Hessa/tqa-multimodalContext · Datasets at Hugging Face

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L_0050	telescopes	T_0488	FIGURE 23.2 An electromagnetic wave has oscillating electric and magnetic fields.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20336.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0489	FIGURE 23.3 The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20337.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0492	FIGURE 23.4 Refracting telescopes can be very large.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20338.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0492	FIGURE 23.5 Newtonian reflector telescopes are fairly easy to make. These telescopes can be built by school students.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20339.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0492	FIGURE 23.6 The radio telescope at the Arecibo Obser- vatory in Puerto Rico.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20340.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0492	FIGURE 23.7 The Very Large Array in New Mexico con- sists of 27 radio telescopes.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20341.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0493	FIGURE 23.8 The Hubble Space Telescope has opened up the universe to human observation.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20342.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0493	FIGURE 23.9 Stars in the star cluster appear as points of light. Observations like these must be made with a space telescope.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20343.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0496	FIGURE 23.10 Galileo made the drawing on the left in 1610. On the right is a modern photo- graph of the Moon.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20344.png
L_0050	telescopes	T_0498	FIGURE 23.11 The dark lines indicate the elements that this star contains.	image	textbook_images/telescopes_20345.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0500	FIGURE 23.12 A rocket pushes in one direction so that it moves in the opposite direction.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20346.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0502	FIGURE 23.13 This missile is pushed upwards into the sky by its thrust.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20347.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0502	FIGURE 23.14 Robert Goddard with the first American rocket to use liquid fuel. This rocket was launched in 1926.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20348.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0502	FIGURE 23.15 A captured German V2 rocket was launched in New Mexico after the war.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20349.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0502	FIGURE 23.16 This Saturn V rocket took the first men to the Moon during Apollo 11.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20350.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0503	FIGURE 23.17 Isaac Newton explained how a cannonball fired from a high point with enough speed could orbit Earth.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20351.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0506	FIGURE 23.18 Communications satellites carry solar panels to provide energy for their mis- sions.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20352.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0509	FIGURE 23.19 Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy. This means that they can find different types of objects.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20353.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0510	FIGURE 23.20 Laika went into orbit on the Soviet space- craft, Sputnik 2.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20354.png
L_0051	early space exploration	T_0510	FIGURE 23.21 Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin with the Lunar Module Eagle and the American flag in the background. The photo was taken by Commander Neil Armstrong. nations working together.	image	textbook_images/early_space_exploration_20355.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0514	FIGURE 23.22 Salyut 7 with a docked spacecraft to bring crew on and off.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20356.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0514	FIGURE 23.23 Mir, with an American space shuttle at- tached.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20357.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0515	FIGURE 23.24 The International Space Station, as pho- tographed from the Space Shuttle Atlantis in May 2010.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20358.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0516	FIGURE 23.25 The space shuttle Atlantis rides a special- ized Boeing 747 from its landing site in California back to Florida. an airplane. The shuttle is launched from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. During launches, the orbiter is attached to a huge fuel tank that contains liquid fuel. On the sides of the fuel tank are two large booster rockets. Figure 23.26 shows the stages of a normal space shuttle mission. Once in space, the orbiter can deliver equipment or supplies to the International Space Station. Astronauts can to repair orbiting equipment such as the Hubble Space Telescope. They may also do experiments directly on board the orbiter.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20359.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0516	FIGURE 23.26 The stages of a shuttle mission. The orbiter takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20360.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0517	FIGURE 23.27 The disasters on the Challenger space shuttle mission showed just how danger- ous space travel can be.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20361.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0520	FIGURE 23.28 The Cone Nebula is a star-forming pillar of gas and dust.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20362.png
L_0052	recent space exploration	T_0520	FIGURE 23.29 This artists painting of one of the two Mars rovers shows the six wheels, as well as a set of instruments being extended forward by a robotic arm. The Cassini mission has been studying Saturn, including its rings and moons, since 2004. The Huygens probe is studying Saturns moon Titan. Titan has some of the conditions that are needed to support life. Some missions visit the smaller objects in our solar system. The Deep Impact Probe collided with a comet in 2005. The probe sent back data from the impact. The Stardust mission visited another comet. There it collected tiny dust particles. Missions are underway to study some asteroids and Pluto. Small objects in our solar system may help us to understand how the solar system formed.	image	textbook_images/recent_space_exploration_20363.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0523	FIGURE 24.1 This is how the Earth looks from space - like a blue and white marble.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20364.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0523	FIGURE 24.2 Compare the Sun with the other planets and see how the Sun is much bigger than all the other planets. Atmosphere: the thin layer of air, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth. Hydrosphere: all the water on Earth. Biosphere: all the living organisms on Earth. Lithosphere: the solid rock part of Earth, including mountains, valleys, continents, and all of the rock beneath the oceans.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20365.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0523	FIGURE 24.3 Earth has four layers: atmosphere, hydro- sphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20366.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0525	FIGURE 24.4 The Moon orbits the Earth, and the Earth- Moon system orbits the Sun.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20367.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0525	FIGURE 24.5 The strength of the force of gravity be- tween objects A and B depends on the mass of the objects and the distance (u) between them.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20368.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0525	FIGURE 24.6 Earths space. magnetic field extends into	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20369.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0525	FIGURE 24.7 Earths magnetic field protects the planet from harmful radiation.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20370.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0525	FIGURE 24.8 The needle of a compass will align with Earths magnetic field, making the com- pass a useful device for navigation.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20371.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0527	FIGURE 24.9 Imagine a pendulum at the North Pole. The pendulum always swings in the same direction. But because of Earths rotation, its direction appears to change to observers on Earth.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20372.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0529	FIGURE 24.10 The Earth tilts on its axis.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20373.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0529	FIGURE 24.11 Earths tilt changes the length of the days and nights during different seasons.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20374.png
L_0053	planet earth	T_0530	FIGURE 24.12 Earth and the other planets in the solar system make elliptical orbits around the Sun. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planets distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun.	image	textbook_images/planet_earth_20375.png
L_0054	earths moon	T_0531	FIGURE 24.13 The Mare Moscoviense is one of the few maria, or dark, flat areas, on the far side.	image	textbook_images/earths_moon_20376.png
L_0054	earths moon	T_0534	FIGURE 24.14 Craters, like the one shown in this image, are found on the surface of the Moon.	image	textbook_images/earths_moon_20377.png
L_0054	earths moon	T_0534	FIGURE 24.15 Maria (the dark areas) and terrae (the light areas) cover the Moon.	image	textbook_images/earths_moon_20378.png
L_0055	the sun	T_0538	FIGURE 24.16 The sizes of the planets relative to the Sun, if the Sun was the size of a basketball.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_20379.png
L_0055	the sun	T_0542	FIGURE 24.17 The Suns atmosphere contains the pho- tosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. This image was taken by NASAs Spacelab 2 instruments.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_20380.png
L_0055	the sun	T_0546	FIGURE 24.18 The darker regions in this image are sunspots.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_20381.png
L_0055	the sun	T_0547	FIGURE 24.19 This image is actually made up of two suc- cessive images and shows how a solar flare develops.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_20382.png
L_0056	the sun and the earthmoon system	T_0549	FIGURE 24.20 During a solar eclipse, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. The shadow is made up of two parts: the darker umbra and the lighter penumbra.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20383.png
L_0056	the sun and the earthmoon system	T_0549	FIGURE 24.21 A photo of a total solar eclipse.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20384.png
L_0056	the sun and the earthmoon system	T_0550	FIGURE 24.22 A lunar eclipse is shown in a series of pictures.	image	textbook_images/the_sun_and_the_earthmoon_system_20385.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0554	FIGURE 25.1 On left is a line art drawing of the Ptole- maic system with Earth at the center. On the right is a drawing of the Ptolemaic system from 1568 by a Portuguese as- tronomer.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20386.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0555	FIGURE 25.2 Copernicus proposed a different idea that had the Sun at the center of the universe model more seriously. Through his telescope, Galileo saw moons orbiting Jupiter. He proposed that this was like the planets orbiting the Sun.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20387.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0556	FIGURE 25.3 This artistic composition shows the eight planets, a comet, and an asteroid. Object Mass (Relative to Earth) Diameter of Planet (Relative to Earth) 3.81 Earths diameter	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20388.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0558	FIGURE 25.4 The Sun and planets with the correct sizes. The distances between them are not correct. Figure 25.5 shows those distances correctly. In the upper left are the orbits of the inner planets and the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt is a collection of many small objects between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In the upper right are the orbits of the outer planets and the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a group of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20389.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0558	FIGURE 25.5 In this image, distances are shown to scale.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20390.png
L_0057	introduction to the solar system	T_0562	FIGURE 25.6 The nebula was drawn together by gravity.	image	textbook_images/introduction_to_the_solar_system_20391.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0564	FIGURE 25.7 Tiny Mercury is the small black dot in the lower center of this picture of the Sun. The larger dark area near the left edge is a sunspot.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20392.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0564	FIGURE 25.8 The surface of Mercury is covered with craters, like Earths Moon.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20393.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0565	FIGURE 25.9	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20394.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0568	FIGURE 25.10 Mercury is one of the most dense planets, with a very large core.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20395.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0570	FIGURE 25.11 Venus in real color. The planet is covered by a thick layer of clouds.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20396.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0570	FIGURE 25.12 A topographical image of Venus produced by the Magellan probe using radar. Color differences enhance small scale struc- ture. reddish-brown.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20397.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0570	FIGURE 25.13 Maat Mons volcano on Venus, with lava beds in the foreground.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20398.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0573	FIGURE 25.14 Earth from space.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20399.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0576	FIGURE 25.15 Mars is Earths second nearest neighbor planet.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20400.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0578	FIGURE 25.16 The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20401.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0578	FIGURE 25.17 The largest canyon in the solar system, Valles Marineris.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20402.png
L_0058	inner planets	T_0580	FIGURE 25.18 Phobos is Mars larger moon. It has a 6.9 mile (11.1 km) radius.	image	textbook_images/inner_planets_20403.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0581	FIGURE 25.19 Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20404.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0584	FIGURE 25.20 The Great Red Spot has been on Jupiter since weve had telescopes powerful enough to see it.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20405.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0584	FIGURE 25.21 The Galilean moons are as large as small planets. showed that Jupiter has a ring system. This ring system is very faint, so it is very difficult to observe from Earth.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20406.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0585	FIGURE 25.22 Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20407.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0587	FIGURE 25.23 Cassini scientists waited years for the right conditions to produce the first movie that shows lightning on another planet - Saturn.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20408.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0587	FIGURE 25.24 This hexagon has been visible for nearly 30 years.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20409.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0588	FIGURE 25.25 Titan has an atmosphere like Earths first atmosphere.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20410.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0589	FIGURE 25.26 Uranus is the 7th planet out from the Sun.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20411.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0592	FIGURE 25.27 Uranus rings are almost perpendicular to the planets orbit.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20412.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0592	FIGURE 25.28 The five biggest moons of Uranus: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20413.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0593	FIGURE 25.29 Neptune has a great dark spot at the center left and a small dark spot at the bottom center.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20414.png
L_0059	outer planets	T_0595	FIGURE 25.30 Neptunes moon Triton.	image	textbook_images/outer_planets_20415.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0598	FIGURE 25.31 Asteroid Ida with its tiny moon Dactyl. The asteroids mean radius is 15.7 km.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20416.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0598	FIGURE 25.32 The asteroid belt is between Mars and Jupiter.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20417.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0601	FIGURE 25.33 Meteors burning up as they fall through Earths atmosphere.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20418.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0603	FIGURE 25.34 The Mars Rover, Opportunity, found a metal meteorite on the Red Planet.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20419.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0604	FIGURE 25.35 Comet Hale-Bopp lit up the night sky in 1997.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20420.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0607	FIGURE 25.36 Ceres is a large spherical object in the asteroid belt.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20421.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0607	FIGURE 25.37 Pluto with its moons: Charon, Nix and Hydra.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20422.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0608	FIGURE 25.38 An artists drawing of what Haumea and its moons might look like. The moons are drawn closer to Haumea than their actual orbits.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20423.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0609	FIGURE 25.39 Makemake is a dwarf planet.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20424.png
L_0060	other objects in the solar system	T_0610	FIGURE 25.40 Eris is the largest known dwarf planet, but its so far from the Sun that it wasnt discovered until 2005.	image	textbook_images/other_objects_in_the_solar_system_20425.png
L_0061	stars	T_0611	FIGURE 26.1 Orion has three stars that make up his belt. Orions belt is fairly easy to see in the night sky.	image	textbook_images/stars_20426.png
L_0061	stars	T_0619	FIGURE 26.2 Stars form in a nebula like this one in Orions sword.	image	textbook_images/stars_20427.png
L_0061	stars	T_0622	FIGURE 26.3 A supernova, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope.	image	textbook_images/stars_20428.png
L_0061	stars	T_0623	FIGURE 26.4 An artists depiction of a neutron star.	image	textbook_images/stars_20429.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0626	FIGURE 26.6 These hot blue stars are in an open clus- ter known as the Jewel Box. The red star is a young red supergiant.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20431.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0626	FIGURE 26.7 The globular cluster, M13, contains red and blue giant stars.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20432.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0628	FIGURE 26.8 The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest ma- jor galaxy to our own.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20433.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0628	FIGURE 26.9 The Pinwheel Galaxy is a spiral galaxy displaying prominent arms.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20434.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0629	FIGURE 26.10 M87 is an elliptical galaxy in the lower left of this image. How many elliptical galaxies do you see? Are there other types of galaxies displayed?	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20435.png
L_0062	galaxies	T_0632	FIGURE 26.11 This irregular galaxy, NGC 55, is neither spiral nor elliptical.	image	textbook_images/galaxies_20436.png

L_0050

telescopes

T_0488

FIGURE 23.2 An electromagnetic wave has oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20336.png

L_0050

telescopes

T_0489

FIGURE 23.3 The electromagnetic spectrum from radio waves to gamma rays.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20337.png

L_0050

telescopes

T_0492

FIGURE 23.4 Refracting telescopes can be very large.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20338.png

L_0050

telescopes

T_0492

FIGURE 23.5 Newtonian reflector telescopes are fairly easy to make. These telescopes can be built by school students.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20339.png

L_0050

telescopes

T_0492

FIGURE 23.6 The radio telescope at the Arecibo Obser- vatory in Puerto Rico.

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telescopes

T_0492

FIGURE 23.7 The Very Large Array in New Mexico con- sists of 27 radio telescopes.

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telescopes

T_0493

FIGURE 23.8 The Hubble Space Telescope has opened up the universe to human observation.

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L_0050

telescopes

T_0493

FIGURE 23.9 Stars in the star cluster appear as points of light. Observations like these must be made with a space telescope.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20343.png

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telescopes

T_0496

FIGURE 23.10 Galileo made the drawing on the left in 1610. On the right is a modern photo- graph of the Moon.

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telescopes

T_0498

FIGURE 23.11 The dark lines indicate the elements that this star contains.

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textbook_images/telescopes_20345.png

L_0051

early space exploration

T_0500

FIGURE 23.12 A rocket pushes in one direction so that it moves in the opposite direction.

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early space exploration

T_0502

FIGURE 23.13 This missile is pushed upwards into the sky by its thrust.

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early space exploration

T_0502

FIGURE 23.14 Robert Goddard with the first American rocket to use liquid fuel. This rocket was launched in 1926.

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early space exploration

T_0502

FIGURE 23.15 A captured German V2 rocket was launched in New Mexico after the war.

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early space exploration

T_0502

FIGURE 23.16 This Saturn V rocket took the first men to the Moon during Apollo 11.

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early space exploration

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FIGURE 23.17 Isaac Newton explained how a cannonball fired from a high point with enough speed could orbit Earth.

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early space exploration

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FIGURE 23.18 Communications satellites carry solar panels to provide energy for their mis- sions.

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early space exploration

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FIGURE 23.19 Satellites detect different wavelengths of energy. This means that they can find different types of objects.

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early space exploration

T_0510

FIGURE 23.20 Laika went into orbit on the Soviet space- craft, Sputnik 2.

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early space exploration

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FIGURE 23.21 Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin with the Lunar Module Eagle and the American flag in the background. The photo was taken by Commander Neil Armstrong. nations working together.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.22 Salyut 7 with a docked spacecraft to bring crew on and off.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.23 Mir, with an American space shuttle at- tached.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.24 The International Space Station, as pho- tographed from the Space Shuttle Atlantis in May 2010.

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recent space exploration

T_0516

FIGURE 23.25 The space shuttle Atlantis rides a special- ized Boeing 747 from its landing site in California back to Florida. an airplane. The shuttle is launched from Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida. During launches, the orbiter is attached to a huge fuel tank that contains liquid fuel. On the sides of the fuel tank are two large booster rockets. Figure 23.26 shows the stages of a normal space shuttle mission. Once in space, the orbiter can deliver equipment or supplies to the International Space Station. Astronauts can to repair orbiting equipment such as the Hubble Space Telescope. They may also do experiments directly on board the orbiter.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.26 The stages of a shuttle mission. The orbiter takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.27 The disasters on the Challenger space shuttle mission showed just how danger- ous space travel can be.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.28 The Cone Nebula is a star-forming pillar of gas and dust.

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recent space exploration

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FIGURE 23.29 This artists painting of one of the two Mars rovers shows the six wheels, as well as a set of instruments being extended forward by a robotic arm. The Cassini mission has been studying Saturn, including its rings and moons, since 2004. The Huygens probe is studying Saturns moon Titan. Titan has some of the conditions that are needed to support life. Some missions visit the smaller objects in our solar system. The Deep Impact Probe collided with a comet in 2005. The probe sent back data from the impact. The Stardust mission visited another comet. There it collected tiny dust particles. Missions are underway to study some asteroids and Pluto. Small objects in our solar system may help us to understand how the solar system formed.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.1 This is how the Earth looks from space - like a blue and white marble.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.2 Compare the Sun with the other planets and see how the Sun is much bigger than all the other planets. Atmosphere: the thin layer of air, mostly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds the Earth. Hydrosphere: all the water on Earth. Biosphere: all the living organisms on Earth. Lithosphere: the solid rock part of Earth, including mountains, valleys, continents, and all of the rock beneath the oceans.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.3 Earth has four layers: atmosphere, hydro- sphere, biosphere, and lithosphere.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.4 The Moon orbits the Earth, and the Earth- Moon system orbits the Sun.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.5 The strength of the force of gravity be- tween objects A and B depends on the mass of the objects and the distance (u) between them.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.6 Earths space. magnetic field extends into

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.7 Earths magnetic field protects the planet from harmful radiation.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.8 The needle of a compass will align with Earths magnetic field, making the com- pass a useful device for navigation.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.9 Imagine a pendulum at the North Pole. The pendulum always swings in the same direction. But because of Earths rotation, its direction appears to change to observers on Earth.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.10 The Earth tilts on its axis.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.11 Earths tilt changes the length of the days and nights during different seasons.

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planet earth

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FIGURE 24.12 Earth and the other planets in the solar system make elliptical orbits around the Sun. The distance between the Earth and the Sun is about 150 million kilometers. Earth revolves around the Sun at an average speed of about 27 kilometers (17 miles) per second. Mercury and Venus are closer to the Sun, so they take shorter times to make one orbit. Mercury takes only about 88 Earth days to make one trip around the Sun. All of the other planets take longer amounts of time. The exact amount depends on the planets distance from the Sun. Saturn takes more than 29 Earth years to make one revolution around the Sun.

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earths moon

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FIGURE 24.13 The Mare Moscoviense is one of the few maria, or dark, flat areas, on the far side.

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earths moon

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FIGURE 24.14 Craters, like the one shown in this image, are found on the surface of the Moon.

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earths moon

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FIGURE 24.15 Maria (the dark areas) and terrae (the light areas) cover the Moon.

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the sun

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FIGURE 24.16 The sizes of the planets relative to the Sun, if the Sun was the size of a basketball.

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the sun

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FIGURE 24.17 The Suns atmosphere contains the pho- tosphere, the chromosphere, and the corona. This image was taken by NASAs Spacelab 2 instruments.

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the sun

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FIGURE 24.18 The darker regions in this image are sunspots.

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the sun

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FIGURE 24.19 This image is actually made up of two suc- cessive images and shows how a solar flare develops.

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the sun and the earthmoon system

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FIGURE 24.20 During a solar eclipse, the Moon casts a shadow on the Earth. The shadow is made up of two parts: the darker umbra and the lighter penumbra.

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the sun and the earthmoon system

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FIGURE 24.21 A photo of a total solar eclipse.

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the sun and the earthmoon system

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FIGURE 24.22 A lunar eclipse is shown in a series of pictures.

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.1 On left is a line art drawing of the Ptole- maic system with Earth at the center. On the right is a drawing of the Ptolemaic system from 1568 by a Portuguese as- tronomer.

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.2 Copernicus proposed a different idea that had the Sun at the center of the universe model more seriously. Through his telescope, Galileo saw moons orbiting Jupiter. He proposed that this was like the planets orbiting the Sun.

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.3 This artistic composition shows the eight planets, a comet, and an asteroid. Object Mass (Relative to Earth) Diameter of Planet (Relative to Earth) 3.81 Earths diameter

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.4 The Sun and planets with the correct sizes. The distances between them are not correct. Figure 25.5 shows those distances correctly. In the upper left are the orbits of the inner planets and the asteroid belt. The asteroid belt is a collection of many small objects between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. In the upper right are the orbits of the outer planets and the Kuiper belt. The Kuiper belt is a group of objects beyond the orbit of Neptune.

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.5 In this image, distances are shown to scale.

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introduction to the solar system

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FIGURE 25.6 The nebula was drawn together by gravity.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.7 Tiny Mercury is the small black dot in the lower center of this picture of the Sun. The larger dark area near the left edge is a sunspot.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.8 The surface of Mercury is covered with craters, like Earths Moon.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.9

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.10 Mercury is one of the most dense planets, with a very large core.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.11 Venus in real color. The planet is covered by a thick layer of clouds.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.12 A topographical image of Venus produced by the Magellan probe using radar. Color differences enhance small scale struc- ture. reddish-brown.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.13 Maat Mons volcano on Venus, with lava beds in the foreground.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.14 Earth from space.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.15 Mars is Earths second nearest neighbor planet.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.16 The largest volcano in the solar system, Olympus Mons.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.17 The largest canyon in the solar system, Valles Marineris.

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inner planets

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FIGURE 25.18 Phobos is Mars larger moon. It has a 6.9 mile (11.1 km) radius.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.19 Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.20 The Great Red Spot has been on Jupiter since weve had telescopes powerful enough to see it.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.21 The Galilean moons are as large as small planets. showed that Jupiter has a ring system. This ring system is very faint, so it is very difficult to observe from Earth.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.22 Saturn is the least dense planet in our solar system.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.23 Cassini scientists waited years for the right conditions to produce the first movie that shows lightning on another planet - Saturn.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.24 This hexagon has been visible for nearly 30 years.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.25 Titan has an atmosphere like Earths first atmosphere.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.26 Uranus is the 7th planet out from the Sun.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.27 Uranus rings are almost perpendicular to the planets orbit.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.28 The five biggest moons of Uranus: Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.29 Neptune has a great dark spot at the center left and a small dark spot at the bottom center.

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outer planets

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FIGURE 25.30 Neptunes moon Triton.

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