worth 5 points.)4. Complete Problem P5-9 on pages 246â247 in your textbook. Use the forms provided in theStudy Guide/Working Papersbooklet on pages WP-161 to WP-170.(This problem is worth 20 points.)5. Complete Problem P6-9 on page 290 in your textbook. Use the forms provided in theStudy Guide/Working Papersbooklet on pages WP-201 to WP-204.(This problem is worth 15 points.)6. Complete the Chapter 6 Mini-Case, Parts 1 and 2, on pages 291â292 in your textbook.Use a separate sheet of paper. Label each answer and show all of your work.(This problem is worth 18 points.)
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By sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.Read more | <urn:uuid:44ce81b1-a96a-4410-a31e-6dda4a137a4f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://111papers.com/lesson-2-process-cost-accounting-pages-67-74/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.928135 | 879 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The coastal commercial hub of Wenzhou has become the first city in affluent Zhejiang province to employ the digital renminbi for tax payments purposes.
Since early April Wenzhou residents have been able to use the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) app to pay their personal income taxes in the digital renminbi, according to a report from Mypaypass.com.cn.
The Wenzhou branch of Bank of Communications (BOCOM) has also signed an agreement to allow staff from local tech company Ai’le Zhineng Jiaju Keji (爱勒智能家居科技有限公司) to pay for taxes and social security fees in the digital renminbi.
Wenzhou is reportedly the first city in Zhejiang province to permit the use of the digital renminbi to make tax payments.
The move comes after the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) announced the expansion of nation-wide digital renminbi trials to 11 more cities on 2 April, including six cities in Zhejiang province that are helping to host the 2022 Asian Games. | <urn:uuid:ae0ab2c1-0a84-4403-ae06-f6775a39c4a7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dmr.altius.ai/2022/04/12/wenzhou-becomes-first-city-in-zhejiang-province-to-use-digital-renminbi-for-tax-payments/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.926552 | 252 | 1.523438 | 2 |
What is the Law Regarding Employment in Beacon Falls?
Employment law refers to the body of laws in Beacon Falls that regulate employees, employers, and independent contractors. Employment issues that are controlled by these laws include hiring policies, wage amounts, and termination procedures. Employment law in Beacon Falls must be understood by employers and employees.
"At-Will" vs. Contract Employment Terms
"At-will" employment is the most common type of employment, but in some cases there may be an employment contract guaranteeing payments for six months to a year. "At-will" employment means that either the employer or the employee can terminate the position at any given time, even without a particular reason, so long as the termination does not violate the law Laws of both the state and federal government decide which employment terms are valid and enforceable should there be a contract between the Beacon Falls employee and employer.
Anti-Discrimination laws in Beacon Falls
Discrimination is illegal at any point of employment such as hiring policies, wage distribution, and terminations, according to laws which apply to residents of Beacon Falls. Residents of Beacon Falls are regulated by laws which make it illegal to discriminate against members of particular categories. These categories include race, age, gender, national origin, disability, and religion.
Discrimination claims can typically be heard in front of an administrative agency such as the EEOC. Some attorneys specialize in the field of discrimination claims. | <urn:uuid:dcf45ff3-e6fd-4e6c-b690-c3f90fc5f13f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://employment-law.legalmatch.com/CT/Beacon-Falls/local-employment-law.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.955379 | 288 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Blog especializado en derecho administrativo, derechos humanos, asilo y protección internacional.
The Alien Tort Statue (or the Alien Tort Claims Act) is the article 1350 of the United States Code. Indeed, it is part of the Title 28 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure) thereof.
Even though the ATS is not part of the United States Constitution, it was enacted only two years after the year in which the US Constitution was adopted.
“Corporate defendants have faced an extraordinary variety of ATS claims (…) [however] most of these cases are eventually dismissed and there has yet to be a jury verdict against a multinational corporate defendant in an ATS case.”[i]
For instance, in the cases of Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy, Inc and Sinaltrainal v. Coca-Cola Company the allegations against these two companies were dismissed. And thus they hold no liability under the ATS.
Talisman was not judged under The Alien Tort Statues because:
“As of today, therefore, liability under the ATS for participation in a conspiracy may only attach where the goal of the conspiracy was either to commit genocide or to commit aggressive war. The plaintiffs no longer contend that Talisman conspired with the Government to commit genocide; they have never claimed that it conspired to commit aggressive war. As described above, they contend that Talisman joined a conspiracy to commit a crime against humanity, specifically, a widespread and systematic attack on a civilian population to displace it forcibly. As a result, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the conspiracy claim is granted.”[ii]
The US court concluded that:
“Talisman’s motion for summary judgment is granted. The plaintiffs’ motion to amend is denied. Talisman’s motion to preclude plaintiffs from seeking certain categories of damages is denied as moot.”[iii]
Coca-Cola Company was not judged under The Alien Tort Statues because:
“The Court found with respect to the plaintiffs’ torture and execution claims that the plaintiffs did not sufficiently allege that the paramilitaries who committed the abuses were acting under color of state law, and with respect to their war crimes claims, that plaintiffs did not adequately allege that the abuses were committed in the course of the war.”[iv]
The court concluded that:
“For the foregoing reasons, the Court should reverse the district court’s dismissal of plaintiffs’ war crimes claims on the basis of failure to allege that the abuses were committed in furtherance of the armed conflict, and reverse the dismissal of plaintiffs’ other claims on grounds that they did not adequately allege that defendants were state actors”[v]
Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Shell Petroleum CO could be the first case in which a non-American corporation would be punished by a U.S. court for committing H.R. crimes in a third country under the ATS.
[i] TIMOTHY P. HARKNESS & CARLOS RAMOS-MROSOVSKY. Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum: Whither the Alien Tort Statute? New York Legal. Thomson Reuters News and Insights
[ii] The PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF SUDAN v. TALISMAN ENERGY, INC., and Republic of the Sudan. No. 01 Civ.9882 DLC. United States District Court, S.D. New York. September 12, 2006. Conclusion-662. Page 18
[iii] The PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF SUDAN v. TALISMAN ENERGY, INC., and Republic of the Sudan. No. 01 Civ.9882 DLC. United States District Court, S.D. New York. September 12, 2006. Conclusion-689. Page 34
[iv] EARTH RIGHTS INTERNATIONAL. Amicus Brief in Sinaltrainal v. Coca Cola http://www.earthrights.org/publication/amicus-brief-sinaltrainal-v-coca-cola
[v] SINALTRAINAL, et al., Plaintiffs/Appellants, v. THE COCA-COLA COMPANY, et al., Defendants/Appellees. No. 06-15851-HH In the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit. April 8, 2008 Conclusion. Page 29 | <urn:uuid:6684ca4a-5d0f-427b-a87e-0f212686ceb7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://borjafburgueno.com/2013/04/14/the-alien-tort-statue-and-business-liability/?replytocom=109 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.918383 | 934 | 2.421875 | 2 |
The New Yorker, November 22, 1969 P. 61
ANNALS OF POLITICS about the U.S. Dept. of Justice under its new head John N. Mitchell. One of the Department's aides was Donald E. Santarelli, a former Assistant U.S. Attorney in the District of Columbia who had been chosen by Pres. Nixon personally to be Associate Deputy Attorney General. Quotes his remarks about the Administration's attitude toward crime. | <urn:uuid:e5354a18-c8c7-4179-ba5c-4ce9173cb6a1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1969/11/22/justice-iii-watch-what-we-do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.975354 | 91 | 1.5 | 2 |
Many had expected that rights and freedoms would be among the first victims of the coronavirus crisis in Turkey, as they have been in any other turmoil in the country. Indeed, health professionals disputing the official tally of coronavirus cases have faced probes or seen their social media accounts blocked, while journalists have landed in police custody for their coverage of the pandemic, including one already in prison, pending trial for a tweet lampooning a donation campaign launched by President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Such incidents have hardly come as a surprise, but few could have foreseen the crisis that erupted last week. As Turkey’s infection cases shot up, prompting tighter restrictions to contain the outbreak, the government barred opposition-held local administrations from raising funds to help those worst affected by the economic impact of the pandemic. While the move is alarming in terms of civil rights and freedoms, it also speaks volumes about Erdogan’s fears, the vicious circles squeezing Turkish politics and what could be in store down the road.
Underlying the crisis is the debacle that Erdogan and his Justice and Development Party (AKP) suffered in last year’s local elections. The opposition won the mayoral races in Turkey’s main urban centers, including Ankara and Istanbul, dealing Erdogan the biggest setback in his political career. The loss of Istanbul, where Erdogan served as a mayor in the 1990s, was especially hard to swallow for the president, who forced a rerun of the vote, only to see his candidate lose with a bigger margin.
Since then, Erdogan has sought to restrict the powers of local administrations in big cities, while the highly popular mayors of Ankara and Istanbul — both members of the main opposition Republican People’s Party (CHP) — have often found themselves in the squeeze of AKP-dominated municipal assemblies.
And now the government appears very much irked by the rising profiles of the Ankara and Istanbul mayors, who have actively sought to assist citizens amid the pandemic, including through donation campaigns to support the poor and small tradesmen forced out of business. Their fundraisers, however, could last only a few days.
On March 31, Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu barred local administrations from fundraising unless authorized by Ankara-appointed governors, a day after Erdogan announced his own nationwide campaign to collect donations from the public. As a result, banks blocked the fundraising accounts of municipalities. Soylu argued that unauthorized fundraising by local administrations would mean that they seek “a different state and a [separate] government,” while Erdogan said that would amount to “a state within a state.”
Such arguments are devoid of legal basis, and the freezing of municipality accounts is a flagrant breach of the law. In democratic countries, people are free to donate to individuals and institutions of their choice, barring any clear prohibitions in the law. Article 15 of Turkey’s Municipality Law openly authorizes municipalities “to borrow and accept donations.” The law was passed by the AKP itself in 2005, when Erdogan was prime minister.
Moreover, not only opposition-held municipalities, but also local administrations run by the AKP as well as various Islamic communities, including groups close to Erdogan, had launched fundraisers in various provinces across the country.
Obviously, the ban was deemed necessary — at the expense of misconstruing the law — when the opposition mayors embarked on collecting donations from the public. But why?
To start with, power in Turkey has been concentrated in the hands of a single individual: the president. So, if the people need assistance or some other form of benevolence, only the omnipotent president is supposed to deliver it. The medical aid that Turkey sent last week to Spain and Italy, the epicenters of the pandemic in Europe, offered ample illustration of how power has become “personalized” in Turkey. The boxes bore labels identifying the sender as “the presidency of the Republic of Turkey” — the first time that a state-to-state shipment by Ankara was labeled as such rather than simply “the Republic of Turkey.”
Looking from another perspective, Erdogan appears bent on his policy of polarization, even in such grave times of crisis. The assistance that the CHP-run Ankara and Istanbul municipalities have extended to the needy — many of them AKP voters — has helped foster a spirit of solidarity in a society that has long been polarized over faith and political affiliations. But a Turkey free from divisions between “the secular” and “the pious” or “the conservative” and “the modern” must be looking threatening to populist politics.
Also, the CHP mayors’ efforts to reach out to citizens in bad straits and raise funds for the needy challenge Erdogan’s long-standing narrative that the secularist CHP is an elitist party, aloof from the people and inept in serving them, unlike the AKP, which he frames as the true representative of the devout masses and national values. A striking example of how far such dichotomies have gone could be seen in a guidebook on psychological support for schoolchildren, which made the headlines in January after being distributed to school counselors across the country by the Education Ministry. In the book, affectionate mothers and other females representing good behavior are all depicted as veiled women, while bad behaviors, including the abuse of children, are visualized in women without headscarves.
The socially-minded efforts of opposition mayors are obviously a threat to this image of good and bad that is being fed to the public. Yet Erdogan’s onslaught on the municipalities carries a serious potential to backfire. Istanbul Mayor Ekrem Imamoglu and Ankara Mayor Mansur Yavas have both vowed to sustain their assistance efforts despite the freezing of donation accounts. By impeding citizens volunteering to donate to their municipalities to help fellow townsmen in need, Erdogan might end up boosting the popularity of the mayors, just as his refusal to concede defeat in Istanbul last year led him to face a bigger defeat in the rerun.
Moreover, reports abound that Erdogan’s own donation campaign has effectively become compulsory for many public servants at the behest of superiors eager to please the government. The Trade Union of Education and Science Laborers, for instance, said that many teachers have been forced to donate, while some muftis, who head the provincial branches of the Religious Affairs Directorate, have reportedly asked staff to present bank receipts to attest their donations.
For the first time perhaps, Erdogan and his government appear to have fallen behind in steering the agenda, trying to react to others who have set the tone. Moreover, their way of reacting has involved naked coercion in the glare of the public eye. The coronavirus crisis could further deepen the political crisis that Erdogan has been undergoing for some time and lead to developments jolting the power balance in Turkish politics. | <urn:uuid:156ae22e-9c19-4844-97f3-dcd06c9d8ce8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/04/turkey-erdogan-goodness-claims-may-backfire-amid-coronavirus.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.968324 | 1,409 | 1.757813 | 2 |
The complex includes control and visitor center, as well as management offices and operational ground floor, which contains the “heart” of Israel’s water purification system. The control center, which required a full panoramic view due to measures of security and effective monitoring, floats above the facility and lake, along with the visitor center.
The office structure serves the Jordan district offices, and was planned according to the need for a structure with unassuming presence; offices overlook the lake and facility. Serving as Mekorot’s main laboratory, the laboratories structure features advanced chemical and biological labs that monitor water quality.
Built area: control and visitor center – 1200 sq.m.; office – 2500 sq.m.; laboratories – 2800 sq.m. | <urn:uuid:2eb86cf1-8a8e-4cbd-ada3-cc5ddeca1061> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mochly-eldar.com/project/mekorot/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952413 | 156 | 1.640625 | 2 |
Calibration and Inspection
Precision current resistors are used to measure alternating current in the range from 1 mA to 100 A at frequencies from 10 Hz to 100 kHz. The best measurement uncertainty that can be achieved with the method of measuring the AC-DC difference is of the size class 5 μA / A, and when measuring the current by the U-I method (measuring the voltage drop across a known resistor) of the size class 30 μA / A. In addition to current resistors, we also manufacture current T-cells up to 100 A and all the necessary connecting cables and passages.
Voltage range resistors are used to adjust the AC voltage to the input voltage of the thermal converter (1 V). A series of nine range resistors together with thermal converters enable precise measurement of alternating voltage by the method of alternating-direct difference in the range from 0.5 V to 1000 V at frequencies from 10 Hz to 1 MHz. The best measurement uncertainty that can be achieved in this way is of the size class 5 μV / V. For voltages from 1 mV to 500 mV, resistive voltage dividers 10: 1 and 100: 1 are used.
Hammon resistors are used to accurately measure high resistances up to 100 MΩ using the so-called transfer method.
Calibration of the artificial network according to the CISPR 16-1-2 standard envisages the measurement of the input impedance in terms of magnitude and phase up to 30 MHz. Phase measurement is very problematic due to the transition from the bifilar line on the measured device to a vector circuit analyzer having a coaxial input. To ensure the correct results of the complex impedance, it was necessary to exactly define the influence of the adapter used. As part of the international EMC project, we developed a dedicated adapter with known material-geometric and electrical properties. The use of an adapter ensures correct and traceable measurements of the input impedance of the artificial network.
A key parameter in the calibration of absorption clamps according to CISPR 16-1-3 is the CF factor (Clamp Factor), which can be calibrated by the original or JIG method. In the calibration laboratory, we developed a calibration clamp that is used to calibrate the CF parameter according to the JIG method. In addition, the clamp also allows the calibration of the DF parameter (“Decoupling Factor”).
- Measuring circuits for leakage currents
- Precise fixed resistors
- Power resistors
- Special resistance decades
- Measuring adapters
- Measuring cables | <urn:uuid:cbb60e2a-19ca-4f9f-9685-8f39fd389569> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.siq.si/en/our-services/calibration-and-inspection/about-us/manufacturing-of-measurement-equipment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.867992 | 538 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Tallahassee, Fla.—Throughout September, the Florida Department of Health is participating in National Preparedness Month by encouraging Floridians to take action and make a plan to ensure their families, homes and businesses are prepared when natural disasters or other emergencies occur.
Vulnerable populations at risk for severe COVID-19:
Certain populations are at greater risk of progressing to severe disease and warrant more significant consideration for prophylaxis or treatment.
- Patients who are older (≥65 years), have comorbidities, or are immunocompromised are at higher risk of hospitalization and death from COVID-19.
- When necessary, providers should prioritize treating patients at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19 illness, including older and immunocompromised individuals and those with clinical risk factors.
The Florida Department of Health in Hardee County has issued a Health Alert for the presence of harmful blue-green algal toxins in the Peace River. This is in response to a water sample taken on June 3, 2021. The public should exercise caution in and around the Peace River-Zolfo Springs.Click here for more information (PDF, 217kB)
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- State of Florida Deploys Tools to Address Overdose Crisis
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For Health care Professionals | <urn:uuid:b0c29c39-c049-4e64-be53-48f68326f747> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hardee.floridahealth.gov/?_ga=2.110213893.147919853.1616185272-1504386612.1584490379 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.900792 | 353 | 2.5 | 2 |
In President Obama’s final State of the Union Address, a new “moon shot” to cure cancer was launched into orbit, and Vice President Joe Biden is at the controls.
The talk of a “moon shot” is the exact mindset that we need — and America can and should lead the way. And the good news is, we’re already half way there.
We are passionate about finding faster cures and better treatments for diseases that touch every family in America, including the Vice President’s and our own.
Our legislative approach was different. We listened. We engaged. We solicited input. We drafted. We listened some more. It was an inclusive, unique, transparent process, a comprehensive effort that criss-crossed the country, engaging experts in every related field, from academia to government to private industry and everything in between.
And most importantly, we listened to patients.
Our efforts culminated in legislation that would safely speed the discovery, development and delivery of new drugs and devices: H.R. 6, the 21st Century Cures Act, which overwhelmingly passed the House 344 to 77 six months ago [July 10, 2015].
The bill invests nearly $9 billion in new resources for a medical research innovation fund at the National Institutes of Health that will target diseases for which there is not yet a cure.
21st Century Cures also supports the Food and Drug Administration with new resources to keep pace with medical innovation, including new drugs and devices that need expert review.
This bill also brings the patient perspective to the heart of research and development, and seeks to foster better use of personalized medicine and more participation in clinical trials.
The bill is now in the Senate, and movement is on the horizon. Chairman Lamar Alexander (R-TN) recently announced that the Senate Health, Education, Labor and Pensions Committee has scheduled a series of votes on its medical innovation package.
With continued commitment and effort, the House and Senate can work together to get a final bill to the president’s desk this year, making that “moon shot” within reach.
Vice President Biden will surely offer some other new ideas that encourage more collaboration among scientists and use the latest genomic technology to end the scourge of cancer.
We welcome those ideas as the White House’s effort fits well with the framework we developed and further underscores something we all agree on -- we can’t wait any longer. Every day we don’t act is another day we lose loved ones to disease and people suffer needlessly. We must act, and we must act now.
We can debate ideas and get input forever, but that won’t cure a disease or save a life. The American people expect Congress to come together on matters that can improve lives. The 21st Century Cures legislation and the Biden “moon shot” initiative together can fulfill that promise.
We look forward to working with Vice President Biden and our colleagues in the Senate to get this done in the next several months. The recent announcements by the president and Senate are just the latest positive milestones in the effort to give patients and their loved ones more hope.
But we have much work left to do to make 21st Century Cures a reality.
The vice president is working on a “moon shot” to cure cancer, and we’ve got a rocket ship ready to go. Momentum to deliver #CuresNow gets stronger by the day — working together, we’ll get the job done. | <urn:uuid:02b50d6b-3128-4545-aa01-3f1489f37e67> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.innovationnj.net/news/house-ec-chair-as-vp-biden-works-on-a-moon-shot-to-cure-cancer-we-have-a-rocket-ship-ready-to-go | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.947484 | 726 | 1.875 | 2 |
Much to Algy’s surprise, the next morning was full of colour and light. It meant that the wind had returned, of course, but Algy realised that one can’t have everything … There wasn’t any real warmth in the sun at this time of year, but it was cheerful and bright, and the view from the dunes was very fine. A wee bit of sunshine makes such a difference to a bird’s spirits! So Algy got out his book and read his favourite children’s rhyme to the world at large, and especially for Amy, far away in Italy. Algy realises that there might be some places in the world where a rhyme of this kind seems like nonsense, but that is certainly not the case in the West Highlands of Scotland 🙂 He hopes that it will help to lift your spirits too:
The Man in the Wilderness asked of me
“How many blackberries grow in the sea?”
I answered him as I thought good,
“As many red herrings as grow in the wood.”
The Man in the Wilderness asked me why
His hen could swim, and his pig could fly.
I answered him briskly as I thought best,
“Because they were born in a cuckoo’s nest.”
The Man in the Wilderness asked me to tell
The sands in the sea and I counted them well.
Says he with a grin, “And not one more?”
I answered him bravely, “You go and make sure.”
[The author of this old rhyme is anonymous, and its origins are obscure.] | <urn:uuid:4ae7fe94-044f-4716-b6b4-31ded42b03c8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adventuresofalgy.wordpress.com/tag/amy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.985363 | 351 | 2.25 | 2 |
May Awareness LDA Guest Blogger
Joseph J. Burrascano Jr. MD is a physician who was an early innovator in the field of tick-borne diseases, having begun his clinical research in the mid-1980s in cooperation with several other key pioneers. In addition, he is well known for his educational presentations and for his monographs on diagnostic and treatment guidelines for Lyme and related tick-borne illnesses- a classic series that has been freely circulated around the world since 1989.
With over three decades of clinical experience and research in this field, he has appeared in and on virtually every form of media, has advised the CDC and NIH, testified before the U.S. Senate, an armed services joint subcommittee, and at various governor’s councils. A founding Board Member of ILADS, he also served as a Director of the ILADS Educational Foundation.
A graduate of the NYU School of Medicine with a specialty in Internal Medicine, Dr. Burrascano left clinical practice in 2006 to enter the biotech space. However, he continues to be active in educating practitioners and the public on issues related to tick-borne diseases. He is an active writer and ghost writer and has authored or edited articles (both lay and peer-reviewed), book chapters, whole textbooks, web page content, public relations releases, book reviews and more. In addition, he serves on the editorial review board for several medical journals.
He currently works full time as a project analyst and manager for a private biotech company, helping to bring advanced technologies and treatments out of the lab and into general use. In addition, he is a clinical advisor for a specialty diagnostic lab, and his lifelong interest in nutrition has resulted in his ongoing consultative work with various nutritional supplement suppliers.
Quiet Revolution in Testing for Tick-Borne Diseases
I was thinking about how it was, over 35 years ago, when I first became aware of Lyme disease and began managing patients with this. One of the biggest problems then was confirming the diagnosis. My Lyme-aware colleagues and I were familiar with the clinical presentation but too many times the Lyme tests, primitive as they were, were non-reactive. Thus “sero-negative Lyme.”
We learned over time that ticks were transmitting pathogens other than B. burgdorferi– first was Babesia, then a Bartonella-like organism came into play. When these were the primary cause of the illness, Lyme tests were negative and Lyme treatments did not help the patients. This explained a lot. If someone had Babesia they would not be expected to have a positive Lyme test. As time passed, more potentially co-infecting bacteria, protozoans and others were found. Perhaps all this seronegativity was appropriate after all.
Fast forward to today- thanks to a quiet revolution in testing that has uncovered previously unknown and/or unexpected tick-borne diseases, many more patients are able to get laboratory confirmation of their clinical diagnoses. Not only is it comforting to practitioner and patient alike to have a supportive lab test, it is also more important than ever to assure insurance coverage for treatments, and for practitioners who may be under constant scrutiny by their medical boards.
With Lyme, using advanced testing methods, it has been shown that many patients who were seronegative on standard testing were found to have infection with species of Lyme Borrelia other than burgdorferi. They actually were infected with members of the Bb sl complex previously thought to not be in America! These species were unlikely to be detected by tests based upon the lab strain of B. burgdorferi, B31. Here, seronegativity was not because of poor test quality, but because of testing for the wrong species.
An even more surprising finding is that many seronegative Lyme patients did not have Lyme Borrelia– they had tick-borne relapsing fever Borrelia! How is this possible? How could relapsing fever be confused with Lyme? After all, the textbooks describe TBRF as having an acute onset with high fever and severe chills and malaise, followed by a drenching sweat and then relative normalcy until a relapse of similar symptoms occurs five or so days later, that then repeats. Clearly a distinctive presentation, but the problem is that in many patients, TBRF presents as “seronegative Lyme” and not as classic relapsing fever. Apparently the TBRF spirochetes did not read the textbook! It seems this “classic” presentation of TBRF occurs relatively rarely, similarly to the rarity of Bell’s Palsy in “classic Lyme”. So again, seronegativity was due to testing for the wrong species.
Bartonella is notoriously difficult to document with blood testing, and now with the possibility that greater than thirty species could be pathogenic to humans, better testing is really important. The key here is the ability to test for these multiple species. Nowadays we have multispecies western blots (soon to be replaced with immunoblots), multispecies PCRs and FISH tests.
Droplet digital technologies seem to be another advance. Finally- these “stealth” infections are no longer so stealth.
And what about Babesia? Same issue? Yup. Research has shown that several species of Babesia can and do infect humans, and the genus-level testing now available can uncover infections that previously went undetected.
This testing revolution has even extended to COVID-19, with immunoblots available that are not only more sensitive and specific than standard serologies, they can identify whether the immune reactivity is to a natural infection or due to vaccination. While this serological approach is a great advance, it only demonstrates B-cell response to the infection. Thankfully, we now have T-cell response testing and combining the two will give a much needed, more complete picture of a patient’s status.
Looking forward, the revolution will continue with the expanded application of immunoblot technology to additional pathogens. Tests that detect the pathogen’s RNA, which is only present in an active, ongoing infection, are expanding. Currently the FISH test does this, and other RNA-based detection methods are being developed. Along the same lines, looking for the presence of bacteriophages may prove to be a useful way to detect disease activity.
It is very exciting to see that skin biopsies are coming of age thanks to recent advances. The full spectrum of nerve damage seen in tick-borne illnesses will soon be able to be documented- not only damage to small cutaneous fibers and the pre-ganglionic innervation of sweat glands, but even demyelination can be seen! These direct tests that show what we have been postulating but could not prove represent a major advance. And these same biopsies hold the promise to be a highly efficient way to conclusively show infection with Bartonella species.
For decades we had to struggle with little more than clinical diagnoses- we knew our patients were ill but we could not prove it and care oftentimes could not be given. Finally, testing science is catching up with us. It’s about time! | <urn:uuid:185ad124-c834-41c0-b1dc-4bee8654439f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://lymediseaseassociation.org/blogs/lda-guest-blogs/joseph-burrascano-md-guest-blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.971676 | 1,492 | 1.882813 | 2 |
IAFF Cancer Summit to tackle leading cause of fire fighter deaths
Industry leaders, scientists convene as research accelerates, more states add protections for fire fighters with cancer
Cancer is killing fire fighters. In the past decade, more fire fighters have died from cancer than any other fire scene hazard. Major news outlets, including NBC and CNN, have begun covering this hidden danger, and the International Association of Fire Fighters (IAFF) is leading efforts to educate the public and policy makers about cancer in the fire service.
The issue is the focus of the IAFF Cancer Summit, a one-day conference bringing together occupational safety and health experts, top researchers, physicians and other subject matter experts to better understand and step up the fight against cancer.
(This dramatic story must be told. Journalists covering public safety and health issues are encouraged to attend. The event will be livestreamed at www.facebook.com/iaffonline.)
The Cancer Summit features a range of topics, including the latest science linking cancer and firefighting, current research on fire fighter exposures to carcinogens, and prevention strategies, as well as updates on legislative efforts to protect fire fighters and their families.
“Cancer can be devastating for fire fighters, and we are just beginning to understand the scope of this problem,” says IAFF General President Harold Schaitberger. “That’s why we’re bringing together the best and brightest minds on this subject. We must continue to learn all that we can to save more lives.”
About TenCate Protective Fabrics
TenCate Protective Fabrics is the world’s leading supplier of inherently flame-resistant fabrics for firefighters. Respected and recognized worldwide for our aggressive Research and Development, superior quality and cutting-edge manufacturing processes, it’s no wonder why seven out of 10 firefighters in the United States wear turnout gear made with TenCate fabrics. | <urn:uuid:89db3418-7bf8-4de3-9273-128af98468df> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/apparel/press-releases/iaff-cancer-summit-to-tackle-leading-cause-of-fire-fighter-deaths-sfm4wEU9YgMDvDv4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.918965 | 396 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Flint Michigan Water Crisis: Its Timeline and Latest Update
Humans can live 3 weeks without food, but only 3 days without water, thus water is indeed important. But, what if your water was poison? This is exactly what happened in Flint, Michigan about three years ago. The city has a population of around 99,700 and located 70 miles north of Detroit.
According to 2016 data from the U.S. Census Bureau, among U.S. cities with at least 65,000 residents, Flint has the nation’s highest poverty rate. An estimated 58% of the residents under age 18 live below the poverty line compared to a national average of 18% which ranks first in the childhood poverty base from Michigan’s 2016 median household income data.
The trouble began about 3 years ago when the city decided to switch from Detroit’s water system to the Flint River but the new system wouldn’t be ready for two years, for the meantime to save and cut costs they switched to the Flint River water, and that decision turned out to be a mistake.
Foul smells, bad tastes and discoloured water, that’s what came out of the tap in Flint, Michigan when residents’ drinking water was pulled from the river. The residents noticed that the tap water looked and smelled strange has later found with dangerous level of lead; the state knew about it and did nothing.
A high number of children with abnormal levels of lead in their blood and it doubled after 18 months. Even though the water failed tests several times after the switch, the residents were not alerted and informed for about nine months about the problem and families have been suffering for months without clean water, having to find alternative sources.
What happened that caused the Flint Michigan water crisis? Follow the timeline of where it all started and know where the situation is at present.
April 16, 2013
Yearning to save money, Flint’s city councils voted 7-1 to join the Karegnondi Water Authority (KWA) where a new pipeline project that will deliver water from Lake Huron and end its contract with Detroit. State Treasurer, Andy Dillon, with the city council’s recommendation, authorizes Flint to make the water switch, where water begins drawing from the Flint River.
Emergency manager Ed Kurtz officially signed the agreement, which was projected to save the city $19 million over eight years and this has been agreed by the state. Effective April 2014 the DWSD will terminate its water service contract with Flint.
The water switch from Detroit’s system to Flint River is considered temporary while the city waits to connect to a new regional water system and the move was made as a cost-saving measure for the struggling, majority-black city. The changeover is delayed by days because workers complete the construction of a disinfectant system at a treatment plant.
Soon after the switch, residents begin to complain about the smell, taste and appearance of the water, and raise health concerns like skin rashes, hair loss and concerns about bacteria and other problems.
It is the first time that the city prompts an advisory to the residents in the west side of Flint to boil water as it announces fecal coliform bacterium has been detected in the water supply. The high amount of chlorine boosts in the water and flushes the system.
The city issues another boil water advisory for having a positive test result of total coliform bacteria. The contamination of this kind of bacteria in the water is a warning sign of E. coli bacteria or other disease-causing organisms. The city officials have announced that they will flush the pipes and add more chlorine to the water and after four days, the residents are told that drinking water from the tap is safe.
The Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) issues a statement outlining the possible causes of water contamination through the governor’s briefing paper. According to Stephen Busch, the district supervisor of the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, the city has taken operational steps to limit the potential re-occurrence of boil-water advisories, flushing the system and increasing chlorine in the water in the future. The department blames the ageing pipes, cold weather and population decline.
The elderly and parents of young children are cautioned to consult with their doctors after the state finds that the level of disinfecting chemicals in the water exceeds the threshold set by the Safe Drinking Water Act. Because of this, the city warns immediately the residents that the water contains byproducts of disinfectants that may cause health issues including an increased risk for cancer over time.
The Detroit’s water system offers a $4 million connection fee to restore service but Jerry Ambrose, Flint’s state-appointed emergency manager and other city officials declines the offer, citing concerns water rates could go up more than $12 million each year, even with the reconnection fee waiver and insist that the water is safe.
The residents started to form a community forum with tote jugs of discoloured water and the Detroit Free Press reports children are starting to develop rashes and suffering from mysterious illnesses.
Lee-Anne Walters, a Flint resident, mother of four, contacted EPA with concerns about dark sediment in her tap water and thought of possibility could make her children sick. The test results revealed that her water had 104 parts per billion (ppb) of lead, about seven times greater than the EPA limit of 15 ppb in the water. Because of this, the MDEQ was notified by the EFA of its results that dangerous levels of lead were detected in the water homes in Flint, that even small amounts of lead can cause lasting health and developmental problems in children.
The MDEQ notes a “hiccups” change, including a buildup of TTHM, a cancer-causing byproduct of chlorine and organic matter, that elevated TTHM levels are not an immediate health emergency because the risk of disease increases only after years of consumption.
According to Miguel Del Toral, an EPA expert, the state was testing the water in a way that could profoundly understate the lead levels. The officials play down problems and say that the water is not an imminent threat to public health; for them, it’s clear that the nature of the threat was addressed poorly, also residents in Flint are concerned more about other aspects of their water like the taste, smell and colour are the top complaints.
Another water testing in Mrs. Walters home, which detects 397 ppb of lead in tap water. Because of this, Flint City Council members voted 7-1 to stop using the Flint River as the water source and reconnect with Detroit. But Jerry Ambrose overrules the vote and name it as incomprehensible because the costs would skyrocket and water from Detroit is not safe compared to Flint.
With this, city officials promise to spend $2.24 million on immediate improvements to its water supply. Later in the month, city officials say water quality has improved and meets all state and federal standards for safety.
Various of concerns thrown to the MDEQ that link with Mrs. Walter’s video on lead and Flint’s administrator said that it would be premature to draw any conclusions regarding lead base from the leaked internal EPA memo. The press have disseminated to keep the public calm, that the problem on lead in water is not widespread.
In fact, Dayne Walling, the Mayor of the city Flint drinks a cup of tap water on a local television report to ensure residents that it is safe for drinking. Governor Snyder’s chief of staff, Dennis Muchmore, however, emails the Department of Community Health and responds that he is disappointed by the water issue in Flint. He does not think that people are getting the benefit of the doubt.
The MDEQ orders Flint to improve the corrosion control treatment in the water supply due to the elevated lead levels as being reported from the first six months of 2015 reveals.
Marc Edwards, a professor together with his team from Virginia Tech, notifies the MDEQ will be conducting a water quality study and after they issue a preliminary report indicating 40% of Flint homes have indeed elevated lead levels in water. The team recommends the state shall declare the water is not safe for drinking or cooking and the river water is corroding old pipes and lead is leaching into the water, as findings of their study.
Dr. Mona Hanna-Attisha, a pediatrician who led the research team from Hurley Medical Center has released a study revealing the number of children with elevated levels in their blood, and still, the state insists that water is safe.
After the government epidemiologists validate the findings of Dr. Hanna-Attisha, the Flint officials urge the residents to stop drinking water. Governor Snyder orders the distribution of water filters, the testing of water in schools and the expansion of water and blood testing, thus demands to discontinue using the Flint River.
The city returned from the Flint River to its former source of treated water, the Detroit municipal system and the Governor signs a spending bill appropriating $9.35 million to provide health services for residents and help Flint reconnect with Detroit for water supply.
Governor Snyder has asked the help of the federal government in distributing water filters and bottled water after declaring the state of emergency in Flint. He announces an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease occurred in the Flint area between June 2014 and November 2015, with 87 cases and 10 deaths and Michigan health officials report an increase in Legionnaires’ disease cases, that some fatal patients over the past two years in the county and that includes Flint.
Due to the outbreak, the Michigan National Guard is mobilized to help distribute clean water and seeks the President’s help but declines to declare a disaster in Flint. He authorizes $5 million in aid instead of declaring a state of emergency in the city; the state of emergency allows the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to step in.
In order to ensure state regulators are complying with the Safe Drinking Water Act, the agency issues an emergency administrative and are being clear in their response to the water crisis. One of the employees, Liane Shekter-Smith, is the former chief of the Michigan Office of Drinking Water and Municipal Assistance, and other five current and former state workers are charged as the criminal investigation continues. She is facing charges due to willful negligence of duty for allegedly misleading the public and concealing evidence of rising lead levels in water.
The government has ordered the state of Michigan, in the city of Flint to deliver bottled water especially homes they were not able to check with regards to ensuring that filters are working properly or not. The leader of a nonprofit group helping residents that as many as 52% of the water filters installed in a sample of more than 400 homes had problems that are according to the court documents.
Two of Flint’s former emergency managers and two water plant officials, who reported directly to the governor are charged with crimes of false conspiracy and pretense. They are blamed for ambiguity on the Michigan Department of Treasury (MDT) into getting millions in bonds and then misused the money to finance the construction of a new pipeline.
There around $722 million complaints are filed in contrast to the EPA on behalf of over 1,700 residents impacted by the water crisis. The MDEQ announces Flint’s water system no longer has levels of lead exceeding the federal limit according to the recent six-month study and with this, the State considers ending bottled water distribution in the City of Flint.
A $97 million budget is approved by the federal judge funding for Michigan to examine and replace lead water service lines for 18,000 Flint homes to be completed in a three-year time frame. Also, the EPA declares that it has awarded $100 million to Flint for drinking water infrastructure advancements.
Flint’s mayor, Karen Weaver, make a recommendation on where the city should get its drinking water long term of the crisis that left the supply contaminated with lead and Governor Snyder agreed with her decision.
The Flint’s water system is improving, but the issues on lead remain and there is an increased potential for particulate lead to break free and enter the water supply. The city, state and federal officials continue to advise residents to use water filters in their homes and it is expected to continue in 2018 and 2019.
A team of researchers collected samples from 138 Flint homes, with the fifth and likely final round last month. The testing showed that lead levels continued to stay well below the federal safety standard of 15 ppb.
High lead levels, which can cause developmental delays, miscarriage, and other problems, were found mostly in children. The outbreak has led to 15 current or former government officials being charged with crimes and lawsuits filed by several residents.
The state prosecutors announce that Michigan’s top medical official, Dr. Eden Wells will be charged with involuntary manslaughter for her role in the water crisis, which was linked to an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease that caused at least 12 deaths.
The drinking water in Flint Michigan is now in compliance with federal regulations on lead and copper content. But the officials cautioned that it could be a year or more before it is safe for residents to drink from their faucets because lead-tainted pipes need to be replaced.
What is happening in Flint, Michigan is truly dreadful. The water contamination crisis will impact the community for decades and underscores how ensuring safe drinking water is serious, high-stakes work, most especially with the families and children impacted by this disaster.
As the crisis has unfolded, plenty of finger-pointing happened over who is to blame and what went wrong. Critics of private water solutions have clumsily jumped on Flint as an opportunity to advance their agenda with no regard to actual facts. What happened in Flint is not far from what is happening in other parts of the world in the discussion of water safety. Flint is one closer step to the path toward future.
Read and Learn more articles about Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan
EcoBlueLife.com is a replacement water and air filter company located in the United States. The views and opinions contained herein are solely those of the original author and do not represent Eco Blue Life or its affiliates. This article was originally published on TheBerkey.com | <urn:uuid:89e01bbd-603d-4057-84e2-b4a3421ca6ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ecobluelife.com/flint-michigan-water-crisis-its-timeline-and-latest-update/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.962742 | 2,980 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Thin-and-light laptops are about to get hella fast starting later this year.
Powered by Intel's new 10th-generation "Ice Lake" Core processors, svelte laptops will be capable of faster AI processing, gaming performance, and speedier WiFi connectivity.
The new computer chips, based on a smaller and more power-efficient 10-nanometer process, will be available in the usual Core i3, Core i5, and Core i7 configurations and will come with two to four cores.
Like previous Intel chips, the new 10th-gen CPUs will be split between "Y-Series" and "U-Series." Y-Series chips will use up less power — good for the thinnest and lightest laptops like the MacBook Air — and have lower performance. U-Series chips, however, have faster clock speeds, but also eat up more power; you'll find these in devices like the MacBook Pro or gaming laptops.
But enough with the geeky specs. What will these 10th-gen chips enable? Intel says they'll be able to run AI instructions up to 2.5x faster than the previous 9th-gen chips and up to 8x faster than competing chips (Intel didn't specify, but we can safely assume it's an AMD CPU).
As computers integrate more AI – think applications like voice assistants, on-device machine learning, and real-time image recognition — they need to be able to efficiently process this data. Intel believes the boost to AI performance enabled by these new chips are more important than simply increasing the clock speed.
Gaming is also another activity that'll get a large spike in performance. Thanks to powerful Iris Plus Graphics — Intel's beefiest integrated graphics to date built with the first new architecture since its sixth-gen "Skylake" chips — "top games" will be playable at 1080p resolution with up to 2x faster frame rates. Intel specifically called out Fortnite and Dirt Rally 2 as two games that would be playable on new laptops without discrete graphics.
Intel upped the ante with smooth 4K video playback with its 8th-gen "Kaby Lake Refresh". With the new 10th-gen chips, they're furthering that with 4K video playback at up to 60 frames per second in HDR. The company says 4K HDR will be able to display video in a billion colors.
Lastly, the new 10th-gen chips will come with full support for WiFi 6, the next-gen wireless connectivity that's up to 3x faster than WiFi 5 (formerly called 802.11ac). Wired connectivity will also see improvement with support for up to four Thunderbolt 3 ports baked directly into the device, as opposed to being an add-on option; Thunderbolt 3 provides up to 4x faster data transfer speeds compared to USB 3.1, which is the data transfer standard on 9th-gen Intel chips.
All of these upgrades will help revitalize interest in skinny laptops and open the door to more powerful versions of machines like the Surface Laptop, Dell XPS 13, and of course, Apple's MacBook. Will you finally be able to game next-gen versions of these laptops? Intel says yes, but we'll wait and see when the chips themselves make their way into clamshells this holiday season. | <urn:uuid:355d096e-2ee7-4ebc-b259-115ce18cb041> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sea.mashable.com/tech/5376/intels-10th-gen-processors-will-make-fornite-playable-on-skinny-laptops | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.943132 | 678 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Merzifon is in Turkey. The IATA code (ID) for this city is MZH. The population of Merzifon is approximately 50 000 people.
Time zone in Merzifon: +2 GMT. Please keep in mind that airplane tickets show the local departure time, so you will have to set your watch prior to your flight.
Все авиакомпании, летающие по прямым маршрутам из Merzifon:
Going on vacation but still looking for the best destination?Find the best destination for your vacation among all flights from Merzifon to other cities:
Merzifon is served by 1 airport: Merzifon | <urn:uuid:6919f857-a653-4a09-8f25-ef780893c3c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.jetradar.gr/routes/mzh | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572408.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816151008-20220816181008-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.755471 | 182 | 1.53125 | 2 |
It has been just over 6 months since we had heard of the identification of 4 new elements in the periodic table. Just recently the elements have been given proposed names. As a reminder, here's is some information about the four new elements which had their discovery confirmed in January of this year (2016)
Element 113 – currently known by its placeholder name ununtrium – is the first to be discovered in east Asia. It was created by Kosuke Morita’s group at the RIKEN Nishina Center for Accelerator-based Science in Japan, by firing a beam of zinc-70 at a target made of bismuth-209. The group first claimed to have created the element in 2004, but there was still some uncertainty at that time because of the instability of one of its decay products. They followed up these experiments with more convincing evidence in 2012.
Elements 115 (ununpentium) and 117 (ununseptium) were discovered by groups collaborating across three institutions – Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the US, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia and Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the US. The Lawrence Livermore-Joint Institute for Nuclear Research collaboration is also credited with having fulfilled the criteria for discovering element 118 (ununoctium) in work published in 2006.
These will be added to the lower right-hand corner of the periodic table and proposed names will be as follows [according to proposals outlined on 8 June by chemistry’s governing body, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)]:
- Element 113 will be named nihonium (Nh)
- element 115 will be named moscovium (Mc)
- element 117 will be named tennessine (Ts)
- and element 118 will be named oganesson (Og) | <urn:uuid:4c4583e9-4a02-4b3b-a3b4-8e3808d6bcc9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.crystalsandcatalysts.com/2016/06/4-new-elements-half-year-later.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.958945 | 376 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Confirmation Programmes are normally run in alternate years. Please speak to the Parish Priest if you would like your child or yourself to be confirmed.
If you are not a Catholic but wish to be received into the Church, or if you are an adult who has been away from the Church for a long period of time and wishes to return, please speak to the Parish Priest. Further information can also be found on the RCIA page of this website – click HERE.
The Sacraments of Baptism, Eucharist, and Confirmation together constitute the “sacraments of Christian initiation,” whose unity must be safeguarded. It must be explained to the faithful that the reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal grace. For “by the sacrament of Confirmation, [the baptised] are more perfectly bound to the Church and are enriched with a special strength of the Holy Spirit. Hence they are, as true witnesses of Christ, more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith by word and deed.” (Chatechism of the Catholic Church #1285) | <urn:uuid:5c465782-9e36-445a-8434-42738a654b72> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.scarboroughcatholicparishes.org.uk/confirmation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.952696 | 234 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Rushnyk (embroidered towel)"Something to keep from birth to death"
Roshnyk embroidered hemp towel from Western Ukraine Rushnyk (embroidered towel)
Mass production has led to a more disposable society; our possessions are often only a few years old, rarely more than a couple of decades. In contrast the rushnyk was an item a person would have with them from the cradle to the grave.
Gifted to them at their birth it would be used during their baptism, to cover religious icons, decorate homes, for marriage and lastly at their funeral to line their coffin.
This particular rushnyk is from the village of Kuzivka, Ternopil'ska Oblast (district), Western Ukraine. It is made of hand-woven hemp and adorned with region-specific embroidery and colours. This artifact is unique to Eastern Europeans.
From the late 1800s to the early 1900s a massive wave of Eastern European immigrants, facing difficult hardships in their homelands and being sold on the idea of great opportunities in Western Canada, started to arrive in Manitoba. Immigrants were usually only able to bring a few possessions with them. The fact that they brought rushnyks demonstrates the importance placed upon them.
Many of the new arrivals did not find the opportunities that were promised. They struggled with the harsh climate, isolation and racism. However, the rushnyk provided a comforting and physical connection back to their homeland. | <urn:uuid:bf93bfe0-b11a-4e64-98e3-9f99944d6884> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.museumsmanitoba.com/150/details.php?oid=2016266-01 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.97579 | 307 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Among the more unusual pieces in the specialist silver sale at Whittons (18% buyer’s premium) of Honiton on February 10 was a Charles II brazier.
Measuring 7½in (19cm) in diameter and weighing 23oz with a removable turned handle, it would have held charcoal embers to keep food warm at the table. A rare item with marks for London 1669, it was pitched at £800- 1200, but sold at £3200.
In a sale largely driven by West Country collectors, the 524 lots were topped by a flamboyant 135oz Paul Storr tureen and cover.
Marked for London 1812, it had a lift-off reeded cover, crested armorial sides and cast lion-mask feet. Estimated at £10,000-15,000, it took £17,000, a rare bidding victory for the specialist silver trade.
A pair of 10in (25cm) diameter, crested serving dishes by Elizabeth Godfrey, London 1743, sold at £3000 – the same price achieved by another noted member of the silversmith sisterhood.
This engraved snuff box was struck twice with the maker’s mark for Elizabeth Hazelwood of Norwich and, although undated, was probably made c.1700.
Once the second city in the kingdom, Norwich had its own silver assay office during three periods between 1565 and 1702. The city was much admired for the quality of its output – some of it on par with that produced in London and York – but today perhaps only 200 pieces of Norwich secular silver survive.
This box from the end of the Norwich era was estimated at £250-350 but sold at £3000.
Band of Bristol brothers
Of local interest was a 7in (17cm) Victorian chased silver goblet with marks for Exeter and RW, JW & JW for the Bristol family of silversmiths Robert, Josiah and James Williams. Worked to the stem in relief with creeping vines, the bowl carried a repousse rowing scene and a shield reading Bath Regatta 1849 City Cup.
Local history websites suggest the Bath Regatta of June 1849 was the first held at Saltford – a mile-long stretch of the river that allowed for a straight run, space for spectators and a nearby railway station.
It was followed by a celebratory evening meal at the Castle and Ball Hotel described in local newspaper The Bath Chronicle.
“The tables were admirably furnished with a large variety of the best of viands, served in most elegant taste… On the removal of the cloth, the prizes were placed on the table for the inspection of the company. Their elegance and beautiful workmanship called forth the warmest expressions of admiration.”
Some idea of that ‘beautiful workmanship’ was provided by this goblet that sold for a double-estimate £1550.
With plenty of merchandise coming through the doors, Whittons held a follow-up sale of a similar size on March 10-11. A Charles II tapering silver beaker decorated with flowers and leaves led proceedings at £5200 (estimate £4000-5000).
With marks for RK, London and the Restoration year of 1666, it was also inscribed to the base with the ownership initials MS over B and the date 1667. Larger than many examples at 7in (17cm), it was also in nice condition. | <urn:uuid:2d05509d-2962-40c5-abfb-d7e43cbaa675> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cdn.antiquestradegazette.com/print-edition/2021/march/2484/feature/silver-sale-in-devon-hots-up-with-a-charles-ii-brazier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.966639 | 729 | 2 | 2 |
Subsets and Splits