Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0004	erosion and deposition by waves	T_0044	FIGURE 10.19 A groin is built perpendicular to the shore- line. Sand collects on the upcurrent side.	image	textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20036.png
L_0006	erosion and deposition by glaciers	T_0054	FIGURE 10.27 (A) The continent of Antarctica is covered with a continental glacier. (B) A valley glacier in the Canadian Rockies. (C) The surface of a valley glacier.	image	textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20044.png
L_0006	erosion and deposition by glaciers	T_0056	FIGURE 10.28 Features Eroded by Valley Glaciers. Ero- sion by valley glaciers forms the unique features shown here.	image	textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20045.png
L_0008	fossils	T_0066	FIGURE 11.1 A variety of fossil types are pictured here. Preserved Remains: (A) teeth of a cow, (B) nearly complete dinosaur skeleton embedded in rock, (C) sea shell pre- served in a rock. Preserved Traces: (D) dinosaur tracks in mud, (E) fossil animal burrow in rock, (F) fossil feces from a meat-eating dinosaur in Canada.	image	textbook_images/fossils_20051.png
L_0008	fossils	T_0066	FIGURE 11.2 Fossilization. This flowchart shows how most fossils form.	image	textbook_images/fossils_20052.png
L_0008	fossils	T_0067	FIGURE 11.3 Ways Fossils Form. (A) Complete Preser- vation. This spider looks the same as it did the day it died millions of years ago! (B) Molds and Casts. A mold is a hole left in rock after an organisms remains break. A cast forms from the minerals that fill that hole and solidify. (C) Compression. A dark stain is left on a rock that was compressed. These ferns were fossilized by compression.	image	textbook_images/fossils_20053.png
L_0008	fossils	T_0070	FIGURE 11.4 What can we learn from fossil clues like this fish fossil found in the Wyoming desert?	image	textbook_images/fossils_20054.png
L_0008	fossils	T_0071	FIGURE 11.5 Trilobites are good index fossils. Why are trilobite fossils useful as index fossils?	image	textbook_images/fossils_20055.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0073	FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0073	FIGURE 11.7 Superposition. The rock layers at the bottom of this cliff are much older than those at the top. What force eroded the rocks and exposed the layers?	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20057.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0074	FIGURE 11.8 Lateral Continuity. Layers of the same rock type are found across canyons at the Grand Canyon.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20058.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0077	FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0077	FIGURE 11.10 Huttons unconformity, in Scotland.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20059.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0079	FIGURE 11.11 Chalk Cliffs. (A) Matching chalk cliffs in Denmark and (B) in Dover, U.K.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20061.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0081	FIGURE 11.12 Using Index Fossils to Match Rock Lay- ers. Rock layers with the same index fossils must have formed at about the same time. The presence of more than one type of index fossil provides stronger evidence that rock layers are the same age.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20062.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0085	FIGURE 11.13 The Geologic Time Scale.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20063.png
L_0009	relative ages of rocks	T_0086	FIGURE 11.14 The evolution of life is shown on this spi- ral.	image	textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20064.png
L_0010	absolute ages of rocks	T_0089	FIGURE 11.15 Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus neutrons. If a carbon atom had 7 neutrons, what would it be named?	image	textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20065.png
L_0010	absolute ages of rocks	T_0089	FIGURE 11.16 Carbon-14 forms in the atmosphere. It combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide. How does carbon-14 end up in fossils?	image	textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20066.png
L_0010	absolute ages of rocks	T_0090	FIGURE 11.17 Unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, decay by losing atomic particles. They form different, stable elements when they decay. In this case, the daughter is nitrogen-14.	image	textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20067.png
L_0010	absolute ages of rocks	T_0092	FIGURE 11.18 The rate of decay of carbon-14 is stable over time.	image	textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20068.png
L_0011	the origin of earth	T_0096	FIGURE 12.1 The Orion Nebula is the birthplace of new stars.	image	textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20069.png
L_0011	the origin of earth	T_0096	FIGURE 12.2 The Inner Planets.	image	textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20070.png
L_0011	the origin of earth	T_0096	FIGURE 12.3 The Kuiper Belt, a ring of icy debris in our solar system just beyond Neptune, contains many solar system bodies.	image	textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20071.png
L_0011	the origin of earth	T_0098	FIGURE 12.4 Earths layers.	image	textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20072.png
L_0011	the origin of earth	T_0101	FIGURE 12.5 Gases from Earths interior came through volcanoes and into the atmosphere.	image	textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20073.png
L_0012	early earth	T_0108	FIGURE 12.6 E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a primitive prokaryote that may resemble the earliest cells. genetic instructions to the next generation.	image	textbook_images/early_earth_20074.png
L_0012	early earth	T_0110	FIGURE 12.7 These rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana may contain some of the oldest fossil microbes on Earth.	image	textbook_images/early_earth_20075.png
L_0012	early earth	T_0112	FIGURE 12.8 This fossil is from the Ediacara Fauna. Nothing alive today seems to have evolved from the Ediacara organisms.	image	textbook_images/early_earth_20076.png
L_0014	water on earth	T_0132	FIGURE 13.1 Take a look at this image. Do you think that Earth deserves the name water planet?	image	textbook_images/water_on_earth_20085.png
L_0014	water on earth	T_0132	FIGURE 13.2 What percentage of Earths surface fresh- water is water vapor in the air? Only a tiny fraction of Earths freshwater is in the liquid state. Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of rock. Of freshwater on the surface, the majority occurs in lakes and soil. What percentage of freshwater on the surface is found in living things?	image	textbook_images/water_on_earth_20086.png
L_0014	water on earth	T_0134	FIGURE 13.3 The water cycle has no beginning or end. Water just keeps moving along.	image	textbook_images/water_on_earth_20087.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0137	FIGURE 13.4 All these forms of flowing water are streams.	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20088.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0139	FIGURE 13.5 Water in a stream flows along the ground from higher to lower elevation. What force causes the water to keep flowing?	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20089.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0139	FIGURE 13.6 River basins in the U.S.	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20090.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0140	FIGURE 13.7 The Great Lakes of North America get their name from their great size.	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20091.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0143	FIGURE 13.8 Craters and rifts become lakes when they fill with water. Where does the water come from?	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20092.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0145	FIGURE 13.9 These are just three of many types of wetlands.	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20093.png
L_0015	surface water	T_0146	FIGURE 13.10 A river in Indiana floods after very heavy rains. Some areas received almost a foot of rain in less than 24 hours!	image	textbook_images/surface_water_20094.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0148	FIGURE 13.11 Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches an impermeable rock. Predict the purpose of the well in the diagram.	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20095.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0151	FIGURE 13.12 An aquifer is a layer of saturated porous rock. It lies below the water table. An impermeable layer, such as clay, is below the aquifer.	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20096.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0152	FIGURE 13.13 In this map, the area over the Ogallala aquifer is shaded in blue.	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20097.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0153	FIGURE 13.14 Big Spring is named for its large size. It releases more than 12,000 liters of water per second!	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20098.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0153	FIGURE 13.15 Lake George gets its water from a number of springs.	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20099.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0154	FIGURE 13.16 Grand Prismatic Spring in the Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the U.S. How can you tell from the photo that the water in this spring is hot?	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20100.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0155	FIGURE 13.17 Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park is a geyser named for its regular cycle of eruptions.	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20101.png
L_0016	groundwater	T_0156	FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?	image	textbook_images/groundwater_20102.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0158	FIGURE 14.1 Volcanoes were one source of water va- por on ancient Earth. What were other sources?	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20104.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0159	FIGURE 14.2 At the time shown, there was one vast ocean and two smaller ones. How many oceans are there today? Thats why some people refer to the oceans together as the World Ocean.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20105.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0161	FIGURE 14.3 The oceans and atmosphere exchange gases. Why does water vapor enter the atmosphere from the water?	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20106.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0163	FIGURE 14.4 Coral reefs teem with life.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20107.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0166	FIGURE 14.5 What percentage of the salts in ocean water is sodium chloride?	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20108.png
L_0017	introduction to the oceans	T_0168	FIGURE 14.6 Distance from shore and depth of water define ocean zones. Which zone is on the ocean floor?	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_oceans_20109.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0170	FIGURE 14.8 Waves cause the rippled surface of the ocean.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20111.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0170	FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20112.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0172	FIGURE 14.10 Waves break when they reach the shore.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20113.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0173	FIGURE 14.11 A 2004 tsunami caused damage like this all along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Many lives were lost.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20114.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0174	FIGURE 14.12 Where is the intertidal zone in this pic- ture?	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20115.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0176	FIGURE 14.13 High and low tides are due mainly to the pull of the Moons gravity.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20116.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0176	FIGURE 14.14 The Sun and Moon both affect Earths tides.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20117.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0177	FIGURE 14.15 Earths surface currents flow in the pat- terns shown here.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20118.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0180	FIGURE 14.16 In this satellite photo, different colors indicate the temperatures of water and land. The warm Gulf Stream can be seen snaking up eastern North America.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20119.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0180	FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20120.png
L_0018	ocean movements	T_0181	FIGURE 14.18 An upwelling occurs when deep ocean water rises to the surface.	image	textbook_images/ocean_movements_20121.png
L_0019	the ocean floor	T_0183	FIGURE 14.19 Sound waves travel through ocean water, but they bounce off the ocean floor. They move through ocean water at a known speed. Can you use these facts to explain how sonar works?	image	textbook_images/the_ocean_floor_20122.png
L_0019	the ocean floor	T_0183	FIGURE 14.20 A map of a 10,000 foot-high undersea volcano in Indonesia made by multibeam solar.	image	textbook_images/the_ocean_floor_20123.png
L_0019	the ocean floor	T_0184	FIGURE 14.21 Vehicles for Underwater Exploration. These special vehicles have been used to study the ocean floor.	image	textbook_images/the_ocean_floor_20124.png
L_0019	the ocean floor	T_0185	FIGURE 14.22 The features of the ocean floor. This dia- gram has a lot of vertical exaggeration.	image	textbook_images/the_ocean_floor_20125.png
L_0019	the ocean floor	T_0188	FIGURE 14.23 Metals from the ocean crust are brought by hot water onto the seafloor to create chimneys, as shown in this photo.	image	textbook_images/the_ocean_floor_20126.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0190	FIGURE 14.24 Living things in the oceans are placed in these three groups.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20127.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0190	FIGURE 14.25 The phytoplankton (left) and zooplankton (right) shown here have been magnified. Otherwise, they would be too small for you to see.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20128.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0191	FIGURE 14.26 Nekton swim through ocean water.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20129.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0192	FIGURE 14.27 These animals live on the ocean floor.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20130.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0192	FIGURE 14.28 Tubeworms live near hot water vents on the deep ocean floor.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20131.png
L_0020	ocean life	T_0193	FIGURE 14.29 Many marine food chains look like this example.	image	textbook_images/ocean_life_20132.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0211	FIGURE 15.6 These campers can feel and see the en- ergy of their campfire.	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20138.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0215	FIGURE 15.7 This curve models a wave. Based on this figure, how would you define wave- length?	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20139.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0215	FIGURE 15.8 Compare the wavelengths of radio waves and gamma rays. Which type of wave has more energy?	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20140.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0219	FIGURE 15.9 Convection currents are the main way that heat moves through the atmosphere. Why does warm air rise?	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20141.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0220	FIGURE 15.10 The lowest latitudes get the most energy from the Sun. The highest latitudes get the least. How do the differences in energy striking different latitudes affect Earth? The planet is much warmer at the equator than at the poles. In the atmosphere, the differences in heat energy cause winds and weather. On the surface, the differences cause ocean currents. Can you explain how?	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20142.png
L_0022	energy in the atmosphere	T_0221	FIGURE 15.11 Human actions have increased the natu- ral greenhouse effect.	image	textbook_images/energy_in_the_atmosphere_20143.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0223	FIGURE 15.12 How does air temperature change in the layer closest to Earth?	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20144.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0226	FIGURE 15.13 Temperature Inversion and Air Pollution. How does a temperature inversion affect air quality?	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20145.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0230	FIGURE 15.14 How does the ozone layer protect Earths surface from UV light?	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20146.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0234	FIGURE 15.15 Friction with gas molecules causes mete- ors to burn up in the mesosphere.	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20147.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0238	FIGURE 15.16 The International Space Station orbits in the thermosphere.	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20148.png
L_0023	layers of the atmosphere	T_0238	FIGURE 15.17 Glowing ions in the thermosphere light up the night sky.	image	textbook_images/layers_of_the_atmosphere_20149.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0304	FIGURE 17.9 Find where you live on the map. What type of climate do you have?	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20190.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0306	FIGURE 17.10 Africa is famous for its grasslands and their wildlife.	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20191.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0306	FIGURE 17.11 Dry climates may be deserts or steppes. Sonoran Desert in Arizona (22 north latitude), Utah Steppe (40 north latitude).	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20192.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0307	FIGURE 17.12 How do these climates differ from each other?	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20193.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0308	FIGURE 17.13 Conifer forests are typical of the subarctic.	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20194.png
L_0030	world climates	T_0309	FIGURE 17.14 Polar climates include polar and alpine tundra. Polar Tundra in Northern Alaska (70 N latitude), Alpine Tundra in the Colorado Rockies (40 N latitude).	image	textbook_images/world_climates_20195.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0313	FIGURE 17.17 Pleistocene glaciers covered an enormous land area. Chicago is just one city that couldnt have existed during the Pleistocene.	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20198.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0314	FIGURE 17.18 Earths temperature. Different sets of data all show an increase in temperature since about 1880 (the Industrial Revolution).	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20199.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0314	FIGURE 17.19 Earths temperature (18502007). Earth has really heated up over the last 150 years. Do you know why?	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20200.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0317	FIGURE 17.20 How much more carbon dioxide was in the air in 2005 than in 1960?	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20201.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0318	FIGURE 17.21 How much did sea level rise between 1880 and 2000? Other effects of global warming include more extreme weather. Earth now has more severe storms, floods, heat waves, and droughts than it did just a few decades ago. Many living things cannot adjust to the changing climate. For example, coral reefs are dying out in all the worlds oceans.	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20202.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0319	FIGURE 17.22 The Arctic will experience the greatest temperature changes.	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20203.png
L_0031	climate change	T_0321	FIGURE 17.23 In the 2050s, there may be only half as much sea ice as there was in the 1950s.	image	textbook_images/climate_change_20204.png

L_0004

erosion and deposition by waves

T_0044

FIGURE 10.19 A groin is built perpendicular to the shore- line. Sand collects on the upcurrent side.

image

textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_waves_20036.png

L_0006

erosion and deposition by glaciers

T_0054

FIGURE 10.27 (A) The continent of Antarctica is covered with a continental glacier. (B) A valley glacier in the Canadian Rockies. (C) The surface of a valley glacier.

image

textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20044.png

L_0006

erosion and deposition by glaciers

T_0056

FIGURE 10.28 Features Eroded by Valley Glaciers. Ero- sion by valley glaciers forms the unique features shown here.

image

textbook_images/erosion_and_deposition_by_glaciers_20045.png

L_0008

fossils

T_0066

FIGURE 11.1 A variety of fossil types are pictured here. Preserved Remains: (A) teeth of a cow, (B) nearly complete dinosaur skeleton embedded in rock, (C) sea shell pre- served in a rock. Preserved Traces: (D) dinosaur tracks in mud, (E) fossil animal burrow in rock, (F) fossil feces from a meat-eating dinosaur in Canada.

image

textbook_images/fossils_20051.png

L_0008

fossils

T_0066

FIGURE 11.2 Fossilization. This flowchart shows how most fossils form.

image

textbook_images/fossils_20052.png

L_0008

fossils

T_0067

FIGURE 11.3 Ways Fossils Form. (A) Complete Preser- vation. This spider looks the same as it did the day it died millions of years ago! (B) Molds and Casts. A mold is a hole left in rock after an organisms remains break. A cast forms from the minerals that fill that hole and solidify. (C) Compression. A dark stain is left on a rock that was compressed. These ferns were fossilized by compression.

image

textbook_images/fossils_20053.png

L_0008

fossils

T_0070

FIGURE 11.4 What can we learn from fossil clues like this fish fossil found in the Wyoming desert?

image

textbook_images/fossils_20054.png

L_0008

fossils

T_0071

FIGURE 11.5 Trilobites are good index fossils. Why are trilobite fossils useful as index fossils?

image

textbook_images/fossils_20055.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0073

FIGURE 11.6 Laws of Stratigraphy. This diagram illus- trates the laws of stratigraphy. A = Law of Superposition, B = Law of Lateral Conti- nuity, C = Law of Original Horizontality, D = Law of Cross-Cutting Relationships

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20056.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0073

FIGURE 11.7 Superposition. The rock layers at the bottom of this cliff are much older than those at the top. What force eroded the rocks and exposed the layers?

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20057.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0074

FIGURE 11.8 Lateral Continuity. Layers of the same rock type are found across canyons at the Grand Canyon.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20058.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0077

FIGURE 11.9 Cross-cutting relationships in rock layers. Rock D is a dike that cuts across all the other rocks. Is it older or younger than the other rocks?

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20060.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0077

FIGURE 11.10 Huttons unconformity, in Scotland.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20059.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0079

FIGURE 11.11 Chalk Cliffs. (A) Matching chalk cliffs in Denmark and (B) in Dover, U.K.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20061.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0081

FIGURE 11.12 Using Index Fossils to Match Rock Lay- ers. Rock layers with the same index fossils must have formed at about the same time. The presence of more than one type of index fossil provides stronger evidence that rock layers are the same age.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20062.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0085

FIGURE 11.13 The Geologic Time Scale.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20063.png

L_0009

relative ages of rocks

T_0086

FIGURE 11.14 The evolution of life is shown on this spi- ral.

image

textbook_images/relative_ages_of_rocks_20064.png

L_0010

absolute ages of rocks

T_0089

FIGURE 11.15 Isotopes are named for their number of protons plus neutrons. If a carbon atom had 7 neutrons, what would it be named?

image

textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20065.png

L_0010

absolute ages of rocks

T_0089

FIGURE 11.16 Carbon-14 forms in the atmosphere. It combines with oxygen and forms carbon dioxide. How does carbon-14 end up in fossils?

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textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20066.png

L_0010

absolute ages of rocks

T_0090

FIGURE 11.17 Unstable isotopes, such as carbon-14, decay by losing atomic particles. They form different, stable elements when they decay. In this case, the daughter is nitrogen-14.

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textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20067.png

L_0010

absolute ages of rocks

T_0092

FIGURE 11.18 The rate of decay of carbon-14 is stable over time.

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textbook_images/absolute_ages_of_rocks_20068.png

L_0011

the origin of earth

T_0096

FIGURE 12.1 The Orion Nebula is the birthplace of new stars.

image

textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20069.png

L_0011

the origin of earth

T_0096

FIGURE 12.2 The Inner Planets.

image

textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20070.png

L_0011

the origin of earth

T_0096

FIGURE 12.3 The Kuiper Belt, a ring of icy debris in our solar system just beyond Neptune, contains many solar system bodies.

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textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20071.png

L_0011

the origin of earth

T_0098

FIGURE 12.4 Earths layers.

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textbook_images/the_origin_of_earth_20072.png

L_0011

the origin of earth

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FIGURE 12.5 Gases from Earths interior came through volcanoes and into the atmosphere.

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early earth

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FIGURE 12.6 E. coli (Escherichia coli) is a primitive prokaryote that may resemble the earliest cells. genetic instructions to the next generation.

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early earth

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FIGURE 12.7 These rocks in Glacier National Park, Montana may contain some of the oldest fossil microbes on Earth.

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early earth

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FIGURE 12.8 This fossil is from the Ediacara Fauna. Nothing alive today seems to have evolved from the Ediacara organisms.

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water on earth

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FIGURE 13.1 Take a look at this image. Do you think that Earth deserves the name water planet?

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water on earth

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FIGURE 13.2 What percentage of Earths surface fresh- water is water vapor in the air? Only a tiny fraction of Earths freshwater is in the liquid state. Most liquid freshwater is under the ground in layers of rock. Of freshwater on the surface, the majority occurs in lakes and soil. What percentage of freshwater on the surface is found in living things?

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water on earth

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FIGURE 13.3 The water cycle has no beginning or end. Water just keeps moving along.

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.4 All these forms of flowing water are streams.

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.5 Water in a stream flows along the ground from higher to lower elevation. What force causes the water to keep flowing?

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.6 River basins in the U.S.

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.7 The Great Lakes of North America get their name from their great size.

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.8 Craters and rifts become lakes when they fill with water. Where does the water come from?

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.9 These are just three of many types of wetlands.

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surface water

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FIGURE 13.10 A river in Indiana floods after very heavy rains. Some areas received almost a foot of rain in less than 24 hours!

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.11 Water seeps into the ground through permeable material and stops when it reaches an impermeable rock. Predict the purpose of the well in the diagram.

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.12 An aquifer is a layer of saturated porous rock. It lies below the water table. An impermeable layer, such as clay, is below the aquifer.

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.13 In this map, the area over the Ogallala aquifer is shaded in blue.

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.14 Big Spring is named for its large size. It releases more than 12,000 liters of water per second!

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.15 Lake George gets its water from a number of springs.

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.16 Grand Prismatic Spring in the Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the U.S. How can you tell from the photo that the water in this spring is hot?

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.17 Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park is a geyser named for its regular cycle of eruptions.

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groundwater

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FIGURE 13.18 A well runs from the surface to a point below the water table. Why must a well go lower than the water table?

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.1 Volcanoes were one source of water va- por on ancient Earth. What were other sources?

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.2 At the time shown, there was one vast ocean and two smaller ones. How many oceans are there today? Thats why some people refer to the oceans together as the World Ocean.

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.3 The oceans and atmosphere exchange gases. Why does water vapor enter the atmosphere from the water?

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.4 Coral reefs teem with life.

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.5 What percentage of the salts in ocean water is sodium chloride?

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introduction to the oceans

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FIGURE 14.6 Distance from shore and depth of water define ocean zones. Which zone is on the ocean floor?

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.8 Waves cause the rippled surface of the ocean.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.9 A wave travels through the water. How would you describe the movement of wa- ter molecules as a wave passes through?

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.10 Waves break when they reach the shore.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.11 A 2004 tsunami caused damage like this all along the coast of the Indian Ocean. Many lives were lost.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.12 Where is the intertidal zone in this pic- ture?

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.13 High and low tides are due mainly to the pull of the Moons gravity.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.14 The Sun and Moon both affect Earths tides.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.15 Earths surface currents flow in the pat- terns shown here.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.16 In this satellite photo, different colors indicate the temperatures of water and land. The warm Gulf Stream can be seen snaking up eastern North America.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.17 Deep currents flow because of differences in density of ocean water.

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ocean movements

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FIGURE 14.18 An upwelling occurs when deep ocean water rises to the surface.

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the ocean floor

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FIGURE 14.19 Sound waves travel through ocean water, but they bounce off the ocean floor. They move through ocean water at a known speed. Can you use these facts to explain how sonar works?

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the ocean floor

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FIGURE 14.20 A map of a 10,000 foot-high undersea volcano in Indonesia made by multibeam solar.

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the ocean floor

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FIGURE 14.21 Vehicles for Underwater Exploration. These special vehicles have been used to study the ocean floor.

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the ocean floor

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FIGURE 14.22 The features of the ocean floor. This dia- gram has a lot of vertical exaggeration.

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the ocean floor

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FIGURE 14.23 Metals from the ocean crust are brought by hot water onto the seafloor to create chimneys, as shown in this photo.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.24 Living things in the oceans are placed in these three groups.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.25 The phytoplankton (left) and zooplankton (right) shown here have been magnified. Otherwise, they would be too small for you to see.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.26 Nekton swim through ocean water.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.27 These animals live on the ocean floor.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.28 Tubeworms live near hot water vents on the deep ocean floor.

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ocean life

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FIGURE 14.29 Many marine food chains look like this example.

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.6 These campers can feel and see the en- ergy of their campfire.

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.7 This curve models a wave. Based on this figure, how would you define wave- length?

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.8 Compare the wavelengths of radio waves and gamma rays. Which type of wave has more energy?

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.9 Convection currents are the main way that heat moves through the atmosphere. Why does warm air rise?

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.10 The lowest latitudes get the most energy from the Sun. The highest latitudes get the least. How do the differences in energy striking different latitudes affect Earth? The planet is much warmer at the equator than at the poles. In the atmosphere, the differences in heat energy cause winds and weather. On the surface, the differences cause ocean currents. Can you explain how?

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energy in the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.11 Human actions have increased the natu- ral greenhouse effect.

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.12 How does air temperature change in the layer closest to Earth?

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.13 Temperature Inversion and Air Pollution. How does a temperature inversion affect air quality?

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.14 How does the ozone layer protect Earths surface from UV light?

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.15 Friction with gas molecules causes mete- ors to burn up in the mesosphere.

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.16 The International Space Station orbits in the thermosphere.

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layers of the atmosphere

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FIGURE 15.17 Glowing ions in the thermosphere light up the night sky.

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.9 Find where you live on the map. What type of climate do you have?

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.10 Africa is famous for its grasslands and their wildlife.

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.11 Dry climates may be deserts or steppes. Sonoran Desert in Arizona (22 north latitude), Utah Steppe (40 north latitude).

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.12 How do these climates differ from each other?

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.13 Conifer forests are typical of the subarctic.

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world climates

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FIGURE 17.14 Polar climates include polar and alpine tundra. Polar Tundra in Northern Alaska (70 N latitude), Alpine Tundra in the Colorado Rockies (40 N latitude).

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.17 Pleistocene glaciers covered an enormous land area. Chicago is just one city that couldnt have existed during the Pleistocene.

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.18 Earths temperature. Different sets of data all show an increase in temperature since about 1880 (the Industrial Revolution).

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.19 Earths temperature (18502007). Earth has really heated up over the last 150 years. Do you know why?

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.20 How much more carbon dioxide was in the air in 2005 than in 1960?

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.21 How much did sea level rise between 1880 and 2000? Other effects of global warming include more extreme weather. Earth now has more severe storms, floods, heat waves, and droughts than it did just a few decades ago. Many living things cannot adjust to the changing climate. For example, coral reefs are dying out in all the worlds oceans.

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.22 The Arctic will experience the greatest temperature changes.

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climate change

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FIGURE 17.23 In the 2050s, there may be only half as much sea ice as there was in the 1950s.

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