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L_0754 | the light we see | T_3818 | FIGURE 22.2 Bioluminescent organisms include jelly- fish and fireflies. Jellyfish give off visible light to startle predators. Fireflies give off visible light to attract mates. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22437.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3825 | FIGURE 22.3 The objects pictured here differ in the way light interacts with them. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22438.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3826 | FIGURE 22.4 The color of light depends on its wave- length. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22439.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3826 | FIGURE 22.5 A prism separates visible light into its different wavelengths. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22440.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3826 | FIGURE 22.6 The color that objects appear depends on the wavelengths of light they reflect or transmit. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22441.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3826 | FIGURE 22.7 The three primary colors of lightred, green, and bluecombine to form white light in the center of the figure. What are the secondary colors of light? Can you find them in the diagram? | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22442.png |
L_0754 | the light we see | T_3827 | FIGURE 22.8 Printer ink comes in three primary pig- ment colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow. | image | textbook_images/the_light_we_see_22443.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3829 | FIGURE 22.9 Still waters of a lake create a mirror image of the surrounding scenery. | image | textbook_images/optics_22444.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3830 | FIGURE 22.10 Whether reflection is regular or diffuse de- pends on the smoothness of the reflective surface. | image | textbook_images/optics_22445.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3831 | FIGURE 22.11 According to the law of reflection, the an- gle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence. The angles of both reflected and incident light are measured relative to an imaginary line, called normal, that is perpendicular (at right angles) to the reflective surface. | image | textbook_images/optics_22446.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3834 | FIGURE 22.12 The term mirror image refers to how left and right are reversed in the image compared with the real object. | image | textbook_images/optics_22447.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3834 | FIGURE 22.13 The image created by a concave mirror depends on how far the object is from the mirror. | image | textbook_images/optics_22448.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3836 | FIGURE 22.14 A convex mirror forms a virtual image that appears to be on the opposite side of the mirror from the object. How is the image different from the object? | image | textbook_images/optics_22449.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3836 | FIGURE 22.15 Light refracts when it passes from one medium to another at an angle other than 90 . Can you explain why? | image | textbook_images/optics_22450.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3838 | FIGURE 22.16 The image formed by a concave lens is a virtual image. | image | textbook_images/optics_22451.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3841 | FIGURE 22.17 The type of image made by a convex lens depends on how close the object is to the lens. Which diagram shows how a hand lens makes an image? | image | textbook_images/optics_22452.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3841 | FIGURE 22.18 A compound microscope uses convex lenses to make enlarged images of tiny objects. | image | textbook_images/optics_22453.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3843 | FIGURE 22.19 These telescopes differ in how they collect light, but both use convex lenses to enlarge the image. | image | textbook_images/optics_22454.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3843 | FIGURE 22.20 A camera uses a convex lens to form an image on film or a sensor. | image | textbook_images/optics_22455.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3844 | FIGURE 22.21 A very focused beam of bright laser light moves around the room for the cat to chase. The diagram shows why the beam of laser light is so focused compared with ordinary light from a flashlight. | image | textbook_images/optics_22456.png |
L_0755 | optics | T_3844 | FIGURE 22.22 A laser light uses two concave mirrors to focus photons of colored light. | image | textbook_images/optics_22457.png |
L_0756 | vision | T_3845 | FIGURE 22.24 The human eye is the organ specialized to collect light and focus images. Structures of the Eye | image | textbook_images/vision_22459.png |
L_0756 | vision | T_3846 | FIGURE 22.25 The brain and eyes work together to allow us to see. | image | textbook_images/vision_22460.png |
L_0756 | vision | T_3847 | FIGURE 22.26 Myopia and hyperopia can be corrected with lenses. | image | textbook_images/vision_22461.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3883 | FIGURE 24.2 The north and south poles of a bar magnet attract paper clips. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22485.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3886 | FIGURE 24.3 Lines of magnetic force are revealed by the iron filings attracted to this magnet. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22486.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3887 | FIGURE 24.4 When it come to magnets, there is a force of attraction between opposite poles and a force of repulsion between like poles. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22487.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3887 | FIGURE 24.5 Refrigerator magnets stick to a refrigerator door because it contains iron. Why wont the magnets stick to wooden cabinet doors? | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22488.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3888 | FIGURE 24.6 Magnetic domains must be aligned by an outside magnetic field for most ferromagnetic materials to become magnets. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22489.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3889 | FIGURE 24.7 Paper clips become temporary magnets when placed in a magnetic field. An iron nail becomes a permanent magnet when stroked with a bar magnet. Some materials are natural permanent magnets. The most magnetic material in nature is the mineral magnetite, also called lodestone. The magnetic domains of magnetite naturally align with Earths axis. Figure 24.8 shows a chunk of magnetite attracting iron nails and iron filings. The magnetic properties of magnetite have been recognized for thousands of years. The earliest compasses used magnetite pointers to show direction. The magnetite spoon compass in Figure 24.8 dates back about 2000 years and comes from China. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22490.png |
L_0761 | magnets and magnetism | T_3889 | FIGURE 24.8 Magnetite naturally attracts iron nails and filings. Its natural magnetism was discovered thousands of years ago. | image | textbook_images/magnets_and_magnetism_22491.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3890 | FIGURE 24.10 Earth is like a giant bar magnet. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22493.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3892 | FIGURE 24.11 Earths magnetic north pole is close to the geographic north pole. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22494.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3892 | FIGURE 24.12 The magnetosphere extends outward from Earth in all directions. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22495.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3893 | FIGURE 24.13 We think of todays magnetic pole orientation as "normal" only because thats what we are used to. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22496.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3894 | FIGURE 24.14 The alignment of magnetic domains in rocks on the ocean floor provide evidence for Earths magnetic reversals. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22497.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3894 | FIGURE 24.15 Charged particles flow through Earths liquid outer core, making Earth a giant magnet. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22498.png |
L_0762 | earth as a magnet | T_3895 | FIGURE 24.16 The garden warbler flies from Europe to central Africa in the fall and returns to Eu- rope in the spring. Its internal "compass" helps it find the way. | image | textbook_images/earth_as_a_magnet_22499.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3921 | FIGURE 3.7 Each of the elements described here has different uses because of its properties. | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22521.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3924 | FIGURE 3.8 Gold is gold no matter where it is found because all gold atoms are alike. | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22522.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3926 | FIGURE 3.9 Table salt is much different than its com- ponents. What are some of its proper- ties? | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22523.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3927 | FIGURE 3.10 Water is a compound that forms molecules. Each water molecule consists of two atoms of hydrogen (white) and one atom of oxygen (red). | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22524.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3927 | FIGURE 3.11 A crystal of table salt has a regular, repeating pattern of ions. | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22525.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3928 | FIGURE 3.12 All these substances are mixtures. How do they differ from compounds? | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22526.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3930 | FIGURE 3.13 These three mixtures differ in the size of their particles. Which mixture has the largest particles? Which has the smallest particles? | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22527.png |
L_0767 | types of matter | T_3931 | FIGURE 3.14 Separating the components of a mixture depends on their physical properties. Which physical property is used in each example shown here? | image | textbook_images/types_of_matter_22528.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3963 | FIGURE 5.1 This simple atomic model shows the par- ticles inside the atom. | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22558.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3967 | FIGURE 5.2 This model shows the particles that make up a carbon atom. | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22559.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3968 | FIGURE 5.3 The strong force is effective only between particles that are very close together in the nucleus. | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22560.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3969 | FIGURE 5.4 The symbol He stands for the element helium. Can you infer how many electrons a helium atom has? | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22561.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3971 | FIGURE 5.5 When a fluorine atom gains an electron, it becomes a negative fluoride ion. | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22562.png |
L_0772 | inside the atom | T_3974 | FIGURE 5.6 All isotopes of a given element have the same number of protons (P), but they differ in the number of neutrons (N). What is the mass number of each isotope shown here? | image | textbook_images/inside_the_atom_22563.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3979 | FIGURE 5.7 Democritus first introduced the idea of the atom almost 2500 years ago. the idea of atoms was ridiculous. Unfortunately, Aristotles ideas were accepted for more than 2000 years. During that time, Democrituss ideas were more or less forgotten. | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22564.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3980 | FIGURE 5.8 John Dalton used evidence from experiments to show that atoms exist. | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22565.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3983 | FIGURE 5.9 Daltons model atoms were hard, solid balls. How do they differ from the atomic models you saw in the lesson "Inside the Atom" from earlier in the chapter? | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22566.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3985 | FIGURE 5.10 This sketch shows the basic set up of Thomsons experiments. The vacuum tube is a glass tube that contains very little air. It has metal plates at each end and along the sides. | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22567.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3987 | FIGURE 5.11 Thomsons atomic model includes neg- ative electrons in a "sea" of positive charge. | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22568.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3990 | FIGURE 5.12 Rutherford shot a beam of positive alpha particles at thin gold foil. | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22569.png |
L_0773 | history of the atom | T_3990 | FIGURE 5.13 This model shows Rutherfords idea of the atom. How does it compare with Thomsons plum pudding model? | image | textbook_images/history_of_the_atom_22570.png |
L_0774 | modern atomic theory | T_3992 | FIGURE 5.14 In Bohrs atomic model, electrons orbit at fixed distances from the nucleus. These distances are called energy levels. | image | textbook_images/modern_atomic_theory_22571.png |
L_0774 | modern atomic theory | T_3992 | FIGURE 5.15 This model of an atom contains six energy levels (n = 1 to 6). Atoms absorb or emit energy when some of their electrons jump to a different energy level. | image | textbook_images/modern_atomic_theory_22572.png |
L_0774 | modern atomic theory | T_3993 | FIGURE 5.16 Atoms in fireworks give off light when their electrons jump back to a lower energy level. | image | textbook_images/modern_atomic_theory_22573.png |
L_0774 | modern atomic theory | T_3996 | FIGURE 5.17 This sketch represents the electron cloud model for helium. What does the electron cloud represent? | image | textbook_images/modern_atomic_theory_22574.png |
L_0774 | modern atomic theory | T_3996 | FIGURE 5.18 This model represents an atom of the element magnesium (Mg). How many electrons does the atom have at each en- ergy level? What is the maximum number it could have at each level? | image | textbook_images/modern_atomic_theory_22575.png |
L_0775 | how elements are organized | T_3998 | FIGURE 6.2 Mendeleevs table of the elements organizes the elements by atomic mass. The table has a repeating pattern. | image | textbook_images/how_elements_are_organized_22577.png |
L_0775 | how elements are organized | T_4003 | FIGURE 6.3 The modern periodic table of the elements is a lot like Mendeleevs table. But the modern table is based on atomic number instead of atomic mass. It also has more than 110 elements. Mendeleevs table only had about 65 elements. | image | textbook_images/how_elements_are_organized_22578.png |
L_0776 | classes of elements | T_4005 | FIGURE 6.5 The three properties described here characterize most metals. | image | textbook_images/classes_of_elements_22580.png |
L_0776 | classes of elements | T_4006 | FIGURE 6.6 Unlike metals, solid nonmetals are dull and brittle. | image | textbook_images/classes_of_elements_22581.png |
L_0776 | classes of elements | T_4009 | FIGURE 6.7 Metalloids share properties with both metals and nonmetals. | image | textbook_images/classes_of_elements_22582.png |
L_0776 | classes of elements | T_4010 | FIGURE 6.8 The number of electrons increases from left to right across each period in the periodic table. In period 2, lithium (Li) has the fewest electrons and neon (Ne) has the most. How do the numbers of electrons in their outer energy levels compare? | image | textbook_images/classes_of_elements_22583.png |
L_0777 | groups of elements | T_4011 | FIGURE 6.9 In group 1 of the periodic table, all the elements except hydrogen (H) are alkali metals. | image | textbook_images/groups_of_elements_22584.png |
L_0777 | groups of elements | T_4013 | FIGURE 6.10 The alkaline Earth metals make up group 2 of the periodic table. | image | textbook_images/groups_of_elements_22585.png |
L_0777 | groups of elements | T_4013 | FIGURE 6.11 All the elements in groups 3-12 are transition metals. | image | textbook_images/groups_of_elements_22586.png |
L_0777 | groups of elements | T_4014 | FIGURE 6.12 These groups each contain one or more metalloids. reactive. Oxygen (O), for example, readily reacts with metals to form compounds such as rust. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature. The other four elements in group 16 are solids. | image | textbook_images/groups_of_elements_22587.png |
L_0778 | introduction to chemical bonds | T_4017 | FIGURE 7.1 These diagrams show the valence elec- trons of hydrogen and water atoms and a water molecule. The diagrams represent electrons with dots, so they are called electron dot diagrams. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_chemical_bonds_22590.png |
L_0778 | introduction to chemical bonds | T_4021 | FIGURE 7.2 Different compounds may contain the same elements in different ratios. How does this affect their properties? | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_chemical_bonds_22591.png |
L_0779 | ionic bonds | T_4023 | FIGURE 7.3 An ionic bond forms when the metal sodium gives up an electron to the non- metal chlorine. | image | textbook_images/ionic_bonds_22592.png |
L_0779 | ionic bonds | T_4024 | FIGURE 7.4 Sodium and chlorine are on opposite sides of the periodic table. How is this related to their numbers of valence elec- trons? | image | textbook_images/ionic_bonds_22593.png |
L_0779 | ionic bonds | T_4026 | FIGURE 7.5 Sodium chloride crystals are cubic in shape. Other ionic compounds may have crystals with different shapes. ion always comes first. For example, sodium and chloride ions form the compound named sodium chloride. You Try It! Problem: What is the name of the ionic compound composed of positive barium ions and negative iodide ions? | image | textbook_images/ionic_bonds_22594.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4029 | FIGURE 7.7 This figure shows three ways of representing a covalent bond. A dash (-) between two atoms represents one pair of shared electrons. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22596.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4030 | FIGURE 7.8 An oxygen atom has a more stable arrangement of electrons when it forms covalent bonds with two hydrogen atoms. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22597.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4031 | FIGURE 7.9 A water molecule has two polar bonds. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22599.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4031 | FIGURE 7.10 An oxygen molecule has two nonpolar bonds. This is called a double bond. The two oxygen atoms attract equally the four shared electrons. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22598.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4034 | FIGURE 7.11 Covalent compounds may be polar or nonpolar, as these two examples show. In both molecules, the oxygen atoms attract electrons more strongly than the carbon or hydrogen atoms do. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22600.png |
L_0780 | covalent bonds | T_4034 | FIGURE 7.12 Water is a polar compound, so its molecules are attracted to each other and form hydrogen bonds. | image | textbook_images/covalent_bonds_22601.png |
L_0781 | metallic bonds | T_4035 | FIGURE 7.13 Positive metal ions and their shared electrons form metallic bonds. | image | textbook_images/metallic_bonds_22602.png |
L_0781 | metallic bonds | T_4037 | FIGURE 7.14 A blacksmith shapes a piece of iron. | image | textbook_images/metallic_bonds_22603.png |
L_0781 | metallic bonds | T_4037 | FIGURE 7.15 The girders of this bridge are made of steel. | image | textbook_images/metallic_bonds_22604.png |
L_0782 | introduction to chemical reactions | T_4038 | FIGURE 8.1 Each of these pictures shows a chemical change taking place. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_chemical_reactions_22606.png |
L_0782 | introduction to chemical reactions | T_4040 | FIGURE 8.2 A chemical reaction changes hydrogen and oxygen to water. | image | textbook_images/introduction_to_chemical_reactions_22607.png |
L_0783 | chemical equations | T_4042 | FIGURE 8.4 This figure shows a common chemical reaction. The drawing below the equation shows how the atoms are rearranged in the reaction. What chemical bonds are broken and what new chemical bonds are formed in this reaction? | image | textbook_images/chemical_equations_22609.png |
L_0783 | chemical equations | T_4046 | FIGURE 8.5 Lavoisier carried out several experiments inside a sealed glass jar. Why was sealing the jar important for his results? | image | textbook_images/chemical_equations_22610.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4048 | FIGURE 8.6 Sodium and chlorine combine to synthesize table salt. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22611.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4049 | FIGURE 8.7 In this photo, the air over Los Angeles, California is brown with smog. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22612.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4051 | FIGURE 8.8 As carbon dioxide increases in the atmo- sphere, more carbon dioxide dissolves in ocean water. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22613.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4054 | FIGURE 8.9 A decomposition reaction occurs when an electric current passes through water. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22614.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4056 | FIGURE 8.10 The burning of charcoal is an example of a combustion reaction. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22615.png |
L_0784 | types of chemical reactions | T_4058 | FIGURE 8.11 The blue flame on this gas stove is pro- duced when natural gas burns. | image | textbook_images/types_of_chemical_reactions_22616.png |
L_0785 | chemical reactions and energy | T_4059 | FIGURE 8.12 Plants can get the energy they need for photosynthesis from either sunlight or ar- tificial light. | image | textbook_images/chemical_reactions_and_energy_22617.png |
L_0785 | chemical reactions and energy | T_4061 | FIGURE 8.13 The combustion of wood is an exothermic reaction that releases energy as heat and light. | image | textbook_images/chemical_reactions_and_energy_22618.png |
Subsets and Splits