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871003 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant%20Valley%2C%20Missouri | Pleasant Valley, Missouri | Pleasant Valley is a city in Clay County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri |
871004 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph%2C%20Missouri | Randolph, Missouri | Randolph is a city in Clay County, Missouri, United States.
Cities in Missouri |
871005 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox%20Business | Fox Business | Fox Business (officially known as Fox Business Network) is an American business news channel owned by the Fox News Media division of Fox Corporation. The channel broadcasts primarily from studios at 1211 Avenue of the Americas in Midtown Manhattan. It was launched on October 15, 2007. The network features trading day coverage and a nightly lineup of opinion-based talk shows.
Day-to-day operations are run by Kevin Magee, executive vice president of Fox News. Neil Cavuto is the vice president and managing editor for the network and business news operation overall.
As of February 2015, Fox Business Network is available to approximately 74,224,000 pay television households (63.8% of households with television) in the United States.
References
American television channels
2007 establishments in the United States |
871014 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender%20bias%20in%20science | Gender bias in science | Gender bias is a set of words used in social science. Gender bias is when scientific studies are biased, or slanted, towards one gender. Studies with gender bias do not represent the true gender balance.
Gender bias has many causes:
Using gender stereotypes, rather than checking the true role: Tools that doctors use to identify some mental illnesses (such as clinical depression or ADHD) often use stereotyped gender roles. For example, in girls, being hyperactive is often seen as good thing. People think that girls are supposed to talk and smile a lot. In boys, being hyperactive is seen as a weakness. For another example, in many societies in which men are in charge, men are often seen as normal, and no one questions or thinks about this much. This makes an androcentric view, which is biased towards men.
Failure to take gender-specific factors into account. For example, when scientists study clinical depression again, sometimes they think that clinical depression is naturally more common in women than in men. However, women tend to ask for professional help with depression sooner than men do. Men are more likely to hide their problems. This is because boys learn not to ask for help. So depression might not be as much more common in women than it looked like at first. There may be similar gender bias with ADHD. The fact that men and women are fundamentally different is not taken into account. For this reason, in the case of ADHD, doctors see men as having a problem sooner than they see women as having a problem. This also affects the gender pay gap.
Gender-specific language: Many languages use the male form for both sexes. Sometimes, readers think the writer is talking about everyone when the writer really is only talking about men and boys. However, saying that someone "has a full-time job" may introduce a bias: In most cultures in the world where there are "traditional role models," women do rarely have full-time jobs, especially when they also look after their children.
Overgeneralizations: Generalizing results that only affect one gender to all. Many drugs are only tested on men and women do not take them until they are approved for use in patients. Such drugs may not work the same way on women; certain drugs may be dangerous for women (that's why they need to be tested on women as well)
References
Gender
Discrimination |
871017 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV%20Entertainment | MTV Entertainment | MTV Entertainment was a German pay-TV channel. It started broadcasting one 1 December 2007. Most recently, the station was received via several program providers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The signal is supplied via the Astra satellite system. In Germany, the program could be obtained via the Sky Welt Extra platform. Since 1 April 2009, the station could also be received via Kabel Deutschland. MTV Entertainment was founded in Germany on 1 January 2011 at 3:00 a.m. replaced by MTV Germany. In Switzerland, the station was broadcast on some networks from the 15th January 2011 replaced by MTV Brand New.
Television channels in Europe
German television
2007 establishments |
871020 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahakutumb%20Sahaparivar | Sahakutumb Sahaparivar | Sahakutumb Sahaparivar () is a Marathi language drama which airs on Star Pravah. It stars Sunil Barve and Nandita Dhuri-Patkar. The show is produced by Ranjit Thakur & Hemant Ruparel under the banner of Frames Production.
Cast
Main
Sunil Barve as Suryakant More (Surya)
Nandita Dhuri-Patkar as Sarita Suryakant More (Saru)
Recurring
Amey Barve as Vaibhav More (Vaibhya)
Akash Nalawade as Prashant More (Pashya)
Sakshi Gandhi as Avani Vaibhav More
Komal Kumbhar as Anjali Dhananjay Dhawale / Anjali Prashant More (Anji)
Akash Shinde as Omkar More (Onkya)
Unknown as Laxmi More
Kishori Ambiye as Asha Dhananjay Dhawale (Mami)
Santosh Patil / Mahesh Ghag as Dhananjay Dhawale (Mama)
Bhagyashri Pawar as Guddi
Sayali Sambhare as Kavita
Bhushan Patil as Sarjerao
Suhas Paranjpe as Akkasaheb
Production
Mahaepisode (1 hour)
13 September 2020
1 November 2020
6 December 2020
10 January 2021
28 February 2021
28 March 2021
8 August 2021
19 September 2021
Airing history
Ratings
Adaptations
References |
871021 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagira%20Zala%20Ji | Lagira Zala Ji | Lagira Zala Ji is an Indian Marathi language television Drama series. It started on 1 May 2017 and ended on 22 June 2019. It was produced by Shweta Shinde under Vajra Productions.
Production
The series premiered on 1 May 2017 and aired on Zee Marathi from Monday to Saturday at 7 pm by replacing Jai Malhar.
Special episode (1 hour)
22 July 2018
2 September 2018
6 January 2019
Cast
Main
Shivani Baokar as Sheetal Surendra Pawar / Sheetal Ajinkya Shinde
Nitish Chavan as Fouji Ajinkya Shinde (Ajya)
Recurring
Bhoite family
Kiran Dhane as Jayshree Samadhan Bhoite / Jayshree Harshwardhan Deshmukh (Jaydi)
Purva Shinde replacing Kiran as Jayshree (Jaydi)
Vidya Sawale as Pushpa Samadhan Bhoite (Mami)
Kalyani Chaudhari replacing Vidya as Pushpa
Kamal Thoke as Jiji
Santosh Patil as Samadhan Bhoite (Mama)
Pawar family
Manjusha Khetri as Neelam Pawar
Daya Eksambekar as Usha Surendra Pawar
Saurabh Bhise as Saurabh Surendra Pawar
Devendra Deo as Surendra Pawar (Nana)
Sandip Jangam as Jitendra Pawar
Shivani Ghatge as Suman Jitendra Pawar
Dhruv Gosavi as Dhruv Jitendra Pawar
Dhondiram Karande as Appa
Deshmukh family
Kiran Gaikwad as Harshawardhan Yuvraj Deshmukh (Bhaiyyasaheb)
Yogini Pophale as Pratibha Yuvraj Deshmukh (Taisaheb)
Bharati Dole as Aaisaheb
Vedraj Anapat as Simmba
Mahesh Jadhav as Talent
Fouji
Nikhil Chavan as Vikram Raut (Vikya)
Mahesh Ghag as Hanumant
Shriram Lokhande as Abhay Marane
Aniket Lad as Pashya
Varinder Singh as Sardarji
Amit Kulkarni as K.K.
Arjun Kusumbe
Amar Gaikwad
Sumeet Pusavale
Rahul Jagtap
Villagers
Amarnath Kharade as Jameer (Jamya)
Laxmi Vibhute as Yasmin
Rahul Magdum as Rahul Ravindra Tate
Nilima Kamane as Nilima Ravindra Tate
Shekhar Sawant as Photographer
Kiran Dalavi as Gotya
Sachin Hagavane-Patil as Milk Dairy owner
Anita Chavan
Ashok Gurav
Rukmini Sutar
Ratings
Adaptations
Awards
References |
871029 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%20Huizinga | Johan Huizinga | Johan Huizinga (7 December 1872 – 1 February 1945) was a Dutch historian, known as author of work The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). He was also employer of Groningen University and Leiden University.
Works
Mensch en menigte in America (1918)
Herfsttij der Middeleeuwen (1919)
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1924)
Amerika Levend en Denkend (1926)
Leven en werk van Jan Veth (1927)
Homo Ludens. Proeve eener bepaling van het spel-element der cultuur (1938)
1872 births
1945 deaths
Dutch historians
People from Groningen (city) |
871030 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chestnut%20flour | Chestnut flour | Chestnut flour, also called sweet flour, is a flour made by grinding chestnuts.
It has a hazelnut-like color and a sweet flavour. It is mainly made in Italian mountain regions, which is between 450 to 900 meters above sea level, where the sweet chestnut can be found. In the past, it was a important source for the regions as it is high in energy.
The chestnut in the time of San Benedetto was intensively cultivated due to famines and the plague in Tuscany in the 1300s that led the population to move in for finding support at the hills.
In Corsica, chestnut trees were introduced in the 16th century by the Genoese, and their spread had changed the culture of the island including its food.
References
Flour |
871039 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Yin | Li Yin | Li Yin (Chinese::李因, Born 1610 - 1685) was a poet, painter, calligrapher during late Ming Dynasty and in the early of Qing Dynasty, she is known for her flowers and birds on paintings.
Works
Many of her paintings are collected in museums includes:
Flowers and Birds
Pine and Eagle
Flowers and Plants
Mynas bird and Pomegranate Fruit
Lotus Flowers and Mandarin Ducks
References
Other websites
1610s births
1685 deaths
Chinese painters
Chinese poets |
871040 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin%20Xue | Lin Xue | Lin Xue (Chinese:林雪) Was a Poet, Painter, Landscape Painter, Calligrapher during Ming Dynasty.
Works
Landscape Painting, with ink on Golden Paper, on 1620.
Landscape Painting, Bamboo Tree (Hanging-Scroll style), using ink and color on Silk, on 1621, Collected at Art institute of Chicago
Landscape Painting, (Fan) using ink on Golden Paper, on 1622, Private Collection
References
Chinese painters |
871042 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%20Long | Sun Long | Sun Long (Simplified Chinese::孙隆, Traditional Chinese:孫隆) was a landscape painter during the Ming Dynasty.
References
More sources
Barnhart, R. M. et al. (1997). Three thousand years of Chinese painting. New Haven, Yale University Press.
Zhongguo gu dai shu hua jian ding zu (中国古代书画鑑定组). 2000. Zhongguo hui hua quan ji (中国绘画全集). Zhongguo mei shu fen lei quan ji. Beijing: Wen wu chu ban she. Volume 10.
Chinese painters |
871050 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust%20for%20Gold | Lust for Gold | Lust for Gold is a 1949 American adventure western movie directed by S. Sylvain Simon and was based on the novel Thunder God's Gold by Barry Storm. It stars Ida Lupino, Glenn Ford, Gig Young, Edgar Buchanan, Paul Ford, Will Geer and Columbia Pictures.
Other websites
1949 movies
1940s adventure movies
1940s western movies
American adventure movies
American western movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by S. Sylvain Simon |
871056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala | Mangala | Mangala (Sanskrit: मङ्गल, IAST: Maṅgala) is the name for Mars, the red planet, in Hindu texts. Also known as Lohit (meaning: red), he is the god of anger, celibate and sometimes linked to god Kartikeya (Skanda).
Mars |
871057 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Runaround%20%281946%20movie%29 | The Runaround (1946 movie) | The Runaround is a 1946 American mystery movie directed by Charles Lamont and starring Rod Cameron, George Cleveland, Ella Raines, Charles Coleman, Joe Sawyer, Nana Bryant, Frank McHugh. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1946 movies
1940s mystery movies
American mystery movies
Movies directed by Charles Lamont |
871071 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontier%20Gal | Frontier Gal | Frontier Gal is a 1945 American western movie directed by Charles Lamont and starring Yvonne De Carlo, Rod Cameron, Andy Devine, Fuzzy Knight, Andrew Tombes, Sheldon Leonard, Clara Blandick, Jan Wiley. It was distributed by Universal Pictures.
Other websites
1945 movies
1940s western movies
American western movies
Movies directed by Charles Lamont |
871074 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/LIV%20Swiss%20Watches | LIV Swiss Watches | LIV Swiss Watches is a watch company in Miami, United States. LIV Swiss Watches' headquarters are in Miami, but most of its watches are made by hand and put together in Switzerland. It is the Swiss watch brand with the most crowdfunding support.
The watches are available worldwide. Magazines and newspapers in Switzerland, Germany, France, Japan, and other countries have written about them.
History
Esti Chazanow started LIV Swiss Watches in Miami, Florida in 2012. She wanted to build good Swiss watches that were not expensive but could also last, and so went on Kickstarter to get crowdfunding for her idea. Chazanow wanted to make LIV Swiss Watches more personalized too, instead of mass producing it. Some other crowdfunded watch brands are Sequent SuperCharger and Laventure Marine.
LIV Swiss Watches has also supported and worked with Taylor Eisenhart since 2019. In 2018, LIV Watches gave the winners of the F1600 Championship Series with custom GX1-A Swiss watches.
Watches
The first LIV watch model, the GX1 Swiss Quartz Chronograph, came out in 2014. The second model, the GX1-A Swiss Automatic, was funded with $1,119,029 by over 2,169 people within 12 hours.
Another model launched in 2016 is the GX Base. Later in 2017, the next LIV model, called Rebel, was also funded within 12 hours, receiving more than $1.7 million from over 2,900 people. The GX1-A was also launched in 2017. It has a luminescent (light-making) feature called Super-LumiNova. In 2018, the Titanium Ceramic Chrono watch was launched and funded.
Other models include the GX1 Panda (for sportswear), GMT Cobalt, GX-AC, GX1, and many others.
There are also many limited edition watches and collections. Some of them are specialized watches for divers, pilots, and other watches for specific uses and groups of people.
References
Other websites
LIV Swiss Watches
Press
21st-century establishments in the United States
Companies based in Florida
Miami, Florida |
871075 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang%20Majha%20Vegla | Rang Majha Vegla | Rang Majha Vegla () is an Indian Marathi soap opera that airs on Star Pravah. It started on 30 October 2019.
Cast
Main
Reshma Shinde as Deepa Shrirang Devkule / Deepa Kartik Inamdar
Ashutosh Gokhale as Kartik Lalit Inamdar
Recurring
Kartik's family
Shrirang Deshmukh as Lalit Inamdar
Harshada Khanvilkar as Saundarya Lalit Inamdar
Ambar Ganpule as Aditya Lalit Inamdar
Anagha Atul as Shweta Shrirang Devkule / Shweta Aditya Inamdar
Saisha Bhoir as Kartiki Kartik Inamdar
Deepa's family
Pournima Talwalkar as Radha Shrirang Devkule
Gautam Murdeshwar as Shrirang Devkule
Vandana Marathe as Deepa's grandmother
Others
Abhidnya Bhave as Tanuja Mantri
Vidisha Mhaskar as Ayesha Deshmukh
Nikhil Rajeshirke as Sujay
Manasi Ghate as Sakshi
Shirish Joshi as Mr. Athawale
Rujuta Deshmukh as Mrs. Athawale
Vishwas Navare as Sadanand
Priya Kambale as Ayesha's mother
Production
Mahaepisode (1 hour)
29 December 2019
16 February 2020
23 February 2020
15 March 2020
20 September 2020
25 October 2020
22 November 2020
3 January 2021
24 January 2021
14 February 2021
7 March 2021
1 August 2021
26 September 2021
Airing history
Ratings
TVR Ratings
Adaptations
References |
871080 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repression%20of%20Uyghurs%20in%20China | Repression of Uyghurs in China | The Repression of Uyghurs in China (sometimes called the Uyghur Genocide) is all the human rights violations in Xinjiang that are hurting Uyghurs. This is being done by the Chinese government. It is estimated that there are more than a million Uyghurs being persecuted. Some governments and human rights NGOs (organisations that aren't governments) call the repression against Uyghurs a genocide (destroying a group of people). Not everybody agrees that the repression is a genocide though.
The Uyghurs
have to go into concentration camps
must do lots of work (forced labor)
can not have children
are forced to listen to the Chinese government
are not allowed to do their religion
Thousands of mosques are being destroyed and damaged. Hundreds of thousands of children are being sent to boarding schools.
Background
References |
871082 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai%20%28singer%29 | Ai (singer) | , known mononymously as Ai (, stylized as AI or A.I. ), is a Japanese-American singer-songwriter, record producer, spokeswoman, and actress. She is best known in Japan for her 2005 single "Story", which became one of the biggest singles of the 2000s in Japan, peaking at number 8 on the Japanese Oricon singles chart, and was the sixth single in history to receive a triple million digital certification by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ).
Career
2000-2001: My Name Is Ai
Ai released her debut single "Cry, Just Cry" in 2000 shortly after graduating high school. She released two additional singles from the album before it was released on her birthday in 2001.
2003-2004: Original Ai and 2004 Ai
In 2003, Ai signed to Def Jam Japan after her previous album was a commercial failure. With the release of Original Ai in 2003, she began to rise in popularity in Japan. Her third album, 2004 Ai, became her first album to receive a certification from the RIAJ.
2005-2007: "Story", Mic-a-holic Ai, What's Goin' on Ai and Don't Stop Ai
In 2005, Ai moved to Island Records. Later that year, she released her best-selling single in her career, "Story". Her fourth album, Mic-a-holic Ai, was released later that year. She released her fifth album, What's Goin' On Ai in 2006 and her sixth, Don't Stop Ai in 2007.
2008-2010: Viva Ai, Best Ai and The Last Ai
In March 2009, Ai released her seventh studio album, Viva Ai. Later that year, her first greatest hits album, Best Ai was released. Best Ai became Ai's first number one album on the Japan Oricon Albums chart. In December 2010, she released her eighth album, The Last Ai.
2011-2013: Independent and Moriagaro
In 2011, Ai left Universal Music Group and signed a global music publishing deal with EMI to release her music worldwide. She signed a record deal with EMI Music Japan . Her first single with the label, "Letter in the Sky" featured The Jacksons and was released in October 2011. It was the groups first single in 22 years. Her second single "Happiness" became one of her best selling singles since "Story". Her ninth album, Independent was released in 2012. In 2013, following the purchase of EMI by Universal, Ai was moved to EMI Records Japan. She released one album under the label, Moriagaro in 2013 before the label was divided into two separate sublabels.
2015-2016: The Best
In November 2015, Ai released a compilation album, The Best, to celebrate fifteen years in the music industry. It marked her first album release under EMI Records. The compilation album was reissued in mid-2016. A third compilation release of tracks with featured artists titled The Feat. Best was issued in November 2016.
2017: Wa to Yo
In 2017, Ai teased her eleventh studio album, Wa to Yo. It was released in June 2017. A deluxe version of the album was released in October 2017.
2019-present: Twenty-year anniversary and Dream
In early 2019, Ai traveled to her hometown, Los Angeles, California, to record new material to celebrate twenty years in the music industry and for the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics. Her fourth compilation album, Kansha!!!!! - Thank You for 20 Years New and Best, was released in November 2019, serving as her first international compilation release. Ai's extended play, It's All Me, Vol. 1 was planned to be released on the start of the 2020 Olympics, but instead was delayed to July after the event was postponed to summer 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The lead single of It's All Me, Vol. 1, "Summer Magic" was her first single to be released internationally in May 2019. Its Japanese version was included in an advertisement for the Amazon Echo.
In February 2021, she released It's All Me, Vol. 2 and a digital compilation extended play, Self Selection Hip Hop. In June 2021, most of her early discography was made available to stream and purchase digitally outside of Asia. Before, only Independent, Wa to Yo and releases after January 2019 were available. Additionally in June, Ai released "The Moment", a single featuring Japanese rapper Yellow Bucks. In August, she released a collaboration single with Daichi Miura titled "In the Middle". In September, EMI issued her second compilation EP, Self Selection "Piano Ballad". In September 2021, Ai announced her next single, "Aldebaran". The song serves as the theme song for the NHK television drama, Come Come Everbody. Upon its release in November, it became her first charting single on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 since her 2017 single, "Kira Kira". The song debuted and peaked at number 37 on the chart. On the Oricon charts, "Aldebaran" peaked at number 4 on the Daily Digital Singles Chart and number 6 on the weekly Digital Singles Chart. In December 2021, Ai announced her twelfth studio album, Dream would be released in February 2022.
Personal life
When Ai was three, she moved from Los Angeles to Kagoshima. She had a difficult time learning Japanese and making friends. She was only able to talk to her mother, Barbara, who was born and raised in the United States and only knew English.
After graduating junior high school, Ai and her family moved back to Los Angeles. She was uninterested in enrolling in high school because she wanted to sing. She registered at Glendale High School and struggled to communicate in English. She later auditioned for Los Angeles County High School for Arts. She took ballet while enrolled.
In 2014, Ai became engaged to Hiro, the leader and vocalist of the rock band Kaikigesshoku. The pair had been dating for 10 years, and wed in January 2014. On August 28, 2015, Ai gave birth to her first child, a baby girl. On July 24, 2018, it was revealed Ai was pregnant with her second child. Her second child, a boy, was born on December 29, 2018.
In 2019, Ai revealed her annoyance of when searching her name online, the results only show for artificial intelligence. An outdoor advertisement at Shinjuku Station that was promoting her 2019 single "Summer Magic" included an image of a search engine with the top results displaying images of artificial intelligence, with a photo of Ai herself cut off at the bottom of the image.
Discography
Studio albums
Compilation albums
Extended plays
Compilation extended plays
Singles
Notes
References
1981 births
Living people
American R&B singers
J-pop singers
Japanese musicians
Musicians from Los Angeles
Japanese singers
Singers from Los Angeles
People from Kagoshima Prefecture
Singer-songwriters from California
American pop singers
American hip hop musicians
American record producers |
871090 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyaar%20Ki%20Dhunn | Pyaar Ki Dhunn | Pyaar Ki Dhun is a 2021 romantic musical drama series, produced by 4 Lions Films starring Debmataa Saha, Simmba Nagpal & Sana Sayyed. The show is a spin-off of the 2018 musical saga Kulfi Kumar Bajewala.
Plot
After 18 years, Amyra has become a very successful and rich singer while Kulfi sings behind Amyra's voice. The truth is not known to anyone except these sisters. Eventually, the truth is revealed to a guy named Dhruv who is in love with Kulfi, Kulfi also falls in love with Dhruv but one day, Amyra and Dhruv's car gets into an accident, Amyra also falls in love with Dhruv but Dhruv and Kulfi already love each other and that's why Amyra feels jealous on Kulfi and Dhruv's Relation and add many obstacles as possible in their relations to make Dhruv Qfall for her.
Cast
Simba Nagpal as Dhruv
Debmataa Sahaa as Kulfi
Sana Sayyad as Amyra |
871091 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Leopard%20Man | The Leopard Man | The Leopard Man is a 1943 American horror movie directed by Jacques Tourneur and was based on the novel Black Alibi by Cornell Woolrich. It stars Margo, Dennis O'Keefe, Jean Brooks, Isabel Jewell, Abner Biberman and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.
Other websites
1943 movies
1940s horror movies
American horror movies
American serial killer movies
Movies based on books
Movies directed by Jacques Tourneur |
871102 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Fabulous%20Texan | The Fabulous Texan | The Fabulous Texan is a 1947 American western movie directed by Edward Ludwig and starring Wild Bill Elliott, John Carroll, Catherine McLeod, Albert Dekker, Andy Devine, Patricia Knight, Ruth Donnelly, Harry Davenport, Johnny Sands. It was distributed by Republic Pictures.
Other websites
1947 movies
1940s western movies
American western movies
Movies directed by Edward Ludwig |
871103 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail%20%281947%20movie%29 | Blackmail (1947 movie) | Blackmail is a 1947 American action crime movie directed by Lesley Selander and starring William Marshall, Adele Mara, Ricardo Cortez, Grant Withers, Stephanie Bachelor, Ray Barcroft, Gregory Gaye. It was distributed by Republic Pictures.
Other websites
1947 movies
1940s action movies
1940s crime movies
American action movies
1940s American crime movies
Movies directed by Lesley Selander |
871117 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga | Kaluga | Kaluga () is a city in Kaluga Oblast, Russia. It is the capital of Kaluga Oblast of Russia. As of 2012, the city has 328,871 people.
History
Kaluga was in the 14th century as a stronghold against the Tatar people on the southern borders of Muscovy, then it later became a seat of provincial administration. In the early 17th century it was devastated by Cossacks, plague, and fire, and in the winter of 1941 it was held by the Germans. It has a wide range of industries, producing turbines, railway equipment, and consumer goods. The city is on the Vyazma–Tula railway near its junction with the Moscow–Kiev line.
Geography
Kaluga is located within western Russia. It occupies an area in the upper Oka River basin southwest of Moscow oblast. Broad, often swampy valleys alternate with rolling hills of the Central Russian Uplands. It is
189 kilometers southwest of Moscow, 880 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg and 623 kilometers southwest of Nizhny Novgorod.
Economy
Kaluga Region is one of the most promising regions of Russia to make investments in. The region holds the fifth place in the national rating of investment attractiveness. For a number of years Kaluga Region has been holding the leading positions in terms of industrial output growth rates.
Kaluga Region Government has created all conditions for successful development of both large-scale production facilities and industrial SMEs. Investors, operating in the region, admit that Kaluga Region investment policy meets the highest global standards. The regional legislative and regulatory framework guarantees the safety of investments.
Gallery |
871119 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters%20of%20the%20Polo%20God | Daughters of the Polo God | Daughters of the Polo God is a 2018 Indian documentary movie. It is in two languages: Meitei and English. Roopa Baruah directed it. Hemanti Sarkar edited it. The story is about saving the endangered Meitei horse (Manipuri pony) and empowering women in the sport of polo () at the same time.
The movie is about Manipuri women in polo sports. In India, polo is mostly played by men. It also shows the way they work with their Meitei horses (Manipuri ponies). The players in the documentary work very hard so they can go to the annual polo tournament.
The movie begins with Sagol Kangjei (), the ancient form of polo in Antique Kangleipak (Ancient Manipur). It was a war game. That means the sport was placed during peacetime so warriors could practice their war skills. It ended up with the present day advancements of the Manipur Horse Riding and Polo Association. It creates a cultural, ecological, historical and social relationship between the sport, the horses, and the ethnic groups of humans who live in that part of the world.
Background
The polo started in the far corner of the North East India (Ancient Manipur). It has been developed there for many centuries. At the same time, Women's empowerment has been very active in the history of Manipur. Roopa Barua, the maker of the "Daughters of the Polo God", took interest in these facts. So, she set her project on it. She said,
"A young polo sisterhood is developing in Manipur that ploughs on in spite of adversity and political turmoil. They are intensely connected to their sacred Manipuri pony and play an international tournament every year. My film is a tribute to these polo players, the modern Manipuri women and the pony campaign."
She spoke to the media that Manipuri girls are empowered a lot and have been able to play and do well for themselves. Before the beginning of the journey, the polo girls offered prayers to Marjing, the "Polo God" of Meitei religion, at his temple. And so, the name of the movie is also taken from the sense that the polo player girls are the daughters of their beloved father like Polo God of their own ethnic religion. Notably, it took over four years to complete the making of the movie.
Awards
The movie gets 6 international awards at 5 International Film Festivals. These are held at different countries of the world.
Reception
The Equus Festival takes its winning films on a film tour across North American and European countries. The "Daughters of the Polo God" was also one of the winners. So, it was also shown in the different places. These are:
Screenings
The movie received official entries in many international film festivals. These are organised across the world. These include:
Related pages
Origin of Polo
Marjing
Mangka Mayanglambam
References
Other websites
Daughters of the Polo God IMDb
Daughters of the Polo God South Asia Institute
Daughters of the Polo God at NYIFF
Daughters of the Polo God at New York
Movie industry
Meitei culture
Women's rights |
871120 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blagoveshchensk | Blagoveshchensk | Blagoveshchensk () is a city in Russia's Amur Oblast. It is the capital of Amur Oblast. As of 2015, the city has 805,000 people. People from Blagoveshchensk can see Heihe in Mainland China, because it is in the China-Russia border.
History
Blagoveshchensk is founded in 1856 as a fort, then Blagoveshchensk has become a major centre of the Russian Far East. Although remotely located, Blagoveshchensk has good communications by the navigable Amur River, a connection to the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and several motor roads. Blagoveshchensk’s industries include food processing; timber working; the making of gold-mining machinery, electrical apparatus, and woolens; and the building and repair of rivercraft.
Blagoveshchensk is home to a number of ornate 19th-century buildings, many of which were restored in the late 1990s.
Geography
Blagoveshchensk is located in the China-Russia border. It faces Heihe, Heilongjiang, China on the south. People from Blagoveshchensk can see China from naked eye. It is 7,750 kilometers southeast of Moscow, 8,179 kilometers southeast of Saint Petersburg, 7,287 kilometers southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, 5,951 kilometers southeast of Yekaterinburg, and 4,373 kilometers southeast of Novosibirsk. |
871123 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecopus%20ayeaye | Pithecopus ayeaye | The reticulate leaf frog (Pithecopus ayeaye) is a frog that lives in Brazil.
Appearance
The adult male frog is 3.5 to 4.3 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 4.1 to 4.6 cm long. The frog has green skin with big orange blotches with dark blue or purple around them. The frog gets its name from this reticulated pattern on its skin. This frog has no webbing on any of its four feet, and the climbing disks on its toes are very small.
Habitat and reproduction
This frog lives in small rivers and pools where the water is deep.
When it is time to lay eggs, the frog finds a branch hanging over a pool of water. It builds a nest out of leaves on the branch. It lays eggs in the folded leaves. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles fall out of the nest into the water.
Threats
Many of the places where this frog lives are protected parks, but it is still endangered.
This frog is endangered because humans change the places it lives into farms and mines and other things, because humans build roads through places the frog lives so that it can't travel from place to place, because of pollution, and because humans use chemicals meant to kill pests and chemicals meant to make crops grow, and these hurt the frog.
References
Frogs
Animals of South America |
871132 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Marina%20Sabatier | Murder of Marina Sabatier | The Marina affair is a French judicial and administrative affair connected with the death of Marina Sabatier in France in August 2009, at the age of 8 years, as a result of the abuse inflicted by her two parents Éric Sabatier and Virginie Darras, and at the end of a life of maltreatment suffered by the child.
At the end of a trial in June 2012 in the Court of Assizes of the French department the Sarthe, the parents were sentenced to 30 years imprisonment, without possibility of parole for a period of 20 years, for acts of torture and barbarity on Marina over a duration of approximately 6 years that led to their daughter's death. The couple, moving frequently to complicate investigations, concealed violence on Marina by systematic untrue statements on the origin of the girl's injuries, and were even helped by Marina, who, like many abused children, continued despite everything to love her parents and never denounced them.
2001 births
2009 deaths
2009 crimes
Children victims of violence |
871137 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olumide%20Makanjuola | Olumide Makanjuola | Olumide Makanjuola is a human rights activist and supporter of LGBT rights. Makanjuola was the director of The Initiative for Equal rights (TIERS) and is the program director for Initiative Sankofa d’Afrique de l’Ouest (ISDAO) which supports grants to LGBTQ communities in West Africa improving LGBT rights and safety.
In 2016 Makanjuola was given a Queen's Young Leaders Award for work for the LGBTQ community.
References
LGBT people from Nigeria |
871139 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah%20Hud | Surah Hud | Surah Hud (, ), is the 11th surah of the Qur'an , the religious book of Muslims; There are 123 verses and 10 ruku's. Surah Hud has been revealed in Makkah . This surah speaks of the wrath (divine punishment) upon the previous nations and various kinds of severe torment (pre-determined punishment) and the terrible events of the Day of Resurrection and the rewards and punishments.
Other websites
Q11:1, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
Quran 11 Clear Quran translation
Surah Hud Mp4
Hud
Reference |
871143 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah%20Yusuf | Surah Yusuf | Surah Yusuf (,); is the 12th surah of the Muslim religious book, the Qur'an, with 111 verses and 12 verses. Surah Yusuf in Makkah Revealed. Although the events of the other prophets are mentioned in different surahs of the Qur'an, only the events of Yusuf are narrated in full continuity in Surah Yusuf of the Qur'an. Between world history and past experience lies a great lesson for the future life of man. The normal response to these teachings is deeper than normal education in the human mind and brain. That is why the Qur'an, sent as the latest guide for the whole human race, contains selected chapters of the history of the nations of the world, which are effective instruments for the present and future correction of mankind.
References
Other websites
Surah Yusuf Mp3
Quran 12 Clear Quran translation
Yusuf |
871145 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylighting | Daylighting | Daylighting is where natural light comes through windows, skylights and other openings.
Light sources
Sustainable technologies
Windows (architecture) |
871148 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah%20Ar-Ra%27d | Surah Ar-Ra'd | Ar-Rad ( ), is the 13th surah of the Qur'an, with 43 verses. This surah has been revealed in Medina.
References
Other websites
Quran 13
Ra'd |
871152 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surah%20Ibrahim | Surah Ibrahim | Surah Ibrahim (, ; Arabic synonym of "Abraham"); is the fourteenth chapter of Muslim religious book al-Quran. This surah was revealed in Mecca and the number of verses are 52.
References
Other websites
Quran 14 Clear Quran translation
Q14:2, 50+ translations, islamawakened.com
Ibrahim |
871156 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number%20field | Number field | A number field is a finite degree field extension of the field of rational numbers.
The study of algebraic number fields, and, more generally, of algebraic extensions of the field of rational numbers, is the central topic of algebraic number theory.
Algebraic number theory |
871157 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20extension | Field extension | A field extension is a field containing a given field as a subfield.
The notation means that is an extension of the field .
is sometimes called an overfield of the field .
Algebraic over
An element of the field is called algebraic over if it satisfies some algebraic equation with coefficients in , and transcendental otherwise.
References
Algebraic number theory |
871158 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfield | Subfield | If a subset has elements from a field that satisfies the same field axioms with the same operations, then is called a subfield of .
References
Set theory |
871159 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field%20axioms | Field axioms | Field axioms are the rules a field satisfies.
References
Algebraic number theory |
871161 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutativity%20of%20addition | Commutativity of addition | The commutative property of addition is the property in mathematics which states that changing the order of addends does not change the sum.
For example, .
References
Number theory |
871163 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-functions%20and%20modular%20forms%20database | L-functions and modular forms database | L-functions and modular forms database is an extensive database of mathematical objects arising in number theory.
It can be used for searching modular forms, elliptic curves, number fields (and fields), L-functions...
LuCaNT 2023
The first conference on the LMFDB, Computation, and Number Theory (LuCaNT) is currently being planned for July 10 to July 14, 2023 at ICERM in Providence, Rhode Island, United States.
Mathematics
Databases |
871166 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup | Subgroup | In group theory, a branch of mathematics, given a group under a binary operation, a subset of is called a subgroup of if the elements also forms a group under the binary operation.
The situation could arise in which the subset does not comply with the binary operation.
Mathematics |
871167 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20subgroup | Normal subgroup | In group theory, a branch of mathematics, a subgroup of the group is normal in if and only if for all and .
The usual notation for this relation is
Mathematics |
871172 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenga | Jenga | Jenga is a block building game created by board game creator Leslie Scott, and owned by Hasbro in terms of marketing. Most of its games are now owned by Art's Ideas. In this game, players take turns removing blocks from a 54 built tower and replacing them at the top without making the tower fall.
Gameplay
Players must place all 54 blocks to make a tower. Players must then take turns removing blocks from the tower and putting it at the top of the tower. The game ends when the tower falls.
Variants
Thown N Go Jenga where pieces are colorfully changed and there was a die.
Jenga Truth or Dare looked exactly like original Jenga but once again colorful with three colors.
Jenga Xtreme used parrellogram shaped blocks instead.
Casino Jenga was used in Las Vegas casinos and was more roulette based then regular Jenga.
Jenga Giant/XXL were played just like regular Jenga but instead reached up to 8ft.
Jenga Pass included a platform where you pass the Jenga tower around.
References
Games |
871173 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue%20grammar | Interlingue grammar | Interlingue is a constructed language. It was called Occidental between 1922 and 1947. Edgar de Wahl, one of the first Esperantists, created it. De Wahl was from the city of Tallinn in Estonia, which was in the Russian Empire but later became its own country. He spoke German, Russian, Estonian and French since he was a child and had natural ability in languages. He is often called de Wahl.
Interlingue looks a lot like languages in the Romance language family: French, Spanish, Italian, and so on. De Wahl made a rule called De Wahl's rule that made changing verbs to nouns easier and more regular. For example, the word exploder (to explode) regularly changes its d to s (making explosion) when following this rule.
Alphabet and pronunciation
Interlingue is written with 26 Latin letters: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z. The letters of the alphabet are pronounced as a, be, ce, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot, ka, el, em, en, o, pe, qu, er, es, te, u, ve, duplic ve, ix, ypsilon, and zet. Accents are written on the five vowels to indicate irregular stress, with the acute accent (á é í ó ú) preferred, but others (è, ê, etc.) permitted.
The vowels are usually pronounced as follows:
a as English father.
e open or closed, as English bed and yes.
i as English machine.
o open or closed as in English door, hot.
u as English rule, pull.
y is a consonant after a vowel or beginning a word before a vowel, otherwise is pronounced as i.
The consonants are pronounced as in English, with the following exceptions:
c when before e and i = [ts]: cive, helice
g when before e and i = English s in pleasure: plage, giraffe; but elsewhere c and g are as in can, go
ss = [s] as in pass
s between vowels = [z]: rose, positiv
z = [dz]
zz = [ts]
ch = [ʃ], English sh: chambre
j = [ʒ], English s in pleasure
t as [t], except when followed by ia, io, iu, or ie and not preceded by an s. Thus the t in nation is pronounced [ts] but in bastion as [t].
Other doubled consonants are pronounced as a single consonant, unless when separated they would be pronounced differently. Ex. grammatica is pronounced as if written gramatica, but occidental and suggestion are pronounced as if written as oc followed by cidental, and sug followed by gestion.
Article
Like English, Interlingue has a definite article and an indefinite article. The definite article (the) is li, and the indefinite (a, an) is un. Plural of a noun is made by adding -s after a vowel, or -es after most consonants. To avoid pronunciation and stress changes, words ending in -c, -g, and -m only add an -s: un libre, du libres, un angul, tri angules, li tric, li trics, li plug, li plugs, li album, pluri albums, li tram, du trams.
The ending of the definite article can be modified to lo (masculine), la (feminine), lu (neuter), lis (plural), los (masculine plural), e las (feminine plural). Of these, the forms lu and lis are most common: lu in the same sense as Spanish lo and English that which, as in Ne li aprension de un lingue es lu essential, ma su usation (that which is essential is not the learning of a language, but using it), and lis to change to plural words that are difficult to make plural on their own: lis s (the s's).
Personal pronouns
Interlingue has two forms for the personal pronouns: one for the subject form (nominative), and one for the object form (accusative or dative).
Grammatical endings are used, but less than in Esperanto and Ido in which parts of speech are marked with obligatory endings. Only a few parts of speech (such as verb infinitives) in Interlingue have entirely obligatory endings, while many others either have endings the usage of which is optional and sometimes recommended. Some grammatical endings are:
ar, er, ir: verb infinitive. far (to do), posser (be able), scrir (to write)
e: the general noun ending used obligatorily to differentiate nouns from other parts or speech or for reasons of pronunciation. Examples of obligatory -e endings: capitale (capital, noun) vs. capital (capital, adjective), contenete (content) vs, contenet (contained), sud (south, adjective) vs. sude (south as an independent noun, as in the north and the south). A final -e is recommended in words ending with -s to avoid confusion with the plural (curse, sense), -ir, -er- and -ar endings to avoid confusion with the verb infinitive (dangere, desire, papere), and other such areas where its addition aids in differentiation or pronunciation. Optional -e endings: can or cane (dog), Pentecost or Pentecoste (Pentecost).
i: the general adjectival ending, similar to -e in usage. Examples of obligatory -i endings: pigri (lazy) and acri (sharp) to enable pronunciation, verdi (green, adjective) to distinguish from verde (green, noun). Examples of optional -i endings: etern vs. eterni (eternal), imens vs. imensi (immense).
a: nouns that end in e formed from an -ar verb are often written with the -a ending if one wishes to emphasize the verbal (active) aspect. A me veni un pensa (a thought occurs to me) vs. Penses e paroles (thoughts and words). The a ending also makes nouns feminine: anglese (English person), angleso (Englishman), anglesa (English woman). This does not apply to nouns that on their own indicate the gender (patre, matre).
o: indicates the masculine gender in the same way a indicates the feminine.
Correlatives
Notes on the correlatives:
Alcun (some) and necun (no, none) are respectively the adjectives of alquel and nequel.
The -qui series has optional accusative forms ending in -em: quem, alquem, nequem.
The -al series is adverbialized with the -men ending: qualmen (how) talmen (that way).
Correlatives can take the plural ending: queles, quales, tis, omnis, etc.
Ci (here) and ta (there) can be affixed to ti and to to indicate proximity or distance: ti libre (this book), ti-ci libre (this book here), ti-ta libre (that book there), tis (these), tis-ci (these here), tis-ta (those there), to-ci (this here), to-ta (that there).
Many derivatives are formed from the correlatives: qualitá from qual + itá, quantitá from quant + -itá, omnipotent from omni + potent.
Verbs
Verbs in Interlingue have three endings: -ar, -er, and -ir. Conjugation is performed with a combination of endings and auxiliary verbs. The verb esser (to be) is exceptional in being written es in the present tense, though the esse form is seen in the imperative.
Adverbs
Interlingue has primary adverbs and derived adverbs. Primary adverbs are adverbs without special endings: tre (very), sempre (always), etc.
Derived adverbs are adverbs made by putting -men at the end of an adjective (rapid = quick, rapidmen = quickly). This is similar to -ment in French, -mente in Italian, and other Romance languages. The ending -men was inspired by Provençal and spoken French (which does not pronounce the t in -ment) and chosen over -mente to avoid clashing with the noun ending -ment and other nouns in the language derived from the past tense in -t. The ending may be omitted when the meaning is clear: tu deve far it rapid(men) = you must do it quick(ly).
Dr. F. Haas in 1956 grouped the most common adverbs by type as below.
References
Interlingue |
871178 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20Interlingue | History of Interlingue | Interlingue is a constructed language. It was called Occidental between 1922 and 1947. Edgar de Wahl, one of the first Esperantists, created it. De Wahl was from the city of Tallinn in Estonia, which was in the Russian Empire but later became its own country. He spoke German, Russian, Estonian and French since he was a child and had natural ability in languages. He is often called de Wahl.
De Wahl was not happy with Esperanto. He decided to create a language called "Occidental". He published it in 1922. In 1949 the name of the language was changed to Interlingue.
After a period in which the language was almost dead (between 1950 and 1990), the Internet helped Interlingue revive.
How Occidental (Interlingue) started
Because de Wahl announced his language in the magazine Kosmoglott in 1922, this is where the Occidental activities can be seen. However, de Wahl started making the language long before this. In between 1906 and 1921 he started experimenting with his own language, and it changed a lot. At the time he called it Auli, or "auxiliary language" (auxiliary means helpful). The other nickname for Auli is proto-Occidental (which means "old Occidental"). When de Wahl announced his language in 1922, it was almost but not quite done. He actually wanted to wait a bit longer, but there was big news in 1921: the League of Nations was looking at the idea of an international language. De Wahl had also sent a letter and got a positive reply from the League of Nations in September 1921.
Occidental began having followers because it was easy to read and understand, despite a complete lack of grammars and dictionaries. Two years later in 1924, de Wahl wrote that he was exchanging letters with 30 people "in good Occidental" despite the lack of learning material.
Kosmoglott was also a forum for various other planned languages, while still mainly written in Occidental. The name was changed to Cosmoglotta in 1927 as it began to officially promote Occidental instead of other languages, and in January of the same year the magazine's editorial and administrative office was moved to Vienna in the region of Mauer, now part of Liesing. Much of the early success for Occidental in this period came from the office's new central location, along with the efforts of Engelbert Pigal, also from Austria, whose article Li Ovre de Edgar de Wahl (The Work of Edgar de Wahl) led to interest in Occidental from users of the Ido language. By early 1930, the language was spoken in Germany, Austria, Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland, and most recently in France where it began to be used two years before.
Vienna period and World War II
When the magazine Cosmoglotta was based in Vienna, the users of the language had enough money for the first time and were in a city with a convenient location. Two important supporters were Hans Hörbiger, also from Vienna, and G.A. Moore from London, from which "Cosmoglotta was able to live without difficulty and gained a circle of readers despite the economic crisis". But Hörbiger and Moore both died in 1931, so this period did not last long. After this Cosmoglotta had to find money from other places: subscriptions, books, magazines, and so on.
The growing movement began a more strong and self-confident campaign for the language in the early 1930s in which it took advantage of its easy way to be understood at first sight. They contacted organizations such as companies, embassies and printing houses using letters completely in Occidental that were often understood and responded to, were produced at this time as well to introduce the idea of an international language and support Occidental as the answer to Europe's "tower of Babel". Recordings of spoken Occidental on gramophone records for distribution also began to be made in this period.
The years 1935 to 1939 were even more active. This is when Cosmoglotta started publishing a second edition. First it had the name Cosmoglotta-Informationes, but was soon called Cosmoglotta B. Cosmoglotta B had more discussions that were interesting to the users of Occidental such as the language's development, Occidental in the news, and how much money they had.
Meanwhile, the years leading up to World War II led to problems for Occidental and other planned languages which were made illegal in Germany, Austria and Czechoslovakia, forced to break up, kept watched over by Gestapo, and had their educational materials destroyed. The prohibition of auxiliary languages in Germany was especially damaging as this was where most Occidentalists lived at the time. The inability to accept payment for subscriptions was a financial blow, and a difficulty that continued after the war along with Germany's division into zones of influence. No communication happened between de Wahl in Tallinn and the Occidental Union in Switzerland from 1939 to October 1947, first due to the war itself and after that from intercepted mail between Switzerland and the Soviet Union. Not knowing this, de Wahl was confused at the lack of response to his continued letters and even a large collection of translated poetry into Occidental which were never delivered; the only letter of his received in Switzerland was one that arrived in 1947 asking the Occidental Union "why it never responded to any letters from Tallinn". Meanwhile, de Wahl's house and his whole library had been destroyed during the bombardment of Tallinn. De Wahl himself was in jail for a time after refusing to leave Estonia for Germany, and later hid in a psychiatric hospital where he lived during his final years.
The sudden start of war in 1939 stop the publications of both Cosmoglottas extending into 1940, but in 1941 Cosmoglotta B began publication once again and continued until 1950. An edition of either Cosmoglotta A or B was published every month between January 1937 and September 1939, and then (after the first shock of the war) every month from September 1941 to June 1951. During the wartime period, only those in neutral Switzerland and Sweden were able to fully work on the language, carrying on activities in a semi-official form.
During the war, Occidentalists saw that the language was often permitted to be sent by telegram within and outside of Switzerland (especially to and from Sweden)[58] even without official recognition, guessing that censors were able to understand it[59] and may have thought them to be written in Spanish or Romansch,[60] a minor yet official language in Switzerland that at the time dind't have a standardized orthography. This allowed a certain amount of communication to take place between the Occidentalists in Switzerland and Sweden. The other centres of Occidental activity in Europe did not continue, with the stocks of study materials in Vienna and Tallinn having been destroyed in bombings[61] and numerous Occidentalists sent to concentration camps in Germany and Czechoslovakia.[62][63] Contacts were reestablished shortly after the war by those who remained, with letters from countries such as France, Czechoslovakia, Finland and Great Britain reaching Cosmoglotta by users informing the editorial office that they were ready to begin activities again for the language.[64][65] Cosmoglotta had subscribers in 58 cities in Switzerland[66] a few months before the end of World War II in Europe, and Cosmoglotta A began publication again in 1946.[42]
Setting up the language standard
One of these activities was language standardization.[45] De Wahl had created Occidental with some unchangeable features, but believed that its following of the "laws of life" gave it a firm enough base that it could follow a "natural evolution"[46] with a flexibility which would "allow time and practice to take care of modifications that would prove to be necessary".[47] As a result, some words had more than one allowed form and could not be settled by decree alone, thus leaving the ultimate decision to the community by including both possible forms in the first Occidental dictionaries.[48] One example concerned the verb scrir (to write) and a possible other form scripter, as both created internationally recognizable derivations: scritura and scritor from scrir, or scriptura and scriptor from scripter.[49] De Wahl expressed a preference for scrir, finding scripter to be somewhat heavy, but commented that the latter was certainly permissible and that Occidental might take on a similar evolution to natural languages in which both forms come into common use, with the longer form having a heavier and formal character and the shorter form a lighter and more everyday tone (such as English story vs. history).[49]
Orthography was another area in which several possibilities existed: etymologic orthography (adtractiv, obpression), historic orthography (attractiv, oppression), or simplified orthography (atractiv, opression).[50] Simplified orthography became the standard by 1939.[51] Much of the standardization of the language took place in this way through community preference (e.g. both ac[52] and anc were proposed for the word "also" but the community quickly settled on anc), but not all. With questions still remaining about the official form of some words and a lack of general material destined for the general public,[53] much time during World War II was spent on language standardization and course creation, and in August 1943 the decision was made, given the length of the war, to create an interim academy to officialize this process.[45] This process had just about begun not long before the war, and the Swiss Occidentalists, finding themselves isolated from the rest of the continent, opted to concentrate on didactic materials to have prepared by the time the war reached its end.[54][55] While doing so, they frequently found themselves confronted with the decision between two "theoretically equally good" forms that had remained in popular usage, but whose presence could be confusing to a new learner of the language.[56] The academy maintained that standardization efforts were based on actual usage, stating that "...the standardization of the language has natural limits. 'Standardizing' the language does not mean randomly randomly one of the possible solutions and rejecting the others as indesirable and irritating. One only standardizes solutions that have already been sanctioned through practice."[57]
IALA, Interlingua, and name change to Interlingue
The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA), founded in 1924[67] to study and decide the best planned language for international communication, was at first viewed with disbelief by the Occidental community. The co-founder Alice Vanderbilt Morris was an Esperantist, as were many of its staff members,[68] and many Occidentalists including de Wahl himself[68] believed that its leadership under Esperantist William Edward Collinson (known among readers of Cosmoglotta for an article of his entitled "Some weak points of Occidental")[69] meant that it had been set up with a staff of professional language experts under a neutral and scientific pretext to help a final recommendation for Esperanto. Relations soon improved, however, as it became clear that the IALA intended to be as impartial as possible by familiarizing itself with all existing planned languages. Ric Berger, a prominent Occidentalist who later joined Interlingua in the 1950s, described one such visit he made in 1935 to Morris (whose husband was the US representative in Brussels) that hugely improved his opinion of the organization:
My personal opinion was not so negative-minded, for, finding myself in Brussels in 1935, I searched for Mrs. Morris and soon got an audience with her where my charming host invited me to speak in Occidental. She asked her husband, the American ambassador, to come hear me to confirm what seemed to very much interest them: a language in which all words can be understood without having learned it! [...] Mrs. Morris could have used her fortune to simply support Esperanto, which was her right as a convicted Esperantist. But instead of that she [...] decided to donate her money to a neutral linguistic court to solve the problem scientifically, even if the judgement goes against her convictions.[70]
As a result, opinions in the Occidental community of the IALA and its activities began to improve and reports on its activities in Cosmoglotta became more and more positive. In 1945, the IALA announced that it planned to create its own language and showed four possible versions under consideration, all of which were naturalistic[71] as opposed to schematic. Occidentalists were pleased that the IALA had decided to create a language so almost the same in nature to Occidental, seeing it as a credible association that gave weight to their argument that an auxiliary language should proceed from study of natural languages instead of attempting to fit them into an artificial system. Ric Berger was particularly positive in describing the language the IALA was creating as a victory for the natural school ("Li naturalitá esset victoriosi!")[71] and "almost the same language" in 1948,[72] though was not without reservations, doubting whether a project with such a almost the same aspect and structure would be able to "suddenly cause prejudices [against planned languages] to fall and create unity among the partisans of international languages"[73] and fearing that it might simply "disperse the partisans of the natural language with nothing to show for it" after Occidental had created "unity in the naturalistic school" for so long.[73]
While the two languages had a 90% identical vocabulary[74] without orthographic differences taken into account (e.g. with filosofie and philosophia considered the same word), they were very different with regards to structure and derivation. De Wahl's Rule in Occidental had eliminated Latin double stem verbs (verbs such as act: ager, act- or send: mitter, miss-), while Interlingua simply accepted them as an important part of a naturalistic system.[75] The control languages (Italian, Spanish and/or Portuguese, French, English) used by Interlingua to form its vocabulary for the most part require an eligible word to be found in three source languages (the "rule of three"),[76] which would conflict with Occidental's Germanic substrate and various other words which would be by definition ineligible in a unified language that retained Interlingua's methodology. Accepting Occidental words such as mann, strax, old and sestra (Interlingua: viro, immediatemente, vetere, soror) into Interlingua could only be done by doing away with the control languages, the very core of Interlingua's methodology for determining its vocabulary. Interlingua also allowed optional irregular verbal conjugations (such as so, son and sia[77] as the first-person singular, third-person plural and subjunctive form of esser, the verb 'to be') that Occidental had never even considered and viewed as incompatible with an easy international auxiliary language.
All of this happened in a time when Occidental, based in Europe, was still recovering from the war. The movement had economic difficulties, not like the well-funded[81] IALA which was based in New York.
International politics was another difficulty for Occidentalists after the war. The beginning of the Cold War created a particularly uncomfortable situation for the Occidental-Union,[82][83][84] which had the same name as an anti-Russian political league, and which the Occidentalists in Switzerland believed to be the reason for the interception of all of de Wahl's letters sent from Tallinn.[85] De Wahl remained in the dark about developments in the language and the proposal up to his death in 1948.[86] In early 1948 the Czechoslovak Occidentalists had begun asking for the approval for a new name that would allow them to continue their linguistic activities without problems, proposing the name Interal (International auxiliari lingue), to which the union responded that the term Interlingue would be more appropriate and that they were free to introduce the language as "Interlingue (Occidental)", or even remove the mention of Occidental in parentheses if they felt it necessary.[87] Ric Berger began supporting a change of name from Occidental to Interlingue in 1948[88] which he also hoped would help in uniting both languages.[89] The official vote on the name change to Interlingue took place at the plenum of the Occidental Union in 1949 and was passed with 91% support, making the official name Interlingue, with Interlingue (Occidental) also permitted, valid as of 1 September 1949.[90]
Once Interlingua was announced in 1951, Interlingue-Occidental suffered as now it had a competitor in the field of naturalistic planned auxiliary languages. Vĕra Barandovská-Frank's perception of the situation at the time was as follows (translated from Esperanto):[91]
In the field of naturalistic planned languages Occidental-Interlingue was until then unchallenged (especially after the death of Otto Jespersen, author of Novial), as all new projects were nearly imitations of it. This applied to Interlingua as well, but it carried with it a dictionary of 27 000 words put together by professional linguists that brought great respect, despite in principle only confirming the path that De Wahl had started. The Senate of the Interlingue-Union and the Interlingue-Academie took up the proposals that (1) the Interlingue-Union become a collective member of the IALA and (2) the Interlingue-Union remain favourable to the future activity of the IALA and morally support it. The first proposition was not accepted, but the second was, giving a practical collaboration and support to Interlingua.
André Martinet, the second-last director of the IALA, made similar observations to those of Matejka. He confessed that his preferred variant of Interlingua was the one closer to Interlingue than the one officialized by Gode. In these circumstances the efforts by Ric Berger to move all users of Interlingue en masse to Interlingua de IALA was a shock. His heresy caused doubt and interruptions in Interlingue circles, especially after he became involved in the publication of "Revista de Interlingua". The former idea of a natural fusion of both languages was shown to be unrealistic, with the new language becoming a rival.[92]
Don Harlow's summary of the year 1951 for Occidental[81] is also similar to that of Barandovská-Frank's:
Interlingua had a ready-made group of supporters. Almost thirty years had passed since the creation of Occidental, whose strength in the "naturalistic" world had prevented other "naturalistic" projects from developing their own movements. But Occidental's star had lessened since the war. Now, like a bolt from the blue, came this heaven-sent gift: a new constructed language even more "naturalistic" than Occidental. In spite of attempts by loyal supporters of Occidental to stop off the unavoidable — for instance, by such strategies as renaming their language Interlingue — most remaining Occidentalists made the short holy trip to the shrine of Interlingua.
Halt and revival
While the moving of so many users to Interlingua had very much weakened the Interlingue movement, the following drop in activity was gradual and happened over decades. Cosmoglotta B stopped being published after 1950, and the frequency of Cosmoglotta A began to slowly drop: once every second month from 1952, and then once per quarter from 1963. Other bulletins in Interlingue continued to appear during this time such as Cive del Munde (Switzerland), Voce de Praha (Czechoslovakia), Sved Interlinguist (Sweden), International Memorandum (United Kingdom), Interlinguistic Novas (France), Jurnale Scolari International (France), Buletine Pedagogic International (Francia), Super li Frontieras (France), Interlingue-Postillon (1958, Germany), Novas de Oriente (1958, Japan), Amicitie european (1959, Switzerland), Teorie e practica (Switzerland-Czechoslovakia, 1967), and Novas in Interlingue (Czechoslovakia, 1971). Barandovská-Frank believed that the decrease of interest in Occidental-Interlingue happened at the same time as generation that was first drawn to it from other planned languages was getting older (translated from Esperanto):Most of those interested in Interlingue belonged to the generation that became familiar in turn with Volapük, Esperanto and Ido, later on finding the most aesthetic (basically naturalistic) solution in Occidental-Interlingue. After that, many moved to IALA's Interlingua, which however did not prove to be much more successful despite the impression its scientific origin made, and those who remained loyal to Occidental-Interlingue did not succeed in giving their excitement to a new generation.Activity in Interlingue eventually reached a low during the 1980s and early 1990s, when Cosmoglotta publication stopped for a some years. This can be seen in the frequency of Cosmoglotta: while issue 269 was published in 1972 after publishing once per season between 1963, issue 289 was not reached until summer 2000 for an average of less than one issue per year. According to Harlow, "in 1985 Occidental's last periodical, Cosmoglotta, ceased publication, and its editor, Mr. Adrian Pilgrim, is quoted as having described Occidental as a 'dead language.'" A decade later, a documentary film in 1994 by Steve Hawley and Steyger on planned languages introduced Interlingue speaker Donald Gasper as "one of the last remaining speakers of the language Occidental".
As was the case for other planned languages, it was the arrival of the internet that allowed the language to revive. In the year 1999 the first Yahoo! Group in Occidental was founded, Cosmoglotta had begun publishing intermittently again, and the language became a subject of discussion in literature on auxiliary languages. One example is The Esperanto Book published in 1995 by Harlow, who wrote that Occidental had an intentional emphasis on European forms and that some of its leading followers espoused a Eurocentric philosophy, which may have set back its spread. Still, the opposite view was also common in the community and Occidental gained supporters in many nations including Asian nations. An Interlingue Wikipedia was approved in 2004. In recent years official meetings between Interlingue speakers have begun taking place again: a meeting in Ulm on 10 January 2013, another in Munich in 2014 with three participants, and a third in Ulm on 16 August 2015 with five.
The most recent edition of the magazine Cosmoglotta is volume 325, for the period January to December 2019.
References
Interlingue |
871191 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%20Assembly | States Assembly | The States Assembly (; Jèrriais: ) is the parliament of the British Crown dependency of Jersey. They are elected directly every four years.
References
Jersey |
871192 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick%20Parfitt | Dick Parfitt | Richard Allen Parfitt (May 13, 1931 – September 6, 2021) was an American college basketball coach. He was head coach for Central Michigan University (CMU) from 1971 to 1985.
Parfitt died on September 6, 2021 in Mount Pleasant, Michigan at age 90.
References
1931 births
2021 deaths
College basketball coaches
Sportspeople from Michigan |
871193 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Littles | Gene Littles | Eugene Scape Littles (June 29, 1943 – September 9, 2021) was an American basketball player and coach. He was born in Washington, D.C.. He coached the Charlotte Hornets between 1990 until 1991 and for the Denver Nuggets from 1994 until 1995.
Littles died on September 9, 2021 at the age of 78.
References
1943 births
2021 deaths
National Basketball Association coaches
Sportspeople from Washington, D.C.
African-American basketball players |
871194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey%20Makeyev | Andrey Makeyev | Andrey Gennadyevich Makeyev (; 3 February 1952 – 13 September 2021) was a Soviet basketball player. He played for the Soviet Union in the 1976 Summer Olympics and won a bronze medal. He was born in Petrozavodsk, Karelo-Finnish SSR, Soviet Union.
Makeyev died on 13 September 2021 in Saint Petersburg, Russia at the age of 69.
References
1952 births
2021 deaths
Soviet Olympic medalists
Olympic bronze medalists
Basketball players |
871195 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida%20Nudel | Ida Nudel | Ida Yakovlevna Nudel (; ) (April 27, 1931 – September 14, 2021) was a refusenik and an Israeli activist. She was known as the "Guardian Angel". She tried to help Jewish political prisoners escape from the Soviet Union. In 1987, she left the Soviet Union and moved to Israel.
She wrote an autobiography: "A Hand in the Darkness". The movie Mosca Addio (Farewell Moscow) was made about her escape from the Soviet Union.
Nudel died on 14 September 2021 at the age of 90.
References
1931 births
2021 deaths
Naturalized citizens of Israel
Soviet people
Israeli activists
Economists |
871196 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehovot | Rehovot | Rehovot () is a city in the Central District of Israel, about south of Tel Aviv.
References
Cities in Israel |
871197 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente%20Zarzo%20Pitarch | Vicente Zarzo Pitarch | Vicente Zarzo Pitarch (6 May 1938 – 14 September 2021) was a Spanish horn player. He wrote many books on the history and technique of the horn.
For 25 years Zarzo was principal horn in The Hague Philharmonic (Residentie Orkest) and others. He also played as horn soloist for the Valencia Orchestra, the Symphony Orchestra of the Gran Teatre del Liceu in Barcelona, the Iceland Symphony Orchestra in Reykjavík, the American Wind Symphony Orchestra in Pittsburgh, and the National Orchestra of Mexico.
Zarzo Pitarch died on 14 September 2021 at age 83.
References
1938 births
2021 deaths
Spanish writers
Spanish musicians |
871200 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob%20Duhamel | Rob Duhamel | Robert Charles "Rob" Duhamel (1954/1955 – September 2021) was a Jersey politician. He was a member of the States of Jersey between 1993 and 2014. He also was Planning and Environment Minister from 2011 until 2014.
Duhamel died in St. Saviour, Jersey in September 2021, aged 66.
References
1950s births
2021 deaths
Jersey people
European politicians |
871202 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xavi%20Simons | Xavi Simons | Xavier Quentin Shay Simons (born 21 April 2003) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain.
Born in Amsterdam, Simons is the son of Dutch former footballer Regillio Simons. Simons is of Surinamese descent through his father and of Dutch descent through his mother. His brother Faustino, who also played football, shares the same birthday as him.
2003 births
Living people
Dutch footballers
People from Amsterdam |
871203 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant%20Governor%20of%20Jersey | Lieutenant Governor of Jersey | The Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (, Jèrriais: Gouvèrneux d'Jèrri) is the representative of the British monarch in the Bailiwick of Jersey, a Crown dependency of the British Crown.
List of lieutenant governors of Jersey
Lieutenant Governors of Jersey have been:
References |
871204 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Dalton | Stephen Dalton | Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Gary George Dalton, (born 23 April 1954) is a retired Royal Air Force commander and current Lieutenant Governor of Jersey since 2017.
Notes
1954 births
Living people
Governors of Jersey |
871205 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20McColl%20%28British%20Army%20officer%29 | John McColl (British Army officer) | General Sir John Chalmers McColl, (born 17 April 1952) is a retired senior British Army officer. He was the Lieutenant Governor of Jersey from 2011 until 2016. McColl was Deputy Supreme Allied Commander Europe from 2007 to 2011.
References
1952 births
Living people
Governors of Jersey |
871207 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Minister%20of%20Jersey | Chief Minister of Jersey | The Chief Minister of Jersey (; ) is the head of government of Jersey. He is in charge of the Council of Ministers, which makes up part of the Government of Jersey.
List of Chief Ministers of Jersey
References |
871208 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Walker%20%28Jersey%20politician%29 | Frank Walker (Jersey politician) | Frank Harrison Walker OBE is a former British newspaper publisher and politician. He was the first Chief Minister of Jersey, serving from 2005 to 2008.
References
Chief Ministers of Jersey
Living people |
871210 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Le%20Sueur | Terry Le Sueur | Terence Augustine Le Sueur OBE was Chief Minister of Jersey between 2008 and 2011.
Le Sueur was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for political service.
References
Living people
1942 births
Chief Ministers of Jersey |
871211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Gorst | Ian Gorst | Ian Joseph Gorst (born 15 December 1969) is a Jersey politician. He is a member of the States Assembly since 5 December 2005 and is the Minister for External Relations. He was the Chief Minister of Jersey for two terms, from 18 November 2011 until 7 June 2018.
References
1969 births
Living people
Chief Ministers of Jersey
Politicians from Lancashire |
871212 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Le%20Fondr%C3%A9 | John Le Fondré | John Alexander Nicholas Le Fondré is a Jersey politician. He is the Chief Minister of Jersey. He entered the States Assembly in 2005.
References
Living people
Chief Ministers of Jersey |
871216 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just%C3%ADn%20Javorek | Justín Javorek | Justín Javorek (14 September 1936 – 15 September 2021) was a Slovak football coach and goalkeeper. He played for the Czechoslovakia national team. From 1959 until 1969, he played for the Inter Bratislava.
References
1936 births
2021 deaths
Slovakian sportspeople
European footballers
Football managers |
871218 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDana%20Lelas | Žana Lelas | Žana Lelas (28 May 1970 – 15 September 2021) was a Croatian professional basketball player. She represented Yugoslavia and Croatia. She won a silver medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
References
1970 births
2021 deaths
Croatian sportspeople
Olympic silver medalists
Basketball players
People from Split |
871219 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe%20Mercadier | Marthe Mercadier | Marthe Mercadier (23 October 1928 – 15 September 2021) was a French actress. She was known for her roles as Une in Three Telegrams (1950), Simone in The Night Is My Kingdom (1951) and as Annette in Rendezvous in Grenada (1951).
Mercadier died on 15 September 2021 in Puteaux, France from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease at the age of 92.
References
Other websites
1928 births
2021 deaths
French movie actors
French television actors
French stage actors
French voice actors
Deaths from Alzheimer's disease |
871220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20International%20Congress%20of%20Mathematicians | 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians | The 2018 International Congress of Mathematicians was the twenty-eight International Congress of Mathematicians held in Rio de Janeiro from August 1 to August 9, 2018.
Theft of the Fields Medal
Mathematician Caucher Birkar had the Fields Medal stolen minutes after it was presented to him.
References
2018
Brazil
Rio de Janeiro |
871222 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%20International%20Congress%20of%20Mathematicians | 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians | The 2014 International Congress of Mathematicians was the twenty-seventh International Congress of Mathematicians held in Seoul from August 13 to August 21, 2014.
References
2014 in Asia
2014
South Korea
Seoul |
871223 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20Urquhart | Colin Urquhart | Colin Urquhart (1940 – 13 September 2021) was a British Christian, evangelical, apostolic and neocharismatic leader in the United Kingdom. He was born in Twickenham, England. He was an important person during the Charismatic Renewal movement in the 1960s and 1970s.
Urquhart died on 13 September 2021 from cancer at the age of 81.
References
Other websites
ColinUrquhart.com
Kingdom Faith
St Hugh, Lewsey
Info about The Truth New Testament
Info about The Lord's Orchard
1940 births
2021 deaths
British Christians
Writers from London |
871225 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham | Twickenham | Twickenham in a southwest borough in London, England. It is on the River Thames.
References
Areas of London |
871227 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-necked%20avocet | Red-necked avocet | The red-necked avocet (Recurvirostra novaehollandiae) is a bird in the family Recurvirostridae. It lives in many parts of Australia, not far from the coast. It also lived in New Zealand in the 1800s, but people have not seen it there for a long time.
Appearance
This bird has a red-brown head and neck. The rest of its body has white feathers except for the bars on the wings and two stripes on the back. Unlike many other shorebirds, this bird's bill curves upward instead of curving downward or being straight. Its legs are long and blue-gray. When the red-necked avocet flies, it sticks its legs out behind it instead of tucking them under its body.
Red-necked avocets spend time in the same places as the pied stilt and banded stilt. For example, they may all look for food in the same place at the same time.
Habitat and food
This bird wades or swims in shallow water. It catches food by moving its bill side to side in the water. It eats animals without spines or bones. It also eats seeds.
Breeding
This bird lays eggs when there is enough rainfall. Australia does not have the same seasons as other parts of the world, so sometimes the birds go years in between groups of eggs.
Large numbers of birds make nests near each other in a colony. The nests are small holes dug into the ground.
References
Birds of Australia |
871241 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/CounterPunch | CounterPunch | CounterPunch is a left-wing magazine. It is bi-weekly meaning that it posts twice a week. The website says that its funds (money) comes from their readers.
History
CounterPunch was made in 1994 by Ken Silverstein. It was first a newsletter.
Reception
Christopher Reed said that CounterPunch is "is one of the most popular political sources in America, with a keen following in Washington". He said this in The Guardian.
CounterPunch has also been described as left-wing.
Michael Moynihan said in the libertarian magazine Reason that CounterPunch is far-left.
The pro-Israel lobby group Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) stated that CounterPunch is "an extremist, anti-Israel website".
Adam Levick in Algemeiner criticised CounterPunch for allowing anti-semites and neo-Nazis like Gilad Atzmon to publish content on their website.
References
Magazines |
871252 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspiration4 | Inspiration4 | Inspiration4, also seen as Inspirati④n, was a human spaceflight mission in 2021.
It was operated by SpaceX, and it used aDragon 2 spacecraft. The mission launched on September 15, 2021 from the Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex 39A.
The mission wanted to become the first in orbital spaceflight for private citizens aboard. It was also to raise awareness for the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. Four crew members; Hayley Arceneaux, Christopher Sembroski, Sian Proctor, and Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman will spend three days in orbit.
The flight is planned to orbit at an altitude of .
References
September 2021 events
Space tourists |
871253 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towner%2C%20North%20Dakota | Towner, North Dakota | Towner is a city in McHenry County, North Dakota. It is the county seat of McHenry County. The population was 533 at the time of the 2010 census.
References
Cities in North Dakota
County seats in North Dakota |
871254 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head%20of%20the%20Islamic%20Emirate%20of%20Afghanistan | Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | The Head of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan () is the supreme leader of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the de facto government of Afghanistan.
List of heads
References |
871258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime%20Minister%20of%20Afghanistan | Prime Minister of Afghanistan | The Prime Minister of Afghanistan (, ) is a post within the cabinet of Afghanistan. It was created in 1927 and later abolished after the US invasion
.
After the Fall of Kabul, on September 7, 2021 the Taliban officials re-created the office.
List
References |
871262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin%20Hekmatyar | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar | Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (; born 1 August 1949) is an Afghan politician. He was a mujahideen leader. He is the founder and current leader of the Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin political party. He was the Prime Minister twice during the 1990s.
References
1949 births
Living people
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan |
871263 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan%20Ali%20Keshtmand | Sultan Ali Keshtmand | Sultan Ali Keshtmand (; born May 22, 1935), sometimes transliterated Kishtmand, was an Afghan politician. He was the Chairman of the Council of Ministers twice during the 1980s, from 1981 to 1988 and from 1989 to 1990 in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.
References
1935 births
Living people
Vice Presidents of Afghanistan
Prime Ministers of Afghanistan |
871266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraga%2C%20Michigan | Baraga, Michigan | Baraga ( ) is a village in Baraga County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,053 at the 2010 census.
References
Villages in Michigan |
871270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20of%20Romance | River of Romance | River of Romance is a 1929 American drama movie directed by Richard Wallace and was based on the play Magnolia by Booth Tarkington. It stars Charles Buddy Rogers, Mary Brian, June Collyer, Henry B. Walthall, Wallace Berry, Fred Kohler, Natalie Kingston, Walter McGrail and was distributed by Paramount Pictures.
Other websites
1929 movies
1920s drama movies
American drama movies
Movies based on plays
Movies directed by Richard Wallace
Paramount Pictures movies |
871272 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet%20of%20prime%20minister%20Akhund | Cabinet of prime minister Akhund | The executive power of the government of Afghanistan is headed by prime minister Hasan Akhund. His time in power started in 2021.
Events
Women can not be a part of the Cabinet, the Taliban said in early September.
Russia said that it will not take part "in the inauguration event for the new government of Afghanistan if it is held on the 9/11 anniversary", media said on September 10, 2021; After Russia said that, the event was moved to another day.
There are worries about the Freedom of the press: "at least 14 journalists" were arrested "and then released" (or set free) over a two-day period; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) said that, and media told about that on September 10, 2021.
As of September 21, the Cabinet has "members of ethnic minorities, such as the Hazaras", said Zabihullah Mujahid; the Cabinet has vice ministers; the Cabinet still has no women.
[The government, or] Taliban said in 2021 that "they will ask members of the police force to come back to work to maintain Kabul security along with Taliban forces", said CNN-News18. The members of the police force had stopped coming to work, after Taliban took control of Kabul in August.
Two noted groups within the Taliban and the government, are "the Haqqani and those who support [...] Abdul Ghani Baradar", media has said.
Bomb attacks
On October 3, a bomb attack at a mosque in Kabul killed [at least] 5 people; When people were leaving a prayer ceremony for the mother of deputy minister Zabiullah Mujahid, the bomb exploded.
Over 100 people were killed in a suicide bombing in a mosque in Kunduz.
Relationships with other countries
The government has relationships with other countries. In September, the foreign minister of Quatar visited Afghanistan, for talks with the prime minister.
The United Nations has a political mission in Afghanistan; the political mission is scheduled to stay at least six months more, "with a focus on development issues", media said in September.
As of [the third quarter of] 2021, the Taliban government does not have "formal recognition by the majority of [countries in the world, or] the international community".
China has diplomatic contact with the Taliban government.
Ministers (or members of the Cabinet)
Ministers of the Islamic Emirate are:
Deputy ministers and directors are
As of [the third quarter of] 2021, the Taliban government does not have "formal recognition by the majority of [countries in the world, or] the international community".
Women can not be a part of the Cabinet, the Taliban said in early September.
Former ministers
Ministers of the Islamic Emirate who have quit or who changed job in the Cabinet of Afghanistan, are:
Chief of intelligence [was from August 2021] Najibullah; Pajhwok Afghan News said that, and other media told about that on 24 August.
Related pages
Cabinet
Cabinet of Afghanistan
References
Further reading
More Cracks in Taliban as Int'l Face Stanikzai Upset with Afghan Regime, Pak Meddling (October 18, 2021) CNN-News18
Politics of Afghanistan |
871275 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meira%20Paibi | Meira Paibi | The Meira Paibi () are traditional women's social organisations and their movements. Meira Paibi work against many different social evils. They especially work against the cruelty of the Indian Army and the military in Manipur, India. They are called the "Guardians of the society". The name comes from the burning torches that the women carry. It has become the symbol for peaceful protest for justice at all levels of life.
The meira paibi is the largest basic level, weaponless movement fighting with the state's inhumanity and human rights violations in Manipur. The women have always faced the strength of the armed forces with nothing other than their unity and will power for many decades.
These women's organisations stop the arrest of men by the paramilitaries, without much causes or good proofs. Generally, the meira paibi groups are formed in the peopled areas of Imphal and other places in the valley of Manipur. They are usually the patrollers of the streets, mainly at night time. They often constitute a large, unified and disciplined group at public gatherings, especially for protests.
Today, every Meitei locality has the organisations of the meira paibi. They did this to save Manipur from being a land of victims and unhappiness. In fact, with the dedicated contributions of the meira paibis, the drug abuse patterns have been effectively reduced.
History
The Meitei women started the meira paibi movement in the 1970s in Manipur, India. They stood against the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA). Besides, they were also fighting against crimes against women and drugs abuse.
In 1980, the entire Manipur state was brought under the AFSPA to conflicting rebellions. Many innocent young men were often arrested, tortured and killed. At this, the women demanded the removal of the act. Along with this, the group of women patrolled the streets to stop improper search operations by the security forces. Simultaneously, the women became the "Wall protecting society against violence and killings".
In July, 2004, the meira paibi protests hit the global headlines when the 12 Meitei Manipuri women stood without clothes in front of the Kangla Fort. It was where the Assam Rifles (a unit of Indian Army) were stationed. There, they protested naked, carrying a banner that reads "Indian Army Rape Us." They were protesting against the rape, torture and custodial killing of Thangjam Manorama, a young woman, by the Assam Rifles troops.
Public response
The meira paibis and the Meitei women should be the role model to every women to know their responsibilities and contributions in social welfare. After knowing this, the UNICEF says: "The Manipuri story indicates that active participation by women in public affairs can and does contribute to better conditions for children and society at large."
In 2013, The Times of India awarded the "TOI Social Impact Awards: Lifetime Contribution" to the meira paibis of Manipur.
References
Other websites
Burning Bright Irom Sharmila
Women's rights |
871292 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement%20Agba | Clement Agba | Prince Clem Agba (born March 28, 1964) is a Nigerian politician and the current Minister of State, Budget and National Planning.
Education
He holds bachelor's degree in economics from Bendel University (Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma), two master's degrees in Business Administration, one from the University of Benin, Edo state and the other from Arizona State University, Tempe, USA.
Career
Agba worked in numerous private and public organizations. He began his career with Pegasus Industries and later worked with Super Engineering. Agba moved to Gulf Oil Company (Chevron Nigeria Limited) and later appointed as the Commissioner in the Edo State Ministry of Environment and Public Utilities. He was also appointed as the commissioner of lands & survey.
References
1964 births
Living people
Nigerian politicians |
871296 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminu%20Ado%20Bayero | Aminu Ado Bayero | Aminu Ado Bayero (born 10 February 1961) is the 15th Fulani Emir of Kano from the Fulani Sullubawa clan.
Education
Bayero holds bachelor's degree in mass communication from Bayero University Kano and master's degree from Flying College, Oakland, California, US. He did his one-year mandatory National Youth Service Corps at the Nigeria Television Authority in Makurdi.
References
1961 births
Living people |
871303 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%20Darling%20Clementine | My Darling Clementine | My Darling Clementine is a 1946 American romantic western movie directed by John Ford and was based on the 1931 novel Wyatt Earp: Frontier Marshal by Stuart N. Lake. It stars Henry Fonda, Ward Bond, Linda Darnell, Victor Mature, Walter Brennan, Cathy Downs, Tim Holt, Grant Withers and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1946 movies
1940s romance movies
1940s western movies
American romance movies
American western movies
Movies based on books
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by John Ford |
871304 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Big%20Noise | The Big Noise | The Big Noise is 1944 American comedy movie directed by Malcolm St. Clair and starring Stan Laurel, Oliver Hardy, Arthur Space, Doris Merrick, Esther Howard, Veda Ann Borg. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.
Other websites
1944 movies
1940s comedy movies
American comedy movies
20th Century Fox movies
Movies directed by Malcolm St. Clair |
871313 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devmanus | Devmanus | Devmanus (-God Figure) is an Indian Marathi language crime thriller television series. The show was aired Monday to Saturday at 10:30 pm on Zee Marathi and also digitally available on ZEE5.
Cast
Main
Kiran Gaikwad as Dr. Ajitkumar Chandrakant Dev (Devisingh) (2020–2021)
Asmita Deshmukh as Sagarika Babu Patil (Dimple) (2020–2021)
Recurring
Dimple's family
Anjali Joglekar as Mangal Babu Patil (2020–2021)
Ankush Mandekar as Babu Rangrao Patil (2020–2021)
Viral Mane as Shubhankar Babu Patil (Tonya) (2020–2021)
Rukmini Sutar as Saru Patil (Aaji) (2020–2021)
Pushpa Choudhari as Vandi (2020–2021)
Shashi Doiphode as Lala (2020-2021)
Others
Neha Khan as ACP Divya Singh (2021)
Sonali Patil as Advocate Aarya Deshmukh (2021)
Ajinkya Date as Inspector Amit Shinde (2021)
Satyawan Shikhare as Inspector Viraj Shikhare (2021)
Arjun Kusumbe as ACP Ranjit Chavan (2020-2021)
Rajratna Waghmare as Judge (2021)
Villagers
Sanjana Kale as Rinku (2021)
Madhuri Pawar as Chanda (2021)
Pratiksha Jadhav as Manjula Amar Sankpal (2020-2021)
Mimicharvi Khadse as Myra Singh (2021)
Vardhan Deshpande as Amar Sankpal (2020-2021)
Kiran Dange as Bajarang Patil (2020–2021)
Kabir Gaikwad as Krish (2020)
Nilesh Gaware as Namdev Jadhav (2020–2021)
Vansh Shah as Vitthal (2020-2021)
Sagar Korade as Sanjay (2020-2021)
Eknath Gite as Vijay Shinde (2020-2021)
Gayatri Bansode as Reshma Vijay Shinde (2020)
Tejal Shinde as Dimple's friend (2020)
Ravina Gogawale as Ravina Bajrang Patil (2020-2021)
Rutuja Pawar as Rani (2020)
Deepali Jadhav as Rupali (2020)
Aishwarya Nagesh as Aparna (2020)
Sachin Hagvane-Patil as Suresh Patil (2020)
Kulbhushan Palkar as Mahesh (2020)
Shivani Ghatge (in first promo)
Shruti Puranik (in second and third promo)
Production
It was started from 31 August 2020 by replacing Ratris Khel Chale 2.
Special episode
1 hour
17 January 2021
2 hours
21 March 2021 (Ajitkumar's truth reveal)
30 May 2021 (Ajitkumar's murder mystery)
15 August 2021 (Last episode)
Ratings
Awards
References |
871330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagnachi%20Wife%20Weddingchi%20Bayku | Lagnachi Wife Weddingchi Bayku | Lagnachi Wife Weddingchi Bayku is an Indian Marathi language television comedy series. It started on 21 October 2019 and ended on 3 April 2020. It was produced by Sanjay Zankar under Zankar Films.
Cast
Vijay Andalkar as Madan Nana Hingankar
Lee Anna Anand as Mariya
Rupali Zankar as Kajol Madan Hingankar
Shailesh Korade as Popat Nana Higankar
Rekha Nirmal as Gaya Nana Hingankar
Dnyaneshwari Deshpande as Rani Popat Hingankar
Lalita Amrutkar as Mangal Nana Hingankar
Sachin Rajpure as Rahul
Bhanudas Patil as Rahul's father
Sanket Jagdale as Gopu
Rupesh Paratwagh as Mithun
Nikita Kulkarni as Kajol's friend
Nandkishor Chikhale as Banti
Adaptations
Ratings
References
Indian television series
2019 establishments
2020 disestablishments in Asia |
871332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaav%20Gata%20Gajali | Gaav Gata Gajali | Gaav Gata Gajali is an Indian Marathi language series that aired on Zee Marathi. It was produced by Sunil Bhosale under Sajari Creations. The series premiered on 2 August 2017 from Wednesday to Saturday at 9.30 pm by replacing Chuk Bhul Dyavi Ghyavi. It again premiered on 13 September 2018 at 10 pm by replacing Hum To Tere Aashiq Hain.
Cast
Pralhad Kudtarkar
Shubhangi Bhujbal
Deepali Jadhav
Asmita Khatkhate
Rohan Surve
Rohan Kotekar
Rohit Kotekar
Digambar Naik
Kishor Ravrane
Bharat Sawale
Seasons
Ratings
References |
871333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaago%20Mohan%20Pyare | Jaago Mohan Pyare | Jaago Mohan Pyare is an Indian Marathi language comedy and supernatural fantasy show which aired on Zee Marathi. It starred Atul Parchure, Shruti Marathe, Supriya Pathare and Usha Naik in lead roles.
Plot
The story revolves around a frustrated common man, Mohan, a middle class tailor who lives in chawl with his dominating wife and mother-in-law. After that a fairy enters his life to help him with all the difficulties and soon his life takes a magical turn.
Cast
Main
Atul Parchure as Mohan Mhatre
Supriya Pathare as Shobha Mohan Mhatre
Usha Naik as Leelavati; Shobha's mother
Shruti Marathe as Mohini / Bhanumati; Mohan's servant (Fairy)
Maithili Patwardhan as Mau; another Little Fairy
Recurring
Bhargavi Chirmule as Mohan's boss, Tailor Shop's owner
Disha Danade as Anjali
Atharva Sanjay as Manya
Prithvik Pratap as Rahul
Meera Sarang as Madhuri
Sandeep Juwatkar as Madan
Vandana Marathe as Aaji
Madhavi Juvekar as Shanta
Production
The series aired on Zee Marathi from Monday to Saturday at 10.30 pm by replacing Dil Dosti Dobara.
Airing history
Special episode (1 hour)
17 September 2017
10 November 2018
Ratings
References |
871334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baillon%27s%20crake | Baillon's crake | Baillon's crake (Porzana pusilla) is a bird in the family Gruiformes. It lives in many parts of Asia, Europe, Africa, and Oceania.
Subspecies
There are at least five subspecies of Baillon's crake: the marsh crake Porzana pusilla affinis lives in New Zealand, Porzana pusilla palustris lives in Australia and New Guinea, Porzana pusilla mira lives in Borneo, Porzana pusilla intermedia lives in Africa and Porzana pusilla pusilla lives in Asia and other places.
Appearance
Baillon's crake has medium-brown feathers on the top of its body with black marks and white spots. The feathers on the front and underside of its body are light gray. Its bill and legs are yellow-green. Its eyes are red.
Habitat and food
Baillon's crakes live in wetlands, for example swamps. They sometimes run across the top of the water on floating plants.
Baillon's crakes eat animals without bones, for example insects, crustaceans, and snails. They catch them in the mud at the edges of wetlands and from floating plants.
Breeding
Baillon's crake makes a simple nest out of dry plants. It hides the nest in little raised bits of ground near the edge of the swamp. Both the male and female crake sit on the eggs and watch the chicks.
References
Birds |
871338 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecopus%20palliatus | Pithecopus palliatus | The jaugar leaf frog or jaguar monkey frog (Pithecopus palliatus) is a frog that lives in Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. Scientists think it might also live in Colombia.
The adult frog is 3.8 to 4.4 cm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 3.9 to 4.9 cm long.
This frog lays eggs near bodies of water that are not there all year, for example flooded places. They lay eggs on leaves near the water.
References
Frogs
Animals of South America |
871342 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcorc%C3%B3n | Alcorcón | Alcorcón () is a city and municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. In 2016, 167,354 people lived there.
References
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
871347 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireflies%20%28movie%29 | Fireflies (movie) | Fireflies is a 2018 Indian Meitei language documentary short movie. It was directed by Johnson Rajkumar. It is about the struggles of the Meira Paibis to protect the people from crimes in Manipur state. It also shows the role of women in the conflicting and male-dominated society of Manipur. It looks at how the gender gap and gender identities are settled during times of conflict and violence in the society.
The movie shows women reacting to the rising cases of disappearance of men. This took place after the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) was applied to Manipur state. The important point of the movie is that women stand up for the safety, security and better survival of the men.
Plot
In 1980s, when Manipur was exposed to revolutionaries and armed violence, a group of women came out to the streets to uphold peace in the state. These groups were called the Meira Paibis. They were the freely independent women's organisations. They participated in the willing patrols during the night. They held the flaming torches and tried to bring balance in the society.>
Background
In India, women are mostly seen to be confined in their homes. In reality, they are the important members of every social movement. But they are always seen as not related. Women of Manipur contributed a lot towards the welfare of the social conditions. This really inspired Johnson Rajkumar, the maker of the "Fireflies".
He tried to show the influence of gender roles in conflicts and violence. If men were holding such responsibilities, they would have been falsely grouped into rebels. According to Johnson, the movie shows that women's collective has more to do beyond pro-feminists.
Rajkumar went to Bangalore for higher education. There, he realised that the issues from Manipur and the North East India were not truly represented or interpreted in the national media news. Hence, he created the "Fireflies" to fight the set false stories. He wanted to show the best formal true facts.
Production
The movie is financially supported by the "Samaj Pragati Sahayog", a social media platform based in Madhya Pradesh, India. Additionally, it is supported by the Film Division of India.
Rajkumar is the director of the movie and a Manipuri media activist. He lives in Bangalore, Karnataka. He has been making documentary movies on social and political issues. He focuses on social movements and protests.
Recognition
The movie won many awards in international film festivals. These were held in different countries of the world.
Awards
Official selection
References
Other websites
Manipuri documentary film selected in Athens, Greece
2018 movies
Movies set in India |
871357 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient%20group | Quotient group | Let G be a group and let N be a normal subgroup of G. Then is the set of all cosets of N in G and is called the quotient group of N in G.
Simply, we can say that the quotient group of N in G as all elements in G that are not in N.
This set is used in the proof of Lagrange's theorem, for instance. In fact, the proof of Lagrange's theorem establishes that if
G is finite, then .
References
Mathematics |
871359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuenlabrada | Fuenlabrada | Fuenlabrada () is a city and municipality of Spain located in the Community of Madrid. In 2018, 193,586 people lived there.
References
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
871360 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legan%C3%A9s | Leganés | Leganés () is a city in the Community of Madrid, Spain. Considered part of the Madrid metropolitan area, it is located about 11 km southwest of the centre of Madrid. In 2018, 188,425 people lived there.
References
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
871361 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coslada | Coslada | Coslada () is a city and municipality in the Community of Madrid in central Spain.
References
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
871362 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parla | Parla | Parla () is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain.
References
Cities in the Community of Madrid
Municipalities in the Community of Madrid |
871363 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom%20of%20Aragon | Kingdom of Aragon | The Kingdom of Aragon (, , , ) was one of the Hispanic kingdoms of the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. It arose in the central Pyrenean region in 1035 after the union of the Carolingian counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. Subsequently it expanded southward, as it took over Muslim territories, until it came to occupy the area corresponding to the current autonomous community of Aragon.
Not to be confused with the Crown of Aragon, a group of territories over which the King of Aragon was sovereign. At first it consisted of the Kingdom of Aragon itself plus the possessions of the Count of Barcelona, and later the Kingdom of Mallorca, the Kingdom of Valencia, and several territories in the Mediterranean were added by conquest. Although it was never considered a kingdom, Catalonia was one of the territories that made up the Crown, and since it had a large population and military weight, it was considered one of the "kingdoms" of the Crown of Aragon.
From the end of the 15th century, after the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, the dynastic union of the Crowns of Aragon and Castile took place. However, unlike the Crown of Castile, the Crown of Aragon continued to function as a composite and pacitist monarchy, in which the territories shared the same monarch but maintained different laws, institutions and ways of relating to the king. Thus, the Kingdom of Aragon, like the other territories of the Crown of Aragon, maintained its own laws and institutions until 1707, in the context of the War of the Spanish Succession, King Philip V, first king of the House of Bourbon, abolished its laws, abolished the Council of Aragon and the rest of its own institutions, such as the Justice, the Provincial Council or the Courts of Aragon, imposing the laws and institutions of the Crown of Castile, through the Decrees of Nueva Planta.
Aragon would continue to be considered a territorial division of Spain until 1833, when Javier de Burgos established the territorial division by provinces, ending the division by kingdoms. The other territories of the former crown of Aragon also saw their institutions and laws abolished after the various Nueva Planta Decrees: the courts of the principality of Catalonia, the kingdom of Valencia and the kingdom of Mallorca, like those of Aragon, were from then on convened jointly with the Cortes of Castile.
Story
Origin: The county of Aragon
The marriage of Andregoto, daughter of Count Galindo II of Aragon, to King Garcia Sanchez I of Navarre, led to the union of both political entities. The County of Aragon continued to retain a certain personality that had been reinforced by the revival of monastic life and the organization of a diocese coinciding with the county boundaries.
In 1035 Ramiro, natural son of Sancho III of Navarre and baiulus of the county of Aragon, incorporated the counties of Sobrarbe and Ribagorza, which had been under the rule of his brother Gonzalo, into the county. After Sancho's death, the county split from the kingdom of Navarre and was constituted as a separate kingdom, although under the tutelage of the Navarrese kingdom governed by his brother García Sánchez III. Limited to the Pyrenean valleys and neighboring the more powerful kingdom of Navarre and the important Taifa of Saragossa, the increase in population and the thirst for land for its inhabitants impelled it to expand, despite its initial military weakness.
The legitimacy of the new dynasty was achieved by the kings Sancho Ramírez and Pedro I by placing the kingdom under the protection of the Holy See. Thus the Kingdom of Aragon became part of the western states. The donation of the kingdom to the pope was made by Sancho Ramirez in 1068, in an attempt to strengthen his position against his hostile neighbors, sometimes allied against him.
11th-12th centuries: Expansion of the kingdom
Ramiro I's projection for the reconquest of the plain land was far surpassed by his immediate successors.
The king of Navarre Sancho Garcés IV was assassinated by his own brother in 1076. The Navarrese, not wanting to be governed by the fratricide, elected Sancho Ramirez of Aragon -cousin of the deceased- as their king, who incorporated the crown of Pamplona to that of Aragon. The kingdom of Navarre was divided between León-Castile and Aragon; the latter received the main territories, including the capital of Navarre, and tripled its extension, although in exchange for admitting the theoretical supremacy of Castile-León. To celebrate the expansion, Sancho founded the city of Jaca, where he took up residence and to which he transferred the Mozarabic bishopric (of Hispano-Visigothic liturgical tradition under Muslim rule) of Huesca in 1077. As he controlled the highlands bordering the Ebro to the north, he was able to undertake various raids, mainly against the Zaragozan taifa, and try to expand into the plain, mainly along the valleys of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza. To compensate for the lack of soldiers needed for territorial expansion, he tried to bring them from the south of France. Expansion, however, was slow and was carried out especially through the conquest of strategic points, such as Graus in 1083 and Ayerbe, around the same time. The advances towards the south were accelerated at the end of the century, both by the lack of support of Alfonso to the Zaragozans and by the march of the Cid to the Levant, who until then had fought with them. In 1089, the Aragonese seized Monzón, which hindered communications between Lérida and Huesca, and in 1091 they built the castle of El Castellar, between Zaragoza and Tudela. Sancho undertook the siege of the important city of Huesca -much larger than Jaca and Pamplona and probably than any peninsular city in Christian hands, except Barcelona and Toledo- in 1094, but died of an arrow shot. He was immediately succeeded by his son Pedro, already associated with power and who soon resumed the siege.
King Pedro I of Aragon (1070-1104) conquered Huesca on November 27, 1096, after defeating King Al-Musta'in II of Taifa of Zaragoza in the battle of Alcoraz, which was fought on November 18 of that year. In 1101 he took Barbastro and Sariñena, and took Tamarite de Litera in 1104. In this reign the Fuero de Infanzones was regulated.
During the reign of Alfonso I the Battler (1104-1134), in the course of a few years, with the valuable collaboration of the feudal nobility of southern France, the urban centers and regions of Tudela, Tarazona, Calatayud, Daroca and Zaragoza were conquered, and after the death of his brother Pedro I of Aragon, he decided to act on the Cinco Villas and in 1105 he conquered Ejea de los Caballeros.
The king of Saragossa, Al-Musta'in II decided to carry out a plundering expedition against the neighboring Christians in the year 1110 and ended up fighting with the border knights in the battle of Valtierra where he was defeated and killed. The capture of Saragossa in 1118 meant the fall of the entire Moorish kingdom, thus radically changing the social structures and spiritual horizons of the small kingdom of highlanders that until then had been Aragon.
In 1120 the Aragonese monarch conquered Calatayud, Daroca, granted a charter to Soria and that same year the Aragonese army won a very important victory over the Muslims in the battle of Cutanda. 1125 saw the organization of the great military expedition of Alfonso I of Aragon through Andalusia, demonstrating the weakness of Almoravid power in Levante and Andalusia.
King Battallador, who had failed in his marriage to the Leonese queen Urraca, had no descendants. In his singular will, he made the military orders heirs to his kingdoms, but nobody thought of fulfilling this will and the Aragonese nobles, gathered in Jaca, recognized his brother Ramiro as king. For their part, the Navarrese elected García Ramírez, which determined the separation of the Kingdom of Navarre. At that time Ramiro was bishop of Roda-Barbastro, but he had to occupy the throne.
Ramiro II of Aragon (1086-1157) reigned for only three years, from 1134 to 1137, and was married to Inés de Poitou, daughter of Duke William IX of Aquitaine, who was crowned in Saragossa in 1134.
Crown of Aragon
In 1137 Ramiro II the Monk arranged the betrothal of Petronila of Aragon to Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Their son, Alfonso II, was the first king to inherit the titles of King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona.
At its greatest territorial extension, the Kingdom of Aragon was made up of the territories that today form the Autonomous Community of Aragon, plus a large part of the current province of Lérida, most of the Ebro valley up to the sea, with Tortosa as the main coastal city, and the north of the current province of Castellón. This expansion was articulated through the creation of the Marquisates of Lérida and Tortosa, although they were later ceded by James I of Aragon to the Principality of Catalonia.
Ferdinand II (1479-1516) married Isabella I of Castile. Their grandson, Charles I, inherited both crowns, but each maintained its own laws and customs.
In 1700, with the death of Charles II, Philip of Anjou was proclaimed king of Castile and Aragon, which provoked the War of the Spanish Succession. The Crown of Aragon sided with Archduke Charles, the other pretender. When the war ended, Philip V promulgated the decrees of Nueva Planta, which abolished the foral institutions of the Crown of Aragon, which was integrated into a modern and centralized state in most of its territory, except in the Basque Provinces and Navarre, which continued to maintain their fueros. In 1711 the Captaincy General of Aragon was created.
Fueros
Fueros is a term that can have several meanings. They were a pact between the king and the inhabitants of a place, which could be a city or an entire kingdom. The fueros of Aragon were the set of laws in force in the Kingdom of Aragon, compiled in 1247.
They replaced the local charters that existed previously, such as the charter of Jaca, granted by King Sancho el Mayor, who granted good charters to encourage the settlement in the city of Christians from the other side of the Pyrenees. These charters, or charters derived from them, were later granted to other cities and towns in Aragon and were also the basis for charters granted to towns in other kingdoms.
The Justice of Aragon began as a judge of the Court, and in 1265 was established as a judge of lawsuits between the nobles and the king and as president of the Cortes of the kingdom. At first he was appointed by the king from among the nobles, but ended up being a dignity sometimes for life and hereditary, his prerogatives being cut in 1592 as a result of the Alterations of Aragon.
In 1283, after King Peter III was excommunicated by Pope Martin IV for having occupied Sicily, a feudatory kingdom of the Holy See, the Aragonese oligarchy confederated to limit royal power and extract new privileges. The king was forced to grant the General Privilege in what would be known as the revolt of the Union in 1283. His son James II is forced to grant the Privilege of the Union. During the reign of James I, various assemblies, more or less crowded, had met to settle lawsuits. The Privilege of the Union requires the annual convocation of a court of nobles and citizens, which will end up including four arms: the rich men, the infanzones and knights, the ecclesiastical authorities and the universities. At that time, the cities, towns and communities of the kingdom were called universities. The Courts of Aragon were not convened with the required regularity, but eventually took control of the kingdom's taxation, granting funds to the king in exchange for the maintenance and extension of the privileges of the estates represented in them.
The General Delegation of the Kingdom was created in 1363 as the body delegated by the Cortes to collect and administer taxes and tariffs, and to deliver the agreed funds to the king. The four branches of the Cortes are represented in it, with two deputies for each branch. Over time its attributions will grow as it will be in charge of the administration of the funds necessary to preserve the peace and welfare of the kingdom.
Ferdinand the Catholic instituted the figure of the Viceroy, who would exercise the royal powers when the king was absent from the kingdom, something that would frequently happen with the monarchs of the House of Austria. The Viceroy was responsible for the Governor, who was in charge of maintaining order and social peace, and the Royal Audience, a court that would impart justice in serious or very important cases, or those that affected individuals with privileges. He also established the authority of the Inquisition in the kingdom, a body that later kings abused to circumvent the provisions of the Aragonese fueros, which did not prevail over the Inquisition, as occurred in the Alterations of Aragon.
Territorial organization
The oldest administrative system of the kingdom was based on the distribution of towns and lands to the nobles who participated in the conquest. The nobles could receive these honors in property or in tenancy, when the king reserved the property but ceded its administration to the noble. The nobles could receive castles in tenancy, being in charge of keeping them garrisoned in exchange for populating and obtaining rents from the lands they controlled.
The king also granted the administration of lands and towns to the ecclesiastical hierarchy. Bishoprics, archpriestships, abbeys and military orders administered and collected rents from the honors granted to them.
Over time, the king will begin to create a network of officials to control the lands and towns directly dependent on him, called realengo. The merino was an executive, judicial and military agent of the monarch that is already documented in the Fuero de Jaca. The bailes began with similar competencies, but ended up specializing in the management of the royal patrimony. The king granted to cities and villas of royalty privileges that specified the privileges of their neighbors. The regions of Daroca, Teruel, Calatayud, Albarracín and others were organized into communities that sent their own representatives to the Cortes. In the 15th century, the territory of the kingdom was divided into eleven overcollides for tax purposes, which were converted into paths, with some modifications, in the 17th century.
Demography
Before the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the population in what would later become Aragon was a mixture of Iberian and Celtiberian substratum with Roman colonizers and Visigoth invaders, with Vascones occupying the Pyrenean valleys. There was also a Jewish minority, the result of the 1st century diaspora. This minority, tolerated by the Romans, was being persecuted by the Visigoths in the period prior to the Muslim invasion.
The Muslim invaders were not very numerous, being mainly Berbers, but also, in later waves, Arabs and Syrians. Those established in the Ebro valley were mostly Arabs, divided between Qaysids and Kalbis, Arabs from the north and south. The majority of the Muslim population in the area at the time of the reconquest were Muladis, Christians converted to Islam. Those Christians who did not convert, called Mozarabs, were tolerated by the Muslim rulers in exchange for the payment of special taxes.
The first counts of the Marca Hispanica were Franks, but in time they were replaced by local elites, Vasconas and Hispano-Visigoths. The kings of Pamplona and later of Aragon promoted the immigration of Franks and Occitanians to their kingdoms, as well as Mozarabs. With the invasion of the Almohad fundamentalists, Jewish communities from al-Andalus also migrated to the Christian kingdoms. After the conquest of the Ebro valley, a considerable number of Muslims became subjects of the king of Aragon. These Muslims, called Mudejars, formed an important part of the artisan and agricultural class of the kingdom, as reflected in the widespread Aragonese Mudejar architecture.
The 13th century was the golden age of the Jews of Aragon. The Jewish minority was eminently urban, engaging in all kinds of occupations, but excelling in medicine, administration, tax collection and lending. The Jews were considered property of the crown, and the king provided them with protection in exchange for special contributions. The same century saw the arrival of Cathar refugees from Occitania, fleeing religious persecution. The situation of the Jews worsened at the end of the century due to pressure from the Catholic hierarchy, and they were forbidden to hold public office. Many Aragonese Jews converted to Christianity, with greater or lesser conviction, to avoid high taxes and persecution. These converts were integrated into the Christian population, even mixing with noble families. This could explain the significant frequency of Jewish haplotypes in the contemporary Aragonese population.
The internal conflicts, the war with Castile and above all the Black Death and other epidemics in the 14th century produced an important decrease in the population of the kingdom. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Jews. In 1495 a census was taken, the fogaje of 1495, which revealed a total of 51 540 fires in the kingdom, or about 200 000 inhabitants. Muslims then made up 11% of the total population. The most populated city, Zaragoza, had less than 20,000 inhabitants.
In 1525 Charles I also decreed the conversion or expulsion of the Mudejars, being baptized most of the Muslims of Aragon in 1526. During the 16th century the total population grew by 50%, especially on the banks of the Ebro and its tributaries on the right bank. Part of the growth was due to immigration from north of the Pyrenees. In the 17th century, population growth slowed down. In 1610 some 65,000 Moriscos were expelled, about 20% of the population. Other significant factors in the slower population growth were the loss of agricultural production due to the expulsion of the Moors and periods of drought, a plague that devastated the kingdom from 1647 to 1654, the increase in taxation and the uprising in Catalonia.
Already in the 18th century, the War of the Spanish Succession led to a decrease of about 10% in population, including the emigration of many of the residents of French origin after Archduke Charles decreed their expulsion.
Related pages
The Templars in the Crown of Aragon
List of monarchs of Aragon
Chronological table of kingdoms of Spain
Medieval Aragonese language
Literature
References
Other websites
Agustín Ubieto Arteta, Cómo se formó Aragón [Mapas y fichas de Historia de Aragón].
Esteban Sarasa Sánchez et al., Aragón: Historia y Cortes de un Reino, Cortes de Aragón y Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza, 1991. ISBN 978-84-86807-64-1
Juan F. Utrilla Utrilla, «Aragón, de reino a corona: hacia la construcción de un estado y sociedad feudales. una síntesis interpretativa», publicado en Luis Prensa y Pedro Calahorra (coords.), Jornadas de Canto Gregoriano: XV. El libro litúrgico: del scriptorium a la imprenta. XVI. La implantación en Aragón, en el siglo XII, del rito romano y del canto gregoriano. Conferencias impartidas en las Jornadas de Canto Gregoriano correspondientes a las ediciones XV (Zaragoza, 13 al 22 de diciembre de 2010) y XVI (Zaragoza, 2 al 16 de noviembre de 2011), Zaragoza, Institución «Fernando el Católico» (CSIC), 2012, págs. 149-169. ISBN 978-84-9911-204-6
«First Aragonese and Pamplonese emissions» apud Gaceta Numismática, 185, junio de 2013, págs. 25-56. Contiene imágenes sobre dineros de Aragón y Navarra de las primeras acuñaciones.
1030s
1707 disestablishments
Aragon |
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