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climate change
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FIGURE 17.24 This diagram represents the Pacific Ocean in a normal year. North and South America are the brown shapes on the right.
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textbook_images/climate_change_20205.png
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climate change
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FIGURE 17.25 How do you think El Nio affects climate on the western coast of South America?
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textbook_images/climate_change_20206.png
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climate change
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FIGURE 17.26 How do you think La Nia affects climate on the western coast of South America?
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textbook_images/climate_change_20207.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.10 This piece of carbon looks like a lump of coal. Coal is mostly carbon. hydrogen. Then it forms compounds such as sugars and proteins. How do living things get the carbon they need? Carbon moves through ecosystems in the carbon cycle.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20217.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.11 Carbon changes form as it moves through its cycle. Follow carbon through the dia- gram as you read about the cycle below.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20218.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.12 Large parts of this Amazon rainforest have been cleared to grow crops. How does this affect the carbon cycle?
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20219.png
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cycles of matter
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FIGURE 18.13 The nitrogen cycle includes air, soil, and living things.
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textbook_images/cycles_of_matter_20220.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.16 A population cant get much larger than the carrying capacity. What might happen if it did?
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20223.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.17 Growth of the human population. Until recently, the human population grew very slowly.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20224.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.18 Digging a London sewer (1840s). Before 1800, human wastes were thrown into the streets of cities such as London. In the early 1800s, sewers were dug to carry away the wastes.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20225.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.19 This child is getting a polio vaccine. He will never get sick with polio, which could save his live or keep him from becoming crippled.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20226.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.20 World population growth rates. Is the population growing faster in the wealthiest countries or the poorest countries?
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20227.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.21 Compare this graph with the graph of the carrying capacity. What do you think is the carrying capacity of the human popu- lation?
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20228.png
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the human population
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FIGURE 18.22 In the mid 1900s, Australian tree snakes invaded Guam and other islands in the Pacific. The snakes stowed away on boats and planes. Tree snakes had no natural enemies on the islands. Their populations exploded and they drove sev- eral island species extinct. the threat of hunger. Many also do not have safe, clean water. Some people live in crowded, run-down housing or something that is barely considered housing.
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textbook_images/the_human_population_20229.png
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pollution of the land
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FIGURE 19.9 What can we learn from the story of Love Canal?
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textbook_images/pollution_of_the_land_20238.png
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pollution of the land
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FIGURE 19.10 This agricultural worker is wearing the proper safety gear to handle a chemical pesticide.
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textbook_images/pollution_of_the_land_20239.png
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pollution of the land
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FIGURE 19.11 Avoid putting hazardous waste in the household trash. Instead, take it to a hazardous waste collection center.
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textbook_images/pollution_of_the_land_20240.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.1 (A) A compass is a device that is used to determine direction. The needle points to Earths magnetic north pole. (B) A com- pass rose shows the four major directions plus intermediates between them.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20241.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.2 Earths magnetic north pole is about 11 degrees offset from its geographic north pole.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20242.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.3 Nautical maps include a double compass rose that shows both magnetic directions (inner circle) and geographic compass di- rections (outer circle).
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20243.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.4 Topography of Earth showing North America and South America.
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.5 This image was made from data of the Landsat satellite. It shows the topography of the San Francisco Peaks and surround- ing areas.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20245.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.6 This image shows Earth with water removed. The red areas are high elevations (mountains). Yellow and green areas are lower elevations. Blue areas are the lowest on the ocean floor.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20246.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.7 Features of continents include mountain ranges, plateaus, and plains. destructive forces. The bits and pieces of rock carried by rivers are deposited where rivers meet the oceans. These can form deltas, like the Mississippi River delta. They can also form barrier islands, like Padre Island in Texas. Rivers bring sand to the shore, which forms our beaches. These are constructive forces.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20247.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.8 Summary of major landforms on conti- nents and features of coastlines.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20248.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.9 The continental shelf and slope of the southeastern United States goes down to the ocean floor. ocean floor. Much of the ocean floor is called the abyssal plain. The ocean floor is not totally flat. In many places, small hills rise above the ocean floor. These hills are undersea volcanoes, called seamounts (Figure 2.10). Some rise more than 1000 m above the seafloor.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20249.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.10 A chain of seamounts off the coast of New England (left). Oceanographers mapped one of these seamounts, called Bear Seamount, in great detail (right).
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20250.png
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introduction to earths surface
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FIGURE 2.11 Map of the mid-ocean ridge system (yellow-green) in Earths oceans.
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textbook_images/introduction_to_earths_surface_20251.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.13 A road map of the state of Florida. What information can you get from this map?
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20253.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.14 A map projection translates Earths curved surface onto two dimensions.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20254.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.15 Gerardus Mercator developed a map projection used often today, known as the Mercator projection.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20255.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.16 A Mercator projection translates the curved surface of Earth onto a cylinder.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20256.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.17 A conic map projection wraps Earth with a cone shape rather than a cylinder.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20257.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.18 A gnomonic projection places a flat piece of paper on a point somewhere on Earth and projects an image from that point.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20258.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.19 A Robinson projection better represents the true shapes and sizes of land areas.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20259.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.20 Lines of latitude start with the equator. Lines of longitude begin at the prime meridian.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20260.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.21 Lines of latitude and longitude form convenient reference points on a map.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20261.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.22 A topographic map like one that you might use for the sport of orienteering.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20262.png
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modeling earths surface
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FIGURE 2.23 A globe is the most accurate way to represent Earths curved surface.
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textbook_images/modeling_earths_surface_20263.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.25 View of Swamp Canyon in Bryce Canyon National Park.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20265.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.26 A map of a portion of Bryce Canyon National Park road map showing Swamp Canyon Loop.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20266.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.27 Topographic map of Swamp Canyon Trail portion of Bryce Canyon National Park.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20267.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.28 Portion of a USGS topographic map of Stowe, VT.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20268.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.29 Portion of a USGS topographic map of Stowe, VT. Cady Hill (elevation 1122 ft) is shown by concentric circles in the lower left portion of the map. Another hill (eleva- tion ~ 960 ft) is on the upper right portion of the map.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20269.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.30 On a contour map, a circle with inward hatches indicates a depression.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20270.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.31 Illustrations of three-dimensional ground configurations (top) and corre- sponding topographic map (bottom). Note that the V-shaped markings on the topographic maps correspond to drainage channels. Also, the closely- spaced contour lines denote the rapid rising cliff face on the left side.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20271.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.32 Bathymetric map of Bear Lake, Utah.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20272.png
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topographic maps
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FIGURE 2.33 A portion of the geologic map of the Grand Canyon, Arizona.
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textbook_images/topographic_maps_20273.png
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.34 Left: Track of hurricane that hit Galveston, Texas on Sept. 8, 1900. Right: Galveston in the aftermath.
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textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20274.png
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.35 Satellite in a polar orbit.
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.36 NASAs fleet of satellites to study the Earth.
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.37 Various satellite images: (a) water vapor in atmosphere, (b) ocean surface temperatures, (c) global vegetation.
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.38 (a) You need a GPS receiver to use the GPS system. (b) It takes signals from 4 GPS satellites to find your location pre- cisely on the surface GPS receiver detects radio signals from nearby GPS satellites. There are precise clocks on each satellite and in the receiver. The receiver measures the time for radio signals from satellite to reach it. The receiver uses the time and the speed of radio signals to calculate the distance between the receiver and the satellite. The receiver does this with at least four different satellites to locate its position on the Earths surface (Figure 2.38). GPS receivers are now being built into many items, such as cell phones and cars.
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textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20278.png
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.39 This three-dimensional image of Mars north pole was made from satellite im- ages and computers.
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textbook_images/using_satellites_and_computers_20279.png
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using satellites and computers
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FIGURE 2.40 Map of insurance filings for crop damage in 2008.
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.1 Forests should be renewable resources. The forest on the left is healthy and is used for recreation. The forest on the right was killed by acid rain.
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20281.png
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.2 This oil rig was pumping oil from below the ocean floor when it exploded.
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.3 The U.S. uses more than its share of oil. What if everyone used resources this way? (Note: Per capita means per person.)
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20283.png
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.4 Bulldozers crushes a mountain of trash.
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.5 Buying locally grown produce at a farmers market saves resources.
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20285.png
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use and conservation of resources
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FIGURE 20.6 These types of packaging are hard to recycle. Could you reuse any of them?
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_resources_20286.png
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.10 What percent of energy in the U.S. is used for transportation and in homes?
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20290.png
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.11 The U.S. gets 85 percent of its energy from fossil fuels. Where does the other 15 percent come from?
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20291.png
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.12 Energy is used to build and operate an oil well. What happens to the oil after its pumped out of the well?
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20292.png
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.13 Solar panels collect sunlight on the roof of this house. The energy can be used to run the household.
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20293.png
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use and conservation of energy
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FIGURE 20.14 The Energy Star logo shows that an appliance uses energy efficiently.
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textbook_images/use_and_conservation_of_energy_20294.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.1 In this global water use chart, see how much is used for agriculture. Why do you think so much water is used in agricul- ture?
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20295.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.2 Overhead irrigation systems like this one are widely used to irrigate crops on big farms. What are some drawbacks of irrigation?
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20296.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.3 What will happen to the water that runs off the van? Where will it go?
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20297.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.4 Sunshine brings golfers to the desert but a lot of water is needed to make the desert green enough to play.
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20298.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.5 This glacier in Patagonia, Argentina stores a lot of frozen freshwater.
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20299.png
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humans and the water supply
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FIGURE 21.6 Water is a luxury in Africa, and many people have to carry water home. How would you use water differently if you had to get your water this way?
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textbook_images/humans_and_the_water_supply_20300.png
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.9 Pollution from a factory enters a stream at a single point.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20303.png
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.10 This vehicle is spreading fertilizer on a field before planting. millions of fish. In Wisconsin, cow manure leaked into a citys water supply. Almost half a million people got sick. More than 100 people died.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20304.png
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.11 From the air, this looks like a pond of water. Its really a pond of hog manure. To get an idea of how big the lagoon is, check out the vehicles at the bottom of the picture.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20305.png
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.12 This coastal ocean water is full of trash and sewage.
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.13 After an oil rig explosion, hundreds of miles of beaches looked like this one. Cleaning them up was a huge task.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20307.png
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water pollution
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FIGURE 21.14 Nuclear power plants need huge amounts of water for cooling, so they are built close to water. The water thats returned to the lake may be warm enough to kill fish.
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textbook_images/water_pollution_20308.png
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.16 Left: The Cuyahoga River flows through Cleveland, Ohio. In the mid 1900s, there was a lot of industry in this part of Ohio. The river became very polluted. Right: Today, the river is much cleaner.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.17 Why should people always clean up after their pets?
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.18 Four processes are used to treat water to make it safe for drinking.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.19 This is a drip irrigation system. Look at the soil in the photo. Its damp around each plant but dry everywhere else.
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protecting the water supply
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FIGURE 21.20 This beautiful garden contains only plants that need very little water.
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.1 Black particulates coming out of a factory smokestack. Many particulates are too small to see, but they can still be dangerous.
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textbook_images/air_pollution_20319.png
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.2 Photochemical smog is common in the air over many California cities.
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.3 Ozone forms near the ground as a sec- ondary pollutant.
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textbook_images/air_pollution_20321.png
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air pollution
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FIGURE 22.4 Cutting and burning trees to clear land for farming is called slash-and-burn agri- culture. How does this affect the atmo- sphere?
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textbook_images/air_pollution_20322.png
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.5 Ozone damaged snap bean plants are shown on the left. Healthy snap bean plants are shown on the right.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.6 The ozone air quality index gives the parts of ozone per million parts of air. How many parts of ozone are unhealthy for everyone?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.7 This carbon monoxide detector will sound an alarm if the gas rises above a safe level.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.8 This diagram shows how mercury bioac- cumulates. Compare the parts per million (ppm) of mercury in phytoplankton and gull eggs. Can you explain the differ- ence?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.9 This pH scale includes both normal and acid rain. At what pH do fish have prob- lems reproducing?
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.10 Nitrogen and sulfur oxides combine with rain to form acid rain.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.11 This photo shows a gargoyle that is being dissolved by acid rain on Notre Dame cathedral in Paris, France.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.12 CFCs break down ozone in the strato- sphere.
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effects of air pollution
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FIGURE 22.13 The hole in the ozone layer occurs over Antarctica. How do you think the hole in the ozone layer could affect life on Earth?
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textbook_images/effects_of_air_pollution_20331.png
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reducing air pollution
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FIGURE 22.14 This is a model of a hydrogen car. A major problem with hydrogen cars is the lack of hydrogen fuel.
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reducing air pollution
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FIGURE 22.15 How a Scrubber Works. Some scrubbers use steam to remove pollutants from exhaust.
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reducing air pollution
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FIGURE 22.16 This diagram shows how a cap-and-trade system works. meeting their goals. Most scientists also think the Kyoto Protocol did not go far enough to limit greenhouse gases. A stricter agreement must be reached very soon. Unfortunately, efforts to limit greenhouse gas emissions are mired in politics. Meanwhile, crucial time is being lost.
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telescopes
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FIGURE 23.1 The Andromeda Galaxy as it appeared 2.5 million years ago. How would you find out how it looks right now?
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