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Living a healthy way of life, prefer sport & fitness or just would like to know more about your health? In this case, this app is for you!FitCalc is a second version of popular app - Fitness Calculator 1.0 (http://goo.gl/rVXWF0). FitCalc PRO is an offline fitness app that helps to optimize your body, health and nutrition.
Special in Pro version:✓ Ad free;✓ Dark and light themes;✓ Daily reminders for water intake, food intake and workouts;✓ Import of food data;
Key features of FitCalc:✓ Easy calculations of the following parameters: • BMI (body mass index) • optimal weight • daily calories • training heart rate • maximum heart rate • daily water intake • one repetition maximum • body fat • and even more!✓ View of your nutrition status with recommendations and weight forecasts;✓ Calorie counter for daily tracking of your meals;✓ Possibility to add your own foods & dishes, categories and subcategories of foods;✓ Support of metric and imperial measurement systems;✓ Dashboard with daily statistic about your health; | <urn:uuid:3def4eb4-bc2f-4bcf-b354-5f4c56810969> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://fc-pro.andro.io/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00485-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.844272 | 239 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Well Anton Chekhov was a Russian writer, born in 1860, who basically invented the short story. In addition to being responsible for formulating the literary concept of Organic Unity (Chekhov's gun) and stream of consciousness he wrote really good short stories.
His works show life in Russia at the time and are a wonderful way of learning about life and culture in Imperial Russia from a humorous or at least interesting perspective.
That said, if you like Chekhov's stories, you should probably read his plays too. Chekhov was basically a master of drama and entertainment as well. | <urn:uuid:5917dd10-d6db-4e07-8bb4-37bc491a7b32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://bearinahat.blogspot.com/2011/12/great-russian-authors-anton-chekhov.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00162-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983062 | 121 | 2.25 | 2 |
The World Teacher
- 48 Pages
- December 30, 2005
- 0.41 MB
- 6597 Downloads
Teaching of specific groups, Multicultural Education, Education, Education / Tea
|The Physical Object|
Weetabix book of the millennium.
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Choices and opportunities for user involvement in the primary care-led NHS?
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Ten years activity of the World Federation of Trade Unions in the United Nations.
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As Maitreya, the World Teacher, stands poised ready to emerge into full public work, this book presents an overview of the many ramifications which will flow from this momentous planetary details the planned return of our planetary Hierarchy and the descent of Maitreya from His Himalayan retreat in July and of His work in the world, albeit behind the scenes, since then/5(11).
The World Teacher for All Humanity Maitreya Steps Forward The emergence of Maitreya is all but accomplished. His open, public work will commence really very soon.
From then will begin the process of teaching and becoming known, gradually, to the peoples of the world. “This is a great book that every high school and college student, as well as teachers and parents, should read.
Richard Haass, author of The World and 14 other books, is here to teach us. This book is aimed at a wide, inclusive audience.
Haass’ style is fulsome yet facile. He guides us on a rich, region-by-region world tour. Examining teacher education in an international context, this book captures the diversity of the world's countries confront surprisingly similar challenges in preparing K–12 educators for success, while national contexts also make for surprising differences.
In Teaching the World's Teachers, education historians Lauren Lefty and James W. Fraser and their. The Best Teacher In The World book.
Download The World Teacher FB2
Read 8 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Bunny's favorite teacher, Mrs. Darcy, teaches Bunny no /5. Like any good instructor, he’s provided an exhaustive section for further reading and research.
That information in conjunction with this book would make an excellent resource for any homeschool program or any teacher of history, (American or World), civics, contemporary world issues or whatever they’re calling this stuff these days. You can order the books of Master EK / Dr. Ekkirala Krishnamacharya world-wide via Kulapathi Book Trust Request for English Books.
You can also order world-wide the Indian editions of the books of the World Teacher Trust from: Spiritual Book Centre, D. N°Vishwa Hindu Parishad Bhavan, Kothi, Hyderabad –A.P., India. Buy The World’s Worst Teachers 01 by Walliams, David, Ross, Tony (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. Everyday The World Teacher book prices and free delivery on eligible s: K.
Introduce young readers to this magical world with the first published book in the Chronicles of Narnia series. The four Pevensie children are sent to a.
Grade-specific activities for busy teachers Manage & Motivate (Kindergarten–grade 6) Activities, tips, and incentives to keep your classroom running smoothly Products and Promotions (all grades) Exclusive offers and discounts from The Mailbox Offers & Giveaways (all grades). Teacher Education Around the World examines what can be learned from the different countries, what policies and practices seem transferable; and which seem embedded in the particulars of the culture of the country.
It describe themes that cut across all the countries, documenting not only what they are, but how the countries go about supporting.
Open Library is an open, editable library catalog, building towards a web page for every book ever published.
Read, borrow, and discover more than 3M books for free. Publisher: World Teachers Press |. To celebrate the release of their brilliant new book, The World’s Worst Teachers, David Walliams and Tony Ross were at Waterstones Piccadilly for a brilliant signing Worthing's Children's Parade The theme of Worthing's Children's Parade this year was The World of David Walliams.
DAVID Walliams’ brilliant new book, The World’s Worst Teachers, is out next Thursday. It is a collection of 10 cautionary tales about characters such as Mr Phobe (who is afraid of kids) Mrs.
Each Story of the World Activity Book provides a full year of history study when combined with the Textbook, Audiobook, and Tests―each available separately to accompany each volume of The Story of the World Activity Book.
Activity Book 1 Grade Recommendation: Grades Illustrated throughout with black-and-white drawings and mapsReviews: Teachers who make a significant difference in their students’ lives – sometimes against all odds - deserve to be celebrated. The Global Teacher Prize does just that, awarding $1 million to an exceptional teacher who has made an outstanding contribution to their profession.
These are the Top 10 Finalists for the Global Teacher Prize. Book Description. Winner of the American Educational Studies Association's Critics Choice Award.
Teachers the world over are seeking creative ways to respond to the problems and possibilities generated by globalization. Many of them work with children and youth from increasingly varied backgrounds, with diverse needs and capabilities. Teachers Teaching Tools Homepage. Teaching Tools BETA.
Book List. Best-Selling Books Under $5 for Grades PreK Grades PreK - 2. Book List. Holiday Editions of Our Most Popular Book Series. Grades PreK - 6. Article. Books Under $5 for Grades PreK Grades PreK - Book List. To make sure teachers of very young learners use Welcome to Our World successfully in and out of the classroom, a range of support materials is available.
Together, these materials provide a comprehensive program that allows teachers to use Welcome to Our World successfully to introduce very young learners to the English language-learning classroom – and, most importantly, bring their.
The Worlds Worst Teachers By David Walliams David Walliams has delighted us all with tales of children that are so horrendous, parents everywhere are thankful that their not there offspring. Now Walliams takes on the worst adults on Earth apparently - teachers.
Each chapter in the book retells the terrible frightening antics of one teacher, each more horrifying than the last, but also /5. Best Teacher In The World, The (level 3) (Hello Reader) Paperback – August 1, by Bernice Chardie (Author), Grace Maccarone (Author) › Visit Amazon's Grace Maccarone Page.
Find all the books, read about the author, and more. See search results for this author. Are you an author. Reviews: 6. out of 5 stars k-teacher, xmas around the world.
Details The World Teacher EPUB
Reviewed in the United States on January 9, Verified Purchase. This is a nice book that covers a variety of different a great reference for passages are written a lityle higher.I tend to paraphrase somethingsReviews: the world’s worst teachers The Maths teacher was never seen again. From that day on, the pupils at St Orb’s were happy that they could play all the ball games they liked.
However, in The Secret Teachers of the Western World he has turned in an excellent esoteric history of Western thought.
Description The World Teacher PDF
Whether or not readers are persuaded by his arguments the book is an excellent bit of cultural history and anthropology and is worth reading by all those drawn to /5(22). The Piano Teacher book. Read 2, reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Exotic Hong Kong takes center stage in this sumptuous novel, s /5(K).
The Best Teacher in the World by Howard Books - pages filled with just the right messages, poems, lists, quotes and more designed to leave any teacher.
In many parts of the world, the recent expansion of education has implied reductions in pupil-teacher ratios. Not everywhere though. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average number of pupils per teacher in primary education is higher today than two decades ago.
In general, pupil-teacher ratios tend to be lower in richer countries. Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books.
My library. An engaging collection of resources that brings books to life. TeachingBooks strives to enrich everyone's experience reading children's and young adult books with our original and curated literary resources. Editions for The World’s Worst Teachers: (Hardcover published in ), (Kindle Edition published in ), (paperback published in.
World Book Online is an engaging, verified, and trustworthy digital resource for grades pre-K through high school. Become a World Book Insider. Stay up to speed on all we have to offer-plus activities, crafts, and blogs for parents and educators in our newsletter. If you make a list of the world's top ten most challenging jobs, chances are that being a teacher will not make the cut.
But think about the daunting task millions of educators face each day as they try to mold a group of often surly, unruly kids into intelligent, well-rounded individuals.
That surely has to be the toughest job in the world, especially given that there is no promotion or bonus. The light novel localizing and publishing company Tentai Books announced on Monday that it has licensed author Kо̄ichi Neko and artist Nardack's World Teacher light .
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It’s a sad fact that if financial matters can’t be agreed during divorce, the court’s cogs can turn slowly. The litigation process, and for some people the process of gathering together the evidence that is necessary for a fair resolution of a financial difference of opinion, can take a long time. What happens in the meantime if one person is left without enough money to live on while the other has sufficient for their needs, or a surplus?
‘Maintenance pending suit’ (or ‘MPS’), otherwise known as ‘interim maintenance’, is a stop-gap legal solution intended to meet the financially weaker person’s needs in the short-term, before a court has had a chance to examine in detail the question of everyone’s long-term income, or capital, needs. It works on the same principle as spousal maintenance, i.e. periodical payments made from one party to the other, usually on a monthly basis. (For further information on what amounts to needs, you can take a look at our blog post here.)
In procedural terms, anyone who needs maintenance pending suit has to make a specific application to court – it is not something the court will automatically consider even if there’s already a financial application in the system. The person applying must submit written evidence in support of the application, including up-to-date information about financial circumstances and income needs. This will include preparing a detailed budget.
You might have read about budgets before but to summarise, when preparing a Form E, which is the comprehensive financial form used in family finance proceedings on divorce, you have to set out your income needs in the form of a monthly budget. This will usually include amounts spent on utilities, household expenditure, travel costs, clothes, entertainment and children’s activities etc. Most budgets tend to reflect a generous view of the pre-separation lifestyle and may include amounts for things like satellite television, gym membership, hobbies and holidays. However when it comes to preparing a budget for a maintenance pending suit application, luxury items and any expenditure which was not routinely incurred during the marriage ought to be disregarded. As MPS is a short-term fix, judges are only interested in ensuring the recipient has sufficient to cover the bare necessities required to keep afloat, financially speaking, until matters can be permanently resolved.
Some people say that maintenance pending suit hearings can amount to “rough justice” as they tend to be brief and dealt with fairly swiftly by the judge hearing the case. A judge will usually read the papers in the case, decide what the recipient really needs to get by over the coming months, consider what the payer can afford whilst still maintaining a reasonable standard of living themselves, and then impose a figure on the parties.
A recent case looked at the question of budgets within maintenance pending suit applications, and it is worth a quick look due to the comments made by the judge about the approach to take in MPS applications, and the unrealistic expectations of the wife who was the applicant in this case.
This couple has been married for 11 years and had four children. The husband was very wealthy with assets of £49m, as well as trust assets exceeding £100m, and an annual income of £1.7m net. The wife had property in her own name worth £2.9m and £1.4m in cash and investments, of which £1m had been transferred to her by the husband since the separation. He had confirmed that he did not expect her to use that any of that sum to fund her legal costs or living expenses.
The husband was voluntarily paying the wife £202,000 per annum as well as her legal fees. However the wife considered this insufficient and applied for maintenance pending suit of an “absolute minimum” of £280,000 a year. In fact, she pitched her actual budget on an interim basis at £392,000.
The husband was able to counter her claims by producing evidence that the family had lived on around £230,000-£265,000 a year including school fees. In support of his current position, he argued that the wife’s actual needs were around £156,000 per annum.
The judge agreed with the husband that maintenance pending suit should stay at the sum that he was currently voluntarily paying (£202,000 per annum). The judge said that the wife’s stated expectations substantially exceeded the marital standard of living. He felt her case was unprincipled and unreasonable, as it included a “significant element of forensic exaggeration”. He commented that whilst the standard of living during the marriage is not necessarily a ceiling to ongoing maintenance levels, there would need to be a specific powerful justification for that standard being exceeded on an interim basis before the final determination had been made.
The judge confirmed that the purpose of MPS is to ensure that the financially weaker spouse has sufficient resources to meet his/her immediate needs in a way which does not prejudice the longer term position, or place him/her at a significant disadvantage. He further observed that the application made by the wife here was a disproportionate use of both the parties’ and the court’s resources, particularly in view of their combined costs of around £90,000 which represented a significant chunk of the figure they were arguing over.
Even though MPS calculations tend to be on the rough and ready side, a court will aim for a fair interim outcome taking some account of the marital standard of living, whilst carefully scrutinising the parties’ budgets. An unrealistic budget will get short shrift and may well result in costs penalties, as unlike in the ordinary course of matrimonial finance law where the starting position is no order for costs, a court can more readily make costs orders against parties to litigation in MPS applications. The upshot is: be realistic, be reasonable, and you should get a fair decision. If you’re not, you may incur the wrath of the court.
If we can help with maintenance, or any other aspect of family law, please get in touch with us on 01223 443333. | <urn:uuid:f45b14d4-22cc-4718-b8c0-3f4a0f96ee0e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.cflp.co.uk/budget-dont-fudge-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.975205 | 1,266 | 1.601563 | 2 |
About the Job
- Discussing the objectives, requirements and budgets of a project.
- Consulting with other professionals about the design of an environment.
- Producing detailed workings, drawings and specifications.
- Specifying the nature and quality of materials required.
- Preparing applications for planning and building control department.
- Preparing tender documents for contracts.
- Projects managing and helping to coordinate the work of contractors.
- Controlling a project from start to finish.
- Resolving problems and issues that arise during construction.
- Acting as the main technical adviser on a construction site for subcontractors, crafts people and operatives.
- Setting out, leveling and surveying the site
- Checking plans, drawings and quantities for accuracy of calculations.
- Ensuring that all materials used and work performed are as per specifications
- Agreeing a price for materials and making cost-effective solutions and proposals for the intended project.
- Day-to-day management of the site, including supervising and monitoring the site labour force and the work of any subcontractors.
- Resolving any unexpected technical difficulties and other problems that may arise.
- Bill of quantity & QS
- Proficiency shop drawings
- Autocad 2d
- Microsoft Excel
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Your feisty miniature schnauzer is so alert and active it's difficult to think that anything can slow him down. However, common medical problems in the breed can affect his health, vision and appearance. Regular veterinary checkups can nip certain problems in the bud with proactive treatment or dietary changes. A healthy miniature schnauzer might live 15 years or more.
Your miniature schnauzer's beautiful eyes are topped by his bushy eyebrows. Unfortunately, the breed is predisposed to eye issues, so it's important to ascertain that your puppy's parents both have certification through the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals' Eye Certification Registry. Cataracts can plague miniature schnauzers, but surgery often can restore vision. That's not the case with progressive retinal atrophy, which starts in young dogs as night blindness and causes complete vision loss within a year or two. Entropion, a condition in which the eyelid inverts and lashes rub against the cornea, also requires surgical correction.
Certain skin issues are so common in miniature schnauzers that they've earned the nickname "schnauzer bumps." This is basically schnauzer acne, with blackheads erupting along the dog's back or other areas. A healthy diet, good grooming and regular bathing can help prevent schnauzer bumps. If your dog develops these blackheads, don't squeeze them or use human acne medication for treatment. Take your dog to the vet for diagnosis and suitable canine topical or oral acne drugs. Miniature schnauzers also might suffer from the yeast infection Malassezia dermatitis, which causes hair loss, itchiness, secondary infections and a foul smell.
Kidney and Bladder Stones
If you've ever experienced a kidney or bladder stone, you know the pain they cause. Miniature schnauzers bear the dubious distinction of the breed most likely to form such stones. Ask your vet about a preventive diet to keep stones from forming. If your schnauzer exhibits any urinary tract problems, such as blood in the urine or straining to pee, take him to the vet immediately.
Miniature Schnauzer Hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism occurs when the dog doesn't produce sufficient amounts of the thyroid hormone, which regulates many of the body's systems. Symptoms include dull coat, lethargy, behavioral changes and weight gain. Fortunately, once a diagnosis is made, a daily pill can alleviate the condition.
Miniature Schnauzer Pancreatitis
Common in the breed, pancreatitis constitutes a veterinary emergency. Symptoms include fever, vomiting and diarrhea, lethargy and abdominal pain. This pancreatic inflammation requires hospitalization and supportive care. If the dog pulls through, he'll probably have to stay on a low-fat diet for the rest of his life.
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Originally Posted by aaronc879
Shouldn't 100% of people be unemployed after they retire. Isn't that the point?
Most people who retire from their first career-based occupation at 35 or 40 aren't retiring *completely* and permanently. As another example, I don't think most folks who join the military at 18 and retire at 38 are retired from all work for good. Not many folks would have their desired lifestyle met as a 40 year old with *nothing* else but their military pension.
Having said that, NFL players have a chance to save and invest a LOT more than the typical 20-and-out military person and if they invest prudently and don't live extravagantly, many of them could retire at 35 never needing to work again. But so many of them have trouble adapting to suddenly having a lot of money. This is often most true for those who grew up with very little. It doesn't sink in that it's still possible to spend even a $5 million annual salary way too fast to secure you for life. | <urn:uuid:b6172439-55b4-430f-a399-12450d121a13> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.early-retirement.org/forums/f27/rookies-in-nfl-need-money-management-awareness-51402.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721387.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00448-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98825 | 216 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Tags First Amendment rights
Tag: First Amendment rights
It is clear that even though a person may have served their time in prison, release from prison to a halfway house does not provide freedom. One might be “allowed” to work, but may not be allowed the tools, or Constitutional Rights, necessary for the work allowed. The penal system prevails in unrelenting oppressor control and punishment against captive people, our Black and Brown community members.
When you’ve got the tail of the snake in your hand, it’s going to try to bite. And that’s just what GEO Group and BOP did when SF Bay View editor in chief Keith “Malik” Washington told the truth to protect the safety of his people and his community – using his First Amendment right and commitment to integrity. Commitment to integrity and rights are not where BOP or GEO Group like to play, as they have demonstrated.
These drastic changes like video visits and lockdowns are being gradually introduced and are creating a more inhumane environment. Will this stop the drugs and violence? I think not.
I answered the call Aug. 21, 2018, and put together a hunger strike team. My name was released on the local WTOL News as one of the protesters with the Nation of Islam, who showed their support by hitting the parking lot entrance with banners to protest mass incarceration and prison slavery. A plot to kill me and poison my food by an officer was exposed. But I’m hard to kill. Can’t stop, won’t stop.
Effective Nov. 1, 2017, the Michigan Department of Corrections (MDOC) has instituted a new mail policy, which they falsely claim will stem the flow of contraband, primarily the controlled substances suboxone and fentanyl, into Michigan prisons, when they well know over 80 percent of all contraband is smuggled into prisons by employees, as confirmed by multiple studies. One can only conclude that stopping contraband is not the goal of this new policy, merely the excuse for it.
Good morning and welcome to Wanda’s Picks, a Black arts and culture program with the African Sister’s Media Network. We are joined in the studio by Robert King, Albert Woodfox and Malik Rahim. Welcome to the show. Today we are going to be talking about the Millions for Prisoners Human Rights March on Washington. We can talk about solitary confinement, political prisoners, the 13th Amendment. We can talk about what the need is for having such an event.
Now, as the San Francisco Bay View newspaper’s 40th birthday year comes to a close, is the time to bring up to date the historical sketch of our paper that I began with Part 1 in the January paper. Piles of old papers rest on my desk, waiting to be read once again – a banquet of stories and pictures of our lives, our hopes, our goals. Let me let you taste the flavor of the freedom we continue to fight for in the age of Trump.
When Texas correctional officials earlier this month saw an article by Kevin “Rashid” Johnson online that said they had gassed him and ransacked his cell in December, they punished him – again. In April, Texas became the latest to join a trend of states banning people in prisons, who do not have access to the internet, from having a social media account, saying it could be a threat to security. Civil rights leaders have blasted the decision and maintain that it is a violation of the First Amendment.
Nearly a thousand subscribers to the Bay View newspaper were denied their September papers – and we suspect their October papers as well – because of its coverage of the nationwide strikes to end prison slavery that began Sept. 9. Prison officials censoring the paper claim it will incite disruption. Like claims that someone being beaten by a gang of cops is “resisting,” the Bay View is “disrupting” prison operations.
Over 300 police officers in riot gear, eight ATVs, five armored vehicles, two helicopters and numerous military-grade humvees showed up north of the newly formed frontline camp. The 1851 Treaty Camp was set up this past Sunday directly in the path of the pipeline, on land recently purchased by Dakota Access Pipeline. Today this camp, a reclamation of unceded Dakota territory affirmed as part of the Standing Rock Reservation in the Ft. Laramie Treaty of 1851, was violently cleared. See how you can help.
The violent events of the past week have placed the country at a decisive moment. Words matter but deeds matter more. Leadership matters. President Obama spoke about the need for real change and new “practices” following the murders by police officers of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and Philando Castile in Falcon Heights, Minnesota. Following this story is a Black Lives Matter statement on the murder of police and escalating protests to end state-sponsored violence against Black people.
Oscar Grant’s Uncle Bobby, aka Cephus Johnson, speaks about the recent police execution of Alton Sterling in Baton Rouge and Phil Castile in Minneapolis. We talk about the role of new media in exposing these two cases. He also discusses Obama’s response to the police executions of Black and Brown people and his inaction. We also discuss the Dallas sniper killing a number of police officers last night in response to the rampant police terrorism plaguing the Black communities of the U.S.
A federal jury in San Francisco awarded $25,000 in damages to Jesse Perez, who sued guards for trashing his cell in retaliation for his lawsuit against the prison and for his stand against solitary confinement. Jesse Perez, 35, imprisoned since age 15, was sent to the SHU at Pelican Bay in December 2003 and was held there for 10 years. He took part in all three hunger strikes in 2011 and 2013, protesting prolonged isolation and demanding human rights for prisoners.
I’m writing to you on behalf of myself and ALL of the other brothers who are sharing my same struggle as a captive of the Georgia Department of Oppression. Georgia is a “hate state,” so we have no “progressive” media outlets here in the state and we need to bring attention to our plight with hopes that the publicity will garner us some help in one fashion or another.
Rahsaan won his appeal and the release of his March Bay View. With his letter, he enclosed the “Final Appeal Decision,” dated April 30, 2015, and marked “Grant Inmate Appeal.” Now he is working to get his April and May Bay Views released. The Bay View thanks and congratulates this outstanding jailhouse lawyer and encourages others who encounter censorship to follow his lead.
The Free Speech Society (FSS) is primarily a movement to defend and preserve the rights of imprisoned activists to inform society of the social contradictions of the prison industrial slave complex in hopes of educating the people not only to the existence of these social ills but their impact on their daily lives. Join us in this historic effort and support the FSS with your time, talent and treasure.
Keith Cook delivered this speech on Dec. 5 at “Cops vs. Free Speech,” a public forum organized by the Labor Action Committee to Free Mumia: Thank you for inviting me again to be a part of this essential, timely discussion that we should be having across our nation. Free speech – for most of us who are activists, what does the Fraternal Order of Police, commonly known as the FOP, have to do with it?
Less than two weeks ago the United Nations Committee against Torture issued a report strongly criticizing the U.S. record on a number of issues, among them the extensive use of solitary confinement. While the U.S. uses long-term solitary more than any other country in the world, California uses it more than any other state. This practice is designed to break the human spirit and is condemned as a form of torture under international law.
This letter, Re: Comments on CDCR’s Proposed Regulations: Obscene Material, from attorney Leila Knox of Bryan Cave LLP, one of the world’s largest law firms, was emailed and mailed on Nov. 7, 2014, to Regulation and Policy Management Chief Timothy M. Lockwood, California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, P.O. Box 942883, Sacramento, Calif. 94283-0001. The comment period is now closed.
This letter, from attorney Leila Knox of Bryan Cave LLP, one of the world’s largest law firms, has been submitted to the California Department of Corrections. “Under this regulatory scheme,” she writes, “publications such as the Bay View could be impermissibly banned from within state prisons.” Readers are encouraged to submit their own comments from their own perspective. Comments are being accepted until Tuesday, June 17, at 5 p.m., and can be easily submitted until that time at http://prisonerhungerstrikesolidarity.wordpress.com/.
12Page 1 of 2 | <urn:uuid:8ae3d80e-a279-49a6-881a-565ed724489b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://sfbayview.com/tag/first-amendment-rights/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.964493 | 1,882 | 1.757813 | 2 |
This article uses a wide range of evidence, including images and accounts from foreigners (primarily English and German travellers) to place the early history of coffee and cafés in France in a sharp comparative perspective. These references to the contexts of coffee consumption (where, with whom and with what other products did one consume coffee?) allow us to test and reframe key claims linking cafés, the public sphere, gender and social hierarchy in the Old Regime. The rise of the Parisian café was shaped by fears about the social inclusivity of tobacco smoke, questions of access for elite women, a focus on luxury décor and a distinctive approach to conversation and sociability. A careful exploration of these contexts of consumption can qualify and nuance our view of the café as a locus of the public sphere in the first half-century of public coffee-drinking in Paris.
ASJC Scopus subject areas | <urn:uuid:bcf3f1f7-47be-4d64-b6db-7e9eb136b5ac> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/parisian-caf%C3%A9s-in-european-perspective-contexts-of-consumption-16-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573197.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818124424-20220818154424-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.922527 | 187 | 2.09375 | 2 |
The name "Yucca" is often mistakenly applied to many other plants with similar woody stems and strap like leaves. The true Yucca that is normally grown indoors is the Yucca elephantipes.
They are a tough and drought tolerant plant. This does not mean they can be left to survive without care and suitable conditions.
Good light and air circulation are essential if these plants are to look their best.
Their leaves have very sharp points and they are not always suited to public areas. For a softer leaved alternative why not consider Beaucarnea recurvata
Do not over water them. They should be allowed to dry out before each watering.
Multi stemmed character Yuccas, as in this image, can be effective where architecturally striking plants are required. | <urn:uuid:91d8bc64-433e-48ec-ab2d-c2af5fc62fad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://officeplantslondon.co.uk/plants/yucca.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570913.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809064307-20220809094307-00066.warc.gz | en | 0.946068 | 165 | 2.59375 | 3 |
In Italy, The Coronavirus Has Been A Nightmare .. 'No Dead People Are Counted; In Italy, new ones were added to those who died from a new type of coronavirus (Kovid-19), while the number of casualties rose to 3. In Italy, 405 people died in the last 24 hours due to the epidemic. Italy has surpassed China, where the most deaths occurred.
A nurse in Italy said, “We can't control the situation in Lombardia. The dimension of the disaster has grown so much that we can no longer count the dead, we are trying to fulfill our duty under intense stress caused by the rapid increase of cases. ” used expressions. | <urn:uuid:84448986-d8bb-40ca-a4a8-64fd10889ba8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.raillynews.com/2020/03/In-Italy%2C-coronavirus-has-turned-into-a-nightmare./ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.970169 | 144 | 1.664063 | 2 |
A staunch believer in the value-based investing model, investment guru Warren Buffett has long held the belief that people should only buy stocks in companies that exhibit solid fundamentals, strong earnings power, and the potential for continued growth. Although these seem like simple concepts, detecting them is not always easy. Fortunately, Buffet has developed a list of tenets that help him employ his investment philosophy to maximum effect.
- Warren Buffett is noted for introducing the value investing philosophy to the masses, advocating investing in companies that show robust earnings and long-term growth potential.
- To granularly drill down on his analysis, Buffett has identified several core tenets, in the categories of business, management, financial measures, and value.
- Buffett favors companies that distribute dividend earnings to shareholders and is drawn to transparent companies that cop to their mistakes.
Buffett's Investing Style
Buffett’s tenets fall into the following four categories:
- Financial measures
This article explores the different concepts housed within each silo.
What Is Warren Buffett's Investment Style?
Buffett restricts his investments to businesses he can easily analyze. After all, if a company's operational philosophy is ambiguous, it's difficult to reliably project its performance. For this reason, Buffett did not suffer significant losses during the dot-com bubble burst of the early 2000s due to the fact that most technology plays were new and unproven, causing Buffett to avoid these stocks.
Buffett's management tenets help him evaluate the track records of a company’s higher-ups, to determine if they've historically reinvested profits back into the company, or if they've redistributed funds to back shareholders in the form of dividends. Buffett favors the latter scenario, which suggests a company is eager to maximize shareholder value, as opposed to greedily pocketing all profits.
Buffett also places high importance on transparency. After all, every company makes mistakes, but only those that disclose their errors are worthy of a shareholder’s trust.
Lastly, Buffett seeks out companies who make innovative strategic decisions, rather than copycatting another company’s tactics.
Tenets in Financial Measures
In the financial measures silo, Buffett focuses on low-levered companies with high profit margins. But above all, he prizes the importance of the economic value added (EVA) calculation, which estimates a company’s profits, after the shareholders’ stake is removed from the equation. In other words, EVA is the net profit, minus the expenditures involved with raising the initial capital.
On first glance, calculating the EVA metric is complex, because it potentially factors in more than 160 adjustments. But in practice, only a few adjustments are typically made, depending on the individual company and the sector in which it operates.
Economic Value Added=NOPAT−(CI×WACC)where:NOPAT=net operating profit after taxesCI=capital investedWACC=weighted average cost of capital
Buffett's final two financial tenets are theoretically similar to the EVA. First, he studies what he refers to as "owner's earnings." This is essentially the cash flow available to shareholders, technically known as free cash flow-to-equity (FCFE). Buffett defines this metric as net income plus depreciation, minus any capital expenditures (CAPX) and working capital (W/C) costs. The owners' earnings help Buffett evaluate a company’s ability to generate cash for shareholders.
In this category, Buffett seeks to establish a company's intrinsic value. He accomplishes this by projecting the future owner's earnings, then discounting them back to present-day levels. Furthermore, Buffett generally ignores short-term market moves, focusing instead on long-term returns. But on rare occasions, Buffett will act on short-term fluctuations, if a tantalizing deal presents itself. For example, if a company with strong fundamentals suddenly drops in price from $50 per share to $40 per share, Buffett might acquire a few extra shares at a discount.
Finally, Buffett famously coined the term "moat," which he describes as "something that gives a company a clear advantage over others and protects it against incursions from the competition."
Buffett realizes that not all investors possess the expertise needed to set his analytical tools in action and advises newer investors to consider low-cost index funds over individual stocks.
The Bottom Line
Buffett's tenets provide a foundation on which he rests his value investing philosophy. But applying these tenets can be difficult, given the data that must be cultivated and the metrics that must be calculated. But those who can successfully employ these analytical tools can invest like Buffett and watch their portfolios thrive. | <urn:uuid:50cc36b9-0fb1-4a89-acff-2ac807826fbe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.investopedia.com/investing/warren-buffetts-investing-style-reviewed/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.945247 | 977 | 1.65625 | 2 |
3 Stooges Monkey Businessmen Quotes. But was prevented from clothing herself. Cicero (@cicero) at august 31, 2020 10:14 pm (wpvha.
Check out our three stooges monkey businessmen selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. Maximal 80 euro, für ihren neuen grundig xact älterer jahrgang? The three stooges monkey businessmen (tv episode 1946) quotes on imdb:
A Man Goes Inside A Pet Shop And Starts To Move Around The Cages To Scout The Pets.
Moe coached him the way one would a child, getting him to repeat each line after him. The three stooges s13e05 monkey businessmen. Best exemplified when moe disguises himself as adolf hitler and orders two nazi guards to blow their brains out.
Monkey Businessmen Is The 92Nd Columbia Short Subject Starring The Three Stooges.
[to larry] you, grab that bucket, splash some water on her. I don't see how anyone survives it.”. I'm positive about the negative, but a little negative about the positive.
The Comedians Released 190 Short Films For The Studio Between 1934 And 1959.
It's now half past eight and she's not here yet! i think she'll be comin' round the mountain when she comes. The rest home they choose is run by dr. “before i get through with you, you will have a clear case for divorce, and so will my wife.
In Monkey Businessmen, He (Curly) Was At His Worst.
Back to the 3 stooges library. I'm positive about the negative, but a little negative about the positive. Nine to twelve in the morning, five to six in the evening.
Ymmv Tropes That Apply To The Original Shorts:
With curly howard, larry fine, moe howard, wade crosby. If at first you don't succeed, keep on succin' till you do succeed. After predictably getting fired from their job, curly. | <urn:uuid:49ee35a7-73b7-4b00-b140-b4dc269fb799> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://quoteoftheday.one/3-stooges-monkey-businessmen-quotes/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.910467 | 452 | 1.585938 | 2 |
This past summer, Robin Varghese, a former student of Ahmad’s at Hampshire, recounted a story to me that he had heard his teacher tell in class. When Ahmad was in his 20s, he received a Rotary fellowship to come to the United States for further studies. He knew that he wanted to see four things when he left the subcontinent. Three of those four sites he visited en route to this country. He went to the Highgate Cemetery in London to pay homage to Karl Marx; he also visited 21B Baker Street, for its well-known literary landmark; and he wandered through the British Museum, where his reaction was “Return the loot!” The fourth place that Ahmad wanted to visit was in the United States, in Chicago, and it was the site of the Haymarket riot of 1886. Ahmad wanted to go there because, as a boy, he had been taken to May Day celebrations in India. He now wanted to lay flowers at the Haymarket monument to honor the striking workers who had marched in the first May Day parade.
But several years were to pass before he could visit Chicago. He had arrived in the United States in 1957 to study history at Occidental College; a year later he enrolled at Princeton as a graduate student in political science and Middle East history. His research then took him to Tunisia, an even further detour from Chicago. It was not until 1967, during his three-year stint as a teacher at Cornell, that Ahmad found himself giving a job talk in the city where in 1886 laboring men and women had fought to win the eight-hour workday. He left his hotel, picked up a bouquet of flowers and, when he arrived at Haymarket, asked where he could find the monument. No one seemed to know of it. Finally someone pointed it out to him. It was a statue of a policeman who had preserved law and order on that day long ago. Ahmad brought the flowers back with him and gave them to his girlfriend, Julie Diamond, who eventually became his wife.
In 1968, in a speech at an antiwar sit-in, Ahmad, who was now a fellow at the Adlai Stevenson Institute in Chicago, spoke of his search for the Haymarket monument. He told the audience how shocked he had been that the historical memory of workers’ resistance, recognized and celebrated throughout the world, had not been honored in its own place of origin. Not long after, two FBI agents showed up at Ahmad’s door. They wanted to know what he had said about Haymarket and who had been in the audience. It turned out that the Weathermen had just blown up the offending statue of the Chicago policeman.
“I am inclined to tell stories,” Eqbal Ahmad had once said, and, in one of his interviews, he offered a vignette about the visit from the two FBI agents:
They first asked me if I was a citizen of the United States. I said, “No.” They said, “Don’t you feel that as a guest in this country you should not be going about criticizing the host country’s government?” I said, “I hear your point, but I do want you to know that while I am not a citizen, I am a taxpayer. And I thought it was a fundamental principle of American democracy that there is no taxation without representation. I have not been represented about this war. And my people, Asian people, are being bombed right now.” Surprisingly, the FBI agents looked deeply moved and blushed at my throwing this argument at them. They were speechless. Then I understood something about the importance of having some congruence between American liberal traditions…and our rhetoric and tactics.” | <urn:uuid:8421c604-8f87-4d89-ad6c-5db8d2bcc30d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2008/05/happy-may-day-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.992892 | 777 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Viva Books Pvt Ltd
|Number of Pages
Scholars and policymakers disagree on the most effective way to counter transnational terrorism, generating debate on a range of questions: Do military interventions increase or decrease the recruitment capability of transnational terrorists? Should we privilege diplomacy over military force in the campaign against terror? Can counterterrorist measures be applied without violating human rights? More fundamentally, is it possible to effectively wage a war against terrorism? Grappling with these questions, Mahmood Monshipouri reviews alternative strategies for combating terrorism and makes the case for the continued relevance of international law and diplomacy as measures for severing its roots in the Middle East and elsewhere.
Monshipouri underlines the need to redefine security to include the protection of human rights. In that context, he examines the limits of the use of force, torture, and externally imposed democratization and focuses on the conditions under which alternative counterterrorism tools can be viable. While acknowledging that there is no easy remedy to the tensions between security needs and human rights, he makes a compelling argument that the pursuit of a security template that sacrifices civil liberties is not only morally debilitating, but also politically imprudent.
In this Book:
• Terrorism, Security, and Human Rights
• Military Intervention
• Democracy Promotion
• The Critical Importance of Human Rights
• Immigration Politics and the Rise of Islamophobia
• Toward Reframing the Debate
Contents: Introduction • Terrorism Security, and Human Rights • Military Intervention: Risks and Costs • Democracy Promotion: Failed Efforts in the Middle East • Diplomacy: Seeking Long-Term Solutions • The Critical Importance of Human Rights • Immigration Politics and the Rise of Islamophobia • Toward Reframing the Debate • Bibliography • Index
About the Author: Mahmood Monshipouri is associate professor of international relations at San Francisco State University. His publications include Muslims in Global Politics: Identities, Interests, and Human Rights and Islamism, Secularism and Human Rights in the Middle East. | <urn:uuid:41020f6e-1bc2-40d2-a50e-c129b72c7e1c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.buybooksindia.com/terrorism-security-and-human-rights-harnessing-the-rule-of-law--9788130923642-29580684.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00496-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862875 | 410 | 1.992188 | 2 |
Syracuse University Ph.D. in Special Education
Syracuse University C.A.S in School Administration
SUNY Oswego M.S. in Reading Education
Seton Hall B.S. in Developmental Disabilities and Secondary Education:Mathematics
Dr. Abbott presents at local and national conferences in the areas of: creating standards-based educational programs for students with disabilities; teacher preparation for K-12 Urban Schools. and supporting teachers of students with disabilities within the high-stakes test cultures.
She has worked with schools to create appropriate and effective inclusive education for students with disabilities, autism, and other complex behaviors. She is an advocate for parents and students with disabilities, working with school districts to create appropriately challenging and responsive educational programs and supporting parents during the IEP process.
Dr. Abbott's research interests include: Infusing Universal Design for Learning (UDL) and Response to Intervention (RTI) into the Common Core Standards; the neurobiology of disability and effective programming for students with autism and emotional behavior disorders.
Dr. Abbott teaches at both the Graduate and Undergraduate levels.
EDU 202PT Social Foundations of Urban Education
EDU 440PT Teaching in Diverse Urban Classrooms
SPED 6731 Applications for Students with Mild Disabilities
SPED 6732 Advanced Assessment for Students with Severe Disabilities
SPED 6741 Applications for Students with Severe Disabilities
SPED 6742 Advacnced Assessment for Students with Severe Disabilities
SPED 6743 Teaming for Students with Severe Disabilities
SPED 5665 Language Learning Disabilities
SPED 5702 Psychology of Applied Behavior Analysis
SPED 7710 Student Teaching and Capstone
SPED 7711 Student Teaching Internship
SPED 7712/13 Research in Special Education Thesis/Project | <urn:uuid:7e069d89-6b60-4f9a-9359-f22528e6e373> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.roberts.edu/facultystaff/diana-abbott.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904419 | 377 | 1.953125 | 2 |
Few dispute that health is a good thing. So the question we face, is not, “do I want to be healthy?” but more like: “how healthy do I want to be?” and “what am I willing to pay? ” These are questions we must face in ways that our predecessors did not. Yes, we have some advantages over previous generations: little worry about killer diseases of the past or starvation, and we have improved medical care. But, we face relatively new challenges: the western diet and a pedestrian lifestyle.
Our medicine can medicate many of the consequences. But that is not health.
The “Simple” of our site’s name is due to our priorities: we want to be healthy to live, not to live to be healthy. We hope to help you all discover how to be healthy in a way that works with the rest of life.
Over time we will significantly expand this section, principally through summaries of the content of the books and resources under our “Learn” section. For now, we suggest you start your own journey by going to your local library and start reading on this vital topic. And you might consider subscribing to our site to take advantages of the summaries to coming. | <urn:uuid:97ce8dfe-16dd-4523-9bf8-7f477af53c5b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://healthsimply.org/learn/costbenefits/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.959795 | 262 | 2.015625 | 2 |
Metaphor and Dogma in the History of Macroeconomics
In this challenging book, John King makes a sustained and comprehensive attack on the dogma that macroeconomic theory must have ‘rigorous microfoundations’. He draws on both the philosophy of science and the history of economic thought to demonstrate the dangers of foundational metaphors and the defects of micro-reduction as a methodological principle. Strong criticism of the microfoundations dogma is documented in great detail, from some mainstream and many heterodox economists and also from economic methodologists, social theorists and evolutionary biologists. The author argues for the relative autonomy of macroeconomics as a distinct ‘special science’, cooperating with but most definitely not reducible to microeconomics. | <urn:uuid:708ff048-2550-4d7b-a288-9e2b155637da> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.elgaronline.com/view/9781849803175.00002.xml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280891.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93289 | 149 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Ghanaian students of all ages and backgrounds appreciate the opportunity to interact with fluent English speakers. Volunteers may teach English language, mathematics, geography, science, social studies or supervise homework and provide individualized atte
- Accra, Ghana
- Program Type:
- Volunteer Abroad
- Degree Level:
- Work Types:
- Education, Social Services
- 1-2 weeks, 1-3 months, 4-6 months
- Program Description:
- Teaching English and Mathematics in Ghana will inevitably increase employment opportunities, reduce illiteracy and ultimately assist its people to become economically independent. Teaching volunteers will work with teachers to improve participatory teaching methods, classroom management, assessments and gender equality in the classroom. Volunteers will also help develop primary education projects focusing specifically on early childhood development, literacy and basic health education.
Ghanaian students of all ages and backgrounds appreciate the opportunity to interact with fluent English speakers. Volunteers may teach English language, mathematics, geography, science, social studies or supervise homework and provide individualized attention to students falling behind in class. You don’t have to be a qualified or experienced teacher to join the project, and you are sure to receive a warm welcome from the local schools we work with who are eager to have our volunteers.
- Setting Description:
- The placement is in Kindergarten, lower grade and primary schools located in Accra the capital city of Ghana and in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Volunteers with personal experience in special education can also bring their skills and initiatives to bear as they help create lesson plan and activities for their special lessons. You would gain more experience and have fun while working in this field.
- 1 Week - $ 300.00 2 Weeks - $ 550.00 3 Weeks - $ 700.00 4 Weeks - $ 750.00 Additional Week - $ 250.00
Overall RatingNot Yet Reviewd
Be the First to Review this Program | <urn:uuid:d181ed75-0789-4c12-b484-09a517e6c2ad> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.studyabroad.com/institutions/humanitarian-aid-foundation/teaching-volunteer-program-in-ghana-282456 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.926655 | 417 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Far too little attention is given to the true story of the Bay of Pigs invasion, the men who risked and sacrificed their lives in the hope of liberating their homeland, and the international repercussions of that failure. I urge you to watch this interview with Bay of Pig veterans Javier Souto and Jose Regalado.
Almost every word spoken during this hour and half plus video is memorable, inspiring, and heartbreaking.
On the executions: “We could stay here the whole day reciting names.”
On the outcome of the revolution: “The Cuban nation has died, it was murdered.”
On Castro’s international campaigns and influence: “It is amazing what the little island of Cuba… has cost the world.”
On the resistance: “The Cuban people have never stopped working against the Castro regime.”
On international reaction: “Everybody has been helping Castro.”
On island Cubans who assisted: “They had nothing to gain, everything to lose. They did it for Cuba.”
Assessing current reality: “It’s not over.”
These men are heroes; it is a privilege to listen to their words. Tissue warning. | <urn:uuid:b87a9238-2c11-48a3-bb61-9373aae25bfc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://babalublog.com/2012/12/24/the-cuban-nation-has-died-it-was-murdered/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960032 | 256 | 2.203125 | 2 |
The governor of Nariño asked the government to help reduce drug gang related murders in his department. He also asked it to revise its policy on the spraying of illegal crops.
Governor Antonio Navarro Wolf expressed his concern over the recent wave of violence in Nariño, provoked in part by a fierce battle between paramilitary groups and guerrillas for control of territory and drug trafficking.
He said that the government policy of fumigating illegal crops and replacing them with legal ones wasn’t working. He said the policy hadn’t been been implemented in zones where crops such as bananas had been destroyed.
“There has been intense spraying, like there has been in all of the pacific coast, and the result is that [illegal] crops are resown faster than the fumigating is done, so we need a new integrated strategy when it comes to illegal crops,” he said.
Navarro Wolf added that he was worried about citizens affected by the loss of resources from pyramid schemes and sprayed crops but said he was more concerned about the violence in Nariño. He said a concerted intelligence mission was needed to put the breaks on crimes committed by drug gangs.
“What is urgently needed is to save lives, conflict between drug gangs is creating a slaughterhouse, especially in Tumaco,” he said. | <urn:uuid:39e1d4b2-1ac1-4de1-b72b-ef6099bf5346> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://colombiareports.com/narino-governor-seeks-end-to-violence/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.980745 | 275 | 1.679688 | 2 |
InscriptiFact: A Better Way To Read Inscriptions
The technology of Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI) can change the way you read ancient inscriptions. Developed by HP Labs and utilized by USC with its collection of 40,000 inscriptions, RTI enables the viewer to see the ancient inscription—from Ugaritic texts to the Dead Sea Scrolls—with lighting from all different angles.
Bruce Zuckerman, professor of Hebrew Bible and director of the West Semitic Research Project, has penned a column in this month’s issue of Biblical Archaeology Review (available online in its entirety) explaining the technology and its availability online through InscriptiFact. Registration is free. Zuckerman explains how the technology works.
It involves taking a series of successive images all around an object with the light for each picture situated at a different angle and height but always from about the same distance. This can be done in a light dome or by moving a single light around an object and taking a series of pictures, thus building a virtual light dome. A software program then takes the data from these pictures (a typical set is 32) and builds from them a master image, called a texture-map, which can be displayed on a computer.
You can see the technology in action in this three-minute video. You might want to skip the first 50 seconds to jump right to the display of RTI. It’s fantastic. | <urn:uuid:e7895350-d247-4458-b63f-e5cbb5f60eac> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.bibleplaces.com/2011/10/inscriptifact-better-way-to-read.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00268-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906698 | 296 | 2.9375 | 3 |
California, once a national role model for slowing the coronavirus’s spread, has seen record numbers of infections, hospitalizations and deaths in recent days. The surge follows the reopening of many higher-risk businesses, including beauty salons, restaurants, movie theaters and gyms.
In hard-hit Los Angeles County, a UCLA study released July 27 found Black and Latino residents were twice as likely to die of COVID-19 than non-Latino whites. In the poorest Los Angeles-area communities, county data shows the COVID-19 mortality rate was quadruple that of the wealthiest communities.
These health disparities are even wider when looking just at working-age Californians. While Latinos make up 39% of California’s population, they account for about 57% of COVID-19 cases and 46% of deaths. Among residents ages 18-64, Latinos account for 68% of the deaths.
As a medical sociologist in the Department of Social Medicine, Population and Public Health at the University of California, Riverside, I study how social factors such as income, race and ethnicity shape health. While California’s COVID-19 disparities are sobering, they are not surprising. They mirror decades of research showing marginalized Americans have worse health outcomes across a wide range of diseases. These health disparities are largely driven by unequal social conditions that shape people’s ability to avoid disease and get treatment.
What Explains the State’s COVID-19 Inequalities?
As cases of COVID-19 soar, differences in working and living conditions put low-income, Black and Latino Californians at greater risk of exposure.
Limiting face-to-face contact with others is key for preventing COVID-19, but for many low-income residents, social distancing and self-isolation are luxuries they can’t afford. Low-income, Black and Latino Californians are more likely to be essential workers and hold low-wage jobs that involve frequent contact with the public and require them to be at work sites where health and safety precautions are not always enforced. In San Francisco’s Mission District, for example, a University of California San Francisco study found that 95% of people testing positive for COVID-19 were Latino, and 90% of them could not work from home.
These groups are also more likely to continue to rely on public transportation during the pandemic and live in more crowded households, providing opportunities for the coronavirus to spread among family and community members.
COVID-19 testing shortages also affect these communities. Key to the safe reopening of California’s businesses was the promise of widespread testing and contact tracing. Reopening too quickly led to testing shortages, a surge in positive cases and a lack of resources to effectively trace infected people’s contacts. Many of California’s testing sites have a potential demand of 200,000 or more patients. Investigative reporting by ABC News and FiveThirtyEight has showed how residents in whiter and wealthier areas have greater access to testing centers and face less competition to secure scarce tests.
Higher rates of preexisting health conditions, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, also put low-income, Black and Latino Californians at increased risk of experiencing serious illness from COVID-19. Disparities in these preexisting conditions are related to long-standing barriers to accessing essential resources and a legacy of discrimination and racism. Lower rates of health insurance and other barriers to health care —including unequal treatment by health professionals— leave these groups at risk of foregoing or being denied critical COVID-19 care.
All of these factors allow COVID-19 to spread more rapidly across California’s lower-income, Black and Latino communities and have contributed to widening inequalities in mortality as overall cases surge.
What Can Be Done?
The hard work Californians put in early in the pandemic to stay home and “flatten the curve” was undone in the weeks after businesses reopened and large numbers of people went back to gathering in indoor spaces. In parts of the state, hospitals are now overwhelmed by COVID-19 patients. But much can be done to help reverse the infection trends.
Some of the most important steps are simple: By staying home when possible, wearing a mask when out and maintaining physical distance, Californians can help protect themselves and others from COVID-19. Staying home can also help lessen the demand for limited testing and treatment.
Testing is essential. For testing to be effective, everyone who is at high risk for infection, whether through daily exposure to the public at work or knowing they have been exposed to someone with COVID-19, needs access to testing and quick results so they can self-quarantine if necessary. California has launched targeted efforts to make tests available in the underserved communities most impacted by COVID-19. The data show these efforts are making progress but aren’t yet meeting the need.
Across the state, mandatory mask requirements and reclosing many businesses that had reopened should help slow disease transmission, provided the orders are followed. That will require public health, state and local authorities cooperating to enforce the rules.
Employers also have a responsibility to ensure adequate precautions are taken to prevent the coronavirus from spreading in workplaces. This can include providing paid sick time so employees can stay home if they’re ill and personal protective equipment for employees who come face to face with co-workers and the public.
Low-income workers in crowded housing often lack ways to self-isolate if they get COVID-19. Offering free temporary housing is one way to help them avoid transmitting the virus to others. Affordable alternatives to public transportation, such as reduced-cost rideshares, could also reduce disease transmission among vulnerable populations.
Finally, with hope of a vaccine on the horizon, ensuring equitable access to future COVID-19 vaccinations for California’s low-income, Black and Latino community members will be critical to avoid worsening these health inequalities. | <urn:uuid:d15a5b52-5cf2-4141-896f-d187a4716977> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.latinorebels.com/2020/08/07/californiacovidsurge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571190.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810131127-20220810161127-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.953083 | 1,236 | 3.1875 | 3 |
People could unwittingly be spreading Japanese Knotweed, one of the most destructive plants, rather than eradicating it thanks to poor guidance from councils, say researchers from the University of Exeter. While some of the local councils were found to be giving good advice, some weren’t or were giving inconsistent messages.
The bad advice being given by the local councils could either cause needless worry or spread the plant further around the country. For any reader looking to get a knotweed survey done then see here.
What Is Japanese Knotweed?
Japanese Knotweed is a perennial plant that’s native to Japan and related to buckwheat. Its stems are capable of reaching around chest height and it grows in dense clumps. Many non-Asian countries have declared it an “invasive species”.
In 1850, Philipp von Siebold, a botanist, sent samples collected on the slopes of a Japanese volcano to the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, according to the Daily Mirror. Within 4 years, the plants were being touted as useful new fodder for animals and sold by commercial nurseries.
Why Are People So Unhappy with It?
For 3 primary reasons. First, it has a remarkable ability to force its way through brick or concrete, which means that it can damage roads or buildings. Second, it grows in dense clusters which usually exclude the native species. Third, eradicating it is nearly impossible.
Is It Really So Bad?
Japanese knotweed is without a doubt one of the UK’s most destructive, aggressive, and invasive plants according to the Environment Agency. Besides destroying concrete foundations, it can manage architectural sites and flood defences.
The plant is so hard to control and destructive that lenders may refuse mortgages on homes facing a ‘knotweed problem’ and house sales can even fall through. The Telegraph reports that one gardener killed his wife after being “driven mad by worry” about the plant.
The Guardian reports that knotweed can grow 3 to 4 meters in just 10 weeks. Its roots can spread 7 meters horizontally underground and the plant is capable of re-growing from just a tiny fragment of its root, which means that eliminating it is far from easy.
How Can You Eradicate It?
Japanese knotweed is resistant to cutting because it’s known to regrow vigorously. Any cut pieces must be disposed of carefully. Casual gardeners are advised to call in professionals for disposal. Chemical herbicides, however, can destroy the plant. Experiments suggest spraying some seawater on the leaves. This can also be an effective solution if the herbicide isn’t available.
How Does the Plant Reproduce?
In Asia, the plant has both a male and female variety. However, only the female has reached the UK, which means that the plant is incapable of reproducing sexually via pollen. Undaunted, the female plant that found its way to the UK has cloned itself over and over again.
Each separate plant of Japanese knotweed in the UK has regrown from another plant’s root. Often, these have been unwittingly moved by councils or gardeners taking earth from one site to another.
Why Is Japanese Knotweed Sometimes Referred to as ‘Britain’s Largest Female’?
Since they aren’t reproduced sexually, all the clumps of Japanese knotweed found in the UK are technically the same plant, even if they are not joined together physically. So, it is the largest female in Britain or perhaps even the world. | <urn:uuid:e05410f8-6cc5-4841-b3ce-db056411a5c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://review-site.net/japanese-knotweed-what-is-it-and-why-are-people-panicking/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.960532 | 727 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Importance of Money Market
Importance of Money Market:
1. Development of Trade and Industry: Money market is an important source of financing trade and industry. The money market, through discounting operations and commercial papers, finance the short-term working capital requirements of trade and industry and facilitates the development of industry and trade both national and international.
2. Development of capital market: The short-term rates of interest and the conditions that prevail in the money-market influence the long-term interest as well as the resource mobilization in capital market. Hence the development of capital market depends upon the existence of a developed money market.
3. Smooth Functioning of Commercial Banks: The money market provides the commercial banks with facilities for temporarily employing their surplus funds in easily realizable assets. The banks can get back the funds quickly, in times of need by economizing their cash balances in hand and at the same time meeting the demand for large withdrawal of their depositors.
4. Effective Central Bank control: A developed money market helps the effective functioning of a central bank. It facilitates effective implementation of the monetary policy of a central bank. The Central bank, through the money market, pumps new money into the economy in slump and siphons it off in boom.
5. Formulation of Suitable monetary policy: Conditions prevailing in a money market serve as a true indicator of the monetary state of an economy. Hence, it serves as a guide to the government in formulating and revising the monetary policy then and there depending upon the monetary conditions prevailing in the market. | <urn:uuid:758f95c6-0bad-4403-a62a-e74276c8c9aa> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://gurukpo.com/importance-of-money-market/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00557-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925153 | 316 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Italy has had many ethnic and religious minorities including Jews, Albanians, Gypsies, and Waldensians; consequently, it is important to learn the history of the ethnic, racial, and religious groups your ancestors belonged to. For example, you might study a history of the Jews in Italy, Germans in Italy, or Waldensians in Piemonte. This historical background can help you identify where your ancestors lived and when they lived there, where they migrated, the types of records they might be listed in, and other information to help you understand your family’s history.
For some Italian minorities there are unique records and resources available, including histories, gazetteers, biographical sources, settlement patterns, and handbooks.
The Family History Library collects records of minorities, especially their published histories. You can find these histories by looking in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under:
ITALY, [PROVINCE]- MINORITIES
ITALY- JEWISH HISTORY
You can find other sources in the Subject Search of the catalog under the name of the minority, such as JEWS, GERMANS, or WALDENSIANS. Some sources are listed under ALBANIANS- ITALY.
Examples of books on minorities are:
- Nasse, George Nicholas. The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy. Washington DC, USA: National Academy of Sciences—National Research Council, 1964. (FHL book EUROPE 945 H6n.)
- Pons, Teafilo G. Cento anni fa alle valli, il problema dell’emigrazione (One hundred years ago in the valleys; Waldensian emigration in 1856). Torre Pelice: Società di studi valdesi, 1956. (FHL book EUROPE 945 K2po.)
- Roth, Cecil. The History of the Jews in Italy. Farnborough, England: Gregg International, 1969. (FHL book EUROPE 945 F2r.) | <urn:uuid:75391bc8-ee8b-4b94-b5f1-6f4ae17927df> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Italy_Minorities&oldid=762126 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721278.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00148-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.865246 | 427 | 3.546875 | 4 |
12 Guardians of the Pillar
This FPM relates to the Threefold Founder Flame Consciousness Grid Network that is located in Chile at Easter Island. The Four Main Pillars of Consciousness units are massive Light-Sound pillars that are related to the creation of the entire Human 12 Tribes 144 harmonics in the DNA Genetic template, these consciousness units are the collective pillar(s) and the consciousness structure of the Founders elemental bodies. They contain all genetic, elemental material and race histories throughout the entire root race evolution cycles. When the diagonal lines are activated on planet earth at the end of the Ascension cycle through the Great White Lion GWL vertical and Golden Eagle Grid GEG horizontal merge,( or Rod and Staff alignment) the three parallel universes merge together through the activated Four Pillars of Man network.
Triune of Universes
When all three Parallels in the Triune of Universes is connected through its diagonal grid networks, the 12 Guardians of the Pillar is anchored on earth. The Aurora Guardians are hosting elemental re-encryption of the Founder consciousnesses units to heal the elemental bodies in order to do so. So when referring to Aurora Pillars, the reference is the elemental re-encryption to the four pillars of man network, to connect through the Aurora Host in order to anchor the 12 Guardians of the Pillar into the earth body. This is the four consciousness unit elemental body pillars, water, fire, earth, air creating consciousness ether, through the consciousness ether, the four elemental pillars connect into their counterpart networks in three parallels (parallel earth, the inner earth, and the Earth), making a total 12 Guardians of these Pillars. The pillars are a part of Aurora Guardian host grid rehab project for Krystal Star and smaller versions of their architecture have been placed in many vortexes on the earth grid, where diagonal lines have been cleared to krystic spin points. As smaller Aurora Pillar networks stabilize in the earth field, this larger FPM network has a foundation to support its return to the earth. Aurora Pillars are the columns that support the Aurora Platform which are the safe zones.
Planetary Emancipation Gridwork
Please note that this is a planetary stargate which connects into 2D Gate in Temple Mount Jerusalem and in Sarasota, Florida.
We have received our second assignment and it is the Inner Gate of Easter Island, Chile and its wormhole to the linkup into Dome of the the Rock, Temple Mount in Jerusalem for the period of Tuesday, May 14th to the following Tuesday, May 21st. For those who are called to direct energy, focus and attention to help stabilize and support our ascending planet, this blog serves as the clarion call request to those families who are deeply inspired to pray for planetary peace and emancipation. Intention Week Two: Set up Meditation or Prayer Session dedicated to the Purposes of the Krystal Star Host communication networks for Stargate 2 Inner Gate Easter Island and its link into the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Krystal Hosting for Planetary Soul and Humanity Tribe 2. | <urn:uuid:c1d2d34d-1354-4937-9ed1-a5aa7c381c44> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ascensionglossary.com/index.php/12_Guardians_of_the_Pillar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916611 | 617 | 1.835938 | 2 |
Second Vice President of Sudan
Ali Osman Mohammed Taha also transliterated "Othman" or "Uthman" has been the Second Vice President of Sudan since August 2005. He held the position of first First Vice President from 1998 to August 2005. He was the country's Foreign Minister for three years prior to becoming first Vice President and is a member of the National Congress Party.
Taha is a graduate of the Faculty of Law at the University of Khartoum. He then set up a private law practice before being appointed as a judge and then entering politics as a member of Sudan's parliament in the 1980s.
Taha, along with John Garang, is credited as being the co-architect of Sudan's Comprehensive Peace Agreement which brought Africa's longest civil war to an end on 9 January 2005. The agreement capped an eight-year process to stop the civil war, which since 1983 had taken 2 million lives. Starting in December 2003 Taha and Garang met numerous times to finalize the peace agreement.
Taha heads the Sudanese side of the Sudanese Egyptian High Committee, which is headed on the Egyptian side by Prime Minister Ahmed Nazif and includes Ministers from both countries and aims to foster cooperation between the two countries.
Taha was responsible for handling the Darfur crisis from 2003 to 2004. Community leaders in Darfur have reported that Taha holds personal ties with Musa Hilal and was instrumental in releasing Hilal from prison in 2003. Taha apparently assigned Hilal the authority to recruit and command a militia group, which became known as “Quick, Light and Horrible Forces of Misteriha.” Government help for Hilal was reported to be very open and was coordinated through Taha. Taha was quoted as saying to commanders of the Janjaweed militia, “I don’t want one single village of Zurgas in Darfur. All the Zurga lands are yours.” After an attack by the Janjaweed militia and the Armed Forces in the town of Kyla, a survivor from the Fur tribe reported that the attackers sang, “Hail the name of Allah, our orders came from Ali Usman Taha.”
In 2005 Taha opposed holding trials outside Sudan after 51 individuals were accused, by a United Nations commission of inquiry, of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Taha argued that doing so would “push things to degenerate rather than help people to reconcile or maintain peace.” In 2008,Taha also opposed the ICC indictment of President Omar al-Bashir by arguing that, “We can’t go along with implementing the CPA or other agreements with a president that is subject to international trial.” In the same year, the Associated Press quoted reliable sources saying Taha would be charged with crimes similar to those that President Omar al-Bashir had been charged with. In February 2009, Taha reportedly traveled to Turkey seeking the nation’s support to save Sudan’s president, al-Bashir, from trial.
Taha is mentioned several times in the application of arrest for President Omar al-Bashir, submitted by Luis Moreno Ocampo, prosecutor of the ICC. For example, Commissioner Rabeh told Janjaweed militia commanders that the General Commander in Khartoum and Taha ordered the provision of armament for the elimination of zurgas. Zurga is a derogatory term for people from African tribes. | <urn:uuid:d6258ed5-f1c2-4b59-a74c-ed34c6b99856> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://myafrica.allafrica.com/view/people/main/id/0AgU858vaELk4JEF.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00039-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973697 | 720 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Принцеса Уельска Діана (англійською)
The tragic death of Diana, Princess of Wales occurred on Sunday, 31 August 1997 following a car accident in Paris, France. The vehicle in which the Princess was travelling was involved in a high-speed accident in the Place de l'Alma underpass in central Paris shortly before midnight on Saturday, 30 August. The Princess was taken to the La Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, where she underwent two hours of emergency surgery before being declared dead at 0300 BST. The Princess's companion, Mr Dodi Fayed, and the driver of the vehicle died in the accident, whilst a bodyguard was seriously injured.
The Princess's body was subsequently repatriated to the United Kingdom in the evening of Sunday, 31 August by a BAe 146 aircraft of the Royal Squadron. The Prince of Wales and the Princess's elder sisters, Lady Sarah McCorquodale and Lady Jane Fellowes, accompanied the Princess's coffin on its return journey. Upon arrival at RAF Northolt, the coffin, draped with a Royal Standard, was removed from the aircraft and transferred to a waiting hearse by a bearer party from The Queen's Colour Squadron of the RAF. The Prime Minister was among those in the reception party.
From RAF Northolt the coffin was taken to a private mortuary in London, so that the necessary legal formalities could be completed. Shortly after midnight, it was moved to the Chapel Royal in St James's Palace, where it lay privately until the funeral on Saturday, 6 September, in Westminster Abbey. The Princess's family and friends visited the Chapel to pay their respects.
Following the funeral service, the coffin then was taken by road to the family estate at Althorp for a private interment. The Princess was buried in sanctified ground on an island in the centre of an ornamental lake
Childhood and teenage years
Diana, Princess of Wales, formerly Lady Diana Frances Spencer, was born on 1 July 1961 at Park House near Sandringham, Norfolk. She was the youngest daughter of the then Viscount and Viscountess Althorp, now the late (8th) Earl Spencer and the Hon. Mrs Shand-Kydd, daughter of the 4th Baron Fermoy. Earl Spencer was Equerry to George VI from 1950 to 1952, and to The Queen from 1952 to 1954. Lady Diana's parents, who had married in 1954, separated in 1967 and the marriage was dissolved in 1969. Earl Spencer later married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth in 1976.
Together with her two elder sisters Sarah (born 1955), Jane (born 1957) and her younger brother Charles (born 1964), Lady Diana continued to live with her father at Park House, Sandringham, until the death of her grandfather, the 7th Earl Spencer. In 1975, the family moved to the Spencer family seat at Althorp (a stately house dating from 1508) in Northamptonshire, in the English Midlands.
Lady Diana was educated first at a preparatory school, Riddlesworth Hall at Diss, Norfolk, and then in 1974 went as a boarder to West Heath, near Sevenoaks, Kent. At school she showed a particular talent for music (as an accomplished pianist), dancing and domestic science, and gained the school's award for the girl giving maximum help to the school and her schoolfellows. She left West Heath in 1977 and went to finishing school at the Institut Alpin Videmanette in Rougemont, Switzerland, which she left after the Easter term of 1978. The following year she moved to a flat in Coleherne Court, London. For a while she looked after the child of an American couple, and she worked as a kindergarten teacher at the Young England School in Pimlico.
Marriage and family
On 24 February 1981 it was officially announced that Lady Diana was to marry The Prince of Wales. As neighbours at Sandringham until 1975, their families had known each other for many years, and Lady Diana and the The Prince had met again when he was invited to a weekend at Althorp in November 1977.
They were married at St Paul's Cathedral in London on 29 July 1981, in a ceremony which drew a global television and radio audience estimated at around 1,000 million people, and hundreds of thousands of people lining the route from Buckingham Palace to the Cathedral. The wedding reception was at Buckingham Palace
The marriage was solemnised by the Archbishop of Canterbury Dr Runcie, together with the Dean of St Paul's; clergy from other denominations read prayers. Music included the hymns 'Christ is made the sure foundation', 'I vow to thee my country', the anthem 'I was glad' (by Sir Hubert Parry), a specially composed anthem 'Let the people praise thee' by Professor Mathias, and Handel's 'Let the bright seraphim' performed by Dame Kiri te Kanawa. The lesson was read by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr George Thomas (the late Lord Tonypandy).
The Princess was the first Englishwoman to marry an heir to the throne for 300 years (when Lady Anne Hyde married the future James II from whom the Princess was descended). The bride wore a silk taffeta dress with a 25-foot train designed by the Emanuels, her veil was held in place by the Spencer family diamond tiara, and she carried a bouquet of gardenias, lilies-of-the-valley, white freesia, golden roses, white orchids and stephanotis. She was attended by five bridesmaids including Princess Margaret's daughter Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones (now Lady Sarah Chatto); Prince Andrew (now The Duke of York) and Prince Edward were The Prince of Wales's supporters (a Royal custom instead of a best man).
The Prince and Princess of Wales spent part of their honeymoon at the Mountbatten family | <urn:uuid:57ab04b0-2c5b-464d-86f7-8c0d5d024e88> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://referatcentral.org.ua/foreign_language_load.php?id=705 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00493-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978064 | 1,254 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Predictions are just guesses
All of these government doomsday predictions have become so preposterous, the best thing for our sanity can be to laugh. Humor often offers more truth than government statistics, as this piece by Mike Bentley for the York Press reveals:
IT'S BEEN a bumper week for the Office of National Statistics, the official government branch of Mr Keith Waterhouse's legendary Department of Guesswork. First of all they blithely inform us that 3.7 million immigrants are arriving in the country every week... Then our premier purveyor of pernicious porkies announces that there are now more old people than children in the country (old people being over 60; young people being under 16) and that from now on every supermarket queue will be full of Victor Meldrews complaining about the amount of packaging on their cauliflowers and the fact that the green beans have been flown in from Kenya.
Their coup de grace was the so-called news that everyone is now obese and will only get bigger and fatter in years to come. So serious was this guestimate that the Prime Minister himself “declared war" on the obesity epidemic blighting Britain, warning that it is “as serious a threat as global warming"....
Pushing the ‘pause’ button for a moment, he's hinted at a great point that’s rarely considered. There’s been enormous changes in the demographics of our population in the United States, too. It has become considerably more racially/ethnically diverse over recent decades, and people are healthier and living longer, which means that devised health epidemic statistics are looking at very different populations over the years. One with more bodies naturally larger with aging, for example, swings the population-wide numbers upward a few pounds... an instant contribution to an “epidemic.” It helps, too, to change the population survey designs to include more poor and minorities, to change the definition of “too fat,” and then define the epidemic by numbers crossing the new threshold, rather than reveal the actual weight gain among the population. Why? Because if it were known that, even then, the actual weight gain was little more than a handful of pounds, everyone would see how silly the doomsday claims of a crisis are.
[I]s an increase in the number of fat people really as much a threat to our planet as global warning? Really?.. Where the Office of National Statistics perennially lets itself down is when it tries to estimate the cost of the various blights heading our way... How on earth can they possibly calculate this? It's just complete and utter guesswork.
Then we have the moronic quality of life surveys... I'm sorry, but as a statistic that's entirely meaningless. You may as well argue that listening to loud music causes spots, on the grounds that every teenage kid has an iPod and a complexion like the surface of the moon. Yes, the two things are linked - but... I have come to the conclusion that the only way to get through modern life is to assume everything we are told by any public body is either wrong or a lie.
Read the part about government recommendations of how much alcohol is ‘safe’ to drink — a big controversy that’s been brewing in Europe. As he reveals, health officials admitted that the safe levels shown in the medical research would have sent “the wrong message,” so they halved it. “Completely arbitrary and based more on what the public might accept rather than on medical reasoning,” he wrote. | <urn:uuid:330a03d9-2e7e-4da0-a740-1620fdea2a05> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://junkfoodscience.blogspot.com/2007/10/predictions-are-just-guesses.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964161 | 739 | 1.796875 | 2 |
SEO is short for Search Engine Optimization. That means, when done strategically, SEO can boost your presence online and increase traffic to your website.
Over a quarter of a million website are created every minute - each looking to compete in their industry for the same search terms used by potential visitors.
SEO is your tool to rise above the rest and implement Google best practices to launch your site to the first page. It's not enough to have a stellar website or even top-notch products and customer service. SEO will position you in front of prospective users you can then convert into loyal customers. | <urn:uuid:d8244104-df62-42b8-b248-822a61a01a67> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://themarketingagency.ca/seo/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00671.warc.gz | en | 0.926241 | 122 | 1.648438 | 2 |
The field of information systems (IS) has experienced a severe shortage of faculty throughout its 20-year history. This shortage now appears to be lessening. A survey of the supply of IS doctorates finds a steady stream of graduates from IS doctoral programs. In 1989, 61 universities in the U.S. offered Ph.D. or Doctor of Business Administration (D.B.A.) concentrations in information systems. A survey of these programs resulted in 51 responses, including all the programs producing significant numbers of graduates. The following are highlights from the survey:
Recent increase in the number of IS doctoral students:
In this article, we examine the supply and demand gap
- In 1988-89 there were 807 doctoral students enrolled in 51 doctoral programs in information systems. The programs admitted 217 new students for 1989-90.
- In the 1988-89 time period, 36 programs produced 120 doctorates—a 24 percent increase in graduates from the previous year. In the 1989-90 time period, 41 programs expect to graduate a total of 140 students—a 2-year cumulative increase of 44 percent:
Downsizing by some programs, but others—including new programs—adding to capacity.
- In 1988-89, there were 13 programs that produced three or more doctorates. Those 13 programs accounted for 70 percent of all the graduates in 1988-89. In 1989-90, those same 13 programs expect to account for only 39 percent of the total number of graduates. Of the 13 programs, 5 except to have a decrease in the number of students over the next five years.
- Of 51 schools, 9 offering doctorates in IS have yet to graduate a student. Another 9 schools had their first graduate in 1985 or later. Several additional doctoral programs are in the planning stages. Twenty-three programs expect a growth in the number of students over the next five years.
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Non-members can purchase this article or a copy of the magazine in which it appears. | <urn:uuid:d9bb86f5-9789-44b8-aa45-e75df457670b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/1991/1/9534-supply-demand-of-is-doctorates-in-the-1990s/abstract | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.925055 | 546 | 1.695313 | 2 |
RICHMOND, Va. — A Fairfax County science teacher is being honored with a national education award.
Hayfield Secondary School teacher Elizabeth Galinis on Friday received a $25,000 Milken Family Foundation National Educator Award.
The award was presented to her by Superintendent of Public Instruction Patricia I. Wright and foundation’s co-founder Michael Milken.
The award was first presented in 1987 and is designed to provide public recognition and a financial reward to teachers, principals and other educators who have a proven record of excellence in education.
Galinis is the 39th Virginia educator to be recognized with the award since 1999. She has been a classroom instructor since 2007 and was a finalist for Fairfax County Public Schools’ 2013 Teacher of the Year.
(© Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) | <urn:uuid:b03ad2b8-678a-40aa-85ed-7bc55d5ea192> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://washington.cbslocal.com/2014/02/28/fairfax-county-teacher-wins-national-education-award/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00046-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958952 | 183 | 1.914063 | 2 |
Sheryl Sandberg Biography, Life, Interesting Facts
Birth Place :
Birth Element :
Sheryl Sandberg is an American business executive.
Sheryl Kara Sandberg was born in Washington, D. C., on August 28, 1969. Her mother, Adele, was a French professor. Her father, Joel, was an ophthalmologist. When she was two years old, her family relocated to Florida.
Sheryl Sandberg studied at the North Miami Beach High School. She was at the top of her class, and she joined the National Honor Society. She enrolled at Harvard University to study economics. There, she was one of the co-founders of the Women in Economics and Government organization. She earned her degree in 1991. In 1995, she got her MBA from Harvard Business School.
Sheryl Sandberg worked with her professor, the economist Larry Summers. She was part of his research team at the World Bank. In 1995, she got a job as a management consultant at McKinsey & Company. From 1996 to 2001, she again started working for Larry Summers, who was serving as the U. S. Secretary of Treasury. After that, she got a job at Google. There, she was responsible for the sales and advertising.
In 2008, Sandberg became the Chief Operating Officer of Facebook. She started working on the sales, marketing, and advertising, as well as the communications and human resources. In 2012, she became a part of the company’s board of directors. In 2018, she was one of the main people dealing with Facebook’s scandals with the Russian interference in the elections and with the Cambridge Analytica data collecting.
Sheryl Sandberg is on the boards of several other companies, such as Disney, Starbucks, V-Day, and others. She gave the Commencement Address at Barnard College, Colgate University, Harvard Business School, Virginia Tech, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and at the University of California at Berkeley. In 2010, she gave a TED talk on women leaders. She supported the ONE campaign and the Ban Bossy campaign.
In 2013, Sandberg released a book called Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead. She talked about feminism and the representation of women in prominent leadership positions. In 2017, she released a book called Option B. She spoke about grief and life challenges.
Sheryl Sandberg has been ranked on many lists for successful and influential people by magazines such as The Wall Street Journal, Forbes, Fortune, Time, Business Week, and others. Her current net worth is more than one billion dollars.
Sheryl Sandberg's first husband was called Brian Kraff. They got married in 1993, and they got a divorce after a year. She married Dave Goldberg, an executive at Yahoo and Survey Monkey, in 2004. He passed away unexpectedly in 2015. They have a daughter and a son together.
More Business Leader
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Mark "Too Sharp" Johnson
John Philip Sousa
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Eleanor Holmes Norton
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More Virgo People
Bae Yong Jun
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Columbia, MD – June 14, 2011 – New Energy Technologies, Inc. (OTCQB: NENE), today announced plans to advance the development of its patent pending MotionPower™ and SolarWindow™ technologies towards manufacturability, an important consideration for the eventual commercial launch of the company’s products.
Today’s announcement follows several technical and prototype achievements for both first-of-their-kind technologies for generating sustainable electricity. MotionPower™ is the Company’s first-of-its-kind system for generating electricity by capturing otherwise wasted kinetic energy of decelerating cars and trucks. The Company’s SolarWindow™ technology enables see-thru windows to generate electricity.
Recently, scientists developing SolarWindow™ achieved a major research goal, resulting in the fabrication of New Energy’s first ever 1’X1’ prototype – a necessary step for commercial scalability. Previously, researchers fabricated early stage working prototypes, advancing from 1″X1″ to 4”X4” arrays, following a series of major scientific breakthroughs.
The next phase of SolarWindow™ development includes bolstering power conversion efficiency, power production, voltage and current. Engineering efforts include the development of technologies which allow for large scale application of New Energy’s electricity-generating coatings onto glass surfaces, using standard industrial manufacturing techniques.
Today’s announcement included the next phase of the Company’s commercial product development for its MotionPower™ technology, the subject of 18 patent filings. To-date, engineers have focused their efforts on: kinetic energy capture and conversion, the design of novel operational systems, strengthening the Company’s intellectual property portfolio, and the production of several working prototypes.
Among MotionPower™ engineering priorities disclosed today is the development of field-ready, manufacturable systems capable of generating electricity from the motion of vehicles. Specifically, engineering efforts include: maximizing the capture of kinetic energy, increasing electrical power output, and developing technologies for storage and distribution of the electricity generated by MotionPower™.
“Today’s announcement is the result of our ongoing efforts to aggressively advance SolarWindow™ and MotionPower™ from early discovery through prototyping, and of course, now towards commercial products,” explained Mr. John A. Conklin, President & CEO of New Energy Technologies, Inc.
There are nearly 85 million commercial buildings and single detached homes in America, according to the Energy Information Administration. New Energy’s SolarWindow™ technology is under development for commercial application in such buildings.
According to the US Department of Transportation, there are nearly 10 million heavy trucks, big rigs, and buses in America, driving almost 240 million miles each year. Engineers envision installation of MotionPower™-Heavy systems across the nation, at active warehousing-distribution centers, cargo loading areas, ports of entry, border crossings, toll booths, weigh scales, rest stops, and other sites where large commercial trucks, big rigs, and buses are required to slow down or come to a stop.
SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. is a developer of next generation, transparent electricity-generating SolarWindow™ coatings.
SolarWindow™ coatings generate electricity on see-through glass and flexible plastics with colored tints popular to skyscraper glass. Unlike conventional systems, SolarWindow™ can be applied to all four sides of tall towers, generating electricity using natural and artificial light conditions and even shaded areas. SolarWindow™ uses organic materials, which are dissolved into liquid, ideal for low-cost high-output manufacturing; and is the subject of a patent pending technology.
The company’s Proprietary Power Production & Financial Model (Power & Financial Model) uses photovoltaic (PV) modeling calculations that are consistent with renewable energy practitioner standards for assessing, evaluating and estimating renewable energy for a PV project. The Power & Financial Model estimator takes into consideration building geographic location, solar radiation for flat-plate collectors (SolarWindow™ irradiance is derated to account for 360 degree building orientation and vertical installation), climate zone energy use and generalized skyscraper building characteristics when estimating PV power and energy production, and carbon dioxide equivalents. Actual power, energy production and carbon dioxide equivalents modeled may vary based upon building-to-building situational characteristics and varying installation methodologies.
For additional information, please call Ms. Briana L. Erickson toll free at 1-800-213-0689 or visit: www.solarwindow.com.
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Investors and others should note that we announce material financial information to our investors using SEC filings and press releases. We use our website and social media to communicate with our subscribers, shareholders and the public about the company, SolarWindowTM technology development, and other corporate matters that are in the public domain. At this time, the company will not post information on social media that could be deemed to be material information unless that information was distributed to public distribution channels first. We encourage investors, the media, and others interested in the company to review the information we post on the company’s website and the social media channels listed below:
* This list may be updated from time to time.
No statement herein should be considered an offer or a solicitation of an offer for the purchase or sale of any securities. This release contains forward-looking statements that are based upon current expectations or beliefs, as well as a number of assumptions about future events. Although SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. (the “company” or “SolarWindow Technologies”) believes that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements and the assumptions upon which they are based are reasonable, it can give no assurance that such expectations and assumptions will prove to have been correct. Forward-looking statements, which involve assumptions and describe our future plans, strategies, and expectations, are generally identifiable by use of the words “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “believe,” “intend,” or “project” or the negative of these words or other variations on these words or comparable terminology. The reader is cautioned not to put undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, as these statements are subject to numerous factors and uncertainties, including but not limited to adverse economic conditions, intense competition, lack of meaningful research results, entry of new competitors and products, adverse federal, state and local government regulation, inadequate capital, unexpected costs and operating deficits, increases in general and administrative costs, termination of contracts or agreements, technological obsolescence of the company's products, technical problems with the company's research and products, price increases for supplies and components, litigation and administrative proceedings involving the company, the possible acquisition of new businesses or technologies that result in operating losses or that do not perform as anticipated, unanticipated losses, the possible fluctuation and volatility of the company's operating results, financial condition and stock price, losses incurred in litigating and settling cases, dilution in the company's ownership of its business, adverse publicity and news coverage, inability to carry out research, development and commercialization plans, loss or retirement of key executives and research scientists, changes in interest rates, inflationary factors, and other specific risks. There can be no assurance that further research and development will validate and support the results of our preliminary research and studies. Further, there can be no assurance that the necessary regulatory approvals will be obtained or that SolarWindow Technologies, Inc. will be able to develop commercially viable products on the basis of its technologies. In addition, other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially are discussed in the company's most recent Form 10-Q and Form 10-K filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. These reports and filings may be inspected and copied at the Public Reference Room maintained by the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. You can obtain information about operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission at 1-800-SEC-0330. The U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission also maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the U.S. Securities & Exchange Commission at http://www.sec.gov. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly release the results of any revisions to these forward looking statements that may be made to reflect the events or circumstances after the date hereof or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. | <urn:uuid:ff736de5-a122-4228-a770-00e4396ae40b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.solarwindow.com/2011/06/new-energy-to-advance-motionpower-solarwindow-technologies-towards-commercial-manufacturability/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.909108 | 1,874 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Anti-Oppressive Social Work: A Guide for Developing Cultural Competence aims to improve social work training and practice by arguing that a thorough understanding of people′s values, social norms and family arrangements are crucial to achieving culturally sensitive practice. The book moves beyond traditional conceptions of anti-oppressive and anti-racist practice by exploring the cultural heritages of some of the main ethnic minorities living in the United Kingdom, and by identifying the many forms that racism can take.
The book includes:
" an introduction to the context and history of ethnic minorities living in Britain
" a discussion of the nature of racism
" individual chapters on: communities with roots in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Caribbean, and China.
" a separate chapter on economic migrants, refugees and asylum seekers
" a range of practice examples which encourage students and practitioners to identify general principles which underpin cultural competence.
Critical, yet acessible, the book opens up possibilities for more culturally aware and more effective social work practice. It will be essential reading for all those training to become social workers as well as practitioners wishing to engage with fresh perspectives on anti-oppressive practice.
Siobhan Laird is a lecturer in social work at the University of Sheffield. She has previously worked in practice and academic roles in Northern Ireland and Ghana. | <urn:uuid:a436ff43-cdb2-4c1b-82fe-936d76b21856> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.che-chandler.de/details/9781473903821/Anti-Oppressive-Social-Work-Siobhan-Laird/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.939166 | 267 | 2.1875 | 2 |
The government is being urged to review regulations covering the sale of travel insurance after Abta found that the number of holidaymakers travelling uninsured is rising.
The number travelling without insurance increased from 1 in 5 (20%) in 2011 to 1 in 4 (25%) in 2012, according to a study by the association.
The FSA’s decision to regulate the sale of travel insurance in 2007 was described by Abta members as ‘ill advised’, ‘flimsy’ and ‘draconian’.
The survey also highlighted the view that travel professionals are often best placed to advise on the sale of insurance as they have an understanding of the customer and what the holiday will include, for example whether adventure sports cover is required.
Many members voiced concern that consumers are not sufficiently aware of the limitations of the European Health Insurance Card and insurance schemes offered by banks and credit cards.
Abta is launching a new consumer campaign in partnership with the Foreign Office to explain why travel insurance is necessary. It will include new research looking at attitudes to travel insurance and public understanding of the implications of travelling without it.
The website www.ABTA.com/travelinsurance will be updated to include a comprehensive guide to travel insurance for consumers.
The Treasury will be told that current travel insurance sales regulation is ‘over-burdensome’ and as a result it is damaging to both businesses and travellers.
Abta chief executive Mark Tanzer said: “The concern Abta and many of our members have is that the regulations are too burdensome, which means fewer travel businesses are selling insurance, and ultimately that means fewer holidaymakers are taking out the appropriate insurance.
“The government must do all that it can to make it easy for people to buy the right type of cover for their needs and that starts by cutting red tape; we will continue to make our members’ views clear to government.
“In the meantime, it is very important that members familiarise themselves with their rights and responsibilities in informing customers about travel insurance.”
This is a community-moderated forum.
All post are the individual views of the respective commenter and are not the expressed views of Travel Weekly.
By posting your comments you agree to accept our Terms & Conditions. | <urn:uuid:d437e859-79b9-4d7c-a0ea-1b1a5b85b329> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/44363/abta-urges-review-of-travel-insurance-regulations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00077-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965587 | 471 | 1.851563 | 2 |
As philosophy instructors, we’ve experienced a peculiar phenomenon. It arises during the frequent attempts we make to put ourselves in our students’ position, to understand their educational needs and difficulties. To do that, we travel back in time mentally, so to speak, to recreate the past situations in which we struggled with contents and contexts similar to the ones that our students now face. What we’ve found is that attempting to take our students’ perspective is not only remarkably effortful, but it’s often futile too.
Whenever we try to go back, we discover that our current knowledge state has become so ingrained that we’re unable to shake it off. What seems peculiar is that the novice mental state, now so difficult to access, was salient at the time. We distinctly remember struggling with philosophical concepts, the feelings of effort that accompanied our first logic class, for instance, or our first reading of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1781). We can remember working through logic proofs on our blackboards late into the night, going to bed frustrated without a solution. However, our former knowledge states remain completely inaccessible at the level of more complex and finer-grained thoughts. We are simply unable to think about logic proofs and philosophical text passages at a different competency level than the one we currently possess. Once you become an expert, recreating the novice state of mind turns out to be very hard, if not impossible.
We aren’t suggesting that this experience is unique to philosophy, it could easily apply to other instances of teaching and learning. Students learning quantum mechanics for the first time might feel like they are reading in a foreign language. When someone learns to cook a new dish, they must repeat each step carefully and deliberately before they can do it without help. Yet, if these learners happen to become physicists or professional chefs, they might have trouble remembering how it felt to be a novice, let alone how it was not to know what they know now. The same principle applies to simpler skills: it might be hard to teach a child how to tie her shoelaces, for instance, because we cannot understand how it is not to be able to do it.
In our case, what happened to our philosophical knowledge over time so that we can no longer retrieve our earlier states of learning? Acquiring knowledge is usually considered a cumulative process, so why can we not rewind to an earlier stage? The following example shows how perplexing this is and why we might expect to be able to re-inhabit our beginner’s mind. Imagine that Ernst knows that Mira’s house is blue. Then Ernst learns that Mira’s house also has a yellow chimney. Accordingly, Ernst now knows that Mira’s house is blue and that it has a yellow chimney. Despite knowing both these facts, it is easy for Ernst to think about how it was for him to only know that Mira’s house is blue. Ernst can entertain the thought that Mira’s house is blue quite independently of whatever else he has learned about Mira’s house. In particular, he can imagine Mira’s house, and deliberately subtract his knowledge state that says her house also has a yellow chimney. Ernst, in other words, can go back to earlier states of learning.
But Ernst was learning facts only. The knowledge involved in learning a skill seems to differ significantly from the kind of knowledge that Ernst acquired. An easy and intuitive way to differentiate between these two ways of knowing is to think that skill involves knowing-how to perform a series of actions reliably – you are skilled in how to ride a bike, how to tie your shoelaces, or in how to prepare an authentic pad thai. By contrast, knowing facts, such as the ones that Ernst learns about Mira’s house, is a form of knowing-that something is the case. You know that Ankara is the capital of Turkey; that the Sun rises in the east.
The distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that seems commonsensical and intuitive. Yet it was introduced to contemporary philosophy only in the late 1940s by the British philosopher of mind and language Gilbert Ryle. Even then, its application to the skill debate didn’t become popular until the 1980s, mostly thanks to the work of the American philosopher Hubert Dreyfus. Dreyfus argued against rationalistic trends in philosophy and the cognitive sciences, according to which human intelligence is analogous to a computer, with learning based on the abstract and rule-based manipulation of symbolic mental representations. If the computer analogy were correct, learning should always look like Ernst acquiring knowledge about Mira’s house. However, the processes involved in skill acquisition show this can’t be right.
Building on the work of two of the seminal figures of 20th-century philosophy, the phenomenologists Martin Heidegger and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Dreyfus argued that skilful action is primarily a non-conscious, bodily phenomenon; it’s not governed by rational rule-based manipulations of mental representations or deliberate thoughts. More importantly for our purposes, we believe that Dreyfus was the first to hint at a characteristic that is central to skill acquisition – it is non-cumulative. It is this aspect of skill learning that could be key to why it is nigh-on impossible for experts to rediscover their mindset as a beginner.
Unfortunately, Dreyfus neither fully articulated this point, nor did he spell out its consequences in detail. However, we can revisit our earlier example to illustrate the implications. When Ernst learns new things about Mira’s house, his knowledge advances cumulatively, and he can easily go back to previous knowledge states. In contrast, if Ernst learns to ride his bike, or if Mira acquires philosophical reasoning skills, their knowledge advances, but not in a cumulative fashion. This means they can’t go backwards to their earlier states of skill.
Instead of simply projecting our past selves back to our students, we should take on board the fact that our training has deeply changed us
We think that the non-cumulativeness of skill, besides being interesting per se, has farther-reaching philosophical implications. To appreciate why, we must first accept that skill can’t be fully equated with knowing-how, and accordingly can’t be placed in sharp contrast with knowing-that, contrary to the claims of Ryle and Dreyfus. Rather, we believe skill is a much more complex phenomenon that encompasses both forms of knowledge. We’ve been influenced in this respect by the contemporary analytic philosophers Jason Stanley and Timothy Williamson, who made the convincing case recently that at least some forms of knowledge-that are involved in skilful action, especially temporal and spatial facts or knowledge of ‘initiation conditions’, as they call them. If you are a skilled soccer player, for instance, you will know the relevant facts about when and where to start an action: when to kick the ball, where to go when confronted with a defender, where or when to stop moving to avoid a foul. Clearly, we don’t know these things in a conscious, explicit sense, but knowing them implicitly equates to knowing facts about temporal and spatial circumstances.
We agree with Stanley and Williamson but would go even further. Take the example of Mira going for a run. Besides knowing when and where to start moving her legs (the initiation conditions that Stanley and Williamson refer to), if she’s experienced, she would know a host of additional facts about her running environment. If she runs in a park, she’ll know to pay less attention to the path in front of her, based on her knowledge that running paths are typically well-maintained in her city. If she goes for a run in an unfamiliar forest, she will probably pay close attention to the ground in front of her and proceed with caution. In these examples, Mira’s running skills are informed in important ways by knowing key facts about her surroundings. Indeed, every time she goes for a run, her knowledge of these and similar facts determines the particular running style that she adopts, along with many other things, such as whether to bring pepper spray with her, given crime rates in the area. These complex forms of contextual knowledge are not merely instrumental to her running skill, they are a constitutive part of it.
Crucially, this contextual fact-based knowledge holds not only for motor skills but for intellectual pursuits too. Our experiences of teaching philosophy are an example of another skill that requires plenty of knowledge of facts. However, quite surprisingly, the knowledge involved in this skill seems to be non-cumulative. In fact, as we said, becoming experts has radically changed our perspective, to the point that it’s virtually impossible for us to go back to our previous knowledge states. Unlike Ernst learning new facts about Mira’s house, there is no way for us to decompose our philosophical skill into discrete building blocks, so that we can look at them individually, take them away and put them back together.
We’re left with a puzzle. On the one hand, athletic and intellectual skills alike include an important factual component. On the other, this factual component appears to be decidedly non-cumulative. If this is correct, it casts doubts on the generally accepted model of factual knowledge that states the learning of knowing-that type information is cumulative. A philosophically convincing account of skill needs to address this conundrum: what makes learning philosophy so different from learning facts about Mira’s house?
As we have hopefully shown, the answer cannot lie in the classic knowing-that versus knowing-how distinction. Even in the case of highly intellectual skills such as philosophy, the factual component exhibits non-cumulativeness. This is particularly surprising given that the factual knowledge involved in intellectual skills is usually seen as propositional – that is, the kind of knowledge that can be expressed in sentences, and which is usually considered cumulative.
There is one promising way out of the puzzle. That would be to distinguish in a finer-grained way among different ways of knowing facts. However, we should not underestimate what a major philosophical upheaval this would entail. It might show that not all forms of intellectual knowledge are propositional, which would be a radical departure from current epistemological theory.
This might sound daunting, but it could be worth it. Getting a clearer perspective about the nature of skill promises to reap meaningful rewards. There are practical implications for educational settings, and our teaching practices could be helpfully informed by this discussion. Before we get there, a first step is to try to be more aware of the perspective-taking gap between ourselves and our students. Instead of simply projecting our past selves back to them, we should take on board the fact that our training has deeply changed us. That doesn’t imply that we should stop travelling back with our minds to try to access the novice state. In fact, that might be our only option for now. However, we should recognise this mental manoeuvre as nothing more than a fallible and imprecise heuristic. In some ways, unlearning is a bigger challenge than learning. | <urn:uuid:01eaf777-8811-4837-b2a7-a453825a1272> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://psyche.co/ideas/you-cant-unlearn-and-thats-a-challenge-for-teachers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.964714 | 2,328 | 2.890625 | 3 |
HELSINKI, Finland, February 14, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
Valkee (http://valkee.com), the inventor of the bright light headset, and scientists from the University of Oulu published the first results of the clinical and neurobiological research program conducted since 2007, on human brain's light sensitiveness. The clinical trial, published in Medical Hypothesis, studied therapeutic effects of bright light channeled into the human brain via the ear canal.
"There is no conclusive evidence that light therapy is only transmitted through the eyes. On the contrary, in mammals, a significant amount of light penetrates the skull and reaches the brain. The brain has photoreceptive proteins such as encephalopsin, and physiological influences have been measured by extra ocular light exposure. Therefore, we challenged the existing paradigm by showing that the brain-targeted bright light therapy via the ear canal is an effective mechanism to relieve seasonal depression", comments Juuso Nissilä, Valkee's co-founder and chief scientist.
In the published trial, patients received 8-12 minutes of 6.0-8.5 lumen bright light daily into both ear canals for four weeks with a medical Class II(a) device manufactured by Valkee Ltd, called bright light headset. The daily administration time was personalised at the study clinic.
"The results are strong and promising. 92 % of the patients with severe seasonal affective disorder achieved full remission measured by the self-rated BDI-21 questionnaire. With the psychiatrist-rated HAMD-17 questionnaire, 77 % of the patients achieved full remission", comments Professor Markku Timonen, MD, PhD, and the lead investigator for the published trial at the University of Oulu. The full remission criteria was BDI-21 and HAMD-17 sum score 7.
Valkee introduced its bright-light headset in August 2010 and has today broad user base. Being based on cross-functional science in neurology, biology, psychiatry and physiology in University of Oulu, Finland, Valkee is a CE-certified Class II (a) medical device under the EU regulations.
Publication details: Timonen M et al. Can transcranial brain-targeted bright light treatment via ear canals be effective in relieving symptoms in seasonal affective disorder? - A pilot study. Med Hypotheses (2012), doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.019
The Valkee (http://valkee.com) bright light headset channels bright light direct to the human brain via the ear canal to prevent and cure depression, mood swings and circadian-rhythm disorders such as jetlag. In clinical trials, 9 of 10 patients suffering from severe seasonal affective disorder - also known as winter blues - experienced total relief from their symptoms in 4 weeks with a daily 8-12 minute dose. Valkee is based on scientific studies carried out since 2007 and is a CE-marked Class II(a) medical device. More information and for the online shop with international delivery http://valkee.com
About the University of Oulu
The University of Oulu, one of the largest universities in Finland, is an international research and innovation university engaged in multidisciplinary basic research and academic education. The University cooperates closely with industry and commerce, and has broad connections with hundreds of international research and educational institutions. The study fields include Humanities, Education, Economics and Business, Science, Medicine, Dentistry, Health Sciences, and Technology. For more information visit http://www.oulu.fi/english/
About Valkee's scientific program
Valkee (http://valkee.com) and University of Oulu have since 2007 studied human brain photosensitivity and its therapeutic applications in curing depression and sleep disorders and jetlag. Prior to these two clinical trials in seasonal affective disorder, Valkee has presented that the human brain responds to light via ear canal (fMRI data on activation of brain networks presented at ISMRM 2011) and that the human brain, not just the visual system, is sensitive to light (localization of OPN3 photoreceptor proteins broadly in 18 brain sites presented at Scandinavian Physiology Society Annual Meeting 2011). The existing paradigm suggests that light therapy is only effective when transmitted through the eyes. The results of the clinical trial now being published in Medical Hypothesis challenge this. | <urn:uuid:5e03d0d6-f861-4f5f-b984-1b43632df09c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.biospace.com/news_print.aspx?NewsEntityId=249634 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00024-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.911588 | 899 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Stones...Have Feelings Too! - STICKERS
520 Stickers to explore how people learn
By: Innovative Resources
Now with 10 full sets of stickers (previously 5), that’s 520 individual stickers!
Meet the original 52 stone characters from the Stones… have feelings too! cards—in sticker format!
Describing feelings is at the heart of emotional literacy and therapeutic work. Use these stickers to celebrate the conclusion of activities using the Stones …have feelings too! cards or a special reading of The Wrong Stone picture book. Use them to illustrate an evaluation sheet, or simply to show others how you’re feeling.
Stickers may be little, but they can say a lot about how we respect and value each other in our schools, groups and communities. | <urn:uuid:d787cf7f-03f2-408c-9881-6faecd8f11ca> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.compass.ac.nz/stones-have-feelings-too-stickers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.864861 | 162 | 3.21875 | 3 |
ENCYCLICAL OF POPE PAUL VI
ON THE CHURCH
To His Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other Local Ordinaries who are at Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See, to the Clergy and faithful of the entire world, and to all men of good will.
Venerable Brethren and Dearest Sons Health and Apostolic Benediction.
The Church was founded by Jesus Christ to be the loving mother of the whole human family and minister to its salvation. All through the centuries, therefore, whenever men have yearned for the glory of Almighty God and the eternal salvation of souls, they have naturally made the Church the special object of their devotion and concern. We find, of course, outstanding examples of such men in the persons of Christ's vicars on earth, countless thousands of bishops and priests, and a wonderful host of saintly Christians.
2. It will not, therefore, come as a surprise when We acknowledge that Our own thoughts as We sit down to write this first encyclical of Our sovereign pontificate-to which God in his inscrutable designs has called Us-are naturally and inevitably concerned with the loving and reverent consideration of the subject of Holy Church.
What the Encyclical Intends
3. The aim of this encyclical will be to demonstrate with increasing clarity how vital it is for the world, and how greatly desired by the Catholic Church, that the two should meet together, and get to know and love one another.
4. Last year We were given by God's merciful grace a golden opportunity of addressing you in person. It was on the feast of the Archangel Michael, when you were assembled together in St. Peter's basilica for the opening of the second session of Vatican II. We told you on that occasion that it was Our intention to do what other popes have done on their accession to the pontifical office: to write to you as your Father and Brother an encyclical letter proclaiming the policies which are uppermost in Our thoughts and which seem to Us to have a considerable practical bearing on the conduct of the first years of Our pontificate.
5. The declaration of these policies is not, in fact, an easy matter. All such policies must be derived first of all from an earnest consideration of divine doctrine, for even Christ Himself, we must remember, said: "My doctrine is not mine, but his who sent me." (1) Then they must be shown to measure up to the present state of the Church, a state in which the Church's interior life is still vigorous, having stood the test of long experience, and its exterior energies are powerfully directed toward the work of the apostolate. And finally We must bear in mind the actual situation in which human society today finds itself. Our task is to serve society.
What It Does Not Intend
6. But Our present aim is not to expound new or duly developed insights. That is the proper task of the Ecumentical Council. It is certainly not Our wish to disrupt the work of the council in this simple, conversational letter of Ours, but rather to commend it and to stimulate it.
7. Nor do We propose to make this encyclical a solemn proclamation of Catholic doctrine or of moral or social principles. Our purpose is merely to send you a sincere message, as between brothers and members of a common family. We do so in fulfillment of Our duty and with no other thought in mind than to open Our heart to you and to strengthen more and more and render more joyful that union of faith and love which happily exists between us. We aim at increasingly better results from our pastoral activity, a more fruitful outcome of the sessions of the Ecumenical Council, and a clearer exposition of those doctrinal and practical rules which govern the spiritual and apostolic activity of the official rulers of the Church, their subjects, collaborators and well-wishers.
THREE PRINCIPAL POLICIES OF THE PONTIFICATE
8. In short, Venerable Brethren, there are three policies which principally exercise Our mind when We reflect on the enormous responsibility for the Church of Christ which, unsought and undeserved, the providence of God has laid upon Us in making Us Bishop of Rome, successor to St. Peter the Apostle and Key-bearer of the Kingdom of Heaven, and Vicar of Christ who appointed Peter the first Shepherd of his worldwide flock.
Deeper Self-Knowledge Essential
9. First We are convinced that the Church must look with penetrating eyes within itself, ponder the mystery of its own being, and draw enlightenment and inspiration from a deeper scrutiny of the doctrine of its own origin, nature, mission, and destiny. The doctrine is already known; it has been developed and popularized in the course of this century. But it can never claim to be sufficiently investigated and understood, for it contains "the publication of a mystery, kept hidden from the beginning of time in the all-creating mind of God . . . in order that it may be known . . . through the Church." (2) It is a storehouse of God's hidden counsels which the Church must bring to light. It is a doctrine which more than any other is arousing the expectation and attention of every faithful follower of Christ, and especially of men like us, Venerable Brethren, whom "the Holy Spirit has appointed to rule the very Church of God." (3)
10. A vivid and lively self-awareness on the part of the Church inevitably leads to a comparison between the ideal image of the Church as Christ envisaged it, His holy and spotless bride, (4) and the actual image which the Church presents to the world today. This actual image does indeed, thank God, truly bear those characteristics impressed on it by its divine Founder; and in the course of the centuries the Holy Spirit has accentuated and enhanced these traits so as to make the Church conform more and more to the original intention of its Founder and to the particular genius of human society which it is continually striving to win over to itself through the preaching of the gospel of salvation. But the actual image of the Church will never attain to such a degree of perfection, beauty, holiness and splendor that it can be said to correspond perfectly with the original conception in the mind of Him who fashioned it.
Renewal the Inevitable Result
11. Hence the Church's heroic and impatient struggle for renewal: the struggle to correct those flaws introduced by its members which its own self-examination, mirroring its exemplar, Christ, points out to it and condemns. And this brings us, Venerable Brethren, to the second policy We have in mind at this time: to bring the members of the Church to a clearer realization of their duty to correct their faults, strive for perfection, and make a wise choice of the means necessary for achieving the renewal We spoke of. We tell you this not only that We may Ourself find greater courage to introduce the appropriate reforms, but also in order to secure your sympathy, advice, and support in a matter of such urgency and difficulty.
Dialogue To Be Extended
12. These two policies of Ours-which are yours, of course, as well-lead naturally to a third policy, which has to do with the relations which the Church must establish with the surrounding world in which it lives and works.
13. One part of this world, as everyone knows, has in recent years detached itself and broken away from the Christian foundations of its culture, although formerly it had been so imbued with Christianity and had drawn from it such strength and vigor that the people of these nations in many cases owe to Christianity all that is best in their own tradition-a fact that is not always fully appreciated. Another and larger part of the world covers the vast territories of the so-called emerging nations. Taken as a whole, it is a world which offers to the Church not one but a hundred forms of possible contacts, some of which are open and easy, others difficult and problematic, and many, unfortunately, wholly unfavorable to friendly dialogue.
14. It is at this point, therefore, that the problem of the Church's dialogue with the modern world arises. It will be for the Council to determine the extent and complexity of this problem and to do what it can to devise suitable methods for its solution. But the very need to solve it is felt by Us-and by you too, whose experience of the urgency of the problem is no less than Our own-as a responsibility, a stimulus, an inner urge about which We cannot remain silent. We have thought fit to put this important and complex matter before you in council, and we must do what we can to make ourselves better prepared for these discussions and deliberations.
15. It will, of course, be clear to you from this brief outline of the contents of this encyclical that We have no intention of dealing here with all the serious and pressing problems affecting humanity no less than the Church at this present time; such questions as peace among nations and among social classes, the destitution and famine which still plague entire populations, the advance of the new nations toward independence and civilization, the current of modern thought over against Christian culture, the difficulties experienced by so many nations and by the Church in those extensive parts of the world where the rights of free citizens and of human beings are being denied, the moral problems concerning the population explosion, and so on.
Peace A Matter of Special Urgency
16. What we cannot, however, fail to mention here is the fact that We are acutely conscious of Our duty to pay particular attention to the serious problem of world peace. It is a problem which demands Our continuous personal involvement and practical concern, exercised of course within the limits of Our own ministry and entirely divorced from any set political theory and from considerations of Our own personal and purely temporal advantage. Our aim must be to educate mankind to sentiments and policies which are opposed to violent and deadly conflicts and to foster just, rational, and peaceful relations between States. We will do Our utmost to promote harmonious relations and a spirit of cooperation between nations, and We will do so by proclaiming principles which represent the highest achievement of human thought, and such as are best calculated to allay the selfishness and greed from which war takes its rise. Nor, if We are allowed the opportunity, will We fail to use our good offices in settling national disputes on a basis of fraternity and honor. We do not forget that this service, besides being one dictated by love, is in fact a plain duty. It is a duty which the awareness of Our mission in the modern world renders all the more imperative when we consider the advances that have been made in theology and in international institutions. Our mission is to bring men together in mutual love through the power of that kingdom of justice and peace which Christ inaugurated by His coming into the world.
17. If, therefore, We confine Ourself here to a logical and fact-finding disquisition on the life of the Church, this does not mean that We are dismissing from Our mind those other highly important issues. Some of them will be coming up before the Council for consideration, and We too, during the course of Our apostolic ministry, will study them and endeavor to and a practical solution to them, God giving Us the inspiration and the strength.
18. We believe that it is a duty of the Church at the present time to strive toward a clearer and deeper awareness of itself and its mission in the world, and of the treasury of truth of which it is heir and custodian. Thus before embarking on the study of any particular problem and before considering what attitude to adopt vis-a-vis the world, the Church must here and now reflect on its own nature, the better to appreciate the divine plan which it is the Church's task to implement. By doing this it will find a more revealing light, new energy and increased joy in the fulfillment of its own mission, and discover better ways of augmenting the effectiveness and fruitfulness of its contacts with the world. For the Church does indeed belong to the world, even though distinguished from it by its own altogether unique characteristics .
THE ACT OF FAITH
19. This act of self-examination on the part of the Church seems to Us to accord well with the method employed by God in revealing himself to men and initiating that religious, two-way relationship between God and man which is what the Church both effects in the world and manifests in itself. For whereas it is true that divine revelation was made "in divers ways and at divers times," (5) in an incontestably historical setting, it is also true that it was able to effect an entry into the very life of men by means involving both human speech and divine grace. Grace comes secretly into the soul after the hearing of the message of salvation. This is followed by the act of faith, the beginning of our justification.
20. We would wish this reflection on the origin and nature of those new and vital relationships which the Christian religion establishes between God and man to assume the character of an act of willing submission to what the divine Teacher said to those who listened to Him, and especially to the disciples, among whom we today rightly rejoice to be numbered. From the many insistent and frequently reiterated commands of Our Lord We select one which would seem to have special relevance for Christ's faithful followers at the present time, namely that concerning Christian vigilance.
Christ's Exhortation to Vigilance
21. Now it is true that our Master's warning in this respect referred primarily to the need to be on the watch for the end of the world, which will have to come sooner or later. But precisely because this vigilance must always be present and operative in the mind of the faithful servant, it follows that everything that he sets his hand to, his whole way of life as a Christian in the world, should conform to this rule.
Our Lord's exhortation to vigilance is equally applicable to things which may be of more immediate concern to us, the dangers and temptations which threaten to corrupt men's moral lives and turn men away from the right path of truth. (6) Thus it is easy to discover in the Gospel a continuous appeal to right thought and action. Was this not in fact the theme of Our Lord's forerunner, St. John, whose preaching inaugurates in the Gospel the public ministry of Jesus Christ? And did not Jesus Christ Himself call upon men to receive God's kingdom interiorly? (7) Was not His whole teaching technique concerned with inculcating and fostering the soul's interior life? As a necessary condition for receiving the supernatural gifts of truth and grace in a way consistent with the dignity of the human person, Christ aimed at developing in men a psychological as well as a moral awareness. This awareness was an awareness of their discipleship, which was later to have the effect of recalling to their minds everything that Jesus had taught them and everything that had happened to Him. (8) It would grow to maturity, and then at last men would understand who Jesus was, and the meaning of what He had taught and done.
22. The Church's awareness of its divine mission coincided with its birth. Both events are celebrated at Pentecost. Both will develop together. The Church, that is, will develop as a well-organized, hierarchic and social body, and at the same time its awareness of its vocation, of its inner nature, its doctrine, and its mission, will likewise develop. That is what St. Paul prayed for when he said: "And this I pray, that your charity may more and more abound in knowledge and in all understanding." (9)
Renewed Profession of Faith
23. In other words, Venerable Brethren, We are exhorting everyone-you and all those entrusted to your care, and the community of the faithful as a whole, that is, the Church-to make a conscious, generous, whole-hearted act of faith in Jesus Christ our Lord. Our religious life must here and now be revitalized by this profession of faith. It must be a firm and resolute one, though always humble and diffident, like the faith of the man in St. John's Gospel who had been blind from birth. When Jesus, whose kindness was as wonderful as His power, restored to him his sight, the man replied: "I believe, Lord.'' (l0) Or like the faith of Martha in the same Gospel: "Yes, Lord, I have believed that thou art Christ, the Son of the living God, who art come into the world.'' (11) Or the faith which Simon, who was afterwards to be called Peter, expressed in words which are especially dear to Us: "Thou art Christ, the Son of the living God.'' (l2)
Why, then, do We presume to invite you to show your awareness of the Church and to make this explicit, though interior, act of faith?
24. There are indeed many reasons, and of necessity, it would seem, they all derive from the unparalleled circumstances in which the Church finds itself today.
The Present State of the Church
25. The Church needs to reflect upon itself and to become aware of its own extraordinary vitality. It must strive to gain a fuller understanding of itself if it is to do what it has to do and bring to the world the message of salvation and brotherly love. To use St. Paul's phrase, it must experience the indwelling presence of Christ: "May Christ find a dwelling place through faith in your hearts.'' (l3)
Deeply Rooted In A Changing World
26. As we all know, the Church is deeply rooted in the world. It exists in the world and draws its members from the world. It derives from it a wealth of human culture. It shares its vicissitudes and promotes its prosperity. But we also know that the modern world is in the grip of change and upheaval. It is undergoing developments which are having a profound influence on its outward way of life and habits of thought. The great advances made in science, technology, and social life, and the various currents of philosophical and political thought pervading modern society, are greatly influencing men's opinions and their spiritual and cultural pursuits.
Dangers and Their Remedy
The Church itself is being engulfed and shaken by this tidal wave of change, for however much men may be committed to the Church, they are deeply affected by the climate of the world. They run the risk of becoming confused, bewildered and alarmed, and this is a state of affairs which strikes at the very roots of the Church. It drives many people to adopt the most outlandish views. They imagine that the Church should abdicate its proper role, and adopt an entirely new and unprecedented mode of existence. Modernism might be cited as an example. This is an error which is still making its appearance under various new guises, wholly inconsistent with any genuine religious expression. It is surely an attempt on the part of secular philosophies and secular trends to vitiate the true teaching and discipline of the Church of Christ.
An effective remedy is needed if all these dangers, which are prevalent in many quarters, are to be obviated, and We believe that such a remedy is to be found in an increased self-awareness on the part of the Church. The Church must get a clearer idea of what it really is in the mind of Jesus Christ as recorded and preserved in Sacred Scripture and in Apostolic Tradition, and interpreted and explained by the tradition of the Church under the inspiration and guidance of the Holy Spirit. Provided we implore the aid of the Spirit and show Him a ready obedience, He will certainly never fail to redeem Christ's promise: "But the Paraclete, the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he will teach you all things and bring all things to your mind, whatsoever I shall have said to you.'' (l4)
27. The same could be said of the errors we see circulating within the Church itself and to which people are exposed who have only a partial understanding of the Church and its mission, and who do not pay close enough attention to divine revelation and the Church's Christ-given authority to teach.
Modem Bent of Mind
28. But the need for serious reflection on truths which are already well known is in close accordance with the genius and mentality of our contemporaries, who like to explore their minds in depth. They find mental repose in the secure grasp of truth, apprehended, as it were, in the light of conscience. Not that this method of enquiry is without serious risk. Famous philosophers have studied this activity of the human intellect and pronounced it to be its most perfect and highest function. They have actually gone so far as to maintain that it is the measure and source of reality, and this has led them to some abstruse, barren, absurd, and wholly fallacious conclusions. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the training of the mind to scrutinize the truth which lies in the depth of its own awareness is not in itself an excellent thing. It is reckoned today as being the highest expression of modern culture. And if this mental discipline is carefully coordinated with that habit of mind whereby a man discovers objective truth, the investigation of one's conscious knowledge may well lead to a greater knowledge of oneself, one's dignity as a human being, one's intellectual powers and practical ability.
Self-Examination Well Under Way
29. It is a fact, moreover, that in recent years the Church has actually embarked on a deeper study of itself. Outstanding theologians have made an excellent contribution to this work. So have great scholars and intellectuals, the foremost theological schools, and pastoral and missionary societies. Successful experiments have been conducted in the religious field, and we have, above all, the memorable doctrinal statements issued by the popes.
30. It would take too long even to summarize the abundant theological literature dealing with the Church and produced by the Church in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It would also take too long to pass in review all the documents issued by the Church's hierarchy and this Apostolic See on this monumental and important subject. Eminent theologians have been studying the subject ever since the Council of Trent sought to repair the damage resulting from the great crisis in the sixteenth century which separated so many members from the Church of Christ.
The Two Vatican Councils
Much progress has therefore been made. Suffice it here to refer to the relevant findings of the First Ecumenical Vatican Council. From these it is obvious that the doctrine concerning the Church is one which must claim the attention not only of pastors and teachers, but also of the faithful, and indeed of all Christians. This doctrine is a necessary stepping-stone to the understanding of Christ and His work. It is precisely because the Second Vatican Council has the task of dealing once more with the doctrine de Ecclesia and of defining it, that it has been called the continuation and complement of the First Vatican Council.
We do not wish to dilate further on this subject, as We must be brief and you are already well acquainted with it. It has been widely publicized within the Church today, both as matter for catechesis and for the spiritual life.
Leo XIII and Pius XII on the Church
There are, however, two documents which deserve special mention: the encyclical Satis cognitum (15) of Pope Leo XIII, published in 1896, and the encyclical Mystici corporis (l6) of Pope Pius XII, published in 1943. These documents offer us ample and clear teaching concerning the subject of Our present discourse: that divine institution through which Christ continues His redemptive work in the world. Let it be enough to cite just the opening words of the second of these papal documents which has already become a highly authoritative text on the theology of the Church and a rich source of spiritual meditation on this work of divine mercy which concerns us all. Consider, then, this splendid utterance of Our predecessor:
"The doctrine of the Mystical Body of Christ, which is the Church, a doctrine revealed originally from the lips of the Redeemer Himself, and making manifest the inestimable boon of our most intimate union with so august a Head, has a surpassing splendor which commends it to the meditation of all who are moved by the divine Spirit, and with the light which it sheds on their minds, is a powerful stimulus to the salutary conduct which it enjoins." (17)
31. We wish to take up this invitation and to repeat it in this encyclical, for We consider it timely and urgent and relevant to the needs of the Church in our day. With a richer understanding of the Mystical Body, we will be enabled to appreciate its theological significance and find in it a great source of spiritual strength. In this way we will notably increase our application to the task of fulfilling our own mission of serving mankind. In view of the vast literature on the subject of the Church and the fact that it is the principal topic engaging the attention of the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council, there should be no difficulty about this.
The Contribution of Scholars
Here We would like to pay special tribute to those brilliant scholars whose extremely competent works of theological research and exposition, undertaken in exemplary submission to the Church's teaching authority, have made such an expert and useful contribution to this subject, especially within recent years. They have carried on this work not only in the theological schools, but also in discussions with academicians and intellectuals, in popular writings in defense of the Christian truth, in the spiritual direction of the faithful, and in conversations with our separated brethren. In all this they have presented many and various illustrations of the doctrine on the Church, many of which are quite outstanding and exceptionally useful.
32. And so We are confident that the great work of the Council will continue to enjoy the help and light of the Holy Spirit, and will be brought to a successful conclusion through our readiness to follow His divine inspirations, our eagerness to inquire more fully and more deeply into the genuine teaching of Christ and its legitimate and necessary development in the course of history, and our earnest resolve to make of divine truth an argument for union, understanding, and harmony among men and not a reason for dividing them in sterile discussions and regrettable rivalries. Thus may the Council be a source of glory for God, joy for His Church, and edification for the world.
The Path Ahead
33. In this encyclical We are deliberately refraining from making any judgment of Our own on doctrinal issues concerning the Church which are at present under examination by the Council of which We are president. We wish to leave full liberty of investigation and discussion to this important and authoritative assembly. We will express Our own mind at the proper time and in the proper manner, as Our apostolic office of teacher and shepherd and head of the Church demands, and then Our greatest wish will be to have Our own decision in full accord with the judgment of the conciliar Fathers.
34. However, We cannot let this opportunity pass without alluding briefly to the salvific effects which We hope will result from the Council itself and from the efforts which, as We said above, the Church must make to come to a fuller and firmer awareness of itself. These results are the aims We set for Our apostolic ministry when We undertook its consoling yet tremendous responsibilities. They are, so to say, the very blueprint of Our pontificate, which We wish to describe to you, Venerable Brethren, in briefest outline, but in all sincerity, so as to gain your advice, support and cooperation. In opening Our heart to you, We realize that through you We are addressing all the sons of God's Church, and it is Our dearest hope that Our voice will be heard even by those who are outside the open fold of Christ.
Rediscovering the Mystical Body
35. The first benefit which We trust the Church will reap from a deepened self-awareness, is a renewed discovery of its vital bond of union with Christ. This is something which is perfectly well known, but it is supremely important and absolutely essential. It can never be sufficiently understood, meditated upon and preached. What shall We not say about this truth, which is the principal item, surely, of the whole of our religious heritage? Fortunately, you already have an excellent grasp of this doctrine, and here We would add nothing further except to make a strenuous recommendation that you always attribute maximum importance to it and look upon it as a guiding principle both in your spiritual life and in your preaching of the word of God.
Consider the words of Our Predecessor, Pius XII, rather than Our own. In his memorable encyclical Mystici Corporis he wrote: "We must accustom ourselves to see Christ Himself in the Church. For it is indeed Christ who lives in the Church, and through her teaches, governs, and sanctifies; and it is also Christ who manifests Himself in manifold guise in the various members of His society." (18)
How gratifying and pleasant it is to dwell on the words of Sacred Scripture, the Fathers, Doctors and Saints, which come to our minds when we contemplate this wonderful article of faith. Was it not Jesus Himself who told us that He was the vine and we the branches? (l9) Do we not have before us all the riches of St. Paul's teaching, who never ceases to remind us that we "are all one person in Jesus Christ"? (20) He is always exhorting us to "grow up in him who is the head, even Christ, from whom the whole body...," (21) and admonishes us that "Christ is all in all." (22)
As for the Doctors of the Church, We need only recall this passage from St. Augustine: ". . . Let us rejoice and give thanks that we have become not only Christians, but Christ. Do you understand, brothers, the grace of Christ our Head? Wonder at it, rejoice: we have become Christ. For if He is the Head, we are the members; He and we form the whole man . . . the fullness of Christ, therefore; the head and the members. What is the head and the members? Christ and the Church." (73)
Mature Faith the Key
36. This, as we well know, is a mystery, the mystery of the Church. But if we give it our whole-hearted attention, inevitably we will gain much spiritual profit, and the Church of our day would seem to be in the greatest need of such spiritual profit. Christ's presence, His very life, will reveal its power and efficacy in our individual souls and in the whole Mystical Body; and this by the practice of a living and life-giving faith, so that, as St. Paul said in the passage from which We have already quoted, "Christ may dwell through faith in your hearts." (74)
It is through faith that we gain this awareness of the mystery of the Church-mature faith, a faith lived out in our lives. Faith such as this gives us a sensus Ecclesiae, an awareness of the Church, and this is something with which the genuine Christian should be deeply imbued. He has been raised in the school of the divine word, nourished by the grace of the sacraments and the Paraclete's heavenly inspiration, trained in the practice of the virtues of the Gospel, and influenced by the Church's culture and community life. He has, moreover, the tremendous joy of sharing in the dignity of the royal priesthood granted to the people of God. (25)
The Hierarchy an Instrument
37. The mystery of the Church is not a truth to be confined to the realms of speculative theology. It must be lived, so that the faithful may have a kind of intuitive experience of it, even before they come to understand it clearly. And the faithful as a community will indeed recognize that they belong to Christ's Mystical Body when they realize that a part of the ministry of the Church's hierarchy is to initiate men into the Christian way of life, to beget them, (26) teach them, sanctify them, and be their leaders. The hierarchy is a sort of instrument fashioned by Christ, which He Himself uses to communicate to His mystical members the marvelous gifts of truth and grace. He uses it, too, to impart an external, visible structure to the Mystical Body in its pilgrimage through the world, and to give it its sublime unity, its ability to perform its various tasks, its concerted multiplicity of form, and its spiritual beauty.
Images are powerless to convey to the mind an adequate notion of the reality and sublimity of this mystery, but having mentioned the image which St. Paul used, that of the Mystical Body, We should also make mention of the image used by Christ, that of a building, of which He is Himself the architect and builder. Though He founded this building on a man who was naturally weak and frail, Christ transformed him into solid rock, never to be without God's marvelous support: "Upon this rock I will build my Church." (77)
38. If we can only stir up this awareness of the Church in ourselves and foster it in the faithful by the noble and pastoral art of education, many of the apparent difficulties which are today exercising the minds of students of ecclesiology will in fact be overcome. I mean such difficulties as how the Church can be at once both visible and spiritual, free and yet subject to discipline, claiming to be communal in character and yet organized on a sacred, hierarchical basis, already holy and yet still striving for holiness, at once both contemplative and active, and so on. All these matters will become clear through our actually living the Church's life. This is the best illustration and confirmation of its teaching.
Cultivating the Highest Spirituality
There is a further very great advantage that will result from this awareness of the Church: namely, the best type of spirituality, nourished by the reading of Sacred Scripture and the Church's holy Fathers and Doctors, and by everything else that can foster this awareness in the Church: systematic catechetical instruction, an active participation in the sacred liturgy-an incomparable school of spirituality, with its words, signs and prayers-fervent, silent meditation on heavenly truths, and determined effort to cultivate the prayer of contemplation.
Indeed, the cultivation of Christian perfection must still be regarded as the richest source of the Church's spiritual strength. It is the means, so peculiarly its own, whereby the Church basks in the sunlight of Christ's Spirit. It is the Church's natural and necessary way of expressing its religious and social activity. It is the Church's surest defense and the cause of its constant renewal of strength amid the difficulties of the secular world.
Meaning of Baptism
39. Those who are baptized and by this means incorporated into Christ's Mystical Body, His Church, must attach the greatest importance to this event. They must be acutely aware of being raised to a higher status, of being reborn to a supernatural life, there to experience the happiness of being God's adopted sons, the special dignity of being Christ's brothers, the blessedness, the grace and the joy of the indwelling Holy Spirit.
They have indeed been called to a new kind of life, but they have lost nothing of their own humanity except the unhappy state of original sin. Rather, the humanity in them is now capable of bearing the fairest flowers of perfection and the most precious and holiest of fruits. To be a Christian, to have received holy Baptism, must not be looked upon as something of negligible importance. It must be something which thrills the baptized person to the very core of his being. He must look upon it with the eyes of the Christians of the early Church, as an "illumination" which draws down upon his soul the life-giving radiance of divine truth, opens heaven to him, and sheds upon this mortal life that light which enables him to walk as a child of the light toward the vision of God, the wellspring of eternal happiness.
40. It is easy to see what practical resolutions affecting ourselves and our ministry are encouraged by such considerations as these. And we are happy to see that these resolutions are already being implemented everywhere in the Church and are being fostered by prudent and ardent religious zeal. We approve them, praise them, and confirm them with Our blessing.
II. THE RENEWAL
41. Our intense desire is to see the Church become what Christ intended it to be: one, holy, and entirely dedicated to the pursuit of that perfection to which Christ called it and for which He qualified it. In its pilgrimage through the world the Church must really strive to manifest that ideal of perfection envisaged for it by the divine Redeemer. Here, therefore, we have the greatest problem confronting the living Church. It is a problem which shows how powerful and effective the Church really is. It goads it into action, submits it to searching criticism and keeps it true to its purpose. It engenders in the Church prayer and compunction, repentance and hope, toil and confidence, the spirit of adventure and achievement.
It is a problem which arises from the very nature of the truths revealed by God and their special relevance to our lives as human beings. For without reference to Christ's teaching handed on by the Church, it is not possible for man to pass judgment on himself and his own nature, his former state of perfection and the ruinous consequences of original sin, his capacity for good and his need for help in desiring and achieving what is good, the importance and purpose of this present life, the good that he seeks or already possesses, how best to acquire perfection and holiness, and how to attain to the highest degree of perfection and completeness.
Hence the Church must be gripped with an intense and unfailing desire to learn the ways of the Lord. It is Our dearest wish that all those valuable discussions concerning Christian perfection which have gone on for so many centuries in the Church, shall once again receive the importance they deserve and arouse the faithful, not indeed to formulate new rules of spirituality, but to generate new energies in striving after the holiness which Christ has taught us. His own words and example, his guidance and assistance, have made it possible for us to know about this holiness and to desire it and achieve it. This method of spirituality which is confirmed by the custom and tradition of the Church, established by the united action of its members, and exemplified in the outstanding lives of the Saints.
And to Sanctify the World
42. The very external conditions in which the Church finds itself give added impetus to this striving for religious and moral perfection, for the Church cannot remain indifferent to or unaffected by the changes which take place in the world around. They influence, modify, and condition its course of action in all sorts of ways. As we know, the Church does not exist in isolation from the world. It lives in the world, and its members are consequently influenced and guided by the world. They imbibe its culture, are subject to its laws and adopt its customs. This intimate contact with the world is continually creating problems for the Church and at the present time these problems are extremely acute.
The Christian life, as encouraged and preserved by the Church, must resist every possible source of deception, contamination, or restriction of its freedom. It must guard against these things as it would guard against contamination by error or evil. Yet at the same time it must not only adapt itself to the forms of thought and living which a temporal environment induces, one might almost say imposes, on it-provided, of course, such forms are not incompatible with the basic principles of its religious and moral teaching-but it must also strive to approach these forms and to correct, ennoble, encourage, and sanctify them. And this demands of the Church a continual process of self-examination and re-appraisal of its external conduct. This in fact is what the present era is demanding of the Church with such insistence and earnestness.
Help From the Council
43. Here again the timing of this Council is most opportune. Its principal aim is to be pastoral in character, to renew the code of Canon Law and to make the practice of the Christian life easier, in so far as this can be done consistently with its divine nature.
Hence the Council is a great success even now, before the promulgation of most of the decrees expected of it. It is stirring the minds of pastors and faithful alike and inspiring them to preserve and increase the supernatural integrity of the Christian life. It is serving as a reminder to everyone of his duty in conscience to ensure that his daily conduct bears this authentic stamp firmly imprinted upon it. It is encouraging the remiss to become good, the good to become better. These, in their turn, are being inspired with the spirit of generosity; the generous are being drawn toward sanctity. In addition, the Council is revealing new ways of acquiring holiness. Love is sharpened to the point of inventiveness, and we find a new enthusiasm for a life of virtue and Christian heroism.
44. It will be for the Council, naturally, to decide what reforms are to be introduced into the Church's legislation and discipline. The post-conciliar committees, or commissions-especially the Commission for the Revision of Canon Law, which has already been set up-will concern themselves with the task of formulating in concrete terms the recommendations of the Ecumenical Synod. It will be your duty, therefore, Venerable Brethren, to indicate to us what decisions are required for purifying and rejuvenating the Church's image. Let Us, for Our part, give public expression once again to this resolve of Ours to do all We can to sponsor this reform.
How often in past centuries has the determination to instigate reforms been associated with the holding of ecumenical councils! Let it be so once more; but this time not with a view to removing any specific heresies concerning the Church, or to remedying any public disorders-for disorders of this sort have not, thank God, raised their head in our midst-but rather with a view to infusing fresh spiritual vigor into Christ's Mystical Body considered as a visible society, and to purifying it from the defects of many of its members and urging it on to the attainment of new virtue.
The Kind of Reform Necessary
45. In order, with God's help, to achieve this result, allow Us to put before you certain considerations designed to facilitate such reforms, to give you the necessary courage to instigate them-for they are bound to involve you in certain sacrifices-and to outline some general principles for their more effective implementation.
Church's Nature Not Involved
46. First We must lay down a few rules to guide us in the work of reform. Obviously, there can be no question of reforming the essential nature of the Church or its basic and necessary structure. To use the word reform in that context would be to misuse it completely. We cannot brand the holy and beloved Church of God with the mark of infidelity. We must consider our membership in it as one of our greatest blessings. It testifies to our spirit "that we are the children of God." (28) No, it is not pride nor arrogance nor obstinacy nor stupidity nor folly that makes us so sure of being living, genuine members of Christ's Body, the authentic heirs of His Gospel, the lawful successors of the Apostles. It is a firm faith, a joyous conviction. We hold in our possession that great heritage of truth and holiness which characterizes the Catholic Church of the present day, preserving intact the living heritage of the original apostolic tradition.
That is our boast, if you like. It is rather our reason for giving thanks continually to God. (29) It is also the reason why we feel ourselves bound by a graver responsibility before God, to whom we are accountable for so great a benefit, and before the Church in which we must arouse this same conviction together with the desire and resolve to guard this treasure, this "deposit," as St. Paul calls it. (30) We have a responsibility too toward our separated brothers and toward all men, so that all may share with us the gift of God.
Restoration, But Not Reduction
47. In this context, therefore, when we speak about reform we are not concerned to change things, but to preserve all the more resolutely the characteristic features which Christ has impressed on His Church. Or rather, we are concerned to restore to the Church that ideal of perfection and beauty that corresponds to its original image, and that is at the same time consistent with its necessary, normal and legitimate growth from its original, embryonic form into its present structure.
No one should deceive himself into thinking that the Church which has now become a vast, magnificent, and majestic temple built to the glory of God, should be reduced to the modest proportions which it had in its earliest days, as though this minimal form were the only one that is genuine and lawful. Nor should one conceive the desire of renewing the whole structure of the Church just by taking account of the special spiritual gifts (charism) of some of its members. Some imagine that the only genuine renewal of the Church is one which is born from the ideas of a few, admittedly zealous, people who not infrequently consider themselves divinely inspired. Their vain dreams of the wrong sort of renewal could easily defile the very shape which the Church ought to have.
We must love and serve the Church as it is, wisely seeking to understand its history and to discover with humility the will of God who guides and assists it, even when He permits human weakness to eclipse the splendor of its countenance and the holiness of its activity. It is precisely this holiness and splendor which we are endeavoring to discover and promote.
48. We must strengthen these convictions in ourselves if we are also to avoid another danger which the desire for reform can produce, not so much in us pastors, who are restrained by the proper awareness of our sacred duty, as in many of the faithful, who think that the reform of the Church should consist principally in adapting its way of thinking and acting to the customs and temper of the modern secular world. The fascination of worldly life today is very powerful indeed, and many people regard conformity to it as an inescapable and indeed a wise course to take. Hence, those who are not deeply rooted in the faith and in the observance of the Church's laws, readily imagine that the time is ripe to adjust themselves to worldly standards of living, on the assumption that these are the best and only possible ones for a Christian to adopt.
This craving for uniformity is observable even in the realm of philosophy (it is extraordinary how much weight is attached to fashion in a province where the mind ought to be free and independent, anxious only to arrive at the truth, and bowing to the authority of none but proved masters). It is observable also in the realm of ethics, making it more and more perplexing and difficult to define moral rectitude and the right conduct of life.
49. In addition we are confronted with the doctrine of Naturalism, which attempts to undermine the fundamental conception of Christianity. Relativism, too, seeks to justify everything, and treats all things as of equal value. It assails the absolute character of Christian principles.
We are also confronted with the growing tendency to prune away from the Christian life everything that requires effort or causes inconvenience. It rejects as vain and futile the practice of Christian asceticism and the contemplation of the things of God.
Indeed, sometimes even the apostolic desire for a ready passport into secular society and the determination to make oneself acceptable to men and particularly to the youth of today, prompts certain people to lay aside the principles which characterize our faith and to reject the sort of dignity which gives meaning and force to our determination to make contact with others and makes our teaching effective. Is it not, perhaps, true that some of the younger clergy and religious, in their laudable endeavor to come closer to the masses and to particular groups, aim at becoming like them rather than different from them? By this worthless imitation they forfeit the real value and effectiveness of their endeavors.
We must be in the world, but not of it. These important words of Christ are especially relevant at the present time, difficult though they may be to put into practice. It will be well for us if Christ, who lives always to make intercession for us, (31) includes us moderns in the wonderful prayer He addressed to His heavenly Father: "I pray not that thou shouldst take them out of the world, but that thou shouldst keep them from evil." (32)
Aggiornamento the Guiding Principle
50. The purpose of this exhortation of Ours is not to lend substance to the belief that perfection consists in rigidly adhering to the methods adopted by the Church in the past and refusing to countenance the practical measures commonly thought to be in accord with the character of our time. These measures can be put to the test. We cannot forget Pope John XXIII's word aggiornamento which We have adopted as expressing the aim and object of Our own pontificate. Besides ratifying it and confirming it as the guiding principle of the Ecumenical Council, We want to bring it to the notice of the whole Church. It should prove a stimulus to the Church to increase its ever growing vitality and its ability to take stock of itself and give careful consideration to the signs of the times, always and everywhere "proving all things and holding fast that which is good" (33) with the enthusiasm of youth.
Obedience to Christ's Will
51. But let Us repeat once again for our common admonition and profit: the Church will rediscover its youthful vitality not so much by changing its external legislation, as by submitting to the obedience of Christ and observing the laws which the Church lays upon itself with the intention of following in Christ's footsteps. Herein lies the secret of the Church's renewal, its metanoia, to use the Greek term, its practice of perfection.
Not Less, Perhaps More, Required
Even though the Church, in the reliance which it places on the liberty of the modern Christian with his increased awareness of his duties and his greater maturity and practical wisdom in fulfilling them, may make certain of its laws or precepts easier to observe, nevertheless the law retains its essential binding force. The Christian way of life as set forth and interpreted by the Church in its prudent legislation, demands a not inconsiderable degree of loyalty, perseverance and self-sacrifice. It constrains us, as it were, to take the "narrow way" recommended by Our Saviour. (34) It will not require less of us modern Christians than in the past; it may very well require more. It will require a prompt obedience, no less necessary and difficult now than formerly, but it will be all the more meritorious in that it is inspired more by supernatural motives than by natural ones. Conformity to the spirit of the world, the rejection of the rules of Christian asceticism, indifference in the face of the laxity of contemporary morals, emancipation from the authority of wise and lawful superiors, apathy concerning the contradictory forms of modern thought-these are not the things that can give vigor to the Church and fit it to receive the power and strength of the Holy Spirit's gifts. These are not the things which strengthen the Church in its true following of Christ. They neither inject into the Church the watchful spirit of brotherly love, nor do they increase its ability to communicate its message. The only things which can bring these blessings on the Church are the following: the determination to live in acordance with divine grace, faithfulness to the Gospel of Christ, unity in the ranks of the sacred hierarchy and among Christian communities. The follower of Christ is not pliant and cowardly, but loyal and strong.
52. We realize that it would take Us too long to describe here, even in barest outline, the way in which the Christian life should be lived today, and We have no intention of embarking on such an undertaking now. In any case, you are well aware of the moral needs of our time, and you will not cease in your efforts to bring the faithful to a realization of the dignity, the purity and the seriousness of the Christian life. Nor will you fail to do all you can to denounce, even publicly, the moral dangers and vices of our age. We all remember the solemn exhortations uttered in Holy Scripture: "I know thy works and thy labor and thy patience and how thou canst not bear them that are evil." (35) These words will inspire us to become watchful and diligent pastors. The Ecumenical Council will give us new and profitable instructions, and we should be preparing ourselves even now to welcome them and to put them into effect.
Two Fundamental Gospel Precepts
53. There are, however, two special points We feel constrained to mention. They have to do with needs and duties which seem to Us to be paramount, and they provide matter for reflection on the general lines of the renewal of ecclesiastical life.
The Spirit of Poverty
54. The first of them is the spirit of poverty, or rather, the zeal for preserving this spirit. We presume to mention it explicitly in this encyclical letter because of Our conviction of the prominence which this precept receives in Christ's holy Gospel. It is a fundamental element of that divine plan by which we are destined to win the kingdom of God, and yet it is greatly jeopardized by the modern trend to set so much store by wealth.
The zeal for the spirit of poverty is vitally necessary if we are to realize the many failures and mistakes we have made in the past, and learn the principle on which we must now base our way of life and how best to proclaim the religion of Christ.
To Be Subject to New Regulations
One further reason for Our mentioning it here is the difficulty we all find in practicing it. It is Our intention to issue special canonical regulations on this subject, but We do ask you, Venerable Brethren, for the support of your agreement, your counsel and your example. It is your task to interpret with authority the movements and inspirations of the Holy Spirit in the Church, and We rely on you to make clear to pastors and people how the spirit of poverty should regulate everything they do and say. As the Apostle Paul admonished Us: "Let this mind be in you, which was also in Christ Jesus." (36) We rely on you to indicate to us what decisions and regulations we should together make binding on the Church, so that we may base our confidence more on the help of God and on spiritual values, than on fallible, human means. The directives we need are such as will teach us and the men of this era that spiritual goods far outweigh economic goods, the possession and use of which should be regulated and subordinated to the conduct and advantage of our apostolic mission.
No Conflict with Economic Realities
55. The spirit of poverty is a special mark of Christ's Gospel. This passing reference to its necessity and excellence does not, however, relieve Us of Our obligation of pointing out that zeal for poverty is no obstacle to the proper understanding and rightful application of the important laws of economics. This is a subject which has made great strides within recent years. It has been responsible for the progress of civilization, especially in its human and social aspects. But We consider that the inner freedom which results from zeal for evangelical poverty makes us in fact more sensitive to the human aspects of economic questions, and better fitted to understand them. We can pass, where necessary, a calm and often severe judgment on wealth and on the luxuries of life. We can come promptly and generously to the aid of those in need, and do our utmost to ensure that wealth, far from being a source of conflict, selfishness and pride amongst men, shall be used justly and equitably for the good of all, and distributed with greater foresight. In all that concerns these external goods-goods which are indeed inferior to those that are spiritual and eternal, but which are nevertheless necessary in this present life-the student of the Gospel can come to a prudent decision. He has a real, human contribution to make in this field. We are most keenly interested in science, technology, and especially in work. The bread which they produce is sacred, whether destined for the table or the altar. This is the Church's traditional social teaching, and it leaves no room for doubt. It is a salutary doctrine. We readily seize this opportunity of confirming it by Our own authority.
Supreme Position of Charity
56. The other point We wish to raise has to do with the cultivation of charity, a subject, surely, which is already of deepest concern to you, for charity is the very heart and center of the plan of God's providence as revealed in both the Old and New Testament. Are We not right in saying that charity is the goal of the Church's practice of the spiritual life? Is it not true to say that the more perfect and more joyful realization of charity is the goal of all theological study and of the practice of Christian piety? Both these things encourage Us to meditate on the scriptural and sacramental treasures of which the Church is heir, guardian, mistress, and minister.
In full agreement with Our predecessors, with those saints whom our age has given to the Church on earth and in heaven, and with the devout instincts of the faithful, We are convinced that charity should today assume its rightful, foremost position in the scale of religious and moral values-and not just in theory, but in the practice of the Christian life. And this applies not only to the charity we show toward God who has poured out the abundance of His love upon us, but also to the charity which we in turn should lavish on our brothers, the whole human race.
Charity is the key to everything. It sets all to rights. There is nothing which charity cannot achieve and renew. Charity "beareth all things, believeth all things, hopeth all things, endureth all things." (37) Who is there among us who does not realize this? And since we realize it, is not this the time to put it into practice?
Mary, a Most Loving Teacher
57. This ideal of Christian perfection that We have set before you-a lofty, yet a lowly one-puts Us in mind of Mary, the holiest of Virgins, who reflects the ideal most perfectly and most wonderfully in her own person. Her life on earth was in fullest accord with this ideal, and now in heaven she enjoys its glory and blessedness. Devotion to the Mother of God is happily flourishing in the Church in this day and age, and We gladly take this opportunity of expressing Our admiration for Mary, the Holy Virgin Mother of Christ, the Mother of God and men, the model of Christian perfection, the mirror of true virtue, the pride of our humanity.
We regard devotion to the Mother of God as of paramount importance in living the life of the Gospel. When We made Our pilgrimage to the Holy Places, it was Our dearest wish to learn from her the lesson of true Christianity-from her who is the most blessed, lovable, humble and unsullied of creatures, privileged as she was to give human flesh in its original innocence and beauty to the eternal Word of God.
And now, Venerable Brethren, while discussing with you the spiritual and moral renewal of the Church's life, it is to her that We turn Our imploring gaze, for she is a most loving teacher of the way in which we must live.
III. THE DIALOGUE
58. Under this third heading we must examine the mental attitude which the Catholic Church must adopt regarding the contemporary world. What contacts ought it to make at the present time with human society?-seeing that the Church's ever-increasing self-awareness and its struggle to model itself on Christ's ideal can only result in its acting and thinking quite differently from the world around it, which it is nevertheless striving to influence.
Motives for Dialogue
59. The Gospel clearly warns us of this difference and the need to keep ourselves distinct from the world. By the world, here, is meant either those human beings who are opposed to the light of faith and the gift of grace, those whose naive optimism betrays them into thinking that their own energies suffice to win them complete, lasting, and gainful prosperity, or, finally, those who take refuge in an aggressively pessimistic outlook on life and maintain that their vices, weaknesses and moral ailments are inevitable, incurable, or perhaps even desirable as sure manifestations of personal freedom and sincerity.
The Gospel of Christ recognizes the existence of human infirmities. It recognizes and denounces them with penetrating and often fierce sincerity. Yet it also understands them and cures them. It does not cherish the illusion that man is naturally good and self-sufficient, and needs only the ability to express himself as he pleases. Nor does it countenance a despairing acquiescence in the irremedial corruption of human nature. Christ's Gospel is light, newness, strength, salvation, and rebirth. It brings to birth a new and different kind of life, the marvels of which are proclaimed in the pages of the New Testament. Hence the admonition which St. Paul gives: "Do not be conformed to this world, but be reformed in the newness of your mind, that you may prove what is the good and the acceptable and the perfect will of God " (38)
60. This difference between the Christian and the worldly life also arises from the fact that we are conscious of having been truly justified. Justification is produced in us by our sharing in the paschal mystery, particularly in Baptism, which is truly a rebirth, as St. Paul teaches: "All who are baptized in Christ Jesus are baptized in his death. For we are buried together with him by baptism into death: that as Christ is risen from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life." (39)
61. The modern Christian will do well, therefore, to reflect on this special and marvelous kind of life. He will thus be enabled to rejoice in the dignity that is his, to avoid the plague of human wretchedness which is everywhere around him, and to escape the seduction of human glory.
62. The Apostle of the Gentiles had this to say to the Christian of his day: "Bear not the yoke with unbelievers. For what participation hath justice with injustice? Or what fellowship hath light with darkness? . . . Or what part hath the faithful with the unbeliever?" (40) Hence the duty of modern educators and teachers in the Church of reminding young Catholics of their privileged position and of their obligation to live in the world, but not as the world lives. As Jesus Christ said in His prayer for His apostles: "I pray not that thou shouldst take them out of the world, but that thou shouldst keep them from evil. They are not of the world, as I also am not of the world.'' (41) Church makes this prayer its own.
Not Aloof, but Concerned and Loving
3. The fact that we are distinct from the world does not mean that we are entirely separated from it. Nor does it mean that we are indifferent to it, afraid of it, or contemptuous of it. When the Church distinguishes itself from humanity, it does so not in order to oppose it, but to come closer to it. A physician who realizes the danger of disease, protects himself and others from it, but at the same time he strives to cure those who have contracted it. The Church does the same thing. It does not regard God's mercy as an exclusive privilege, nor does the greatness of the privilege it enjoys make it feel unconcerned for those who do not share it. On the contrary, it finds in its own salvation an argument for showing more concern and more love for those who live close at hand, or to whom it can go in its endeavor to make all alike share the blessing of salvation.
The Term Explained
64. If, as We said, the Church realizes what is God's will in its regard, it will gain for itself a great store of energy, and in addition will conceive the need for pouring out this energy in the service of all men. It will have a clear awareness of a mission received from God, of a message to be spread far and wide. Here lies the source of our evangelical duty, our mandate to teach all nations, and our apostolic endeavor to strive for the eternal salvation of all men. Merely to remain true to the faith is not enough. Certainly we must preserve and defend the treasure of truth and grace that we have inherited through Christian tradition. As St. Paul said, "keep that which is committed to thy trust." (42) But neither the preservation nor the defense of the faith exhausts the duty of the Church in regard to the gifts it has been given. The very nature of the gifts which Christ has given the Church demands that they be extended to others and shared with others. This must be obvious from the words: "Going, therefore, teach ye all nations," (43) Christ's final command to His apostles. The word apostle implies a mission from which there is no escaping.
To this internal drive of charity which seeks expression in the external gift of charity, We will apply the word "dialogue."
65. The Church must enter into dialogue with the world in which it lives. It has something to say, a message to give, a communication to make.
66. We are fully aware that it is the intention of the Council to consider and investigate this special and important aspect of the Church's life, and We have no wish to steal its thunder. The Council Fathers must be free to discuss these subjects in detail. Our only concern, Venerable Brethren, is to propose certain points for your consideration before the beginning of the third session, so that we may all gain a clearer understanding of the compelling motives for the Church's dialogue, the methods to be followed and the end in view. Our purpose is to win souls, not to settle questions definitively.
67. In fact no other course is open to Us in view of Our conviction that it is this kind of dialogue that will characterize Our apostolic ministry. From Our predecessors of the past century We have inherited a pastoral outlook and a pastoral approach. Our first teacher is that great and wise pope Leo XIII, who, like the prudent scribe in the Gospel, resembled a householder "who bringeth forth out of his treasure new things and old." (44) With all the dignity of the magisterial authority of the Holy See, he devoted himself wholeheartedly to finding a Christian solution to the problems of this modern age. Our other teachers are his successors, who, as you know, followed closely in his footsteps.
68. How truly wonderful is the inheritance of doctrinal riches bequeathed to Us by Our predecessors, and especially by Pius XI and Pius XII! Providentially they strove to bridge, as it were, the gap between divine and human wisdom, using not the language of the textbook, but the ordinary language of contemporary speech. And what was this apostolic endeavor of theirs if not a dialogue?
As for Our immediate predecessor, John XXIII, he labored with masterly assurance to bring divine truths as far as may be within the reach of the experience and understanding of modern man. Was not the Council itself given a pastoral orientation, and does it not rightly strive to inject the Christian message into the stream of modern thought, and into the language, culture, customs, and sensibilities of man as he lives in the spiritual turmoil of this modern world? Before we can convert the world-as the very condition of converting the world-we must approach it and speak to it.
69. Reluctant as we are to speak of Ourself and to draw attention to Ourself, We feel compelled, in presenting Ourself to the college of bishops and to the Christian people, to speak of Our resolve to persevere in this endeavor. We will strive, so far as Our weakness permits and God gives Us the grace, to approach the world in which God has destined Us to live. We will approach it with reverence, persistence, and love, in an effort to get to know it and to offer it the gifts of truth and grace of which God has made Us custodian. We will strive to make the world share in the divine redemption and in the hope which inspires Us. Engraven on Our heart are those words of Christ which We would humbly but resolutely make Our own: "For God sent not his Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world may be saved by him." (45)
The Dialogue of Salvation
70. Here, then, Venerable Brethren, is the noble origin of this dialogue: in the mind of God Himself. Religion of its very nature is a certain relationship between God and man. It finds its expression in prayer; and prayer is a dialogue. Revelation, too, that supernatural link which God has established with man, can likewise be looked upon as a dialogue. In the Incarnation and in the Gospel it is God's Word that speaks to us. That fatherly, sacred dialogue between God and man, broken off at the time of Adam's unhappy fall, has since, in the course of history, been restored. Indeed, the whole history of man's salvation is one long, varied dialogue, which marvelously begins with God and which He prolongs with men in so many different ways.
In Christ's "conversation" (46) with men, God reveals something of Himself, of the mystery of His own life, of His own unique essence and trinity of persons. At the same time He tells us how He wishes to be known: as Love pure and simple; and how He wishes to be honored and served: His supreme commandment is love. Child and mystic, both are called to take part in this unfailing, trustful dialogue; and the mystic finds there the fullest scope for his spiritual powers.
Sheds Light On New Dialogue
71. This relationship, this dialogue, which God the Father initiated and established with us through Christ in the Holy Spirit, is a very real one, even though it is difficult to express in words. We must examine it closely if we want to understand the relationship which we, the Church, should establish and foster with the human race.
Ours the Initiative
72. God Himself took the initiative in the dialogue of salvation. "He hath first loved us." (47) We, therefore, must be the first to ask for a dialogue with men, without waiting to be summoned to it by others.
Love the Inducement
73. The dialogue of salvation sprang from the goodness and the love of God. "God so loved the world as to give His only begotten Son." (48) Our inducement, therefore, to enter into this dialogue must be nothing other than a love which is ardent and sincere.
Neither Limited, Self-Seeking, Nor Coercive
74. The dialogue of salvation did not depend on the merits of those with whom it was initiated, nor on the results it would be likely to achieve. "They that are whole need not the physician." (49) Neither, therefore, should we set limits to our dialogue or seek in it our own advantage.
75. No physical pressure was brought on anyone to accept the dialogue of salvation; far from it. It was an appeal of love. True, it imposed a serious obligation on those toward whom it was directed (50) but it left them free to respond to it or to reject it. Christ adapted the number of His miracles (51) and their demonstrative force to the dispositions and good will of His hearers (52) so as to help them to consent freely to the revelation they were given and not to forfeit the reward for their consent.
Hence although the truth we have to proclaim is certain and the salvation necessary, we
dare not entertain any thoughts of external coercion. Instead we will use the legitimate means of human friendliness, interior persuasion, and ordinary conversation. We will offer the gift of salvation while respecting the personal and civic rights of the individual.
76. The dialogue of salvation was made accessible to all. It applied to everyone without distinction. (53) Hence our dialogue too should be as universal as we can make it. That is to say, it must be catholic, made relevant to everyone, excluding only those who utterly reject it or only pretend to be willing to accept it.
77. Before it could be completely successful the dialogue of salvation had normally to begin in small things. It progressed gradually step by step. (54) Our dialogue too must take cognizance of the slowness of human and historical development, and wait for the hour when God may make it effective. We should not however on that account postpone until tomorrow what we can accomplish today. We should be eager for the opportune moment and sense the preciousness of time. (55) Today, every day, should see a renewal of our dialogue. We, rather than those to whom it is directed, should take the initiative.
Dialogue As A Method
78. Clearly, relationships between the Church and the world can be effective in a great variety of ways. The Church could perhaps justifiably reduce such contacts to a minimum, on the plea that it wishes to isolate itself from secular society. It might content itself with conducting an inquiry into the evils current in secular society, condemning them publicly, and fighting a crusade against them. On the other hand, it might approach secular society with a view to exercising a preponderant influence over it, and subjecting it to a theocratic power; and so on.
Best of Possible Approaches
But it seems to Us that the sort of relationship for the Church to establish with the world should be more in the nature of a dialogue, though theoretically other methods are not excluded. We do not mean unrealistic dialogue. It must be adapted to the intelligences of those to whom it is addressed, and it must take account of the circumstances. Dialogue with children is not the same as dialogue with adults, nor is dialogue with Christians the same as dialogue with non-believers. But this method of approach is demanded nowadays by the prevalent understanding of the relationship between the sacred and the profane. It is demanded by the dynamic course of action which is changing the face of modern society. It is demanded by the pluralism of society, and by the maturity man has reached in this day and age. Be he religious or not, his secular education has enabled him to think and speak, and conduct a dialogue with dignity.
79. Moreover, the very fact that he engages in a dialogue of this sort is proof of his consideration and esteem for others, his understanding and his kindness. He detests bigotry and prejudice, malicious and indiscriminate hostility, and empty, boastful speech.
If, in our desire to respect a man's freedom and dignity, his conversion to the true faith is not the immediate object of our dialogue with him, we nevertheless try to help him and to dispose him for a fuller sharing of ideas and convictions.
80. Our dialogue, therefore, presupposes that there exists in us a state of mind which we wish to communicate and to foster in those around us. It is the state of mind which characterizes the man who realizes the seriousness of the apostolic mission and who sees his own salvation as inseparable from the salvation of others. His constant endeavor is to get everyone talking about the message which it has been given to him to communicate.
Its Proper Characteristics
81. Dialogue, therefore, is a recognized method of the apostolate. It is a way of making spiritual contact. It should however have the following characteristics:
1) Clarity before all else; the dialogue demands that what is said should be intelligible. We can think of it as a kind of thought transfusion. It is an invitation to the exercise and development of the highest spiritual and mental powers a man possesses. This fact alone would suffice to make such dialogue rank among the greatest manifestations of human activity and culture. In order to satisfy this first requirement, all of us who feel the spur of the apostolate should examine closely the kind of speech we use. Is it easy to understand? Can it be grasped by ordinary people? Is it current idiom?
2) Our dialogue must be accompanied by that meekness which Christ bade us learn from Himself: "Learn of me, for I am meek and humble of heart." (56) It would indeed be a disgrace if our dialogue were marked by arrogance, the use of bared words or offensive bitterness. What gives it its authority is the fact that it affirms the truth, shares with others the gifts of charity, is itself an example of virtue, avoids peremptory language, makes no demands. It is peaceful, has no use for extreme methods, is patient under contradiction and inclines towards generosity.
3) Confidence is also necessary; confidence not only in the power of one's own words, but also in the good will of both parties to the dialogue. Hence dialogue promotes intimacy and friendship on both sides. It unites them in a mutual adherence to the Good, and thus excludes all self-seeking.
4) Finally, the prudence of a teacher who is most careful to make allowances for the psychological and moral circumstances of his hearer, (57) particularly if he is a child, unprepared, suspicious or hostile. The person who speaks is always at pains to learn the sensitivities of his audience, and if reason demands it, he adapts himself and the manner of his presentation to the susceptibilities and the degree of intelligence of his hearers.
82. In a dialogue conducted with this kind of foresight, truth is wedded to charity and understanding to love.
Deeper Knowledge Through Wider Exposure
83. And that is not all. For it becomes obvious in a dialogue that there are various ways of coming to the light of faith and it is possible to make them all converge on the same goal. However divergent these ways may be, they can often serve to complete each other. They encourage us to think on different lines. They force us to go more deeply into the subject of our investigations and to find better ways of expressing ourselves. It will be a slow process of thought, but it will result in the discovery of elements of truth in the opinion of others and make us want to express our teaching with great fairness. It will be set to our credit that we expound our doctrine in such a way that others can respond to it, if they will, and assimilate it gradually. It will make us wise; it will make us teachers.
Modes of Dialogue
84. Consider now the form which the dialogue of salvation takes, and the manner of exposition .
85. It has many forms. If necessary it takes account of actual experience. It chooses appropriate means. It is unencumbered by prejudice. It does not hold fast to forms of expression which have lost their meaning and can no longer stir men's minds.
The Crucial Question
86. We are faced here with a serious problem: how is the Church to adapt its mission to the particular age, environment, educational and social conditions of men's lives?
87. To what extent should the Church adapt itself to the historical and local circumstances in which it has to exercise its mission? How is it to guard against the danger of relativism which would make it untrue to its own dogmas and moral principles? And yet how can it fit itself to approach all men and bring salvation to all, becoming on the example of the Apostle Paul "all things to all men," that all may be saved? (58)
Since the world cannot be saved from the outside, we must first of all identify ourselves with those to whom we would bring the Christian message-like the Word of God who Himself became a man. Next we must forego all privilege and the use of unintelligible language, and adopt the way of life of ordinary people in all that is human and honorable. Indeed, we must adopt the way of life of the most humble people, if we wish to be listened to and understood. Then, before speaking, we must take great care to listen not only to what men say, but more especially to what they have it in their hearts to say. Only then will we understand them and respect them, and even, as far as possible, agree with them.
Furthermore, if we want to be men's pastors, fathers and teachers, we must also behave as their brothers. Dialogue thrives on friendship, and most especially on service. All this we must remember and strive to put into practice on the example and precept of Christ. (59)
88. But the danger remains. Indeed, the worker in the apostolate is under constant fire. The desire to come together as brothers must not lead to a watering down or whittling away of truth. Our dialogue must not weaken our attachment to our faith. Our apostolate must not make vague compromises concerning the principles which regulate and govern the profession of the Christian faith both in theory and in practice.
An immoderate desire to make peace and sink differences at all costs (irenism and syncretism) is ultimately nothing more than skepticism about the power and content of the Word of God which we desire to preach. The effective apostle is the man who is completely faithful to Christ's teaching. He alone can remain unaffected by the errors of the world around him, the man who lives his Christian life to the full.
Direction from the Council
89. We believe that when the Ecumenical Council comes to deal with the problems relating to the Church's activity in the modern world, it will give the doctrinal and practical rules needed for the proper conduct of our dialogue with our contemporaries. We believe too that in matters relating to the Church's actual apostolic mission and the many changing circumstances in which it is exercised, the supreme authority of the Church will in every instance determine wise, effective and clear aims, principles, and methods, so that a lively and effective dialogue may be assured and lasting.
Preaching the Primary Apostolate
90. However, leaving aside this aspect of the matter, We want to stress once more the very important place that preaching still has, especially in the modern Catholic apostolate and in connection with the dialogue which is Our present concern. No other form of communication can take its place; not even the exceptionally powerful and effective means provided by modern technology: the press, radio and television.
In effect, the apostolate and sacred preaching are more or less synonymous terms. Preaching is the primary apostolate. Our ministry, Venerable Brethren, is before all else the ministry of the Word. We are well aware of this, but it is good to remind ourselves of it at the present time so as to give the right orientation to our pastoral activities. We must return to the study, not of human eloquence of empty rhetoric, but of the genunine are of proclaiming the Word of God.
91. We must search for the principles which make for simplicity, clarity, effectiveness and authority, and so overcome our natural ineptitude in the use of this great and mysterious instrument of the divine Word, and be a worthy match for those whose skill in the use of words makes them so influential in the world today and gives them access to the organs of public opinion. We must pray to the Lord for this vital, soul-stirring gift, (60) that we may be fit instruments in the work of really and effectively preaching the faith, (61) and that our message may reach to the ends of the earth. (62)
May we carry out intelligently and zealously everything that the Council's Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy has prescribed regarding the ministry of the Word. And may the instruction we give our Christian people and others, insofar as it is possible, be skillfully expressed, carefully thought out, and zealously imparted. May it be supported by the evidence of real virtue. Progress must be its aim. It must concern itself with imparting a sure faith, a realization of the intimate connection between God's Word and man's life, and the enjoyment of some ray of divine light.
The Church in Dialogue
92. Finally We must say something about those to whom our dialogue is addressed; but even here We have no wish to forestall the decisions of the Council, which, please God, will soon be made known.
A Message for Everyone
93. Speaking generally of the dialogue which the Church of today must take up with a great renewal of fervor, We would say that it must be readily conducted with all men of good will both inside and outside the Church.
94. The Church can regard no one as excluded from its motherly embrace, no one as outside the scope of its motherly care. It has no enemies except those who wish to make themselves such. Its catholicity is no idle boast. It was not for nothing that it received its mission to foster love, unity and peace among men.
95. It realizes only too well the enormous difficulties of such a mission. It is well aware of the numerical disproportion between itself and the rest of the human race. It knows its own limitations, its own shortcomings and the failings of its own members. It realizes too that the acceptance of the gospel does not depend on any apostolic endeavors of its own, nor on the existence of the right temporal conditions. Faith is a gift of God. He alone determines in the world the order and the time of salvation.
The Church does, however, realize that it is the seed, as it were, the leaven, the salt and the light of the world. Fully conscious of all that is new and remarkable in this modern age, it nevertheless holds its place in a changing world with sincere confidence, and says to men: "Here in my possession is what you are looking for, what you need."
Its promise is to one of earthly happiness, but it does nevertheless provide the best means for the attainment of earthly happiness, namely, light and grace; and it teaches men about their future life which transcends nature. In addition it speaks to them of truth, justice, freedom, progress, concord, civilization and peace. The Church well knows the value of these things. It knows them in the light of Christ's revelation. It has a message, therefore, for everyone: boys and girls, young men and women, scientists and scholars, working men and men of every class in society, professional men and politicians; but especially the poor, the unfortunate, the sick and the dying-in a word, everybody.
In Terms of Concentric Circles
96. You may say that in making this assertion we are carried away by an excessive zeal for Our office and are not giving sufficient weight to the true position of the Catholic Church vis-a-vis the world. But that is not so. We see the concrete situation very clearly, and might sum it up in general terms by describing it in a series of concentric circles around the central point at which God has placed us.
First Circle: Mankind
97. The first of these circles is immense. Its limits stretch beyond our view into the distant horizon. It comprises the entire human race, the world. We are fully aware of the distance which separates us from the world, but we do not conceive of it as a stranger to us. All things human are our concern. We share with the whole of the human race a common nature, a common life, with all its gifts and all its problems. We are ready to play our part in this primary, universal society, to acknowledge the insistent demands of its fundamental needs, and to applaud the new and often sublime expressions of its genius. But there are moral values of the utmost importance which we have to offer it. These are of advantage to everyone. We root them firmly in the consciences of men. Wherever men are striving to understand themselves and the world, we are able to communicate with them. Wherever the councils of nations come together to establish the rights and duties of man, we are honored to be permitted to take our place among them. If there is in man a "soul that is naturally Christian," we wish to respect it, to cherish it, and to communicate with it.
98. In all this, as we remind ourselves and others, our attitude is entirely disinterested, devoid of any temporal or political motive. Our sole purpose is to take what is good in man's life on earth and raise it to a supernatural and Christian level. The Church is not identical with civilization. It does however promote it.
Atheism a Growing Evil
99. Sad to say, this vast circle comprises very many people who profess no religion at all. Many, too, subscribe to atheism in one of its many different forms. They parade their godlessness openly, asserting its claims in education and politics, in the foolish and fatal belief that they are emancipating mankind from false and outworn notions about life and the world and substituting a view that is scientific and up-to-date.
100. This is the most serious problem of our time. We are firmly convinced that the basic propositions of atheism are utterly false and irreconcilable with the underlying principles of thought. They strike at the genuine and effective foundation for man's acceptance of a rational order in the universe, and introduce into human life a futile kind of dogmatism which far from solving life's difficulties, only degrades it and saddens it. Any social system based on these principles is doomed to utter destruction. Atheism, therefore, is not a liberating force, but a catastrophic one, for it seeks to quench the light of the living God. We shall therefore resist this growing evil with all our strength, spurred on by our great zeal for safeguarding the truth, inspired by our social duty of loyally professing Christ and His gospel, and driven on by a burning, unquenchable love, which makes man's good our constant concern. We shall resist in the invincible hope that modern man may recognize the religious ideals which the Catholic faith sets before him and feel himself drawn to seek a form of civilization which will never fail him but will lead on to the natural and supernatural perfection of the human spirit. May the grace of God enable him to possess his temporal goods in peace and honor and to live in the assurance of acquiring those that are eternal.
101. It is for these reasons that We are driven to repudiate such ideologies as deny God and oppress the Church-We repudiate them as Our predecessors did, and as everyone must do who firmly believes in the excellence and importance of religion. These ideologies are often identified with economic, social and political regimes; atheistic communism is a glaring instance of this. Yet is it really so much we who condemn them? One might say that it is rather they and their politicians who are clearly repudiating us, and for doctrinaire reasons subjecting us to violent oppression. Truth to tell, the voice we raise against them is more the complaint of a victim than the sentence of a judge.
102. In these circumstances dialogue is very difficult, not to say impossible, although we have today no preconceived intention of cutting ourselves off from the adherents of these systems and these regimes. For the lover of truth discussion is always possible. But the difficulties are enormously increased by obstacles of the moral order: by the absence of sufficient freedom of thought and action, and by the calculated misuse of words in debate, so that they serve not the investigation and formulation of objective truth, but purely subjective expediency.
103. Instead of dialogue, therefore, there is silence, for example, the only voice that is heard is the voice of suffering. By its suffering it becomes the mouthpiece of an oppressed and degraded society, deprived by its rulers of every spiritual right. How can a dialogue be conducted in such circumstances as these, even if we embarked upon it? It would be but "a voice crying in the wilderness." (63) The only witness that the Church can give is that of silence, suffering, patience, and unfailing love, and this is a voice that not even death can silence.
Challenge to Understand, Answer, Rectify
104. Though We speak firmly and clearly in defense of religion, and of those human, spiritual values which it proclaims and cherishes, Our pastoral solicitude nevertheless prompts Us to probe into the mind of the modern atheist, in an effort to understand the reasons for his mental turmoil and his denial of God. They are obviously many and complex, and we must come to a prudent decision about them, and answer them effectively. They sometimes spring from the demand for a more profound and purer presentation of religious truth, and an objection to forms of language and worship which somehow fall short of the ideal. These things we must remedy. We must do all we can to purify them and make them express more adequately the sacred reality of which they are the signs.
We see these men serving a demanding and often a noble cause, fired with enthusiasm and idealism, dreaming of justice and progress and striving for a social order which they conceive of as the ultimate of perfection, and all but divine. This, for them, is the Absolute and the Necessary. It proves that nothing can tear from their hearts their yearning for God, the first and final cause of all things. It is the task of our teaching Office to reveal to them, with patience and wisdom, that all these things are immanent in human nature and transcend it.
Again we see these men taking pains to work out scientific explanation of the universe by human reasoning, and they are often quite ingenuously enthusiastic about this. It is an enquiry which is all the less reprehensible in that it follows rules of logic very similar to those which are taught in the best schools of philosophy. Such an enquiry, far from providing them, as they suppose, with irrefutable arguments in defense of their atheism, must of its very nature bring them back fin ally to the metaphysic al and logical assertion of the existence of the supreme God.
The atheistic political scientist wilfully stops short at a certain point in this inevitable process of reasoning, and in doing so shuts out the supreme light which gives intelligibility to the universe. Is there no one among us who could help him to arrive at last at the realization of the objective reality of the cosmic universe which confronts the mind with the presence of God and brings to the lips a healing prayer of tearful humility?
Eventual Dialogue Seen Possible
They are sometimes men of great breadth of mind, impatient with the mediocrity and self-seeking which infects so much of modern society. They are quick to make use of sentiments and expressions found in our Gospel, referring to the brotherhood of man, mutual aid, and human compassion. Shall we not one day be able to lead them back to the Christian sources of these moral values?
105. We would like to recall what Our predecessor Pope John XXIII wrote in his Encyclical Pacem in Terris. He drew attention to the fact that although the formulation of a particular philosophy does not change once it has been worked out and systematized, nevertheless the practical programme initiated by such a philosophy is capable of receiving a gradual reorientation, and may in fact undergo considerable changes. (64) We do not therefore give up hope of the eventual possibility of a dialogue between these men and the Church, and a more fruitful one than is possible at present, when we can only express our justifiable complaints and repudiations.
The Cause of Peace
106. Before leaving this subject of the contemporary world, We feel impelled to mention Our cherished hope that this intention of Ours of holding a dialogue and of developing it under all the various and changing aspects which it presents, may assist the cause of peace among men. May it point the way to prudence and sincerity in the ordering of human relationships, and bring experience and wisdom to bear on the problem of recalling all men to the consideration of supernatural values.
The mere fact that we are embarking upon a disinterested, objective and sincere dialogue is a circumstance in favor of a free and honorable peace. It positively excludes all pretence, rivalry, deceit and betrayal. It brands wars of aggression, imperialism, and domination as criminal and catastrophic. It necessarily brings men together on every level: heads of states, the body of the nation and its foundations, whether social, family, or individual. It strives to inspire in every institution and in every soul the understanding and love of peace and the duty to preserve it.
Second Circle: Worshippers of the One God
107. Then we see another circle around us. This too is vast in extent, yet not so far away from us. It comprises first of all those men who worship the one supreme God, whom we also worship. We would mention first the Jewish people, who still retain the religion of the Old Testament, and who are indeed worthy of our respect and love.
Then we have those worshipers who adhere to other monotheistic systems of religion, especially the Moslem religion. We do well to admire these people for all that is good and true in their worship of God.
And finally we have the followers of the great Afro-Asiatic religions.
Obviously we cannot agree with these various forms of religion, nor can we adopt an indifferent or uncritical attitude toward them on the assumption that they are all to be regarded as on an equal footing, and that there is no need for those who profess them to enquire whether or not God has Himself revealed definitively and infallibly how He wishes to be known, loved, and served. Indeed, honesty compels us to declare openly our conviction that the Christian religion is the one and only true religion, and it is our hope that it will be acknowledged as such by all who look for God and worship Him.
Common Ideals In Many Spheres
108. But we do not wish to turn a blind eye to the spiritual and moral values of the various non-Christian religions, for we desire to join with them in promoting and defending common ideals in the spheres of religious liberty, human brotherhood, education, culture, social welfare, and civic order. Dialogue is possible in all these great projects, which are our concern as much as theirs, and we will not fail to offer opportunities for discussion in the event of such an offer being favorably received in genuine, mutual respect.
Third Circle: Christians
109. And so we come to the circle which is nearest to us, and which comprises all those who take their name from Christ. In this area the ecumenical dialogue, as it is called, is already in being, and there are places where it is beginning to make considerable progress. There is much more that could be said on this complex and delicate matter, but this will not be Our final word on the subject. So for the moment We will merely refer in passing to a few fairly obvious points .
Ready to Meet Legitimate Desires
We readily accept the principle of stressing what we all have in common rather than what divides us. This provides a good and fruitful basis for our dialogue, and we are prepared to engage upon it with a will. We would even go further and declare our readiness to examine how we can meet the legitimate desires of our separated Christian brothers on many points of difference concerning tradition, spirituality, canon law, and worship, for it is Our dearest wish to embrace them in a perfect union of faith and charity.
We must stress however that it is not in Our power to make any concessions regarding the integrity of the faith and the obligations of charity. We realize that this may cause misgiving and opposition in certain quarters, but now that the Catholic Church has on its own initiative taken steps to restore the unity of Christ's fold, it will not cease to exercise the greatest prudence and deliberation. It will continue to insist that the claims it makes for itself-claims which still have the effect of alienating the separated brethren-derive from the will of Christ, not from any spirit of self-aggrandizement based on the record of its past achievements, nor from any unsound theological speculation. Rightly understood, they will be seen to be for the good of all, for the common unity, liberty and fullness of the Christian life. The Catholic Church will never cease to prepare itself by prayer and penance for the longed-for reconciliation.
Papacy an Apparent Obstacle
110. That We, who promote this reconciliation, should be regarded by many of Our separated brothers as an obstacle to it, is a matter of deep distress to Us. The obstacle would seem to be the primacy of honor and jurisdiction which Christ bestowed on the Apostle Peter, and which We have inherited as his Successor.
But Principle of Unity
Are there not those who say that unity between the separated Churches and the Catholic Church would be more easily achieved if the primacy of the Roman pontiff were done away with? We beg our separated brothers to consider the groundlessness of this opinion. Take away the sovereign Pontiff and the Catholic Church would no longer be catholic. Moreover, without the supreme, effective, and authoritative pastoral office of Peter the unity of Christ's Church would collapse. It would be vain to look for other principles of unity in place of the true one established by Christ Himself. As St. Jerome rightly observed: "There would be as many schisms in the Church as there are priests." (65)
And Primacy of Service and Love
We would add that this cardinal principle of holy Church is not a supremacy of spiritual pride and a desire to dominate mankind, but a primacy of service, ministration, and love. It is no vapid rhetoric which confers on Christ's vicar the title: "Servant of the servants of God."
111. These then are the lines of our dialogue. But before we engage in conversation with our brothers, we address ourselves lovingly to our Heavenly Father in earnest prayer and great confidence.
Reunion Held Promising
112. It is a source of joy and hope to Us, Venerable Brethren, to note the spiritual fervor that is being aroused in this varied and wide circle of Christians. For this would seem to augur well for the future unification of all Christians in the one Church of Christ.
We pray for the breath of the Holy Spirit on the ecumenical movement, and recall once more the emotion and joy We felt in Jerusalem at our meeting with the Patriarch Athenagoras. It was a meeting that abounded in charity, and fired Us with new hope. We welcome with gratitude and respect those representatives of the separated churches who are taking part in the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council. We assure them once again of Our enthusiastic and attentive interest in all those spiritual movements concerned or connected with the problem of unity which are stirring individuals, groups, and communities noted for their noble piety. We greet all these Christians with love and reverence, confident that the cause of Christ and the unity which He Himself willed for His Church will be promoted by our sincere and friendly dialogue.
Last Circle: Catholics
113. We address Ourself finally to the sons of God's house, the one, holy, Catholic, and apostolic Church of which the Roman Church is "mother and head." How greatly we desire that this dialogue with Our own children may be conducted with the fullness of faith, with charity, and with dynamic holiness. May it be of frequent occurrence and on an intimate level. May it be open and responsive to all truth, every virtue, every spiritual value that goes to make us the heritage of Christian teaching. We want it to be sincere. We want it to be an inspiration to genuine holiness. We want it to show itself ready to listen to the variety of views which are expressed in the world today. We want it to be the sort of dialogue that will make Catholics virtuous, wise, unfettered, fair-minded and strong.
Obedience Still to be Exercised
114. But this desire that the Church's internal relationships should take the form of a dialogue between members of a community founded upon love, does not mean that the virtue of obedience is no longer operative. The right to command and the duty to obey must be present in any properly constituted society, especially in the Church which is structured on a sacred hierarchy. Its authority was established by Christ. It is His representative, the authoritative organ of His Word, the expression of His great pastoral love. Hence obedience has faith as its starting point. It is exercised in the school of evangelical humility. It is a participation in the wisdom, unity, idealism, and charity which are ruling factors in the corporate life of the Church. It confers upon him who commands and upon him who obeys the merit of being like Christ who "was made obedient even unto death." (66)
115. Moreover the very exercise of authority becomes, in the context of this dialogue, an exercise of obedience, the obedient performance of a service, a ministry of truth and charity. By obedience We mean the observance of canonical regulations and respect for the government of lawful superiors, but an observance and respect readily and serenely given, as is only to be expected from free and loving children.
By contrast, a spirit of independence, bitter criticism, defiance, and arrogance is far removed from that charity which nourishes and preserves the spirit of fellowship, harmony, and peace in the Church. It completely vitiates dialogue, turning it into argument, disagreement and dissension-a sad state of affairs, but by no means uncommon. St. Paul warned us against this when he said: "Let there be no schisms among you." (67)
A Fine Beginning-A Long Way to Go
116. It is Our keen desire therefore that this dialogue which has long been engaging the attention of the Church may take on a new inspiration, new themes, and new speakers, and thereby increase the holiness and vitality of the Mystical Body of Christ on earth.
We give Our unhesitating support to anything which can help to spread the teaching of those truths of which the Church is guardian and minister. We have already mentioned the liturgy and preaching as forming the basis of the interior life. We would also mention schools, the press, the social apostolate, the missions, and works of charity. All these are things which the Ecumenical Council will doubtless bring up for our discussion. We bless and encourage all who, under the guidance of competent authority, take part in the Church's vital, health-giving dialogue. We are thinking particularly of Our priests, religious, and Our well-beloved laity who are fighting for Christ in the ranks of Catholic Action and in the other associations and activities of the apostolate.
117. We rejoice and find great consolation in the fact that this dialogue, both inside and outside the Church, has already begun. The Church today is more alive than ever before. But when we weigh the matter more closely we see that there is still a great way to go. In fact the work which is beginning today will never come to an end. This is a law of our earthly, time-bound pilgrimage. It is, Venerable Brethren, the common condition of that ministry of ours which everything today urges us to renew and undertake with greater alacrity and devotion.
118. As for Ourself, in speaking to you of these things We are glad not only to rely on your cooperation, but also to offer Our own in return. We ask for and We promise this union of aims and activities just one year after Our accession to the throne of Peter and Our assumption of the name and also, please God, something of the spirit, of the Apostle of the Gentiles.
119. And so We end this Our first encyclical on a note of great joy in the union of our spirits which has its origin in Christ. As your father and brother We bestow upon you, in the name of the immortal God, Our apostolic blessing, and gladly extend it to the whole Church and to all mankind.
Given at St. Peter's, Rome, on the Feast of the Transfiguration of Our Lord Jesus Christ, the sixth day of August, in the year 1964, the second of Our Pontificate.
LATIN TEXT: Acta Apostolicae Sedis, 56 (1964), 609-59.
ENGLISH TRANSLATION: The Pope Speaks, 10 (Summer,1965), 253-92.
(1) Jn 7. 16.
(2) Cf. Eph 3.9-10.
(3) Cf. Acts 20. 28.
(4) Cf. Eph 5. 27.
(5) Heb 1. 1.
(6) Cf.Mt 26.41.
(7) Cf. Lk 17. 21.
(8) Cf. Mt 26. 75; Lk 24. 8; Jn 14. 26; 16. 4.
(9) Phil 1. 9.
(10) Jn 9. 38.
(11) Jn 11. 27.
(12) Mt 16. 16.
(13) Eph 3. 17.
(14) Jn 14. 26.
(15) Acta Leonis XIII, XVI (1896), 157-208
(16) AAS XXXV (1943), 193-248.
(17) AAS XXXV (1943), 193.
(18) AAS XXXV (1943), 238.
(19) Cf. Jn 15. 1 ff.
(20) Gal 3. 28.
(21) Eph 4. 15-16.
(22) Col 3. 11.
(23) In Io. tract. 21. 8; PL 35. 1568.
(24) Eph 3. 17.
(25) Cf. 1 Pt 2.9.
(26) Cf. Gal 4. 19; 1 Cor 4. 15.
(27) Mt 16. 18.
(28) Rom 8. 16.
(29) Cf. Eph 5. 20.
(30) Cf. 1 Tm 6. 20.
(31) Cf. Heb 7. 25.
(32) Jn 17. 15.
(33) Cf. 1 Thes 5. 21.
(34) Cf. Mt 7. 13.
(35) Ap 2.2.
(36) Phil 2. 5.
(37) 1 Cor 13. 7.
(38) Rom 12. 2.
(39) Rom 6. 3-4.
(40) 2 Cor 6. 14-15.
(41) Jn 17. 15-16.
(42) 1 Tm 6. 20.
(43) Mt 28. 19.
(44) Mt 13. 52.
(45) Jn 3. 17.
(46) Cf. Bar 3. 38.
(47) 1 Jn 4. 10.
(48) Jn 3. 16.
(49) Lk 5. 31.
(50) Cf. Mt 11. 21.
(51) Cf. Mt 12.38 ff.
(52) Cf. Mt 13. 13 ff.
(53) Cf. Col 3. 11.
(54) Cf. Mt 13. 31.
(55) Cf.Eph 5. 16.
(56) Mt 11. 29.
(57) Mt 7.6.
(58) 1 Cor 9. 22.
(59) Cf. Jn 13. 14-17.
(60) Cf. Jer 1. 6.
(61) Cf. Rom 10. 17.
(62) Cf. Ps 18. 5, Rom 10. 18.
(63) Mk 1. 3.
(64) Cf. AAS LV (1963), 300.
(65) Cf. Dial. contra Luciferianos, n. 9; PL 23. 173.
(66) Phil 2.8.
(67) 1 Cor 1. 10. | <urn:uuid:f616183d-0962-40ab-899f-ce51ec3549e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/document/ecclesiam-suam-paths-of-the-church-330/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00177-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962496 | 23,284 | 1.5625 | 2 |
Edward Teller, Hungarian Ede Teller (born Jan. 15, 1908, Budapest, Hung., Austria-Hungary—died Sept. 9, 2003, Stanford, Calif., U.S.), Hungarian-born American nuclear physicist who participated in the production of the first atomic bomb (1945) and who led the development of the world’s first thermonuclear weapon, the hydrogen bomb.
Teller was from a family of prosperous Hungarian Jews. After attending schools in Budapest, he earned a degree in chemical engineering at the Institute of Technology in Karlsruhe, Ger. He then went to Munich and Leipzig to earn a Ph.D. in physical chemistry (1930). His doctoral thesis, on the hydrogen molecular ion, helped lay the foundation for a theory of molecular orbitals that remains widely accepted today. While a student in Munich, Teller fell under a moving streetcar and lost his right foot, which was replaced with an artificial one.
During the years of the Weimar Republic, Teller was absorbed with atomic physics, first studying under Niels Bohr in Copenhagen and then teaching at the University of Göttingen (1931–33). In 1935 Teller and his bride, Augusta Harkanyi, went to the United States, where he taught at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. Together with his colleague George Gamow, he established new rules for classifying the ways subatomic particles can escape the nucleus during radioactive decay. Following Bohr’s stunning report on the fission of the uranium atom in 1939 and inspired by the words of Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had called for scientists to act to defend the United States against Nazism, Teller resolved to devote his energies to developing nuclear weapons.
By 1941 Teller had taken out U.S. citizenship and joined Enrico Fermi’s team at the University of Chicago in the epochal experiment to produce the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Teller then accepted an invitation from the University of California, Berkeley, to work on theoretical studies on the atomic bomb with J. Robert Oppenheimer; and when Oppenheimer set up the secret Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in New Mexico in 1943, Teller was among the first men recruited. Although the Los Alamos assignment was to build a fission bomb, Teller digressed more and more from the main line of research to continue his own inquiries into a potentially much more powerful thermonuclear hydrogen fusion bomb. At war’s end he wanted the U.S. government’s nuclear weapons development priorities shifted to the hydrogen bomb. Hiroshima, however, had had a profound effect on Oppenheimer and other Manhattan Project scientists, and few had the desire to continue in nuclear weapons research.
Teller accepted a position with the Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago in 1946 but returned to Los Alamos as a consultant for extended periods. The Soviet Union’s explosion of an atomic bomb in 1949 made him more determined that the United States have a hydrogen bomb, but the Atomic Energy Commission’s general advisory committee, which was headed by Oppenheimer, voted against a crash program to develop one. The debate was settled by the confession of the British atomic scientist Klaus Fuchs that he had been spying for the Soviet Union since 1942. Fuchs had known of the American interest in a hydrogen bomb and had passed along early American data on it to the Soviets. In response, Pres. Harry Truman ordered the go-ahead on the weapon, and Teller laboured on at Los Alamos to make it a reality.
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Physics and Natural Law
Teller and his colleagues at Los Alamos made little actual progress in designing a workable thermonuclear device until early in 1951, when the physicist Stanislaw Marcin Ulam proposed to use the mechanical shock of an atomic bomb to compress a second fissile core and make it explode; the resulting high density would make the burning of the second core’s thermonuclear fuel much more efficient. Teller in response suggested that radiation, rather than mechanical shock, from the atomic bomb’s explosion be used to compress and ignite the thermonuclear second core. Together these new ideas provided a firm basis for a fusion weapon, and a device using the Teller-Ulam configuration, as it is now known, was successfully tested at Enewetak atoll in the Pacific on Nov. 1, 1952; it yielded an explosion equivalent to 10 million tons (10 megatons) of TNT.
Teller was subsequently credited with developing the world’s first thermonuclear weapon, and he became known in the United States as “the father of the H-bomb.” Ulam’s key role in conceiving the bomb design did not emerge from classified government documents and other sources until nearly three decades after the event. Still, Teller’s stubborn pursuit of the weapon in the face of skepticism, and even hostility, from many of his peers played a major role in the bomb’s development.
At the U.S. government hearings held in 1954 to determine whether Oppenheimer was a security risk, Teller’s testimony was decidedly unsympathetic to his former chief. “I would feel personally more secure,” he told the inquiry board, “if public matters would rest in other hands.” After the hearings’ end, Oppenheimer’s security clearance was revoked, and his career as a science administrator was at an end. Although Teller’s testimony was by no means the decisive factor in this outcome, many prominent American nuclear physicists never forgave him for what they viewed as his betrayal of Oppenheimer.
Teller was instrumental in the creation of the United States’ second nuclear weapons laboratory, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, in Livermore, Calif., in 1952. For almost the next four decades it was the United States’ chief factory for making thermonuclear weapons. Teller was associate director of Livermore from 1954 to 1958 and from 1960 to 1975, and he was its director in 1958–60. Concurrently he was professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1953 to 1960 and was professor-at-large there until 1970.
A staunch anticommunist, Teller devoted much time in the 1960s to his crusade to keep the United States ahead of the Soviet Union in nuclear arms. He opposed the 1963 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which banned nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere, and he was a champion of Project Plowshare, an unsuccessful federal government program to find peaceful uses for atomic explosives. In the 1970s Teller remained a prominent government adviser on nuclear weapons policy, and in 1982–83 he was a major influence in Pres. Ronald Reagan’s proposal of the Strategic Defense Initiative, an attempt to create a defense system against nuclear attacks by the Soviet Union. In 2003 Teller was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. | <urn:uuid:e2c02972-f049-495d-9ea2-e1491f3c730a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edward-Teller | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00310-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966018 | 1,450 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Learnpress LMS quiz has just been given a fillip by integrating the four types of Fill-in-Blanks quizzes. For this reason, we have updated our learnpress quiz import plugin as well.
4 Types of Fill-in-Blanks Questions
There are four types of Fill-in-Blank type quizzes that are possible in learnpress LMS.
- Match Case,- In this case , if two words matches case wise , the answer will be correct . In otherwords, matching is case sensitive.
- Equal -In this case two words should match equally.
- Range -In this case , you put two numbers that demetermines a range of values. For example if you write 34 , 100 , then any number writen within this range will be correct answer .
How to Write Four Types of Fill-in-Blanks type quizzes?
March Case- Write like Where in India is Tajmahal sitiuated? [fib fill=”Agra in UP” comparison=”any” match_case=”true”]
Equal– example The oldest city of Pakistan is [fib fill=”Islamabad” comparison=”equal”]
Range– Example- You can select number in range [fib fill=”1990, 2000″ comparison=”range”].
Match Any-Example – Enter any fruit which is rich in vitamin A [fib fill=“Sweet Potato,Carrot, Cantaloupe” comparison=”any”]
Demo of LearnPress Fill-n-Blanks Type Quiz
Buy LearnPress Quiz Importer plugin | <urn:uuid:ca98ddd9-cdc1-41a8-ab45-64a0e51743fe> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wppluginsforyou.com/learnpress-lms-quiz-import-fill-in-blanks-type/?wcmc_customer_currency=INR | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.748442 | 359 | 2.53125 | 3 |
By now, news of the big bull elephant hunted in Zimbabwe last week has made its way around the internet. The bull is a “tusker”—an elephant genetically predisposed to being extra big, with extra-large tusks.
His tusks are some of the biggest taken by a hunter in recent decades, according to commenters on an online forum where the photo of the dead animal received fulsome praise from other hunters. The tusks weighed in at 120 pounds and 122 pounds each, according to social media posts.
The elephant was shot in a hunting concession in the Malipati region of Zimbabwe, between Gonarezhou National Park and South Africa’s Kruger National Park, which is home to many large bulls.
The shooting of this elephant is drawing the ire of conservationists and scientists alike, who say that killing such an animal has consequences both in terms of protecting the species and in promoting cultural heritage.
Many hunters, on the other hand, argue that the elephant was either past his breeding age or has passed on his genes enough times that he has made a sufficient contribution to the gene pool.
“That’s nonsense,” said Joyce Poole, a researcher who has studied elephant reproduction for decades. “That male they killed was in his prime, and not only was he incredibly important to the females, he was really important to other males as a leader in male society.”
“Old and experienced individuals are crucial,” said Vicki Fishlock, the resident scientist at Amboseli Trust for Elephants, a research and conservation organization in Kenya. “They are so much more than ‘a breeder’—by the time these animals reach this size, they have been parts of social networks for five or six decades and have accumulated social and ecological experience that younger animals learn from.”
Experts place this elephant at around 50 years old. “Prime” breeding age is considered mid-40s to around 50, and female elephants actually prefer to mate with older, bigger bulls such as this one, research shows.
Plus, research shows that younger male elephants can become aggressive when older bulls aren’t around, much in the way juvenile delinquency in our own cultures has been attributed to the absence of fathers, said Caitlin E. O’Connell, a professor at the at the Stanford School of Medicine and an elephant expert.
But there are very few bigger, older male African elephants left, Poole said. Poachers have gotten many of them, which is why there’s now a growing trend toward poaching even young elephants with small tusks.
And that’s part of the reason hunters have been celebrating this particular kill. Getting to take home trophy tusks of this size has become increasingly difficult. Nowadays, hunters say they’re excited for anything bigger than 75 pounds. And while there have been a few big elephants hunted in Zimbabwe this year, the average tusk size that hunters can expect is closer to 40 or 50 pounds, according to one website.
Tusk size is, in part, genetic. While the bull killed last week surely has mated many times, the genes for big tusks are already on the decline, meaning the genetic contribution of every elephant is important. Elephants are now evolving to have smaller tusks because poaching and hunting has removed many big-tusked elephants from the gene pool.
Protections for Cultural Icons?
Aside from the biological impacts of removing a large-tusked male from the breeding population, conservationists and even some hunters have raised ethical and cultural concerns.
On the hunting forum accuratereloading.com, one commenter, identified as Mike, said, “Shooting an elephant like that is kind of like shooting the last tasmanian devil. This elephant will not be replaced for a long time given the terrible state of African elephants.”
Louis Muller, the chairman of the Zimbabwe Professional Hunters and Guides Association, told The Telegraph that big elephants could benefit from the extra protection afforded by a tracking collar. “‘We have suggested before to all concerned parties that each elephant area should collar a few with biggest tusks, so that we do not shoot them...Nobody responded to our suggestion last year. We believe this might now be taken seriously.’”
Elephants as big as the Zimbabwe bull are iconic, and conservationists have suggested that village communities would benefit more from the tourism money the magnificent animals could bring than from trophy hunting fees.
Hunting “is legal, but the thing is, the ethics [are] out the window,” Johnny Rodrigues, the head of the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force, told BBC World Service. “When you see an elephant like that, which you haven’t seen for years, you should actually put a collar on it and use it as a marketing tool because not everywhere in the world can you find an animal like that.”
Besides, elephants are feeling creatures, and that needs to be considered, Joyce Poole said. They’re long-lived, intelligent, and social. They’re self-aware animals that think about the future, think about the past, that are aware of death. This elephant had friends who cared about him, and it will make a difference to their lives that he’s gone.”
To companions of all ages,” added Vicki Fishlock, “the loss of these individuals makes a profound difference.”
What We Know About the Hunt
The identity of the hunter, a German, has not been made public.
Take Aim Safaris, a company owned by Carl Knight that offers elephant hunts in the Gonarezhou region, where the bull was shot, was originally given credit for the hunt. Its website—now down for “scheduled maintenance”—featured a photo of the dead elephant. According to the website, Take Aim Safaris charges a $20,000 trophy fee for elephant with tusks of 90 pounds or more.
The hunt was led by a well-known professional hunter named Nixon Dzingai, who did not respond to emails or calls.
What’s In a Name?
There was originally some speculation that the elephant could have been Nkombo, a tusker from Kruger National Park, but Nkombo was seen a few days before the hunt more than 70 miles south, and it’s improbable he could have traveled so far so fast. Besides, people who have tracked and photographed Nkombo say he rarely strays far.
Hunters who saw the photo of the dead bull immediately worried that he may have had a name. When people found out the lion killed in Zimbabwe over the summer had a name, Cecil, it ignited a media storm.
“Really hope this elephant did not had [sic] a name,” said one commenter on the hunting forum. (Read this, and other hunters’ reactions to the kill here). Research shows that humans are more apt to sympathize with animals that share traits with us, such as intelligence, emotion—and names.
Conservationists in the Gonarezhou area have said that this elephant hasn’t been sighted before, so it’s possible that he’d wandered up from Kruger .
Regardless of opinions on sports hunting, the industry needs to restrict hunting of elephants with tusks over a certain size, said Caitlin O’Connell, who believes hunting has an economic role in Africa. “There need to be checks and balances. There were no checks and balances here here. This was a fluke event that someone should have stopped. It should have been a huge gift to the country that he...was there.”
This story was produced by National Geographic’s Special Investigations Unit, which focuses on wildlife crime and is made possible by a grant from the BAND Foundation. | <urn:uuid:2a255437-125b-4af1-bfcc-bbbd7ce4ce44> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/10/151017-zimbabwe-elephant-tusker-trophy-hunting-poaching-conservation-africa-ivory-trade/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279489.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00018-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965783 | 1,658 | 2.6875 | 3 |
European automakers ask for more time to make better, cleaner cars
Under the current rules, European automakers' average new-car CO2 emissions must be 95g/km by 2021. The European Commission is now considering the 2025 limits, and the agency is aiming to cut the level to somewhere between 68 and 78g/km, according to Automotive News Europe. However, the ACEA, the lobbying group for the auto industry there, is trying to push back the changes until 2030.
The ACEA claims that it "may not be possible" to reach the stricter averages in such a short amount of time, according to Automotive News Europe. If passed, the figures would be a 30-percent emissions reduction compared to 2005. Making further cuts even remotely feasible is likely going to require even more use of alternative fuels and electrification.
There are some powerful groups challenging the ACEA, though. According to Automotive News Europe, the environmental ministers from the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and Ireland want to keep the 2025 numbers tough. The countries see this as an opportunity to further expand zero-emissions vehicles in the coming years.
In general, the tide appears to be shifting against the internal combustion engine in some parts of Europe. France especially is rather vocal about transitioning away from diesel, and there are similar statements out of the UK. Norway has shown that the right incentives can really help grow ZEV popularity, too.
- Most and least efficient car companies
- Fastest-depreciating cars in the United States
- Find and compare 2017 Models | <urn:uuid:6b595763-1e52-483b-95f3-b4b4abd9caf8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.autoblog.com/2015/07/03/european-automakers-more-time-better-cleaner-cars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.933736 | 317 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Yukon and the federal government are a child`s play-making partnership. To control a potential escalation of fees and profits, particularly through for-profit child care, Yukon`s Universal Child Care System has imposed caps on the amount to allow child care centres to increase their fees. Annual fee increases are capped at 3% for those who charge less than 10% of the Yukon average and 1% for those who charge 10% or more than the Yukon average. Operators also agree to pay the salaries of early childhood educators according to a salary scale with mandatory minimum contributions from operators. «Ensuring that all Canadians have access to quality and affordable early childhood education and care is a feminist economic policy and smart economic policy,» added Chrystia Freeland, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance, who made the announcement via Zoom. To comply with this recommendation, the government has asked the Departments of Education, Health and Social Services to develop a universal child care model in Yukon similar to the Quebec model. This model was implemented on April 1, 2021, and the Department of Education continues to work with its partners and stakeholders, including Yukon First Nation governments, to further develop and refine the model. With the steep pay rise, you`ll see a flood of people applying for jobs they`ve never had before, and of course, for the wrong reasons, a high salary for someone who isn`t there for actual care/training for boys. Quality assurance in programs is also promoted by the Yukon Child Care Commission.
The Yukon Child Care Commission is a legislative body that makes recommendations to the Minister of Education on all matters related to early childhood education and care. The Commission promotes the development and support of child care that meets the needs of Yukon parents and children, reviews policies and programs, and hears objections under the Child Care Act. He highlighted the work of Tr`inke Zho, a Dawson City daycare that cares for children aged 1 to 12. The centre also offers an Aboriginal Head Start program that offers half-day traditional and cultural learning programs for First Nations, Inuit and Métis children under the age of five. «The global COVID-19 pandemic has also made it clear that without access to childcare, too many parents – especially women – cannot fully participate in the labour market. Contact Haley Ritchie of [email protected] Yukon is a leader in early childhood education and care: On April 1, 2021, Yukon introduced universal child care. Yukon will invest close to $25.2 million annually in its early learning and child care system. Canada and Yukon agree to maintain and further develop Yukon`s system to meet the needs of families and support the growth and development of children.
«Culturally appropriate spaces and distinctions based on Indigenous children are needed more than ever,» said Ahmed Hussen, federal Minister of Families, Children and Social Development. Federal funding will be provided to post-secondary institutions to offer additional courses to train more early childhood educators for Yukon`s early childhood education and care system, with the goal of enrolling at least 40 additional students in early childhood education courses by the end of fiscal year 2022 to 2023. Erin MacDonald Director, Community Relations and Engagement Yukon Department of Education [email protected] With the signing of the agreement, «money will soon start pouring in,» said Education Minister Jeanie McLean. Yukon will increase the net number of licensed child care spaces for children aged 0 to 5 by at least 110 full-time equivalents by the end of fiscal year 2025 to 2026. This is the estimated number of new full-time equivalents needed to achieve 59% coverage in Yukon and meet the projected demand for space in the region for the 2025-2026 fiscal year. As of March 2019, there were a total of 1682 licensed child care spaces and, as of March 2021, 1,869 spaces. This is great news and it is very generous. We plan to use the blessing of the money for a vacation on the Oregon coast and buy our kids off-road bikes and kids` skates. It`s so nice to have well-paying government jobs and the support of Canadians living in the South. 1.3 Canada and Yukon agree that progress will be made in achieving this vision by prioritizing federal investments to support regulated early childhood education and child care, as well as for children under the age of 6. Yukon supports licensed not-for-profit and First Nations-run child care centres that reflect the unique challenges of child care for northern and remote communities to ensure that all Yukon families have access to high-quality early childhood education and care.
affordable, flexible and inclusive, no matter where they live. . | <urn:uuid:d7665eaf-f996-4a4b-a230-be68eed291a3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://saboresandinos.cl/yukon-child-care-agreement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573533.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818215509-20220819005509-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.953332 | 987 | 2.109375 | 2 |
the smile- reply to french fries from another thread
I didn;t want to keep hijacking a thread back in the food section so i'll reply here to French Fries' question.
this was the question- we were discussing if the human smile is learned or innate and i had said that humans are born with the innate tendency to smile at a human face, which emerges from some weeks to months after birth and that the caretakers will smile back.
Originally Posted by French Fries
But isn't that a form of teaching? They notice that faces looking at them are smiling and rather playful and non-threatening, so they associate the facial expression with the feeling?
The question is: if you had a baby raised in an environment where nobody ever ever smiled, would he end up smiling? If a baby was raised in a hospital room where no one could visit him, would he end up naturally smiling to express happiness after a few months, even though he's never even seen someone else smile before?
Thanks for your feedback Siduri, that's a fascinating topic for someone raising a child. Probably a fascinating field for you to work in.
Back in the 1800s when contagion was understood but there were no vaccines or antibiotics, babies in orphanages were cared for only physically, and interaction was kept at a minimum, with masks and gowns to prevent massive epidemics within the institutions. The babies frequently died of unknown causes, which they called marasma, lack of human connection and attachment. The babies would just refuse to eat and would die. In any case they grew up severely deprived and with serious problems connecting with others.
So to answer your question, the baby would smile at the caretaker but if the caretaker repeatedly didn;t smile, the baby would at first try more to engage the face, then would just withdraw in frustration. Many people now study babies with detailed filming of interaction and we've learned a lot from this. A couple of months of steady interaction with a seriously depressed person who is incapable of responding, and the baby will show all the physiological and psychological symptoms of depression - no genes required! It can be reversed with good relatedness.
If the caretaker responds to a smile with a still face, the baby will try to engage it even harder, maybe becoming even more appealing, more open smile, waving arms and legs - if the caretaker doesn't respond the baby will cry. Caretakers who habitually don't respond, make the baby stop smiling, and they can permanently lose their motivation to smile even with others - it's just too frustrating. It begins as an instinct, but environment always has a role in any innate biological characteristic.
A baby raised in a hospital room with no human contact would have no happiness to express. It's not only smiles but responsiveness that counts - the response to the baby's signals gives him a sense of agency, of cause and effect, of other people like him outside. If the baby cries and we pick him up, he gets a sense of communication - it's worth trying to communicate. Same with a smile being returned. Then smile goes from instinctive to intentional and communicative.
Babies need to be held and they have an innate predisposition to be soothed if they're rocked at the rate of about 60 rocks per minute - a normal human walking speed. No wonder women of all cultures had ways to carry infants on their body - they cried less! The interesting thing is they are soothed even when they're put down. An hour of rocking and you can have dinner in peace! We're born to relate and to attach.
Also interesting, a baby copies a human face almost at birth - stick out your tongue and he will copy - he knows he has a face and a tongue! amazing how much they know. Motorially they can;t do it all, but they recognize a face as being like theirs, or they wouldn't know to copy it. . | <urn:uuid:7caeacc4-b97f-414b-a4e5-6efdbec728bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cheftalk.com/t/69971/will-not-deny-that-im-a-cook | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00523-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980668 | 809 | 1.765625 | 2 |
Welcome to the Kids Corner!
Are you looking for some FREE and FUN things to do?! Look no further. From Coloring pages to Activity pages, to story time and plenty more ... this page is for YOU!
Story Time Featuring The Be Books
Ready to feel empowered and inspired? Sit back, relax, and enjoy listening to your favorite books.
Color Our World
Thank you for COLORING OUR WORLD!
Take pictures of your BEAUTIFUL, UNIQUE, and ONE OF A KIND creations and post it on social media. Tag @thebebooks and I will share your creation on my stories.
Below you will find Activity Pages for you to enjoy in the comfort of your home and/or classroom. Just click the image, print (recommend in landscape format), and have fun! You are making the world a better place ... Just by being YOU! | <urn:uuid:84b68eca-48af-4dda-9457-b62aae3c0315> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thebebooks.com/pages/kids-corner | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.888713 | 185 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Water, the elixir of life is fading away from the human reach. The freshwater sources which are just the friction of total available water on earth are declining much faster than expected due to various reasons. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that approximately 844 million people around the world still lack basic access to safe drinking water – 90% of whom live in sub-Saharan Africa and Asian countries where economic development is slow and poverty is prevalent.Water the essential element of life has always been the most valuable constituent for all human activities, be it commercial, agriculture, industrial, power generation to the production of foods, etc. The economic growth of the nation totally depends on the availability of adequate water. For years, we have taken the water supply for granted. Earlier the availability was much higher than demand and water used to flow in abundance in the water bodies, but the situation has changed drastically over the years making water the subject of intense global discussion. The affliction point is further intensified as the United Nations warns that global water resources may only meet 60% of the world’s water demands by 2030. The declining resources is an important issue in drinking water supply which is further aggravating due to wide spread pollution and contamination of water. WHO estimated that globally at least 2 billion people use a drinking water source that is contaminated with feces and around 842,000 people die each year from diarrhea alone, as a result of unsafe drinking water including 361,000 children aged under 5 each year. .Approximately 844 million people around the world still lack basic access to safe drinking water..Although diarrhea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated water, there are other hazards related to water pollution. Almost 240 million people are affected by schistosomiasis – an acute and chronic disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.A nation’s economy majorly depends on the availability of good quality water. Better water sources also mean less expenditure on health, reduced efforts in physically collecting it thus, allowing more time for other productive works, better commercial activities and people will be better able to remain economically productive.The imminent water scarcity, climate persistently getting hotter and drier and with increasing heat, water demand surges together with reducing the limited availability. In such a critical condition, we require resilience in our systems that are adaptable to significant changes and this entails well planned efforts towards an adaptive planning approach with the help of modern technological solutions and integrated water management process across water, wastewater and drainage systems at all scales..842,000 people die each year from diarrhea alone as a result of unsafe drinking water..Technological InterventionThe United Nations 2030 agenda for Sustainable Development Goals includes sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Most countries are working towards the implementation of policies and reform to achieve this target. There is a combination of factors including financial resources, human capacity, technology and governance arrangements that are conducive to implementing the 2030 agenda and making progress towards the target. With the changing world scenario where technology is playing very important role in everybody’s life with digital and connected devices, latest innovation and creative technologies needs to be implemented in water sector with the aim to increase access to clean water.New innovations in water technology are helping us to deal with declining resources and transforming water distribution system. The sophisticated and digitally connected pipeline networks, treatment plants with modern filtration system, supervisory and management control of supply system, innovative leak detection and other digital intervention in water sector help us to better manage this elixir of life. As intense pressure is placed on the planet's limited water supplies, utilities are turning to technological innovation. New and emerging inventions are proving to be solicitous in optimizing water and wastewater provision and consumption.NanotechnologyWater filtration system using nanotechnology helps in removing microbes, bacteria and other pollutants from water using composite nanoparticles, which emit silver ions that destroy contaminants. Nanotechnology offers opportunities to develop next generation water supply systems with advanced level of treatment to improve efficiency as well as to augment water supply through safe use of water sources. WHO estimates that 1.6 million people die each year from diseases related to unsafe drinking water and basic sanitation and this perennial problem can effectively be tackled with a water purification system using nanotechnology. The researchers of IIT at Chennai are working towards developing scalable and low-cost water purification system using nanotechnology.DesalinationWith fresh water perishing from the surface, the available solution is to desalinate the abundantly available seawater for human consumption by using reverse osmosis technology. With the use of technology, Singapore is experimenting with a new form of seawater desalination with biomimicry, one of its kind, a combination of biology and engineering and mimicking the biological processes. Another new approach is to use biomimetic membranes enhanced with aquaporin; proteins embedded in cell membranes that selectively shuttle water in and out of cells while blocking out salts. Innovative engineering solutions with the help of technology can be derived for seawater desalination that can transform it beyond our imagination..IoT SolutionsInternet of Things (IoT) helps the water industry by connecting all the systems and players in the water supply chain right from the raw water to treatment plants, distribution network, pumping system to utilities and consumers seamlessly. The big benefit of IoT in water system is it empowers the decision makers with important insights on the state of water resources, machineries and equipment being used along with demand supply management. The new concept of Internet of Water is emerging and it implies with wide application and ample opportunities. Some of the important contribution of IoT in water industry includes transparency of the processes in the water supply chain, availability of crucial information due to real-time monitoring that helps in immediately addressing the issues, reduction in water leaks and loss of water in distribution network, water conservation strategy based on data analytics and prediction algorithms, automation and augmentation of resources and better consumer services leading to financial stability with better water resource management.IoT in Water ManagementUtilities are going for smart solutions with connected devices from transportation to communication and pipelines to detect water leaks, etc. and providing real-time information for swift decision making. There are plenty of smart water solutions that prove how IoT and digital technology can improve the processes in the water industry. Some of the leading solutions using IoT in water management can be described as:.Smart IrrigationIndia is among the largest user of fresh water for irrigation by using almost 80% of the water consumed by the country, but the rapidly drying up of water bodies and declining underground water levels have brought the water use issue in forefront. Low efficiencies of irrigation with significant wastage of water and poor water management practices have contributed to the overall water crisis. The use of IoT for irrigation provides a sensor-based solution for smart on-demand irrigation. It helps by measuring water status in plants to make sure they get just enough water for the best produce. Collected data on the plant’s required thirst is combined with the weather forecast to calculate the ideal irrigation scheme based on this data and help farmers keep their crops at the ultimate health. Applying a more intelligent approach to water management by deploying precision irrigation systems and computer algorithms and modeling is already established its benefits to farmers in developed countries. India needs to adopt this technique widely for effectively lowering the water usage in agriculture and use the saved water for other economic purposes.IoT in irrigation will prove to be beneficial for India in saving huge amount of water that can be used for other economic purposes..Smart MonitoringHuge amount of treated water is lost in distribution networks. In developing countries alone, it is estimated that 45 million cubic meters of precious water is lost every day in distribution networks. Water leakages are not only costly for utilities, but at the same time it highly increases the chance of water pollution while mounting pressure on already stretched and aging networks. India is among the countries with high level of water loss ratio, needs the technologically prompted smart monitoring system to control on such wastage with quality monitoring in the supply network. Electronic instruments, such as pressure and acoustic sensors, telemetry units and software connected wirelessly in real time basis to the centralized and cloud-based monitoring systems creates insights for the decision-makers and allow utilities to detect and pinpoint leaks quickly and precisely..Wastewater RecyclingNew technologies are promising to transform wastewater into a resource for energy generation and a source of drinking water. Modular hybrid activated sludge digesters are being used to separate nutrients to produce chemical free fertilizers for agriculture or even as an alternative fuel. In large cities around the world where land spaces are limited, the need for wastewater systems are to be setup in more compact spaces in the form of decentralized treatment facilities with high level of recycled water generation for reuse even for drinking purposes.The smart and intelligent solutions are being used in different sectors for a long time and the same is now being adopted by water utilities to bridge the growing gap between water supply and demand. Apart from IoT, other modern technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data are the preferred intervention for these solutions. With increasing challenges being faced by the utilities across the globe, improving water availability and accessibility is becoming an important task. The AI is supporting water utilities to operate and manage declining water resources in a planned manner. The water sector’s immediate challenge is to accurately structure the collected data and smart water management services to maximize AI’s potential for the desired result.The Indian water sector is on the crossroads. In a developing country with huge requirements, there is a vast scope of growth. The recent disruptions due to COVID-19 have an adverse effect in all aspects of life and the water sector has also suffered the consequences. This situation has intensified an increased emphasis on digital solutions and transformation across the functionalities. Disruptive technologies can become a key differentiator by improving adaptability towards such crises in the future and will make water sector more resilient and sustainable.India has seen sweeping changes in last few years and the government has been addressing the sector’s potential with an unusual, but highly effective response. The government has selected to correct the sectorial framework with policy reforms and declaration of large projects under several new schemes having dedicated budgets for water sector. We believe that this sequential correction is critical and logical and Indian water sector will get benefitted with the implementation of newer and digital technologies that will swing the needle towards growth of the sector. | <urn:uuid:c8a870a9-0d9b-4608-b1b1-4fc2b8c9acdd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://magazine.watertoday.org/fulltide/water-disruptive-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.939382 | 2,105 | 3.546875 | 4 |
CRISIS IN CHICAGO. Next week from July 9 to July 15, Politic365 will put special focus and attention on epidemic of violence and death in the city of Chicago. As of July 4, 260 people have been killed in Chicago, Ill. Though violent crime rates have decreased other U.S. in recent years, Chicago is a literal war zone with casualty rates surpassing that of our soldiers on the battlefield in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2012.
Can the violence be stopped? Have we accepted a certain level of violence? Why isn’t this a national crisis? Should the National Guard be called in? What are the the solutions? Read Politic365 next week as we focus on the #CrisisInChicago.
Pictured from left:
Derrion Albert, who was murdered on September 24, 2009 at age 16.
Joseph Briggs, who was shot to death at 16 standing on his porch.
Heaven Sutton, who was shot to death on June 27, at age 7, by random gunfire. | <urn:uuid:6ec7da7e-995e-4aac-b3b4-c1358a7a7638> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://politic365.com/2012/07/07/crisis-in-chicago-a-series-july-9-to-july-15/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974137 | 212 | 1.734375 | 2 |
Posterior Capsular Rupture with Vitreous Loss in Assisted Surgeons-Towards a Better Understanding
Author(s): Tamer Adel Refai
Aim: To evaluate cases with posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss among phacoemulsification patients performed by assisted surgeons in research Institute of ophthalmology.
Methods: Fourteen (14) eyes of fourteen patients in which posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss had happened during phacoemulsification surgery performed by assisted ophthalmic surgeons at one sector of research institute of ophthalmology Giza-Egypt between February 2018 and August 2019. Patient age was recorded, the machine used in phacoemulsification, the operative step in which the capsular rupture and vitreous loss occurred, the nucleus grade (an indicator of the difficulty of the procedure) in addition to any added difficulties in the procedure as reported by questionnaire of the surgeon. Collected data were subjected to statistical analysis mainly by Chi-Squared test to compare the relative frequency of existence of the possible risk factors related to posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss.
Results: In this study, according to the cataract nuclear grade, the highest percentage of posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss for nuclear grade III nuclear cataracts (42.86%), although the Chi-squared test denotes a non significant difference (X2=2.55, P>0.05). For the phacoemulsification step, the highest percentage of vitreous loss occurred with the phacoemulsification (phaco II) step (42.86%) followed by the hydromaneuvers step and the phaco-division (i.e., phaco I) step (I14.29% each), followed by other steps, although the Chi-squared test showed a nonsignificant difference (X2=10.8, P>0.05). For the phacomachine used; a higher percentage of posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss occurred with the Alcon Infiniti with OZil Torsional Handpiece (42.86% of cases), followed by the Oertli Os3 (35.71%) and then the AMO Whitestar Signature machine, however; comparison with the Chi-squared test denotes a nonsignificant difference (X2=1.0, P >0.05). Regarding the presence of additional operational difficulties, a relatively higher percentage of posterior capsular rupture and vitreous loss occurred in the presence of both small pupil intraoperatively (14.29%) as well as poor red reflex (14.29%).
Conclusion: during performing phacoemulsification by assisted surgeons, in order to decrease the incidence of posterior capsular rupture with vitreous loss, special care should be taken while performing phacoemulsifiaction of the nucleus (i.e; phaco II), and it is better to avoid working on grade III nuclear density and on the Oertli-phaomachime and it is recommended to have good pupillary dilatation with good red reflex. | <urn:uuid:56af87db-3b0b-4d8f-9038-581400329e98> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://fortuneonline.org/abstract/posterior-capsular-rupture-with-vitreous-loss-in-assisted-surgeonstowards-a-better-understanding-850.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.920413 | 644 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Sometimes, being one too many centimeters shorter than your friends can really blow your confidence. People can be very cruel to others who are not-so-tall. All of this pressure can leave you with very low self esteem and self confidence. If you want to build up that confidence again, then this is the article for you.
Brushing Off the Negativity
1Make the jokes first. When you're short, people are going to make jokes about it. They make jokes to make you feel bad. But if you're the first one to make jokes, if you participate in a little self-deprecating humor, they'll be much less likely to make them. It will also make them like you more because it will be clear that you have a good sense of humor, and people like that.
- "You wanna come grocery shopping with me? I'm tired of having to rely on that creepy guy in aisle three to reach the top-shelf shampoo for me."
- "I may be even shorter than Woody Allen but I'm also way more charming."
2Don't sweat being little. People will tease you about how you look so young or you're so little, but don't worry about it. We hate looking younger when we're young, but short people get to look younger even when they're old, and that's awesome. You're going to look young and hot for years after they start looking old and gross.
3Love your uniqueness. When people tease you, point out that they are average size and who would want to be average? Not you! You're unique and just can't fit in that average label. Boring!
4Get more guys/girls. You might get teased about how you're going to find someone to date because of your size. But what they forget about is that there are lots of other average or small size people. Shorter/average size guys will want a short girl because they might not want to date a girl that's taller than them, and average size girls will have fun dating a guy that's their same size (because making out works a lot better!).
5Be too awesome for a team. Another common joke is that you'll always get picked last in sports. But don't worry about this. Tell people that the reason you have to get picked last is because picking you first would give the team an unfair advantage: you're way too much awesome to have in a team all at once and they need to balance you out first with guys that suck.
Embracing Your Stature
1Come up with a better phrase. You're not short. It's not fun to think of yourself as short. So find another term or phrase to use when people call you short. Make it funny and you'll get a lot of laughs and people will like you more. So now when someone calls you short you'll be able to say, "No I'm not, I'm...":
- "...travel sized for your convenience."
- "...vertically challenged!"
- "...height disadvantaged."
- "...fun sized."
- "...playing it safe with gravity."
- "...enjoying the weather down here better."
2Get great clothes. You may hear that companies don't really make clothes for girls who are short, but don't think this will keep you from getting clothing. Short girls have way more options for a number of reasons. First, you can also shop in the teen section, which often has really cute clothes which are cheaper than the stuff in the women's section. Second, the smaller sizes are less in demand, so you will have a better chance of finding things on the rack or in the bins. It's also the fringe sizes, like the really small clothes, that go on sale most often.
3Don't sweat the too-long shirts and pants. Yeah, your pants drag on the floor. It sucks. But you have an option open to you that tall people do not: you can get them hemmed. Either learn to sew (either by hand or with a machine) and you'll have clothes that fit in no time. You can also easily get clothes tailored. This isn't as expensive as it sounds.
4Enjoy all the space you'll have. Everyone else is going to struggle to sit in crowded planes or trains. Meanwhile, for you, everything is like first class. Stretch those legs out! Suckers!
5Milk your innocent look for all it's worth. Because you look more like a little kid, older people and even people your own age are going to assume you're super innocent. You can use this to your advantage and get out of all sorts of trouble and situations you'd rather not be in.
6Realize that being tall sized isn't something you have to have to be beautiful. There are a lot of short and pretty people in the world. Plus, if you're tiny and so are your features, you can be classed as cute-and that's pretty sweet. So don't feel so down about being short. If you're a man, remember that men get judged on a lot of things besides their appearance - jockeys are great athletes too. Skills, successes, fitness, brains and resources can make you very attractive to women.Other than this short guys and tall women do look good together .No matter what people say if you are a good person and your mindset is healthy you can conquer this world.
7Play sports where you'll excel. Soccer, rugby, cycling, gymnastics, figure skating: there are lots of sports where being short is a huge advantage! Take advantage of this and boost your confidence by being the person that everyone wants on their team.
Building Your Confidence
1Love other short people. Lots of totally cool people are actually super short. Tom Cruise is only 5'7". Daniel Radcliffe is only 5'5"! As for girls, lots of famous actresses are 5'3" or shorter, like Vanessa Hudgens (5'1"), Reese Witherspoon (5'1"), and Snookie is only 4'8"!
2Find good things about your body. Find things that you like about how you look. Maybe work out and get a nicer body over-all. Realistically, you have to remember that when people are looking for someone to date seriously, height is usually going to matter the least after general appearance personality, and work ethic. Find confidence in other things that people will find attractive and you won't have to worry about your height.
3Be proud of things other than your body. You should develop your confidence in things other than how you look, because this is a healthier mindset anyway. Learn a cool skill, travel around and have lots of experiences, or even just do something great like volunteering. This will make you proud of yourself and build your confidence.Work hard and built a good career if you can.Really a rich wife /girlfriend is automatically beautiful,believe it or not. A rich guy even better.
4Dress well for the height you have. You can make a short body look perfectly nice. Just wear clothes that fit and make you look proportional. Girls can wear heels if they want, and guys can sometimes get an extra inch out of platform shoes. Work with what you've got and you'll find that most people won't even notice.
- You should also remember that while you can make yourself taller, really tall people can't make themselves shorter. You got the better deal.
5Stop hating on yourself. You're awesome! People will perceive you the way you want to be perceived, so when you start thinking you're great, other people will follow. Tell yourself every day how awesome you are, take good care of yourself because you deserve it, stop the internal dialogue about how much you suck, and maybe make a list of all the things you like about yourself.
- If you don't have a lot of things that you like about yourself, then work on that! You are more than your height, just as everyone else is. I mean, if height was all that was important, no one would like Tom Cruise. Find reasons to be proud of yourself because you should be proud of yourself. You're great!
6Understand that tall people have confidence problems too. Tall people will have all sorts of their own problems to deal with and things that make them uncomfortable. It's a good case of be careful what you wish for, so just be happy with yourself the way you are.
7Realize that you might grow. If you're young, even as old as 18 or 19, you should keep in mind that you might still get taller. Many people are "late bloomers" and gain an extra several inches much later than people their same age. If you notice that your parents are average height or taller, you'll probably get there in time.
Can a 19-year-old person still grow?wikiHow ContributorYes, in some cases people have growth spurts in their late teens but it is rare.
My friends make fun of my short stature and it upsets me. How do I deal with this?wikiHow ContributorYou need talk to them about it and tell them that it hurts your feelings because they may not realize it. If they persist, they clearly don't care how you feel. And if that's the case, they probably aren't your true friends.
Can I keep growing taller after age 18?wikiHow ContributorIt's possible, but unlikely. If you're a girl, it's very unlikely, as girls are usually done growing by age 16 or so. Guys usually finish around age 18, but it's possible you could grow for a couple more years after that.
I'm 15 years and I'm 152 cm - can I still grow?wikiHow ContributorYes, you'll keep growing until 16 -17 years of age, and could experience a growth spurt. Physical activity can increase this potential, especially workouts with weights, which lengthen and strengthen bone structure.
Can I attract a boy?wikiHow ContributorAbsolutely - many guys like their women petite. Boys also like being with a shorter girl, as it makes them feel taller.
I feel like tall people have an advantage over short people. How can I stop feeling frustrated about this?wikiHow ContributorWell, tall people also face disadvantages. They typically look older than their actually age. Short people have the advantage of buying a child's ticket (which is usually cheaper) for an event. Tall people also have long legs, so leg room on a plane or in the car can be an issue for them. Also, it's easier for a short person to slip through crowds without anyone noticing.
- If you're a child/teen and still growing, make sure you have a healthy diet, enriched with vitamins and minerals. You never know!
- Subtle heels can secretly shoot you up a few inches.
- Remember being fun-sized is much better than being regular sized. Fun is better!
- Don't talk too much about your height, really nobody cares. Your mindset is everything, you can work towards a good career and use your money to enjoy life and buy cool things.
- People have lived long and happy lives with a short height, you are human, you are worthy of every God given right. Being short does not mean you're an outcast. All good things will happen in your life just like they happen to average and tall people. No prejudice included.
- Don't complain about your height. It will only further your insecurity.
In other languages:
中文: 在身高较矮的情况下保持自信, Français: avoir confiance en soi lorsqu'on est petit, Русский: оставаться на высоте, будучи невысокого роста, Deutsch: Als kleine Person selbstsicher sein, Español: sentirte bien contigo misma siendo una persona de baja estatura, Italiano: Essere Sicuri di Sé Quando si è Bassi, Português: Ser Confiante Sendo uma Pessoa Baixa, Bahasa Indonesia: Percaya Diri sebagai Orang Pendek
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 143,895 times. | <urn:uuid:966b32e4-f6f5-4734-92f8-f231b183ced3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.wikihow.com/Be-Confident-As-a-Short-Person | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96592 | 2,620 | 1.546875 | 2 |
1.3 million British families had NO savings even before the cost-of-living crisis struck
- Resolution Foundation said around 4 per cent of UK families had no savings at all
- More than a quarter of British families with no savings said they couldn’t cope
- Govt announced that households will receive a £400 discount on energy bills
Around 1.3 million families in Britain had no savings before the cost-of-living crisis struck, a think-tank has said.
Now, some will be pinning their hopes on friends or family to help them make ends meet, while others believe they will simply be unable to cope, according to research from the Resolution Foundation.
It said that in the period running up to the outbreak of Covid in the UK, nearly half of families had savings worth less than a month’s income.
Around 4 per cent – 1.3 million families – had no savings at all, the think-tank said.
Molly Broome, economist at the Resolution Foundation, said: ‘Britain’s huge wealth divides mean that around 1.3 million families, particularly those on low incomes, entered the pandemic without any savings.
Around 1.3 million families in Britain had no savings before the cost-of-living crisis struck, a think-tank has said (file photo)
‘With many of those families unable to save during lockdowns, they are now approaching the biggest cost-of-living crisis in a generation with no financial buffer.
‘Families with no savings are hugely reliant on friends and family to cope with unexpected expenses.
‘However, there’s no guarantee that they’ll be in a position to provide support – because surging energy bills will affect almost all households during the difficult winter to come. As a result, anxiety levels among families with no savings safety net are far higher than those with savings to fall back on.’
More than a quarter of families with no savings said they simply would be unable to cope with an unexpected expense, while a third said they would need to turn to friends and family if faced with an unexpected expense.
The Government has previously unveiled a package of cost of living support.
A spokesperson said: ‘We understand that people are struggling with rising prices which is why we have acted to protect the eight million most vulnerable British families through at least £1,200 of direct payments this year with additional support for pensioners and those claiming disability benefits.
‘Through our £37 billion support package, we are also saving the typical employee over £330 a year through this month’s national insurance cut, allowing people on universal credit to keep £1,000 more of what they earn and cutting fuel duty by 5p – the biggest ever cut to fuel duty rates which saves a typical family £100.’
Households will receive a £400 discount on their energy bills from October.
The Resolution Foundation’s Wealth Audit 2022 is its third annual report. Produced in partnership with the abrdn Financial Fairness Trust, it will be published on Wednesday. | <urn:uuid:58bfe155-56c6-472c-aeb8-903e6f5c03f2> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tier1.news/united-kingdom/07/2022/1-3-million-british-families-had-no-savings-even-before-the-cost-of-living-crisis-struck/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.969203 | 644 | 1.6875 | 2 |
No, but the election was not just about race and racism, either. Of the nearly 700 counties that voted twice for Obama, 207 flipped last November to vote for Trump.
Obama’s race didn’t change, but the voters’ minds did. In hindsight, it’s easy to see how Democrat Hillary Clinton’s campaign blundered by paying too little attention to anxious and frustrated working-class and middle-class voters, especially in the crucial Rust Belt swing states like Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio and Pennsylvania.
Against that backdrop, when Republicans say “identity politics,” to some ears it’s just another way to say “people who are not like you.” That might help explain an August poll by liberal-leaning Public Policy Polling that asked which racial group faces the most discrimination in America — 45 percent of Trump voters said white people. Another 17 percent said Native Americans, 16 percent picked African-Americans and 5 percent said Latinos.
When host Bill Maher asked the Rev. Jesse Jackson on HBO’s “Real Time” about those numbers, Jackson said, “There may be something else going on” besides racism. He recited figures from an August study by CareerBuilder, showing rising economic anxiety in all racial groups.
“Seventy-eight percent of Americans live paycheck to paycheck, 51 percent make $30,000 a year or less,” Jackson said. “There’s a deep sense of anxiety where you’ve had a globalized economy. These people feel locked out. And they start scapegoating. … So, yes, they’re being exploited but they have tremendous economic anxiety underneath that must not be ignored.”
Indeed, the smart message to take away from Bannon’s advice, in my view, is don’t let voters feel ignored. Everyone likes to be asked for their vote, according to an old political motto. No one likes to be taken for granted, either.
Liberal Mark Lilla’s widely discussed new best-seller, “The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics,” advises Democrats to come up with a new grand and engaging vision to match that of conservative Ronald Reagan. Barack Obama’s “hope” and “change” themes connected with voters at a time when they were looking for both. So far, today’s Democrats echo George H.W. Bush’s problem with “the vision thing.” But there’s still time. | <urn:uuid:fcf5052e-0b55-411e-947d-5068796645c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.journal-news.com/news/opinion/can-democrats-broaden-their-appeal-beyond-race-and-identity/Ldress3nJybBtrWH2P4SrJ/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.940814 | 535 | 1.6875 | 2 |
Blunt is a Bluetooth protocol stack for NewtonOS 2.1 devices.
Blunt implements a basic Bluetooth protocol stack for NewtonOS 2.1 devices. It provides two services: Connecting to a serial Bluetooth port and object exchange. The serial port functionaltity can be used to connect via PPP to the Internet by using a cell phone or desktop computer. The object exchange functionality allows sending of data from any Newton application and receiving of items from the Inbox application. Serial connectivity is integrated into the Newton Internet Enabler via the NIE Nitro & Blunt Support module, object exchange is part of Neo.
Blunt has been tested on US and German MP2100 MessagePads. It requires a Bluetooth PCMCIA card with the following characteristics: PCMCIA Type II card (no CardBus card), UART interface, HCI protocol support. This should cover those cards which are supported via a UART driver under Linux or BSD. It has been tested with the following hardware:
Not working is the following hardware:
Might work at some point:
Blunt consists of two core packages: a device specific protocol package (BluntMP2x00US.pkg, BluntMP2100D.pkg or BlunteMate.pkg) and Bluetooth Setup.pkg for the setup application. In addition to that, you need to install the NIE Nitro & Blunt Support module and Neo to use Blunt for PPP or OBEX. There is no restriction as to where the packages are installed (internal or memory cards).
The first step in using Blunt after installing the packages is to launch the Bluetooth Setup application and set the device name, the card location and the communication speed. The device name is the name under which the Newton visible during discovery. The card location is usually one of the PC card slots. The card can be tested by tapping "Test" which will reset the card and wait for a predefined response. If the test is successful, the next steps are discovery and pairing. Note that testing does not work for the Air2Net cards, but it is also not required.
To be able to connect and send items to a peer device, the peer devices need to be discovered. This is done by tapping the "Discover" button in the overview of the Bluetooth Setup application. After discovery, new devices should be visible in the overview.
Some services require further authentication from the peer device. To authenticate, tapping the "Pair" action menu item opens a slip where a PIN code can be entered. The same PIN code has to be entered on the peer device in the pairing process. Pairing can be initiated by the peer device after the pairing slip has been opened on the Newton and "Accept" has been tapped. Alternatively, pairing can also be initiated from the Newton by tapping "Initiate" instead. This is in many cases preferred because devices might perform other actions which Blunt does not handle, causing the pairing process to fail.
For each device, the available services have to be queried separately. Getting the services on a remote device is an option under the action menu for each discovered device. Note that some devices require pairing before discovery if authentication is turned on. In these cases, perform pairing before getting the services is mandatory.
The services which are currently used by Blunt are serial port services and OBEX services. Serial port services can be advertised by a device under various titles. The detailed view of each device allows setting of a specific serial port service to be used as the default port for PPP connections (Modem Port). The same is true for OBEX connections, here, usually the OBEX Push service should be chosen as the OBEX Port.
This is an example setup process:
After these steps, the discovered devices are ready for further use. The setup steps have to be repeated only to discover new devices and establish pairing
The basic use cases are sending data, receiving data and establishing internet connections.
Data can be sent from any application to a previously discovered peer device. Sending and receiving data requires Neo to be installed. Sending via Bluetooth is a new option in the route slip when chosing OBEX as the transfer. The route slip requires that a peer device is selected to which the data will be sent. Otherwise, sending is similar to any other transport.
Receiving items is initiated from the Inbox application on the Newton. Bluetooth reception is a new option under the "Receive" menu. Tapping "BtOBEX" starts the receiving process. When the Newton is looking for a sender, it is also discoverable. Items will be saved in the Inbox along with their original MIME type, allowing them to be put away using IC/VC.
After installing the NIE Nitro & Blunt Support package, new Internet Setups can be created which use Bluetooth as the connection method. The basic setup is similar to any other serial setup, i.e. the configuration method should be set to PPP and a login script might be necessary to dial when using a cell phone as a modem. The Nitro page describes the process in more detail.
Bugs and To Do List | <urn:uuid:13086018-fb27-4f5e-b2f7-a619523c4c32> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://40hz.org/Pages/Blunt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284405.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00040-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91187 | 1,063 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Csync2 a filesystem syncronization tool for LinuxJul 09, 2012, 04:00 (0 Talkback[s])
(Other stories by Linuxaria)
Sometimes is useful to sync automatically files over the net between 2 or more computers, maybe you want to keep some configuration files aligned on different servers or maybe you have a cluster of web servers and you want to keep their document root aligned so your customer will always see the same result.
You could do this with a network filesystem like NFS, GlusterFS or Coda File system. But why do complicated things when you could easily do this just keeping in sync the local filesystem ?
In a former article I’ve talked about Unison to do a work like that, and it works, the limit of Unison is that you can have just 2 nodes, but if you have more nodes you have to use a different solution like the one i present you today: csync2
0 Talkback[s] (click to add your comment) | <urn:uuid:dea5312f-2922-414e-befc-17abc80c9fc1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.linuxtoday.com/upload/csync2-a-filesystem-syncronization-tool-for-linux-120707093501.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00021-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.922874 | 208 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Ten years have passed. Harry is now almost eleven and living in wretchedness in a cupboard under the stairs in the Dursley house. He is tormented by the Dursleys’ son, Dudley, a spoiled and whiny boy. Harry is awakened one morning by his aunt, Petunia, telling him to tend to the bacon immediately, because it is Dudley’s birthday and everything must be perfect. Dudley gets upset because he has only thirty-seven presents, one fewer than the previous year. When a neighbor calls to say she will not be able to watch Harry for the day, Dudley begins to cry, as he is upset that Harry will have to be brought along on Dudley’s birthday trip to the zoo. At the zoo, the Dursleys spoil Dudley and his friend Piers, neglecting Harry as usual. In the reptile house, Harry pays close attention to a boa constrictor and is astonished when he is able to have a conversation with it. Noticing what Harry is doing, Piers calls over Mr. Dursley and Dudley, who pushes Harry aside to get a better look at the snake. At this moment, the glass front of the snake’s tank vanishes and the boa constrictor slithers out onto the floor. Dudley and Piers claim that the snake attacked them. The Dursleys are in shock. At home, Harry is punished for the snake incident, being sent to his cupboard without any food, though he feels he had nothing to do with what happened.
Character names in Harry Potter are carefully chosen not to be lifelike but rather to color our understanding of the various characters’ social ranks and personalities. This technique, which the nineteenth-century English author Charles Dickens used prolifically in such novels as Great Expectations and A Tale of Two Cities, is closer to caricature than to realism and gives each character a larger-than-life, mythical feel. Harry Potter, for instance, is an ordinary and unpretentious name, though there are associations of creativity and usefulness in his last name: a potter makes pottery, which has a practical function. By contrast, the Dursleys, who brim with self-importance and snobbery, are named after a town in Gloucestershire once important in the medieval wool trade: their name suggests an old-fashioned class-conscious life that may have outlived its grandeur.
The Dursleys’ first names have similar upper-class connotations. The names Dudley, Petunia, and Vernon all contrast sharply with the more working-class name Harry. Dudley Dursley’s name reflects the silliness of the character who bears it, not only in its stuttering quality (“Du-Du”), but also in the “dud” hidden in it. Dudley, we learn, is indeed a dud, and his name highlights the contrast between Harry’s vitality and Dudley’s absurdity. Furthermore, just as the Dursleys seem to be cartoonish versions of provincial English snobs, they are also cartoonish in their villainy. They are not just subtly bad toward Harry (as a real family might be) but outlandishly and unbelievably wicked in making him live in a cupboard under the stairs. Similarly, giving a boy thirty-seven birthday presents is not realistic, but in Rowling’s fairy-tale world, we accept this exaggeration. The caricatured aspect of the characters thus helps us read the story as a myth.
Rowling exposes us to quite a bit of overt witchcraft in the first two chapters, such as Professor McGonagall’s transformation into a cat. But Harry cannot identify magic when he sees it—even when it is his own magic, such as when he releases a boa constrictor at the zoo upon his enemies without being aware that he is doing it. He wonders how it happens and is mystified by it, but he never dreams it is magic. Harry’s gradual understanding of this magic, proceeding from total ignorance to awareness to full mastery, is crucial to the story’s development.
The Sorting Hat is a symbol of free will. The Sorting Hat places one into the house one wants and therefore you can choose to be good (Gryffindor) or evil (Slytherin).
18 out of 67 people found this helpful
If you have not seen Harry Potter movies. YOU SHOULD!! Seeing these movies gives you a good idea of whats happening and while your are reading you can see and imagine all that happens clearer. To those who do not like to read, (Why?!?!?!) look at the movies they give out very important info and all the answers to your reports in 2 hours!! For those WHO DO READ!!, enjoy the book and have FUN!
8 out of 15 people found this helpful
I think the rule breaking can be interpreted as Harry not being perfect however he is making the choice to do a bad thing for a good reason. I think a common theme throughout the books is that there is no purely good and purely evil, it is not our inherent characteristic, however it is our choices, this is demonstrated with Dumbledore, James Potter and Snape. In contrast, bad decisions are represented by Malfoy and Wormtail.
2 out of 4 people found this helpful | <urn:uuid:5269d459-8ec0-48c3-abef-5ac066463079> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/harrypotter/section2.rhtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279933.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00119-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964149 | 1,104 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Last week, we challenged you to guess the titles of these well-known books. If you were paying attention, you surely noticed that they all have winter scenes. So pick one or three or all seven (!), and snuggle down for some warm winter reading.
Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling
Whether it’s the magical winter scenes at Hogwarts, drinking butterbeer in Hogsmeade, or the presents (like a chess set with magically moving chess pieces), I think everybody wants a winter like in these books. Even The Deathly Hallows — with Harry, Ron, and Hermione camping out with winter coming and no food – is riveting.
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever by Jeff Kinney
When a surprise blizzard hits, Greg and the Heffley family are trapped indoors. And just in time, as Greg is about to be nailed for vandalizing school property (of which he is completely . . . sort-of . . . innocent!). With no electricity, the family turns into crazy savages in the true DOAWK fashion that Jeff Kinney is famous for. Prepare to laugh this winter.
Call of the Wild by Jack London
This is probably Jack London’s most famous book, featuring Buck, a Saint Bernard Scotch-Shepherd dog, as the main character. He is stolen from his comfortable life, and sold as a sled dog in Alaska. He learns how to survive the cold winter nights and brutal owners. When I read this book as a kid, I remember crying with all the scenes of animal cruelty, so this isn’t for the faint of heart! But like the harsh winters which fade into spring . . . there’s a light at the end of the tunnel!
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis
From the first time they step into Narnia with its dazzling white snow, and characters like the White Witch and Father Christmas, this classic by C.S. Lewis makes you feel like you’re actually there. I remember reading the whole series immediately one after the other!
His Dark Materials series by Philip Pullman
This trilogy of books (The Golden Compass, The Subtle Knife, The Amber Spyglass) follows Lyra through parallel universes with armored polar bears, experiments on kidnapped children, and lots of unsettling winter images in the frozen Arctic. A “not to be missed” series!
Little House series by Laura Ingalls Wilder
This autobiographical series of books starting with Little House in the Big Woods by Laura Ingalls Wilder later became a TV series. It’s about a young girl and her family in Kansas, Oklahoma, South Dakota in the late 1800s. From building their house from scratch, battling malaria, and working in harsh frontier winter conditions, these will keep you turning the pages as you gratefully sit by your cozy fireplace (or in my case, space heater!)
The Winter Room by Gary Paulsen
This Newbery Honor book is narrated by a boy who tells stories of what it was like growing up on a farm in the winter in the 1930s. The whole family gathers in the “winter room” to sit and knit, eat dinner, and tell stories, while staring at the glowing fire burning in the distance. One story changed everybody’s life. Want to know more? Read the book!
So cozy up and enjoy the winter. Even if you live in Southern California or around the world in a nice, hot spot, a good book can take you anywhere!
— Ratha, STACKS Writer | <urn:uuid:bb15ad0b-a83f-4111-a24b-19104b5f674c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://blog.scholastic.com/ink_splot_26/winter-books-trivia-quiz-answers.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00048-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943634 | 750 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Instant Messaging Overview Page 2
Less Than Secure
The security concerns are legitimate. For an IM system to work, a user's workstation must broadcast that it is on the network. Once two workstations connect, the conversation takes place across a virtual connection. Most IM systems currently do not support such security staples as authentication and encryption. This means that a hacker can intercept any exchange of information. An unauthorized person also can use an IM connection to access the corporate network and possibly introduce viruses. Further, IM exchanges typically are not logged, and this makes it impossible for corporate management to monitor and control the links.
However, much as IS managers complain, IM usage continues to grow.
Most IM systems operate as a proprietary application, but this is changing quickly. AOL is under a government mandate to communicate with other IM applications, and several vendors support the emerging Session Initiation protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE) standard. This proposed format enables users to use the Internet for voice exchanges and establish conferences. The momentum toward a more open IM standard will increase further with Microsoft's IM support under its Windows XP operating system. | <urn:uuid:6e2da813-8162-4672-8ba5-592f705c4d2b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.serverwatch.com/tutorials/article.php/10825_1355121_2/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00467-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923162 | 232 | 2.34375 | 2 |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the General Assembly of the United Nations proclaimed the:
- Right to privacy: Article 12. No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
- Right to freedom of opinion and expression: Article 19 Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)
The resolution 2106 (XX) of 21 December 1965 adopted by General Assembly was signed by the United States the 28 September 1966 and ratified on 21 October 1994 with reservations.
- Article 5: In compliance with the fundamental obligations laid down in article 2 of this Convention, States Parties undertake to prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, colour, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law, notably in the enjoyment of the following rights: […](d) Other civil rights, in particular:
[…](viii) The right to freedom of opinion and expression;
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
The resolution 2200A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 adopted by the General Assembly has been signed by the United States the 5th of October 1977, while the ratification has arrived only the 8th of June 1992 (with reservations and declarations).
- Article 19 1. Everyone shall have the right to hold opinions without interference.
2. Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice.
3. The exercise of the rights provided for in paragraph 2 of this article carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these shall only be such as are provided by law and are necessary:
(a) For respect of the rights or reputations of others;
(b) For the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.
- Article 20 1. Any propaganda for war shall be prohibited by law.
2. Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law.
Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977.
Signed by the U.S. the 12 December 1977, the convention states:
Section III -- Treatment of persons in the power of a party to the conflict
Chapter III -- Journalists
- Article 79 -- Measures of protection for journalists 1. Journalists engaged in dangerous professional missions in areas of armed conflict shall be considered as civilians within the meaning of Article 50, paragraph 1.
2. They shall be protected as such under the Conventions and this Protocol, provided that they take no action adversely affecting their status as civilians, and without prejudice to the right of war correspondents accredited to the armed forces to the status provided for in Article 4 A (4) of the Third Convention.
3. They may obtain an identity card similar to the model in Annex II of this Protocol. This card, which shall be issued by the government of the State of which the journalist is a national or in whose territory he resides or in which the news medium employing him is located, shall attest to his status as a journalist.
American Declaration of the Human Rights and the duties of the Man(1948).
Adopted in 1948 by the Ninth International Conference of American States, in Bogotá, the American Declaration of the Human Rights and the duties of the Man states:
Article IV. Right to freedom of investigation, opinion, expression and dissemination.
“Every person has the right to freedom of investigation, of opinion, and of the expression and dissemination of ideas, by any medium whatsoever.”
American Convention on Human Rights “Pact of San Jose, Costa Rica”
Adopted at the Inter-American Specialized Conference on Human Rights,
San José, Costa Rica, 22 November 1969, the American Convention on Human Rights was signed by United State the 6th January 1977.
PART I - STATE OBLIGATIONS AND RIGHTS PROTECTED
CHAPTER II - CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and expression. This right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, in print, in the form of art, or through any other medium of one's choice.
2. The exercise of the right provided for in the foregoing paragraph shall not be subject to prior censorship but shall be subject to subsequent imposition of liability, which shall be expressly established by law to the extent necessary to ensure:
a. respect for the rights or reputations of others; or
b. the protection of national security, public order, or public health or morals.
3. The right of expression may not be restricted by indirect methods or means, such as the abuse of government or private controls over newsprint, radio broadcasting frequencies, or equipment used in the dissemination of information, or by any other means tending to impede the communication and circulation of ideas and opinions.
4. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 2 above, public entertainments may be subject by law to prior censorship for the sole purpose of regulating access to them for the moral protection of childhood and adolescence.
5. Any propaganda for war and any advocacy of national, racial, or religious hatred that constitute incitements to lawless violence or to any other similar action against any person or group of persons on any grounds including those of race, color, religion, language, or national origin shall be considered as offenses punishable by law.
Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression (Washington, DC, October 2000)
The Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression states thirteen articles to protect Freedom of Expression. As read in the website of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: "After an extensive debate with various civil society organizations, the Commission adopted this declaration, based on a proposal prepared for by the then newly established Special Rapporteurship on Freedom of Expression. This Declaration includes principles related to the protection of the right to freedom of expression, in light of the interpretation of Article 13 of the American Convention and international standards. It includes the following principles: the right to seek, receive, and disseminate information and opinions freely; the right of every person to have access to information about himself or herself, or his or her assets, expeditiously and not onerously, whether in public or private records; the stipulation that prior censorship, interference, or direct or indirect pressure that restricts the right to freedom of expression should be prohibited by law; principles related to the plurality and diversity of media; among others."
For more information on the background and Interpretation of the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression, click here
Inter-American Democratic Charter
Adopted by the General Assembly at its special session held in Lima (Peru), the 11 September 2001 the Inter-American Democratic Charter states:
I - Democracy and the Inter-American System
"Transparency in government activities, probity, responsible public administration on the part of governments, respect for social rights, and freedom of expression and of the press are essential components of the exercise of democracy.[…]"
Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas
The Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas has been approved by the Inter-American Commission during its 131st regular period of sessions, held from March 3-14, 2008.
Principle XVI - Freedom of expression, association and reunion
"Persons deprived of liberty shall have the right to freedom of expression in their own language, association, and peaceful assembly, subject to the limitations that are strictly necessary in a democratic society to protect the rights of others or public health or morals, and maintain public order, internal security, and discipline in places of deprivation of liberty, as well as subject to other limitations permitted by law and international human rights law."
For more information about the jurisprudence on Freedom of Expression of the inter-American human rights system click here
Terrorism and Freedom of Expression
The following report on Terrorism and Freedom of Expression is part of the Report on Terrorism and Human Rights published by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on October 22, 2002.
The Bill of Rights (1789)
The freedom of expression is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution through the first amendment of the Bill of Rights which states:
"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."
The US legislation is a mix of uncodified and codified law. Below, some example of law related to Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information in the United States.
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)
As reported on the U.S. Department of Justice’s website “the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) was passed by Congress in 1966 to provide the public with a right of access to federal government records. The FOIA gives the public the right to request access to records of the Executive Branch of government and agencies are required to search for those requested records and then to provide copies to the requester unless the records contain information that is protected from mandatory disclosure. Congress provided protection from mandatory disclosure for information contained within records that would, for example, invade a person’s personal privacy, reveal confidential commercial information, impede law enforcement, or reveal privileged communications. The FOIA also requires agencies to automatically make available to the public certain types of records.
Because the FOIA applies only to records of the Executive Branch of the federal government, it does not provide access to records held by Congress, the federal courts, advisory offices of the President, state or local government agencies, or by private businesses or individuals. All states have their own statutes governing public access to state and local government records. State agencies should be consulted for further information about obtaining access to state records.
Each federal agency is responsible for meeting its FOIA responsibilities for its own records.”
For more information concerning Freedom of Information you can consult the UNESCO publication by Toby Mendel Freedom of information: a comparative legal survey(Paris 2008 p. 127-134).
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent United States government agency. The FCC was established by the Communications Act of 1934 and is charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable. The FCC's jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. possessions.
On the federal level, there is no defamation law in the United State. Defamation is ruled on the state level by the local common law and sometimes by the local criminal defamation laws.
Other laws related to Freedom of Expression
- Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
- Freedom of Information, Privacy Act, and Web Inventories
- Privacy Act (1974)
- Privacy and Security Documents – CIO Council
Back to top | <urn:uuid:716199de-35d1-4a9c-8363-f9b60facba33> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/freedom-of-expression/professional-journalistic-standards-and-code-of-ethics/north-america/united-states-of-america/media-legislation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00181-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926229 | 2,425 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Here's an attempt at a working definition:
The 'meaning' of an identifier = the complete set of assertions that can be made about it.
(for the purpose of discussion of identity in information systems).
E.g. if an assertion is true for one identifier but not another, then they don't mean (or denote) the same thing.
Does that sound reasonable? | <urn:uuid:0b285f65-c393-447a-b73e-b9039a36509c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://phildawes.net/blog/2006/03/02/the-meaning-of-an-identifier/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.92535 | 79 | 1.960938 | 2 |
For some time now, the FBI has insisted that it is using the Patriot Act’s national security letters function with caution and discretion. National security letters were used by the agency between 2003 and 2005 to obtain the personal records of U.S. residents and visitors, and a court order is not required to issue one. Corporations and other organizations receiving national securing letters are told that part of federal compliance is that they keep the request and the reply secret.
The FBI reported that it had sent only “about 9,000” national security letters, when–in fact–it had sent between 19,000 and 50,000, depending on who you ask or how the data is interpreted. At any rate, there is no doubt that they sent many more than they claim to have sent, and the figure seems to be in the several-thousand area. More significant, a sampling of the letters, investigated by the Justice Department, indicates 22 possible breaches of internal FBI and Justice Department regulations.
Because the Patriot Act permits the gathering of personal information from persons not alleged to be spies or terrorists, the potential to abuse the national security letter function was obvious to many of us from the beginning, but both the FBI and the Bush administration insisted, over and over, that no abuses were taking place. You can call it incompetence or you can call it lying, but the bottom line is that abuses were taking place all the time.
Lanny Davis, a member of the White House Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board, says that a recent briefing by the FBI left him “very concerned about what I regard to be serious potential infringements of privacy and civil liberties by the FBI and their use of national security letters. It is my impression that they too regard this as very serious.”
In the Justice Department report are many examples of FBI agents having used “exigent letters” to get fast information under the condition that they would later cover the requests with either full national security letters or grand jury subpoenas–only the national security letters and subpoenas never surfaced. There were also several instances in which agents claimed exigent circumstances when none existed.
Attorney General Alberto Gonzales is said to be “incensed” over the report, and FBI director Robert S. Mueller III has taken full responsibility for the errors. | <urn:uuid:0444cc9b-9cb9-440d-aa9b-d817750b3804> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2007/03/fbi-violated-civil-liberties-repeatedly-issuance-national-security-letters/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573760.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819191655-20220819221655-00668.warc.gz | en | 0.968156 | 473 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Space words – HTML5 Educational Game
There is a meteor shower containing letters. You should see the image at the top and write the word correctly. Destroy only the meteors with the letters of the correct word – and in their correct order!
* This game already contains 60 words / images. They can be edited / added / removed with Construct3 software. Note: The images are 550×550 px in size and the words have a maximum length of 10 letters.
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- If you haven’t found the answer to your question, please contact us by e-mail [email protected] or create ticket.
- Please note that any digital products presented on the website do not contain malicious code, viruses or advertising. You buy the original files from the developers. We do not sell any products downloaded from other sites.
- we have not responsible for support users. if you need support, you can buy products directly from envato.
- Note that we can NOT provide purchase code for you. all products is Non-Licensed.
- we can NOT support free updates for you. download links available until 30 days after purchase.
- You can download the product after the purchase by a direct link on your account page in the downloads section. | <urn:uuid:73e2df2c-7362-4f0d-9029-9e318fac78c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://codecanyom.com/product/space-words-html5-educational-game/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573118.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817213446-20220818003446-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.894549 | 316 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Easily manage complex datasets with DigitalOcean’s NoSQL database offerings
DigitalOcean offers two managed NoSQL database offerings that enable developers to build fast, scalable, high-performance applications without worrying about database management. Choose from Managed MongoDB or Managed Redis to bring your application to market more quickly while benefiting from a flexible, scalable NoSQL database solution. Benefits of DigitalOcean’s NoSQL database options include
Additionally, when you use a DigitalOcean NoSQL database you’ll get all of DigitalOcean’s other benefits built-in, including predictable pricing, a vast library of documentation and tutorials, and a simple user interface. You can also seamlessly integrate DigitalOcean NoSQL databases with other products including App Platform and DigitalOcean Kubernetes.
NoSQL databases, also known as non-relational databases, are databases that allow for unstructured data, as opposed to traditional relational SQL databases which require data to be structured into tables. NoSQL databases have risen in popularity as modern applications have become more complex, requiring the storage and retrieval of data that is unstructured, semi-structured, and polymorphic.
NoSQL databases have flexible data storage schemas that can easily manage and scale complex datasets. This makes them popular for use cases including Software as a Service and other web applications, gaming applications, and mobile applications that require a large amount of data. NoSQL databases are also more cloud-friendly than traditional databases, as data can be stored across multiple servers, regions, and even cloud providers. By distributing data across multiple locations, developers can scale their applications horizontally and create backups in the event of a failure.
While there are multiple types of NoSQL databases, as explained in the section below, the main benefits of NoSQL databases include:
NoSQL databases typically come in four types–document databases, key value store database, wide column store databases, and graph databases. While all four are types of NoSQL database, they vary in how they store data, and some are better for certain types of application than others.
DigitalOcean offers two distinct NoSQL managed databases–MongoDB, a document-oriented database, and Redis, a key value store database. While both MongoDB and Redis are built using NoSQL, they differ in how they operate and what use cases they serve best.
MongoDB is a document-oriented database that supports JSON and is popular among developers building modern applications. It is especially useful for querying and indexing documents, and has a simple to use command-line interface and other developer-friendly features. MongoDB enables developers to quickly scale their applications while benefiting from a flexible and intuitive database system.
Redis is an in-memory data structure source that can hold a variety of values including binary, lists, sets, hashed values, hyper logs, and more. Redis stores data in a key-value format, meaning that values are indexed and queried by a unique key, enabling extremely fast performance. Redis is simple to use and can store and retrieve huge volumes of data quickly, and is often used for caching. | <urn:uuid:cd104763-a059-4f47-9360-2f77434d6207> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.digitalocean.com/solutions/nosql-database | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573540.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819005802-20220819035802-00479.warc.gz | en | 0.902833 | 639 | 1.71875 | 2 |
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If you are facing a tax issue, you can hire a tax attorney, a certified public accountant (CPA), or a tax resolution company for a resolution. These tax professionals and services assist in solving different kinds of tax problems. A CPA is suitable for problems concerning tax returns, while a tax lawyer can help you with representation, communications with the IRS, tax debt issues, litigation, and so forth. Therefore, depending on the problem at hand, you will need to hire the right tax professional for the job.
To find a professional and competent tax attorney, you can ask for a referral from your return preparer, friends, and family who may know a trusted tax attorney. You can also conduct research online.
When doing research online, make sure that you cross-check the information. It is crucial to get in touch with a tax attorney who has experience resolving similar tax problems such as yours. Check and cross-check the background, qualifications, and experience of the tax attorneys you shortlist.
To become a tax attorney, a person needs to complete law school graduation. Though it is not mandatory to have a background in accounting or business to join a law school, it becomes essential to have knowledge of either accounting or business due to the nature of the studies in a law school. After graduation, a future lawyer needs to pass the Law School Admission Test (LSAT) and complete three years of law school.
Most states require you to pass a bar exam, pass the Multistate Professional Responsibility Examination (MPRE), and be a part of the state’s bar association to begin practicing.
A tax attorney will at least have a Juris Doctor (JD) degree and license to practice. Some attorneys have specialization in a specific field of taxation as well. Some are trained as a CPA too.
Depending upon your tax issue, you may choose a more experienced and qualified tax attorney or one with less experience and basic qualifications. A tax attorney’s fees will also differ according to his or her qualifications and experience.
A tax attorney who is also a CPA is the perfect choice for resolving matters related to IRS audits where you need assistance with handling tax returns. On the other hand, if you need to hire for representation before the IRS, tax debt resolution, comprehensive IRS audits, litigation, holding communication with the IRS, and so on, a qualified tax attorney can provide you the best assistance.
After choosing the tax attorney, you wish to hire, checkmark this list before hiring him or her.
Cross-check the information you have gathered. This will ensure that you have the correct information on which to base your decision.
A tax lawyer can help individual taxpayers and organizations to resolve the most complicated tax problems. Since they have the knowledge and expertise in tax laws, IRS rules, and the tax code, they can negotiate with the IRS, hold in-person and remote communications with the IRS, and represent a person or a company in a tax court.
Some of the tax problems tax attorneys handle include:
Tax attorneys also handle estate planning, corporate tax, real estate tax, tax planning, and so forth.
Tax lawyers may work individually or work for a tax resolution company or a business organization. When choosing a company, you should carry out a background check of the company to ensure that it is a legitimate and competent service.
A tax attorney is a tax lawyer, which means that he or she can legally represent taxpayers before the IRS and the tax court. A tax lawyer can help you prepare taxes, legal and financial documents, work with the IRS on your behalf, represent you before an IRS agent in case of an in-person audit, respond to IRS notices, and resolve back taxes, and more.
Since tax attorneys are qualified and trained, they can resolve complicated tax matters such as tax evasion, tax avoidance, challenging the IRS in a tax court, stopping a tax lien, and complicated back taxes cases.
Having a tax attorney helps you to resolve a tax problem smoothly and quickly. Since most people are not aware of IRS rules and tax laws, they may make errors that may compound their tax problem.
There is also the danger of unscrupulous individuals and companies that spread misinformation about IRS rules. For instance, fraudulent tax resolution companies advertise IRS’ Offer in Compromise as a ‘pennies on the dollar’ program where anyone can get a substantial reduction in tax debt, even as much as zero.
These malpractices have caused many taxpayers to lose hundreds to thousands of dollars to such companies. Moreover, the misinformation they spread causes taxpayers to apply for an Offer in Compromise on their own even when they clearly cannot qualify for it. This complicates their back taxes problem.
Some of the common malpractices that you may watch out for include:
Whether the tax attorney you wish to hire works independently, for a corporation or a tax resolution company, check and cross-check his/her and the company’s background for consumer complaints or charges of malpractice so that you get a trustworthy tax attorney to work with.
Since you’ll be working with your tax lawyer closely, it’s important that he or she has a positive outlook and can be trusted with the details of your tax and financial matters.
Your tax attorney should be available for you and be willing to help you with whatever queries or help you need. Even in the most challenging tax cases, your tax attorney should be able to handle the issues confidently and not cause you to worry.
A qualified tax lawyer will have all these qualities because they are trained for it. After choosing the right tax attorney for the job, you can be confident that your tax issue will be resolved soon. | <urn:uuid:aa8a098e-4caa-4aae-839a-99fda9c5909d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.solvable.com/tax-help/tax-attorney/how-to-select-the-right-tax-attorney-for-your-situation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00667.warc.gz | en | 0.964936 | 1,171 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Alcohol in the Life of a Christian
Christians must evaluate and make decisions about everything that crosses their path in life. As Christians, we must decide whether what we are doing is to the honour and glory of God or not. Our primary purpose in life is to praise and honour God in all things (Matthew 5:16).Without the Law of God; contained in the Bible, we would not be able to say for certain whether things are right or wrong. We must evaluate all things in the light of the gospel. One of the most controversial issues Christians have to decide on is alcohol, how and why is it wrong or right? If it is okay, where do we draw the line? When do we say no to a drink? In the following text, we will investigate alcohol, what the Bible says about alcohol and how and to what extent we may use alcohol.
Many things that Christians involve themselves in are not always totally agreeable with other members of the church. For this reason, we are taught in to respect the values and beliefs of fellow members in your conduct in life. The Bible is not 'clear-cut' about many things and if they're right or wrong. We find in scripture that if things we do or are involved with offend others in the congregation, we must abstain from it. (1 Corinthians 8:13: "Therefore, if food makes my brother stumble, I will never again eat meat, lest I make my brother stumble.")
(Romans 14:21: It is good neither to eat meat nor drink wine nor do anything by which your brother stumbles or is offended or is made weak.") We must do things in accordance with God's word, and in this context the word stumble may be defined... | <urn:uuid:4266b506-b905-44d7-a802-8fcc78df6423> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.writework.com/essay/christian-outlook-alcohol-written-year-11-religious-studie | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961539 | 354 | 2.171875 | 2 |
I Love Typography Widescreen Wallpapers
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Typography is the art and technique of arranging type, type design, and modifying type glyphs. Type glyphs are created and modified using a variety of illustration techniques. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading (line spacing), adjusting the spaces between groups of letters (tracking) and adjusting the space between pairs of letters (kerning).
Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic designers, art directors, comic book artists, graffiti artists, and clerical workers. Until the Digital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users.
Typography has long been a vital part of promotional material and advertising. Designers often use typography to set a theme and mood in an advertisement; for example using bold, large text to convey a particular message to the reader. Type is often used to draw attention to a particular advertisement, combined with efficient use of color, shapes and images. Today, typography in advertising often reflects a company's brand. Fonts used in advertisements convey different messages to the reader, classical fonts are for a strong personality, while more modern fonts are for a cleaner, neutral look. Bold fonts are used for making statements and attracting attention.
- 2. Helvetica Neue - Typography Design
- 3. abc ilt - Typography Design
- 4. abc123 - Typography Design
- 5. Chocolate Accolades - Typography Design
- 6. Chocolate Accolades - Typography Design
- 7. Ampersand love - Typography Design
- 8. Circles - Typography Design
- 9. Anziano - Typography Design
- 10. Metal - Typography Design
- 11. Type - Typography Design
- 12. Buffet - Typography Design
- 13. Command c - Typography Design | <urn:uuid:a86ac688-050a-46af-ba04-f23e17302b4f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://wallcoo.net/cartoon/I_Love_Typography/index.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00071-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854686 | 440 | 2.578125 | 3 |
8 Sports Your Dog Can Play
If movies have taught us nothing else, it's that animals have great potential as athletes. In movies, golden retrievers can play basketball, mules can kick field goals, and chimps can play hockey. Unfortunately, when you try to recreate any of these scenarios with your own pets, it's inevitably disappointing. Don't give up yet, though. Dogs can be pretty stellar athletes in the right context. So why don't you and your dog try a sport a little more suited to their four-legged abilities? Like, for instance, one of these:
Any old mutt can run around. Being a teammate is tougher, though. Flyball seeks to build this sort of fellowship. It's a relay for teams of four pooches to test their speed and catching abilities. Teams of four dogs are lined up at a start line, and when the first dog is released, he dashes down the 51-foot course, clearing four hurdles along the way, and hits a spring-loaded "flyball box." The box shoots a tennis ball into the air. The dog jumps up and catches the ball, then runs back down the course to the starting line, where the next pooch takes off. The first team to get all four members through the course wins, but penalties are assigned for dropping the ball or starting before the previous dog crosses the finish line.
Flyball originated in southern California in the 1960's and received a serious boost when Herbert Wagner invented the spring-loaded ball-launching box. According to the North American Flyball Association, the sport's popularity has advanced to the point where timing and scoring is done electronically. The team Spring Loaded holds the world record for the event; all four dogs completed the course in 15.22 seconds combined.
2. Musical Canine Freestyle
Your dog can sit, stay, and roll over, but can he dance? Musical canine freestyle lets pooches get down to their favorite tunes. In the event, dogs and their handlers pick a song and choreograph a dance routine, and then they boogie. The sport, which originated around 1989, showcases a dog's obedience and athleticism while also building teamwork between dog and handler. Each dog-handler pair's routine is then judged on its artistic and technical merit. Really, you should just watch this fantastic video of a routine straight out of Grease.
Have you ever gone out for a bike ride, only to wish someone could just pull you along? That's where bikejoring and your dog come into the picture. Like its cold-weather relative skijoring, bikejoring involves having a team of harnessed dogs pull a biker. Any type of dog that could be used for mushing and pulling can be used for bikejoring. The sport encourages communication and teamwork between the dog and the rider; otherwise the cyclist is likely to end up in a ditch. The dogs seem to love it, and it makes some impressive videos like this one possible.
4. Earthdog Trial
When you see a dachsund or a miniature schnauzer, you probably don't think, "Ah! That's a vicious killing machine!" If you were a rat, though, you'd probably see things a little differently. For years these kinds of small dogs, along with many breeds of terriers, were prized for their abilities to control rodents. Their diminutive statures allowed them to slip into underground tunnels and nests to catch rats and other pests that hid in dens.
This sort of work has been largely outsourced to exterminators, but some owners still want to know how deft their dogs are as hunters. Earthdog trials offer dogs a chance to navigate courses of underground tunnels while trying to find rodent quarry, typically a rat or rabbit. The American Kennel Club's earthdog trials test dogs on three criteria: ability to find a scent, willingness to enter a dark tunnel, and willingness to find the quarry. When the dog finds the quarry in the tunnels, it must then "work" it by barking, scratching, or pawing at it. Don't worry too much about the rats, though; they're protected in boxes and aren't harmed. Here's a look at a terrier doing some earthdog tunneling.
5. Dog Pulling
Many breeds are meant to be workers and can get lazy or out of shape if they spend all of their time loafing on the couch. The International Weight Pull Association seeks to find a constructive outlet for these pups by having them pull weighted sleds or carts across 16-foot tracks. The organization describes the event as a tractor pull, but with dogs in place of the tractors. Canine competitors are divided into weight classes, and whichever dog can pull the most weight across the course wins. Handlers aren't allowed to touch the dogs or give them treats once the pull starts, so the onus is on the pooch to pull away. Typical breeds for the sport include huskies, rottweilers, and pit bulls, all of which were originally working breeds and can use pulling as a nonviolent outlet for their energy.
6. Disc Dog
Throwing and catching a Frisbee-type flying disc is a great way to let your pet run around and get some exercise. To many people, though, it's also a competitive event. The term "disc dog" encompasses several types of competitive disc events. In toss and fetch competitions, the dog and owner have sixty seconds to complete as many catches as they can on a marked field. Each catch earns points, with longer catches being more valuable. Bonuses are also rewarded for mid-air catches.
In freestyle competition, dogs and their handlers perform choreographed catching routines involving jumps, spins, and other tricks. Judges then score routines based on their flair, execution, and degree of difficulty. Not surprisingly, these events are pretty visually impressive, and if YouTube is any indication, seem to be quite popular in Asia.
7. Belgian Ring
Belgian ring is a specific example of the larger genre of protection sports, or events that test how well a dog can protect himself and his master. Belgian ring (also known as "Belgian Ringsport") originated in (surprise) Belgium in the early 20th-century as a way to test the country's working police dogs, notably Belgian shepherds. Formal ringsports were first held in 1908, testing a dog's abilities in fairly standard obedience events like walking without a leash, jumping, and retrieving items. Unlike other obedience competitions, though, the program tested dogs' protective mettle. They guarded items that belonged to their handler, defended their handler from attackers, and attacked protective-suit-clad assailants.
These competitions remain popular for shepherd and rottweiler owners throughout Europe and the U.S., as do defense sport variants like French Ring and Germany's Schutzhund. While the dogs may look fierce while protecting their owners, they must have fairly even temperaments and be willing to stop attacking on command.
8. Lure Coursing
If greyhound racing and rabbit hunting came together, the resulting hybrid might look a little like lure coursing. In the event, purebred sighthounds (think greyhounds, Irish wolfhounds, salukis, etc.) chase a mechanical lure through a field course. The lure moves and turns through the course to simulate a running hare. Under the American Sighthound Field Association rules, each dog is graded on its speed, endurance, agility, follow, and enthusiasm.
The sport originated in the early 1970s in California. Lyle Gillette and his sighthound-fancying friends who enjoyed rabbit hunting with their dogs. However, barbed wire fencing and other obstacles in the fields made it somewhat dangerous for the dogs, so they created a sport in which the course was controlled but the dogs still get the exercise and stimulation of tracking rabbits.
Ethan Trex grew up idolizing Vince Coleman, and he kind of still does. Ethan co-writes Straight Cash, Homey, the Internet's undisputed top source for pictures of people in Ryan Leaf jerseys. | <urn:uuid:fa394f31-ed38-421e-ba45-08ab9b24d016> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mentalfloss.com/article/18504/8-sports-your-dog-can-play | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00195-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958799 | 1,669 | 2.21875 | 2 |
“Are you on Facebook?” It used to be a frequently asked question some 10 years ago. Nowadays it even sounds a bit ridiculous, because if you're not on Facebook, you don't exist. More than that, Facebook is not a limit. An average person now usually has several accounts on various sites, such as Twitter, Instagram, etc. No wonder that proactive businesses started to invade this big new world, trying to use various online techniques in order to increase sales, introduce themselves to an audience and promote their goods and services in a friendly and non-binding way. It also means new opportunities for writers, as every user of social networks unwillingly becomes a reader and gets involved into communication process. One of the greatest advantages of social media for writing industry is that it helps to increase the author visibility. Online channels allow authors to meet readers, cultivate an audience, as well as increase the author's discoverability. In order to increase sales, writers have to find a social media channel that fits them best. As important as that is, however, to adapt their wrting to modern realities of social media world.
In order to interact with his/her readers via social networks effectively, the author has to really enjoy it. One can't force himself into successfull interaction, so the author must really thrill to the idea of bringing something new and worthy to people's lives. To put it simply, communication is key to success. Readers express their appreciation and interest through sharing and commenting on posts, therefore your content should be valuable enough to raise a desire for spreading a word about you. The main idea behind using social media is giving people a solid reason to spend their time (that they value a lot) on your page. That is why, the author must do it well or not do it at all.
First things first. When scrolling down a Facebook or Linkedin news feed, users quickly skim through headlines and judge if a read is worth spending time on or not. Only a catchy headline can make a reader stop and actually pay attention to a content. Therefore, remember a saying “Headlines are worth 90% of the advertising dollar” when working on your post. Do your research and learn how to write good headlines. You may want to check out Brian Clark's Magnetic Headlines or Neil Patel's blog for more information.
In your posts, give readers facts and numbers, charts and statistics, provide them with links to your expert sources. People tend to believe factual information more than emotions and reactions. Organize your data in imposing graphs and maps, make it clear and demonstrative, use colors. Fortunately, there are tons on online resources that can be helpful, for example this, where you can find more than 30 tools for visualization of your data. Another big thing is pictures. Make sure to add good quality and relevant images that would frame your writing, stimulate interest and complement the content.
The longer your posts are, the better chances you have to be found first in search engines. Therefore, it is always a good decision to spend a couple of more hours investing in length, as it will eventually pay off. Moreover, as statistic shows, word count affects likeability and shareability of an article or a post deeply. Believe it or not, but according to a study conducted by Matthew Barby, articles with an average of 2500 words get more backlinks and shares. Taking your time when editing such a long piece of writing is necessary, however. It is not a good idea to publish a freshly written post, the best is to take a day or two for it to rest and then edit with a fresh mind. When editing, don't spare your feelings and delete everything you find irrelevant or excessive.
Quality, of course, is as important as length. Respect your audience and present only high-quality material that would make you feel proud to be its creator. It refers to both content and writing quality. A good author is not afraid to express his/her opinion and always stays true to his/her own integrity. If you don't feel right about doing something, better not to force yourself into it. All the posts must come out of your mind and heart and must not contradict with any values or beliefs you hold. Probably the most important is to maintain your own inner harmony and authenticity. Especially in a sphere of marketing, where it is easy to be eaten by a competitor, make sure to check your texts for plagiarism. Online checkers, such as PlagiarismSearch or PlagScan, can help to ensure your work is all fresh and original. You can also learn if anyone has been stealing from you!
Also, make sure to publish only well-written texts, void of errors. For this you can also use one of the many online tools for grammar checking and correction. Weather with Slick Write, Polish My Writing, Spellchecker or Grammarly, just take this extra step to make sure nothing is out of tune. If you don't trust machines, get an expert help from professional editors Writology.
Answering questions and writing posts about your works improves relationships with customers and, therefore, increases the chances of becoming more popular and earning more income. Get involved into discussions, thank your readers for being active and encourage them to come back to you by opening your personality through dialogues.
It is important for a writer to be able to set own priorities and develop a plan to reach short-term and long-term goals. Social media is helpful in both cases, as it has become a vital element of today's life and has greatly affected the writing industry. Each writer who wishes to reach success should use it in his work. The most important here, however, is to remain honest and always put quality in the first place. | <urn:uuid:59a19475-5d5d-47c9-95dc-f12294963890> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://writology.com/blog/has-social-media-changed-how-we-write.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280242.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00074-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962118 | 1,177 | 1.898438 | 2 |
Delhi Defense Squash
Delhi Defense offers protection against the ToLCNDV virus
Rijk Zwaan’s Delhi Defense courgette varieties protect against infection with the tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV or New Delhi virus). This virus creates lots of production problems for growers, especially in the Mediterranean region. Resistant varieties offer them a solution. Delhi Defense is part of Rijk Zwaan’s Defense label.
Interested in Delhi Defense Squash?
Joost van Veen
Why growers choose Delhi Defense
The New Delhi virus can cause considerable damage to courgette crops because it leads to severe leaf curl and stunted growth. Besides that, it completely stops the plant’s development. Delhi Defense courgette varieties have a strong resistance against this virus, resulting in stable production and higher-quality fruits. Growers need to use fewer crop protection agents, which leads to better working conditions, more sustainable production and interesting sales opportunities. Delhi Defense gives growers greater peace of mind throughout the crop cycle.
Benefits of Delhi Defense
- Stable and sustainable production
- High-quality fruits
- Less need for crop protection agents
- Better working conditions
Courgette varieties with Delhi Defense
The Delhi Defense courgette varieties are indicated by the Delhi Defense label. These varieties are the result of many years of research and breeding work by the Rijk Zwaan team.
ToLCNDV virus in susceptible courgette varieties
An infection with the New Delhi virus becomes apparent very suddenly, after which it is often impossible to save the plants. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is the most important vector of the virus. Since ToLCNDV thrives in hot and humid conditions, it is most prevalent in the summer and autumn.
This plant virus can affect the leaves and fruits at any stage of production, resulting in small, misshapen fruits and ultimately in a lower yield. The New Delhi virus can cause significant damage to courgette crops, since most of the affected plants die.
Trials reveal clear differences
Results from trials show a clear difference between a susceptible variety and a Delhi Defense variety. The resistant plants look healthy, remain symptom-free and continue to produce high-quality fruits.
Minimising the risk of spread
Although the Delhi Defense courgette varieties are resistant, they are not 100% protected. In order to minimise the risk of spread, growers are advised to choose a Delhi Defense variety, keep the whitefly population down and closely monitor the development of symptoms in other host plants. | <urn:uuid:ba318988-37c6-496a-9f94-637c1b34b20a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rijkzwaan.com/solutions/delhi-defense-squash | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.900276 | 534 | 1.976563 | 2 |
Thinkfinity Lesson Plans
Subject: Arts,Educational Technology,Social Studies
Title: Music from Across America
Description: In this unit of five lessons, from EDSITEment, students listen to a variety of popular, traditional and ethnic American music--from the evocative sounds of Native American drumming to the lively sounds of zydeco music from Louisiana. To develop their listening skills, students use worksheets to record their impressions about the music they hear. In addition to learning about musical instruments and the geographic and cultural context of music, students are encouraged to think about and express their personal responses to music.
Thinkfinity Partner: EDSITEment
Grade Span: 3,4,5
ALEX Learning Activities
Title: Musical Mysteries
Digital Tool: BBC Musical Mysteries Interactive
Digital Tool Description: The resource helps pupils to explore basic musical concepts in sound, rhythm and mood. As the pupils work their way through the site, they gain valuable listening, composing and musical interpretation skills.
In this activity students will be introduced to musical concepts and terms. | <urn:uuid:5e9f3b05-d837-4c2e-89c2-54187bee5eb9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://alex.state.al.us/all.php?std_id=44121 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00366-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893717 | 220 | 4 | 4 |
In a plastic-dominated world, it’s hard to imagine doing everyday tasks completely plastic-bag free. But you can do it! And the environment will thank you for it.
Plastic bags are incredibly harmful to the environment: One plastic bag can take up to 1,000 years to degrade and remains toxic even after it breaks down, according to reuseit.com, a company that sells reusable bags and educates consumers on how to live plastic-free.
Why contribute to harming the earth? Follow these simple tips on how to live without plastic bags and you’ll wonder why you ever thought you needed them anyway.
Step 1: Think and consider.
Think about all of the ways you use plastic bags. Do you use sandwich bags to store leftover food in the refrigerator or to store a to-go lunch? Do you use trash bags to line trashcans throughout the home? Do you use single-use plastic bags to carry your groceries home from the store? You can easily eliminate all of these plastic bag uses.
Step 2: Take action.
Recycle the plastic bags you already have and start from scratch.
Replace single-use plastic bags with reusable bags.
Store reusable bags in the trunk of your car, so they will always be on hand for a grocery store run or a spontaneous shopping trip.
I’m always amazed how few people use reusable bags at the grocery store. From a practicality standpoint, canvas bags are sturdier and can hold more items than flimsy plastic bags. While other shoppers waste time struggling to load their multitudes of plastic bags into their carts, I sling my canvas bag over my shoulder and walk out the door. Fast. Simple. And no need to even deal with a cart.
You can have fun with reusable bags too. If you already own a few large purses or tote bags that you wouldn’t mind repurposing, why not use those instead of purchasing new reusable bags?
Use other storage containers in place of Ziploc-type bags.
Instead of storing dinner leftovers in plastic bags or using them to transport lunch to school or work, use other containers. If you already own Tupperware, use them to store food items. But don’t buy new plastic Tupperware. Reuse containers already in your home for safe and eco-friendly food storage. For example, save glass pickle jars and plastic tubs that sour cream and other foods go in. These containers are just as easy to store food in and will also save you money on buying plastic bags.
Use other methods to contain trash or don’t bag trashcans at all.
Instead of buying trash bags, use paper bags or other bags you already bring into your home to hold trash. For example, the large bags that dog food comes in work great as trash bags. You’re going to throw them away any way, may as well reuse them.
Is it really that big of a deal to just throw trash straight into the trashcan? If you’re worried about a mess, as a trashcan, it’s bound to get dirty anyway. If something leaks and some gunk gets on the bottom of the can, just hose it off. Cleaning out the trashcan is a small annoyance to deal with for creating a healthier planet.
Step 3: Stick with it.
Adjusting to plastic-bag free living may take time, but you can do it. Reward yourself for good plastic bag behavior with a treat or a bunch of fresh flowers. And feel good about yourself for reducing your carbon footprint.
image: Topsy at Waygood | <urn:uuid:41a69a0f-a937-45e3-9684-e9edfe857f82> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.organicauthority.com/sanctuary/how-to-live-without-plastic-bags.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00349-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925854 | 755 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Source: Muslim WakeUp!
On September 29, 2004 Muslim WakeUp! reported, "At a time when religion has assumed a particular potency in shaping and defining inter-community and inter-state rivalries the world over, the need for evolving alternate understandings of religion to creatively deal with the fact of religious pluralism has emerged as a pressing necessity. This is an issue for concerned and socially engaged believers in all religious traditions. This paper deals with only one particular religion, Islam, looking at how, contrary to widely-held stereotypical notions, it can be interpreted to promote inter-faith dialogue and amity between followers of different faiths. This discussion centers on the work of a noted Indian Muslim scholar-activist, Asghar ‘Ali Engineer, seeing how he deals with the primary sources of Islam in order to develop an Islamic theology of pluralism and social justice. Given the fact that in many parts of the world today conflicts involve Muslims and people of other faiths, these being generally defined as ‘Islamic’ jihads by radical Islamists, Engineer’s creative approach to the Qur’an offers us an alternate way of imagining Islam and Islamic rules for relations between Muslims and others. In turn, this way of approaching Islam, fashioning Islam as an instrument of peace instead of a tool for war and bloodshed, can help counter the appeal of radical Islamism and help work towards the peaceful resolution of many conflicts in which Muslims are involved." | <urn:uuid:532705f6-2aa5-4cf9-832f-01e807715be0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hwpi.harvard.edu/pluralismarchive/news/scholar-activist-advocates-islamic-theology-pluralism-and-social-justice?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00276.warc.gz | en | 0.94286 | 295 | 2.734375 | 3 |
It literally pains me to write this post. It seems as though the moment I have everything under control as far as safe products go, something else pops up. And honestly, I try incredibly hard not to make this website feel “alarmist” and “We’re all gonna diiiiiieeee” in it’s tone but this is one of those times where I just can’t help it. I found an article last week about dioxane and tried to ignore it, but then I found a similar one so here’s the reported scoop:
Cancer-causing agent 1, 4-dioxane is known to be present in many conventional personal care products. But a new study released March 14 by the Organic Consumer Association (OCA) shows that the toxin is also present in many leading brands of claimed natural and uncertified organic shampoos, body washes, lotions and other personal care products.
1,4 dioxane is, by definition, used in solvent applications for manufacturing. The chemical is also used as a foaming agent and appears as an accidental byproduct of a process in cosmetics manufacturing. It may contaminate cosmetics and personal care products such as deodorants, shampoos, toothpastes and mouthwashes.
Why should I be concerned? I’ll tell you. Dioxane is a known eye and respiratory irritant and is suspected of causing damage to the central nervous system, liver and kidneys. Accidental exposure to people working with it has been known to cause deaths. Dioxane is classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen: possibly carcinogenic to humans due to the fact that it is a known carcinogen in animals.
Some of the leading brands that tested positive for 1, 4-dioxane include Jason Pure Natural & Organic, Giovanni Organic Cosmetics, Kiss My Face, Nature’s Gate Organics. Some of the leading brands that did not test positive for the toxin include all USDA Certified brands including Dr. Bronner’s Sensibility Soaps (Nourish), Terressentials and all German Natural “BDIH” Certified brands including Aubrey Organics and Dr. Hauschka.
One of the things that always frustrates me the most about this kind of information is that there is a billion sites telling you why its bad, BAD, BAD! but they never give you the information needed to avoid it.
How to Avoid it:
- Always be weary of products that say they are all natural or organic. Read labels. There is nothing stopping companies from this claim right now.
- Buy products that are certified under the USDA National Organic Program or a similar German Program and products that bear the “USDA Organic” seal.
- Avoid products with synthetic ethoxylated ingredients including those with strange names like myreth, oleth, laureth, ceteareth and other “eth”, PEG, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, or oxynol.
- Reference the list of products tested in this FoodConsumer.org article.
Read the full article: FoodConsumer.org | <urn:uuid:d6046f52-e256-4f60-95a6-2bd1da7a807d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://safemama.com/2008/03/18/1-4-dioxane-in-organic-body-care-products/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280761.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00091-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948118 | 669 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Texas Education Agency’s enrollment benchmark for special education services of 8.5 percent has led to the systematic denial of services by school districts.
I thought that I would start a series on common misconceptions related to the Common Core State Standards. I don’t know how frequently I’ll come back to this series, but as these misconceptions come up or as I hear them I want to address them. The first is one that I hear quite frequently and […]
A Governor who believes local control is important – what a novel concept! From The Texas Tribune: Gov. Rick Perry is expressing his support for letting school districts themselves choose whether to implement a rule that requires new state assessments to count for 15 percent of high school students’ final grades. In a written statement […]
Jenny LaCoste-Caputo, who is the director of communications and media relations with the Texas Association of School Administrators, reported on Texas Education Commissioner Robert Scott’s speech at their Midwinter session. She called the speech “surprising” and from what I’ve seen out of most chief state school officers I’d have to agree with her. Usually, Scott […] | <urn:uuid:cdc4738a-ae32-4dd7-80b2-acb4a3e21741> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://truthinamericaneducation.com/tag/texas-education-agency/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00090-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971452 | 242 | 2.0625 | 2 |
What does the name Hayes mean? The meaning of the name Hayes is Lives By The Forest/Brush. The origin of the name Hayes is English. This is the culture in which the name originated, or in the case of a word, the language.
People who like the name Hayes also like: Hudson
, Chase Charlotte
Name Notes: English surname. Helen Hayes, actress. Isaac Hayes, actor.
The Ballad of Ira Hayes - Johnny Cash | <urn:uuid:78edc59f-69f9-43da-ba7e-00fbf7cc867f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.babynames.com/baby-names/HAYES | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00190-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875121 | 95 | 2.703125 | 3 |
"Yahoo announced on Thursday that the account information of at least 500 million users was stolen by hackers two years ago, in the biggest known intrusion of one company’s computer network.Yahoo Says Hackers Stole Data on 500 Million Users in 2014 - The New York Times
In a statement, Yahoo said user information — including names, email addresses, telephone numbers, birth dates, encrypted passwords and, in some cases, security questions — was compromised in 2014 by what it believed was a “state-sponsored actor.”"
Friday, September 23, 2016
Yahoo Says Hackers Stole Data on 500 Million Users in 2014 - The New York Times
Also see How to Protect Yourself After the Yahoo Attack (NYT) and How Many Times Has Your Personal Information Been Exposed to Hackers? (NYT) | <urn:uuid:bf8e6ada-37bd-4c25-bab4-51ae01d4684b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://pbokelly.blogspot.com/2016/09/yahoo-says-hackers-stole-data-on-500.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720000.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00023-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929967 | 171 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Providing an international overview of the latest work and thinking in Drama and Education, and featuring interviews with a worldwide variety of leading practitioners and theorists, this book explores how Educational Theatre, Applied Theatre and Drama Therapy facilitate change within schools, community centres, prisons, and theatres.
About Robert Landy
See more books from this Author
Published May 15, 2012
by Palgrave Macmillan.
Other, Education & Reference, Humor & Entertainment, Arts & Photography. | <urn:uuid:8d3c4180-53a8-442a-9c8b-b3e490185799> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://idreambooks.com/Theatre-for-Change-by-Robert-Landy/reviews/2421 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00117-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.842946 | 97 | 1.84375 | 2 |
Some Unanswered Questions in the Development of Norms Regarding Cyber-Enabled Disinformation: A Provocation
No nation, no matter how powerful, can unilaterally address the problem of adversarial information flows through technology, domestic law, regulation, military force, education, or any combination of these means. Some form of international cooperation is thus likely to be necessary to make progress on this problem, and international law is one important vehicle for promoting cooperation among nations and combating the worst forms of human (and other) behavior. Nonetheless, many aspects of present-day international law are not up to many challenges posed by digital dissemination of disinformation. These aspects include adequate definitions of disinformation; the operational and legal differences between foreign and domestic spreaders of disinformation; the cumulative effect of many small unfriendly but legal actions; and the applicability of international law and norms to the behavior and conduct of the platform companies that carry large volumes of disinformation. This talk will offer some framing comments and then open up for an interactive discussion. | <urn:uuid:a95f17be-c92e-4c62-abf3-8c83162744cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thehaguecybernorms.nl/conference-2021-speakers/herb-lin | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.932779 | 201 | 2.140625 | 2 |
phnE and glpT genes enhance utilization of organophosphates in escherichia coli K-12
Wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 strain JA221 grows poorly on low concentrations (1 mM) of diisopropyl fluorophosphate and its hydrolysis product, diisopropyl phosphate (DIPP), as sole phosphorus sources. Spontaneous organophosphate utilization (OPU) mutants were isolated that efficiently utilized these alternate sources of phosphate. A genomic library was constructed from one such OPU mutant, and two genes were isolated that conferred the OPU phenotype to strain JA221 upon transformation. These genes were identified as phnE and glpT. The original OPU mutation represented phnE gene activation and corresponded to the same 8-bp unit deletion from the cryptic wild-type E. coli K-12 phnE gene that has been shown previously to result in phnE activation. In comparison, sequence analysis revealed that the observed OPU phenotype conferred by the glpT gene was not the result of a mutation. PCR clones of glpT from both the mutant and the wild type were found to confer the OPU phenotype to JA221 when they were present on the high-copy-number pUC19 plasmid but not when they were present on the low-copy-number pWSK29 plasmid. This suggests that the OPU phenotype associated with the glpT gene is the result of amplification and overproduction of the glpT gene product. Both the active phnE and multicopy glpT genes facilitated effective metabolism of low concentrations of DIPP, whereas only the active phnE gene could confer the ability to break down a chromogenic substrate, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl phosphate-p-toluidine (X-Pi). This result indicates that in E. coli, X-Pi is transported exclusively by the Phn system, whereas DIPP (or its metabolite) may be transported by both Phn and Glp systems. | <urn:uuid:a6889ef9-5af6-4e3f-a7a3-d74593777525> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.agriculture-xprt.com/articles/phne-and-glpt-genes-enhance-utilization-of-organophosphates-in-escherichia-coli-k-12-28878 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285289.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00152-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952333 | 432 | 2.171875 | 2 |
A London underground line, opened in 1868 and coloured green on the tube map.
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- Ammo Case Valley
A Second World War ammo dump, the valley was originally the entrance to Browns Folly Mine which was collapsed by the War Department. | <urn:uuid:2b13fbe3-ec21-4b95-80bf-abb63806fd90> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nettleden.com/glossary/district-line/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00174-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.939396 | 73 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Anand Karaj – ਅਨੰਦ ਕਾਰਜ, is the Sikh marriage ceremony, meaning “Blissful Union” or “Joyful Union”, that was introduced by Guru Amar Das Ji. The four Lavan (marriage hymns which take place during the marriage ceremony) were composed by his successor, Guru Ram Das Ji.
Marriage is a partnership of equals. – No consideration is to be given to Caste, Social Status, Race or lineage. – No Dowry is allowed. – No day is considered holier above any other, hence no astrological considerations are to be made and no superstitions are to be observed in fixing the date of the wedding. – The religious ceremony to take place in a Gurdwara or in the presence of Sri Guru Granth Sahib ji.
The laava phere are the four hymns of the Anand Karaj (Sikh wedding ceremony) which form the main part of this ceremony. The four hymns are from the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji, and appear on Ang 773 to 774 of the total of 1430.
“They are not said to be husband and wife who merely sit together. Rather they alone are called husband and wife, who have one soul in two bodies.”
The four laava give the Sikh couple spiritual guidance for their life ahead. The Guru tells of the four spiritual stages of married life and how the couple as a team have to first begin by following the path of righteousness and sinless-ness. Secondly to only have fear of the Waheguru and remove the ego from within the souls; then to remember and sing the Waheguru’s name with the holy congregation. Finally, the couple will find divine peace; come to accept the Will of the Lord and find unending happiness in the Lord.
The Anand Karaj ceremony is joyous and festive event in which families and friends from both sides are heavily involved. Most Sikh weddings take place in the morning and are completed before noon. Following the ceremony is a langar or a formal lunch.
The four rounds were written by Guru Ram Das for his own wedding. They explain the journey of the souls toward the Almighty. In them he tells us of the duties that a person undertaking a life of marriage should perform.
In the first round, the Guru asks the partners to:
- Commit to righteousness.
- Renounce sinful actions.
- Remember, mediate and embrace Naam.
- Only by good fortune, is real peace obtained and Lord seems sweet to the mind.
- Worship the one Waheguru and all your sins will vanish.
In the second round, the Guru asks the partners to advance further towards meeting the True Guru – God:
- Waheguru leads you to meet the True Guru, the Primal Being – the enlightener
- Have fear of fearless God and your ego will disappear
- Sing God’s praises and feel His presence before you.
- God is everywhere, outside and within, sing in Joy
In the third round, the Guru says that the partners mind is filled with “Divine Love”:
- Meeting the Sadh Sangat (Holy Congregation)
- Speak the Word of the Lord’s Bani.
- Which is only obtained by good fortune
- Recite Gurbani and sing the Glorious Praises of the Lord
- The Naam will vibrates and resounds within your heart
- And you will know your future destiny.
In the final round, the Guru says that the partners mind become peaceful and they will have found the Lord:
- God’s Will seems sweet to these Gurmukhs.
- You will lovingly focus your consciousness on the Lord, day and night
- All your desires will be fulfilled
- The Souls will blend with Waheguru and only Naam will occupy your heart | <urn:uuid:ff4ec0fc-bc46-4d4e-9b26-0fedd345b487> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://guruharrai.org/anand-karaj/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.947991 | 832 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Boxing Day, in Great Britain and some Commonwealth countries, particularly Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, holiday (December 26) on which servants, tradespeople, and the poor traditionally were presented with gifts. By the 21st century it had become a day associated with shopping and sporting events.
Why does Australia celebrate Boxing Day?
Boxing Day is a holiday in many countries, such as Australia, in the Commonwealth of Nations. It was traditionally a day for employers in England to give bonuses of money, leftover food or old clothing to their employees, or for lords to give agricultural tools and seeds for the coming year to their tenants.
What is the main purpose of Boxing Day?
December 26, the day after Christmas, is the Feast of St Stephen, the first Christian martyr. It is also known as Boxing Day, a secular holiday celebrated in parts of the Commonwealth, including Canada. December 26, the day after Christmas, is the Feast of St Stephen, the first Christian martyr.
Why is it called Boxing?
The terms pugilism and prizefighting in modern usage are practically synonymous with boxing, although the first term indicates the ancient origins of the sport in its derivation from the Latin pugil, “a boxer,” related to the Latin pugnus, “fist,” and derived in turn from the Greek pyx, “with clenched fist.” The term
What happens when Christmas and Boxing Day fall on a weekend?
If Christmas Day falls on a Monday or Wednesday, the Christmas floater shall be observed on December 27. Boxing Day, to be observed on December 26, if it falls on a Saturday, to be observed on the following Monday; if it falls on a Sunday or a Monday, to be observed on the following Tuesday.
What is the meaning of Boxing Day Test?
The Boxing Day Test match is a cricket Test match held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia involving the Australian cricket team and an opposing national team that is touring Australia during the southern summer. It begins annually on Boxing Day (26 December) and is played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG).
Do you say Happy Boxing Day?
The common greeting is “ Happy Boxing Day!”
What are the four styles of boxing?
There are four generally accepted boxing styles that are used to define fighters. These are the swarmer, out-boxer, slugger, and boxer-puncher. Many boxers do not always fit into these categories, and it’s not uncommon for a fighter to change their style over a period of time.
Who invented boxing?
The earliest evidence of boxing dates back to Egypt around 3000 BC. The sport was introduced to the ancient Olympic Games by the Greeks in the late 7th century BC, when soft leather thongs were used to bind boxers’ hands and forearms for protection.
What happens when Boxing Day is on a Saturday?
Boxing Day is a federal holiday and is listed in the Canadian Labour Code as a holiday. When Boxing Day falls on a Sunday or Saturday that is a non-working day, workers are entitled to a holiday with pay on the working day immediately preceding or following the general holiday.
What happens when Boxing Day falls on a Sunday?
When 26 December falls on a Saturday, the associated public holiday is on the following Monday. When 26 December falls on a Sunday, the public holiday is the following Tuesday, Monday being the public holiday associated with Christmas Day. | <urn:uuid:a09885b2-6cc0-4422-aff3-fd7979bed741> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ilovekickboxingnewyorkny.com/boxing/in-australia-what-is-boxing-day-celebrated-for-best-solution.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.963751 | 721 | 3.328125 | 3 |
13th November 2021, Skopje – It is important the budget to be adopted within the deadline regulated by the law because it ensures uninterrupted financing of the state institutions, strong financial support for economic recovery and accelerated, inclusive and sustainable economic development, Finance Minister Fatmir Besimi has said in an interview with MIA, which is available in full below.
The government adopted the draft 2022 Budget before it was sent to Parliament, where discussions about the draft document began on November 15 at the Financing and Budget Committee. Was it a constructive debate?
The Budget is a strategic document in which the government focuses on the priorities throughout the year, and it needs to be adopted in Parliament because it enables uninterrupted funding for the state’s functions, strong financial support for economic recovery, and a speedy, inclusive and sustainable economic development.
It’s important to note that the Budget also enables the timely delivery of paychecks, pensions, social compensation, subsidies, capital investments – planned at a level of MKD 37.8 billion for 2022, higher than the budget deficit. This honors the golden rule of public finance – planning more funds for the funding of investment project than the planned debt.
That’s why it’s important that the Budget is adopted within its legal timeframe. Namely, the preparation and implementation of a state’s budget is prescribed by law which lists precise deadlines that should be honored. In accordance to these deadlines, the budget should be adopted by December 31, 2021 the latest.
Capital investments have been projected at a level of MKD 37.8 billion, 27% higher than the 2021 Budget. These investments are higher than the budget deficit for the first time. What made you decide to take this step?
The government is focused on achieving higher economic growth and better quality of life for the people. To achieve this, it’s clear that there need to be higher capital investments which will need to be poured into key infrastructural areas that will generate growth. It’s also our goal to motivate a more even local and regional development, which will make our economy more competitive on foreign markets, as well as attracting foreign direct investments in our country, hence why good infrastructural connection is key in the decision-making process for investments in a municipality or country.
The focuses of the capital investment are the green agenda, digitization, innovation and technological development, physical infrastructure development etc. We’re also continuing to support companies through Covid programs, for which we have allocated MKD 4.6 billion.
The main goal of the policy for improvement of the structure and realization of capital expenses is to increase the potential for growth of the local economy, increasing competitiveness, attracting investments through increasing the level, quality and dynamic of realization of the capital expenses.
It’s important to note that we will go by the “value for money” principle, which means that the citizens’ money will be used where there are the biggest effects in realizing the goals for higher quality of life.
Through the result-based budgeting, higher effectiveness and efficiency will be achieved for the public expenses, though linking public sector expenses to the achieved results. Budgeting can’t be regarded as an isolated initiative, it’s a part of wider institutional reforms which aim to increase the quality of life for current and future generations.
The capital expenses in the draft Budget for 2022 are meant to intensify the realization of infrastructural projects, i.e., investments in road, railroad, energy and communal infrastructure, as well as investments to improve conditions in healthcare, education, the social system, agriculture, culture, sport, environmental protection, and the judiciary.
I would set aside a few projects as being quite significant: the Tetovo-Gostivar section of Corridor VIII, the construction of a new highway to connect Trebenishta, Struga and Kjafasan, the Gostivar-Bukojchani and Bukojchani-Kichevo sections, as well as the Prilep-Bitola section of Corridor X. Through the Public Enterprise for State Roads, a feasibility study will be conducted concerning the construction of the Tetovo-Prizren road.
The Corridor X railroad reconstruction should be done in 2022, funded via EBDR loan. There are also funds planned to continue the realization of phase 1 and 2 of the project to build and rehabilitate the eastern part of the Corridor VIII railroad, the Kumanovo-Beljakovce-Kriva Palanka section, also funded by the EBDR. Alongside this loan and a grant by the Investment Frame for the Western Balkans grant, there will be other activities within the project such as improving the railroad’s technical characteristic, building and rehabilitating bridges, railroad stations, underpasses and overpasses.
A World Bank loan in 2022 will secure the continuation of activities related to realizing the project for local roads, which will improve the municipalities’ roadside infrastructure in North Macedonia.
IPA funds will help implement projects to build the Gradsko-Drenovo road section as part of Corridor X, as well as rehabilitate, reconstruct and improve the existing road infrastructure.
In terms of the energy and communal infrastructure and waste management, the construction of sewer and water supply systems in municipalities with their own funding, as well as funding from the EIB, will continue more intensely.
The municipal services improvement project, funded by the World Bank, will enable municipalities and public communal enterprises to fund investments in accordance to their water supply and wastewater management priorities, managing hard waste and other investments in municipal services which the municipalities prioritize and which have the potential to generate income and save money.
The energy efficiency in the public sector project will begin in 2022 with a WB loan, which will fund energy efficient projects in municipalities, as well as public healthcare facilities of the central government.
The EIB and EBDR loans and the EIB grant will fund one of the bigger capital projects in North Macedonia – the purification station for wastewater in Skopje.
The IPA funds will support the rehabilitation and improvement of the collector system in Skopje, rehabilitating and improving the sewer network and constructing purification stations in Kichevo, Bitola and Tetovo, as well as implementing the regional system for waste management and closing landfills in the eastern and northeastern regions.
The draft Budget also stipulates the improvement of the technological-industrial development zones through building the necessary infrastructure, facilities and geo-mechanical research.
The healthcare sector will receive investments meant to build and reconstruct public healthcare facilities, as well as purchasing medical equipment and reconstructing the Kichevo General Hospital. The Regional Clinical Hospital in Shtip project will also continue in 2022, which has been funded by the CEB.
Capital investments to build and reconstruct primary and high schools, building school and sport halls, reconstructing dorms, equipping and reconstructing universities and investments in sports infrastructure, have also been allocated for education, child protection and sports.
A KFV loan will enable the beginning of the dorm reconstruction project, as well as the continuation of the realization of the project to build gyms in elementary schools, and to rehabilitate elementary and high schools through CEB loans and national co-financing.
To improve learning conditions in elementary education in the country, a WB loan will continue the realization of the elementary education improvement project.
Significant capital investments meant for rural development are planned to support agriculture, such as building hydro-systems, and investments to improve the competitiveness and modernization of agricultural economies.
There will also be a reconstruction of prisons in 2022.
In terms of public finance reforms, improving the fiscal framework, strengthening the process of planning and executing the budget of North Macedonia, improving the income payments, strengthening the system of public procurements, external and internal control and transparent reporting, activities related to the preparation to implement an integrated IT system to manage finances and an integrated tax IT system which will be funded through the WB and donations will continue. The overall reform process in public finance will mean implementing the concept of SMART finance – strategic, sustainable, responsible, reforming and transparent, i.e., public finance that will support a faster economic growth in the short and long term within fiscal sustainability and macroeconomic and financial stability (Smart Finance for SmartER Growth).
Some experts agree that the development component of the budget are capital investments, but they remark that the projected 4.3% deficit is high, and they’re concerned about the public debt. What do you have to say about this?
The proposed budget for 2022 is a development budget according to its characteristics, which can be seen through the predicted, historically highest amount of capital investments in overall expenses, which is 14%. Even more significantly, they’ve been projected onto an amount higher than the budget deficit – MKD 33.5 billion for 2022, mind you, or 4.3% of the planned GDP, whereas capital expenses have been projected at MKD 37.8 billion, or 4.9% of the GDP. That means that the only loans in 2022 will be meant to realize investment projects.
The planned deficit is in accordance with projections determined in the 2022-2026 Fiscal Strategy and the fiscal consolidation, confirming the projections’ sustainability, budget disciple, redesign of the budget expenditure through increased participation of capital infrastructure projects in overall expenses.
The projected budget for 2022 is 2.2% lower than the GDP in regards to the projected budget deficit for 2021 due to increased capital expenses in comparison to 2021 and the still present influence of the Covid crisis, which makes high budget deficit necessary to sustain affected companies and vulnerable categories.
The Covid-19 pandemic and the response to the crisis has created a need for additional funds which affected the budget deficit and the public debt, not only in our country, but globally as well.
To mitigate the economic shock, the government reacted on time with the implementation of multiple economic measure packages, through targeted and timely support in order to protect company liquidity, job preservation and securing social projection for the unemployed and vulnerable households. These economic measures have caused an increase in the country’s expenses, which in turn increased deficits.
It’s important to note than in times of crisis, in a year in which we had to pay off a bond of EUR 500 million which was issued in 2014, as well as loans for the realization of certain projects, we managed to reduce the public debt and get it down to 59.3% of the GDP, which is under the Maastricht criteria – 60% of the GDP. This shows the well placed fiscal policy and the good management of public finances during a pandemic.
The Ministry of Finance firmly stands by our efforts to stabilize the debt and position it at a level of up to 60% of the GDP. In the medium term, up until 2026, the projections in the public debt management strategy are that it will stabilize and get down to 57.7%, whereas the state debt will go down to 50.7%. to realize this, we have prepared the fiscal sustainability plan which will enable a slow tightening of the overall budget deficit of 6.5% in 2021 to 2.2% in 2026, which can be achieved through improving the payment of budget income, reducing and restructuring budget expenses and changes in the sources of financing of the budget deficit.
This is all in favor of a quicker economic growth, which, in accordance to the plan for quicker economic growth, is meant to contribute to the twofold increase of the GDP in terms of the 10-year average, and to make our annual growth jump from 2.5% to over 5% until 2026, as well as investments estimated to over EUR 12 billion. EUR 4 billion are public sector investments which will generate additional EUR 8 billion in private capital. The concept is set up so that it doesn’t generate additional debts and tax burdens for the citizens.
You’ve announced that the deficit and debt payoff will be funded with a combination of local and foreign debts, but that you will also try to optimize the loan expenses. How will you do this?
The key in securing the necessary funds and the funding selection is to secure the funds through good conditions and lessened costs. We achieved this with the March 2021 Eurobond when we achieved the lowest interest rate of 1.625% in March 2021. In order to prudently manage public finances, we will look into the possibility to actively manage the debt portfolio through operations of temporary debt buyouts.
The payment of the principal based on the external debt amounting to MKD 6.1 billion includes regular servicing of obligations to foreign creditors: MKD 1.5 billion to EBOR, MKD 1.1 to Deutsche Bank, MKD 1 billion to IDA, MKD 0.7 billion to EIB, MKD 0.4 billion to CEB, MKD 0.2 billion to the Japanese Bank of International Support, and MKD 0.2 billion to other bilateral creditors such as IFAD, KFV etc.
Foreign borrowing can be realized through reopening the existing Eurobonds on the international market capital and through taking back funds from credits from foreign financial institutions and credit lines meant to finance separate projects.
Principal payments based on local debts amounts to MKD 5.5 billion, relating to paying two and three-year state bonds amounting to MKD 5.1 billion and paying denationalization bonds amounting to MKD 0.4 billion. Long-term bonds of 5, 7, 10, 15 and 30 years are not part of 2022. Local borrowing, predicted to reach MKD 26.6 billion, will be secured through borrowing from DHV and local loans in order to optimize the DHV portfolio and reduce the risk of refinancing. The basic commitment will be to increase the DHV’s portfolio maturity.
Through the financing sources, the Ministry of Finance is adding new types of financial instruments: development, green, project bonds and bonds indexed with the inflation, which are all part of the plan of quicker economic growth.
In the next medium term, fiscal policy will continue towards further consolidation of public expenses, motivating economic activity through capital expenses and infrastructural investments, improving business leading conditions and opening new jobs. The efforts to implement a discipline budget expenditure with an accent on restrictiveness and control of less productive expenses in order to increase investments in capital projects will continue. The determined basic postulates of the fiscal policy over the upcoming period are meant to secure fiscal consolidation with a gradual decrease of the deficit level.
Tax revenues are planned at a level of MKD 136.5 billion, having increased by 10.2% in regards to 2021. Where will this money come from?
For 2022, the total revenues with the draft budget are planned at the level of MKD 238.9 billion and they are 7.4 percent higher than the estimated revenues this year. The projections for the revenues of the Budget for 2022 are based on the realization of the revenues in 2021, the expectations for the economic growth, as well as the activities for improvement of the efficiency and effectiveness of the system for collection of the public revenues.
As you point out, the tax revenues for 2022, which are planned in the amount of MKD 136.5 billion, have increased by 10.2 percent compared to 2021. The largest share in the structure of planned tax revenues has VAT of 45.6 percent, and the excise tax accounts make up for 21.2 percent. I would like to emphasize that this increase is foreseen, despite the fact that we have introduced a second preferential rate of 10 percent for catering services, preferential VAT rate for household electricity, as well as the transfer of part of the share of oil derivatives to the Public Enterprise for State Roads of 30% instead of the current 20%.
The projected increased revenues will be achieved by improving the existing tax regulations, reducing tax evasion, introducing advanced technologies, modernization and automation of work processes, strengthening the capacity of revenue collection institutions, increased and more efficient collection of tax revenues, and strengthening institutional coordination.
The main goal of the tax policy is to ensure sustainable economic growth and development, while ensuring legal certainty for taxpayers and regular collection of public revenues.
Also, in the Draft Budget for 2022, it is planned to realize about 19.2 billion denars on the basis of non-tax revenues and 3.3 billion denars as capital revenues on the basis of sale of agricultural land and social housing, as well as on the basis of planned dividend from AD Makedonski Telekom.
Social contributions as source revenues of the funds for pension and disability insurance, health insurance and the Employment Agency are planned in the amount of MKD 74.4 billion or 7.5 percent higher than in 2021. On the basis of donations, MKD 5.6 billion are envisaged, which the budget users are planned to realize on their own revenue accounts for specific projects, as well as the withdrawals from the EU pre-accession funds.
Inflation is projected at 2.4%. What are these expectations based on, keeping in mind the global energy crisis and the growth of prices on world stock markets?
The inflation rate in the first nine months of 2021 is 2.8 percent. The growth of consumer prices was registered in almost all categories of products, with more significant growth in food by 2.4%, tobacco products by 6.4%, fuels by 13% and electricity by 5.7%, although energy prices in the last 2 months have seen slower growth due to the exhaustion of the transmission effect of the price increase by decision of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC). It is crucial that inflation is driven mainly by rising food and energy prices, due to price pressures caused by external factors.
Appropriate steps are being taken to alleviate the consequences of this energy crisis, which is on a larger scale and does not only cover North Macedonia. A crisis situation in the electricity supply has already been declared and measures and activities are being taken, aimed at providing additional quantities of electricity, including balance energy and reserve of active power in accordance with the established crisis situation in accordance with the Law on Energy and the Decree on the criteria and conditions for declaring a state of crisis in cases of weather and natural disasters, accidents and disturbances in the electricity markets, the manner of electricity supply in a state of crisis, the measures taken in case of crisis, as well as the rights and the obligations of the license holders for performing electricity activities.
Accordingly, MKD 4 billion have already been allocated from the Budget in 2021 and transferred to AD Power Plants of North Macedonia, to provide additional quantities of electricity, including balance energy and reserves of active power. Additionally, for protection of the most vulnerable categories, the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, in coordination with the Ministry of Economy, is in charge of preparing measures to support the socially vulnerable categories in order to use additional funds for protection from energy poverty. This measure is already being implemented and we have 45,622 users from vulnerable categories who receive MKD 1,000 allowance to cover heating costs. A measure that we have also adopted and are already implementing, and was aimed at protecting the standard of living of citizens, is the reduction of VAT on electricity from 18 to 5 percent for households.
The situation is being monitored and it is important that everything that is done is aimed at providing sufficient quantities of electricity and mitigating the price effect. In the following period, stabilization of the price movements of the primary food products and electricity on the world stock exchanges is expected. The increase in the prices of primary products and energy is expected to stabilize by the middle of next year at the latest, so that the inflation rate is projected at 2.4%.
New instruments that will be applied for the first time are development, project and green bonds, as well as bonds indexed with inflation. These are the instruments contained in the Accelerated Economic Growth Plan. What are the expectations from these bonds?
Development or bonds indexed with inflation, green and project bonds aim at continuous improvement of the financial market of government securities, where we follow global practices
These are innovative mechanisms and instruments that can provide funding and improve efficiency in project implementation.
One of these instruments is a bond indexed with inflation, the issuance of which is expected to attract the available funds of the citizens.
Inflation-indexed bonds will be a new type of long-term government securities issued by the Ministry of Finance. They will be indexed to the inflation rate in order to protect investors from a decline in the purchasing power of invested funds. If the inflation rate rises, the price of the bonds adjusts to maintain their value.
These development bonds also aim at advancing the government securities market, which will encourage the financing of development projects in the country, and thus will enable the movement of the financial markets in the Republic of North Macedonia. This type of financial instrument, which will be related to inflation, will carry a certain coupon and will be initially intended for the population, i.e., for individuals, with the possibility of being available to banks, pension funds and other participants in the financial market.
The “Green Bonds” will be intended to encourage and support projects for the improvement and protection of the environment and are specifically intended to finance environmental projects. Unlike existing bonds, green bonds will only be used for investment projects or green development and will be for capital expenditures. The introduction of this instrument in the medium term will help the development of the financial market.
“Project bonds”, on the other hand, will be an alternative way of financing infrastructure-related projects. They will offer the opportunity for institutional investors to participate in infrastructure projects through listed securities that can be traded and that can offer superior risk-adjusted returns.
The new instruments and mechanisms that will be introduced aim at mobilizing private capital and increasing investments in the country, which will result in accelerated economic growth.
It is crucial that these instruments will give an opportunity to our citizens from the diaspora who keep their money in banks in developed countries where the interest rate is almost zero, to invest it in a bond related to a project. With that, they will be able to invest in the development of their country, and at the same time their money is guaranteed and they receive income higher than the one given by the banks in developed countries.
With the Plan for Accelerated Economic Growth 2022-2026, you plan economic growth of up to 5% and reduction of public debt below 60 % of GDP by 2026. The investments are about 12 billion, of which four billion are public money and they should generate an additional eight billion from private investors. How do you plan to do that?
Facing the new reality as a result of the challenges of the pandemic, in order to recover and make renewed progress, in this time of major change, we, as the government, are focused on the realization of the Growth Acceleration Plan, as a general framework consisting of all the elements that could contribute to better utilization and increase of growth potential in the medium term. In addition to the ongoing activities we have identified, we propose innovative ways to finance investments, to use all available funds from official creditors and, finally, to use all opportunities to mobilize private investment.
Private sources of funding will be fueled by public sources of funding and a wide range of conventional and innovative funding mechanisms and instruments. Encouraging private investment will be facilitated through public-private partnerships (PPPs), privatization of non-core segments of public enterprises, newly established investment funds, re-use of funds, better realization of capital expenditures through the KAPEF mechanism, etc.
The estimated combined effects of the Accelerated Economic Growth Plan are EUR 12 billion invested in projects designed and implemented by both the public and private sectors. The plan will in particular support environmental and climate projects, innovations and initiatives for a fairer society, thus facilitating the transition to a low-carbon, competitive, circular and sustainable economy. We will also strive for as many citizens as possible to enjoy the benefits of that growth, meaning, for it to be inclusive. | <urn:uuid:1c374b7f-4a8f-4595-9bc0-5cb3cd4f754a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://finance.gov.mk/2021/11/13/finmin-besimi-its-important-parliament-to-adopt-budget-on-time/?lang=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.946853 | 4,931 | 1.570313 | 2 |
However, even if you are not interested in acquiring citizenship for cryptocurrency, the Vanuatu program is quite an interesting option: the passport of this state provides its owner with a number of unique features.
WHAT DOES THE CITIZENSHIP OF VANUATU GIVE?
So, the demand for the passport of this country is due not only to the availability and efficiency of the current program, but also to the absolute advantages of the passport itself. Citizenship provides the following benefits:
- Unhampered movement around the world (having a passport provides visa-free entry to more than a hundred countries, including Schengen countries, Singapore, etc.);
- access to tax preferences (citizens are exempted from paying a number of tax payments, and for many taxes there are small rates);
- good conditions for entrepreneurs (state policy contributes to the implementation of business projects in various fields);
- an ideal place to live and relax the whole family (having a passport allows you to choose Vanuatu as a place for permanent residence: the country has an excellent climate, good ecology and a fairly developed infrastructure).
An important point is the fact that the status is granted indefinitely: a citizen only needs to renew his passport in a timely manner (every 5 years).
THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING OF THE CITIZENSHIP
Citizenship is possible on the basis of investments in the National Development Fund. The program provides for the possibility of granting status both to the investor and to his family members (spouse, minor children, as well as dependent children under the age of 25, parents over 65). Directly, the process of registration of a passport takes from one to two months and consists of several stages:
- preparation and submission of documents;
- making application fee;
- analysis and evaluation of the application submitted by the competent authorities of the country; the decision to grant citizenship;
- a message to the applicant about the decision;
- taking the oath;
- payment of the investment fee in the prescribed amount;
- issue of a certificate of naturalization; registration and issue of a passport.
When submitting an application for participation in the program, a foreign investor can count on maintaining confidentiality: information on issuing a passport will not be disclosed to third parties.
The advantage of the program is that the verification measures are objective. The objectivity of the security check is that Vanuatu’s independence from the decisions of other countries in the Caribbean region: as you know, when applying for a passport in one of the Caribbean states and when receiving a refusal, it becomes almost impossible to issue a passport in any other country belonging to this region. Vanuatu, which is considered a Pacific country, makes the decision to grant citizenship or to refuse it independently.
Thus, the Vanuatu program allows Russian citizens to issue a second passport in record time, while the amount of investment is at an acceptable level. As a result, today the migration program of this Pacific state is considered one of the most competitive options among such proposals. Popularity of the passport of Vanuatu contributes to the fact that the status of its citizen provides many advantages for its | <urn:uuid:d14a6b54-fae3-4e17-895c-cfccb0423c55> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vnz.bz/articles/what-does-the-citizenship-of-vanuatu-give-for-russians-how-to-get-it/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572161.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815054743-20220815084743-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.941712 | 650 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.
16 Related JoVE Articles!
Transplantation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Mesoangioblast-like Myogenic Progenitors in Mouse Models of Muscle Regeneration
Institutions: University College London, San Raffaele Hospital.
Patient-derived iPSCs could be an invaluable source of cells for future autologous cell therapy protocols. iPSC-derived myogenic stem/progenitor cells similar to pericyte-derived mesoangioblasts (iPSC-derived mesoangioblast-like stem/progenitor cells: IDEMs) can be established from iPSCs generated from patients affected by different forms of muscular dystrophy. Patient-specific IDEMs can be genetically corrected with different strategies (e.g.
lentiviral vectors, human artificial chromosomes) and enhanced in their myogenic differentiation potential upon overexpression of the myogenesis regulator MyoD. This myogenic potential is then assessed in vitro
with specific differentiation assays and analyzed by immunofluorescence. The regenerative potential of IDEMs is further evaluated in vivo
, upon intramuscular and intra-arterial transplantation in two representative mouse models displaying acute and chronic muscle regeneration. The contribution of IDEMs to the host skeletal muscle is then confirmed by different functional tests in transplanted mice. In particular, the amelioration of the motor capacity of the animals is studied with treadmill tests. Cell engraftment and differentiation are then assessed by a number of histological and immunofluorescence assays on transplanted muscles. Overall, this paper describes the assays and tools currently utilized to evaluate the differentiation capacity of IDEMs, focusing on the transplantation methods and subsequent outcome measures to analyze the efficacy of cell transplantation.
Bioengineering, Issue 83, Skeletal Muscle, Muscle Cells, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Pericytes, Stem Cells, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), Muscular Dystrophies, Cell Differentiation, animal models, muscle stem/progenitor cells, mesoangioblasts, muscle regeneration, iPSC-derived mesoangioblasts (IDEMs)
Isolation, Culture, and Transplantation of Muscle Satellite Cells
Institutions: University of Minnesota Medical School.
Muscle satellite cells are a stem cell population required for postnatal skeletal muscle development and regeneration, accounting for 2-5% of sublaminal nuclei in muscle fibers. In adult muscle, satellite cells are normally mitotically quiescent. Following injury, however, satellite cells initiate cellular proliferation to produce myoblasts, their progenies, to mediate the regeneration of muscle. Transplantation of satellite cell-derived myoblasts has been widely studied as a possible therapy for several regenerative diseases including muscular dystrophy, heart failure, and urological dysfunction. Myoblast transplantation into dystrophic skeletal muscle, infarcted heart, and dysfunctioning urinary ducts has shown that engrafted myoblasts can differentiate into muscle fibers in the host tissues and display partial functional improvement in these diseases. Therefore, the development of efficient purification methods of quiescent satellite cells from skeletal muscle, as well as the establishment of satellite cell-derived myoblast cultures and transplantation methods for myoblasts, are essential for understanding the molecular mechanisms behind satellite cell self-renewal, activation, and differentiation. Additionally, the development of cell-based therapies for muscular dystrophy and other regenerative diseases are also dependent upon these factors.
However, current prospective purification methods of quiescent satellite cells require the use of expensive fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) machines. Here, we present a new method for the rapid, economical, and reliable purification of quiescent satellite cells from adult mouse skeletal muscle by enzymatic dissociation followed by magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS). Following isolation of pure quiescent satellite cells, these cells can be cultured to obtain large numbers of myoblasts after several passages. These freshly isolated quiescent satellite cells or ex vivo
expanded myoblasts can be transplanted into cardiotoxin (CTX)-induced regenerating mouse skeletal muscle to examine the contribution of donor-derived cells to regenerating muscle fibers, as well as to satellite cell compartments for the examination of self-renewal activities.
Cellular Biology, Issue 86, skeletal muscle, muscle stem cell, satellite cell, regeneration, myoblast transplantation, muscular dystrophy, self-renewal, differentiation, myogenesis
Behavioral and Locomotor Measurements Using an Open Field Activity Monitoring System for Skeletal Muscle Diseases
Institutions: Children's National Medical Center, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences.
The open field activity monitoring system comprehensively assesses locomotor and behavioral activity levels of mice. It is a useful tool for assessing locomotive impairment in animal models of neuromuscular disease and efficacy of therapeutic drugs that may improve locomotion and/or muscle function. The open field activity measurement provides a different measure than muscle strength, which is commonly assessed by grip strength measurements. It can also show how drugs may affect other body systems as well when used with additional outcome measures. In addition, measures such as total distance traveled mirror the 6 min walk test, a clinical trial outcome measure. However, open field activity monitoring is also associated with significant challenges: Open field activity measurements vary according to animal strain, age, sex, and circadian rhythm. In addition, room temperature, humidity, lighting, noise, and even odor can affect assessment outcomes. Overall, this manuscript provides a well-tested and standardized open field activity SOP for preclinical trials in animal models of neuromuscular diseases. We provide a discussion of important considerations, typical results, data analysis, and detail the strengths and weaknesses of open field testing. In addition, we provide recommendations for optimal study design when using open field activity in a preclinical trial.
Behavior, Issue 91, open field activity, functional testing, behavioral testing, skeletal muscle, congenital muscular dystrophy, muscular dystrophy
Force Measurement During Contraction to Assess Muscle Function in Zebrafish Larvae
Institutions: University of Michigan , University of Michigan , University of Michigan , University of Michigan .
Zebrafish larvae provide models of muscle development, muscle disease and muscle-related chemical toxicity, but related studies often lack functional measures of muscle health. In this video article, we demonstrate a method to measure force generation during contraction of zebrafish larval trunk muscle. Force measurements are accomplished by placing an anesthetized larva into a chamber filled with a salt solution. The anterior end of the larva is tied to a force transducer and the posterior end of the larva is tied to a length controller. An isometric twitch contraction is elicited by electric field stimulation and the force response is recorded for analysis. Force generation during contraction provides a measure of overall muscle health and specifically provides a measure of muscle function. Although we describe this technique for use with wild-type larvae, this method can be used with genetically modified larvae or with larvae treated with drugs or toxicants, to characterize muscle disease models and evaluate treatments, or to study muscle development, injury, or chemical toxicity.
Developmental Biology, Issue 77, Anatomy, Physiology, Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Neurobiology, Neuroscience, Muscle, contraction, force, zebrafish, larvae, muscle function, muscle health, force generation, animal model
A Manual Small Molecule Screen Approaching High-throughput Using Zebrafish Embryos
Institutions: University of Notre Dame.
Zebrafish have become a widely used model organism to investigate the mechanisms that underlie developmental biology and to study human disease pathology due to their considerable degree of genetic conservation with humans. Chemical genetics entails testing the effect that small molecules have on a biological process and is becoming a popular translational research method to identify therapeutic compounds. Zebrafish are specifically appealing to use for chemical genetics because of their ability to produce large clutches of transparent embryos, which are externally fertilized. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos can be easily drug treated by the simple addition of a compound to the embryo media. Using whole-mount in situ
hybridization (WISH), mRNA expression can be clearly visualized within zebrafish embryos. Together, using chemical genetics and WISH, the zebrafish becomes a potent whole organism context in which to determine the cellular and physiological effects of small molecules. Innovative advances have been made in technologies that utilize machine-based screening procedures, however for many labs such options are not accessible or remain cost-prohibitive. The protocol described here explains how to execute a manual high-throughput chemical genetic screen that requires basic resources and can be accomplished by a single individual or small team in an efficient period of time. Thus, this protocol provides a feasible strategy that can be implemented by research groups to perform chemical genetics in zebrafish, which can be useful for gaining fundamental insights into developmental processes, disease mechanisms, and to identify novel compounds and signaling pathways that have medically relevant applications.
Developmental Biology, Issue 93, zebrafish, chemical genetics, chemical screen, in vivo small molecule screen, drug discovery, whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH), high-throughput screening (HTS), high-content screening (HCS)
In Vivo Canine Muscle Function Assay
Institutions: Wake Forest University, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill.
We describe a minimally-invasive and reproducible method to measure canine pelvic limb muscle strength and muscle response to repeated eccentric
contractions. The pelvic limb of an anesthetized dog is immobilized in a stereotactic frame to align the tibia at a right angle to the femur. Adhesive wrap affixes the
paw to a pedal mounted on the shaft of a servomotor to measure torque. Percutaneous nerve stimulation activates pelvic limb muscles of the paw to either push (extend) or
pull (flex) against the pedal to generate isometric torque. Percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation activates tibiotarsal extensor muscles. Repeated eccentric (lengthening)
contractions are induced in the tibiotarsal flexor muscles by percutaneous peroneal nerve stimulation. The eccentric protocol consists of an initial isometric contraction
followed by a forced stretch imposed by the servomotor. The rotation effectively lengthens the muscle while it contracts, e.g., an eccentric
stimulation flexor muscles are subjected to an 800 msec isometric and 200 msec eccentric contraction. This procedure is repeated every 5 sec. To avoid fatigue, 4 min rest
follows every 10 contractions with a total of 30 contractions performed.
Medicine, Issue 50, dog, muscle strength, muscle force, exercise, eccentric contraction, muscle damage, stretch
A Functional Motor Unit in the Culture Dish: Co-culture of Spinal Cord Explants and Muscle Cells
Institutions: University of Basel.
Human primary muscle cells cultured aneurally in monolayer rarely contract spontaneously because, in the absence of a nerve component, cell differentiation is limited and motor neuron stimulation is missing1
. These limitations hamper the in vitro
study of many neuromuscular diseases in cultured muscle cells. Importantly, the experimental constraints of monolayered, cultured muscle cells can be overcome by functional innervation of myofibers with spinal cord explants in co-cultures.
Here, we show the different steps required to achieve an efficient, proper innervation of human primary muscle cells, leading to complete differentiation and fiber contraction according to the method developed by Askanas2
. To do so, muscle cells are co-cultured with spinal cord explants of rat embryos at ED 13.5, with the dorsal root ganglia still attached to the spinal cord slices. After a few days, the muscle fibers start to contract and eventually become cross-striated through innervation by functional neurites projecting from the spinal cord explants that connecting to the muscle cells. This structure can be maintained for many months, simply by regular exchange of the culture medium.
The applications of this invaluable tool are numerous, as it represents a functional model for multidisciplinary analyses of human muscle development and innervation. In fact, a complete de novo
neuromuscular junction installation occurs in a culture dish, allowing an easy measurement of many parameters at each step, in a fundamental and physiological context.
Just to cite a few examples, genomic and/or proteomic studies can be performed directly on the co-cultures. Furthermore, pre- and post-synaptic effects can be specifically and separately assessed at the neuromuscular junction, because both components come from different species, rat and human, respectively. The nerve-muscle co-culture can also be performed with human muscle cells isolated from patients suffering from muscle or neuromuscular diseases3
, and thus can be used as a screening tool for candidate drugs. Finally, no special equipment but a regular BSL2 facility is needed to reproduce a functional motor unit in a culture dish. This method thus is valuable for both the muscle as well as the neuromuscular research communities for physiological and mechanistic studies of neuromuscular function, in a normal and disease context.
Neuroscience, Issue 62, Human primary muscle cells, embryonic spinal cord explants, neurites, innervation, contraction, cell culture
Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points
Institutions: University of Maryland School of Medicine.
Light is a versatile and precise means to control neuronal excitability. The recent introduction of light sensitive effectors such as channel-rhodopsin and caged neurotransmitters have led to interests in developing better means to control patterns of light in space and time that are useful for experimental neuroscience. One conventional strategy, employed in confocal and 2-photon microscopy, is to focus light to a diffraction limited spot and then scan that single spot sequentially over the region of interest. This approach becomes problematic if large areas have to be stimulated within a brief time window, a problem more applicable to photostimulation than for imaging. An alternate strategy is to project the complete spatial pattern on the target with the aid of a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD approach is appealing because the hardware components are relatively inexpensive and is supported by commercial interests. Because such a system is not available for upright microscopes, we will discuss the critical issues in the construction and operations of such a DMD system. Even though we will be primarily describing the construction of the system for UV photolysis, the modifications for building the much simpler visible light system for optogenetic experiments will also be provided. The UV photolysis system was used to carryout experiments to study a fundamental question in neuroscience, how are spatially distributed inputs integrated across distal dendritic branch points. The results suggest that integration can be non-linear across branch points and the supralinearity is largely mediated by NMDA receptors.
Bioengineering, Issue 49, DMD, photolysis, dendrite, photostimulation, DLP, optogenetics
Magnetic Resonance Derived Myocardial Strain Assessment Using Feature Tracking
Institutions: Cincinnati Children Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC), Imaging Systems GmbH, Advanced Medical Imaging Development SRL, The Christ Hospital.
Purpose: An accurate and practical method to measure parameters like strain in myocardial tissue is of great clinical value, since it has been shown, that strain is a more sensitive and earlier marker for contractile dysfunction than the frequently used parameter EF. Current technologies for CMR are time consuming and difficult to implement in clinical practice. Feature tracking is a technology that can lead to more automization and robustness of quantitative analysis of medical images with less time consumption than comparable methods.
Methods: An automatic or manual input in a single phase serves as an initialization from which the system starts to track the displacement of individual patterns representing anatomical structures over time. The specialty of this method is that the images do not need to be manipulated in any way beforehand like e.g. tagging of CMR images.
Results: The method is very well suited for tracking muscular tissue and with this allowing quantitative elaboration of myocardium and also blood flow.
Conclusions: This new method offers a robust and time saving procedure to quantify myocardial tissue and blood with displacement, velocity and deformation parameters on regular sequences of CMR imaging. It therefore can be implemented in clinical practice.
Medicine, Issue 48, feature tracking, strain, displacement, CMR
Adult and Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Microexplant Culture and Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells
Institutions: University of Birmingham.
Cultured embryonic and adult skeletal muscle cells have a number of different uses. The micro-dissected explants technique described in this chapter is a robust and reliable method for isolating relatively large numbers of proliferative skeletal muscle cells from juvenile, adult or embryonic muscles as a source of skeletal muscle stem cells. The authors have used micro-dissected explant cultures to analyse the growth characteristics of skeletal muscle cells in wild-type and dystrophic muscles. Each of the components of tissue growth, namely cell survival, proliferation, senescence and differentiation can be analysed separately using the methods described here. The net effect of all components of growth can be established by means of measuring explant outgrowth rates. The micro-explant method can be used to establish primary cultures from a wide range of different muscle types and ages and, as described here, has been adapted by the authors to enable the isolation of embryonic skeletal muscle precursors.
Uniquely, micro-explant cultures have been used to derive clonal (single cell origin) skeletal muscle stem cell (SMSc) lines which can be expanded and used for in vivo
transplantation. In vivo
transplanted SMSc behave as functional, tissue-specific, satellite cells which contribute to skeletal muscle fibre regeneration but which are also retained (in the satellite cell niche) as a small pool of undifferentiated stem cells which can be re-isolated into culture using the micro-explant method.
Cellular Biology, Issue 43, Skeletal muscle stem cell, embryonic tissue culture, apoptosis, growth factor, proliferation, myoblast, myogenesis, satellite cell, skeletal muscle differentiation, muscular dystrophy
Isometric and Eccentric Force Generation Assessment of Skeletal Muscles Isolated from Murine Models of Muscular Dystrophies
Institutions: School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania.
Critical to the evaluation of potential therapeutics for muscular disease are sensitive and reproducible physiological assessments of muscle function. Because many pre-clinical trials rely on mouse models for these diseases, isolated muscle function has become one of the standards for Go/NoGo decisions in moving drug candidates forward into patients. We will demonstrate the preparation of the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and diaphragm muscles for functional testing, which are the predominant muscles utilized for these studies. The EDL muscle geometry is ideal for isolated muscle preparations, with two easily accessible tendons, and a small size that can be supported by superfusion in a bath. The diaphragm exhibits profound progressive pathology in dystrophic animals, and can serve as a platform for evaluating many potential therapies countering fibrosis, and promoting myofiber stability. Protocols for routine testing, including isometric and eccentric contractions, will be shown. Isometric force provides assessment of strength, and eccentric contractions help to evaluate sarcolemma stability, which is disrupted in many types of muscular dystrophies. Comparisons of the expected results between muscles from wildtype and dystrophic muscles will also be provided. These measures can complement morphological and biochemical measurements of tissue homeostasis, as well as whole animal assessments of muscle function.
Anatomy, Issue 71, Physiology, Cellular Biology, Biophysics, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Surgery, Muscles, Muscular Diseases, Animal Experimentation, Chemicals and Drugs, muscular dystrophy, muscle function, muscle damage, muscular dystrophies, mouse, animal model
In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
Institutions: Duke University Medical Center, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center.
Here, we present methods for the development of assays to query potentially clinically significant nonsynonymous changes using in vivo
complementation in zebrafish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio
) are a useful animal system due to their experimental tractability; embryos are transparent to enable facile viewing, undergo rapid development ex vivo,
and can be genetically manipulated.1
These aspects have allowed for significant advances in the analysis of embryogenesis, molecular processes, and morphogenetic signaling. Taken together, the advantages of this vertebrate model make zebrafish highly amenable to modeling the developmental defects in pediatric disease, and in some cases, adult-onset disorders. Because the zebrafish genome is highly conserved with that of humans (~70% orthologous), it is possible to recapitulate human disease states in zebrafish. This is accomplished either through the injection of mutant human mRNA to induce dominant negative or gain of function alleles, or utilization of morpholino (MO) antisense oligonucleotides to suppress genes to mimic loss of function variants. Through complementation of MO-induced phenotypes with capped human mRNA, our approach enables the interpretation of the deleterious effect of mutations on human protein sequence based on the ability of mutant mRNA to rescue a measurable, physiologically relevant phenotype. Modeling of the human disease alleles occurs through microinjection of zebrafish embryos with MO and/or human mRNA at the 1-4 cell stage, and phenotyping up to seven days post fertilization (dpf). This general strategy can be extended to a wide range of disease phenotypes, as demonstrated in the following protocol. We present our established models for morphogenetic signaling, craniofacial, cardiac, vascular integrity, renal function, and skeletal muscle disorder phenotypes, as well as others.
Molecular Biology, Issue 78, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Medicine, Developmental Biology, Biochemistry, Anatomy, Physiology, Bioengineering, Genomics, Medical, zebrafish, in vivo, morpholino, human disease modeling, transcription, PCR, mRNA, DNA, Danio rerio, animal model
Fabrication of Micropatterned Hydrogels for Neural Culture Systems using Dynamic Mask Projection Photolithography
Institutions: Tulane University.
Increasingly, patterned cell culture environments are becoming a relevant technique to study cellular characteristics, and many researchers believe in the need for 3D environments to represent in vitro
experiments which better mimic in vivo
. Studies in fields such as cancer research 4
, neural engineering 5
, cardiac physiology 6
, and cell-matrix interaction7,8
have shown cell behavior differs substantially between traditional monolayer cultures and 3D constructs.
Hydrogels are used as 3D environments because of their variety, versatility and ability to tailor molecular composition through functionalization 9-12
. Numerous techniques exist for creation of constructs as cell-supportive matrices, including electrospinning13
, elastomer stamps14
, inkjet printing15
, additive photopatterning16
, static photomask projection-lithography17
, and dynamic mask microstereolithography18
. Unfortunately, these methods involve multiple production steps and/or equipment not readily adaptable to conventional cell and tissue culture methods. The technique employed in this protocol adapts the latter two methods, using a digital micromirror device (DMD) to create dynamic photomasks for crosslinking geometrically specific poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels, induced through UV initiated free radical polymerization. The resulting "2.5D" structures provide a constrained 3D environment for neural growth. We employ a dual-hydrogel approach, where PEG serves as a cell-restrictive region supplying structure to an otherwise shapeless but cell-permissive self-assembling gel made from either Puramatrix or agarose. The process is a quick simple one step fabrication which is highly reproducible and easily adapted for use with conventional cell culture methods and substrates.
Whole tissue explants, such as embryonic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), can be incorporated into the dual hydrogel constructs for experimental assays such as neurite outgrowth. Additionally, dissociated cells can be encapsulated in the photocrosslinkable or self polymerizing hydrogel, or selectively adhered to the permeable support membrane using cell-restrictive photopatterning. Using the DMD, we created hydrogel constructs up to ~1mm thick, but thin film (<200 μm) PEG structures were limited by oxygen quenching of the free radical polymerization reaction. We subsequently developed a technique utilizing a layer of oil above the polymerization liquid which allowed thin PEG structure polymerization.
In this protocol, we describe the expeditious creation of 3D hydrogel systems for production of microfabricated neural cell and tissue cultures. The dual hydrogel constructs demonstrated herein represent versatile in vitro
models that may prove useful for studies in neuroscience involving cell survival, migration, and/or neurite growth and guidance. Moreover, as the protocol can work for many types of hydrogels and cells, the potential applications are both varied and vast.
Bioengineering, Issue 48, Micropatterning, Photopolymerization, Hydrogels, Cell Culture, Tissue Engineering, Neural Engineering
Molecular Imaging to Target Transplanted Muscle Progenitor Cells
Institutions: Lawson Health Research Institute, Western University, Western University.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe genetic neuromuscular disorder that affects 1 in 3,500 boys, and is characterized by progressive muscle degeneration1, 2
. In patients, the ability of resident muscle satellite cells (SCs) to regenerate damaged myofibers becomes increasingly inefficient4
. Therefore, transplantation of muscle progenitor cells (MPCs)/myoblasts from healthy subjects is a promising therapeutic approach to DMD. A major limitation to the use of stem cell therapy, however, is a lack of reliable imaging technologies for long-term monitoring of implanted cells, and for evaluating its effectiveness. Here, we describe a non-invasive, real-time approach to evaluate the success of myoblast transplantation. This method takes advantage of a unified fusion reporter gene composed of genes (firefly luciferase [fluc
], monomeric red fluorescent protein [mrfp
] and sr39 thymidine kinase [sr39tk
]) whose expression can be imaged with different imaging modalities9, 10
. A variety of imaging modalities, including positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), optical imaging, and high frequency 3D-ultrasound are now available, each with unique advantages and limitations11
. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) studies, for example, have the advantage of being relatively low cost and high-throughput. It is for this reason that, in this study, we make use of the firefly luciferase (fluc
) reporter gene sequence contained within the fusion gene and bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for the short-term localization of viable C2C12 myoblasts following implantation into a mouse model of DMD (muscular dystrophy on the X chromosome [mdx] mouse)12-14
. Importantly, BLI provides us with a means to examine the kinetics of labeled MPCs post-implantation, and will be useful to track cells repeatedly over time and following migration. Our reporter gene approach further allows us to merge multiple imaging modalities in a single living subject; given the tomographic nature, fine spatial resolution and ability to scale up to larger animals and humans10,11
, PET will form the basis of future work that we suggest may facilitate rapid translation of methods developed in cells to preclinical models and to clinical applications.
Medicine, Issue 73, Medicine, Biophysics, Biomedical Engineering, Cellular Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, Genetics, Surgery, Diseases, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment, Therapeutics, Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), Reporter Gene Expression, Non-invasive Targeting, Muscle Progenitor Cells, Myoblasts, transplantation, cell implantation, MRI, PET, SPECT, BLI, imaging, clinical techniques, animal model
Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans
Institutions: University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital.
A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.
Behavior, Issue 85, Food reward, motivation, grip force, willingness to pay, subliminal motivation
Protocols for Oral Infection of Lepidopteran Larvae with Baculovirus
Institutions: Iowa State University.
Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This video shows how lepidopteran larvae can be infected with polyhedra by droplet feeding and diet plug-based bioassays. This accompanying Springer Protocols section provides an overview of the baculovirus lifecycle and use of baculoviruses as insecticidal agents, including discussion of the pros and cons for use of baculoviruses as insecticides, and progress made in genetic enhancement of baculoviruses for improved insecticidal efficacy.
Plant Biology, Issue 19, Springer Protocols, Baculovirus insecticides, recombinant baculovirus, insect pest management | <urn:uuid:95231060-d0dc-4d47-8882-c897c0e115ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jove.com/visualize/abstract/19421321/lack-functional-benefit-with-glutamine-versus-placebo-duchenne | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00192-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.903637 | 6,767 | 2.15625 | 2 |
Common Names: Yohimbe, Johimbe, Yumbina
Scientific Name: Pausinystalia Johimbe
Common Uses: Yohimbe bark is used as an aphrodisiac, and for debility and exhaustion.
Warnings: Side effects that can appear include anxiety states, elevated blood pressure, exanthema, nausea, insomnia, tachycardia, tremor, and vomiting.
Origin: The plant grows in the jungles of West Africa, Cameroon, Congo and Gabon. | <urn:uuid:ef25f5c4-bb4d-4b30-958b-b00d3b9962e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ucantribe.com/product/yohimbe-bark/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.775192 | 112 | 1.976563 | 2 |
When Erwin Schrodinger was awarded the Nobel prize in 1933 for his famous equation, he was asked by a reporter how was an abstract mathematical equation even useful and what was the point of supporting research like that.
Few decades later, Schrodinger's equation forms the basis of understanding the barrier tunelling phenomena that is a cornerstone of modern day electronics.
Moral of the story - the benefits of basic research is not always immediately apparent.
Originally Posted by Hunterace
Why is this a scientific goal?
From what I understood (and I am no biologist - may be I am wrong about this), the scientific challenge is to get a better hang of tissue engineering. The effort was based around engineering artificial meat using stem cells. I suppose the burger is basically the proof that artificial meat is a possibility using stem cells, and this is basically a stem cell research project, with the "burger" aspect being more of a headline grabber.
One of the issues with populist headline grabbing in a work like this is the actual message can easily get lost in translation (might ave happened here). Its a challenge that scientists will always have to grapple with - popularizing their work, and reaching out to the rest without obfuscating their core message. | <urn:uuid:844142a0-2789-420e-8587-9c4bf374ac06> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://muscleandbrawn.com/forum/362900-post9.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00422-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965913 | 253 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Since, the 1980s, the United States has seen unprecedented "privatization" of services traditionally run by the national, state and local governments. Ultra-conservative economic ideologies have been accepted as the norm and increasingly, any opposition to them is seen as "un=American." A distinguished professor at a well-respected college, who was lucky enough to escape the terror of the U.S.-backed coup in Chile in 1973, once told this writer that Chile was our first experiment in neo-liberal economics. People speak of a "Chilean Miracle" under this system but many forget that while it made some Chileans very rich, it did little of the working classes. And, of course it was "successful" in the sense that it was implemented when everyone was too afraid to speak out against it.
In the last three decades, we have privatized more and more public services and the list grows longer. The private sector has been allowed to make profits on providing these services at taxpayer expense. The areas affected include health care, social services, mental health service, and education.
If President-Elect Trump and his proposed administration, advisors and supporters have their way, we will undoubtedly see even more privatization of public services from Social Security to Medicare to veterans' benefits. In spite of what conservative propaganda tries to tell us, privatization is not of benefit to the normal working or middle-class American taxpayer. The taxpayer will still pay taxes, only those taxes will go toward making a profit for private corporations. Although people often rightly complain about "bureaucracy" when the government runs something, public agencies are not innately more bureaucratic or less competent than private ones. In fact, private companies than be even more bureaucratic. And, there is the additional incentive of profit for private agencies to deny or cut back on services.
One of Mr. Trump's more disturbing proposals is to privatize his own security and to pay for it himself. On the surface, this may seem appealing, considering the much higher cost of security since Trump's family wants to continue to live at Trump Towers. But, there are serious problems with the idea.
First, there are the practical considerations. Who is going to be in charge? Congress has tasked the Secret Service with the duty of not only protecting the president and vice-president but also political candidates, foreign dignitaries, former presidents and former presidential family members. Who is going to be ultimately responsible for decisions regarding the president's security details: the U.S. Secret Service or the private security force?
Obviously, whether one agrees with a president or not, almost all Americans would agree that the protection of our chief executive and a world leader is of the highest priority. Will a private security force be better than what we have had in place for decades and one that has been mandated by Congress? The Secret Service, which, as an agency of the Department of the Treasury, is also responsible for fighting counterfeiting of our currency, has been trained for decades in protecting the president and his family.
Overall, they have done a very good job. Since the Secret Service became responsible for the president's safety, we have had only one presidential assassination, one assassination of a presidential candidate, and relative few "close calls" such as those involving Presidents Harry Truman, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Will conflict between the Secret Service and a private security detail loyal only to Mr. Trump stand in the way of the best possible presidential security? Since he seems to dislike advice and even intelligence briefings, will Mr. Trump ignore the procedures which have helped protect presidents for decades?
Another concern is that such a security force would be subject only to Mr. Trump who already, by his words, has indicated that he does not respect the law, the Constitution, or even common decency. This opens the door to possible abuse. There are "bodyguards" and there are "bodyguards." With all due respect to the honest, dedicated people who do these jobs, there are not a few thugs in the profession. After all, in Germany, didn't the S.S. start out as Adolf Hitler's relatively small security detail?
(Scott Cracraft is a citizen, a taxpayer, a veteran, and a resident of Gilford). | <urn:uuid:b817df61-5e02-4b68-a976-9c0d93ef8a9a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.laconiadailysun.com/special-sections/columns/100990-e-scott-cracraft-privatization-of-presidential-security-cause-for-concern | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00191-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977023 | 863 | 2.03125 | 2 |
People engaged in the bodyguard industry have high requirements for the quality of the body. Endurance refers to the ability of the human body to exercise for a long time or fight against fatigue, including speed endurance, anaerobic endurance, and the ability of the human body to move quickly in a relatively short time.
General endurance, aerobic endurance, refers to the ability of the body to carry out moderate muscle activity for a long time, and special endurance.
Strength refers to the ability of the muscle to show the force effect in the state of tension or contraction. Strength quality is divided into two categories:
One class is static force, which refers to the strength of muscle contraction when the length of the muscle is constant.
The other is the dynamic force, which refers to the strength of the muscle in shortening the contraction. The power of power can be divided into weight force and speed force. The factors that determine the size of the strength are: the first is the improvement of the structure and function of the muscle itself, and the two is the improvement of the function of the nervous system.
Flexibility includes two aspects: soft and tough, soft is the foundation, and toughness is the most important.
Sensitivity refers to the ability of athletes to change body movement quickly, accurately and harmonily, under the conditions of various mutations.
The wonderful content of this article comes from the detailed content of the security service company. Please click on our official website: http://www.zhongtebao.cn thank you for your arrival. | <urn:uuid:1a95997a-7fd6-4160-b808-2b9034f23c65> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.zhongtebao.cn/2017/3/19.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572198.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815175725-20220815205725-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.685272 | 1,138 | 2.59375 | 3 |
WASHINGTON—The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum honored more than 840 survivors of the Holocaust and 110 World War II veterans at a national tribute Monday, commemorating 20 years since the museum’s opening.
In the spirit of uniting people around the remembrance of the Holocaust and the prevention of genocide in the world, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum held a two-day event in Washington and announced a campaign and national tour titled, Never Again. What You Do Matters.
Thirty-six flags of the U.S. Army liberating divisions flanked the stage during the ceremony.
Former President Bill Clinton, and the museum founding chairman and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel spoke during the national tribute ceremony.
“Not all victims were Jews, but all the Jews were victims,“ said Elie Wiesel, who said it was important to honor all the victims of the Holocaust and not just the Jews. “We believe that in opening up the gates of our memory we are bringing people closer together,” he said.
The museum houses 16,280 artifacts and 12,500 survivor testimonies. It has had 35 million visitors during the past 20 years. Regarding the importance of these artifacts and records, Clinton said, it was important to ensure that “as direct memories fade away, that the record, pictures and stories never die.”
Wiesel addressed the youth who will carry on the memories after the survivors pass on. “It is your memory that inherited ours. Our memory lives in yours. Remember that young people,” he said.
The former president, who with Wiesel was present at the museum’s dedication when he was president in 1993, said that we needed the Holocaust museum as a place to remind us that “no matter how smart a people are, if you have a head without a heart, you are not human.”
Memories Live On
As part of the 20th anniversary campaign, the museum recommends 20 actions on its website that the public can take to honor the memory of the victims of the Holocaust and World War II survivors. The museum urges people to attend Holocaust remembrance public programs or traveling exhibitions in their communities, or to submit a story, or donate family artifacts to the museum, or share thoughts on the lessons learned from the Holocaust.
Undoubtedly, living survivors of the Holocaust and World War II veterans have had time to reflect on the horrors and atrocities they witnessed. And they are able to revisit the memories of the Holocaust through their own diaries, photos, and videos and those of other survivors.
“So I was hiding out in the heap of dead bodies because in the last week when the crematoria didn’t function at all, the bodies were just building up higher and higher. And I sneaked in, among those dead bodies because I was afraid they’d come back or something. So there I was at nighttime; in the daytime I was roaming around in the camp, and this is where I survived,” said Bart Stern, a Holocaust survivor born in 1926 in Hungary.
Stern was deported by cattle car to the Auschwitz extermination camp, where he was forced to drill and dig in a coal mine. As the Soviet forces advanced to Auschwitz in January 1945, the Germans forced most of the prisoners out of the camp on a death march that few would survive. He survived by hiding. He was 18 years old at the time.
Sterns words add to the historical record of the Holocaust and add a dimension to the images and videos housed at the museum of emaciated prisoners, heaps of dead bodies and charred remains captured by the liberators of the death camps.
Survivors of the Holocaust have committed themselves to combat and end genocide around the world. The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum has likewise committed itself to this aim. The museum’s Center for the Prevention of Genocide raises awareness, and documents cases, of genocide around the world, identifies the signs and risks of genocide, and encourages people and governments to act to end genocide.
In Darfur in June 2003, a militia called the Janjaweed murdered and raped civilians, killing an estimated 300,000 people by 2005, according to the Committee of Conscience (COC), the museum’s genocide prevention program.
In September and October 2010, Michael Abramowitz, director of COC and Andrew Natsios, former special envoy to Sudan during the Bush administration, traveled to Southern Sudan to bear witness to the situation in Sudan ahead of the referendum expected to mark the culmination of a peace agreement to end the civil war between North and South Sudan.
“We were told that rebel group, the Lord Resistance Army, had attacked refugee camps. One evening they came. The Rebels decided to kill us. So they started selecting people to kill and my mom was one of them. They started beating her head with an ax. My mother died at that moment. … The boy came at me with a machete, he cut me on my face forearm and my breast. I pretended to be dead. I must have fainted, because when I woke up, everything was quiet, except I could hear children crying,” said Sunday Achan, who escaped from Sudan to Uganda.
Achan recounted her experience in a film by Lucien Perkins documenting the Committee of Conscience’s 2010 trip to Sudan.
Holocaust survivors and survivors of modern genocide such as in Sudan have different life experiences, yet they can relate to each other in ways that others may not. Holocaust survivors have shared many of their stories and they have documented their journeys of recovery. Yet for the people of Sudan, their wounds are just beginning to heal, and in some instances they are at risk of being reopened.
Gary Feuerberg contributed to this article | <urn:uuid:c86e124b-874a-4412-a39c-2b0e45119669> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/33187-holocaust-museum-commemorates-20th-anniversary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00504-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966725 | 1,189 | 2.21875 | 2 |
In an oral interview housed in the Billy Graham Center Archives at Wheaton College, Jesse W. Hoover — a Brethren in Christ minister, evangelist, and writer, and the peace secretary for Mennonite Central Committee during World War II — comments on the response of evangelicals to the efforts at peacemaking undertaken by the Brethren in Christ during World War II and following.
Here’s a taste:
I found that a frank simple open discussion of the issues involved always brought a sympathetic response. I don’t mean to suggest that they agreed with me but I had learned, I think, by that time pretty largely that argumentation just for the sake of argumentation usually get us nowhere. And I think I learned a little about a very humble, frank, straight-forward presentation without argumentation. And I’ve appreciated the . . . the reception . . . I don’t think that I can honestly say I’ve ever encountered what I sensed as direct opposition or at least not antagonism.
The entire four-part interview deals with many issues beyond Brethren in Christ nonresistant belief, and would be a great resource for an historian researching the church’s peace activities during and after the Great War.
To read the entire interview and a brief biography of Hoover, click here. (Hoover’s comments on peacemaking during World War II are in Transcript 3.) | <urn:uuid:9fad6557-259b-41f6-88b1-7daa8c7a36f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://devincthomas.wordpress.com/2010/09/22/jesse-w-hoover-on-explaining-brethren-in-christ-nonresistance-to-evangelicals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280900.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00007-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93941 | 292 | 1.648438 | 2 |
Are We There Yet? Treasury Yields May Drive Lower
Barclay’s Global Macro Daily by Anshul Pradhan and Vivek Shukla, expected treasury yields to fall even further from its low.
We expect 10y yields to decline to 1.25% over the coming months.
One of the most important factor for such a prediction is dim future world growth projection. United States has been growing below-expectations and even Europe has started to not perform as previously viewed.
In the US, Q1 12 real GDP growth was 1.9%, vs. initial consensus estimates of 2.5%, and Q2 istracking just 1.4%, compared with initial consensus estimates of 2.3%.While the core of Europe seemed resistant to the peripheral slowdown a few quarters ago, growth numbers have now started to disappoint, and expectations are being revised lower.
Another important reason is the lack of improvement from the fiscal front. There is increased uncertainty about tax-cuts and other fiscal policies just before the presidential elections this year and would likely lead to higher demand for ‘safe havens’.
Without policy action this year, the fiscal drag in 2013 related to the Bush-era tax cuts, sequestration and payroll tax cuts/LT unemployment benefits could amount to as much as 4% of GDP.
In addition to the above two causes, tighter bank capital regulation is likely to cause downward pressure on the yields. The stringent regulations implemented to reduce the risk of another financial crisis will curb credit growth. This would lead to even more demand for safe assets.
Over the past six months, loan portfolios of domestic commercial banks have grown just 2.3% in annual terms, down from 3.6% in the second half of 2011. These levels remain a far cry from the pre-crisis pace.
Moving forward, there is a strong possibility that the Fed will act to boost growth in the country and thus in the process will lead to an increased demand for government bonds.
In his latest testimony to the Senate, Fed Chairman Bernanke sounded fairly dovish in his economic assessment and highlighted that the Fed stands ready to act if needed. Unless there is a quick reversal towards a better economic outlook, the Fed is likely to take further steps, which should drive US rates even lower.
The above content is provided for educational and informational purposes only, does not constitute a recommendation to enter in any securities transactions or to engage in any of the investment strategies presented in such content, and does not represent the opinions of Bondsquawk or its employees. | <urn:uuid:67ed4564-86b0-419d-b6d4-a2d8cf8d361d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bondsquawk.com/2012/07/19/are-we-there-yet-treasury-yields-may-go-lower/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282935.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00244-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955288 | 524 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Whom have I in heaven but you?
And there is nothing on earth that I desire besides you.
Life in this world is about seeking satisfaction and experiencing frustration. Our search for satisfaction usually ends in frustration because: “Our hearts are restless until they find their rest in Thee (i.e., in God)”, (Augustine); i.e., God alone satisfies, no one and nothing else can. Our text is actually saying the same thing in different words.
I. NOTHING ON EARTH CAN SATISFY. Man has an infinite capacity for more and more. Thus, no finite thing can satisfy him. Only God, being infinite, can do so.
A. Treasures on earth can’t satisfy. See Ecc. 4:7; 5:10-12; 6:7; 5:15. The ultimate destination of all our material possessions is the junkyard (Matt. 6:19). Earthly treasures are subject to rust and robbery.
B. Pleasures (sinful pleasures in particular) on earth can’t satisfy.
1. They fade away. The satisfaction they give is only temporary. (I John 1:15-17)
2. They fight against our spiritual well-being. They destroy our delight in God and lead us further and further away from him. (I Pet. 2:11)
3. They produce spiritual famine, in the same way that drinking sea water increases your thirst instead of quenching it (Eph. 4:17-19; Ps. 106:15)
II. ONLY GOD IN HEAVEN CAN SATISY.
· Heaven is a place of absolute happiness, but that is so only because God is there (Ps. 73:25; Rev. 21:1-4; Phil. 1:23; John 14:1-3)
· The satisfaction that God gives is full and forever (Ps. 16:11; John 4:13-14)
· God satisfies all our God-honoring desires (Ps. 37:4) and supplies all our needs (as distinguished from wants) (Phil. 4:19).
· Examples of how God satisfies us:
o Everlasting Love (Jer. 31:3; Rom. 8:35a, 38-39)
o Fullness of Joy (Ps. 16:11; Rev. 21:1-4; Hab. 3:17-18; Luke 1:46)
o Perfect Peace (Isa. 26:3; Rom. 5:1; Rom. 8:1)
Find your satisfaction in God by (a) receiving his love as you believe in his Son (John 3:16; Rom. 5:8; John 1:12); (b) by experiencing his joy as your repent of your sins (Luke 15:7); and by enjoying his peace as you trust him for salvation (Isa. 26:3; Rom. 5:1). | <urn:uuid:bf2a74ab-7976-4101-a9bf-e05c04ec373b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://attycortes.wordpress.com/2007/03/06/true-satisfaction/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.916775 | 637 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Book of opposites / Oliver Jeffers.
- ISBN: 9780008520953
- ISBN: 000852095X
- ISBN: 9780593527856
- ISBN: 0593527852
- Physical Description: 1 volume (unpaged) : colour illustrations ; 21 cm.
- Publisher: London : HarperCollins Children's Books, 2022.
On board pages.
A spectacular concept board book from world-renowned artist Oliver Jeffers, based on his million-copy selling, global phenomenon Here We Are! Inspired by the exceptional, award-winning global picture-book phenomenon, Here We Are, comes this irresistible introduction to opposites to welcome babies and toddlers to our planet. A perfect gift for families to treasure forever, and a must for all nurseries.
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|Subject:||English language > Synonyms and antonyms > Pictorial works > Juvenile literature.
Polarity > Pictorial works > Juvenile literature.
Livres tout carton.
Contraires - Ouvrages illustrés - Ouvrages pour la jeunesse.
Picture books for children.
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- 4 of 4 copies available at Bibliomation. (Show)
- 1 of 1 copy available at Booth & Dimock Library - Coventry.
- 0 current holds with 4 total copies. | <urn:uuid:08cb5d05-b9fd-4779-add0-19cb5c36bc13> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://coventry.biblio.org/eg/opac/record/4420359 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.678603 | 347 | 1.882813 | 2 |
The Heart and Mind of Michelle Obama
In The Audacity of Hope, Barack Obama recalls how unhappy Michelle was when he decided to run for Congress in 2000—a race he would go on to lose. "My wife's anger toward me seemed barely contained," he writes. "'You only think about yourself,' she would tell me. 'I never thought I'd have to raise a family alone.'"
It seems logical to assume that if things were that bad in their marriage before, a presidential run would make them exponentially worse. But Michelle says that's not so. "There was an important period of growth in our marriage," she tells me, as matter-of-factly as if she were discussing her morning commute. "He was in the state senate, we had small kids, and it was hard. I was struggling with figuring out how I was going to make it work for me." It was during this period that Michelle started going to the gym before dawn. "This was the epiphany," she says. "I am sitting there with a new baby, angry, tired, and out of shape. The baby is up for that 4 o'clock feeding. And my husband is lying there, sleeping." That's when it struck her that if she weren't there, he would eventually have to wake up. It worked. "I would get home from the gym, and the girls would be up and fed. That was something I had to do for me."
But even as she was getting out of her own way, making room for her husband to step up, she was realizing that it wasn't his job to make everything perfect. "The big thing I figured out," she says, "was that I was pushing to make Barack be something I wanted him to be for me. I believed that if only he were around more often, everything would be better. So I was depending on him to make me happy. Except it didn't have anything to do with him. I needed support. I didn't necessarily need it from Barack."
She gets the support from her own version of those grandmothers of Siaya, the girlfriends, the neighbors, the other moms at school. Above all, she gets it from her own mother, who still lives in the house where Michelle grew up, just 15 minutes from the Obamas' Hyde Park home. (When someone told Marian that, if the family ends up in the White House, she should move there with them, her response was a firm no-thank-you: "That, I can do without. When you move in, you just hear a little bit too much." But presumably the White House is big enough? "It's never big enough for that.") | <urn:uuid:0ae040fa-bdfd-47e1-a645-8c3f47b04bc1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.oprah.com/world/the-heart-and-mind-of-michelle-obama/9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570767.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808061828-20220808091828-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.996096 | 553 | 1.539063 | 2 |
I'm not the only one at Epicurious with gardening on my mind (see Joanne's post about window gardening). During this dormant season, I've been contemplating how to better manage my plot at the local community garden. And now I can, thanks to the Kitchen Garden Planner at Gardener's Supply Company. This online tool is free and easy to use. All you have to do is provide the dimensions of your garden and pick the plants you want to grow. Then tool tells you how many plants of each will fit into one square foot, whether it be one tomato, 16 arugula, or two parsley. It's not the perfect tool (tarragon was not an option and it won't tell you how much sunlight each plant needs) but it still gave me some much-needed guidance. Potatoes, here I come!
I imagine graph paper was once very popular for plotting a garden. What tools are you now using to plan your outdoor garden? | <urn:uuid:4450004b-da48-4ac9-8cc5-d9cabf548903> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.epicurious.com/archive/blogs/editor/2010/02/the-kitchen-garden-planner.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281069.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00266-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951897 | 198 | 1.742188 | 2 |
The greatest Guide to Self-Care with CBD Items
Cannabidiol, or CBD, is regarded as over 100 chemical substances referred to as cannabinoids, which could all be found in kinds of the cannabis plant, including hemp and marijuana.
CBD and THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) will be the most often recognized cannabinoids. Nonetheless, the 2 compounds have become different. THC has psychoactive properties, producing the characteristic” that is“high with utilizing cannabis. CBD, on the other hand, doesn’t have some of these psychoactive properties. Rather, it offers the huge benefits of cannabis without having the high, further supporting all around health and health.
Using the growing interest in CBD oils and items, this has ver quickly become A ingredient that is common self-care routines in most walks of life. Whether you’ve possessed a rough week or simply require a while to your self, CBD products might be exactly what you’ve needed seriously to boost your very own wellness. Here’s your ultimate guide to including CBD items to your self-care routine.
CBD and THC
There’s a lot of misinformation regarding CBD and THC. Some genuinely believe that CBD is a precursor to THC. Although the two are related in structure and supply, these are generally dramatically different in place and use. The primary element to know is the fact that cigarette smoking or ingesting CBD cannot enable you to get high.
First and foremost, CBD is legal around the world, except for Canada, which considers it a managed substance. It is also safe to consume in every Amount, as it doesn’t have any of the relative unwanted effects that include more THC-rich services and products.
Use CBD Products to Relieve Sore Muscle Tissue
CBD for Sore Muscles
CBD comes in many different types and distribution techniques, including skin medications, creams, balms, and salves. These work by activating the endocannabinoid receptors found in your muscle tissues. Along side more direct distribution, topical CBD items provide more relief that is localized only affecting the area for which you use the balm or cream.
It has been proven become specially great for pain and basic swelling. Studies in rats unearthed that transdermal kinds of cannabidiol Could help reduce pain and inflammation. Other studies further point out the role of one’s system that is endocannabinoid in both acute and chronic pain.
One of the keys here is the application that is direct of topical CBD into the impacted area. You don’t have actually to be worried about metabolic rate or most of the processing and breakdown that takes place in your intestines and stomach with edible CBD.
For those who have been holding some hefty lots or going extra difficult at the gym, consider massaging some CBD cream into the muscle tissue, especially if your wanting to check out sleep. The cream will work its means to your muscle tissue, assisting to Relieve soreness so you can wake up rejuvenated and refreshed.
CBD Balms for Skincare
CBD Topicals for Skincare
Swelling frequently lies in the reason behind many epidermis dilemmas, including pimples and rosacea. Even redness that is general blemishes tend due to some amount of infection. CBD as well as other cannabinoids have actually anti-inflammatory properties that will help you better manage puffiness, swelling, and soreness.
Cannabinoids have also discovered to obtain properties that are antioxidant. Antioxidants work by neutralizing radicals that are free a item associated with the organic oxidation that occurs within your body. Toxins trigger problems for muscles, DNA, along with other cells, including epidermis, causing irritation and basic indications of aging. CBD could work two-fold being an anti-oxidant to stop both inflammation and indications of aging.
Further studies additionally declare that cannabidiol can really help manage the big event of individual sebaceous glands and the release of sebum. Sebum is the normal oil secreted by the sebaceous glands that helps hydrate the skin and protect you against unwanted organisms and microbes. But, way too much sebum is the catalyst leading to acne. Theoretically, CBD can help reduce or expel your outbreaks.
In addition to all that, CBD oils frequently contain normal essential fatty acids that will help nourish skin that is dry including epidermis that could be enduring eczema. If you’ve been investing too much effort in the sun’s rays, CBD may possibly provide relief for sunburns which help the skin heal.
After cleaning see your face, use some CBD balm to the skin to simply helpblemishes, soothe any signs and symptoms of redness or swelling, and generally speaking relaxed your thoughts after having a day that is stressful.
CBD Bath Bombs
a hot bath is perhaps one of the most crucial tools in your self-care toolbox. Bath bombs in basic elevate the ability up to a new degree of luxuriousness, however with CBD shower bombs you can really flake out the body and soothe your brain while maintaining your skin nourished, soft, and smooth. The CBD might help soothe your own skin and battle swelling and muscle mass soreness, while the botanicals along with other ingredients into the shower bomb wash away the perspiration, dust, and bad vibes that have actually accumulated through the day.
It’s as simple as filling your bath tub and dropping into the shower bomb. From here, placed on your album that is favorite or, relax with a novel (which you don’t brain getting a little waterlogged), or simply allow the mind wander freely. Top it well with a chilled beverage to remain hydrated even though you immerse, and you also might just supercede your showers with bathrooms completely.
CBD and Food
Cooking with CBD
cannibus oil Along side hygiene and recovering your joints that are aching muscle tissue, you want to charge the human body aided by the right meals. The great news is CBD can be effortlessly included into virtually any meals or dish you may be craving. Some tips that are general making food with CBD:
1. Know About Heat
Although warming CBD can really help increase its general effectiveness, getting it too hot can in fact eradicate a number of its components that are active specially terpenes. The CBD will begin to around 320 degrees Fahrenheit evaporate. Generally speaking, you should avoid CBD that is heating over high temperature.
2. Sweeter Is Simpler
CBD is frequently utilized in sweet meals and cooked products, as sugar and chocolate offer easy techniques to mask the inherent bitter taste of CBD and other cannabinoids.
3. You Could Still Decide To Try Savory
Having said that, CBD can nevertheless quite be used efficiently in savory meals. It simply has to be infused into some type of fat or oil, like butter, lard, ghee, or coconut oil. Vodka, rum, along with other spirits that are hard provide an effective automobile for CBD in savory meals.
4. Cooking Is Preferable To Drizzling
As tempting as it can be to simply drizzle some CBD to your soup or onto your sandwich, cooking it into the meal is definitely suggested. In addition to assisting procedure the CBD that is actual temperature assists the flavors mix, covering up the CBD’s bitterness.
5. Understand Refined and Unrefined CBD Natural Oils
Refined oils provide more flexibility and are generally simpler to make use of, as less-refined natural oils have significantly more of the aftertaste that is bitter. Nonetheless, less-refined natural oils can certainly still be plenty helpful in meals containing chocolate, spices, or other flavors that are strong.
6. Stir It In
Whenever you add your CBD oil, powder, or tincture, make certain you stir it in Thoroughly, even more than you may think is essential. You need to evenly Distribute the cannabinoid so that every sip or bite of the meal provides lots of CBD.
7. Shop Precisely
Once you’ve completed using your CBD oil, shop it in a very good, dry spot. CBD as well as other cannabinoids are responsive to heat and light, each of which can degrade the active components, leading to weaker impacts and much more bitter CBD oil. If you would like your following dish that is CBD-infused taste great, keep the oil in your kitchen.
A straightforward and refreshing method to integrate CBD into the self-care routine will be create a smoothie. All that’s necessary is:
– one glass of frozen strawberries
– One cup of frozen raspberries
– a cup that is half of
– a cup that is half of yogurt
– Three teaspoons of honey
– 1 teaspoon of ground ginger
– A few falls of your CBD that is favorite oil a couple teaspoons of CBD powder
Blend all of the components in your blender and revel in. You are able to effortlessly atart exercising . greens, including spinach and kale, for additional fibre and nourishment. The berries, yogurt, and honey should protect any bitterness up or extremely vegetal tastes.
Just like a note, CBD may have low bioavailability whenever taken in any type of edible kind. Which means that a portion regarding the CBD you ingest will obviously be lost through the body’s digestive tract before it really gets consumed to your system. Additionally, predicated on a range that is huge of, CBD that happens to be ingested may take a few hours to simply simply take impact, in addition to effective serving size can differ. It’s always if it’s your first time with CBD recommended that you begin low and slow at about five milligrams before you work your path up.
CBD for Sleep
CBD for Sleep
Sleep not just assists refresh your mind and body, but it addittionally simply feels great to lay down and flake out. Nonetheless, if you’re anxious or stressed, you’ll additionally most likely have actually trouble dropping off to sleep or finding a restful night in sleep. Studies on CBD have discovered that the cannabinoid might have the healing prospect of combating the observable symptoms of sleeplessness while also helping handle excessive daytime sleepiness and REM sleep behavior condition. All of the fundamentally equates to higher rest without the throwing or switching.
While CBD natural natural oils and tinctures can nevertheless assistance with rest, maybe you are better down by having a sublingual spray. “Sublingual” just means “under the tongue.” Where natural oils and tinctures frequently have become ingested and move slowly during your gastrointestinal system, sublingual sprays deliver a tiny but effectiveserving measurements of CBD straight to an area of this lips that has very absorbent membranes. That means a quicker impact as opposed to waiting hours for the CBD to visit using your human anatomy. Merely spray the CBD under your tongue before going to sleep. It will simply just take in just minutes to just take impact and should endure for hours.
5 General Self-Care Guidelines
There are lots of actions you can take to boost your self-care along side integrating more CBD.
Meditation is a straightforward and efficient way to reduce everyday stress, promote joy, while increasing your present quality. On top of that, you don’t need a lot of time and energy to do it. Just a couple moments of meditation a time will make all the huge difference.
Find a peaceful, comfortable space, shut your eyes, and start to become contained in the moment. Start with concentrating on your breathing, taking the time for you to take complete breaths inside and outside. Then do a quick check-in with your system, through the top of the head down seriously to the recommendations of one’s feet. See if it is possible to feel the epidermis on your head, your eyes, your ears. See whether one thing seems or that is painful “off” as you scan down. Adjust the human body, but move ahead.
The misconception that is biggest about meditation is the fact that it is about emptying your brain or reasoning about nothing. The truth is, it is about being current with yourself, that also means comprehending that the mind will wander, and that is fine. If for example the head wanders while you meditate, don’t get frustrated or frustrated. Simply acknowledge that the head wandered and pull your gently attention returning to yourself.
2. Clean Your Liveable Space
It may appear to be a task, nonetheless it may be a huge section of taking care of yourself and battling anxiety. In addition it does not need the full ceiling-to-floor scrub down. Invest five to ten full minutes each time cleaning, Organizing, or arranging some right section of your property, whether or not it’s your workplace, your sleep, or your wardrobe. You’d be surprised just how much you can accomplish in that right time and exactly how fulfilled you’ll feel when you’ve done it.
3. Write Down and Visualize Your Plans
As you begin each write down and visualize your plans and hopeful day achievements during the day. Provide yourself the right time you have to do what you have to do, and don’t forget it’s ok in the event that you don’t finish whatever you jot down. This can be more info on company and understanding your own personal requirements.
Social networking and technology could be tools that are great will allow you to link with other people and discover every thing in regards to the globe, but that constant source of news and information can be hugely overwhelming. When possible, give consideration to using some slack from social networking and technology, also for only an hour a time. It’ll all still be there when you have right straight back.
5. Help Your Community
Self-care can be as much about helping others as it’s caring for your self. When you have the full time, consider volunteering by having an organization that is localwhether it’s an pet shelter, collection, or soup kitchen area.
“Self-care” gets thrown around plenty today. The important thing to it really is checking in yourself the space and time you need with yourself and giving. Frequently, caring about other people starts with looking after your self. | <urn:uuid:6885f92c-eb1c-4568-9590-f6f902b22d17> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://architecturalstudio.co.in/the-greatest-guide-to-self-care-with-cbd-items-198/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00067.warc.gz | en | 0.951907 | 3,003 | 1.945313 | 2 |
In case you hadn’t noticed, the United States isn’t exactly on friendly terms with North Korea. The US has claimed that Kim Jong Un is ‘begging for war’, promising an ‘effective and overwhelming’ military response to any aggression. President Donald Trump has even appeared to threaten the use of nuclear weapons against North Korea, vowing to meet aggression with ‘fire and fury.’ In response, last night North Korea fired a second missile over Japan. But these threats aren’t surprising. They fit perfectly with all the administration has done to cripple the nation’s other levers of power.
Trump’s first year in office has, so far, demonstrated a clear preference for the use of military force. His inner circle is inundated with military men: Secretary of Defense James Mattis and Chief of Staff John Kelly were general officers in the US Marine Corps; National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster is an Army three-star lieutenant general.
As noted by Inkstick’s own Mieke Eoyang, these men are likely to fall back on the instrument of national security with which they are most familiar: military force. But even if they were inclined to think outside the box, the president seems ready to encourage their instincts, lumping them in with current officers and adding yet another layer of military thinking to the mix.
And, right now at least, there doesn’t seem to be a counter. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson is an ‘unmitigated disaster’. He has been cast as out of the loop on a range of subjects, including US policy toward North Korea. White House Chief Strategist Steve Bannon, among others, left the White House following clashes over policy with the Mattis-Kelly-McMaster trio.
The administration’s preference for the military-minded has also made its way into the administration’s budget blueprint. Even as the Department of Defense was slated to have its budget grow by $52 billion, the administration proposed cutting the State Department’s budget by 32%. Fortunately, Congress has thus far resisted the administration’s efforts to cripple American diplomacy, labeling the proposed cuts to State ‘dead on arrival.’ But the administration’s apparent disdain for the work of the State Department has already driven an exodus of career diplomats. And the cancelation of an incoming class of Foreign Service Officers and suspension of fellowship programs designed to attract top foreign policy talent make sure there is no one lined up to replace them.
The hollowing out of the country’s diplomatic corps will do lasting damage to US diplomatic capabilities. If State can’t stop the bleeding, the military will be increasingly called upon to contain international crises — already a concern as the Department of Defense takes on responsibilities increasingly divorced from anything resembling a traditional military mission. Not only will this create a self-reinforcing cycle wherein diplomacy is abandoned because the resources are needed for the military that was called in when diplomacy failed, but other nations may follow the US toward more liberal use of military force. That, I trust, we can all still agree runs counter to US interests. | <urn:uuid:7395c5cc-31a5-4ca1-90ee-e01065857e62> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://inkstickmedia.com/diplomacy-dies-darkness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.951302 | 650 | 1.835938 | 2 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
Miller uses some very straight-forward methods of exposition along with some savvy authorial devices to provide exposition on character and setting.
The primary mode of exposition for setting and character is dialogue taking place in the "present moment" of the play. At the opening of the play, Willy and Linda discuss their house and the state it is in, commenting also on their financial situation. They also discuss their son, introducing his persona as well as his character's themes. This conversation is an example of indirect exposition that borders on direct exposition as the characters flesh out the context of their lives to open the play.
Additionally, with several characters of the play nearing a crisis point in their lives and relationships, reflection on the path taken through life that has led to this crisis is natural. The characters are able to talk about their past, their dreams, and their failures in a dramatic context that naturally calls for such discussions. Developing a dramatic context that allows for reflection is one of the most subtle (and significant) modes of exposition Miller uses in the play.
Perhaps the most obvious devices used in the play are the use of flashback and the "voice of conscience" character - Willy's brother Ben.
Flashback scenes highlight Willie's relationship to Biff, allowing the audience to see both Biff's devotion to Willy, Willy's faith in Biff, and the critical episode that strained this relationship to a breaking point.
Willy's brother Ben, while not literally the voice of conscience for Willy, none-the-less fits the mode of this type of character. Not a good angel on his shoulder and not exactly a "pure" hallucination, Ben represents a combination of Willy's ambition, his mental weakness, and his actual memory.
Ben's character allows for the expression of Willy's dementia as a manifestation of his failure to live up to a very specific and impossible dream.
Willy's dementia is another subtle tool that allows for exposition of the past, further developing various aspects of his character:
Willy reminisces about past events and imagines situations, and the audience is able to see his thoughts played out on the stage.
Ben stands as the embodiment of these reminiscences. His stature and success are a stark contrast to Willy's humiliated state of failure. We see this articulation near the end of the play, when Willy speaks to Ben about his suicide plan, defending the act.
"Why? Does it take more guts to stand here the rest of my life ringing up a zero? ... And twenty thousand—that is something one can feel with the hand, it is there."
In this discussion, the themes of Willy's troubles become perfectly clear.
We’ve answered 319,199 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:be3b33f3-0c6d-48d9-81a0-acbc090a0514> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/absence-narrator-what-devices-does-miller-use-376581 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00429-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961021 | 582 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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