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who played the patil twins in harry potter | Shefali Chowdhury - Wikipedia
Shefali Chowdhury (Bengali: শেফালী চৌধুরী; born 20 June 1988) is a British actress of Bangladeshi descent best known for playing the role of Parvati Patil in the Harry Potter film series, except for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), in which the character is played by Sitara Shah.
The youngest of five siblings, Chowdhury was born in Denbigh, Wales to Bangladeshi parents who migrated to the United Kingdom in 1980. At the age of six, she moved to Birmingham, England.
Chowdhury is known for her performances as Parvati Patil in four of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005 's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when she was in her last year at the Waverley School in Birmingham. She and Afshan Azad, (who played the character of Chowdhury 's twin sister Padma Patil) are also good friends, according to Azad.
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which team is a charter member for the national league | National League - wikipedia
The National League of Professional Baseball Clubs, known simply as the National League (NL), is the older of two leagues constituting Major League Baseball (MLB) in the United States and Canada, and the world 's oldest current professional team sports league. Founded on February 2, 1876, to replace the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, it is sometimes called the Senior Circuit, in contrast to MLB 's other league, the American League, which was founded 25 years later. Both leagues currently have 15 teams. The two league champions of 1903 arranged to compete against each other in the inaugural World Series. After the 1904 champions failed to reach a similar agreement, the two leagues formalized the World Series as an arrangement between the leagues. National League teams have won 48 of the 113 World Series contested from 1903 to 2017.
The 2017 National League champions are the Los Angeles Dodgers.
By 1875, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players was dangerously weak. The N.A. suffered from a lack of strong authority over clubs, unsupervised scheduling, unstable membership, dominance by one team (the Boston Red Stockings), and an extremely low entry fee ($10) that gave clubs no incentive to abide by league rules when it was not convenient.
William Hulbert, a Chicago businessman and an officer of the Chicago White Stockings, approached several N.A. clubs with the plans for a league with stronger central authority and exclusive territories in larger cities only. Additionally, Hulbert had a problem -- five of his star players were threatened with expulsion from the NAPBBP because Hulbert had signed them to his club using what were considered questionable means. Hulbert had a great vested interest in creating his own league. After recruiting St. Louis privately, four western clubs met in Louisville, Kentucky, in January 1876. With Hulbert speaking for the four in New York City on February 2, 1876, the National League was established with eight charter members, as follows:
The National League 's formation meant the end of the N.A., as its remaining clubs shut down or reverted to amateur or minor status. The only strong club from 1875 excluded in 1876 was a second one in Philadelphia, often called the White Stockings or Phillies.
The first game in National League history was played on April 22, 1876, at Philadelphia 's Jefferson Street Grounds, 25th & Jefferson, between the Philadelphia Athletics and the Boston baseball club. Boston won the game 6 -- 5.
The new league 's authority was tested after the first season. The Athletic and Mutual clubs fell behind in the standings and refused to make western road trips late in the season, preferring to play games against local non-league competition to recoup some of their losses rather than travel extensively. Hulbert reacted to the clubs ' defiance by expelling them, an act which not only shocked baseball followers (New York and Philadelphia were the two most populous cities in the league) but made it clear to clubs that league schedule commitments, a cornerstone of competition integrity, were not to be ignored.
The National League operated with six clubs during 1877 and 1878. Over the next several years, various teams joined and left the struggling league. By 1880, six of the eight charter members had folded. The two remaining original NL franchises, Boston and Chicago, remain in operation today as the Atlanta Braves and the Chicago Cubs. When all eight participants for 1881 returned for 1882 -- the first off - season without turnover in membership -- the "circuit '' consisted of a zig - zag line connecting the eight cities: Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Buffalo, Troy (near Albany), Worcester, Boston, and Providence.
In 1883 the New York Gothams and Philadelphia Phillies began National League play. Both teams remain in the NL today, the Phillies in their original city and the Gothams (later renamed Giants) now in San Francisco.
The NL encountered its first strong rival organization when the American Association began play in 1882. The A.A. played in cities where the NL did not have teams, offered Sunday games and alcoholic beverages in locales where permitted, and sold cheaper tickets everywhere (25 cents versus the NL 's standard 50 cents, a hefty sum for many in 1882).
The National League and the American Association participated in a version of the World Series seven times during their ten - year coexistence. These contests were less organized than the modern Series, lasting as few as three games and as many as fifteen, with two Series (1885 and 1890) ending in disputed ties. The NL won four times and the A.A. only once, in 1886.
Starting with the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1887, the National League began to raid the American Association for franchises to replace NL teams that folded. This undercut the stability of the A.A.
Other new leagues that rose to compete with the National League were the Union Association and the Players ' League. The Union Association was established in 1884 and folded after playing only one season, its league champion St. Louis Maroons joining the NL. The Players ' League was established in 1890 by the Brotherhood of Professional Base - Ball Players, the sport 's first players ' union, which had failed to persuade the NL to modify its labor practices, including a salary cap and a reserve clause that bound players to their teams indefinitely. The NL suffered many defections of star players to the Players ' League, but the P.L. collapsed after one season. The Brooklyn, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and New York franchises of the NL absorbed their Players ' League counterparts.
The labor strike of 1890 hastened the downfall of the American Association. After the 1891 season, the A.A. disbanded and merged with the NL, which became known legally for the next decade as the "National League and American Association ''. The teams now known as the Cincinnati Reds, Los Angeles Dodgers (originally Brooklyn) and Pittsburgh Pirates (as well as the now - defunct Cleveland Spiders) had already switched from the A.A. to the NL prior to 1892. With the merger, the NL absorbed the St. Louis Browns (now known as the St. Louis Cardinals), along with three other teams that did not survive into the 20th century (for those three teams, see "Partnership with the American League ''). While four teams that moved from the A.A. remain in the NL today (Pittsburgh (1887), Cincinnati (1890), Los Angeles (originally Brooklyn; 1890), and St. Louis (1892)), only two original NL franchises (1876) remain in the league: the Chicago Cubs and the Atlanta Braves (originally in Boston, and later Milwaukee). The Cubs are the only charter member to play continuously in the same city. The other two pre-1892 teams still in the league are the Philadelphia Phillies and the San Francisco Giants (originally New York), both of which joined in 1883.
The National League became a 12 - team circuit with monopoly status for the rest of the decade. The league became embroiled in numerous internal conflicts, not the least of which was a plan supported by some owners (and bitterly opposed by others) to form a "trust '', wherein there would be one common ownership of all twelve teams. The NL used its monopsony power to force a $2,400 limit on annual player wages in 1894.
As the 20th century dawned, the NL was in trouble. Conduct among players was poor, and fistfights were a common sight at games. In addition to fighting each other, they fought with the umpires and often filled the air at games with foul language and obscenities. A game between the Orioles and Boston Beaneaters (a precursor to today 's Atlanta Braves) in 1894 ended up having tragic consequences when players became engaged in a brawl and several boys in the stands started a fire. The blaze quickly got out of hand and swept through downtown Boston, destroying or damaging 100 buildings. Team owners argued with each other and players hated the NL 's $2,400 salary cap. Many teams also ran into trouble with city governments that forbade recreational activities on Sunday.
Billy Sunday, a prominent outfielder in the 1880s, became so disgusted with the behavior of teammates that he quit playing in 1891 to become one of America 's most famous evangelical Christian preachers. Most fans appear to have felt the same way, because attendance at games was plummeting by 1900.
After eight seasons as a 12 - team league, the NL contracted back to eight teams for the 1900 season, eliminating its teams in Baltimore, Cleveland, Louisville (which has never had another major league team since), and Washington. This provided an opportunity for competition. Three of those cities received franchises in the new American League (AL) when the AL opened for business in 1900, with the approval of the NL, which regarded the AL as a lesser league. The AL declined to renew its National Agreement membership when it expired, and on January 28, 1901, the AL officially declared itself a second major league in competition with the NL. By 1903, the upstart AL had placed new teams in the National League cities of Boston, Chicago, New York, Philadelphia, and St. Louis. Only the Cincinnati Reds and Pittsburgh Pirates had no AL team in their markets. The AL among other things enforced a strict conduct policy among its players.
The National League at first refused to recognize the new league, but reality set in as talent and money was split between the two leagues, diluting the league and decreasing financial success. After two years of bitter contention, a new version of the National Agreement was signed in 1903. This meant formal acceptance of each league by the other as an equal partner in major - league baseball, mutual respect of player contracts, and an agreement to play a postseason championship -- the World Series.
Major League Baseball narrowly averted radical reorganization in November 1920. Dissatisfied with American League President and National Commission head Ban Johnson, NL owners dissolved the league on November 8 during heated talks on MLB reorganization in the wake of the Black Sox Scandal. Simultaneously, three AL teams also hostile to Johnson (Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and New York Yankees) withdrew from the AL and joined the eight NL teams in forming a new National League; the 12th team would be whichever of the remaining five AL teams loyal to Johnson first chose to join; if none did so an expansion team would have been placed in Detroit, by far the largest one - team city at that time. Four days later, on November 12, both sides met (without Johnson) and agreed to restore the two leagues and replace the ineffective National Commission with a one - man Commissioner in the person of federal Judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis.
The National League circuit remained unchanged from 1900 through 1952. In 1953 the Braves moved from Boston to Milwaukee; in 1966 they moved again, to Atlanta. In 1958 the Brooklyn Dodgers and the New York Giants moved to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively, bringing major league baseball to the West Coast of the U.S. for the first time.
The NL remained an eight - team league for over 60 years. (For the eight teams, see "Expansion (1887 -- 1899) '', above, and "Classic Eight '', below.) In 1962 -- facing competition from the proposed Continental League and confronted by the American League 's unilateral expansion in 1961 -- the NL expanded by adding the New York Mets and the Houston Colt. 45s. The "Colts '' were renamed the Houston Astros three years later. In 1969, the league added the San Diego Padres and the Montreal Expos (now the Washington Nationals), becoming a 12 - team league for the first time since 1899.
In 1969, as a result of its expansion to 12 teams, the National League -- which for its first 93 years had competed equally in a single grouping -- was reorganized into two divisions of six teams (respectively named the National League East and West, although geographically it was more like North and South), with the division champions meeting in the National League Championship Series (an additional round of postseason competition) for the right to advance to the World Series.
In 1993 the league expanded to 14 teams, adding the Colorado Rockies and the Florida Marlins (which became the Miami Marlins shortly after the end of the 2011 season). In 1998, the Arizona Diamondbacks became the league 's fifteenth franchise, and the Milwaukee Brewers moved from the AL to the NL, giving the NL 16 teams for the next 15 seasons.
In 1994, the league was again reorganized, into three geographical divisions (East, West and Central, all currently with five teams; from 1994 to 1997 the West had one fewer team, and from 1998 to 2012, the Central had one more team). A third postseason round was added at the same time: the three division champions plus a wild card team (the team with the best record among those finishing in second place) now advance to the preliminary National League Division Series. Due to a players ' strike, however, the postseason was not actually held in 1994.
Before the 1998 season, the American League and the National League each added a fifteenth team. Because of the odd number of teams, only seven games could possibly be scheduled in each league on any given day. Thus, one team in each league would have to be idle on any given day. This would have made it difficult for scheduling, in terms of travel days and the need to end the season before October. In order for MLB officials to continue primarily intraleague play, both leagues would need to carry an even number of teams, so the decision was made to move one club from the AL Central to the NL Central. Eventually, Milwaukee agreed to change leagues.
Often characterized as being a more "traditional '' or "pure '' league, the National League never adopted the designated hitter rule that was adopted by the American League in 1973. In theory, this means the role of the manager is greater in the National League than in the American, because the NL manager must take offense into account when making pitching substitutions and vice versa. However, this is disputed by some, such as former Detroit Tigers manager Jim Leyland, who claims the American League is more difficult because AL managers are required to know exactly when to pull a pitcher, where an NL manager merely pulls his pitcher when that spot comes up in the batting order. Overall, there are fewer home runs and runs scored in the National League than in the American, due to the presence of the pitcher in the NL batting order. It should be noted, however, that from the 1970s until the early 1990s, the use of artificial turf in place of natural grass was far more prevalent in National League ballparks than in the American League.
For the first 96 years of its coexistence with the American League, National League teams faced their AL counterparts only in exhibition games or in the World Series. Beginning in 1997, however, interleague games have been played during the regular season and count in the standings. As part of the agreement instituting interleague play, the American League 's designated - hitter rule is used only in games where the American League team is the home team.
In 1999, the offices of American League and National League presidents were discontinued and all authority was vested in the Commissioner 's office. The leagues subsequently appointed "honorary '' presidents to carry out ceremonial roles such as the awarding of league championship trophies. Additionally, the distinction between AL and NL umpires was erased, and instead all umpires were unified under MLB control. With these actions, as well as the institution of interleague play, little remains to differentiate between the two leagues other than the use of the DH in the AL and tradition.
By 2011, MLB had changed its policy on interleague play, deciding to have interleague games throughout the season. This policy would allow each league to have 15 teams, with one team in each league playing an interleague game on any given day. As a condition of the sale of the Astros to Jim Crane in November 2011, the team agreed to move to the American League effective with the 2013 season.
Through the 2016 season, the Giants had won the most NL pennants, with 23. Representing the National League against the American, the Cardinals had won the most World Series (11) followed by the Giants (8), Dodgers (6), Pirates (5), and Reds (5). St. Louis also holds the distinction of being the only A.A. club to defeat an NL club in the 19th - century version of the World Series.
The eight charter teams were the following:
Joined in 1878
Joined in 1879
Joined in 1880
Joined in 1881
Joined in 1883
Joined in 1885
Joined in 1886
Joined in 1887
Joined in 1889
Joined in 1890
Joined in 1892
The eight - team lineup established in 1900 remained unchanged through 1952. All franchises are still in the league, with five remaining in the same city.
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when was gold and diamonds discovered in south africa | Mining industry of South Africa - Wikipedia
Mining in South Africa was once the main driving force behind the history and development of Africa 's most advanced and richest economy. Large - scale and profitable mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the Orange River in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the Kimberley pipes a few years later. Gold rushes to Pilgrim 's Rest and Barberton were precursors to the biggest discovery of all, the Main Reef / Main Reef Leader on Gerhardus Oosthuizen 's farm Langlaagte, Portion C, in 1886, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field there, the biggest of them all.
Diamond and gold production are now well down from their peaks, though South Africa is still number 5 in gold but South Africa remains a cornucopia of mineral riches. It is the world 's largest producer of chrome, manganese, platinum, vanadium and vermiculite. It is the second largest producer of ilmenite, palladium, rutile and zirconium. It is also the world 's third largest coal exporter. South Africa is also a huge producer of iron ore; in 2012, it overtook India to become the world 's third - biggest iron ore supplier to China, who are the world 's largest consumers of iron ore.
Due to a history of corruption and maladministration in the South African mining sector, ANC secretary - general Gwede Mantashe announced at the beginning of 2013 that mining companies misrepresenting their intentions could have their licences revoked.
Diamond and gold discoveries played an important part in the growth of the early South African economy. A site northeast of Cape Town was discovered to have rich deposits of diamonds, and thousands rushed to the area of Kimberley in an attempt to profit from the discovery. The British later annexed the region of Griqualand West, an area which included the diamond fields. In 1868, the republic attempted to annex areas near newly discovered diamond fields, drawing protests from the nearby British colonial government. These annexations later led to the First Boer War of 1880 - 1881.
Gold was discovered in the area known as Witwatersrand, triggering what would become the Witwatersrand Gold Rush of 1886. Like the diamond discoveries before, the gold rush caused thousands of foreign expatriates to flock to the region. This heightened political tensions in the area ultimately contributing to the Second Boer War in 1899. Ownership of the diamond and gold mines became concentrated in the hands of a few entrepreneurs, largely of European origin, known as the Randlords. South Africa 's and the world 's biggest diamond miner, De Beers, was funded by baron Nathaniel Mayer Rothschild in 1887, and Cecil Rhodes became the Founding Chairman of the board of directors in 1888. Cecil Rhodes ' place was later taken by sir Ernest Oppenheimer, co-founder of the Anglo - American Corporation with J.P. Morgan.
The gold mining industry continued to grow throughout much of the early 20th century, significantly contributing to the tripling of the economic value of what was then known as the Union of South Africa. In particular, revenue from gold exports provided sufficient capital to purchase much - needed machinery and petroleum products to support an expanding manufacturing base.
As of 2007, the South African mining industry employs 493,000 workers. The industry represents 18 % of South Africa 's $588 billion USD Gross Domestic Product.
South Africa is the world 's third largest coal exporter, and much of the country 's coal is used for power production. (about 40 %) 77 % of South Africa 's energy needs are provided by coal.
South Africa accounted for 15 % of the world 's gold production in 2002 and 12 % in 2005, though the nation had produced as much as 30 % of world output as recently as 1993. Despite declining production, South Africa 's gold exports were valued at $3.8 billion USD in 2005. The US Geological Survey estimated in that as of 2002, South Africa held about 50 % of the world 's gold resources, and 38 % of reserves.
Among the nation 's gold mines are two of the deepest mines in the world. The East Rand Mine, in Boksburg, extends to a depth of 3,585 metres (11,762 ft). A 4 - metre (13 ft) shallower mine is located at TauTona in Carletonville, though plans are in place to begin work on an extension to the TauTona mine, bringing the total depth to over 3,900 metres (12,800 ft) and breaking the current record by 127 feet (39 m). At these depths the temperature of the rocks is 140 ° F (60 ° C).
The gold in the Witwatersrand Basin area was deposited in ancient river deltas, having been washed down from surrounding gold - rich greenstone belts to the north and west. Rhenium - osmium isotope studies indicates that the gold in those mineral deposits came from unusual three billion year old mantle sourced intrusions known as komatiites present in the greenstone belts. The Vredefort Dome impact which lies within the basin and the nearby Bushveld Igneous Complex are both about a billion years younger than the interpreted age of the gold.
Ever since the Kimberley diamond strike of 1868, South Africa has been a world leader in diamond production. The primary South African sources of diamonds, including seven large diamond mines around the country, are controlled by the De Beers Consolidated Mines Company. In 2003, De Beers operations accounted for 94 % of the nation 's total diamond output of 11,900,000 carats (2.38 t) and the 6 % diamond operations by JK Minerals Africa. This figure includes both gem stones and industrial diamonds. Diamond production rose in 2005 to over 15,800,000 carats (3.16 t).
South Africa produces more platinum and similar metals than any other nation. In 2005, 78 % of the world 's platinum was produced in South Africa, along with 39 % of the world 's palladium. Over 163,000 kilograms (5,200,000 ozt) of platinum was produced in 2010, generating export revenues of $3.82 billion USD. Palladium is produced in two ways: recovery and mining production. Currently Russia and South Africa are the biggest palladium producers in the world.
Chromium is another leading product of South Africa 's mining industry. The metal, used in stainless steel and for a variety of industrial applications, is mined at 10 sites around the country. South Africa 's production of chromium accounted for 100 % of the world 's total production in 2005, and consisted of 7,490,000 metric tons (7,370,000 long tons; 8,260,000 short tons) of material.
South Africa has the second - largest reserves of uranium in the world. The Nuclear Fuels Corporation of South Africa (NUFCOR) started processing uranium as a by - product of gold mining in 1967. Most of the uranium produced as a by - product of gold mining is concentrated in the golf fields of the Witwatersrand area. Uranium is more easily and readily available than gold in South Africa.
There are a number of mining companies that process uranium from mines that they own. Anglo Gold Ashanti, Sibayane Gold Ltd, Harmony Gold Mining Co., First Uranium, and Peninsula Energy own or control most of the uranium - from - gold mining processing plants in South Africa.
Though uranium production in South Africa showed a decrease from 711t in 2000 to 579t in 2010, in 2011 930t were produced with a forecast of 2,000 t by 2020. In 2016, Tasman Pacific Minerals, owned by Peninsula Energy started plans to open the first uranium ore mine, Tasman RSA.
Conditions on most South African mines are very similar to those elsewhere except for the gold mines where the low geothermal gradient, i.e. the rate at which the temperature goes up with depth, is often as low as 9 ° C per kilometre depth (compared with a world average of about 25 ° C / km), and this, combined with narrow and very continuous orebodies in hard and competent rocks, makes it possible to mine to depths unattainable elsewhere in the world.
Silica dust is an ever - present potential hazard so that all drilling dust and loose rock has to be wetted down at all times to prevent silicosis, a lethal disease that attacks the lungs. Unfortunately the narrowness of the inclined reefs / orebodies prevents mechanisation except in a very few cases and most work is very labour - intensive. Ventilation requirements to keep working conditions tolerable are huge and a survey of the South African gold mines indicated that the average quantity of ventilating air circulated was some 6 cubic metres per second (210 cu ft / s) per 1000 ton of rock mined per month.
Another serious problem is that of heat. In the deeper mines refrigeration of the intake air is often necessary to keep conditions tolerable and this is now becoming necessary on some platinum mines which, although shallower, have a higher geothermal gradient. Refrigeration is very energy hungry and it is currently a moot point whether ESKOM, the state power company, can supply the necessary power after its recent problems, which will cut power supplies to 90 % of previous levels until at least 2012, when a new powerstation is ready.
The South African mining industry is frequently criticized for its poor safety record and high number of fatalities but conditions are improving. Total fatalities were 533 in 1995 and had fallen to 199 in 2006. The overall fatality rate in 2006 was 0.43 per 1,000 per annum but this hides some important differences. The gold mining rate was 0.71, platinum mining was 0.24 and other mining was 0.35. (For comparison, the rate in the Sixties was around 1.5 -- see any Chamber of Mines Annual of the period). The reason for the difference is quite clear; the gold mines are much deeper and conditions are both more difficult and dangerous than on the shallower platinum mines.
Falls of ground dominated the causes at 72, machinery, transportation and mining accidents caused 70 and the remainder were classed as general. Of the falls of ground, approximately two thirds were on the deep gold mines, a reflection of the extreme pressure at depth and continual movement of the country rock. Amongst the machinery, mining and transportation fatalities were working on grizzlies without safety belts, working below loose rock in ore passes, getting crushed by that deadly combination of a loco and a ventilation door frame (the clearance between the two is only a few inches) and working on running conveyors, all direct contraventions of safety instructions. Drilling into misfires was also mentioned, a clear example of sloppy and unsafe mining.
It is difficult to see how falls of ground can be eliminated given their frequent unpredictability, which is increasing with depth, and the difficulties in providing continuous roof support as on longwall coal mines due to the violence of a face blast in the hard rock of the gold mines but clearly much can be done to improve training and to instill a sense of safe working practice in the miners, many of whom are relatively inexperienced.
Mine safety received considerable publicity in 2007, particularly after 3,200 workers were temporarily trapped underground at the Elandskraal mine after a compressed air pipe ruptured due to internal corrosion, broke lose and fell into the man - hoisting shaft. The workers were eventually rescued through the rock hoisting shaft after the blasting smoke had cleared. The incident caused South African President Thabo Mbeki to mandate full safety audits for all operating mines. This audit has caused additional facilities to shut down temporarily, including the nation 's largest gold mine located at Driefontein.
The Rand Rebellion was a widespread strike amongst miners in the Witwatersrand area of the Transvaal Province in the former Union of South Africa.
In 2007 the South African National Union of Mineworkers, which represents the nation 's mineworkers, engaged in a series of talks with the Chamber of Mines, an industry group. The meetings also saw the participation of the Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, a body with mediation authority over the dispute. On 27 November 2007, the National Union of Mineworkers announced that South African mineworkers would go on strike to protest at unsafe working conditions. The strike took place on 4 December, and impacted over 240,000 workers at 60 sites across the country, including mines devoted to the production of gold, platinum, and coal.
The Lonmin strike was a strike in August 2012 in the Marikana area, close to Rustenburg, South Africa at a mine owned by Lonmin one of the world 's largest primary producers of platinum group metals (PGMs). A series of violent confrontations occurred between platinum mine workers on strike and the South African Police Service on Thursday, 16 August 2012, and resulted in the deaths of 34 individuals (30 were miners and 4 protesters), as well as the injury of an additional 78 miners. Occurring in the post-apartheid era, it was the deadliest incident of violence between police and the civilian population in South Africa since the 1960 Sharpeville Massacre which prompted South African President Jacob Zuma to set up an investigation. Gordon Farlam was appointed as the chairperson of a committee. Under the probe, Cyril Ramaphosa testified for lobbying with the Lonmin and SAPS. Ramaphosa also accepted to the commission that massacre could have been avoided if proper precautionary actions had been taken.
Jacob Zuma declared a 66 - day - long week of mourning.
In 2014, platinum industry workers went on a strike that lasted five months. It was the longest strike in the history of South African mining.
There have few parties that advocate to nationalizing the industry the most major one is Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF) that was founded on 2013 and by 2014 elections became the third - largest party in South Africa. the others are
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who plays smash mom on friday night lights | List of Friday Night Lights characters - wikipedia
This article contains character information for the NBC / DirecTV (The 101 Network) American drama television series Friday Night Lights.
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who sang the theme song for your eyes only | For Your Eyes Only (song) - wikipedia
"For Your Eyes Only '' is the theme tune to the 12th James Bond movie, For Your Eyes Only, written by Bill Conti and Mick Leeson, and performed by Scottish singer Sheena Easton. The song reached number four on the US Billboard Hot 100, and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. It was nominated for Best Original Song at the Academy Awards in 1982.
The song is written by Bill Conti and Mike Leeson.
Conti -- who was also responsible for the film 's score -- had originally written the song thinking about Donna Summer or Dusty Springfield, singers he thought "fit the Bond style ''. Film studio United Artists suggested Sheena Easton, an up - and - coming singer who had recently scored a No. 1 hit in America with "Morning Train ''. Conti heard Easton 's debut album Take My Time and felt unimpressed but decided to work with her in the song after meeting Easton in person.
Leeson 's lyrics originally only used "for your eyes only '' as the final line, as the lyricist felt he could only use the phrase as a conclusion. After credit sequence artist Maurice Binder complained about having to synchronize the unveiling of the title with it being said in the theme song, Conti decided to work with Leeson to write lyrics that opened with "for your eyes only ''.
Easton is the only artist (to date) to be seen singing the theme song to a Bond movie during its opening titles, as Maurice Binder liked Easton 's appearance and decided to add her to the credits. Her seductive appearance in these clips was, according to Roger Moore, more sexy than any of the Bond girls, although Easton herself states that the filming process was very unglamorous. In particular, Binder had to attach Easton to a chair so she would be immobile during a take where the camera zooms on the singer 's lips.
This was one of the few Bond themes not to have a contribution by John Barry. The song was produced by Christopher Neil, who was Easton 's regular producer at the time.
The song was released as a single in June 1981, at the same time as the film 's launch. It became a worldwide hit, reaching the top ten in the UK, number 1 in the Netherlands and top five in the US. It remains one of Easton 's biggest hits and is included on compilation soundtrack albums.
The video "For Your Eyes Only '' was directed by Steve Barron. The song 's music, with different lyrics and a different title ("To Know No Boundaries ''), was used in a series of advertisements for Merrill Lynch during the mid-1980s.
Like other Bond themes before it, Sheena Easton 's version was not the only recorded song for the film. Rock band Blondie also recorded a song for the film that was optioned to the studio.
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what is the full form of w/o | List of medical abbreviations: w - wikipedia
0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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what does it mean when you hold up your middle finger | The finger - wikipedia
In Western culture, the finger or the middle finger (as in giving someone the (middle) finger or the bird or flipping someone off) is an obscene hand gesture. The gesture communicates moderate to extreme contempt, and is roughly equivalent in meaning to "fuck off, '' "fuck you, '' "shove it up your ass, '' "up yours, '' or "go fuck yourself. '' It is performed by showing the back of a hand that has only the middle finger extended upwards, though in some locales, the thumb is extended. Extending the finger is considered a symbol of contempt in several cultures, especially in the West. Many cultures use similar gestures to display their disrespect, although others use it to express pointing without intentional disrespect toward other cultures. The gesture is usually used to express contempt but can also be used humorously or playfully.
The gesture dates back to Ancient Greece and it was also used in Ancient Rome. Historically, it represented the phallus. In some modern cultures, it has gained increasing recognition as a sign of disrespect, and has been used by music artists (notably more common among hardcore punk bands and rappers), actors, celebrities, athletes, and politicians. Most still view the gesture as obscene. The index finger and ring finger besides the middle finger in more contemporary periods has been likened to represent the testicles.
The middle finger gesture was used in Ancient times as a symbol of sexual intercourse, in a manner meant to degrade, intimidate and threaten the individual receiving the gesture. It also represented the phallus, with the fingers next to the middle finger representing testicles; from its close association, the gesture may have assumed apotropaic potency. In the 1st - century Mediterranean world, extending the finger was one of many methods used to divert the ever - present threat of the evil eye.
In Greek the gesture was known as the katapygon (κατάπυγον, from kata -- κατά, "downwards '' and pugē -- πυγή, "rump, buttocks ''). In ancient Greek comedy, the finger was a gesture of insult toward another person, with the term katapugon also referring to "a male who submits to anal penetration '' or katapygaina to a female. In Aristophanes 's comedy The Clouds (423 BC), when the character Socrates is quizzing his student on poetic meters, Strepsiades declares that he knows quite well what a dactyl is, and gives the finger. The gesture is a visual pun on the two meanings of the Greek word dactylos, both "finger '' and the rhythmic measure composed of a long syllable and two short, like the joints of a finger (, which also appears as a visual pun on the penis and testicles in a medieval Latin text). Socrates reacts to the gesture as boorish and childish. The gesture recurs as a form of mockery in Peace, alongside farting in someone 's face; the usage is later explained in the Suda and included in the Adagia of Erasmus. The verb "to play the Siphnian '' appears in a fragment of Aristophanes and has a similar meaning; the usage is once again explained in the Suda, where it is said to mean "to touch the anus with a finger ''. Diogenes Laërtius records how the Cynic philosopher Diogenes of Sinope directed the gesture at the orator Demosthenes in 4th - century BC Athens. In the Discourses of Epictetus, Diogenes 's target is instead one of the sophists.
In Latin, the middle finger was the digitus impudicus, meaning the "shameless, indecent or offensive finger ''. In the 1st century AD, Persius had superstitious female relatives concoct a charm with the "infamous finger '' (digitus infamis) and "purifying spit ''; while in the Satyricon, an old woman uses dust, spit and her middle finger to mark the forehead before casting a spell. The poet Martial has a character in good health extend "the indecent one '' toward three doctors. In another epigram, Martial wrote: "Laugh loud, Sextillus, at whoever calls you a cinaedus and extend your middle finger. '' Juvenal, through synecdoche, has the "middle nail '' cocked at threatening Fortuna. The indecent finger features again in a mocking context in the Priapeia, a collection of poems relating to the phallic god Priapus. In Late Antiquity, the term "shameless finger '' is explained in the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville with reference to its frequent use when accusing someone of a "shameful action ''.
Linguist Jesse Sheidlower traces the gesture 's development in the United States to the 1890s. According to anthropologist Desmond Morris, the gesture probably came to the United States via Italian immigrants. The first documented appearance of the finger in the United States was in 1886, when Old Hoss Radbourn, a baseball pitcher for the Boston Beaneaters, was photographed giving it to a member of their rival the New York Giants. In the film Speedy (1928), Harold Lloyd 's character gives himself the finger into a distorting mirror at Luna Park, about 24 minutes into the film.
The gesture has been involved in notable political events. During the USS Pueblo incident, in which an American ship was captured by North Korea, the captured American crewmembers often discreetly gave the finger in staged photo ops, thus ruining the North Koreans ' efforts at propaganda. The North Koreans, ignorant of what the gesture meant, were at first told by the prisoners that it was a "Hawaiian good luck sign '', similar to the shaka. When the guards finally figured things out, the crewmembers were subjected to extremely severe beatings. Abbie Hoffman used the gesture at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Ronald Reagan, while serving as the Governor of California, gave the middle finger to counterculture protestors in Berkeley, California. Nelson Rockefeller, then the Vice President of the United States, directed the gesture to hecklers at a 1976 campaign stop near Binghamton, New York, leading it to be called the "Rockefeller gesture ''. Pierre Trudeau, then the Prime Minister of Canada, gave the finger to protesters in Salmon Arm, British Columbia, earning the incident the nickname the "Salmon Arm salute ''. The gesture itself has also been nicknamed the "Trudeau salute ''. Former president George W. Bush gave the finger to the camera at an Austin production facility during his term as governor of Texas, saying it was "just a one - finger victory salute. '' Anthony Weiner gave the finger to reporters after leaving his election headquarters the night he lost the 2013 primary election for Mayor of New York City.
During World War II, the 91st Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces referred to the gesture as the "rigid digit '' salute. It was used in a more jocular manner, to suggest an airman had committed an error or infraction; the term was a reference to British slang terms for inattentiveness (i.e. "pull your finger out (of your bum) ''). The "order of the rigid digit '' continued after the war as a series of awards presented by the veteran 's association of the 91st, marked by wooden statuettes of a hand giving the single finger gesture. In 2005 during the war in Iraq, Gunnery Sergeant Michael Burghardt gained prominence when the Omaha World - Herald published a photo of Burghardt making the gesture towards Iraqi insurgents he believed to be watching after an improvised explosive device failed to kill him.
The middle finger has been involved in judicial hearings. An appellate court in Hartford, Connecticut ruled in 1976 that gesturing with the middle finger was offensive, but not obscene, after a police officer charged a 16 - year - old with making an obscene gesture when the student gave the officer the middle finger. The case was appealed to the Connecticut Supreme Court, which upheld the decision. In March 2006, a federal lawsuit was filed regarding the free speech issue.
Giving the finger has resulted in negative consequences. A Malaysian man was bludgeoned to death after giving the finger to a motorist following a car chase. A Pakistani man was deported by the United Arab Emirates for the gesture, which violates indecency codes.
People have given the finger as a method of political protest. At a concert, Ricky Martin gave a picture of George W. Bush the finger to protest the War in Iraq. Serbian protesters gave the finger to the Russian embassy regarding their support of Slobodan Milošević. Artist Ai Weiwei has used the finger in photographs and sculptures as a political statement. As a political message to the Czech President, Czech artist David Cerny floated an outsize, purple statue of a hand on the River Vltava in Prague; its middle finger extended towards Prague Castle, the Presidential seat.
The use of the middle finger has become pervasive in popular culture. The band Cobra Starship released a song called "Middle Finger '', and released a music video that showed people giving the finger. Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan installed a marble statue of a middle finger measuring 11 metres (36 ft), located directly in front of the Milan Stock Exchange. A now - famous photograph of Johnny Cash shows him giving the middle finger to a photographer during a 1969 concert at San Quentin State Prison, released as At San Quentin. However, the photo remained fairly obscure until 1998, when producer Rick Rubin made it the centerpiece of an ad in Billboard criticizing country radio for not giving airplay to Cash 's Grammy - winning album Unchained. Cameron Diaz made the gesture during a photo shoot for Esquire. Harold Lloyd shot the finger to his own reflection in a Coney Island funhouse after getting paint on his suit in Speedy, his final silent feature, from 1928.
Athletes, including Stefan Effenberg, Ron Artest, Luis Suárez, Juan Pablo Montoya, Iván Rodríguez, Danny Graves, Jack McDowell, Natasha Zvereva, Josh Smith, Bryan Cox, and Johnny Manziel have been suspended or fined for making the gesture. José Paniagua was released by the Chicago White Sox after giving the middle finger to an umpire; he has n't played in the majors since. Baseball executive Chub Feeney once resigned after giving the finger to fans on Fan Appreciation Night. Bud Adams, owner of the National Football League 's Tennessee Titans, was fined US $250,000 for giving both middle fingers to the fans of the Buffalo Bills during a game. Professional wrestler Stone Cold Steve Austin is also famous for flashing one or both middle fingers as part of his gimmick. Hockey star Jaromir Jagr made the gesture several times following goals in the early 1990s.
The NME Awards, an annual music awards show in the UK, uses an extended middle finger design in the trophy handed out to the winners. Many musical artists, including Madonna, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Ariana Grande, Katy Perry, and Adele have publicly made the gesture. Britney Spears and Iggy Azalea have given the gesture towards members of the paparazzi, but had to apologize when fans interpreted the gesture as directed at them. M.I.A. gave the gesture during the Super Bowl XLVI Halftime Show. The National Football League, NBC, and M.I.A. apologized. The CD itself for Kid Rock 's album Devil Without a Cause is a picture of his raised middle finger. On the cover of Moby Grape 's first album, Moby Grape, band member Don Stevenson was caught flipping the bird at the camera. The finger was airbrushed out of subsequent releases of the album.
In automobile driving culture, giving the finger to a fellow motorist communicates displeasure at another person 's reckless driving habits and / or their disregard for common courtesy.
The finger is included in Unicode as U + 1F595 🖕 REVERSED HAND WITH MIDDLE FINGER EXTENDED.
The media sometimes refers to the gesture as being mistaken for an indication of "we 're number one '', typically indicated with a raised index finger. Sometimes, though, the "mistake '' is actually an intentional euphemism meant to indirectly convey the gesture in a medium where a direct description would be inappropriate. For example, Don Meredith is famously noted in a 1972 Monday Night Football game describing the Finger of a dejected Houston Oilers fan as, "He thinks they 're number one in the nation. '' Ira Robbins, a law professor, believes the finger is no longer an obscene gesture. Psychologist David Walsh, founder of the National Institute on Media and the Family, sees the growing acceptance of the middle finger as a sign of the growth of a "culture of disrespect ''.
Google Street View 's picture of the area around the Wisconsin Governor 's Mansion, taken in 2011 during the tenure of Scott Walker, shows a jogger giving the finger in the direction of the mansion.
In the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand, the V sign or "the fingers '', when given with back of the hand towards the recipient, serves a similar purpose. George H.W. Bush, former President of the United States, accidentally made the gesture while on a diplomatic trip to Australia. In countries where Spanish, Portuguese, or French are spoken, and especially in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and France the gesture involving raising a fist and slapping the biceps on the same arm as the fist used, sometimes called the bras d'honneur or Iberian slap, is equivalent to the finger. Italy, Poland, and countries under the influence of Russian culture, such as Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, also see it as equivalent to the finger, but the majority of young people in these countries use the finger as an insult, which is associated with the Western culture.
In Islamic countries and cultures, a gesture involving exposing only the thumb in a vertical orientation -- a thumbs up -- is used in lieu of the finger to express roughly the same sentiment. A similarly obscene gesture is extending all five digits with the palm facing forward, meaning "you have five fathers '', thus calling someone a bastard. This is similar to a gesture known in Greece as the Moutza, where the five fingers are spread wide and the palm is pushed towards the recipient. More commonly in Turkish or Slavic regions, the fig sign (also known as nah or shish) serves as the equivalent to the finger, meaning "you wo n't get it '' or "in your dreams ''. The gesture is typically made with the hand and fingers curled and the thumb thrust between the middle and index fingers. This gesture is also used similarly in Indonesia, Turkey and China.
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why did north and south carolina split in 1712 | The Carolinas - wikipedia
The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, Tennessee to the west, and Georgia to the southwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the east. Charlotte is the Carolinas ' largest city. The largest metropolitan area is the Charlotte metropolitan area, which also includes Uptown Charlotte and Rock Hill (the fifth - largest city in South Carolina). Combining North Carolina 's population of 10,042,802 and South Carolina 's of 4,896,146, the Carolinas have a population of 14,938,948 as of 2015. If the Carolinas were a single state of the United States, it would be the fifth-most populous state, behind California, Texas, Florida, and New York. The Carolinas were known as the Province of Carolina during America 's early colonial period, from 1663 to 1710. Prior to that, the land was considered part of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, from 1609 to 1663. The province, named Carolina to honor King Charles I of England, was divided into two colonies in 1729, although the actual date is the subject of debate.
The territory (together with a part of Florida) was declared as Spanish territory by Ponce de Leon in 1512, but the first Europeans that paid the territory a visit never cared to name it. Nor was it colonized by any Spaniards; it was largely just proclaimed for a future that never came. But as French settlers arrived in 1562, they were soon thrown out by the Spaniards. However it was during this brief time that the "Carolina '' first was named, and the name referred to King Charles IX of France. The territory was thereafter left to native Americans until King Charles II of England, after the English Restoration, in 1660 he gave all land between the 34th and 36th parallels to eight Englishmen. The territory was named after the English king instead, which however had no impact on the spelling. In 1729 British politicians regretted this gift and redeemed the heirs of the first eight British inhabitants. Now the Carolinas became divided into North Carolina and South Carolina, which both became British colonies. Both the new colonies were among the thirteen first states of the United States.
Sir Robert Heath (1575 -- 1649) was an English judge and politician who was also a member of the English House of Commons from 1621 to 1625. Sir Robert Heath was granted charter over the lands between latitudes 31 ° and 36 ° north, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Heath 's patent required he plant a colony but that was never fully realized.
The 1663 charter granted the Lords Proprietor title to all of the land from the southern border of the Colony of Virginia at 36 degrees north to 31 degrees north (along the coast of present - day Georgia). In 1665, the charter was revised slightly, with the northerly boundary extended to 36 degrees 30 minutes north to include the lands of the Albemarle Settlements along the Albemarle Sound who had left the Colony of Virginia. Likewise, the southern boundary was moved south to 29 degrees north, just south of present - day Daytona Beach, Florida, which had the effect of including the existing Spanish settlement at St. Augustine. The charter also granted all the land, between these northerly and southerly bounds, from the Atlantic Ocean, westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.
The Charter of 1663 chartered the territory as an English Proprietary colony assigning rights to eight English Noblemen. These noblemen are known as the Lords Proprietors of Carolina forming the Province of Carolina.
Between 1663 and 1729 there were many disagreements relating to defense, governance and the difference between the two differing agrarian styles employed by the inhabitants of the Colony of Virginia and that practiced by the planters arriving to Charles Town from the West Indies and Barbados.
In 1729 the Province of Carolina was divided when the descendants of seven of the eight Lords Proprietors sold their shares back to the Crown. Only the heirs of Sir George Carteret retained their original rights to what would become the Granville District. Both the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina became British Crown Colonies in 1729.
The culture of the Carolinas is a distinct subset of larger Southern culture. Notably, the coastal Carolina region was settled by Europeans over a century before the inland regions of the South, and was influenced by the culture of the Caribbean, especially Barbados; many of the early governors during the unified period were Barbadians. Though the two states both form part of the South, there are historically a number of differences in the settlement patterns, political development, and economic growth of the two states. For example, during the Civil War, South Carolina was the first Southern state to secede from the Union, while North Carolina was the last state to secede. When NC did secede, it did so largely because North Carolinians refused to give the Federal Government men to fight against their sister state, or allow them to pass through North Carolina to make war on South Carolina. North Carolinians ultimately voted instead in all 100 counties to raise an army, join the Confederacy, and go to war. During the war, South Carolina was generally one of the strongest supporters of the Confederacy. The war began in Charleston, South Carolina; where Citadel Cadets fired the opening shots at the Union Ship Star of The West. North Carolina was also a key Confederate state, raising and giving more soldiers to The Confederacy than any other southern state. At Gettysburg, one in four Confederate soldiers was from North Carolina, despite the fact that some North Carolinians (especially in the western part of the state) refused to support the Confederacy. North Carolina 's Civil War governor, Zebulon Vance, was an outspoken critic of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and frequently refused to obey Davis 's orders for reinforcements and supplies; Vance insisted the soldiers and supplies would be needed for North Carolina 's Confederate effort. However, during the seven day 's battles, North Carolina did send large numbers of troops for the general aid of the South as a whole. During the war, the Carolinas were both instrumental in keeping The Confederacy alive, because of their deepwater ports in Wilmington, NC and Charleston, SC. These two cities were key in supplying southern armies with weapons, clothing, and ammunition; and producing food & provisions for southern civilians.
During most of the 20th century, South Carolina was a bastion of the "solid Democratic South '' with almost no Republican officeholders, and the state frequently elected politicians who were outspoken supporters of racial segregation. North Carolina, while mostly Democratic, contained a large Republican minority -- the state voted Republican in the presidential election of 1928 and elected several Republican congressmen, governors, and senators from 1868 -- 1928 -- and North Carolina was widely known as one of the more progressive Southern states on the issue of segregation and civil rights. In 1947, the journalist John Gunther wrote, "that North Carolina is by a good deal the most progressive Southern state will, I imagine, be agreed to by almost everybody. '' On the other hand, he described South Carolina as "one of the poorest American states, and probably one of the balkiest. '' In describing the differences between the two states, Gunther noted that, in 1947, divorce in North Carolina "may be granted simply on the ground of absence of cohabitation; South Carolina is the one American state in which divorce is not possible. '' North Carolina 's nickname for many years was "a vale of humility between two mountains of conceit ''; the "mountains '' were Virginia and South Carolina.
Despite North Carolina being a swing state, and South Carolina being a red one, they are technically the country 's two most politically similar states, according to a comparison of the states along a range of 19 variables performed by the statistician Nate Silver in 2008.
Traditionally, like much of the South, the Carolinas have been agricultural. However, the predominance of certain crops has influenced the regional economy:
Like other (Southern) states, until after World War II North Carolina remained primarily a region of small farms and factories heavily dependent on just a few labor - intensive crops, relying on sharecropping and tenancy, especially for black laborers. The Carolinas are distinct for their economic dependence on tobacco as well as on cotton and rice, and for their many small - scale furniture, textile, and tobacco factories.
These small industries gave the Carolinas, in particular NC, a more significant industrial base than most Southern states, but as increased mechanization in the textiles, apparel, and furniture industries combined with the decline of the tobacco industry, many rural and small urban communities suffered. However, during the 1990s, both states began to experience growth in the technological and banking sectors, bringing jobs and population growth. These changes, as with earlier industrialization, were more pronounced in North Carolina, and SC has experienced a slower rate of economic growth for several years.
The Carolinas have three professional sports teams in the Big Four major leagues: the Carolina Panthers of the NFL, the Charlotte Hornets of the NBA, and the Carolina Hurricanes of the NHL. Supported by both states, the three teams are all based in NC, two in Charlotte and the third in Raleigh. All of the sports teams are fairly recent additions; the oldest team, the NFL 's Panthers, was established in 1995, while the youngest, the Hornets, was added to the NBA in 2004 as the Charlotte Bobcats, although a prior NBA team also named the Hornets played in Charlotte from 1988 before leaving for New Orleans in 2002. The Bobcats were renamed the Hornets in May 2014, one season after the former New Orleans Hornets decided to rebrand themselves as the Pelicans. At that time, the Hornets also regained sole ownership of the pre-relocation history of the original Charlotte Hornets. The Hurricanes formed in 1971 as the New England Whalers of the World Hockey Association. After the NHL - WHA merger in 1979, they joined the NHL as the Hartford Whalers until 1997 when they relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina. Currently, the Hurricanes are the most successful after their 2006 Stanley Cup championship marked the first professional sports title for the region.
In 1991, Charlotte was the host city of the 1991 NBA All - Star Game, which was held at the now demolished Charlotte Coliseum. On May 24, 2017, Charlotte was awarded to be the host city of the 2019 NBA All - Star Game. The game is set to be held on February 17, 2019 at the Spectrum Center, home of the Charlotte Hornets. The game is expected to be one of the biggest sporting events to ever come to Charlotte. Bank of America Stadium currently hosts three major sporting events, the Belk Bowl, the Belk Kickoff Game and the ACC Championship Game. Charlotte Motor Speedway hosts three major NASCAR events, the Coca - Cola 600, the Monster Energy NASCAR All - Star Race, and the Bank of America 500.
The Carolinas are home to a number of NBA superstars, such as Chris Paul, James Worthy, John Wall, and Michael Jordan (from NC) and Kevin Garnett, Jermaine O'Neal, Ray Allen, and Raymond Felton (from SC). Six of these players are All Stars, four are NBA champions, and John Wall and James Worthy were the Number 1 draft picks in the 2010 NBA draft and 1982 NBA draft, respectively. A disproportional number of basketball players come from the Carolinas, on par with such big cities as New York City and Los Angeles. While the Hornets do little to generate buzz in the Carolinas, they are home to three of the most successful collegiate men 's basketball teams in the NCAA, the North Carolina Tar Heels, North Carolina State Wolfpack and the Duke Blue Devils. All three schools are fierce rivals who have combined to win 13 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championships (UNC has 6, Duke has 5, North Carolina State has 2).
According to the Prefatory Notes to Volume 5 of the Colonial Records of North Carolina, the process of determining the boundary between North and South Carolina began in 1720 "when the purpose to erect a third Province in Carolina, with Savannah for its northern boundary '' began. On 8 January 1730 an agreement between the two colonies said for the border "to begin 30 miles southwest of the Cape Fear river, and to be run at that parallel distance the whole course of said river; '' The next June Governor Robert Johnson of South Carolina said the border should start 30 miles southwest of the source of the Cape Fear "due west as far as the South Sea '', unless the "Waccamaw river lyes (sic) within 30 miles of the Cape Fear river, '' which would make the Waccamaw the boundary. North Carolina agreed to this until the discovery that the Cape Fear headwaters were very close to Virginia, which would not have "permitted any extension on the part of North Carolina to the westward. '' In 1732, Governor George Burrington of North Carolina stated in Timothy 's Southern Gazette that territory north of the Waccamaw was in North Carolina, to which Johnson replied that South Carolina claimed the land. Johnson also said that when the two met before the Board of Trade in London two years earlier, Burrington had "insisted that the Waccamaw should be the boundary from its mouth to its head, '' while South Carolina agreed the border should be located 30 miles from the mouth, not the source. Johnson said this was "only a mistake in wording it. ''
Both Carolinas selected commissioners to survey the line between them. The plan called for the line to run northwest to 35 degrees latitude, unless the Pee Dee River was reached first, in which case it would run along the Pee Dee to 35 degrees north. Then the line would run west to Catawba town, though if the town were north of the line, the line was to run around Catawba to keep it in South Carolina.
In May 1735, the surveyors went from the Cape Fear westward thirty miles along the coast. Then they turned northwest and marked the location with stakes. The surveyors agreed to meet again on September 18. However, only the North Carolina team returned at that time, extending the line northwest 70 miles. The South Carolina team arrived in October and only followed the previous line for 40 miles because they had not been paid. A deputy surveyor marked where the Pee Dee crossed the 35th parallel. An extension of the line in 1737 ran 22 miles to a stake in a meadow. However, the stake placed at the endpoint of the survey was 12 miles too far south.
In 1764, a second extension ran 62 miles westward. In 1772, after making adjustments to keep the Catawba Indians in South Carolina, "extended in a due west course from the confluence of the north and south forks of the Catawba River to Tryon Mountain. '' However, this extension was based on the erroneous position of the 1737 stake, removing 422,000 acres from South Carolina. Joseph Caldwell, president of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, found that the line west of the Pee Dee did not run along the 35th parallel, but 12 miles to the south. However, the western part of the line ran far enough to the north to make up for the difference. West of this point the border was shifted to run north of the 35th parallel so that the total areas of the states would return to what was intended, although the accuracy of this part of the survey was marred by a magnetic anomaly in the Charlotte, North Carolina area.
North Carolina did not agree to the line of 1772 until 1813. A 1905 survey determined the border between Scotland County, North Carolina and Marlboro County, South Carolina. A 1928 survey decided the border between Horry County, South Carolina and Brunswick and Columbus counties in North Carolina.
In the mid-1990s, Duke Energy determined that the border between the Carolinas needed to be re-surveyed, as the company was selling and donating land in the Jocassee Gorge area, which included parts of both states. Also, with more people living outside cities, the precise boundaries of fire, tax, and school district lines needed to be known. This was especially a problem in the mountains, where people had previously lived in valleys, not on the ridges where the border was. A 15 - year plan to re-establish the boundary began, using maps from the 1813 -- 1815 survey and GPS technology. A few stone markers still read, "NC / SC 1815 AD '' but other locations were marked with trees which no longer stand.
South Carolina had recently been involved in a costly legal battle with Georgia over a small number of islands in the Savannah River, and wanted to avoid the expense of a lawsuit regarding the North Carolina border, so the two states agreed in 1993 to cooperate in resurveying the border. The effort included using colonial - era maps to reconstruct the positions of trees making the border that had long since died, and tracking down the original positions of stone markers that had been moved.
After 18 years and $980,000, it was predicted that the process of determining the border between the Carolinas would be complete in 2012. Financial problems delayed the last survey until October 2012, meaning the results were not expected to be known until Spring 2013. It was found that a gas station and 30 homes could change states. Lake Wylie Mini Market has been located in South Carolina, along U.S. Route 321, and the move to North Carolina would result in higher gas taxes and change laws on beer and fireworks. The state legislatures involved expect to pass laws alleviating the concerns those changing states would face.
The Joint Boundary Commission met in February 2014 in Monroe, North Carolina to determine what actions still needed to be taken. The persons living in 50 homes that changed states would have to get driver 's licenses and register to vote in their new states. Legislative action could allow people to keep utilities, avoid back taxes to the new state, and continue in the same schools. Lake Wylie Minimarket could be grandfathered, or Congress could change the defined border at the store 's location, though the commission intended to avoid such an action. As of August 2014, the states were expected to pass legislation to mitigate many of the negative impacts to affected landowners.
On June 1, 2016, the South Carolina House of Representatives passed a bill setting the border. North Carolina 's Senate also passed a bill, which also had to clear the House. North Carolina Governor Pat McCrory signed his state 's bill in June. Three families who actually lived in North Carolina had South Carolina addresses, and 16 South Carolina residents had believed they lived in North Carolina. On December 9, 2016, McCrory announced that he signed a four - page executive order formally defining the border between the two states based on the 20 years of work.
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when was the last year lead paint was used | Lead paint - wikipedia
Lead paint or lead - based paint is paint containing lead. As pigment, lead (II) chromate (Pb Cr O, "chrome yellow ''), Lead (II, IV) oxide, (Pb O, "red lead ''), and lead (II) carbonate (Pb C O, "white lead '') are the most common forms. Lead is added to paint to accelerate drying, increase durability, maintain a fresh appearance, and resist moisture that causes corrosion. It is one of the main health and environmental hazards associated with paint. In some countries, lead continues to be added to paint intended for domestic use, whereas countries such as the U.S. and the UK have regulations prohibiting this, although lead paint may still be found in older properties painted prior to the introduction of such regulations. Although lead has been banned from household paints in the United States since 1978, paint used in road markings may still contain it. Alternatives such as water - based, lead - free traffic paint are readily available, and many states and federal agencies have changed their purchasing contracts to buy these instead.
Lead white was being produced during the 4th century BC; the process is described by Pliny the Elder, Vitruvius and the ancient Greek author Theophrastus.
The traditional method making the pigment was called the stack process. Hundreds or thousands of earthenware pots containing vinegar and lead were embedded in a layer of either tan bark or cow feces. The pots were designed so that the vinegar and lead were in separate compartments, but the lead was in contact with the vapor of the vinegar. The lead was usually coiled into a spiral, and placed on a ledge inside the pot. The pot was loosely covered with a grid of lead, which allowed the carbon dioxide formed by the fermentation of the tan bark or the dung to circulate in the pot. Each layer of pots was covered by a new layer of tan, then another layer of pots. the heat created by the fermentation, acetic acid vapor and carbon dioxide within the stack did their work, and within a month the lead coils were covered with a crust of white lead. This crust was separated from the lead, washed and ground for pigment. This was an extremely dangerous process for the workmen. Medieval texts warned of the danger of "apoplexy, epilepsy, and paralysis '' from working with lead white.
Despite the risks, the pigment was very popular with artists because of its density and opacity; a small amount could cover a large surface. It was widely used by artists until the 19th century, when it was replaced by zinc white and titanium white.
The dangers of lead paint were considered well - established by the beginning of the 20th century. In the July 1904 edition of its monthly publication, Sherwin - Williams reported the dangers of paint containing lead, noting that a French expert had deemed lead paint "poisonous in a large degree, both for the workmen and for the inhabitants of a house painted with lead colors ''. As early as 1886, German health laws prohibited women and children from working in factories processing lead paint and lead sugar.
Lead paint is hazardous. It can cause nervous system damage, stunted growth, kidney damage, and delayed development. It is dangerous to children because it tastes sweet, therefore encouraging children to put lead chips and toys with lead dust in their mouths. Lead paint is dangerous to adults and can cause reproductive problems in men or women. Decreases in sperm production in men have been noted. Lead is considered a possible and likely carcinogen. High levels may result in death.
The European Union has passed a directive controlling lead paint use.
In Canada, regulations were first enacted under the Hazardous Products Act in 1976 that limited lead content of paints and other liquid coatings on furniture, household products, children 's products, and exterior and interior surfaces of any building frequented by children to 0.5 % by weight. New regulations on surface coating materials, which came into force in 2005, further limit lead to its background level for both interior and exterior paints sold to consumers. Canadian paint manufacturers have been conforming to this background level in their interior and exterior consumer paints since 1991. Nevertheless, a Canadian company, Dominion Colour Corporation, is "the largest manufacturer of lead - based paint pigments in the world '' and has faced public criticism for obtaining permission from the European Chemicals Agency to continue to export lead chromate paints from its Dutch subsidiary to countries where its uses are not tightly regulated.
The United States ' Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) banned lead paint in 1977 in residential properties and public buildings (16 CFR 1303), along with toys and furniture containing lead paint. The cited reason was "to reduce the risk of lead poisoning in children who may ingest paint chips or peelings ''. For manufacturers, the CPSC instituted the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, which changed the cap on lead content in paint from 0.06 % to 0.009 % starting August 14, 2009.
In April 2010 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency required that all renovators working in homes built before 1978 and disturbing more than six square feet of lead paint inside the home or 20 square feet outside the home be certified. EPA 's Lead Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule (RRP Rule) lowers the risk of lead contamination from home renovation activities. It requires that firms performing renovation, repair, and painting projects that disturb lead - based paint in homes, child care facilities and pre-schools (any child occupied facility) built before 1978 be certified by EPA and use certified renovators who are trained by EPA - approved training providers to follow lead - safe work practices.
As of 2018, there are an estimated 37 million homes and apartments with lead paint in the United States.
Philippines banned lead pain in 2013 but in 2017 15 % of the paint still was not certified.
Lead paint is not prohibited in India. A 2015 study found that over 31 % of household paints in India had lead concentration above 10,000 parts per million (ppm), which far exceeds the BIS standard of 90 ppm for lead in paint.
In art, white lead paint is known as "flake white '' or "Cremnitz white ''. It is valued for the ease of handling and resilience the lead confers to oil paints. Lead white paint dries relatively quickly to form a strong, flexible paint film. Lead - based white is one of the oldest manufactured pigments. It was the only white pigment available to artists in appreciable quantities until the twentieth century, when zinc - white and titanium - white became available. Industrially produced lead white, the typical pigment from the 19th century until its ban, was thought to be inferior to traditionally fabricated forms, which had larger "flake '' particles that conferred ease of handling.
Titanium and zinc whites are far less toxic than lead white and have largely supplanted it in most fine arts applications. Safety regulations have also made lead white more expensive and difficult to obtain in some regions, such as the EU. However, lead white oil paints are still produced and in use by artists who prefer their unique handling, mixing, and structural qualities.
Flake white has various drawbacks, including a tendency to become transparent over time. It also blackens in the presence of certain atmospheric pollutants, although this can be reversed.
Lead is not a traditional pigment in water mediums, as zinc is superior for works on paper, as is calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) for frescos. Lead - based paints, when used on paper, often cause the work to become discolored after long periods of time; the paint 's lead carbonate reacts with hydrogen sulfide in the air and with acids, which often come from fingerprints.
Paint manufacturers have replaced white lead with a less toxic substitute, titanium white (based on the pigment titanium dioxide), which was first used in paints in the 19th century. Titanium dioxide is considered safe enough to use as a food coloring and in toothpaste. It is also a common ingredient in sunscreen. When used in paints today, it is often coated with silicon or aluminum oxides for durability. Titanium white has far greater opacity and tinting strength than lead white, and it can easily overpower most other pigments if not mixed carefully. Titanium white has been criticized for leading to "chalkiness '' in mixtures, and for allegedly decreasing the permanence of organic pigments mixed with it due to its high refractive index.
Zinc white is less opaque and weaker in tinting strength than either titanium white or lead white. It is commonly used to lighten mixtures subtly while maintaining transparency. Although zinc white is the standard white in watercolors, its structural soundness in oils has been debated. Zinc white dries slowly and creates a relatively inflexible paint film. Critics of the pigment argue that its use leads to excessive cracking and delamination, even when used sparingly.
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garth brooks until you come back to me again | When You Come Back to Me Again - Wikipedia
"When You Come Back to Me Again '' is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Garth Brooks. The other writer on the song was Jenny Yates. The song was recorded for the movie Frequency. It was then released in May 2000 as the lead single from the album, Scarecrow. Trisha Yearwood, who later became Brooks ' wife, provides harmony vocals. The song reached number 21 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) charts and peaked at number 23 on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. The song received a Golden Globe nomination in the category of Best Original Song.
The song is a ballad, penned, in part about Brooks ' mother 's death. He told Billboard magazine that the song is about lighthouses in his life. Brooks said, "that lighthouse is my mother, that lighthouse is also those people you played live to, that lighthouse is also the music because the music is like the air or the water, it simply is. ''
The music video was co-directed by Gerry Wenner and Brooks and premiered in May 2000. The video was put together with clips from the film as well as Brooks singing the song against a black background, wearing all black (the view only being a face shot). The video begins and ends with a glow of light from a lighthouse panning out across the screen. Once in each end of the video a figure (presumably Garth) can be seen on the far right of the screen during one of the light movements.
"When You Come Back to Me Again '' debuted at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the chart week of May 13, 2000.
In 2014, Steve Lawrence released a version of this song after watching the movie Frequency about three times on cable. While sitting in the audience at a Garth Brooks show in Las Vegas, Lawrence requested the song from the audience at the end of a show, but Brooks could n't see who had requested the song due to the arena spotlights.
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city in northern spain in the foothills of the pyrenees | Pyrenees - wikipedia
The Pyrenees (/ ˈpɪrɪniːz /; French: Pyrénées (piʁene), Spanish: Pirineos (piɾiˈneos), Aragonese: Pirineus, Catalan: Pirineus (piɾiˈnɛus), Occitan: Pirenèus, Basque: Pirinioak (piˈɾinioˌak)) is a range of mountains in southwest Europe that forms a natural border between Spain and France. Reaching a height of 3,404 metres (11,168 ft) altitude at the peak of Aneto, the range separates the Iberian Peninsula from the rest of continental Europe, and extends for about 491 km (305 mi) from the Bay of Biscay (Cap Higuer) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus).
For the most part, the main crest forms a divide between Spain and France, with the microstate of Andorra sandwiched in between. The Principality of Catalonia alongside with the Kingdom of Aragon in the Crown of Aragon, Occitania and the Kingdom of Navarre have historically extended on both sides of the mountain range, with smaller northern portions now in France and larger southern parts now in Spain.
The demonym for the noun "Pyrenees '' in English is Pyrenean.
In Greek mythology, Pyrene is a princess who gave her name to the Pyrenees. The Greek historian Herodotus says Pyrene is the name of a town in Celtic Europe. According to Silius Italicus, she was the virgin daughter of Bebryx, a king in Mediterranean Gaul by whom the hero Hercules was given hospitality during his quest to steal the cattle of Geryon during his famous Labors. Hercules, characteristically drunk and lustful, violates the sacred code of hospitality and rapes his host 's daughter. Pyrene gives birth to a serpent and runs away to the woods, afraid that her father will be angry. Alone, she pours out her story to the trees, attracting the attention of wild beasts who tear her to pieces.
After his victory over Geryon, Hercules passes through the kingdom of Bebryx again, finding the girl 's lacerated remains. As is often the case in stories of this hero, the sober Hercules responds with heartbroken grief and remorse at the actions of his darker self, and lays Pyrene to rest tenderly, demanding that the surrounding geography join in mourning and preserve her name: "struck by Herculean voice, the mountaintops shudder at the ridges; he kept crying out with a sorrowful noise ' Pyrene! ' and all the rock - cliffs and wild - beast haunts echo back ' Pyrene! '... The mountains hold on to the wept - over name through the ages. '' Pliny the Elder connects the story of Hercules and Pyrene to Lusitania, but rejects it as fabulosa, highly fictional.
Other classical sources derived the name from the Greek word for fire, Ancient Greek: πῦρ (IPA: / pŷːr /). According to Greek historian Diodorus Siculus "... in ancient times, we are told, certain herdsmen left a fire and the whole area of the mountains was entirely consumed; and due to this fire, since it raged continuously day after day, the surface of the earth was also burned and the mountains, because of what had taken place, were called the Pyrenees. ''
The Spanish Pyrenees are part of the following provinces, from east to west: Girona, Barcelona, Lleida (all in Catalonia), Huesca (in Aragon), Navarra (in Navarre) and Gipuzkoa (in the Basque Country).
The French Pyrenees are part of the following départements, from east to west: Pyrénées - Orientales (North Catalonia and Fenolheda), Aude, Ariège, Haute - Garonne, Hautes - Pyrénées, and Pyrénées - Atlantiques (the latter two of which include the Pyrenees National Park).
The independent principality of Andorra is sandwiched in the eastern portion of the mountain range between the Spanish Pyrenees and French Pyrenees.
Physiographically, the Pyrenees may be divided into three sections: the Atlantic (or Western), the Central, and the Eastern Pyrenees. Together, they form a distinct physiographic province of the larger Alpine System division.
In the Western Pyrenees, from the Basque mountains near the Bay of Biscay of the Atlantic Ocean, the average elevation gradually increases from west to east.
The Central Pyrenees extend eastward from the Somport pass to the Aran Valley, and they include the highest summits of this range:
In the Eastern Pyrenees, with the exception of one break at the eastern extremity of the Pyrénées Ariègeoises in the Ariège area, the mean elevation is remarkably uniform until a sudden decline occurs in the easternmost portion of the chain known as the Albères.
Most foothills of the Pyrenees are on the Spanish side, where there is a large and complex system of ranges stretching from Spanish Navarre, across northern Aragon and into Catalonia, almost reaching the Mediterranean coast with summits reaching 2,600 m (8,500 ft). At the eastern end on the southern side lies a distinct area known as the Sub-Pyrenees.
On the French side the slopes of the main range descend abruptly and there are no foothills except in the Corbières Massif in the northeastern corner of the mountain system.
The Pyrenees are older than the Alps: their sediments were first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras. Between 100 and 150 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous Period, the Bay of Biscay fanned out, pushing present - day Spain against France and applying intense compressional pressure to large layers of sedimentary rock. The intense pressure and uplifting of the Earth 's crust first affected the eastern part and moved progressively to the entire chain, culminating in the Eocene Epoch.
The eastern part of the Pyrenees consists largely of granite and gneissose rocks, while in the western part the granite peaks are flanked by layers of limestone. The massive and unworn character of the chain comes from its abundance of granite, which is particularly resistant to erosion, as well as weak glacial development.
The upper parts of the Pyrenees contain low - relief surfaces forming a peneplain. This peneplain originated no earlier than in Late Miocene times. Presumably it formed at height as extensive sedimentation raised the local base level considerably.
Conspicuous features of Pyrenean scenery are:
The highest waterfall is Gavarnie (462 m or 1,515 ft), at the head of the Gave de Pau; the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the same valley, together with the nearby Cirque de Troumouse and Cirque d'Estaubé, are notable examples of the cirque formation.
Low passes are lacking, and the principal roads and the railroads between France and Spain run only in the lowlands at the western and eastern ends of the Pyrenees, near sea level. The main passes of note are:
Because of the lack of low passes a number of tunnels have been created, beneath the passes at Somport, Envalira, and Puymorens and new routes in the center of the range at Bielsa and Vielha.
A notable visual feature of this mountain range is La Brèche de Roland, a gap in the ridge line, which -- according to legend -- was created by Roland.
The metallic ores of the Pyrenees are not in general of much importance now, though there were iron mines at several locations in Andorra, as well as at Vicdessos in Ariège, and the foot of Canigou in Pyrénées - Orientales long ago. Coal deposits capable of being profitably worked are situated chiefly on the Spanish slopes, but the French side has beds of lignite. The open pit of Trimoun near the commune of Luzenac (Ariège) is one of the greatest sources of talc in Europe.
Mineral springs are abundant and remarkable, and especially noteworthy are the hot springs. The hot springs, among which those of Les Escaldes in Andorra, Panticosa and Lles in Spain, Ax - les - Thermes, Bagnères - de-Luchon and Eaux - Chaudes in France may be mentioned, are sulfurous and mostly situated high, near the contact of the granite with the stratified rocks. The lower springs, such as those of Bagnères - de-Bigorre (Hautes - Pyrénées), Rennes - les - Bains (Aude), and Campagne - sur - Aude (Aude), are mostly selenitic and not hot.
The amount of precipitation the range receives, including rain and snow, is much greater in the western than in the eastern Pyrenees because of the moist air that blows in from the Atlantic Ocean over the Bay of Biscay. After dropping its moisture over the western and central Pyrenees, the air is left dry over the eastern Pyrenees. The winter average temperature is - 2 ° C (28.4 ° F).
Sections of the mountain range vary in more than one respect. There are some glaciers in the western and snowy central Pyrenees, but there are no glaciers in the eastern Pyrenees because there is insufficient snowfall to cause their development. Glaciers are confined to the northern slopes of the central Pyrenees, and do not descend, like those of the Alps, far down into the valleys but rather have their greatest lengths along the direction of the mountain chain. They form, in fact, in a narrow zone near the crest of the highest mountains. Here, as in the other great mountain ranges of central Europe, there is substantial evidence of a much wider expanse of glaciation during the glacial periods. The best evidence of this is in the valley of Argeles Gazost, between Lourdes and Gavarnie, in the département of Hautes - Pyrénées.
The annual snow - line varies in different parts of the Pyrenees from about 2,700 to 2,800 metres above sea level. In average the seasonal snow is observed at least 50 % of the time above 1,600 metres between December and April.
A still more marked effect of the preponderance of rainfall in the western half of the chain is seen in the vegetation. The lower mountains in the extreme west are wooded, but the extent of forest declines as one moves eastwards. The eastern Pyrenees are peculiarly wild and barren, all the more since it is in this part of the chain that granitic masses prevail. Also moving from west to east, there is a change in the composition of the flora, with the change becoming most evident as one passes the centre of the mountain chain from which point the Corbières stretch north - eastwards towards the central plateau of France. Though the difference in latitude is only about 1 °, in the west the flora resembles that of central Europe while in the east it is distinctly Mediterranean in character. The Pyrenees are nearly as rich in endemic species as the Alps, and among the most remarkable instances of that endemism is the occurrence of the monotypic genus Xatardia (family Apiaceae), which grows only on a high alpine pass between the Val d'Eynes and Catalonia. Other examples include Arenaria montana, Bulbocodium vernum, and Ranunculus glacialis. The genus most abundantly represented in the range is that of the saxifrages, several species of which are endemic here.
In their fauna the Pyrenees present some striking instances of endemism. The Pyrenean desman is found only in some of the streams of the northern slopes of these mountains; the only other desmans are confined to the rivers of the Caucasus in southern Russia. The Pyrenean euprocte (Euproctus pyrenaicus), an endemic relative of the salamander, also lives in streams and lakes located at high altitudes. Among other peculiarities of Pyrenean fauna are blind insects in the caverns of Ariège, the principal genera of which are Anophthalmus and Adelops.
The Pyrenean ibex mysteriously became extinct in January 2000; the native Pyrenean brown bear was hunted to near - extinction in the 1990s, but it was re-introduced in 1996 when three bears were brought from Slovenia. The bear population has bred successfully, and there are now believed to be about 15 brown bears in the central region around Fos, but only four native ones are still living in the Aspe Valley.
Principal nature reserves and national parks:
The Pyrenean region possesses a varied ethnology, folklore and history: see Andorra; Aragon; Ariège; Basque Country; Béarn; Catalonia; Navarre; Roussillon. For their history, see also Almogavars, Marca Hispanica.
The principal languages spoken in the area are Spanish, French, Aragonese, Catalan (in Catalonia and Andorra), and Basque. Also spoken, to a lesser degree, are the Occitan language (the Gascon and Languedocien dialects in France and the Aranese dialect in the Aran Valley).
An important feature of rural life in the Pyrenees is ' transhumance ', the moving of livestock from the farms in the valleys up to the higher grounds of the mountains for the summer. In this way the farming communities could keep larger herds than the lowland farms could support on their own. The principal animals moved were cows and sheep, but historically most members of farming families also moved to the higher pastures along with their animals, so they also took with them pigs, horses and chickens. Transhumance thus took the form of a mass biannual migration, moving uphill in May or June and returning to the farms in September or October. During the summer period, the families would live in basic stone cabins in the high mountains. Nowadays, industrialisation and changing agriculture practices have diminished the custom. However, the importance of transhumance continues to be recognised through its celebration in popular festivals.
The following is the complete list of the summits of the Pyrenees above three - thousand meters:
Both sides of the Pyrenees are popular spots for winter sports such as alpine skiing and mountaineering. The Pyrenees are also a good place for athletes to do high - altitude training in the summertime, such as by bicycling and cross-country running.
In the summer and the autumn, the Pyrenees are usually featured in two of cycling 's grand tours, the Tour de France held annually in July and the Vuelta a España held in September. The stages held in the Pyrenees are often crucial legs of both tours, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators to the region.
Three main long - distance footpaths run the length of the mountain range: the GR 10 across the northern slopes, the GR 11 across the southern slopes, and the HRP which traverses peaks and ridges along a high altitude route. In addition, there are numerous marked and unmarked trails throughout the region.
Pirena is a dog - mushing competition held in the Pyrenees.
Ski resorts in the Pyrenees include:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Pyrenees ''. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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what are the names of the tweenies characters | Tweenies - wikipedia
Tweenies is a British live action children 's television series created by Will Brenton and Iain Lauchlan. The programme is centred on four infant characters, known as the "Tweenies '', playing, singing and dancing in a fictional nursery. They are cared by two adult Tweenies and two dogs. Unlike the Teletubbies, the Tweenies are well developed and are able to communicate effectively.
390 episodes were broadcast between 6 September 1999 and 24 July 2002. In 2000, the show won a BAFTA award for Best Pre-school Live Action series, and singles featuring exclusive songs spent some weeks in the charts during the early 2000s. The series premiered on the BBC 's children 's block, and was repeated on CBeebies from the channel 's launch in 2002 until 2016. It was also shown on Noggin in the United States and in other countries worldwide.
The idea for the programme came from Iain Lauchlan and Will Brenton, a pair with a track record of being involved in BBC children 's programming. Together with Karl Woolley and Helen Cadwallader, they set up Tell - Tale Productions at Elstree Film Studios in Hertfordshire. Iain Lauchlan was a presenter on Play School, Fingermouse and Playdays, meeting Brenton, a director, writer and also a presenter, during the latter. Together they started producing two of the Playdays strands before forming their own production companies Tell - Tale Productions and, more recently, Wish Films. They also created The Fun Song Factory, Boo!, BB3B, Jim Jam and Sunny, Basil Hair The Squirrel and Entertainment Right 's The Magical Lives of Toys.
Tweenies is a production of Tell - Tale Productions in association with the BBC. Animation for the show was produced by A Productions, an animation studio based in Bristol, England, with Ealing Animation providing some animation in a few early episodes. Computer animation for the series was provided by Clockwork Digital, with Ben Mars animating Mungo, the computer creature who appears in some later episodes.
The characters are well developed and children are able to predict what their responses might be. The mixture of story, song and creative activity provides excellent opportunities for children to learn through play. Music plays an important part in the programme and children are encouraged to join in with songs and actions.
The programme is set in a nursery attended by the four Tweenies themselves: Bella, Milo, Fizz and the youngest, Jake. They are in the care of two adults, Max and Judy, and two dogs, Doodles & Izzles.
The show includes a "Tweenie Clock '', with five circular lights arranged in a pentagonal shape with the lights denoting "News Time '' (Circle Time in United States) -- Orange, "Messy Time '' -- Blue, "Song Time '' -- Yellow, "Telly Time '' (Video Time in United States) -- Green and "Story Time '' -- Red. "Surprise Time '' is a special time determined when all five lights glow. A button at the centre of the clock (Purple) is pressed to select the activity that will be undertaken next.
It was formerly shown on CBeebies, from 11 February 2002 until 1 April 2016. Like a number of other CBeebies programmes, a live stage version of the show has toured in the UK. The most recent tour, Top of the Tots, toured the British Isles during 2009, the series ' 10th anniversary. In addition, the tour also played several shows in Hong Kong in late September and early October 2009. The Tweenies were also regulars on the annual CBeebies Live tours around the British Isles. Between 2003 and 2005, there was also a Tweenies theme park, at Alton Towers in the Cred Street section aimed at younger children, which replaced the Barney section and then was removed in favour of Bob the Builder. In 2000, Tweenies won two awards: Best PreSchool Educational Program and Best Live Action PreSchool Programme.
The original prototypes for the Tweenies characters were designed by Sally Preisig of Mimics Productions; they were later re-scaled into two sizes for the characters shown on the series. In addition, Preisig also designed the character costumes and was co-constructor / developer for the Tweenies ' full - size puppets. The costume fabric comes from the UK and was imported and dyed into their present colours; it is about the same thickness as fleece jumpers.
Neal Scanlan Studios (Babe, Star Wars, etc.), made the Animatronic Tweenie heads.
The Tweenies consist of Bella, Milo, Fizz, Jake, Doodles, Izzles, Max, Judy, and are sometimes joined by Max 's sister Polly. Other characters have appeared occasionally, including Milo 's uncle, Mickey, his father, Jake 's mother, Fizz 's mother and father and Bella 's grandmother. There have also been several animated characters.
The four main characters appeared in the first episode Tweenie Band, which was filmed in 1998 at Elstree Studios & aired on 6 September in 1999.
The Tweenies were played by only one set of actors, while the voices and animatronics were provided by other actors. Unless otherwise indicated, all the following actors and voice talent were in the show from 1999 until its last episode, What Makes Summer? in July 2002.
Bella (operated by Tamsin Heatley 1999 - 2000; Esther Collins 2000 -- 02, voiced by Sally Preisig 1999 - 2000; Emma Weaver 2000 - 2002, Alyson Court in the US) is a five - year - old blue - skinned girl with blonde hair, usually accompanied with a red hair ribbon. As the oldest and tallest of the Tweenies, she has a very bossy attitude and likes her own way. Sometimes she causes things to go wrong with her overconfidence, but she apologises for her mistakes and can be helpful to the younger children. Her best friend is Fizz.
Milo (operated by C.H. Beck 1999 - 2000; Kate Ryan 2000 -- 2002, voiced by Bob Golding, Tracey Moore in the US) is a four - year - old purple - skinned boy with black hair. He is energetic, friendly and cheerful, though sometimes impulsive. His best friend is Jake. He has a mother named Mary, an unnamed father, a brother named Dean and an uncle named Mickey.
Fizz (operated by Jenny Hutchinson 1999 - 2000; Angela Reynolds 2000; Francesca Anderson 2001 -- 2002, voiced by Colleen Daley, Lisa Yamanaka in the US) is a four - year - old yellow - skinned girl with brown beaded hair. She is mild - mannered, but sometimes shy, and can get whiny and stroppy for the smallest reasons. Fizz 's best friend is Bella. She loves ballet, dressing up, and playing with dolls.
Jake (operated by Samantha Dodd 1999 - 2002; voiced by Justin Fletcher, Colin O'Meara in the US) is a three - year - old orange - skinned boy with a blonde mohican. Being the youngest Tweenie, he sometimes feels left out and excluded from the other Tweenies ' games when he is not big enough to join in. He is sweet and has a close bond with Doodles, but he sometimes shows signs of being homesick and is prone to temper tantrums when frustrated. He often gets words mixed up. His best friend is Milo. Jake has an unnamed brother and his uncle is Jewish.
Max (operated by Simon Grover; voiced by Bob Golding, James Rankin in the US) is a pink - skinned, middle - aged man who is one of the two managers of the playgroup of the Tweenies. He speaks with a slight Yorkshire accent.
Judy (operated by Simon Grover; voiced by Sinead Rushe, Caroly Larson in the US) is a green - skinned woman who is the other of the playgroup managers. She speaks with a Northern Irish accent.
Doodles (operated by Alan Riley; voiced by Justin Fletcher) is a red and yellow male dog.
Izzles (operated by Fiona Watkins; voiced by Colleen Daley) is a purple and white female dog, who was first introduced in 2001, as a companion for Doodles.
The Tweenies aired its first episode Tweenie Band on 6 September 1999 on its original programme block CBBC and last aired on 24 July 2002 with What Makes Summer? on its former channel CBeebies. In total, there are 390 episodes. There have been special episodes, such as a series of Be Safe With The Tweenies and expanded 40 minute episodes.
Episode 252, Favourite Songs, which first aired in March 2001 was banned by the BBC in January 2013 after the corporation received 216 complaints about a scene where Max appears dressed as disgraced TV presenter Jimmy Savile. The BBC had stopped the Tweenies from being repeated on CBeebies for four months due to the controversy. The episodes then started repeating again from June 2013 until April 2016.
Data from AllMusicCharts.com
Data from AllMusicCharts.com
The Tweenies went live on various occasions during the height of the programmes success from 1999 until 2003. They made their first live show debut in 1999 after the shows release, then again in 2000 and in 2002 for the Christmas special. These live appearances also include Top of the Pops specials with them performing their singles, including No. 1, Do The Lollipop and Have Fun Go Mad!.
These were released by BBC Worldwide and some various DVDs are still available in retailers.
Many of the above videos have also been dubbed into other languages. In addition, several of the Tweenies videos were produced in special versions for retailers with additional footage (for example, the "Party Games, Laughs & Giggles '' video distributed at Marks & Spencer stores carried two additional segments, adding ten minutes to the video 's running time). Many of the above videos were also released as DVDs under different names. iTunes has released a Best of Tweenies volume 1 which consists of the first six episodes of the series.
From 1999 until 2006, various books were released from Tweenies, based on the episodes that were mostly aired. There were also annuals that were released from 2001 -- 2006 and other books, based on each character from Tweenies.
From the late 90s into the early 2000s, the Tweenies were one of the most popular set of children 's TV characters at the time, which led to a wide range merchandise being sold. Many toys were sold in various retailers, such as Toys "R '' Us, Argos, & Woolworths. Merchandise included soft toys, playsets, collectible figures, board games, jigsaws and puzzles, talking toys, the video games Tweenies: Doodles ' Bones and Tweenies: Game Time, and many other products.
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how does ibuprofen inhibit the action of the cox enzyme | Ibuprofen - Wikipedia
Ibuprofen is a medication in the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class that is used for treating pain, fever, and inflammation. This includes painful menstrual periods, migraines, and rheumatoid arthritis. About 60 % of people improve with any given NSAID, and it is recommended that if one does not work then another should be tried. It may also be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a premature baby. It can be used by mouth or intravenously. It typically begins working within an hour.
Common side effects include heartburn and a rash. Compared to other NSAIDs it may have fewer side effects such as gastrointestinal bleeding. It increases the risk of heart failure, kidney failure, and liver failure. At low doses, it does not appear to increase the risk of heart attack; however, at higher doses it may. Ibuprofen can also result in worsened asthma. While it is unclear if it is safe in early pregnancy, it appears to be harmful in later pregnancy and therefore is not recommended. Like other NSAIDs, it works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins by decreasing the activity of the enzyme cyclooxygenase. Ibuprofen might be a weaker anti-inflammatory than other NSAIDs.
Ibuprofen was discovered in 1961 by Stewart Adams and initially marketed as Brufen. It is available under a number of trade names, including Advil and Motrin. It was first marketed in 1969 in the United Kingdom and in the United States in 1974. It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.01 and 0.04 USD per dose. In the United States it costs about 0.05 USD per dose.
Ibuprofen is used primarily to treat fever (including postimmunisation fever), mild to moderate pain (including pain relief after surgery), painful menstruation, osteoarthritis, dental pain, headaches, and pain from kidney stones. About 60 % of people respond to any NSAID; those who do not respond well to a particular one may respond to another.
It is used for inflammatory diseases such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also used for pericarditis and patent ductus arteriosus.
In some countries, ibuprofen lysine (the lysine salt of ibuprofen, sometimes called "ibuprofen lysinate '') is licensed for treatment of the same conditions as ibuprofen; the lysine salt is used because it is more water - soluble. In 2006, ibuprofen lysine was approved in the US by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for closure of patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants weighing between 500 and 1,500 grams (1 and 3 lb), who are no more than 32 weeks gestational age when usual medical management (such as fluid restriction, diuretics, and respiratory support) is not effective.
Adverse effects include nausea, dyspepsia, diarrhea, constipation, gastrointestinal ulceration / bleeding, headache, dizziness, rash, salt and fluid retention, and hypertension.
Infrequent adverse effects include esophageal ulceration, heart failure, hyperkalemia, renal impairment, confusion, and bronchospasm. Ibuprofen can exacerbate asthma, sometimes fatally.
Ibuprofen may be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum to demonstrate the presence of the drug in a person having experienced an anaphylactic reaction, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients, or assist in a medicolegal death investigation. A monograph relating ibuprofen plasma concentration, time since ingestion, and risk of developing renal toxicity in overdose patients has been published.
Along with several other NSAIDs, chronic ibuprofen use has been found correlated with risk of hypertension and myocardial infarction (heart attack), particularly among those treated chronically using high doses. In older hypertensive patients treated with hydrochlorothiazide, ibuprofen at a high daily dose was found to significantly increase systolic blood pressure. On 9 July 2015, the US FDA toughened warnings of increased heart attack and stroke risk associated with ibuprofen and related NSAIDs; the NSAID aspirin is not included in this warning.
Along with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been associated with the onset of bullous pemphigoid or pemphigoid - like blistering. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen has been reported to be a photosensitising agent, but it is considered a weak photosensitising agent compared to other members of the 2 - arylpropionic acid class. Like other NSAIDs, ibuprofen is an extremely rare cause of the autoimmune disease Stevens -- Johnson syndrome (SJS). Ibuprofen is also an extremely rare cause of Lyell 's Syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis).
Drinking alcohol when taking ibuprofen may increase the risk of stomach bleeding.
According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), "ibuprofen can interfere with the antiplatelet effect of low - dose aspirin, potentially rendering aspirin less effective when used for cardioprotection and stroke prevention. '' Allowing sufficient time between doses of ibuprofen and immediate - release (IR) aspirin can avoid this problem. The recommended elapsed time between a dose of ibuprofen and a dose of aspirin depends on which is taken first. It would be 30 minutes or more for ibuprofen taken after IR aspirin, and eight hours or more for ibuprofen taken before IR aspirin. However, this timing can not be recommended for enteric - coated aspirin. But, if ibuprofen is taken only occasionally without the recommended timing, the reduction of the cardioprotection and stroke prevention of a daily aspirin regimen is minimal.
Ibuprofen overdose has become common since it was licensed for OTC use. Many overdose experiences are reported in the medical literature, although the frequency of life - threatening complications from ibuprofen overdose is low. Human response in cases of overdose ranges from absence of symptoms to fatal outcome despite intensive - care treatment. Most symptoms are an excess of the pharmacological action of ibuprofen, and include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, headache, tinnitus, and nystagmus. Rarely, more severe symptoms, such as gastrointestinal bleeding, seizures, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalaemia, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, coma, liver dysfunction, acute renal failure, cyanosis, respiratory depression, and cardiac arrest have been reported. The severity of symptoms varies with the ingested dose and the time elapsed; however, individual sensitivity also plays an important role. Generally, the symptoms observed with an overdose of ibuprofen are similar to the symptoms caused by overdoses of other NSAIDs.
Correlation between severity of symptoms and measured ibuprofen plasma levels is weak. Toxic effects are unlikely at doses below 100 mg / kg, but can be severe above 400 mg / kg (around 150 tablets of 200 mg units for an average man); however, large doses do not indicate the clinical course is likely to be lethal. A precise lethal dose is difficult to determine, as it may vary with age, weight, and concomitant conditions of the individual person.
Therapy is largely symptomatic. In cases presenting early, gastric decontamination is recommended. This is achieved using activated charcoal; charcoal adsorbs the drug before it can enter the systemic circulation. Gastric lavage is now rarely used, but can be considered if the amount ingested is potentially life - threatening, and it can be performed within 60 minutes of ingestion. Emesis is not recommended. The majority of ibuprofen ingestions produce only mild effects and the management of overdose is straightforward. Standard measures to maintain normal urine output should be instituted and renal function monitored. Since ibuprofen has acidic properties and is also excreted in the urine, forced alkaline diuresis is theoretically beneficial. However, because ibuprofen is highly protein - bound in the blood, renal excretion of unchanged drug is minimal. Forced alkaline diuresis is, therefore, of limited benefit. Symptomatic therapy for hypotension, gastrointestinal bleeding, acidosis, and renal toxicity may be indicated. On occasion, close monitoring in an intensive - care unit for several days is necessary. A patient who survives the acute intoxication usually experiences no late sequelae.
A study of pregnant women suggests those taking any type or amount of NSAIDs (including ibuprofen, diclofenac and naproxen) were 2.4 times more likely to miscarry than those not taking the drugs. However, an Israeli study found no increased risk of miscarriage in the group of mothers using NSAIDs.
NSAIDs such as ibuprofen work by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H (PGH). PGH, in turn, is converted by other enzymes to several other prostaglandins (which are mediators of pain, inflammation, and fever) and to thromboxane A (which stimulates platelet aggregation, leading to the formation of blood clots).
Like aspirin and indomethacin, ibuprofen is a nonselective COX inhibitor, in that it inhibits two isoforms of cyclooxygenase, COX - 1 and COX - 2. The analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity of NSAIDs appears to operate mainly through inhibition of COX - 2, which decreases the synthesis of prostaglandins involved in mediating inflammation, pain, fever, and swelling. Antipyretic effects may be due to action on the hypothalamus, resulting in an increased peripheral blood flow, vasodilation, and subsequent heat dissipation. Inhibition of COX - 1 instead would be responsible for unwanted effects on the gastrointestinal tract. However, the role of the individual COX isoforms in the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and gastric damage effects of NSAIDs is uncertain and different compounds cause different degrees of analgesia and gastric damage.
Ibuprofen is administered as a racemic mixture. The R - enantiomer undergoes extensive interconversion to the S - enantiomer in vivo. The S - enantiomer is believed to be the more pharmacologically active enantiomer. The R - enantiomer is converted through a series of three main enzymes. These enzymes include acyl - CoA - synthetase, which converts the R - enantiomer to (-) - R - ibuprofen I - CoA; 2 - arylpropionyl - CoA epimerase, which converts (-) - R - ibuprofen I - CoA to (+) - S - Ibuprofen I - CoA; and hydrolase, which converts (+) - S - ibuprofen I - CoA to the S - enantiomer. In addition to the conversion of ibuprofen to the S - enantiomer, the body can metabolize ibuprofen to several other compounds, including numerous hydroxyl, carboxyl and glucuronyl metabolites. Virtually all of these have no pharmacological effects.
Ibuprofen is practically insoluble in water, but very soluble in most organic solvents like ethanol (66.18 g / 100mL at 40 ° C for 90 % EtOH), methanol, acetone and dichloromethane.
The original synthesis of ibuprofen by the Boots Group started with the compound 2 - methylpropylbenzene. The synthesis took six steps. A modern, greener technique for the synthesis involves only three steps.
It is an optically active compound with both S and R - isomers, of which the S (dextrorotatory) isomer is the more biologically active; this isomer has also been isolated and used medically (see dexibuprofen for details).
Ibuprofen is produced industrially as a racemate. The compound, like other 2 - arylpropionate derivatives (including ketoprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen, etc.), does contain a stereocenter in the α - position of the propionate moiety. So two enantiomers of ibuprofen occur, with the potential for different biological effects and metabolism for each enantiomer. Indeed, the (S) - (+) - ibuprofen (dexibuprofen) was found to be the active form both in vitro and in vivo.
An isomerase (alpha - methylacyl - CoA racemase) converts (R) - ibuprofen to the active (S) - enantiomer.
Ibuprofen was derived from propionic acid by the research arm of Boots Group during the 1960s. Its discovery was the result of research during the 1950s and 1960s to find a safer alternative to aspirin. It was discovered by a team led by Stewart Adams and the patent application was filed in 1961. Adams initially tested the drug as treatment for his hangover. The drug was launched as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in the United Kingdom in 1969, and in the United States in 1974. Later, in 1983 and 1984, it became the first NSAID (other than aspirin) to be available over the counter (OTC) in these two countries. Dr. Adams was subsequently awarded an OBE in 1987. Boots was awarded the Queen 's Award for Technical Achievement for the development of the drug in 1987.
Ibuprofen was made available under prescription in the United Kingdom in 1969, and in the United States in 1974. In the years since, the good tolerability profile, along with extensive experience in the population, as well as in so - called phase - IV trials (postapproval studies), have resulted in the availability of ibuprofen OTC in pharmacies worldwide, as well as in supermarkets and other general retailers. Ibuprofen is its INN, BAN, AAN and USAN approved name. Advil is manufactured by Pfizer and has been on the market since 1984.
Ibuprofen is commonly available in the United States up to the FDA 's 1984 dose limit OTC, rarely used higher by prescription. In 2009, the first injectable formulation of ibuprofen was approved in the United States, under the trade name Caldolor.
Ibuprofen is sometimes used for the treatment of acne because of its anti-inflammatory properties, and has been sold in Japan in topical form for adult acne. As with other NSAIDs, ibuprofen may be useful in the treatment of severe orthostatic hypotension (low blood pressure when standing up). In some studies, ibuprofen showed superior results compared with a placebo in the prevention of Alzheimer 's disease, when given in low doses over a long time.
Ibuprofen has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson 's disease, and may delay or prevent it. Aspirin, other NSAIDs, and paracetamol (acetaminophen) had no effect on the risk for Parkinson 's. In March 2011, researchers at Harvard Medical School announced in Neurology that ibuprofen had a neuroprotective effect against the risk of developing Parkinson 's disease. People regularly consuming ibuprofen were reported to have a 38 % lower risk of developing Parkinson 's disease, but no such effect was found for other pain relievers, such as aspirin and paracetamol. Use of ibuprofen to lower the risk of Parkinson 's disease in the general population would not be problem - free, given the possibility of adverse effects on the urinary and digestive systems.
Some dietary supplements might be dangerous to take along with ibuprofen and other NSAIDs, but as of 2016 more research needs to be conducted to be certain. These supplements include those that can prevent platelet aggregation, including ginkgo, garlic, ginger, bilberry, dong quai, feverfew, ginseng, turmeric, meadowsweet and willow, those that contain coumarin, including chamomile, horse chestnut, fenugreek and red clover, and those that increase the risk of bleeding, like tamarind.
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what is the role of acetylcholinesterase in the neuromuscular junction | Acetylcholinesterase - wikipedia
4EY7, 4PQE, 1F8U, 3LII, 4BDT, 4M0E, 4M0F, 1VZJ, 2X8B, 1B41, 4EY4, 4EY5, 4EY6, 4EY8, 5FOQ, 5HF9, 5HF6, 5FPQ, 5HF8, 5HFA
43
11423
ENSG00000087085
ENSMUSG00000023328
P22303
P21836
NM_000665 NM_001282449 NM_001302621 NM_001302622 NM_015831
NM_001290010 NM_009599
NP_000656 NP_001269378 NP_001289550 NP_001289551
NP_001276939 NP_033729
Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1. 1.7), also known as AChE or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and of some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters. AChE is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.
AChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity -- each molecule of AChE degrades about 25000 molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) per second, approaching the limit allowed by diffusion of the substrate. The active site of AChE comprises 2 subsites -- the anionic site and the esteratic subsite. The structure and mechanism of action of AChE have been elucidated from the crystal structure of the enzyme.
The anionic subsite accommodates the positive quaternary amine of acetylcholine as well as other cationic substrates and inhibitors. The cationic substrates are not bound by a negatively charged amino acid in the anionic site, but by interaction of 14 aromatic residues that line the gorge leading to the active site. All 14 amino acids in the aromatic gorge are highly conserved across different species. Among the aromatic amino acids, tryptophan 84 is critical and its substitution with alanine results in a 3000-fold decrease in reactivity. The gorge penetrates halfway through the enzyme and is approximately 20 angstroms long. The active site is located 4 angstroms from the bottom of the molecule.
The esteratic subsite, where acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to acetate and choline, contains the catalytic triad of three amino acids: serine 200, histidine 440 and glutamate 327. These three amino acids are similar to the triad in other serine proteases except that the glutamate is the third member rather than aspartate. Moreover, the triad is of opposite chirality to that of other proteases. The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl - enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl - enzyme undergoes nucleophilic attack by a water molecule, assisted by the histidine 440 group, liberating acetic acid and regenerating the free enzyme.
During neurotransmission, ACh is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, relaying the signal from the nerve. AChE, also located on the post-synaptic membrane, terminates the signal transmission by hydrolyzing ACh. The liberated choline is taken up again by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl - CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase.
A cholinomimetic drug disrupts this process by acting as a cholinergic neurotransmitter that is impervious to acetylcholinesterase 's lysing action.
For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, ACh must be released from the ACh receptor. This occurs only when the concentration of ACh in the synaptic cleft is very low. Inhibition of AChE leads to accumulation of ACh in the synaptic cleft and results in impeded neurotransmission.
Irreversible inhibitors of AChE may lead to muscular paralysis, convulsions, bronchial constriction, and death by asphyxiation. Organophosphates (OP), esters of phosphoric acid, are a class of irreversible AChE inhibitors. Cleavage of OP by AChE leaves a phosphoryl group in the esteratic site, which is slow to be hydrolyzed (on the order of days) and can become covalently bound. Irreversible AChE inhibitors have been used in insecticides (e.g., malathion) and nerve gases for chemical warfare (e.g., Sarin and Soman). Carbamates, esters of N - methyl carbamic acid, are AChE inhibitors that hydrolyze in hours and have been used for medical purposes (e.g., physostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma). Reversible inhibitors occupy the esteratic site for short periods of time (seconds to minutes) and are used to treat of a range of central nervous system diseases. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and donepezil are FDA - approved to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer 's disease. Rivastigmine is also used to treat Alzheimer 's and Lewy body dementia, and pyridostigmine bromide is used to treat myasthenia gravis.
An endogenous inhibitor of AChE in neurons is Mir - 132 microRNA, which may limit inflammation in the brain by silencing the expression of this protein and allowing ACh to act in an anti-inflammatory capacity.
It has also been shown that the main active ingredient in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol, is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.
AChE is found in many types of conducting tissue: nerve and muscle, central and peripheral tissues, motor and sensory fibers, and cholinergic and noncholinergic fibers. The activity of AChE is higher in motor neurons than in sensory neurons.
Acetylcholinesterase is also found on the red blood cell membranes, where different forms constitute the Yt blood group antigens. Acetylcholinesterase exists in multiple molecular forms, which possess similar catalytic properties, but differ in their oligomeric assembly and mode of attachment to the cell surface.
In mammals, acetylcholinesterase is encoded by a single AChE gene while some invertebrates have multiple acetylcholinesterase genes. Note higher vertebrates also encode a closely related paralog BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase) with 50 % amino acid identity to ACHE. Diversity in the transcribed products from the sole mammalian gene arises from alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational associations of catalytic and structural subunits. There are three known forms: T (tail), R (read through), and H (hydrophobic).
The major form of acetylcholinesterase found in brain, muscle, and other tissues, known as is the hydrophilic species, which forms disulfide - linked oligomers with collagenous, or lipid - containing structural subunits. In the neuromuscular junctions AChE expresses in asymmetric form which associates with ColQ or subunit. In the central nervous system it is associated with PRiMA which stands for Proline Rich Membrane anchor to form symmetric form. In either case, the ColQ or PRiMA anchor serves to maintain the enzyme in the intercellular junction, ColQ for the neuromuscular junction and PRiMA for synapses.
The other, alternatively spliced form expressed primarily in the erythroid tissues, differs at the C - terminus, and contains a cleavable hydrophobic peptide with a PI - anchor site. It associates with membranes through the phosphoinositide (PI) moieties added post-translationally.
The third type has, so far, only been found in Torpedo sp. and mice although it is hypothesized in other species. It is thought to be involved in the stress response and, possibly, inflammation.
The nomenclatural variations of ACHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at Cholinesterase § Types and nomenclature.
For acetylcholine esterase (AChE), reversible inhibitors are those that do not irreversibly bond to and deactivate AChE. Drugs that reversibly inhibit acetylcholine esterase are being explored as treatments for Alzheimer 's disease and myasthenia gravis, among others. Examples include tacrine and donepezil.
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neil diamond girl you'll be a woman soon youtube | Girl, You 'll be a Woman Soon - wikipedia
"Girl, You 'll Be a Woman Soon '' is a song written by American musician Neil Diamond, whose recording of it on Bang Records reached number 10 on the US pop singles chart in 1967. The song enjoyed a second life when it appeared on the 1994 Pulp Fiction soundtrack, performed by rock band Urge Overkill. Other versions have been recorded by Cliff Richard (1968), Jackie Edwards (1968), the Biddu Orchestra (1978), and 16 Volt (1998).
The song first appeared on Diamond 's album Just for You. The mono and stereo versions of this song differ slightly. On the mono "Just For You '' LP as well as on the 45, the strings do not come in until the second verse. It also has a slightly longer fade. The stereo "Just For You '' LP version has a shorter fade and the strings come in on the first chorus.
Cliff Richard covered the song as the B - side to his 1968 single I 'll Love You Forever Today, which featured in the movie Two a Penny.
In 1992, the alternative rock band Urge Overkill recorded a cover of the song for their EP Stull. This version would later be featured in Quentin Tarantino 's 1994 film Pulp Fiction. Re-issued as a single, this version achieved chart success both domestically and internationally.
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emma darcy the father of her child uploady | Emma Darcy - Wikipedia
Emma Darcy is the pseudonym used by the Australian husband -- wife writing team of Wendy Brennan (b. 28 November 1940) and Frank Brennan (1936 - 95), they wrote in collaboration over 45 romance novels. In 1993, for the Emma Darcy pseudonym 's 10th anniversary, they created the "Emma Darcy Award Contest '' to encourage authors to finish their manuscripts. After the death of Frank Brennan in 1995, Wendy now writes the books on her own. Wendy lives in New South Wales, Australia.
Darcy sold 60 million books from 1983 to 2001, and averaged six new books per year.
In 2002, Darcy 's first crime novel Who Killed Angelique? won the Ned Kelly Award for Best First Novel. In 2003, the next novel, Who Killed Bianca, was a finalist for the Ned Kelly Award for Best Novel.
Wendy (born 28 November 1940) has an Honours degree in Latin and worked as a high school English teacher. She was reputedly the first woman computer programmer in the southern hemisphere.
Frank Brennan was a businessman. He died in 1995.
Frank Brennan and Wendy married, and she left her job. The marriage had three sons. They are voracious readers, and they decided to write their own novels under the pseudonym Emma Darcy.
Widowed, Wendy now lives in New South Wales, Australia with 5 grandchildren and 3 adult sons.
As Emma Darcy, they sold her first novels in 1983. Darcy sold 60 million books from 1983 to 2001, and averaged six new books per year.
In 2002, Darcy 's first crime novel Who Killed Angelique? won the Ned Kelly Award for Best First Novel. In 2003, the next novel, Who Killed Bianca, was a finalist for the Ned Kelly Award for Best Novel.
In 1993 Frank and Wendy Brennan created the "Emma Darcy Award Contest '' to encourage authors to finish their manuscripts. It had a prize of $2,000 and a guarantee that the manuscript would be seen by an acquiring editor.
Winners:
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what caused the christian church to divide into two branches | East -- West Schism - Wikipedia
The East -- West Schism, also called the Great Schism and the Schism of 1054, was the break of communion between what are now the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox churches, which has lasted since the 11th century.
A succession of ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes between the Greek East and Latin West pre-dated the formal rupture that occurred in 1054. Prominent among these were the issues of the source of the Holy Spirit, whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist, the Bishop of Rome 's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of the See of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.
In 1053, the first step was taken in the process which led to formal schism: the Greek churches in southern Italy were forced either to close or to conform to Latin practices. In retaliation, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Michael I Cerularius ordered the closure of all Latin churches in Constantinople. In 1054, the papal legate sent by Leo IX travelled to Constantinople for purposes that included refusing to Cerularius the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch '' and insisting that he recognize the Pope 's claim to be the head of all the churches. The main purpose of the papal legation was to seek help from the Byzantine Emperor in view of the Norman conquest of southern Italy and to deal with recent attacks by Leo of Ohrid against the use of unleavened bread and other Western customs, attacks that had the support of Cerularius. Historian Axel Bayer says the legation was sent in response to two letters, one from the Emperor seeking assistance in arranging a common military campaign by the eastern and western empires against the Normans, and the other from Cerularius. On the refusal of Cerularius to accept the demand, the leader of the legation, Cardinal Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., excommunicated him, and in return Cerularius excommunicated Humbert and the other legates. This was only the first act in a centuries - long process that eventually became a complete schism.
The validity of the Western legates ' act is doubtful, since pope Leo had died and Cerularius ' excommunication applied only to the legates personally. Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed, with each side sometimes accusing the other of having fallen into heresy and of having initiated the division. The Crusades, the Massacre of the Latins in 1182, the West 's retaliation in the Sacking of Thessalonica in 1185, the capture and Siege of Constantinople in 1204, and the imposition of Latin patriarchs made reconciliation more difficult. Establishing Latin hierarchies in the Crusader states meant that there were two rival claimants to each of the patriarchal sees of Antioch, Constantinople, and Jerusalem, making the existence of schism clear. Several attempts at reconciliation did not bear fruit. In 1965, Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Athenagoras I nullified the anathemas of 1054, although this nullification of measures taken against a few individuals was essentially a goodwill gesture and did not constitute any sort of reunion. Contacts between the two sides continue: every year a delegation from each joins in the other 's celebration of its patronal feast, Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) for Rome and Saint Andrew (30 November) for Constantinople, and there have been a number of visits by the head of each to the other. The efforts of the Ecumenical Patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church have often been the target of sharp criticism from some fellow Orthodox.
The schism between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Christians resulted from a variety of political, cultural and theological factors which transpired over centuries. Historians regard the mutual excommunications of 1054 as the terminal event. It is difficult to agree on an exact date for the event where the start of the schism was apparent. It may have started as early as the Quartodeciman controversy at the time of Victor of Rome (c. 180). Orthodox apologists point to this incident as an example of claims by Rome to papal primacy and its rejection by Eastern Churches.
Sporadic schisms in the common unions took place under Pope Damasus I in the 4th and 5th centuries. Disputes about theological and other questions led to schisms between the Churches in Rome and Constantinople for 37 years from 482 to 519 (the Acacian Schism). Most sources agree that the separation between East and West is clearly evident by the Photian schism for 13 years from 866 -- 879.
Apart from Rome in the West, "many major Churches of the East claim to have been founded by the apostles: Antioch by Peter and Paul, Alexandria by Mark, Constantinople by Andrew, Cyprus by Barnabas, Ethiopia by Matthew, India by Thomas, Edessa in eastern Syria by Thaddeus, Armenia by Bartholomew, Georgia by Simon the Zealot. '' Famous also are the seven churches of Asia (the Roman province of Asia), mentioned in the opening chapters of the Book of Revelation.
While the church at Rome claimed a special authority over the other churches, the extant documents of that era yield "no clear - cut claims to, or recognition, of papal primacy. ''
Towards the end of the 2nd century, Victor, the Bishop of Rome, attempted to resolve the Quartodeciman controversy. The question was whether to celebrate Easter concurrently with the Jewish Passover, as Christians in the Roman province of Asia did, or to wait until the following Sunday, as was unanimously decreed by synods held in other Eastern provinces, such as those of Palestine and Pontus, the acts of which were still extant at the time of Eusebius, and in Rome. The pope attempted to excommunicate the churches in Asia, which refused to accept the observance on Sunday. Other bishops rebuked him for doing so. Laurent Cleenewerck comments:
Victor obviously claimed superior authority, probably from St. Peter, and decided -- or at least "attempted '' to excommunicate a whole group of Churches because they followed a different tradition and refused to conform. One could therefore argue that the Great schism started with Victor, continued with Stephen and remained underground until the ninth century! But the question is this: even if Victor was not acting wisely, did he not have the power to "cut off whole Churches ''? This is what Roman Catholics argue with the implication that such an excommunication would be ontologically meaningful and put someone "outside the Catholic Church ''. Yet, we do not see bishops "pleading '' but indeed "sharply rebuking '' and "admonishing '' Victor. Ultimately this is why his letters of excommunication came to no effect. Nevertheless it is possible to read in Eusebius ' account the possibility that St. Irenaeus recognized that Victor could indeed "cut off whole Churches '' and that such excommunication would have been ontologically meaningful... In the end, it took some patience and an Ecumenical Council to achieve what Victor could not achieve by his threat to excommunicate.
Despite Victor 's failure to carry out his intent to excommunicate the Asian churches, many Catholic apologists point to this episode as evidence of papal primacy and authority in the early Church, citing the fact that none of the bishops challenged his right to excommunicate but rather questioned the wisdom and charity of his action.
The opinion of the Bishop of Rome was often sought, especially when the patriarchs of the Eastern Mediterranean were locked in fractious dispute. However, the Bishop of Rome 's opinion was by no means accepted automatically. The bishops of Rome never obviously belonged to either the Antiochian or the Alexandrian schools of theology, and usually managed to steer a middle course between whatever extremes were being propounded by theologians of either school. Because Rome was remote from the centres of Christianity in the eastern Mediterranean, it was frequently hoped its bishop would be more impartial. For instance, in 431, Cyril, the patriarch of Alexandria, appealed to Pope Celestine I, as well as the other patriarchs, charging Constantinople Patriarch Nestorius with heresy, which was dealt with at the Council of Ephesus.
In 342, Pope Julius I wrote: "The custom has been for word to be written first to us (in the case of bishops under accusation, and notably in apostolic churches), and then for a just sentence to be passed from this place ''.
In 382 a synod in Rome protested against the raising of Constantinople to a position above that of Alexandria, and spoke of Rome as "the apostolic see ''. Pope Siricius (384 -- 399) claimed for papal decretals the same binding force as decisions of synods, Pope Innocent I (401 -- 417) said that all major judicial cases should be reserved for the see of Rome, and Pope Boniface I (418 -- 422) declared that the church of Rome stands to "the churches throughout the world as the head to its members '' and that bishops everywhere, while holding the one same episcopal office, must "recognise those to whom, for the sake of ecclesiastical discipline, they should be subject ''. Celestine I (r. 422 -- 432) considered that the condemnation of Nestorius by his own Roman synod in 430 was sufficient, but consented to the general council as "of benefit in manifesting the faith '' Pope Leo I and his successors rejected canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon, as a result of which it was not officially recorded even in the East until the 6th century. The Acacian schism (484 -- 519), when, "for the first time, West lines up against East in a clear - cut fashion '', ended with acceptance of a declaration insisted on by Pope Hormisdas (514 -- 523) that "I hope I shall remain in communion with the apostolic see in which is found the whole, true, and perfect stability of the Christian religion ''. Earlier, in 494, Pope Gelasius I (492 -- 496) wrote to Byzantine Emperor Anastasius, distinguishing the power of civil rulers from that of the bishops (called "priests '' in the document), with the latter supreme in religious matters; he ended his letter with: "And if it is fitting that the hearts of the faithful should submit to all priests in general who properly administer divine affairs, how much the more is obedience due to the bishop of that see which the Most High ordained to be above all others, and which is consequently dutifully honoured by the devotion of the whole Church. '' Pope Nicholas I (858 -- 867) made it clear that he believed the power of the papacy extended "over all the earth, that is, over every church ''.
In 330, Emperor Constantine moved the imperial capital to Byzantium, a strategically located city on the Bosporus. He renamed the capital Nova Roma ("New Rome ''), but the city would become known as Constantinople. The centre of gravity in the empire was fully recognised to have completely shifted to the eastern Mediterranean. Rome lost the Senate to Constantinople and lost its status and gravitas as imperial capital.
The bishop of Byzantium was under the authority of the metropolitan of Heraclea when in 330 Roman Emperor Constantine I moved his residence to this town, which, rebuilt on a larger scale, became known as Constantinople. Thereafter, the bishop 's connection with the imperial court meant that he was able to free himself from ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain recognition of next - after - Rome ranking from the First Council of Constantinople (381), held in the new capital. No Western bishop took part in this council, and the Latin Church recognized it as ecumenical only in the mid-6th century. It decreed: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome '', thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch. This has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome that was a factor leading to the schism between East and West. The website of the Orthodox Church in America says that the Bishop of Byzantium was elevated to Patriarch already in the time of Constantine.
Disunion in the Roman Empire contributed to disunion in the Church. Theodosius the Great, who in 380 established Nicene Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire (see Edict of Thessalonica), was the last Emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire. Following the death of Theodosius in 395, the Empire was divided for the final time into western and eastern halves. In the 4th century, the Roman emperor (reigning in Constantinople) started to control the Church in his territory.
The patriarchs of Constantinople often tried to adopt an imperious position over the other patriarchs, provoking their resistance. For example, in 431 Patriarch Cyril, of Alexandria, impeached for heresy, Patriarch Nestorius, of Constantinople.
Alexandria 's objections to Constantinople 's promotion, which led to a constant struggle between the two sees in the first half of the 5th century, were supported by Rome, which proposed the theory that the most important sees were the three Petrine ones, of Rome, Antioch, and Alexandria, with Rome in first place.
However, the power of the patriarch of Constantinople continued to grow. Eastern Orthodox state that the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon (451) explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople, and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople. The patriarch of the imperial capital succeeded in his efforts to become the leading bishop in the Byzantine Empire: he "headed a vast curia and other bishops who resided in Constantinople constituted a permanent synod, which became the real governing body of the church ''.
Patriarch John IV of Constantinople, who died in 595, assumed the title of "Ecumenical Patriarch ''.
The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople, primacy in the Church was also transferred, is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus (c. 490 -- c. 570). It was enunciated in its most advanced form by Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810 -- c. 893). Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates and, like the emperor, had the right to govern them.
After the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great legalized Christianity (with the Edict of Milan), he summoned the First Ecumenical Council at Nicaea in 325. The bishops at the council confirmed the position of the metropolitan sees of Rome and Alexandria as having authority outside their own province, and also the existing privileges of the churches in Antioch and the other provinces. These sees were later called Patriarchates. These were given an order of precedence: Rome, as capital of the empire was naturally given first place, then came Alexandria and Antioch. In a separate canon the Council also approved the special honor given to Jerusalem over other sees subject to the same metropolitan.
Roman dominate Emperor Theodosius I convened the second ecumenical council (Constantinople I) at the imperial capital city in 381. The council elevated the see of Constantinople, to a position ahead of the other chief metropolitan sees, except that of Rome thus raising it above the sees of Alexandria and Antioch. This action has been described as sowing the seed for the ecclesiastical rivalry between Constantinople and Rome which was ultimately a factor leading to the schism between East and West. It demarcated the territory within the praetorian prefecture of the East into five canonical territories corresponding to the five civil dioceses: Diocese of Egypt (metropolis in Alexandria), Diocese of the East (metropolis in Antioch), Diocese of Asia (Metropolis of Ephesus), Diocese of Pontus (metropolis in Caesarea Cappadociae), and Diocese of Thrace (metropolis in Heraclea, later under Constantinople); The council mentioned the churches in the civil dioceses of Asia, Pontus, and Thrace, it decreed that the synod of each province should manage the ecclesiastical affairs of that province alone, except for the privileges already recognized for sees of Alexandria and Antioch.
No Western bishops attended the council and no legate of the bishop of Rome was present. The Latin Church recognized the council as ecumenical about 150 years later, in the mid-6th century.
Rome 's Tome of Leo (449) was highly regarded, and formed the basis for the Council of Chalcedon formulation. But it was not universally accepted and was even called "impious '' and "blasphemous '' by those who condemned the council that approved and accepted it. The next ecumenical council corrected a possible imbalance in Pope Leo 's presentation. Although the Bishop of Rome was well respected even at this early date, the East holds that the concept of the primacy of the Roman See and Papal Infallibility were only developed much later.
The disputed canon 28 of the Council of Chalcedon in 451, confirming the authority already held by Constantinople, granted its archbishop jurisdiction over Pontus and Thrace.
The council also ratified an agreement between Antioch and Jerusalem, whereby Jerusalem held jurisdiction over three provinces, numbering it among the five great sees. As thus interpreted, there were now five patriarchs presiding over the Church within the Byzantine Empire, in the following order of precedence: the Patriarch of Rome, the Patriarch of Constantinople, the Patriarch of Alexandria, the Patriarch of Antioch and the Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Although Leo I, whose delegates were absent when this resolution was passed, recognized the council as ecumenical and confirmed its doctrinal decrees, he rejected its canon 28 on the ground that it contravened the sixth canon of Nicaea and infringed the rights of Alexandria and Antioch. However, by that time Constantinople, the permanent residence of the emperor, had in reality enormous influence, and had it not been for the opposition of Rome, its bishop could easily have been given first place among all the bishops.
This canon would remain a constant source of friction between East and West, until the mutual excommunications of 1054 made it irrelevant in that regard; but controversy about its applicability to the authority of the patriarchate of Constantinople still continues.
The same disputed canon also recognized an authority of Constantinople over bishops of dioceses "among the barbarians '', which has been variously interpreted as referring either to all areas outside the Byzantine Empire or only to those in the vicinity of Pontus, Asia and Thrace or to non-Greeks within the empire.
Canon 9 of the Council also declared: "If a bishop or clergyman should have a difference with the metropolitan of the province, let him have recourse to the Exarch of the Diocese, or to the throne of the Imperial City of Constantinople, and there let it be tried. '' This has been interpreted as conferring on the see of Constantinople a greater privilege than what any council ever gave Rome, or as of much lesser significance than that.
After the Council of Chalcedon (451), the position of the Patriarchate of Alexandria was weakened by a division in which the great majority of its Christian population followed the form of Christianity that its opponents called Monophysitism.
In 476, when the last emperor of the western part of the Roman Empire was deposed and the western imperial insignia were sent to Constantinople, there was once again a single Roman Emperor. However, he had little power in the West, which was ruled almost entirely by various Germanic tribes. In the opinion of Randall R. Cloud, the permanent separation of the Greek East from the Latin West was "the fundamental reason for the estrangement that soon followed between the Greek and the Latin Christians ''.
The dominant language of the West was Latin, while that of the East was Greek. Soon after the fall of the West to invaders, the number of individuals who spoke both languages dwindled, and communication between East and West grew much more difficult. With linguistic unity gone, cultural unity began to crumble as well. The two halves of the Church were naturally divided along similar lines; they developed different rites and had different approaches to religious doctrines. Although the schism was still centuries away, its outlines were already perceptible.
In the areas under his control, Justinian I established caesaropapism as the constitution of the Church in a scheme according to which the emperor "had the right and duty of regulating by his laws the minutest detail of worship and discipline, and also of dictating the theological opinions to be held in the Church ''. According to the Westminster Dictionary of Theological Terms, this caesaropapism was "a source of contention between Rome and Constantinople that led to the schism of 1054 ''. Explicit approval of the emperor in Constantinople was required for consecration of bishops within the empire. During the period called the Byzantine Papacy, this applied to the bishops of Rome, most of whom were of Greek or Syrian origin. Resentment in the West against the Byzantine emperor 's governance of the Church is shown as far back as the 6th century, when "the tolerance of the Arian Gothic king was preferred to the caesaropapist claims of Constantinople ''. The origins of the distinct attitudes in West and East are sometimes traced back even to Augustine of Hippo, who "saw the relationship between church and state as one of tension between the ' city of God ' and the ' city of the world ' '', and Eusebius, who "saw the state as the protector of the church and the emperor as God 's vicar on earth ''.
By 661, Muslim Arabs had taken over the territories assigned to the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, which thereafter were never more than partially and temporarily recovered. In 732, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, in revenge for the opposition of Pope Gregory III to the emperor 's iconoclast policies, transferred Sicily, Calabria and Illyria from the patriarchate of Rome (whose jurisdiction until then extended as far east as Thessalonica) to that of Constantinople. The Constantinople patriarchate, after expanding eastward at the time of the Council of Chalcedon to take in Pontus and the Roman province of Asia, which at that time were still under the emperor 's control, thus expanded equally to the west, and was practically coextensive with the Byzantine Empire.
The West 's rejection of the Quinisext Council of 692 led to pressure from the Eastern Empire on the West to reject many Latin customs as non-Orthodox. The Latin practices that had got the attention of the other Patriarchates and that had been condemned by this Council included the practice of celebrating Mass on weekdays in Lent (rather than having Pre-Sanctified Liturgies); fasting on Saturdays throughout the year; omitting the "Alleluia '' in Lent; depicting Christ as a lamb; using unleavened bread. Larger disputes were revealed regarding Eastern and Western attitudes toward celibacy for priests and deacons, with the Council affirming the right of married men to become priests (though forbidding priests to marry and forbidding bishops to live with their wives) and prescribing deposition for anyone who attempted to separate a clergyman other than a bishop from his wife, or for any cleric other than a bishop who dismissed his wife.
Pope Sergius I, who was of Syrian ancestry, rejected the council. Emperor Justinian II ordered his arrest. This was thwarted.
In 694, in Visigothic Spain, the council was ratified by the Eighteenth Council of Toledo at the urging of the king, Wittiza. Fruela I of Asturias reversed the decision of Toledo sometime during his reign (757 -- 768).
The primary causes of the schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority -- Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs -- and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014. Eastern Orthodox today state that Council of Chalcedon canon 28 explicitly proclaimed the equality of the Bishops of Rome and Constantinople and that it established the highest court of ecclesiastical appeal in Constantinople. Council of Ephesus canon 7 declared:
It is unlawful for any man to bring forward, or to write, or to compose a different (ἑτέραν) Faith as a rival to that established by the holy Fathers assembled with the Holy Ghost in Nicæa. But those who shall dare to compose a different faith, or to introduce or offer it to persons desiring to turn to the acknowledgment of the truth, whether from Heathenism or from Judaism, or from any heresy whatsoever, shall be deposed, if they be bishops or clergymen; bishops from the episcopate and clergymen from the clergy; and if they be laymen, they shall be anathematized
Eastern Orthodox today state that this canon of the Council of Ephesus explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325, the wording of which, it is claimed, but not the substance, had been modified by the second Ecumenical Council, making additions such as "who proceeds from the Father ''.
Eastern Orthodox argue that First Council of Ephesus canon 7 explicitly prohibited modification of the Nicene Creed by any man (not by ecumenical church council) drawn up by the first Ecumenical Council in 325. In reality, the Council made no exception for an ecumenical council or any other body of bishops, and the Greeks participating in the Council of Florence emphatically denied that even an ecumenical council had the power to add anything to the creed. The creed quoted in the Acts of the Council of Ephesus of 431 (the third ecumenical council) is that of the first ecumenical council, that of Nicaea (325), without the modifications that the second ecumenical council, held in Constantinople in 381, is understood to have made to it, such as the addition of "who proceeds from the Father ''. Eastern Orthodox theologians state this change of the wording of the churches ' original creed, was done to address various teachings outside of the church in specific the Macedonius I of Constantinople teaching which the council claimed was a distortion of the church 's teaching on the Holy Spirit. This was not a change of the orthodoxy of the churches ' original creed. Thus the word ἑτέραν in the seventh canon of the later Council of Ephesus is understood as meaning "different '' or "contradictory '' and not "another '' in the sense of mere explanatory additions to the already existing creed. Some scholars hold that the additions attributed to the First Council of Constantinople were adopted only with the 451 Council of Chalcedon, 20 years after that of Ephesus, and even that the Council of Ephesus, in which Alexandrian influence was dominant, was by this canon excluding the Constantinopolitan Creed, which eventually annexed the name and fame of the creed adopted at Nicaea.
Many other issues increased tensions.
In Eastern Christendom, the teaching of papal supremacy is said to be based on the pseudo-Isidorian Decretals, documents attributed to early popes but actually forged, probably in the second quarter of the 9th century, with the aim of defending the position of bishops against metropolitans and secular authorities. The Orthodox East contests the teaching that Peter was the Patriarch of Rome, a title that the West too does not give him. Early sources such as St. Irenaeus can be interpreted as describing Pope Linus as the first bishop of Rome and Pope Cletus the second. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes states: "In the late 2nd or early 3rd cent. the tradition identified Peter as the first bishop of Rome. This was a natural development once the monarchical episcopate, i.e. government of the local church by a single bishop, as distinct from a group of presbyter bishops, finally emerged in Rome in the mid-2nd cent. The earlier tradition, however, which placed Peter and Paul in a class apart as the pioneers who together established the Roman church and its ministry, was never lost sight of. '' St. Peter was according to tradition bishop of Antioch at one point, and was then succeeded by Evodius and Ignatius. The Eastern Orthodox do not hold the primacy of the Pope of Rome over the Eastern church; they teach that the Pope of Rome is the first among equals. The first seven Ecumenical Councils were held in the East and called by the Eastern Emperors, Roman pontiffs never presided over any of them.
Three councils were held, two by Constantinople, one by Rome. Rome attempted to replace a seated Patriarch with one amenable to the Filioque dispute. The Orthodox responded by denouncing the replacement and excommunicating the pope convening the Roman council, denouncing the pope 's attempt to control affairs outside the purview of Rome, and denouncing the addition of Filioque as a heresy. Each church recognizes its own council (s) as legitimate and does not recognize the other 's council (s).
In 1053 Leo of Ohrid, at the instigation, according to J.B. Bury, of Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople, wrote to Bishop John of Trani a letter, intended for all the Latin bishops, including the pope, in which he attacked Western practices such as using unleavened bread for the Eucharist, and fasting rules that differed from those in Constantinople, while Cerularius himself closed all Latin churches in Constantinople.
In response, Leo IX wrote the letter In terra pax of 2 September 1053, addressed to Cerularius and Leo of Ohrid, in which he speaks at length of the privileges granted through Saint Peter to the see of Rome. In one of the 41 sections of his letter he also speaks of privileges granted by the emperors, quoting from the Donation of Constantine document, which he believed to be genuine (section 20). Some scholars say that this letter was never actually dispatched, but was set aside, and that the papal reply actually sent was the softer but still harsh letter Scripta tuae of January 1054.
The advance of the Norman conquest of southern Italy constituted a threat to the possessions of both the Byzantine Empire and the papacy, each of which sought the support of the other. Accordingly, conciliatory letters, the texts of which have not been preserved, were written to the pope by the emperor and Cerularius. In his January 1054 reply to the emperor, Quantas gratias, Leo IX asks for his assistance against the Normans and complains of what the pope saw as Caerularius 's arrogance. In his reply to Caerularius, he upbraided the patriarch for trying to subject the patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch to himself and for adopting the title of Ecumenical Patriarch, and insisted on the primacy of the see of Rome.
These two letters were entrusted to a delegation of three legates headed by the undiplomatic Humbert of Silva Candida. They were given friendship and support by the emperor but were spurned by the patriarch. Finally, on 16 July 1054, three months after Pope Leo 's death in April 1054 and nine months before the next pope took office, they laid on the altar of Hagia Sophia, which was prepared for celebration of the Divine Liturgy, a bull of excommunication of Cerularius and his supporters. At a synod held on 20 July 1054, Cerularius in turn excommunicated the legates. In reality, only Michael may have been excommunicated along with his then - living adherents.
At the time of the excommunications, many contemporary historians, including Byzantine chroniclers, did not consider the event significant.
Efforts were made in subsequent centuries by emperors, popes and patriarchs to heal the rift between the churches. However, a number of factors and historical events worked to widen the separation over time.
"Even after 1054 friendly relations between East and West continued. The two parts of Christendom were not yet conscious of a great gulf of separation between them.... The dispute remained something of which ordinary Christians in East and West were largely unaware ''.
There was no single event that marked the breakdown. Rather, the two churches slid into and out of schism over a period of several centuries, punctuated with temporary reconciliations.
Starting from the late 11th century, dependency of Byzantine Empire on the naval forces of Republic of Venice and, to a lesser extent, Republic of Genoa and Republic of Pisa led to predominance of Roman Catholic merchants in Byzantium (they were getting major trading consessions strating from 1080s), subsequently causing economic and social upheaval. Together with the perceived arrogance of the Italians, it fueled popular resentment amongst the middle and lower classes both in the countryside and in the cities.
By the second half of the 12th century practically uncontrollable rivalry between competitors from different city states made it to Italians raiding quarters of other Italians in the capital, and retaliatory draconian measures by the Byzantine authorities led to subsequent deterioration of inter-religious relations in the city.
When in 1182 regency of empress mother Maria of Antioch, an ethnical French notorious for the favoritism shown to Latin merchants and the big aristocratic land - owners, was deposed by Andronikos I Komnenos on the wake of popular support, the new emperor allowed mobs to massacre hated foreigners. Henceforth Byzantine foreign policy was invariably perceived as sinister and anti-Latin in the West.
During the Fourth Crusade Latin crusaders and Venetian merchants sacked Constantinople itself, looting The Church of Holy Wisdom and various other Orthodox Holy sites, and converting them to Latin Catholic worship. The Norman Crusaders also destroyed the Imperial Library of Constantinople. Various holy artifacts from these Orthodox holy places were taken to the West. The crusaders also appointed a Latin Patriarch of Constantinople. This event and the final treaty established the Latin Empire of the East and the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople (with various other Crusader states). Later some religious artifacts were sold in Europe to finance or fund the Latin Empire in Byzantium as can be seen, when Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople sold the relic of the Crown of Thorns while in France trying to raise new funds to maintain his hold on Byzantium. The Latin Empire was terminated in 1261 by Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos. This attack on the heart of the Byzantine Empire is seen as a factor that led to its conquest by Ottoman Muslims.
In northern Europe, the Teutonic Knights, after their successes in the northern crusades, attempted to conquer the Orthodox Russian Republics of Pskov and Novgorod, an enterprise endorsed by Pope Gregory IX. One of the major defeats they suffered was the Battle of the Ice in 1242. Catholic Sweden also undertook several campaigns against Orthodox Novgorod. There were also conflicts between Catholic Poland and Orthodox Russia. Such conflicts solidified the schism between East and West.
The Second Council of Lyon was convoked to act on a pledge by Michael VIII to reunite the Eastern church with the West. Wishing to end the Great Schism that divided Rome and Constantinople, Gregory X had sent an embassy to Michael VIII, who had reconquered Constantinople, putting an end to the remnants of the Latin Empire in the East, and he asked Latin despots in the East to curb their ambitions.
On 29 June (Feast of Saints Peter and Paul patronal feast of Popes), Gregory X celebrated a Mass in St John 's Church, where both sides took part. The council declared that the Roman church possessed "the supreme and full primacy and authority over the universal Catholic Church. ''
The union effected was "a sham and a political gambit '', a fiction maintained by the emperor to prevent westerners from recovering the city of Constantinople, which they had lost just over a decade before, in 1261. It was fiercely opposed by clergy and people and never put into effect, in spite of a sustained campaign by Patriarch John XI of Constantinople (John Bekkos), a convert to the cause of union, to defend the union intellectually, and vigorous and brutal repression of opponents by Michael. In 1278 Pope Nicholas III, learning of the fictitious character of Greek conformity, sent legates to Constantinople, demanding the personal submission of every Orthodox cleric and adoption of the Filioque, as already the Greek delegates at Lyon had been required to recite the Creed with the inclusion of Filioque and to repeat it two more times. Emperor Michael 's attempts to resolve the schism ended when Pope Martin IV, seeing that the union was only a sham, excommunicated Michael VIII 1281 in support of Charles of Anjou 's attempts to mount a new campaign to retake the Eastern Roman provinces lost to Michael. Michael VIII 's son and successor Andronicus II repudiated the union, and Bekkos was forced to abdicate, being eventually exiled and imprisoned until his death in 1297.
In the 15th century, the eastern emperor John VIII Palaiologos, pressed hard by the Ottoman Turks, was keen to ally himself with the West, and to do so he arranged with Pope Eugene IV for discussions about reunion to be held again, this time at the Council of Ferrara - Florence. After several long discussions, the emperor managed to convince the Eastern representatives to accept the Western doctrines of Filioque, Purgatory and the supremacy of the Papacy. On 6 June 1439 an agreement was signed by all the Eastern bishops present but one, Mark of Ephesus, who held that Rome continued in both heresy and schism. It seemed that the Great Schism had been ended. However, upon their return, the Eastern bishops found their agreement with the West broadly rejected by the populace and by civil authorities (with the notable exception of the Emperors of the East who remained committed to union until the Fall of Constantinople two decades later). The union signed at Florence has never been accepted by the Eastern churches.
In May 1453, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire fell to the invading Ottoman Empire. But Orthodox Christianity was already entrenched in Russia, whose political and de facto religious centre had shifted from Kiev to Moscow. The Russian Church, a part of the Church of Constantinople until the mid-15th century, was granted full independence (autocephaly) and elevated to the rank of Patriarchate in 1589. The Russian political and ecclesiastical elite came to view Moscow as the Third Rome, a legitimate heir to Constantinople and Byzantium.
Under Ottoman rule, the Orthodox Church acquired the status of an autonomous millet, specifically the Rum Millet. The Ecumenical Patriarch became the ruler (millet başı) of all the Orthodox Christian subjects of the empire, including non-Greeks. Upon conquering Constantinople, Mehmed II assumed the legal function of the Byzantine Emperors and appointed Patriarch Gennadius II. The sultans enhanced the temporal powers of the Greek orthodox hierarchy that came to be politically beholden solely to the Ottoman sultan and, along with other Ottoman Greek nobles, came to run the Balkan Orthodox domains of the Ottoman Empire. As a result, the entire Orthodox communion of the Balkans and the Near East became isolated from the rest of Christendom. For the next four hundred years, it would be confined within the Islamic world, with which it had little in common religiously or culturally.
In Russia, the anti-Catholic sentiments came to be entrenched by the Polish intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century, which was seen as an attempt to convert Moscow to Roman Catholicism. The modern Russian national holiday, Unity Day, was established on the day of church celebration in honour of the Our Lady of Kazan icon, which is believed to have miraculously saved Moscow from outright Polish conquest in 1612. Patriarch Hermogenes of Moscow was martyred by the Poles and their supporters during this period (see also Polish -- Lithuanian -- Muscovite Commonwealth).
The doctrine of papal primacy was further developed at the First Vatican Council, which declared that "in the disposition of God the Roman church holds the preeminence of ordinary power over all the other churches ''. This council also affirmed the dogma of papal infallibility, declaring that the infallibility of the Christian community extends to the pope himself, when he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church. These new dogma, as well as the dogma of the Immaculate Conception promulgated in Ineffabilis Deus a few years prior, are unequivocally rejected by the Eastern Church as heretical.
A major event of the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II), was the issuance by Pope Paul and Orthodox Patriarch Athenagoras I of Constantinople of the Catholic -- Orthodox Joint Declaration of 1965. At the same time, they lifted the mutual excommunications dating from the 11th century. The act did not result in restoration of communion.
The Eastern Catholic Churches, historically referred to as '' uniate '' by the Orthodox, consider themselves to have reconciled the East and West Schism by having accepted the primacy of the Bishop of Rome while retaining some of the canonical rules and liturgical practices in line with the Eastern tradition such as the Byzantine Rite that is prevalent in the Orthodox Churches. Some Eastern Orthodox charge that joining in this unity comes at the expense of ignoring critical doctrinal differences and past atrocities.
There have been periodic conflicts between the Orthodox and Eastern Catholics in Ukraine and Belarus, then under Polish rule, and later also in Transylvania (see the Romanian Greek Catholic Church United with Rome). Pressure and government - sponsored reprisals were used against Eastern Catholic Churches such as the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in the Russian Empire and later in the USSR. Since the late 1980s, the Moscow Patriarchate (the Russian Orthodox Church) has criticised the methods of restoration of the '' uniate '' church structures in Ukraine as well as what it called Catholic proselytism in Russia.
In 1993, a report written by the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church during its 7th plenary session at Balamand School of Theology in Lebanon stated: "Because of the way in which Catholics and Orthodox once again consider each other in their relationship to the mystery of the Church and discover each other once again as Sister Churches, this form of ′ missionary apostolate ′ described above, and which has been called ′ uniatism ′, can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed nor as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking ''. At the same time, the document inter alia stated:
In February 2016, Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC), had a meeting in Cuba and signed a joint declaration that stated inter alia: "It is our hope that our meeting may also contribute to reconciliation wherever tensions exist between Greek Catholics and Orthodox. It is today clear that the past method of ' uniatism ', understood as the union of one community to the other, separating it from its Church, is not the way to re-establish unity. Nonetheless, the ecclesial communities which emerged in these historical circumstances have the right to exist and to undertake all that is necessary to meet the spiritual needs of their faithful, while seeking to live in peace with their neighbours. Orthodox and Greek Catholics are in need of reconciliation and of mutually acceptable forms of co-existence. '' Meanwhile, in the interview published on the eve of the meeting in Cuba, Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev, the chairman of the Department of External Church Relations and a permanent member of the Holy Synod of the ROC, said that tensions between the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church and the ROC ′ s Ukrainian Orthodox Church had been recently heightened mainly due to the conflict in Ukraine. The declaration was sharply criticised by Sviatoslav Shevchuk, the Primate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, who said that his flock felt '' betrayed '' by the Vatican.
Inspired by the spirit of Vatican II that adopted the Unitatis Redintegratio decree on ecumenism in 1964 as well as the change of heart toward Ecumenism on the part of the Moscow Patriarchate that had occurred in 1961, the Vatican and 14 universally recognised autocephalous Orthodox Churches established the Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church that first met in Rhodes in 1980 and is an ongoing endeavour.
On a number of occasions, Pope John Paul II recited the Nicene Creed with patriarchs of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Greek according to the original text. Both he and his successor, Pope Benedict XVI, have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause, "according to the usage of the Byzantine Churches ''. This accords with the Roman Catholic Church 's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin, but not when reciting it in Greek.
In June 1995, Patriarch Bartholomew I, of Constantinople, visited Vatican City for the first time, and joined in the historic inter-religious day of prayer for peace at Assisi. John Paul II and Bartholomew I explicitly stated their mutual "desire to relegate the excommunications of the past to oblivion and to set out on the way to re-establishing full communion ''.
In May 1999, John Paul II was the first pope since the Great Schism to visit an Eastern Orthodox country: Romania. Upon greeting John Paul II, the Romanian Patriarch Teoctist stated: "The second millennium of Christian history began with a painful wounding of the unity of the Church; the end of this millennium has seen a real commitment to restoring Christian unity. '' John Paul II visited other heavily Orthodox areas such as Ukraine, despite lack of welcome at times, and he said that healing the divisions between Western and Eastern Christianity was one of his fondest wishes.
In June 2004, Bartholomew I 's visit to Rome for the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul (29 June) afforded him the opportunity for another personal meeting with John Paul II, for conversations with the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity and for taking part in the celebration for the feast day in St. Peter 's Basilica.
The Patriarch 's partial participation in the Eucharistic liturgy at which the Pope presided followed the program of the past visits of Patriarch Dimitrios (1987) and Patriarch Bartholomew I himself: full participation in the Liturgy of the Word, joint proclamation by the Pope and by the Patriarch of the profession of faith according to the Nicene - Constantinopolitan Creed in Greek and as the conclusion, the final Blessing imparted by both the Pope and the Patriarch at the Altar of the Confessio. The Patriarch did not fully participate in the Liturgy of the Eucharist involving the consecration and distribution of the Eucharist itself.
Despite efforts on the part of Catholic Popes and Orthodox Patriarchs to heal the schism, only limited progress towards reconciliation has been made over the last half century. One stumbling block is the fact that the Orthodox and the Catholics have different perceptions of the nature of the divide. The official Catholic teaching is that the Orthodox are schismatic, meaning that there is nothing heretical about their theology, only their unwillingness to accept the supremacy of the Pope which is presented in Catholic teaching as chiefly an ecclesiological issue, not so much a theological one. The Orthodox object to the Catholic doctrines of Purgatory, Substitutionary atonement, the Immaculate Conception, and papal supremacy, among others, as heretical doctrines. With respect to Primacy of the Pope, the two churches agree that the Pope, as Bishop of Rome, has primacy although they continue to have different interpretations of what that primacy entails.
The Roman Catholic Church 's attitude was expressed by John Paul II in the image of the Church "breathing with her two lungs ''. He meant that there should be a combination of the more rational, juridical, organization - minded "Latin '' temperament with the intuitive, mystical and contemplative spirit found in the East.
In the Orthodox view, the Bishop of Rome (i.e. the Pope) would have universal primacy in a reunited Christendom, as primus inter pares without power of jurisdiction.
The Eastern Orthodox insist that the primacy is largely one of honor, the Pope being "first among equals '' primus inter pares. The Catholic Church, on the other hand, insists on the doctrine of Supremacy. It is widely understood that, if there is to be reconciliation, both sides will have to compromise on this doctrine. Although some commentators have proposed ways in which such compromise can be achieved, there is no official indication that such compromise is being contemplated.
In his book Principles of Catholic Theology, Pope Benedict XVI (then Cardinal Ratzinger) assessed the range of "possibilities that are open to Christian ecumenism. '' He characterized the "maximum demand '' of the West as the recognition by the East of and submission to the "primacy of the bishop of Rome in the full scope of the definition of 1870... '' The "maximum demand '' of the East was described as a declaration by the West of the 1870 doctrine of papal primacy as erroneous along with the "removal of the Filioque from the Creed and including the Marian dogmas of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. '' Ratzinger asserted that "(n) one of the maximum solutions offers any real hope of unity. '' Ratzinger wrote that, "Rome must not require more from the East than had been formulated and what was lived in the first millenium. '' He concluded that "Reunion could take place in this context if, on the one hand, the East would cease to oppose as heretical the developments that took place in the West in the second millennium and would accept the Catholic Church as legitimate and orthodox in the form she had acquired in the course of that development, while on the other hand, the West would recognize the Church of the East as orthodox in the form she has always had. ''
The declaration of Ravenna in 2007 re-asserted the belief that the bishop of Rome is indeed the protos, although future discussions are to be held on the concrete ecclesiological exercise of papal primacy.
Some scholars such as Jeffrey Finch assert that "the future of East -- West rapprochement appears to be overcoming the modern polemics of neo-scholasticism and neo-Palamism ''.
These doctrinal issues center around the Orthodox perception that the Catholic theologians lack the actual experience of God called theoria and thereby fail to understand the importance of the heart as a noetic or intuitive faculty. It is what they consider to be the Catholic Church 's reliance on pagan metaphysical philosophy and rational methods such as scholasticism rather than on intuitive experience of God (theoria) that causes Orthodox to consider the Catholic Church heretical. Other points of doctrinal difference include a difference regarding human nature as well as a difference regarding original sin, purgatory, and the nature of Hell.
One point of theological difference is embodied in the dispute regarding the inclusion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed. In the view of the Roman Catholic Church, what it calls the legitimate complementarity of the expressions "from the Father '' and "from the Father and the Son '' does not, provided it does not become rigid, affect the identity of faith in the reality of the same mystery confessed. The Orthodox, on the other hand, view inclusion of the phrase to be almost heretical (see also the Trinity section).
More importantly, the Orthodox see the Filioque as just the tip of the iceberg and really just a symptom of a much more deeply rooted problem of theology, one so deeply rooted that they consider it to be heretical and even, by some characterizations, an inability to "see God '' and know God. This heresy is allegedly rooted in Frankish paganism, Arianism, Platonist and Aristotelian philosophy and Thomist rational and objective Scholasticism. In opposition to what they characterize as pagan, heretical and "godless '' foundations, the Orthodox rely on an intuitive and mystical knowledge and vision of God (theoria) based on hesychasm and noesis. Catholics accept as valid the Eastern Orthodox intuitive and mystical understanding of God and consider it complementary to the rational Western reflection.
Most Orthodox Churches through economy do not require baptism in the Orthodox Church for one who has been previously baptized in the Roman Catholic Church. Most Orthodox jurisdictions, based on that same principle of economy, allow a sacramental marriage between an Orthodox Christian and some non-Orthodox Christians. The Catholic Church allows its clergy to administer the sacraments of Penance, the Eucharist and Anointing of the Sick to members of the Eastern Orthodox Church, if these spontaneously ask for the sacraments and are properly disposed. It also allows Catholics who can not approach a Catholic minister to receive these three sacraments from clergy of the Eastern Orthodox Church, whenever necessity requires or a genuine spiritual advantage commends it, and provided the danger of error or indifferentism is avoided. Catholic canon law allows marriage between a Catholic and an Orthodox. The Orthodox Church will only administer the sacraments to Christians who are n't Orthodox if there is an emergency.
The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches authorizes the local Catholic bishop to permit a Catholic priest, of whatever rite, to bless the marriage of Orthodox faithful who being unable without great difficulty to approach a priest of their own Church, ask for this spontaneously. In exceptional circumstances Catholics may, in the absence of an authorized priest, marry before witnesses. If a priest who is not authorized for the celebration of the marriage is available, he should be called in, although the marriage is valid even without his presence. The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches specifies that, in those exceptional circumstances, even a "non-Catholic '' priest (and so not necessarily one belonging to an Eastern Church) may be called in.
The efforts of Orthodox patriarchs towards reconciliation with the Catholic Church has been strongly criticized by some elements of Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the Metropolitan of Kalavryta, Greece, in November 2008.
In 2010, Patriarch Bartholomew I issued an encyclical lauding the ongoing dialogue between the Orthodox Church and other Christian churches and criticizing those who are "unacceptably fanatical '' in challenging such dialogue. The encyclical lamented that the dialogues between the two churches were being criticized in "an unacceptably fanatical way '' by some who claim to be defenders of Orthodoxy despite the fact that these dialogues are being conducted "with the mutual agreement and participation of all local Orthodox Churches ''. The Patriarch warned that "such opponents raise themselves above episcopal synods and risk creating schisms ''. He further accused some critics of distorting reality to "deceive and arouse the faithful '' and of depicting theological dialogue not as a pan-Orthodox effort, but an effort of the Ecumenical Patriarchate alone. As an example, he pointed to "false rumors that union between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches is imminent '' claiming that the disseminators of such rumors were fully aware that "the differences discussed in these theological dialogues remain numerous and require lengthy debate ''. The Patriarch re-emphasized that "union is not decided by theological commissions but by Church Synods ''.
Jaroslav Pelikan emphasizes that "while the East -- West schism stemmed largely from political and ecclesiastical discord, this discord also reflected basic theological differences ''. Pelikan further argues that the antagonists in the 11th century inappropriately exaggerated their theological differences whereas modern historians tend to minimize them. Pelikan asserts that the documents from that era evidence the "depths of intellectual alienation that had developed between the two sections of Christendom. '' While the two sides were technically more guilty of schism than heresy, they often charged each other with allegations of heresy. Pelikan describes much of the dispute as dealing with "regional differences in usages and customs '' some of which were adiaphorus (i.e. neither right nor wrong). However, he goes on to say that while it was easy in principle to accept the existence of adiaphora, it was difficult in actual practice to distinguish customs which were innocuously adiaphoric from those that had doctrinal implications.
Philip Sherrard, an Orthodox theologian asserts that the underlying cause of the East -- West schism was and continues to be "the clash of these two fundamentally irreconcilable ecclesiologies. '' Roger Haight characterizes the question of episcopal authority in the Church as "acute '' with the "relative standings of Rome and Constantinople a recurrent source of tension. '' Haight characterizes the difference in ecclesiologies as "the contrast between a pope with universal jurisdiction and a combination of patriarchal superstructure with an episcopal and synodal communion ecclesiology analogous to that found in Cyprian. ''
However, Nicholas Afansiev has criticized both the Catholic and Orthodox churches for "subscribing to the universal ecclesiology of St. Cyprian of Carthage according to which only one true and universal church can exist. ''
There are several different ecclesiologies: "communion ecclesiology '', "eucharistic ecclesiology '', "baptismal ecclesiology '', "trinitarian ecclesiology '', "kerygmatic theology ''. Other ecclesiologies are the "hierarchical - institutional '' and the "organic - mystical '', and the "congregationalist ''.
The Eastern Churches maintained the idea that every local city - church with its bishop, presbyters, deacons and people celebrating the Eucharist constituted the whole Church. In this view called Eucharistic ecclesiology (or more recently holographic ecclesiology), every bishop is Saint Peter 's successor in his church ("the Church '') and the churches form what Eusebius called a common union of churches. This implied that all bishops were ontologically equal, although functionally particular bishops could be granted special privileges by other bishops and serve as metropolitans, archbishops or patriarchs. Within the Roman Empire, from the time of Constantine to the final extinction of the empire in 1453, universal ecclesiology, rather than eucharistic, "became the operative principle ''. The view prevailed that, "when the Roman Empire became Christian the perfect world order willed by God had been achieved: one universal empire was sovereign, and coterminous with it was the one universal church ''. Early on, the ecclesiology of the Roman Church was universal in nature, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church / Bishop of Rome. These two views are still present in modern Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism and can be seen as foundational causes for the schisms and Great Schism between East and West.
"The Orthodox Church does not accept the doctrine of Papal authority set forth in the Vatican Council of 1870, and taught today in the Roman Catholic Church. '' The Orthodox Church has always maintained the original position of collegiality of the bishops resulting in the structure of the church being closer to a confederacy. The Orthodox have synods where the highest authorities in each Church community are brought together, but unlike Roman Catholicism no central individual or figure has the absolute and infallible last word on church doctrine. In practice, this has sometimes led to divisions among Greek, Russian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian Orthodox churches, as no central authority can serve as a rallying point for various internal disputes.
Early on, the ecclesiology of the Roman Church was universal in nature, with the idea that the Church was a worldwide organism with a divinely (not functionally) appointed center: the Church / Bishop of Rome. Vatican II re-asserted the importance of collegiality to a degree that appears satisfying to most if not all ecclesial parties. Starting from the second half of the 20th century, eucharistic ecclesiology is upheld by Roman Catholic theologians. Henri de Lubac wrote: "The Church, like the Eucharist, is a mystery of unity -- the same mystery, and one with inexhaustible riches. Both are the body of Christ -- the same body. '' Joseph Ratzinger called eucharistic ecclesiology "the real core of Vatican II 's teaching on the cross ''. According to Ratzinger, the one church of God exists in no other way than in the various individual local congregations. In these the Eucharist is celebrated in union with the Church everywhere. Eucharistic ecclesiology led Vatican II to "affirm the theological significance of the local church. If each celebration of the Eucharist is a matter not only of Christ 's sacramental presence on the altar, but also of his ecclesial presence in the gathered community, then each eucharistic local church must be more than a subset of the universal church; it must be the body of Christ ' in that place '. ''
The ecclesiological dimension of the East -- West schism revolves around the authority of bishops within their dioceses and the lines of authority between bishops of different dioceses. It is common for Catholics to insist on the primacy of Roman and papal authority based on patristic writings and conciliar documents.
The Roman Catholic Church 's current official teachings about papal privilege and power that are unacceptable to the Eastern Orthodox churches are the dogma of the pope 's infallibility when speaking officially "from the chair of Peter (ex cathedra Petri) '' on matters of faith and morals to be held by the whole Church, so that such definitions are irreformable "of themselves, and not by the consent of the Church '' (ex sese et non ex consensu ecclesiae) and have a binding character for all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope 's direct episcopal jurisdiction over all (Catholic) Christians in the world; the pope 's authority to appoint (and so also to depose) the bishops of all (Catholic) Christian churches except in the territory of a patriarchate; and the affirmation that the legitimacy and authority of all (Catholic) Christian bishops in the world derive from their union with the Roman see and its bishop, the Supreme Pontiff, the unique Successor of Peter and Vicar of Christ on earth.
Principal among the ecclesiastical issues that separate the two churches is the meaning of papal primacy within any future unified church. The Orthodox insist that it should be a "primacy of honor '', as in the ancient church, and not a "primacy of authority '', whereas the Catholics see the pontiff 's role as requiring for its exercise power and authority the exact form of which is open to discussion with other Christians.
According to Orthodox belief, the test of catholicity is adherence to the authority of Scripture and then by the Holy Tradition of the church. It is not defined by adherence to any particular See. It is the position of the Orthodox Church that it has never accepted the pope as de jure leader of the entire church. All bishops are equal ' as Peter ' therefore every church under every bishop (consecrated in apostolic succession) is fully complete (the original meaning of catholic).
Referring to Ignatius of Antioch Carlton says
Contrary to popular opinion, the word catholic does not mean "universal ''; it means "whole, complete, lacking nothing. ''... Thus, to confess the Church to be catholic is to say that She possesses the fullness of the Christian faith. To say, however, that Orthodox and Rome constitute two lungs of the same Church is to deny that either Church separately is catholic in any meaningful sense of the term. This is not only contrary to the teaching of Orthodoxy, it is flatly contrary to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, which considered itself truly catholic
The church is in the image of the Trinity and reflects the reality of the incarnation.
The body of Christ must always be equal with itself... The local church which manifests the body of Christ can not be subsumed into any larger organisation or collectivity which makes it more catholic and more in unity, for the simple reason that the principle of total catholicity and total unity is already intrinsic to it.
Any changes to the understanding of the church would reflect a change in the understanding of the Trinity.
From the perspective of the Catholic Church, the ecclesiological issues are the central issue which is why they characterize the split between the two churches as a schism. In their view, the Eastern Orthodox are very close to them in theology and the Catholic Church does not consider the Orthodox beliefs to be heretical. However, from the perspective of Orthodox theologians, there are theological issues that run much deeper than just the theology around the primacy and / or supremacy of the Pope. In fact, unlike the Catholics who do not generally consider the Orthodox heretical, and speak instead about the Eastern "schism '', some prominent Orthodox theologians do consider the Catholic Church to be heretical on fundamental doctrinal issues of theology, such as the Filioque. These issues have a long history as can be seen in the 11th - century works of Orthodox theologian and Saint Nikitas Stithatos.
In the Roman Catholic Church too, some writers can be found who speak pejoratively of the Eastern Orthodox Church and its theology, but these writers are marginal. The official view of the Catholic Church is that expressed in the decree Unitatis redintegratio of Vatican II:
In the study of revelation East and West have followed different methods, and have developed differently their understanding and confession of God 's truth. It is hardly surprising, then, if from time to time one tradition has come nearer to a full appreciation of some aspects of a mystery of revelation than the other, or has expressed it to better advantage. In such cases, these various theological expressions are to be considered often as mutually complementary rather than conflicting. Where the authentic theological traditions of the Eastern Church are concerned, we must recognize the admirable way in which they have their roots in Holy Scripture, and how they are nurtured and given expression in the life of the liturgy. They derive their strength too from the living tradition of the apostles and from the works of the Fathers and spiritual writers of the Eastern Churches. Thus they promote the right ordering of Christian life and, indeed, pave the way to a full vision of Christian truth.
Although the Western churches do not consider the Eastern and Western understanding of the Trinity to be radically different, Eastern theologians such as John S. Romanides and Michael Pomazansky argue that the Filioque clause is symptomatic of a fatal flaw in the Western understanding, which they attribute to the influence of Augustine and, by extension, to that of Thomas Aquinas.
Filioque, Latin for "and (from) the Son '', was added in Western Christianity to the Latin text of the Nicene - Constantinopolitan Creed, which also varies from the original Greek text in having the additional phrase Deum de Deo (God from God) and in using the singular "I believe '' (Latin, Credo, Greek Πιστεύω) instead of the original "We believe '' (Greek Πιστεύομεν), which Oriental Orthodoxy preserves. The Assyrian Church of the East, which is in communion neither with the Eastern Orthodox Church nor with Oriental Orthodoxy also uses "We believe ''. Filioque states that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Son as well as from the Father, a doctrine accepted by the Catholic Church, by Anglicanism and by Protestant churches in general. Christians of these groups generally include it when reciting the Nicene Creed. Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed. Indeed, the Roman Catholic Church does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque (καὶ τοῦ Υἱοῦ) to the Greek text of the Creed, even in the liturgy for Latin Rite Catholics.
At the 879 -- 880 Council of Constantinople the Eastern Orthodox Church anathematized the "Filioque '' phrase, "as a novelty and augmentation of the Creed '', and in their 1848 encyclical the Eastern Patriarchs spoke of it as a heresy. It was qualified as such by some of the Eastern Orthodox Church 's saints, including Photios I of Constantinople, Mark of Ephesus, Gregory Palamas, who have been called the Three Pillars of Orthodoxy.
The Eastern church believes by the Western church inserting the Filioque unilaterally (without consulting or holding council with the East) into the Creed that the Western church broke communion with the East.
Orthodox theologians such as Vladimir Lossky criticize the focus of Western theology of God in ' God in uncreated essence ' as misguided, which he alleges is a modalistic and therefore a speculative expression of God that is indicative of the Sabellian heresy. Orthodox theologian Michael Pomazansky argues that, in order for the Holy Spirit to proceed from the Father and the Son in the Creed, there would have to be two sources in the deity (double procession), whereas in the one God there can only be one source of divinity, which is the Father hypostasis of the Trinity, not God 's essence per se. In contrast, Bishop Kallistos Ware suggests that the problem is more in the area of semantics than of basic doctrinal differences.
Lossky, a noted modern Eastern Orthodox theologian, argues the difference in East and West is due to the Roman Catholic Church 's use of pagan metaphysical philosophy (and scholasticism) rather than actual experience of God called theoria, to validate the theological dogmas of Roman Catholic Christianity. For this reason, Lossky argues that Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics have become "different men ''. Other Eastern Orthodox theologians such as Romanides. and Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos have made similar pronouncements. According to the Orthodox teachings, theoria can be achieved through ascetic practices like hesychasm (see St John Climacus), which was condemned as a heresy by Barlaam of Seminara.
Orthodox theologians charge that, in contrast to Orthodox theology, western theology is based on philosophical discourse which reduces humanity and nature to cold mechanical concepts. Orthodox theologians argue that the mind (reason, rationality) is the focus of Western theology, whereas in Eastern theology, the mind must be put in the heart, so they are united into what is called nous, this unity as heart is the focus of Eastern Orthodox Christianity involving the unceasing Prayer of the heart.
In Orthodox theology, in the Eastern ascetic traditions one of the goals of ascetic practice is to obtain sobriety of consciousness, awakeness (nepsis). For humankind this is reached in the healing of whole person called the soul, heart. When a person 's heart is reconciled with their mind, this is referred to as a healing of the nous or the "eye, focus of the heart or soul ''. Part of this process is the healing and or reconciliation of humankind 's reason being called logos or dianoia with the heart, soul. While mankind 's spirit and body are energies vivified by the soul, Orthodoxy teaches man 's sin, suffering, sorrow is caused by his heart and mind being a duality and in conflict. According to Orthodox theology, lack of noetic understanding (sickness) can be neither circumvented nor satisfied by rational or discursive thought (i.e. systematization), and denying the needs of the human heart (a more Western expression would be the needs of the soul) causes various negative or destructive manifestations such as addiction, atheism and evil thoughts etc. A cleaned, healed or restored Nous creates the condition of sobriety or nepsis of the mind.
Orthodox theologians assert that the theological division of East and West culminated into a direct theological conflict known as the Hesychasm controversy during several councils at Constantinople New Rome, between the years 1341 -- 1351. They argue that this controversy highlighted the sharp contrast between what is embraced by the Roman Catholic Church as proper (or orthodox) theological dogma and how theology is validated and what is considered valid theology by the Eastern Orthodox. The essence of the disagreement is that in the East a person can not be a genuine true theologian, or teach knowledge of God, without having experienced God, as is defined as the vision of God (theoria). At the heart of the issue was the teaching of the Essence - Energies distinctions (which states that while creation can never know God 's uncreated essence, it can know his uncreated energies) by Gregory Palamas.
The Eastern Orthodox do not accept Augustine 's teaching of original sin. His interpretation of ancestral sin is rejected in the East as well. Nor is Augustine 's teaching accepted in its totality in the West. The Roman Catholic Church rejects traducianism and affirms creationism. Its teaching on original sin is largely based on but not identical with that of Augustine, and is opposed to the interpretation of Augustine advanced by Martin Luther and John Calvin. Its teaching departs from Augustine 's ideas in some respects. The Eastern Church makes no use at all of Augustine. Another Orthodox view is expressed by Christos Yannaras, who described Augustine as "the fount of every distortion and alteration in the Church 's truth in the West ''.
What the Eastern Orthodox accepts is that ancestral sin corrupted their existence (their bodies and environment) that each person is born into and thus we are born into a corrupted existence (by the ancestral sin of Adam and Eve) and that "original sin is hereditary. It did not remain only Adam and Eve 's. As life passes from them to all of their descendants, so does original sin. All of us participate in original sin because we are all descended from the same forefather, Adam. '' And the teaching of the Eastern Orthodox Church is that, as a result of Adam 's sin, "hereditary sin flowed to his posterity; so that everyone who is born after the flesh bears this burden, and experiences the fruits of it in this present world. ''
Similarly, what the Catholic Church holds is that the sin of Adam that we inherit, and for the remission of which even babies who have no personal sin are baptized, is called "sin '' only in an analogical sense, since it is not an act committed like the personal sin of Adam and Eve, but a fallen state contracted by the transmission of a human nature deprived of original holiness and justice.
Both East and West hold that each person is not called to atone for the actual sin committed by Adam and Eve.
According to the Western Church, "original sin does not have the character of a personal fault in any of Adam 's descendants '', and the Eastern Church teaches that "by these fruits and this burden we do not understand (actual) sin ''. The Orthodox and the Catholics believe that people inherit only the spiritual sickness (in which all suffer and sin) of Adam and Eve, caused by their ancestral sin (what has flowed to them), a sickness leaving them weakened in their powers, subject to ignorance, suffering and the domination of death, and inclined to sin.
The Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, which claims that God protected the Virgin Mary from original sin through no merit of her own, was dogmatically defined by Pope Pius IX in 1854. Instead, Orthodox theology proclaims that Mary was chosen to bear Christ, having first found favor of God by her purity and obedience.
Another point of theological contention between the western and eastern churches is the doctrine of purgatory (as it was shown at the Second Council of Lyons and the Council of Ferrara -- Florence). It was developed in time in western theology, according to which, "all who die in God 's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven. '' However, some eastern theologians, while agreeing that there is beyond death a state in which believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization, consider that it is a state not of punishment but of growth; hold that suffering can not purify sin, since they have a different view of sin and consider suffering as a result of a spiritual sickness. Western theology usually considers sin not only as a sickness that weakens and impedes, but also as something that merits punishment.
The Eastern Orthodox Church holds that "there is a state beyond death where believers continue to be perfected and led to full divinization ''. Although some Orthodox have described this intermediate state as purgatory, others distinguish it from aspects associated with it in the West: at the Council of Ferrara -- Florence, the Orthodox Bishop Mark of Ephesus argued that there are in it no purifying fires.
The traditional Orthodox teaching is that "those who reject Christ will face punishment. According to the Confession of Dositheus, persons go immediately to joy in Christ or to the torments of punishment ''.
In Orthodox doctrine there is no place without God. In eternity there is no hiding from God. In Catholic theology, God is present everywhere not only by his power but in himself. Hell is a state of self - selected separation from God.
Eastern theology considers the desire to sin to be the result of a spiritual sickness (caused by Adam and Eve 's pride), which needs to be cured. One such theologian gives his interpretation of Western theology as follows: "According to the holy Fathers of the Church, there is not an uncreated Paradise and a created Hell, as the Franco -- Latin tradition teaches ''. The eastern Church believes that hell or eternal damnation and heaven exist and are the same place, which is being with God, and that the very same divine love (God 's uncreated energies) which is a source of bliss and consolation for the righteous (because they love God, His love is heaven for them) is also a source of torment (or a "Lake of Fire '') for sinners (because they do n't love God, they will feel His love this way). The Western Church speaks of heaven and hell as states of existence rather than as places, while in Eastern Orthodoxy there is no hell per se, there is damnation or punishment in eternity for the rejection of God 's grace.
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which terminal does qatar airways land at manchester | Manchester Airport - Wikipedia
Manchester Airport (IATA: MAN, ICAO: EGCC) is an international airport in Ringway, Manchester, England, 7.5 nautical miles (13.9 km; 8.6 mi) south - west of Manchester city centre. In 2016, it was the third busiest airport in the United Kingdom in terms of passenger numbers. The airport comprises three terminals, a goods terminal and is the only airport in the UK other than London Heathrow Airport to operate two runways over 3,280 yd (2,999 m) in length. Manchester Airport covers an area of 560 hectares (1,400 acres) and has flights to 199 destinations, placing the airport thirteenth globally for total destinations served.
Officially opened on 25 June 1938, it was initially known as Ringway Airport. In the Second World War, as RAF Ringway, it was a base for the Royal Air Force. The airport is owned and managed by the Manchester Airports Group (MAG), a holding company owned by the Australian finance house IFM Investors and the ten metropolitan borough councils of Greater Manchester, with Manchester City Council owning the largest stake.
Ringway, after which the airport was named, is a village with a few buildings and church at the southern edge of the airport. The airport handled 25,600,000 passengers in 2016, a record total, and has capacity for up to 50,000,000 passengers annually. This potential figure is limited by the airport 's restriction to 61 aircraft movements per hour. Future developments include the £ 800,000,000 Manchester Airport City logistics, manufacturing, office and hotel space next to the airport and transport improvements such as the SEMMMS relief road and a High Speed 2 station.
Manchester Airport (earlier called Ringway Airport) started construction on 28 November 1935 and opened partly in June 1937 and completely on 25 June 1938, in Ringway parish north of Wilmslow. Its north border was Yewtree Lane (on this map, the lane between Firtree Farm and The Grange, east of the crossroads marked "Ringway ''). Its southeast border was a little west of Altrincham Road (Styal) (the lane from Oversleyford running northeast then east into the Styal area.)
During the Second World War it was the Royal Air Force 's base RAF Ringway and was important in military aircraft production and training parachutists. After the Second World War, the base reverted to a civilian airport and gradually expanded to its present size. Historically, Manchester Airport was consistently the busiest airport after Heathrow for a number of decades following the war.
In 1972, the M56 motorway opened to the airport. By 1993, the airport railway station opened. From 1997 to 2001 its second runway was built, causing large - scale protests in the area.
More recently British Airways have scaled down operations from the Manchester Airport with the sale of their BA Connect subsidiary to Flybe; and the ending of their franchise agreement with GB Airways a business subsequently sold to Easyjet. In October 2008 the daily New York -- JFK service was also terminated and in March 2013, the frequent service to London -- Gatwick was terminated as well. This leaves a daily high frequency BA Shuttle serving London Heathrow. In codeshare with British Airways Oneworld Alliance partner American Airlines operations remain in Terminal 3 with daily flights to both New York -- JFK and Chicago -- O'Hare. American Airlines has since merged with US Airways, which offers year - round service to Philadelphia and operated a seasonal route to Charlotte, North Carolina in the summer of 2014 (now terminated).
Since taking over BA Connect 's select routes, Flybe has gone on to add several more destinations. In 2012, Flybe introduced the "mini hub '' concept coordinating the arrival and departure times of various domestic services throughout the day and thereby creating combinations such as Norwich - Manchester - Belfast, Glasgow - Manchester - Southampton or even Edinburgh - Manchester - Exeter and others to be accomplished in each direction with conveniently short transfer times.
In 2013 Virgin Atlantic introduced its ' Little Red ' short - haul brand to take - up some of the available Heathrow and Gatwick slots. Manchester was the inaugural destination, with services were operated by aircraft ' wet - leased ' from Aer Lingus. However, these services ceased in March 2015 due to low popularity.
From October 2017 there will again be a second London route when Flybe will fly to London - Southend up to thrice daily.
As part of the Government 's ' The Future of Air Transport ' White Paper, Manchester Airport published its Master Plan on its proposed expansions until 2030. Demolition of older buildings, such as old storage buildings, the old Alpha Catering Building and Males Garage, to the east of Terminal 2 has already begun, to make way for a new apron and taxiway towards runway 05L / 23R and an eastwards extension of Terminal 2, which is planned to provide 15 more covered stands. A full - length parallel taxiway may be added to the second runway and more crossing points added across the first runway to improve ground movements of aircraft.
The World Logistics Hub is also part of the Airport City Enterprise Developments in South Manchester. This development is designed to meet the growing demand for cargo handling space and infrastructure outside of the southeast. Positioned on the southwest side of the A538 road next to the southeast side of the M56 motorway (across the A538 from the World Freight Terminal) providing access to the trunk motorway network via Junction 6. DHL are the first tenant and are already using their shed. Another shed is now externally complete but the inside is now being fitted out in time for September when Amazon will move in. Over the next decade the site will generate around 10,000 jobs. As the site grows increased capacity will be added to the A538 with the extension of the dual carriageway between the M56 and runway tunnels and a traffic light controlled junction; improving access to the Runway Visitor Park and Romper pub.
Manchester Airport has made no secret of ambitious development plans to meet the growing demand to fly. One document "The Need for Land '' outlines many development ideas that have been mooted for decades and will provide required capacity and more jobs over coming years. Those neighbouring the Airport have natural concerns about how expansion will alter their lives. Five affected areas are:
Manchester Airport has three passenger terminals (Terminals 1, 2 and 3). Terminals 1 and 2 are linked by the skylink, with travelators to aid passengers with the 10 -- 15 - minute walk. Terminal 3 is linked to Terminal 1 and the skylink by a covered walkway. The "skylink '' also connects the terminals to the airport railway station complex (known as "The Station '') and the Radisson BLU Hotel. The Skylink started construction in 1996 and opened 1997.
Terminal 1 is used by airlines with scheduled and charter operations, flying to European and other worldwide destinations. It is the largest terminal at the airport. It was opened in 1962, by Prince Phillip, the Duke of Edinburgh, and it is a base for EasyJet, Jet2 and Thomas Cook. Some other airlines that fly out of Terminal 1 include Aer Lingus, Air Transat, Brussels Airlines, Emirates, Etihad Airways, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines, Swiss, TAP Portugal and Turkish Airlines. Terminal 1 is spread over an area of 110,000 m (1,200,000 sq ft).
The terminal has 2 Piers of which combined have 29 stands, of which 15 have air bridges and is the largest of the three terminals. Gate 12 was specially adapted to accommodate the Airbus A380 which is operated by Emirates on their route three times per day from Dubai to Manchester. Terminal 1 's current capacity is around 11 million passengers a year, compared with an annual capacity of 2.5 million passengers when it first opened.
In the Summer of 2009, a £ 50 million redevelopment programme for Terminal 1 was completed, which included a new £ 14 million 14 - lane security area. Passenger flow on Terminal 1 's gating piers is due to be realigned, with plans to redesign the piers so departures and arrivals do not contraflow on the same level, allowing larger seating areas at the gates, express retail outlets and a dedicated lounge and gating area for future Airbus A380 flights. Currently, Gate 12, Pier B has been upgraded to accommodate the A380, the only gate at the airport that can handle this aircraft so far. An early phase of this has seen the removal of the South Bay remote aircraft stands, constructed in 1962 between taxiways Juliet and Kilo and as a result more recently re-aligning taxiway Juliet into an extended taxiway Bravo.
Terminal 1 will not be included in the 10 Year Airport expansion project and will be closed and demolished by around 2022. However Pier B in Terminal 1 is due to be kept and will be entirely rebuilt.
Terminal 2 is used by a variety of airlines, operating both charter and scheduled flights to many European and worldwide destinations.
Terminal 2 is spread over an area of 52,000 m (560,000 sq ft). Terminal 2 has 20 gates, of which 14 have air bridges. The design of the terminal makes it capable of extensive expansion; planning permission already exists for an extension providing additional gates, together with the construction of a satellite pier. Terminal 2 's current capacity is around 8 million passengers a year, this will be extended to ultimately handle 25 million passengers a year. In 2007, an £ 11 million project commenced to redevelop Terminal 2 by improving security facilities and enhancing retail and catering services.
Terminal 2 is due to receive a major extension, to encompass current remote stands to the west. Between twelve and fifteen covered aircraft stands will be made available by this. An air side link for transferring passengers between Terminals 1 and 2 is at the planning stage, designed in an effort to boost Manchester 's chances of becoming a major hub airport and minimise missed connections. It was announced in June 2015 that the airport would have an expansion taking 10 years to complete. Terminal 2 will be the most developed, adding new piers to the terminal and also create a larger security hall as well as more outlets. There will also be a connecting hallway to Terminal 3.
Terminal 3 was opened in 1989 by Diana, Princess of Wales as ' Terminal A ' and had many names before final re-designation as Terminal 3 in May 1998. The terminal was known in succession as "Terminal A ''; "Terminal A -- Domestic ''; "Terminal 1A '' after Terminal 2 opened in 1993; "Terminal 1A -- British Airways and Domestic ''; "Terminal 3 -- British Airways and Domestic '' before becoming simply known as Terminal 3. In June 1998, British Airways opened their new £ 75 million terminal facility designed by Grimshaw Architects, this being a major extension to Terminal 3 and became the primary user of the terminal along with codeshare partner airlines (Oneworld Alliance). Terminal 3 now spreads over an area of 44,400 m (478,000 sq ft).
The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights to and from Manchester:
Passenger numbers at Manchester reached a record total of 25.6 million in 2016, a 10.8 % annual increase.
Manchester Airport is the home to the engineering bases of Thomas Cook Airlines and Jet2.com. Airlines such as Etihad Airways also have one of six maintenance bases worldwide in Manchester with their newly opened line maintenance facility.
Manchester Airport has a World Freight Terminal, serving cargo - only freighter services and cargo carried on regular passenger flights. It was opened in 1986, west of the original airfield. There is 5,500,000 sq ft (510,000 m) of warehouse and office space on site, including a chiller unit for frozen products and a border inspection post. There are three aircraft maintenance hangars, with five transit sheds, operated by British Airways Regional Cargo, Swissport Cargo, Menzies World Cargo, Plane Handling and Servisair. There are over 100 freight forwarding companies on site.
Freight throughput at the airport grew from 94,000 tonnes in 1997 to the peak at 165,000 tonnes in 2007, but then declined to around 93,000 tonnes in 2013, subsequently increasing to over 109,000 tonnes in 2016 making Manchester the fourth - busiest UK airport for freight behind London Heathrow, East Midlands, and London Stansted airports.
Manchester Airport has two parallel runways. Runway 1 (23R / 05L) 3,048 m × 45 m (10,000 ft × 148 ft) and Runway 2 (23L / 05R) 3,050 m × 45 m (10,007 ft × 148 ft). The parallel runways lie 390 m (1,280 ft) apart and staggered by 1,850 m (6,070 ft) so that landings can be conducted independently on one runway whilst takeoffs are conducted on the other.
The original main runway, then designated 06 / 24 and initially 3,300 ft (1,006 m) in length, opened on 17 May 1937 when the airport was used as an RAF base and a military aircraft assembly centre. It was extended in stages from 1952, reaching its current length in 1981 to attract long - haul international traffic. As demand and aircraft movements both increased during the mid-1990s, mainly due to the newly completed Terminal 2, the airport studied the option of a second full - length runway. A consultation process began and planning permission was approved in 1997, with construction work starting the same year.
The second runway, initially designated 06R / 24L, became operational on 5 February 2001 at a cost of £ 172 million, and was the first full - length commercial runway to open in Britain for over 20 years. The site where the second runway was constructed was on the southern airfield boundary, which is near the village of Styal in the Cheshire countryside. The project was deemed controversial because of the destruction of natural wildlife habitats and because of changes to flight paths to enable aircraft to fly in and out of the second runway. Aircraft landing from the southwest on to Runway 2 (05R) fly lower over the residential area of Knutsford. As aircraft rarely land on to Runway 2 from the northeast (Runway 23L) or takeoff from Runway 2 to the northeast (Runway 05R) there has been no change to the path of aircraft over Heald Green, Cheadle and Stockport.
Planning permission for Runway 2 (23L / 05R) permits use of both runways between the hours of 0600 - 2200. At night between the hours of 2200 - 0600 single runway operations based on Runway 1 (23R / 05L) are used. Exceptions are made for emergencies and planned maintenance. In practice, dual runway operations incorporating Runway 2 (23L / 05R) are only used at peak demand, which is currently in the morning and then again between 1300 - 2000hrs.
Most aircraft arriving into Manchester Airport use the Instrument Landing System, which in line with most other airports has a glide slope of 3 degrees equal to descending 318 feet per nautical mile. The prevailing wind direction is westerly, so normally aircraft fly from northeast to southwest. In practice this means that normally aircraft land from the northeast over Stockport, Cheadle and Heald Green and takeoff towards Knutsford. In dual runway operations aircraft will usually land on to Runway 1 (23R) and depart from Runway 2 (23L). When the wind direction changes, usually affecting 20 % of movements per annum, operations are reversed with aircraft landing from the southwest, lining up to the south over Northwich and over Knutsford and taking off towards Stockport. In dual runway operations aircraft will usually land on to Runway 2 (05R) and depart from Runway 1 (05L). Sometimes, aircraft arriving into Manchester Airport are held in stacks, usually in poor weather when the movement rate decreases. The airport has 3 stacks: DAYNE, MIRSI and ROSUN, each located approximately 15 / 20 miles from the airport. DAYNE serves arrivals from the south, ROSUN from the north and east and MIRSI from the west. If you live within 20 miles of the airport, you will likely see and hear aircraft.
A new control tower was opened on 25 June 2013. At 60 m tall, it is the UK 's second tallest control tower, after London Heathrow and it replaces the old tower on top of Terminal 1.
Manchester Airport is policed by the Greater Manchester Police and Manchester Airport Fire Service. Several security - related incidents have occurred at the airport in recent years.
Manchester Airport railway station, opened in May 1993, is between Terminals 1 and 2. It is linked to the terminals by a Skylink moving walkway. Trains operated by Northern or TransPennine Express connect the airport to Manchester Piccadilly station and other railway stations, mainly throughout northern England, including Crewe, Wigan and Southport. A third rail platform was completed in 2008 to allow for an increase in rail capacity. In 2009, Network Rail stated that the third platform meant that capacity will become constrained by the layover of the trains and recommended building a line underneath the Airport towards Northwich by 2024. On 28 January 2013, the Government announced the Airport will be included in the 2nd stage of High Speed 2 which will provide links with other British cities like Birmingham and London and also a quicker route into Central Manchester. Work on building a new fourth platform commenced in early 2014 with a blockade required in February 2015 to allow completion. Construction finished in May 2015 and the platform opened to passengers in Autumn 2015.
A Metrolink service from Cornbrook station to the Airport opened in November 2014 and runs at 12 minute frequency. Journeys along the 15 - stop line between Cornbrook take approximately 35 minutes. The Manchester Metrolink light rail system has had plans to extend to the airport for many years. When the idea of a congestion charge was mooted, part of the scheme was to have extended the Metrolink to the airport. However, when this was rejected the future of the scheme was in doubt. In 2009, it was announced that the line to the airport would finally be built. The airport line is one spur of the line from St Werburgh 's Road, to East Didsbury and Manchester Airport, which opened on 3 November 2014 -- 18 months ahead of schedule. From 2017, Metrolink services from the Airport will operate to Manchester Victoria with the construction of the Second City Crossing.
The Station is the airport 's ground transport interchange and brings bus, coach and rail passengers under one roof. Over 300 trains, 100 coaches and 500 buses a day use the facility, including the 24 - hour bus service 43, which runs every 10 minutes (every 30 minutes at night) to Manchester city centre via Wythenshawe, Northenden, Withington, Fallowfield and Rusholme. There is also Skyline service 199 operating every 30 minutes to Buxton via Stockport, Disley and Chapel - en - le - Frith, as well as a number of Stagecoach and Arriva services to Stockport, Altrincham and various parts of South Manchester. A network of National Express coach services serve Manchester Airport and operate to destinations further afield, including as far as Dublin.
The airport is a 20 - minute drive from Manchester city centre and is reached by the M56 motorway, with a dedicated approach road from the motorway at junction 5. The M56 is the main route used by traffic to reach the airport. There are also minor local roads serving the airport from the north (Wythenshawe) and the east (Heald Green). The M56 / A538 road junction serves the World Freight Terminal, to the west of the airport. The A538 runs east - west serving the local towns of Altrincham and Wilmslow.
Proposed as part of the SEMMMS (South East Manchester Multi-Modal Strategy) Relief Road Scheme, a new link road to the A6 south of Stockport has been approved. Planning permission has been granted, with inquiries for Compulsory Purchase and Side Roads Orders to follow in September 2014.
Taxi ranks are situated by arrivals at all three terminals.
The airport 's official short - stay car parking can be found in the multi-storey car parks adjacent to Terminals 1, 2 and 3. In July 2007 the airport introduced a ' No Waiting ' restriction on all access roads surrounding the terminals. The airport forces the public to pay charges to enter short stay "Pick - Up Car Parks '' to maximise revenue instead of providing a convenient "Pick - Up Lane '' where friends and family could collect passengers conveniently and quickly.
In 2009 / 2010 Terminal 1 's multi-storey car park was refurbished. Each level of the car park is colour - coded. The floor, walls, ceiling and supports have all received a repaint with every parking space having a sensor and green light above it, with empty parking bays indicated by the green light.
Official long - stay on - airport parking from Manchester Airport is located near the terminals and served by a regular courtesy bus. There is one long - stay car park serving Terminals 1 and 3 and a separate dedicated long - stay car park for Terminal 2. In 2009 the airport opened JetParks -- two long - stay car parks less than a mile from the terminals. This is a cheaper alternative to the on - site car parks and is served by a 24 - hour shuttle bus every 15 minutes. The airport also operates a Shuttle Park for long - stay car parking, which is also served by a regular courtesy bus and is located just off the airport site to the east of Terminal 3. The airport has since augmented these products with a 3rd JetParks car park, JetParks 3. This is located adjacent to Shuttle Parks and as a result, Shuttle Parks was renamed JetParks Plus. Manchester Airport also operates a very large scale valet parking product across all 3 terminals that it has branded as "Meet & Greet ''.
In 2014 a new, 9000 space car park located underneath the approach to 23R was constructed, the first area of the site opened in the autumn. The remainder of the facility will open in time for summer 2015.
There are several privately operated car parks within a short distance of the airport, served by shuttle bus, as well as several off - site companies operating valet parking services.
Expansion of the airport caused closures of public roads in the area.
In 2007 Manchester Airport applied to build on land in Styal to increase its car parking. However, the former Macclesfield Borough Council refused to give them planning permission to do so and expressed annoyance at the airport for not investing enough in public transport. Macclesfield Borough Council have said that they would consider giving planning permission for a new car park on brownfield land. The airport did not make another application for parking in this area and land to the north of the site had instead to be used to ensure sufficient spaces were available. Areas around Styal village continue to be used by private enterprise parking companies not owned or managed by Manchester Airport.
Despite public concerns about privacy and health risks, Manchester Airport introduced full - body X-ray scanners in all terminals. Under Department for Transport regulations these scans were compulsory for all passengers selected to undergo the scan. Passengers who objected to the scans were not allowed to fly. The X-ray body scanners were removed in September 2012.
Manchester Airport has had public viewing areas since the airport opened to the public in 1938. The 1960 / 1970s pier - top viewing facilities have been closed because of security concerns. In May 1992, an official "Aviation Viewing Park '' (AVP) was created just off the A538 road on the south - western side of the airfield. This was moved to the western side of the airfield in May 1997 to allow construction of the second runway. Renamed the "Runway Visitor Park '' in June 2010, the facility is regarded as providing the best official viewing facilities for aircraft spotting at any major UK airport by aircraft enthusiasts. Visitors can view aircraft taking off and landing from both runways and aircraft taxiing to and from the runways. This attraction now draws around 300,000 visitors a year and is one of Greater Manchester 's top 10 attractions.
The visitor park also has a cafe and a shop selling aviation related items. Aircraft on display are:
Level 13 of the short - stay car park at Terminal 1 has another viewing location, popular with spotters for the last 32 years. As part of a recent refurbishment, the café and aviation shop which were once part of the viewing area have now been closed, with the aviation shop moving to the Terminal 1 arrivals area. The level (13) is now used as a car park for rental cars. The building that once housed the cafe and aviation shop is now the reception area / offices for the car rental companies. Spotting is still tolerated on level 13 and it is still a good place to take pictures of aircraft taxiing and parked up at Terminal 1, Terminal 2, the World Freight Terminal and the hangars. Terminal 3 stands are not visible from level 13; they are better viewed from the south side of the airport near Moss Lane.
The Airport Hotel is a public house operated by Robinson 's Brewery and is on Ringway Road about 0.5 mi (0.80 km) from the airport. Its beer garden overlooks the east end of Taxiway J and the eastern threshold of runway 23R which are only 50 ft (15 m) away and provides good views of east - west landing approaches and some take - off rolls.
Media related to Manchester Airport at Wikimedia Commons Manchester Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage
Italics denote building under construction
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put your money where your mouth is cast | Put Your Money where Your Mouth is (tv series) - wikipedia
Put Your Money Where Your Mouth Is is a BBC television series that was first shown on BBC One from 10 March 2008 to 18 June 2010, then shown on BBC Two from 14 February 2011 to 13 May 2012 where it aired its Food spin - off from 5 May to 5 June 2009 and then shown back on BBC One since 18 February 2013 where it also aired its Chefs spin - off from 8 April to 26 April 2013.
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what is the meaning of aloha in english | Aloha - wikipedia
Aloha (pronounced (əˈlo. hə)) is the Hawaiian word for love, affection, peace, compassion and mercy, that is commonly used as a simple greeting.
The origins of the Hawaiian word aloha are unclear. The word goes back to the very origins of Hawaii to Kahiki (the homeland) and even further. The word is found in all Polynesian languages and always with the same basic meaning of: love, compassion, sympathy and kindness. Its beginnings may be seen in the Maori definition as "love of kin ''. Mary Kawena Pukui wrote that the "first expression '' of aloha was between a parent and child. The word has become a part of the English vocabulary in an awkward misuse. The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word as a "greeting '' like "welcome '' and "farewell '' using a number of examples dating back as far as 1798.
Lorrin Andrews wrote the first Hawaiian Dictionary, called "A dictionary of the Hawaiian language ''. In it he describes aloha as; "A word expressing different feelings; love, affection, gratitude, kindness, pity, compassion, grief, the modern common salutation at meeting; parting ''. Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert 's; "Hawaiian Dictionary: Hawaiian - English, English - Hawaiian '' also write a similer definition. Anthropologist, Frances Newton states that; "Aloha is a complex and profound sentiment. Such emotions defy definition ''. Hawaiians believe the concept to be unique, with no English equivalent.
From Chapter 5 of Hawaiʻi Revised Statutes:
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tarsila do amaral inventing modern art in brazil | Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil - Wikipedia
Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil is a book about the work of the Brazilian modernist artist Tarsila do Amaral by curators Stephanie D'Alessandro and Luis Pérez - Oramas published by Yale University Press in 2017.
The book was reviewed in "Inventando a arte moderna no Brasil '' Correspondance Magazine 11 January 2018.
Tarsila do Amaral: Inventing Modern Art in Brazil accompanied exhibitions at the Art Institute of Chicago and the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
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when did islamabad became the capital of pakistan | Islamabad - Wikipedia
Islamabad (/ ɪzˈlɑːməˌbɑːd /; Urdu: اسلام آباد Islāmābād (ɪsˌlɑːmɑːˈbɑːd̪)) is the capital city of Pakistan located within the federal Islamabad Capital Territory. With a population of 2.01 million, it is the 9th largest city of Pakistan, while the larger Islamabad - Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the third largest in Pakistan with a population exceeding four million. The city is the political seat of Pakistan and is administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation, supported by the Capital Development Authority (CDA).
Islamabad is located in the Pothohar Plateau in the northeastern part of the country, between Rawalpindi District and the Margalla Hills National Park to the north. The region has historically been a part of the crossroads of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with the Margalla Pass acting as the gateway between the two regions.
Islamabad was built during the 1960s to replace Karachi as Pakistan 's capital. The city 's master - plan divides the city into eight zones, including administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational sectors, industrial sectors, commercial areas, and rural and green areas. The city is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and Shakarparian Park. The city is home to several landmarks, including the Faisal Mosque, the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest in the world. Other landmarks include the Pakistan 's National Monument and Democracy Square.
Islamabad is a beta - world city; it is categorised as very high on the Human Development Index, with an HDI of 0.875, the 2nd highest in the country after Lahore. The city has the highest cost of living in Pakistan, and its population is dominated by middle and upper middle class citizens. The city is home to twenty universities, including the Quaid - e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and NUST. The city is one of the safest in Pakistan, and has an expansive surveillance system with 1,900 CCTV cameras.
The name of the city, Islamabad is derived from two words, Islam and abad, meaning "City of Islam ''. Islam is an Arabic word which refers to the religion of Islam and - abad is a Persian place name that means inhabited place or city.
Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia. Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period. Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.
Excavations have revealed evidence of a prehistoric culture. Recently, in 2015 / 16 Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage Islamabad carried out first archaeological excavation in Islamabad and exposed the remains of a Buddhist stupa situated at Ban Faqiran near Shah Allah Ditta Caves. This stupa belongs to 2nd to 5th century AC. Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone was the team leader of the project. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BC that show this region was home to Neolithic people who settled on the banks of the Swaan River, who developed small communities in the region at around 3000 BC. One end of the Indus Valley Civilization flourished here between the 23rd and 18th centuries BC. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community. A Buddhist town once existed in the region. Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani used the corridor through Islamabad on their way to invade the Indian Subcontinent.
15th century Pharwala Fort beside the Swaan River
The popular Shrine of Meher Ali Shah was completed immediately before construction began on the future capital city just east of the shrine.
The caves at Shah Allah Ditta, on Islamabad 's outskirts, were part of an ancient Buddhist monastic community
The restored village of Saidpur predates the surrounding city of Islamabad.
When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its first national capital. In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons. Traditionally, development in Pakistan was focused on the colonial centre of Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it equally distributed. Moreover, Karachi was located at the southern end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country. Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs. The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north.
In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959. A Greek firm of architects, Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills. The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early sixties and then to Islamabad when the essential development work was completed in 1966.
Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan. As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit. Year 2014 has brought in major changes in Islamabad. Construction of the Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus began on 28 February 2014 which was completed in March 2015, with 60 buses plying on the route. The Rawalpindi Development Authority took care of the project with a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab. In October 2005, the city suffered some damage due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6. Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing. In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer.
Margalla Hills, Islamabad
Islamabad 's verdant cityscape merges directly with the Margalla Hills
Constitution Avenue
Islamabad 's deciduous trees change colours in autumn
Islamabad is located at 33 ° 26 ′ N 73 ° 02 ′ E / 33.43 ° N 73.04 ° E / 33.43; 73.04 at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft). The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi stand side by side and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities, where no exact boundary exists between the two cities.
To the northeast of the city lies the hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad, 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar, 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore, and 300 kilometres (190 mi) WSW of Srinagar, the capital of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi). A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located.
The climate of Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November -- February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 ° C (100.4 ° F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January. Islamabad 's micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha). The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995. Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher elevations points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from 13 ° C (55 ° F) in January to 38 ° C (100 ° F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 ° C (115.9 ° F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was − 6 ° C (21.2 ° F) on 17 January 1967. The city has recorded snowfall. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record - breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.
The main administrative authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city. Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area. Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area. Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under - developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km ( 1 ⁄ mi × 1 ⁄ mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.
Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D - 11 to D - 17), of which only sector D - 12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills. The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17. Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors. In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University. The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F - 5 to F - 17; some sectors are still under - developed. F - 5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F - 9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F - 8 sector. G sectors are numbered G - 5 through G - 17. Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G - 5, the Red Mosque in G - 6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G - 8, and the Karachi Company shopping center in G - 9.
The H sectors are numbered H - 8 through H - 17. The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H - 12. The I sectors are numbered from I - 8 to I - 18. With the exception of I - 8, which is a well - developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Currently two sub-sectors of I - 9 and one sub-sector of I - 10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I - 18 and Industrial City in sector I - 17. Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.
When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad / Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas. However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab.
Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway. Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway. Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.
Mega Mall of Islamabad The Centaurus
PTET & ISE Tower
Pakistan Secretariat
Star and Crescent Monument near the start of Shakarparian
Faisal Mosque
Daman - e-Koh Park
Sunset over the Lake View Park
view of Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city.
Blue Area
Pakistan Monument
Constitution Avenue in Islamabad
Saidpur villagekami
Islamabad 's architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi - Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige - coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad 's tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister 's secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone.
The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture. The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions. The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC. The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city.
The mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi, at 68 % and the major dialect is Pothohari. 15 % of the population are Pashto speakers, 18 % speak other languages. The total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Balochistan, and Gilgit -- Baltistan.
The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15 -- 64 years, around 59.38 %. Only 2.73 % of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90 % is below the age of 15. Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88 %. 9.8 % of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26 % have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2 % have a master or equivalent degree. The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213 and the unemployment rate is 15.70 %.
Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.53 % of the population Muslim. In rural areas this percentage is 98.80 %. Per 1998 census in urban areas the percentage of Muslims is 97.83 %. The second largest religion is Christianity, with 4.07 % of the population, 0.94 % in rural areas and 5.70 % in the city. Hinduism accounts for 0.02 % of the population, and other minorities 0.03 %.
Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8 % of the country 's population, it contributes 1 % to the country 's GDP. Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan 's third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange, and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange. The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.
According to the World Bank 's Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan. Islambad 's businesses are Pakistan 's most compliant for paying tax dues. As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20 % of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.
Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad. Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies. Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea.
Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th - century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad. Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan.
Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500 - year - old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda. The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region. The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.
The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.
Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98 %, and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country. A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O / A Levels, or IGCSE. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management 's report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges). There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.
The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad. Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls. There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers. Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital. The world 's second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Capital University of Science & Technology, National Defence University, Shifa Tameer - e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University The University of Lahore, Abasyn University and The Millennium University College.
Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand. Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services. The hospital has 30 major medical departments. PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592 - bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties.
The Children 's Hospital is a 230 - bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank. The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services. PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid - e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.
PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission. The hospital consists of a 100 - bed facility and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit / Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department. Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and 5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.
Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world through Islamabad International Airport. The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located outside Islamabad in Fateh Jang.
The Rawalpindi - Islamabad Metrobus is a 24 km (14.9 mi) bus rapid transit system that serves the twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad in Pakistan. It uses dedicated bus lanes for all of its route covering 24 bus stations. Metro Bus has Unique existing in Pakistan that was the project given by Turkey to Pakistan. This Service covers a huge distance from city Saddar, Rawalpindi to Pak - Secretariat, Islamabad. This Service is very reliable and is producing consistent results as Labor force as well as students are using this govt. provided service on daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G - 13 and H - 12. Work is currently being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway..
People use private transport like Taxi, Careem and Uber for their local journey. In March, 2016 Careem become functional Islamabad and Rawalpindi with an exciting services of Taxi.
M - 2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore. M - 1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long. Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.
Islamabad has a multi-purpose Sports Complex opposite Aabpara. The complex includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. There is another Multipurpose Sports Complex in the F6 Markaz. Offered facilities include Tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre - glass boards and a Futsal ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad. Major sports in the city include Cricket, Football, Squash, Hockey, Table Tennis, Rugby and Boxing. The city is home to Islamabad United which won the first ever Pakistan Super League in 2016 and Islamabad All Stars which participates in the Super Kabaddi League. Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills. Swimming pools of Pakistan Sports Complex are good. There are three pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends. Few swimmers, however, demand more hygienic conditions in showers and rest rooms.
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when did the first woman win the best director oscar | Kathryn Bigelow - wikipedia
Kathryn Ann Bigelow (/ ˈbɪɡəˌloʊ /; born November 27, 1951) is an American director, producer, and writer. Covering a wide range of genres, her films include Near Dark (1987), Point Break (1991), Strange Days (1995), K - 19: The Widowmaker (2002), The Hurt Locker (2008), Zero Dark Thirty (2012), and Detroit (2017).
With The Hurt Locker, Bigelow became the first, and as of 2018 the only, woman to win any of the Academy Award for Best Director, the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing, the BAFTA Award for Best Direction, and the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Director. She also became the first woman to win the Saturn Award for Best Director in 1995 for Strange Days.
Bigelow was a member of the 2010 Time 100 list of most influential people of the year.
Bigelow was born in San Carlos, California, the only child of Gertrude Kathryn (née Larson; 1917 -- 1994), a librarian, and Ronald Elliot Bigelow (1915 -- 1992), a paint factory manager. Her mother was of Norwegian descent. She attended Sunny Hills High School in Fullerton, CA. Bigelow 's early creative endeavors were as a student of painting. She enrolled at San Francisco Art Institute in the fall of 1970 and received her Bachelor of Fine Arts in December 1972. While enrolled at SFAI, she was accepted into the Whitney Museum of American Art 's Independent Study Program in New York City. Bigelow 's early work benefited from her apprenticeships with Vito Acconci, Richard Serra, and Lawrence Weiner. For a while, Bigelow lived as a starving artist, crashing with painter Julian Schnabel in performance artist Vito Acconci 's loft. Also in her early days in Manhattan, Bigelow teamed up with Philip Glass on a real - estate venture in which the pair personally renovated distressed apartments downtown then sold them for a profit.
Bigelow entered the graduate film program at Columbia University, where she studied theory and criticism and earned her master 's degree. Her professors included Vito Acconci, Sylvère Lotringer and Susan Sontag, as well as Andrew Sarris and Edward W. Said, and she worked with the Art & Language collective and noted conceptualist Lawrence Weiner. She also taught at the California Institute of the Arts. While working with Art & Language, Bigelow began a short film, The Set - Up (1978), which found favor with director Miloš Forman, then teaching at Columbia University, and which Bigelow later submitted as part of her MFA at Columbia.
Bigelow 's short The Set - Up is a 20 - minute deconstruction of violence in film. The film portrays "two men fighting each other as the semioticians Sylvère Lotringer and Marshall Blonsky deconstruct the images in voice - over. '' Bigelow asked her actors to actually beat and bludgeon each other throughout the film 's all - night shoot.
Her first full - length feature was The Loveless (1981), a biker film that she co-directed with Monty Montgomery and featured Willem Dafoe in his first starring role.
Next, she directed Near Dark (1987), which she co-scripted with Eric Red. With this film, she began her life - long fascination with manipulating movie conventions and genre. In the same year, she directed a music video for the New Order song "Touched by the Hand of God ''; the video is a spoof of glam metal imagery.
Bigelow 's subsequent trilogy of action films, Blue Steel, Point Break, and Strange Days, merged her philosophically - minded manipulation of pace with the market demands of mainstream film - making. In the process, Bigelow became recognizable as both a Hollywood brand and an auteur. All three films rethink the conventions of action cinema while exploring gendered and racial politics.
Blue Steel starred Jamie Lee Curtis as a rookie police officer who is stalked by a psychopathic killer, played by Ron Silver. As with Near Dark, Eric Red co-wrote the screenplay. The film, originally bankrolled for $10 million, was shot on location in New York both due to financial considerations and because Bigelow does n't "like movies where you see a welfare apartment and it 's the size of two football fields. ''
Bigelow followed Blue Steel with Point Break (1991), which starred Keanu Reeves as an FBI agent who poses as a surfer to catch the "Ex-Presidents '', a team of surfing armed robbers led by Patrick Swayze who wear Reagan, Nixon, LBJ and Jimmy Carter masks when they hold up banks. Point Break was Bigelow 's most profitable ' studio ' film, taking approximately $80 million at the global box office during the year of its release, and yet it remains one of her least well - received films, both in commercial reviews and academic analysis. This is perhaps due to the fact that it most successfully conforms to its action genre and abandons much of the stylistic substance and subtext of Bigelow 's other work.
In 1993, she directed an episode of the TV series Wild Palms.
Bigelow 's 1995 film Strange Days was written and produced by her ex-husband James Cameron. Despite some positive reviews, the film was a commercial failure. Furthermore, many attributed the creative vision to Cameron, diminishing Bigelow 's perceived influence on the film.
She directed episodes of Homicide: Life on the Street in 1997 and 1998.
Based on Anita Shreve 's novel of the same name, Bigelow 's 2000 film The Weight of Water is a portrait of two women trapped in suffocating relationships.
In 2002, she directed K - 19: The Widowmaker, starring Harrison Ford and Liam Neeson, about a group of men aboard the Soviet Union 's first nuclear - powered submarine. The film fared poorly at the box office and was received with mixed reactions by critics.
Bigelow next directed The Hurt Locker, which was first shown at the Venice Film Festival in September 2008, was the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival in May 2009, and theatrically released in the US in June 2009. It qualified for the 2010 Oscars as it did not premiere in an Oscar - qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009. Set in post-invasion Iraq, the film received "universal acclaim '' (according to Metacritic) and a 97 % "fresh '' rating from the critics aggregated by Rotten Tomatoes. The film stars Jeremy Renner, Brian Geraghty and Anthony Mackie, with cameos by Guy Pearce, David Morse and Ralph Fiennes. She won the Directors Guild of America award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures (becoming the first woman to win the award) and also received a Golden Globe nomination for her direction. In 2010, she won the award for Best Director and The Hurt Locker won Best Picture at the 63rd British Academy Film Awards. She became the first woman to receive an Academy Award for Best Director for The Hurt Locker. She was the fourth woman in history to be nominated for the honor, and only the second American woman. She defeated her ex-husband James Cameron in the category, for his directorial work in his sci - fi film Avatar, with a budget of $200 million. The Hurt Locker was far less expensive to make, relying on the use of hand - held cameras, long takes, and diligent sound design.
In her acceptance speech for her Academy Award, Bigelow surprised many audience members when she did n't mention her status as the first woman to ever receive an Oscar for Best Director. In the past, Bigelow has refused to identify herself as a "woman filmmaker '' or a "feminist filmmaker. '' Throughout her career, she has been faced with harsh criticism for the violence in her films, facing questions such as Mark Salisbury 's in The Guardian, "Why does she make the kind of movie she makes? '', or Marcia Froelke Coburn for the Chicago Tribune 's, "What 's a nice woman like Bigelow doing making erotic, violent vampire movies? ''
Bigelow 's next film was Zero Dark Thirty, a dramatization of American efforts to find Osama bin Laden. Zero Dark Thirty was acclaimed by film critics but has also attracted controversy and strong criticism for its allegedly pro-torture stance. Bigelow won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director for the film, making her the first woman to win the award twice. She had already won previously for directing The Hurt Locker. She also won the National Board of Review Award for Best Director, making her the first woman to win that award.
Bigelow collaborated with Mark Boal again on the film Detroit, set during the 1967 Detroit riots. Detroit began filming in the summer of 2016, and was released in July 2017, around the time of the 50th anniversary of the riots, and on the anniversary day of the Algiers Motel incident, which is depicted in the film. John Boyega, Hannah Murray, Will Poulter, Jack Reynor, Anthony Mackie, and Joseph David - Jones starred in the film.
In 2014, Bigelow announced plans to direct two movies: an adaptation of Anand Giridharadas 's non-fiction book The True American: Murder and Mercy in Texas starring Tom Hardy and a feature based on the life of Bowe Bergdahl written by her frequent collaborator Mark Boal.
Bigelow is known for her shifting relationship to Hollywood and its conventional film standards and techniques. Her work "both satisfies and transcends the demands of formula to create cinema that 's ideologically complex, viscerally thrilling, and highly personal ''. She has had success both ascribing to conventional Hollywood cinema techniques as well as creating her own unique style that pushes against mainstream conventions. She is also known for entrenching social issues of gender, race, and politics into her work of all genres.
While her films are often categorized in the action genre, she describes her own style as an exploration of "film 's potential to be kinetic ''. Her frequent and notable action sequences are unique because of her use of "purpose - built '' camera equipment to create unique mobile shots that are very distinctive and indicative of the physicality of her work. In many of her films, such as The Hurt Locker, Point Break, and Strange Days, she has used utilized mobile and hand - held cameras.
Perhaps what Bigelow is most well - known for is her use of extensive violence in her films. Most of her films include violent sequences and many of them revolve around the theme of violence. Violence has been a staple in her films from the beginning of her career. In her first short film The Set - Up (1978), two professors deconstruct two men beating each other up and reflect on the "fascistic appeal of screen violence ''. For this film Bigelow asked the two actors, including a then unknown Gary Busey, to actually beat each other up in the film 's all - night shoot. This interest in violence seeped its way into her first full - length feature film The Loveless, starring William Dafoe, which follows a 1950 's motorcycle gang 's visit to a small town and the ensuing violence that occurs. Her next film Near Dark follows a young boy who falls in love with a vampire after being bitten by her. The film was originally conceived of as a Western but the genre was so unpopular at the time that Bigelow had to adjust her script and invert the genres conventions. She still used the violent staples of the genre including sieges, shoot - outs, and horseback chases. It is regarded for its combination of the Western and Horror genre and its exploration of "homosexuality and ' white America 's illusion of safety and control ' ''. The film became a cult classic within the horror genre community. Bigelow herself saw a screening of it in Greenwich Village with a horror genre crowd.
Her film Blue Steel, which was quickly followed by Point Break and Strange Days, was her first venture into the action film genre, in which she has stayed in throughout her career and has found her most success. The film revolves around a female cop who is falsely accused of a murder and who in the process of clearing her name investigates a killing spree connected to the original murder. Similarly to Near Dark, Bigelow inverts the typical action genre conventions by placing a female protagonist at the center. The film digs deeply into feminist issues and is often taught and studied by feminist film scholars. Her next film Point Break, starring Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swayze, was her breakout film that truly bolstered her to mainstream success. The film follows a detective who goes undercover in a suspected criminal gang of surfers who primarily rob banks. It marks the first time that Bigelow used lengthy Steadicam tracking shots. It was also her biggest financial success yet, grossing $83.5 million worldwide with a budget of $24 million. Although her next film Strange Days, which ruminates on the relationships between media, sex, race, class, and technology, had a budget of $42 million, it only grossed just under $8 million. Although the film flopped, it led Bigelow and her team to spend over a year developing a camera that intended to approximate human vision. Sequences filmed by this camera are widely regarded as innovative and startling regardless of the film 's success.
The commercial failure of Strange Days was followed by a stream of commercial and critical flops for Bigelow. Her films The Weight of Water and K - 19: The Widowmaker received negative reviews from critics and little attention from the general public. It was n't until Bigelow decided to independently produce her film The Hurt Locker that she made a commercial and critical comeback. This film was her first transition into definitively political and historical film. The Hurt Locker, which follows members of a bomb squad serving in the Iraq War, was Bigelow 's first venture into pseudo-documentary style film, abandoning the aesthetic stylization found in Strange Days and Near Dark. The film utilizes the genre 's tendency to use quick cuts, shaky camera, and rapid zooms. It also breaks with the conventional narrative structures of her previous films, following a more unorganized and experimental narrative structure. Her next film, Zero Dark Thirty, is widely seen as a direct extension of The Hurt Locker, going further in - depth of historical analysis and addressing issues of geopolitics and American foreign policy. The film is her most controversial to date, with heavy criticism on the depiction of the CIA 's torture practices.
Throughout her career, Bigelow has been known for her tendency to go to extremes for her films. In Point Break, while filming the famous skydiving scene, Bigelow was on the airplane with a parachute on, as she filmed Patrick Swayze throw himself into the sky. During surfing scenes in the same film, she would either paddle on a longboard or lean over a nearby boat as far as possible to get shots of Keanu Reeves surfing. For the opening of Strange Days she controlled a crane that dropped a camera man off the edge of a tall building. For The Hurt Locker, Bigelow filmed in Jordan in up to 130 degree heat.
In the early 1980s, Bigelow modeled for a Gap advertisement.
Her acting credits include Lizzie Borden 's 1983 film Born in Flames as a feminist newspaper editor, and as the leader of a cowgirl gang in the 1988 music video of Martini Ranch 's "Reach '', which was directed by James Cameron.
Bigelow was married to fellow director James Cameron from 1989 to 1991. She and Cameron were both nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for the 82nd Academy Awards in 2010. Bigelow won the award.
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life liberty and the pursuit of happiness declaration of independence meaning | Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness - wikipedia
"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' is a well - known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence. The phrase gives three examples of the "unalienable rights '' which the Declaration says have been given to all human beings by their creator, and which governments are created to protect.
The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and then edited by the Committee of Five, which consisted of Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. It was then further edited and adopted by the Committee of the Whole of the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The second paragraph of the first article in the Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness ''.
Jefferson 's "original Rough draught '' is on exhibit in the Library of Congress. This version was used by Julian Boyd to create a transcript of Jefferson 's draft, which reads:
We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that all men are created equal & independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness;...
The Committee of Five edited Jefferson 's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:
We hold these truths to be self - evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. -- --
A number of possible sources or inspirations for Jefferson 's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. Jefferson declared himself an Epicurean during his lifetime: this is a philosophical doctrine that teaches the pursuit of happiness and proposes autarchy, which translates as self - rule, self - sufficiency or freedom. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was drawn from John Locke and those who identify some other source.
There is debate about what the word "happiness '' may have meant in 1776. Current usage focuses on pleasant, positive emotions and having needs satisfied, whereas in 1776 the common meaning may have been "prosperity, thriving, wellbeing ''.
In 1689, Locke argued in his Two Treatises of Government that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property '', which he defined as a person 's "life, liberty, and estate ''. In A Letter Concerning Toleration, he wrote that the magistrate 's power was limited to preserving a person 's "civil interest '', which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things ''. He declared in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness ''.
According to those scholars who saw the root of Jefferson 's thought in Locke 's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate '' with "the pursuit of happiness '', although this does not mean that Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness '' to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of limited government.
The first and second article of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, written by George Mason and adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind '' were expressed at the time.
That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when they enter into a state of society, they can not, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety.
Benjamin Franklin was in agreement with Thomas Jefferson in downplaying protection of "property '' as a goal of government. It is noted that Franklin found property to be a "creature of society '' and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.
In 1628, Sir Edward Coke wrote in The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England, his commentary on Thomas de Littleton, that "It is commonly said that three things be favoured in Law, Life, Liberty, Dower. '' At common law, dower was closely guarded as a means by which the widow and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their real property.
Garry Wills has argued that Jefferson did not take the phrase from Locke and that it was indeed meant to be a standard by which governments should be judged. Wills suggests Adam Ferguson as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:
If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world.
The 17th - century cleric and philosopher Richard Cumberland wrote that promoting the well - being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness ''. Locke never associated natural rights with happiness, but his philosophical opponent Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made such an association in the introduction to his Codex Iuris Gentium. William Wollaston 's The Religion of Nature Delineated describes the "truest definition '' of "natural religion '' as being "The pursuit of happiness by the practice of reason and truth ''. An English translation of Jean - Jacques Burlamaqui 's Principles of Natural and Politic Law prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit '' of "true and solid happiness '' in the opening chapter discussing natural rights. Historian Jack Rakove posits Burlamaqui as the inspiration for Jefferson 's phrase.
Another possible source for the phrase is in the Commentaries on the Laws of England published by Sir William Blackstone, from 1765 to 1769, which are often cited in the laws of the United States. Blackstone argues that God ' has so intimately connected, so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual, that the latter can not be attained but by observing the former; and, if the former be punctually obeyed, it can not but induce the latter. In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity, he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts, referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things, as some have vainly surmised; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept, "that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness. '' This is the foundation of what we call ethics, or natural law. '
Other tripartite mottos include "liberté, égalité, fraternité '' (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France; "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit '' (unity, justice and liberty) in Germany and "peace, order, and good government '' in Canada. It is also similar to a line in the Canadian Charter of Rights: "life, liberty, security of the person '' (this line was also in the older Canadian Bill of rights, which added "enjoyment of property '' to the list).
The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan, and in President Ho Chi Minh 's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property '', is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. The Fifth Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution declare that governments can not deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property '' without due process of law. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person ''.
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who is archie supposed to end up with | Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty - Wikipedia
"Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty '' is an American comic book story by writer Michael Uslan and artists Stan Goldberg and Bob Smith that was originally presented in Archie # 600 -- 606. In issues # 600 -- 602, the story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews in the years that follow his college graduation when Archie makes his ultimate decision to marry Veronica Lodge instead of Betty Cooper. In Issues # 603 -- 605, the story switches and Archie proposes marriage to Betty instead of to Veronica. Issue # 606 serves as the epilogue to the story and ties the previous six issues together.
In May 2009, Archie Comics released plans for what they would call "The Archie Story Of The Century '' and announced that Archie Andrews would ask Veronica Lodge to marry him in Archie Comics # 600, the first issue of a six - part story arc detailing their engagement, marriage and life together. The publishers of Archie Comics did not expect the response they would get from readers and longtime fans telling them they made a mistake in Archie 's choice. The New York Times would later reveal that the whole story is simply a fantasy and that the first half of the story would show Archie 's life with Veronica, and the second half would show his life with Betty.
"The Proposal '' is Part 1 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 600. The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Veronica Lodge after his college graduation.
The night before the gang 's graduation from Riverdale High, The Archies play their final concert and mourn the oncoming changes. Archie comes home and after getting heat from his father about picking a college, he takes a walk down Memory Lane... literally. Archie realizes he 's never walked up Memory Lane before and switches directions. After traveling through a yellow wood, Memory Lane splits into two dirt roads. He chooses the left one and "saves the right one for another day. '' Archie is then cast four years into the future on the eve of his college graduation. Archie soon makes it back to his house no longer wearing his high school lettermen 's jacket but one that reads "State U '' on the back. His mother exclaims how excited she is for her son 's graduation and Fred states how he wishes Archie had majored in business instead of history and that he 's still excited he 's graduating from college. Archie dismisses this when Mary states that Veronica Lodge is waiting for him inside the house. He and Veronica discuss the changes in their lives, but both accept growing up.
After a successful graduation, Veronica hosts a party at her mansion with Josie and the Pussycats headlining. Archie learns that Veronica is planning to work for her father 's company in either London or Hong Kong. As for the rest of the gang, Moose Mason is going to manage his uncle 's burger joint on Staten Island while his girlfriend Midge Klump will be running her own nail salon in Bayonne, New Jersey. Dilton Doiley is going to M.I.T. for his doctorate in quantum mechanics, Reggie Mantle will fulfill his destiny as a used car salesman in Atlanta and Jughead Jones will stick around Riverdale grilling burgers at Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe until he figures things out. Finally, Betty Cooper will be working as a buyer at Saks Fifth Avenue in New York City.
After the party, Archie is given a large sum of money by his parents. A few weeks later, he uses it for the down payment on an engagement ring for Veronica. He proposes to her in "Spiffany 's '' just as Betty and Jughead happen to walk by and witness. Veronica accepts and Betty runs weeping in an unknown direction. Jughead later chastises Archie for not telling him his plan. Eventually, Archie and Veronica tell Mr. Lodge, who accepts Archie as his future son - in - law as long as he works for Lodge Industries. Without any other jobs lined up, Archie goes along with it as his fiancee plans the biggest wedding Riverdale has ever seen.
The residents of Riverdale are overwhelmed with shock that Archie finally chose between his two favorite gals, but also concerned with Betty 's well being. In the end, Veronica calls Betty and asks her to be her maid of honor. Instead of answering, Betty simply leaves the phone on her bed.
"The Wedding '' is Part 2 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 601. The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his wedding to longtime girlfriend Veronica Lodge.
Archie is preparing for his upcoming nuptials with his groomsmen, Reggie Mantle, Moose Mason, Dilton Doiley, and best man Jughead Jones. Meanwhile, Veronica is treating her bridesmaids Midge Klump, Ethel Muggs, and Nancy Woods to a day at the spa. Veronica is sad that Betty Cooper is not there. However, Betty shows up at that moment and her position as Veronica 's maid of honor is cemented. Betty brings along a "friend '' of hers named Henry who works with her. Ethel states that he reminds her of Archie as Betty rushes him out the door. On the eve of the wedding, Archie and Veronica discuss their future.
The big day comes and everything seems to be going as planned. All of Riverdale is attending the wedding. Before the ceremony, Archie asks Betty to take a walk with him. He tells her that she was his first friend when his family moved to Riverdale and how he always enjoyed dating her, but then Veronica moved to town. Archie tells Betty that he loves her like a sister and asks her to promise to always be his friend. Betty obliges after they tell each other they love one another.
The wedding goes smoothly. Mr. and Mrs. Lodge walk Veronica down the aisle as all of Riverdale watches. Archie and Veronica become husband and wife as Betty looks on tearfully, but happily. At the reception, Archie and Veronica share their first dance to "Sugar, Sugar '', speeches are made, the cake is cut, and the bouquet is tossed. Betty catches it and walks away trying to hide her tears. Veronica catches up to her to make sure she 's okay. Archie and Veronica then depart on their honeymoon to a remote island in the Caribbean owned by the Lodges.
One year later, Archie is a big executive at Lodge Enterprises. Reggie shows up and asks for a job after he 's been laid off and Archie gives him a job in sales. It 's obvious that he 's running himself ragged with work. When he comes home exhausted, Veronica reminds him of a dinner date they have with Ethel and her fiancé. Archie is simply too tired and refuses to move, until Veronica announces that she 's pregnant and he promptly faints.
"It 's Twins '' is Part 3 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 602. The story features the continuation of a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Veronica Lodge as they raise a pair of fraternal twins.
Archie announces Veronica 's pregnancy to his parents, Fred and Mary. At that moment, Jughead, Reggie, and Moose burst in with congratulations and mention the various ways they will add to "Little Archie '' or "Little Veronica 's '' life. Archie then breaks the news to Mr. Lodge who immediately has his will changed to bestow his most prized possession, a sled named "Rosebuddy '' to his grandchild.
Meanwhile, Veronica flies to New York City to meet with Betty at a run down diner. Betty has n't been faring well in the city. She 's recently been laid off and her relationship with Henry has ended because it 's "hard to meet nice guys in the city. '' Veronica announces that she is pregnant and asks Betty to be the godmother, to which she agrees.
Two trimesters later, Archie and Veronica begin Lamaze class, which proves to be a slapstick disaster for Archie. One night when Veronica 's ill, Jughead fills in for her replete with a pillow under his shirt and hilarity ensues. Despite all of this, Archie promises to be calm when the big day arrives. Shortly thereafter, Veronica goes into labor and he drives her to the hospital with minimal drama. Soon, Veronica delivers a redheaded boy named Archie, and a black haired girl named Veronica.
Time passes and Archie and Veronica move back to Riverdale and buy a minivan. Parenting is exhausting for both of them, but they lovingly raise their children past diapers and bottles. When the children are around three, the Andrews and the Lodges celebrate Christmas together. The children are sent to bed and Archie and Veronica discuss their happiness. Archie claims that he would be just as happy without the money. "All you need is love, '' he says.
Archie tucks his children to bed and reads them "The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost in its entirety. Before wrapping up the rest of the presents, Archie insists on going for a walk during the first snow of the season. He and Veronica exchange "I Love You 's '' and he heads out the door, looking distraught. He walks up Memory Lane and comes to the yellow wood and begins walking down the right fork in the road.
"Will You Marry Me? '' is Part 4 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 603. The story features a futuristic look into the life of Riverdale teen Archie Andrews and his subsequent engagement to Betty Cooper after college in an alternate reality.
Archie, still in his winter coat from his walk during the first snow of the season, arrives back in time right before his college graduation and meets Jughead, Reggie, and Moose. He is confused at first by the summer heat and his apparent time travel. Archie then rushes home to get ready for graduation, and the ceremony proceeds much as it did in Part 1, with Dilton giving the valedictorian address. After graduation, Archie, Reggie, and Jughead drive to Pop Tate 's Choklit Shoppe for a party. Reggie comments on how unlikely marriage is after college. Jughead is relieved at this statistic, but Archie seems optimistic and announces that he has finally made his choice between Veronica and Betty, but he refuses to tell "until he talks to the girls first. ''
Upon entering Pop 's, Betty asks Archie for a dance, but he has Veronica on the brain and Betty points him in her direction. Veronica, surrounded by a group of handsome young men, is telling about a graduation trip around the world in 80 days. Archie asks to speak with her privately and starts to reminisce about the day she moved to Riverdale, but she keeps interrupting him. Reggie and Jughead spy from afar and are unclear if he 's "proposing or letting her down easy. '' Before anything serious can be said, Moose demands that The Archies play a few songs. Even though the group has n't played since high school, they entertain everyone with one of their hits, "Jingle Jangle ''. Moose then starts a food fight that Jughead thoroughly enjoys.
After the gang cleans up their mess, Archie attempts to resume his conversation with Veronica, but she interrupts him again to tell him she 's moving to Paris after her trip to run her father 's fashion holdings. After this news, Archie has no need to continue his speech and asks Betty to share a malt with him while Veronica goes back to her bastion of beaux. Archie reminds Betty of how they first met and were always friends... sometimes more. He claims he can never fit into Veronica 's high society world. Betty assumes he 's going to ask her to "go steady, '' but he claims that 's not what he 's thinking. Betty beats herself up and calls herself a jerk for assuming Archie wants to just date her. Archie laughs and calls her "the nicest, most loveable and beautiful jerk in Riverdale '' and then pops the question. Betty, in shock for a moment, jumps for joy and answers yes. Archie and Betty kiss as Veronica watches in awe and disgust. Midge swoons at the romantic moment and prods her longtime boyfriend, Moose for a similar proposal, but he makes a joke instead. She slams his mortarboard over his head. Meanwhile, Reggie tries to make his move on Veronica, pretending to comfort her. She also breaks his mortarboard over his head. Veronica screams at Archie, claiming he missed his chance, but Archie defends his engagement to Betty in turn claiming that "she '' was the one who missed her chance with him.
Later that evening, Archie and Betty tell both their parents about the engagement. The Andrews are very pleased with their son 's choice of "marrying for love, not money. '' The Coopers are also very happy. Betty then tells them that they plan to have a small, inexpensive wedding at Pop Tate 's. Meanwhile, Veronica cries on her father 's shoulder, but he assures her that there are plenty of men out there and "things always work out for the best. '' All of Riverdale is gossiping about the upcoming nuptials, and whether Veronica 's fortune should be a factor. On the night of Archie 's bachelor party at Pop Tate 's, his groomsmen, Jughead, Reggie, Moose, Dilton, and Chuck express concern for Veronica and her place among Betty 's bridesmaids. Meanwhile, Betty goes to the Lodge estate and asks Veronica to be her maid of honor, who promptly slams the door in her face. But after seeing her so upset, Veronica agrees and tells Betty "she won Archie fair and square ''.
Later that night, Archie and Betty go for a walk. Archie has been sending out resumes, but is finding it difficult to find a job during the recession. He apologizes for not offering a better honeymoon than at the Blue Roof Inn in Centerville. Betty is entirely satisfied with it, however, and claims it 's all part of "life with Archie. ''
"You May Kiss The Bride! '' is Part 5 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 604. The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and his wedding to Betty Cooper.
Archie continues to search for work with no luck. In desperation, he goes to meet with Mr. Lodge at his office. Mr. Lodge tells him that despite jilting his daughter, he thinks Archie is a bright fellow but that his company is not hiring. Archie tells Mr. Lodge that he did n't jilt Veronica, he chose Betty. Archie thanks Mr. Lodge for his time and goes back to his job search, but after applying for work everywhere from a recording studio to a coffee bar, he still has no success. In the midst of their wedding preparations, Betty reveals to Archie that she has received a job offer as a buyer for Saks 5th Avenue in New York City. She had applied before they became engaged because it was something she wanted to try, but plans to turn down the job in order to be a teacher and to be with Archie. He is shocked at first, but tells her that instead of putting everyone else first, she needs to follow her dreams for once, and decides they should move up their wedding day to the following weekend and then move to New York.
Everyone arrives to celebrate the party of the year. When Veronica arrives, escorted by Reggie, some expect trouble at first. Just as she is about to reveal the dress she bought hoping to draw attention away from the bride, the wedding cake that Betty made herself collapses and is ruined. Seeing this, Veronica decides to save the day by ordering the biggest most expensive wedding cake money can buy and changes into something she feels is more appropriate for the occasion, a waitress 's uniform. Archie and Betty exchange their vows. The Bride and Groom then invite all the guests to join them in their first dance. When Betty tosses the bouquet, Miss Grundy catches it while Mr. Weatherbee looks on. The biggest surprise of the night comes when the wedding cake Veronica ordered arrives. Everyone is very proud of her, and Archie and Betty thank her for her very generous gift. Veronica asks them where they plan to go for their honeymoon, but they tell her that they ca n't afford one yet. She takes Archie aside and tells him that she will pay for a honeymoon for them. He thanks her for the offer but turns her down, saying that he is responsible for Betty now.
They say goodbye to their families, friends and Riverdale, and set off for New York City. Betty impresses Cassie, her new boss on her very first day on the job. Archie 's efforts to find a job continue to be unsuccessful until he has a chance encounter with a club owner who is looking for someone who can play the guitar and sing. Several months pass and the Andrews attend Betty 's first corporate dinner with Cassie and her boss, Mr. Hugo. When they first meet him he makes a crack about Archie 's clothes and talent. Archie tries to defend himself, but Betty tries to pass it off as a joke. He tries to insult Archie again, but Betty loses it and tells him she would punch him if she was n't as classy as her husband, and quits her job on the spot. Betty apologizes to Archie for not standing up for him sooner, and Archie calls her his hero. They decide to move back to Riverdale. The next day while packing their bags, Cassie shows up at their apartment with flowers, asking them to stay and tells Betty she still has a great future with the company. Betty thanks her and says she already has a great future with Archie back in their hometown. Cassie tells them both how lucky they are and wishes them well.
Back in Riverdale, Archie and Betty move in with Archie 's parents, but Betty assures him it is temporary. She has found out from Mr. Weatherbee that a teaching position is available at Riverdale High, and lets Archie know that he wishes to speak to him about something important. Mr. Weatherbee offers him the position of the school 's music teacher, and Archie accepts. That night, Archie and Betty celebrate their first anniversary with a romantic dinner and share a malt with three straws in it. Archie, confused and thinking that Veronica would be joining them, is told that the third straw is n't for her, but for someone he will love. Betty tells him she 's pregnant, and Archie immediately faints.
"Happily Ever After '' is Part 6 in the 6 issue story arc of Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty that was originally presented in Archie # 605. The story features a futuristic look into the life of Archie Andrews and Betty Cooper as they raise a pair of fraternal twins.
Archie & Betty discover many things have changed in Riverdale in the year they were in New York City. They run into Jughead & Midge and are shocked to learn that they are now married. Moose is now the custodian at Riverdale High and practises yoga and meditation and is "at peace with his inner self. '' When they all decide to go for dinner, Archie and Betty learn that Pop Tate is retiring and has sold the Chok'lit Shoppe to Jughead and Midge and it has been renamed "Juggie 's ''. At the new Juggie 's, the gang runs into Veronica & Reggie, and learn they have a surprise of their own; they are engaged. On their ride home, Archie & Betty argue about the news of their friends ' engagement. Archie believes it is wrong, but Betty thinks that he is wishing it was him. He assures Betty that he thinks it is wrong of them to marry because he believes it will end badly, and that he only wants her money. Betty accepts his statement and they make up.
As the next few months pass, Archie & Betty become two of the most popular teachers at Riverdale High, and as Betty 's pregnancy advances, they start to have less time for the rest of the old gang. Then one fall day, as Archie plans to go for a bike ride, Betty goes into labor while he goes into a panic. Instead of calling an ambulance, Archie calls the water department. Archie then drives Betty to the hospital, but they end up getting a flat tire. Luckily, Archie had his bike in the trunk, and takes her the rest of the way by bike. After a few misunderstandings at the admitting desk, Betty is rushed to the maternity ward, and soon gives birth to twins; a red haired boy named Archie and a blonde haired girl named Betty. Soon, Mr. & Mrs. Cooper and Mr. & Mrs. Andrews arrive along with all their friends and colleagues. Archie and Betty ask Jughead, Veronica and Reggie to be the twins ' godparents, while Reggie & Veronica ask them to be their best man and maid of honor at their wedding. The next weekend they fly the whole gang out to Las Vegas for the star studded ceremony.
As Archie & Betty adjust to parenthood, life goes on in Riverdale. Jughead & Midge are soon expecting a child of their own. Mr. Weatherbee & Miss Grundy along with Miss Beazley & Mr. Svenson have started dating. Archie & Betty receive a postcard from Veronica & Reggie detailing all of their world travels and new ventures. Betty comments to him that could have been his life, but Archie tells her he does n't want that life when he already has the best life with her. Betty suggests they go to bed early, but Archie says he 's not tired and decides to go for a walk in the woods. He tells her not to wait up, and she says she 'll be waiting no matter how long. He then decides to walk up Memory Lane, and soon finds himself back in the present... he is once again a teenager.
On his way home, he runs into Jughead who reminds him of the poetry recital in Miss Grundy 's class the next day. Archie tells him he worries too much, while Jughead tells him to be prepared. As the two best friends walk home, he reads his part of the poetry reading, the last stanza of "The Road Not Taken '' by Robert Frost.
"Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow '' is the epilogue that ties together Part 1 through 6 of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline that was originally presented in Archie # 606. Archie is left in a vision of the future and struggles to explain it to his friends... and Betty and Veronica.
After his experiences walking up Memory Lane, Archie is left in a bewildered state. He tries talking about it to Betty and Veronica, but they are both too busy to talk to him. Needing to talk to someone about it he tells Reggie and Jughead about his strange visions. Reggie immediately thinks that he has gone nuts, but Jughead believes him.
In order to clear his mind Archie decides to go bowling with Reggie and Jughead. When Betty arrives Archie asks her if she wants to go on a date Saturday night, which she accepts. However, as he was overwhelmed with a kiss moments ago, Archie somehow mishears Betty and thinks she said "Friday ''. Later he goes to Lodge Mansion to ask Veronica for a date on the same night and she says yes.
When Saturday night arrives Archie realizes he asked both Betty and Veronica out on the same night. When the girls find out they respond by pouring two milkshakes on his head. The next day, Betty and Veronica are still mad at Archie, but he vows that he will make it up to both of them. When talking about the future, Archie asks Jughead if he ever thought about buying Pop 's place after he retires. Jughead however denies this, because he would have to think about the future and prefers to live in the present.
The success of the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline led to the comic series, Life with Archie: The Married Life, and a similar storyline called "Archie Marries Valerie '', depicting Archie marrying Valerie from Josie and the Pussycats, shown in Archie # 631 - 634.
Life with Archie: The Married Life was based on the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline, but was not a direct continuation on it. The series lasted from 2010 to 2014, ending with 37 issues. Issues 1 - 35 contained two stories each, the first story was Archie Marries Veronica and the second one was Archie Marries Betty. The last two issues, on the other hand, were structured differently. Instead of having two stories both issues had one, but were twice as long as the others. Also, neither issue made it clear whether Archie was married to Betty or Veronica. Together both issues make up The Death of Archie storyline.
The "Archie Marries Valerie '' storyline was similar to the Archie Marries Veronica / Archie Marries Betty storyline, but had some major differences. For instance, Valerie was the one who walked up Memory Lane instead of Archie and she could see the future in portals rather than actually experiencing it. She sees a future in where she marries Archie, then they both quit their respective bands due to their touring schedules keeping them apart, and later have a little girl named Star who is gifted with her parents ' musical talent. However, she decides to stop watching it after she sees that they can not get a moment 's peace due to Star becoming an object of attention for the media. Then she witness glimpses of other futures and in each one Archie is married to a different woman. Some of these futures had Archie being married to Cheryl Blossom, Sabrina Spellman, and even Josie. Seeing these futures Valerie runs out of Memory Lane and happily reunites with Archie.
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where did snoke come from in star wars | Supreme Leader Snoke - wikipedia
Supreme Leader Snoke is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He is a CGI character voiced and performed by Andy Serkis. Introduced in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, Snoke is the Supreme Leader of the First Order, a military junta resurrected from the fallen Galactic Empire, which seeks to reclaim control of the galaxy. Powerful with the Force, he seduces Ben Solo to the dark side by telling him that he can be the next Darth Vader, and Solo serves him as the commander Kylo Ren. In Star Wars: The Last Jedi (2017), Ren assassinates Snoke, replacing him as Supreme Leader.
Snoke 's appearance changed throughout principal photography and post-production of The Force Awakens. Serkis said, "It 's the first time I 've been on set not yet knowing what the character 's gon na look like. I mean, talk about secrecy! '' According to the actor, the character 's appearance, voice, and movements evolved as he and the film 's writer / director J.J. Abrams challenged the visual effects team.
The Force Awakens senior sculptor Ivan Manzella wrote in The Art of Star Wars: The Force Awakens that "Snoke almost became a female at one point. J.J. picked out a maquette he liked and then we took it to a full - size version, sculpted in plasteline. J.J. and (creature creative supervisor Neal Scanlan) did n't want him to be old and decrepit, like the Emperor. ''
While Serkis secretly joined the project in February 2014, his casting in The Force Awakens was first announced on April 29, 2014. When asked about his role in July 2014, he joked, "I 'm not Yoda. '' In May 2015, a StarWars.com interview with photographer Annie Leibovitz about her The Force Awakens shoot for Vanity Fair revealed that Serkis would be playing a CGI character named Supreme Leader Snoke, and featured an image of the actor in motion capture gear. Serkis had previously played several CGI characters using motion capture technology, including Gollum in The Lord of the Rings film series (2001 -- 2003), the titular ape in 2005 's King Kong, and Caesar in the Planet of the Apes reboot series.
In November 2015, Serkis said of the process of creating Snoke:
When we first started working on it, (Abrams) had some rough notions of how Snoke was gon na look, but it really had n't been fully - formed and it almost came out of discussion and performance... We shot on set of course, and I was in the scenes I have with other actors, but the beauty of this process is you can go back and reiterate, keep informing and honing beats and moments. So J.J., after we shot last year, we 've had a series of sessions where I 'd be in London at The Imaginarium, my studio, while he 's been directing from L.A., and we 've literally been creating further additions and iterations to the character. That 's been fascinating. And in the meantime I 've been able to see the look and design of the character grow and change as the performances change. So it 's been really exciting in that respect.
According to Serkis 's costar Lupita Nyong'o, who played the CGI character Maz Kanata in The Force Awakens, the actor coached her on performance - capture work, telling Nyong'o that "a motion - capture character you develop the same way as any other. You have to understand who the character is and what makes them who they are. '' Serkis said of filming:
It was quite an unusual situation. I worked specifically with Domhnall Gleeson and with Adam Driver. My first day was basically standing on a 25 - foot podium doing Lord Snoke without the faintest idea what he looked like... or in fact who he was! I was very high up, totally on my own, away from everybody else, but acting with them... we used sort of a "Kongolizer '' method of having sound come out of speakers to give a sense of scale and distance for the character. So it was very challenging and scary, in fact probably one of my most scary film experiences I 've ever had.
Snoke, whom Abrams called "a powerful figure on the Dark Side of the Force '', is the leader of the evil First Order. He is master to the film 's primary villain, Kylo Ren. Serkis described Snoke as "quite an enigmatic character, and strangely vulnerable at the same time as being quite powerful. Obviously he has a huge agenda. He has suffered a lot of damage. '' Serkis called Snoke "a new character in this universe '', adding "I think it 'd be fair to say that he is aware of the past to a great degree. ''
Explaining why CGI was the only way to create Snoke 's unique appearance, Serkis said before the film 's premiere, "The scale of him, for instance, is one reason. He is large. He appears tall. And also just the facial design -- you could n't have gotten there with prosthetics... he has a very distinctive, idiosyncratic bone and facial structure. '' Chief of creature and droid effects Neal Scanlan said, "This character is much better executed as a CGI character. That 's just a practical reality when he 's 7 - foot - something tall; he 's very, very thin. '' Snoke 's "scarred, cavernous face '' was not revealed before the release of the film, in which he appears as a "massive, ominous hologram ''. The character 's deep voice was first heard in the teaser trailer released on November 28, 2014.
Robbie Collin of The Telegraph described the disfigured and skeletal Snoke as a "sepulchral horror '', Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called him "hissing and grotesque '', and Andrew O'Hehir of Salon dubbed the character "a spectral demonic figure ''. Variety 's Justin Chang wrote that Snoke resembled "a plus - sized, more articulate Gollum '', and Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly described him as "essentially Emperor Palpatine crossed with one of the aliens from Close Encounters ''. Stephanie Zacharek of Time called the character "a giant, scary, noseless dude who sits placidly in an oversized chair like a dark - lord version of the Lincoln Monument. ''
There are multiple fan theories regarding the origins and identity of Snoke, including that he may be Darth Plagueis, a Sith Lord anecdotally mentioned in Revenge of the Sith and the master of Palpatine, possessing the power to prevent death; "the Operator '' Gallius Rax, a mysterious First Order manipulator from Chuck Wendig 's Aftermath novel trilogy; or Ezra Bridger, a main character from the animated series Star Wars Rebels. Pablo Hidalgo of the Lucasfilm Story Group dismissed the Darth Plagueis theory in May 2016, and Rax 's death in the 2017 novel Aftermath: Empire 's End disproved that theory as well.
In his first appearance in the film, Snoke is introduced as Supreme Leader of the First Order, and master to Kylo Ren. Seduced to the dark side by Snoke, the masked Kylo is really Ben Solo, the son of Han Solo and Leia Organa. Snoke senses an "awakening '' in the Force, and warns Ren that the limits of his power will be tested when he faces his father in pursuit of the wayward droid BB - 8. Leia reveals to her estranged husband Han that it was Snoke 's influence which corrupted their son. After Ren is defeated in a lightsaber duel with Rey, Snoke orders General Hux to collect Ren and ready him to complete his training.
Snoke appears in the 2015 novelization of The Force Awakens by Alan Dean Foster. In the novel, Leia tells Han in more detail how Snoke, aware that their son would be "strong with the Force '' and possess "equal potential for good or evil '', had long watched Ben and manipulated events to draw him to the dark side. An unplayable Lego minifigure version of Snoke appears in cutscenes in the 2016 video game Lego Star Wars: The Force Awakens. In the spring of 2018, Snoke was added to the mobile MOBA Star Wars: Force Arena as a playable Dark Side squad leader.
Following the events of The Force Awakens, Snoke reprimands Hux for his failings as a military leader, and Ren for his failure to find and kill Luke Skywalker. Ren brings Rey to Snoke, who tortures her for information on Luke 's location. He reveals to Ren and Rey that he created the psychic bond between them as part of a plan to destroy Luke. Snoke then orders Ren to kill Rey, and gloats over his total control over his apprentice, only for Ren to use the Force to activate Luke 's lightsaber, which Rey had been using, from a distance and slice Snoke in half with it, killing him. Snoke 's Praetorian Guards attack both Ren and Rey in an attempt to avenge Snoke, but Rey and Ren briefly join forces to defeat the guards in a lightsaber duel. After Rey escapes, Ren declares himself the new Supreme Leader of the First Order, pinning Snoke 's death on Rey to cover his actions.
Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Supreme Leader Snoke is a larger - than - life, vaguely Harry Potter - ish hologram voiced with deep gravity by Andy Serkis; the full weight of this character 's malignancy and dramatic power will presumably be better assessed in subsequent episodes. '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called Serkis "the undisputed champion of the performance - capture roles ''. Though praising the "unobtrusive sophistication '' of the visual effects used to portray the character, Variety 's Justin Chang said that Serkis is "fine but not galvanizing '' in the role. Lindsay Bahr of the Associated Press deemed Snoke one of the "less memorable '' characters in The Force Awakens.
Serkis was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Virtual Performance for the role.
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who sings the revenge of the nerds theme song | Revenge of the Nerds - wikipedia
Revenge of the Nerds is a 1984 American comedy film directed by Jeff Kanew, and starring Robert Carradine and Anthony Edwards, with Curtis Armstrong, Ted McGinley, Julia Montgomery, Brian Tochi, Larry B. Scott, Michelle Meyrink, John Goodman, and Donald Gibb. The film 's plot chronicles a group of nerds at the fictional Adams College trying to stop the ongoing harassment by the jock fraternity, the Alpha Betas, in addition to the latter 's sister sorority, Pi Delta Pi.
Best friends and nerds Lewis Skolnick and Gilbert Lowe enroll in Adams College to study computer science. The Alpha Betas, a fraternity that includes most of the Adams football team, carelessly burn down their house, and urged by Coach Harris, take over the freshman dorms. Dean Ulich designates temporary living space in the gymnasium, and allows the freshmen to rush the fraternities. Lewis, Gilbert, and several other nerds fail to join fraternities, but are able to secure a dilapidated house on campus and repair it as a residence.
The Alpha Betas, led by star quarterback Stan Gable, are irked by the nerds ' success, and Stan sets his fellow members to pull pranks against the nerds. The nerds try to get campus police to help, but the campus cops are constrained by the Greek Council that adjudicates all such pranks, of which Stan is currently president. The nerds decide to seek membership on the Greek Council by joining a national fraternity. The only one that considers them is the black fraternity Lambda Lambda Lambda (Tri-Lambs), led by U.N. Jefferson. Jefferson is wary of their application but agrees to a probationary period. The nerds set up a large party with the Omega Mu sorority, similarly made up of nerds, including Gilbert 's girlfriend Judy, and invite Jefferson to attend. The party is dull until Booger provides them with high quality marijuana. Suddenly, the Alpha Betas and the Pi Delta Pis, the sorority which Stan 's girlfriend Betty Childs belongs to, disrupt the party by bringing and releasing pigs. The nerds get back at both groups by pulling similar pranks. Jefferson is impressed with the nerds ' tenacity against the hazing, and grants them full membership.
The nerds go to appeal to the Council, but Gable remains indifferent. The nerds realize the only way to get the Council to help is to put one of their own in as president, which they can do by winning the Greek Games during Homecoming. Working along with the Omega Mus, the Tri-Lambs are able to use their wits to hold close to the Alpha Betas / Pi Delta Pis during the athletic events. At the charity event, the nerds readily outsell the Alpha Betas by offering pies with naked pictures of Betty and other Pi Delta Pis on the bottom. During this, Lewis, who has fallen in love with Betty, steals Stan 's costume and tricks Betty into having sex with him. She is surprised when Lewis reveals his identity, but later admits to Stan that she is "in love with a nerd ''. Finally, the nerds readily win the musical competition with a techno - computer - driven musical production, winning the overall games. Lewis immediately nominates Gilbert as the new Council president.
Coach Harris lambastes the Alpha Betas for losing to the nerds, and Stan leads them in destroying the Tri-Lamb house. The nerds become despondent, and Gilbert decides to barge into the middle of the Homecoming Pep Rally to address his complaints. The Alpha Betas try to stop him, but then Jefferson and the other national Tri-Lambs arrive to intimidate the players, giving Gilbert the opportunity to give a rousing speech about being discriminated as nerds and standing up to that. Lewis and the other Tri-Lambs, several alumni, and even Betty join in as they cheer Gilbert on, soundly shaming the Alpha Betas. Dean Ulich instructs Coach Harris that the Tri-Lambs will be living in the Alpha Beta house, while the Alpha Betas will live in the gym until they can repair the Tri-Lamb house.
Exterior scenes such as the arrival of the nerds at college and the fraternity houses were filmed at the University of Arizona in Tucson, Arizona. The original Nerds residence, from which they were ousted by the Alpha Betas, was actually Cochise Hall. Their subsequent residence was U of A 's Bear Down Gymnasium. The original Alpha Beta fraternity house that is burned down was filmed at the Alpha Gamma Rho house and the Beta Theta Pi house (on University Boulevard). The Pi Delta Pi sorority house was actually the Phi Delta Theta fraternity house.
Ollie E. Brown, of Ollie & Jerry fame, wrote and performed as Revenge the song "They 're So Incredible '' for the film. "They 're So Incredible '' is performed with different lyrics by the nerds in the film at the final event of the Greek Games.
"We Are the Champions '' by Queen is played during the finale of the film.
The film holds a 70 % approval rating and 5.9 / 10 average at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 critics ' reviews. The consensus is: "Undeniably lowbrow but surprisingly sly, Revenge of the Nerds has enough big laughs to qualify as a minor classic in the slobs - vs. snobs subgenre. '' It also holds a 41 out of 100 ratio on Metacritic based on five critics ' reviews and signifying "mixed or average reviews ''. Revenge of the Nerds is # 91 on Bravo 's "100 Funniest Movies ''.
About three decades after the film 's release, commentators have looked back at the film and considered some of the scenes, particularly when Lewis pretends to be Stan and has a sexual encounter with Betty, to be rape by deception, and a misogynistic remnant of a male - dominated culture of that time. William Bradley of The Mary Sue stated that after viewing the film again as an adult he "was immediately struck by the way the film plays sexual exploitation and assault for laughs ''. Amy Benfor of Salon wrote that the Revenge of the Nerds scene, and a similar scene in John Hughes ' Sixteen Candles, were evidence that at the time of these films ' productions, "people were stupid about date rape ''.
Revenge of the Nerds was released in theaters on July 20, 1984. The film was released on DVD on March 6, 2007, and on Blu - ray on May 6, 2014, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.
Due to the influence of the film, several chapters of Lambda Lambda Lambda have sprung up in different locations around the United States. The real life fraternity has six chapters in Connecticut, Maryland, New York, and Washington.
Three less successful sequels followed; the last two were television films.
A remake of the original Revenge of the Nerds was slated for release in 2007, the first project for the newly created Fox Atomic, but was canceled in November 2006 after two weeks of filming. The cast included Adam Brody, Dan Byrd, Katie Cassidy, Kristin Cavallari, Jenna Dewan, Chris Marquette, Ryan Pinkston, Efren Ramirez, and Nick Zano. The film was to be directed by Kyle Newman, executive produced by McG, and written by Gabe Sachs and Jeff Judah, Adam Jay Epstein and Andrew Jacobson, and Adam F. Goldberg.
Filming took place in Atlanta, Georgia at Agnes Scott College, the Georgia State Capitol, and Inman Park. Filming was originally scheduled to take place at Emory University, but university officials changed their minds after reading the script. The film was shelved after producers found the movie difficult to shoot on the smaller Agnes Scott campus and studio head Peter Rice was disappointed with the dailies. 20th Century Fox personnel have stated that it 's highly unlikely that a remake will be picked up in the future.
In the mid-2000s, Armstrong and Carradine had devised an idea for a reality television show based on nerds competiting against each other in challenges, inspired by Revenge of the Nerds. However, the idea was rejected at the time, due to the competing Beauty and the Geek show. Six years later, Armstrong and Carradine shopped the idea around and were able to get the show greenlit on TBS in 2012. King of the Nerds ran for three seasons from 2013 to 2015, with Armstrong and Carradine hosting the program.
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little red riding hood sam the sham and the pharaohs lyrics | Li'l Red Riding Hood - wikipedia
"Li'l Red Riding Hood '' is a 1966 song performed by Sam the Sham and the Pharaohs. It was the group 's second top - 10 hit, reaching No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 in August 1966 and No. 2 on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts. It was certified gold by the RIAA on August 11, 1966.
It is a prominent plot element in the 1993 film Striking Distance with Bruce Willis, and is featured in the film Wild Country in 2005 and a cover by Laura Gibson in a 2012 Volvo commercial for its S60T5. The song appeared in the TV show Grimm where it was played at the beginning of the season 3 episode "Red Menace '' that aired in 2014.
The song is built around Charles Perrault 's fairy tale "Little Red Riding Hood '', adapted by ending before the grandmother makes her entrance, and explicitly using the ambiguity of modern English between "wolf '', the carnivore, and "wolf '', a man with concealed sexual intentions. The effect, whether intentional or incidental, is to strip away the fairy tale 's metaphorical device and present the relationship between the two characters without literary pretense.
The singer remarks on "what big eyes '' and "what full lips '' Red has, and eventually on "what a big heart '' he himself has. An added element is that he says (presumably aside, to the song 's audience) that he is disguised in a "sheep suit '' until he can demonstrate his good intentions, but he seems to be having a hard time suppressing his wolf call in the form of a howl, in favor of the baa - ing of a sheep, at the very end of the song when Sam repeats the word "BAAHED '' a few times during the song 's fade. One of its signature lines is "you 're ev'rything that a big bad wolf could want ''. The song begins with a howl, and a spoken recitation that goes: "Who 's that I see walkin ' in these woods? / Why it 's Little Red Riding Hood ''.
The song whose lyrics are described just above is widely attributed to Ronald Blackwell. There seems to be no controversy (although various titles are occasionally used) that one with a similar title was earlier written and recorded by the Big Bopper, and released as "Little Red Riding Hood '' (N.B.: with "little '' spelled out) late in 1958 as the B - side of his second hit. The searchable sites with its complete lyrics as text seem to constitute no more than a handful, but a recording, purported to be of his voice and thus presumably as being authoritative as to lyrics, exists online.
Though related in concept to the later Blackwell song, these differ in:
However, at least one site, which ignores the Bopper - recorded lyrics in listing his work, attributes the Blackwell / Pharaohs lyrics to the Big Bopper.
Subsequent recordings of the Blackwell composition include:
Trout Fishing in America 's song The Window contains some lyrics from the song.
ApologetiX parodied this song as "Little - Read Bible Book '' on their 2004 album, Adam Up.
To promote her movie Red Riding Hood, star Amanda Seyfried performed a cover of the song.
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what channel is espn classic on dish network | ESPN Classic - Wikipedia
ESPN Classic is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by ESPN Inc., a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company (which owns a controlling 80 % stake) and Hearst Communications (which owns 20 %). The channel features rebroadcasts of famous sporting events, sports documentaries and sports - themed movies. Such programs include biographies of famous sports figures or a rerun of a marquee World Series or Super Bowl game, often with added commentary on the event.
As of February 2015, ESPN Classic is available to approximately 25,516,000 television households (21.9 % of households with at least one television set) in the United States.
On October 1, 2014, ESPN Classic began a gradual transition into a video on demand - only service, with Dish Network becoming the first to discontinue carriage of the linear channel and carry it as a VOD service on that date. Other providers will follow suit on an unknown timetable. In December 2017, cable companies Comcast Xfinity and Altice USA dropped the ESPN Classic linear channel from their TV lineups.
The channel was launched on May 6, 1995 as the Classic Sports Network. The Ada Oklahoma location of Post Newsweek cable with 6500 subscribers was the first cable system to carry the programming. CSN was founded by Brian Bedol and Steve Greenberg (son of Hank Greenberg), both of whom went on to launch College Sports Television (now CBS Sports Network)), with partial funding from Allen & Company. Initial programming for Classic Sports Network came in large part from Tom Ficara and TVS Television Network, who licensed 300 classic sports events from its TVS catalog. In 1997, ESPN, Inc. purchased Classic Sports Network for $175 million and relaunched it as ESPN Classic the following year. Throughout its history, dating back to its existence as Classic Sports Network, the channel 's logo has incorporated a stylized silhouette intending to resemble a boxer.
In February 2008, The Wall Street Journal reported that NFL Network chief executive Steve Bornstein had been in "high - level discussions '' with NFL and Disney executives including CEO Robert Iger and NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell. An analyst quoted in the report suggested a merger of NFL Network with ESPN Classic due to the latter 's wide distribution on expanded basic cable tiers. Though a consolidation of the two channels did not materialize, ESPN 's networks and NFL Network would begin to share programming (for instance, an episode of NFL 's Greatest Games may air on NFL Network one night, then air on ESPN2 the next). Eventually however, NFL Network was able to obtain full carriage on most providers on its own by the middle of the 2012 season, no longer necessitating a need to merge the two channels.
On August 4, 2009, Dish Network filed a federal lawsuit against ESPN for $1 million, alleging that the network breached its contract by not extending the same contractual term of carriage that ESPN provided to Comcast and DirecTV for ESPNU and ESPN Classic. The lawsuit claimed that ESPN violated the "Most Favored Nations '' clause. The following day, representatives for ESPN announced in a press release that the company would fight the lawsuit, stating: "We have repeatedly advised Dish that we are in full compliance with our agreement and have offered them a distribution opportunity with respect to ESPNU and ESPN Classic consistent with the rest of the industry. We will not renegotiate settled contracts and will vigorously defend this legal action, the apparent sole purpose of which is to get a better deal. ''
In 2008, as part of a cost - cutting move, ESPN Classic 's schedule began to become largely composed of ESPN original programming, highlighting sports such as poker, bowling and boxing, with a decreased emphasis on rebroadcasts of classic major league sporting events (a practice which has, however, been adopted by sports networks associated with a league or individual teams, among other channels). Since 2005, the channel has also frequently broadcast overflow programming from the main ESPN channels, and reruns of ESPN - produced telecasts of recent sporting events that the network has declared an "Instant Classic ''.
ESPN Classic is the only U.S. - based ESPN network (and one of two Disney - owned cable channels in the U.S., alongside ABC Family) that airs infomercials, which run daily from 6: 00 to 7: 00 a.m. Eastern Time. As of May 20, 2012, ESPN Classic is the only remaining ESPN - branded network and the only cable channel owned by Disney that does not operate a high definition simulcast feed, due to the majority of its content being vintage footage produced before the existence of high - definition television; outside of specific programming available in widescreen, the channel airs all programming in the 4: 3 aspect ratio, and it uses the safe area - restricted "BottomLine '' sports news ticker previously used by ESPN on ABC broadcasts on sister network ABC until August 2016 when it switched to a 16: 9 presentation. It is also the only ESPN network that is not available on the network 's WatchESPN app for mobile devices as a live feed, likely due to licensing restrictions for the archival content aired on the channel; the few live events it does carry are otherwise listed as provided by ESPN3 on WatchESPN. The network 's VOD component was launched for existing subscribers using Apple TV and Roku devices through WatchESPN on April 28, 2016, likely under a modified license to allow content distribution via that platform.
Older sports programming from the 1990s and earlier has moved almost entirely to league - specific networks including the Big Ten Network, MLB Network, NBA TV, NHL Network, NFL Network, Tennis Channel, or various team - owned regional sports networks. Likewise, archival games from the Southeastern Conference and the University of Texas Longhorns have respectively moved to the ESPN - operated SEC Network and Longhorn Network.
By 2011, ESPN Classic drifted toward a mix of reruns of entertainment series in prime time, and movies (mostly ESPN Films productions and documentaries such as the 30 for 30 series) making up the majority of the channel 's weekend schedule. The majority of "classic '' sports events in ESPN Classic 's program library are college football and basketball games from the past decade which have not been claimed by conference networks, along with boxing, professional wrestling and bowling events whose copyrights are maintained solely by ESPN.
The first live event to be shown on ESPN Classic was the implosion of the Kingdome in Seattle in March 2000. By 2005 however, ESPN Classic began to broadcast more live sporting events, such as special "ESPN Classic Live '' telecasts of college basketball games that featured veteran commentators and older - styled graphics. Around this time, ESPN Classic also began to be used as an overflow channel for programming that could not be shown on ESPN or ESPN2 due to scheduling conflicts (these have since been moved to ESPNEWS); these have included additional college football and basketball games, the "ESPN Classic Game of the Week '' (a Sunday rebroadcast of an ESPN / ABC - televised college football game from the previous Saturday), IRL events, live coverage of selected HBCU games (especially since the term "classic '' is used for special neutral - site HBCU games), and tape - delayed UEFA Champions League soccer games.
Examples of live sporting events broadcast by ESPN Classic due to scheduling overruns on ESPN or ESPN2, include the following from the third quarter of 2007:
Since then, these games or events have been shown live on ESPN Classic:
ESPN Classic also served as the official broadcaster of the annual Baseball Hall of Fame induction ceremony until 2009 (when it moved to MLB Network). On August 25, 2012, ESPN Classic aired an Atlantic League baseball game between the Sugar Land Skeeters and Bridgeport Bluefish; the game featured Major League Baseball legend Roger Clemens as a starting pitcher for the Skeeters. (In 2014, ESPN acquired permanent rights to Skeeters games, but moved the games to its online portal, ESPN3.)
While not a live event, in 2008 ESPN Classic also notably broadcast a previously untelevised college basketball game played on January 23, 2008 between Baylor and Texas A&M, which Baylor won 116 - 110 in five overtimes. Due to an unlikely set of circumstances, the actual game, held at Reed Arena on the A&M campus, was never televised. ESPN Classic used the feeds from the arena 's in - house cameras, normally used to allow highlights to be displayed on Jumbotron screens, and the original play - by - play and commentary from A&M 's radio broadcasters to create a complete telecast. The telecast aired on March 5, 2008 on ESPN Classic before the rematch between the two teams at Baylor aired on ESPN2.
ESPN Classic is also used for ESPN 's multiple - perspective telecasts under the Full Circle and Megacast brands; in these cases, ESPN Classic usually carries the event in question without commentary and only ambient venue noise.
Beginning in the mid-2000s, ESPN Classic aired a series of specials counting down the greatest teams in the history of certain sports, as determined by fan balloting. In March 2006, the 1981 - 82 North Carolina Tar Heels won the fan poll for best - ever college basketball team, in October 2006, the 1927 New York Yankees won for best Major League Baseball team, and in December 2006, the 1995 Nebraska Cornhuskers won the fan poll for best - ever college football team.
Each of these programs features expert analysis and live interactive voting online at ESPN.com, with the first votes being cast one week before the scheduled live show and continued balloting online and via text messaging until the end of the show.
On January 14, 2007, Deadspin.com reported that ESPN Classic would no longer develop or air original programming. It was not immediately clear what would replace such programs, however, it was assumed that shows that were already produced, but not yet aired, would be broadcast at least for a few more months.
Over the next few months, new episodes of Missing Link, Top 5 Reasons You Ca n't Blame and Ringside aired as scheduled. However, Missing Link was cancelled in June 2007, at which time production was also halted on the other two programs.
ESPN Classic has been parodied in a recurring series of Saturday Night Live skits. The sketches depict archived broadcasts of obscure women 's sports events from the 1980s such as bowling, weightlifting and curling. The announcers, Pete Twinkle and Greg Stink, consistently know nothing about the sport, and instead focus on promoting the sponsors, which are always women 's hygiene products.
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which state in india has highest literacy rate in census 2011 | Indian states Ranking by literacy rate - Wikipedia
Literacy rate in India is uneven and as such, different States and Union Territories of India have differences in their literacy rates. The following table shows the 2011 and 2001 census data on total literacy rate, male literacy rate, female literacy rate and decadal difference in percentage. According to Census 2011, Kerala has the highest total literacy rate and female literacy rate whereas Lakshadweep had the highest male literacy rate. Bihar has the lowest total literacy rate and male literacy rates while Rajasthan has the lowest female literacy rate.
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the song billy joe mcallister jumped off the tallahatchie bridge | Ode to Billie Joe - wikipedia
"Ode to Billie Joe '' is a song written and recorded by Bobbie Gentry, a singer - songwriter from Chickasaw County, Mississippi. The single, released on July 10, 1967, was a number - one hit in the US and a big international seller. Billboard ranked the record as the No. 3 song of the year. It generated eight Grammy nominations, resulting in three wins for Gentry and one for arranger Jimmie Haskell. "Ode to Billie Joe '' has since made Rolling Stone 's lists of the "500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' and the "100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time '' and Pitchfork 's "200 Best Songs of the 1960s ''.
The song takes the form of a first - person narrative performed over sparse acoustic accompaniment. It tells of a rural Mississippi family 's reaction to the news of the suicide of Billie Joe McAllister, a local boy to whom the daughter (and narrator) is connected. Hearsay around the "Tallahatchie Bridge '' forms the narrative and musical hook. The song concludes with the demise of the father and the lingering, singular effects of the two deaths on the family. According to Gentry the song is about indifference and unshared grief.
Gentry 's song takes the form of first - person narrative by the young daughter of a Mississippi Delta family. It offers fragments of the dinnertime conversation on the day that a local boy, and acquaintance of the narrator, jumped to his death from a nearby bridge, the account interspersed between everyday, polite conversation. The song 's final verse conveys the passage of events over the following year.
The song begins on June 3 with the narrator, her brother and her father returning from farming chores to the family house for dinner. After cautioning them about tracking in dirt, Mama says that she "got some news this mornin ' from Choctaw Ridge '' that "Billie Joe McAllister jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge ''. At the dinner table, the father seems unmoved, commenting, "Billie Joe never had a lick o ' sense '', before asking for the biscuits and adding that there 's "five more acres in the lower forty '' left to plow. Her brother is intrigued ("I saw him at the sawmill yesterday... And now you tell me Billie Joe has jumped off the Tallahatchie Bridge ''), but not enough to be distracted from the midday victuals. He recalls a prank that he, "Tom '', and Billie Joe played on the narrator.
The only person affected is the narrator: her mother notices her change of mood following the news ("Child, what 's happened to your appetite? I 've been cookin ' all mornin ' and you have n't touched a single bite ''). The mother shares the news that a local preacher visited earlier and, as an aside, adds that he mentioned seeing the someone looking much like the narrator and Billie Joe "throwin ' somethin ' off the Tallahatchie Bridge ''. In the song 's final verse, a year has passed. The narrator 's brother has married Becky Thompson and has moved to another town ("bought a store in Tupelo ''). The father died from a viral infection and the mother is despondent ("Mama does n't seem to want to do much of anything ''). The narrator likewise remains privately affected: she often visits Choctaw Ridge collecting flowers to "drop them into the muddy water off the Tallahatchie Bridge ''.
Questions arose among listeners: what did Billie Joe and his girlfriend throw off the Tallahatchie Bridge, and why did Billie Joe commit suicide? Speculation ran rampant after the song hit the airwaves. Gentry said in a November 1967 interview that it was the question most asked of her by everyone she met. She named flowers, an engagement ring, a draft card, a bottle of LSD pills, and an aborted baby as the most often guessed items. Although she knew what the item was, she would not reveal it, saying only "Suppose it was a wedding ring. ''
"It 's in there for two reasons, '' she said. "First, it locks up a definite relationship between Billie Joe and the girl telling the story, the girl at the table. Second, the fact that Billie Joe was seen throwing something off the bridge -- no matter what it was -- provides a possible motivation as to why he jumped off the bridge the next day. ''
When Herman Raucher met Gentry in preparation for writing a novel and screenplay based on the song, she said that she had no idea why Billie Joe killed himself. Gentry has, however, commented elsewhere on the song, saying that it is about indifference:
Those questions are of secondary importance in my mind. The story of Billie Joe has two more interesting underlying themes. First, the illustration of a group of people 's reactions to the life and death of Billie Joe, and its subsequent effect on their lives, is made. Second, the obvious gap between the girl and her mother is shown when both women experience a common loss (first Billie Joe, and later, Papa), and yet Mama and the girl are unable to recognize their mutual loss or share their grief.
The bridge supposedly mentioned in this song collapsed in June 1972. It crossed the Tallahatchie River at Money, about ten miles (16 km) north of Greenwood, Mississippi, and has since been rebuilt. The November 10, 1967, issue of Life Magazine contained a photo of Gentry crossing the original bridge.
"Ode to Billie Joe '' was originally intended as the B - side of Gentry 's first single recording, a blues number called "Mississippi Delta '', on Capitol Records. The original recording, with no other musicians backing Gentry 's guitar, had eleven verses lasting seven minutes, telling more of Billie Joe 's story. The executives realized that this song was a better option for a single, so they cut the length by almost half and re-recorded it with a string orchestra. The only surviving draft of the 7 minute version of "Ode to Billie Joe '', which consists of two handwritten pages, is located in the archive of the University of Mississippi. Gentry donated the draft to the University 's Faulkner room in 1973. In addition to the iconic lyrics that made the final cut, the unused lyrics may showcase Bobbie Gentry 's mindset and possible answer to mystery of what was throw from the bridge; as well as the relationship of the narrator to Billie Joe. The shorter version left more of the story to the listener 's imagination, and made the single more suitable for radio airplay. In an interview with Bob Harris broadcast by BBC Radio 2 in Bob Harris Country on April 16, 2009, singer Rachel Harrington claimed that Gentry originally wrote eleven verses, but deleted six because a record producer thought the song was too long. The song is noted for its long descending scale by the strings at the conclusion, suggesting the flowers falling after being dropped off the Tallahatchie Bridge and ending up in the river water below.
The song 's popularity proved so enduring that in 1976, nine years after its release, Warner Bros. commissioned author Herman Raucher to expand and adapt the story as a novel and screenplay, Ode to Billy Joe. The poster 's tagline, which treats the film as being based on a true story and gives a date of death for Billy (June 3, 1953), led many to believe that the song was based on actual events. In Raucher 's novel and screenplay, Billy Joe kills himself after a drunken homosexual experience, and the object thrown from the bridge is the narrator 's ragdoll. The film was released in 1976, directed and produced by Max Baer, Jr, and starring Robby Benson and Glynnis O'Connor. Only the first, second, and fifth verses were sung by Bobbie Gentry in the film, omitting the third and fourth verses.
In the novel, the ragdoll is the central character 's confidant and advisor. Tossing it off the bridge symbolizes throwing away her childhood, becoming a self - contained adult.
Billy Joe 's story is analyzed in Professor John Howard 's history of gay Mississippi entitled Men Like That: A Queer Southern History as an archetype of what Howard calls the "gay suicide myth ''.
Soon after the song 's chart success, the Tallahatchie Bridge was visited by more individuals who wanted to jump off it. Since the bridge height was only 20 feet (6 m), death or injury was unlikely. To curb the trend, the Leflore County Board enacted a law fining jumpers $100.
In 1967 American / French singer - songwriter Joe Dassin had much success with a French translation of the song titled "Marie - Jeanne ''. It tells exactly the same story nearly word for word, but the lead characters are reversed. The narrator is one of the sons of the household, and the character who committed suicide is a girl named Marie - Jeanne Guillaume.
A quick overview of the translated names and places:
Besides the change in character names and locations, the translator adapted mentions of food and crops to be associated with rural France. For instance, the narrator worked in a vineyard. The setting is a fictitious small town in southwest France. The River Garonne is real.
In 1967, a Swedish translation by Olle Adolphson titled "Jon Andreas visa '' was recorded by Siw Malmkvist. It is faithful to the story in "Ode to Billie Joe '', but has changed the setting to rural Sweden. The name of Billie Joe was changed to the Swedish name Jon Andreas.
A German translation titled "Billy Joe McAllister '' was released in 1978 by Wencke Myhre.
A number of jazz versions have been recorded, including Willis Jackson, Howard Roberts, Cal Tjader, Mel Brown, Jimmy Smith, Buddy Rich, King Curtis, Jaco Pastorius, Dave Bartholomew, Patricia Barber and Jaki Byard. In a 1967 appearance on Frank Sinatra: A Man and His Music + Ella + Jobim, Ella Fitzgerald sang one full verse of the song. Nancy Wilson covered the song on her 1967 album Welcome to my Love.
The British Rock Band, "Life n Soul '' released "Ode to Billy Joe '' on Decca, as their first single in 1967. It got to number 17 in the British Top Twenty Charts before Bobbie Gentry 's version overtook it.
Lou Donaldson released a version of the song on his 1967 album Mr. Shing - A-Ling on Blue Note Records.
The Detroit Emeralds released a version of the song as the B - side to their 1968 single, "Shades Down ''.
A version of the song appears on Tammy Wynette 's 1968 album Take Me to Your World / I Do n't Wanna Play House, and later on her 1970 Greatest Hits album.
The song was covered by Margret Roadknight, on her 1980 album Out of Fashion... Not out of Style.
In 1985, the new wave band Torch Song released a version of the song on I.R.S. Records.
Danish rock band Sort Sol released a version of the song on their 1987 album Everything That Rises Must Converge
Sinéad O'Connor released a version of this song in 1995.
Patty Smyth covered the song on the Tom Scott (musician) and the L.A. Express album "Smoking ' Section '' (1999).
Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014). The British Rock Band, "Life n Soul '' Released "Ode to Billy Joe '' as their first single in 1967.
Though the song was not included on her 2014 album "The River and The Thread, '' Rosanne Cash and husband / producer John Leventhal frequently performed the song live on the tour promoting that album, as the album cover featured a photo of Roseanne (taken by Leventhal) standing atop the Tallahatchie Bridge looking at the Tallahatchie River.
Lorrie Morgan covered the song at a slower pace for her 2016 album Letting Go... Slow. Morgan says of recording the song with producer Richard Landis, "Richard purposely slowed the record down to make the musical passages through there really feel kind of spooky and eerie. Everything just felt so swampy and scary. Everybody has their own interpretation of that song and just what they threw off of the Tallahatchie Bridge. ''
In 2017, Lydia Lunch & Cypress Grove covered the song on their album Under The Covers.
Paula Cole recorded a version on her 2017 Ballads album.
Bob Dylan 's "Clothes Line Saga '' (recorded in 1967; released on the 1975 album The Basement Tapes) is a parody of the song. It mimics the conversational style of "Ode to Billie Joe '' with lyrics concentrating on routine household chores. The shocking event buried in all the mundane details is the revelation that "The Vice-President's gone mad! ''. Dylan 's song was originally titled "Answer to ' Ode ' ''.
A comedy group named "Slap Happy '' recorded "Ode to Billy Joel '' in the 1980s, which was featured on the Dr. Demento show. In this version, the singer is alleged to have jumped from the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge.
Jill Sobule 's album California Years features "Where is Bobbie Gentry? '' which uses the same melody in a lyrical sequel. The narrator, seeking the reclusive Gentry, claims to be the abandoned lovechild of Gentry and Billie Joe, i.e., the object thrown off of the bridge. Sobule would later write the introduction to a book on Gentry.
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what is the difference between armistice and the treaty of versailles | Armistice of 11 November 1918 - wikipedia
The Armistice of 11 November 1918 was the armistice that ended fighting on land, sea and air in World War I between the Allies and their last opponent, Germany. Previous armistices had eliminated Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and the Austro - Hungarian Empire. Also known as the Armistice of Compiègne from the place where it was signed, it came into force at 11 a.m. Paris time on 11 November 1918 ("the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month '') and marked a victory for the Allies and a complete defeat for Germany, although not formally a surrender.
The actual terms, largely written by the Allied Supreme Commander, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, included the cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of German forces to behind the Rhine, Allied occupation of the Rhineland and bridgeheads further east, the preservation of infrastructure, the surrender of aircraft, warships, and military matériel, the release of Allied prisoners of war and interned civilians, and eventual reparations. No release of German prisoners and no relaxation of the naval blockade of Germany was agreed to.
Although the armistice ended the fighting, it needed to be prolonged three times until the Treaty of Versailles took effect on 10 January 1920.
On 29 September 1918 the German Supreme Army Command informed Kaiser Wilhelm II and the Imperial Chancellor, Count Georg von Hertling at Imperial Army Headquarters in Spa of occupied Belgium, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. Quartermaster General Erich Ludendorff, probably fearing a breakthrough, claimed that he could not guarantee that the front would hold for another two hours and demanded a request be given to the Entente for an immediate ceasefire. In addition, he recommended the acceptance of the main demands of US president Woodrow Wilson (the Fourteen Points) including putting the Imperial Government on a democratic footing, hoping for more favorable peace terms. This enabled him to save the face of the Imperial German Army and put the responsibility for the capitulation and its consequences squarely into the hands of the democratic parties and the parliament. As he said to officers of his staff on 1 October: "They now must lie on the bed that they 've made for us. ''
On 3 October, the liberal Prince Maximilian of Baden was appointed Chancellor of Germany (prime minister), replacing Georg von Hertling in order to negotiate an armistice. After long conversations with the Kaiser and evaluations of the political and military situations in the Reich, by 5 October 1918, the German government sent a message to President Wilson to negotiate terms on the basis of a recent speech of his and the earlier declared "Fourteen Points ''. In the subsequent two exchanges, Wilson 's allusions "failed to convey the idea that the Kaiser 's abdication was an essential condition for peace. The leading statesmen of the Reich were not yet ready to contemplate such a monstrous possibility. '' As a precondition for negotiations, Wilson demanded the retreat of Germany from all occupied territories, the cessation of submarine activities and the Kaiser 's abdication, writing on 23 October: "If the Government of the United States must deal with the military masters and the monarchical autocrats of Germany now, or if it is likely to have to deal with them later in regard to the international obligations of the German Empire, it must demand not peace negotiations but surrender. ''
In late October, Ludendorff, in a sudden change of mind, declared the conditions of the Allies unacceptable. He now demanded to resume the war which he himself had declared lost only one month earlier. However the German soldiers were pressing to get home. It was scarcely possible to arouse their readiness for battle anew, and desertions were on the increase. The Imperial Government stayed on course and Ludendorff was replaced by Wilhelm Groener. On 5 November, the Allies agreed to take up negotiations for a truce, now also demanding reparation payments.
The latest note from Wilson was received in Berlin on 6 November. That same day, the delegation led by Matthias Erzberger departed for France.
A much bigger obstacle, which contributed to the five - week delay in the signing of the Armistice and to the resulting social deterioration in Europe, was the fact that the French, British and Italian governments had no desire to accept the "Fourteen Points '' and President Wilson 's subsequent promises. For example, they assumed that the de-militarization suggested by Wilson would be limited to the Central Powers. There were also contradictions with their post-War plans that did not include a consistent implementation of the ideal of national self - determination. As Czernin points out:
The Allied statesmen were faced with a problem: so far they had considered the "fourteen commandments '' as a piece of clever and effective American propaganda, designed primarily to undermine the fighting spirit of the Central Powers, and to bolster the morale of the lesser Fourteen Points. Now, suddenly, the whole peace structure was supposed to be built up on that set of "vague principles '', most of which seemed to them thoroughly unrealistic, and some of which, if they were to be seriously applied, were simply unacceptable.
The sailors ' revolt which took place during the night of 29 to 30 October 1918 in the naval port of Wilhelmshaven spread across the whole country within days and led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918 and to the announcement of the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. However in various areas soldiers challenged the authority of their officers and on occasion established Soldiers ' Councils. Thus for example the Brussels Soldiers ' Council was set up by revolutionary soldiers on 9 November 1918.
Also on 9 November, Max von Baden handed over the office of Chancellor to Friedrich Ebert, a Social Democrat. Ebert 's SPD and Erzberger 's Catholic Centre Party had enjoyed an uneasy relationship with the Imperial government since Bismarck 's era in the 1870s and 1880s. They were well represented in the Imperial Reichstag, which had little power over the government, and had been calling for a negotiated peace since 1917. Their prominence in the peace negotiations would cause the new Weimar Republic to lack legitimacy in right - wing and militarist eyes.
The Armistice was the result of a hurried and desperate process. The German delegation headed by Matthias Erzberger crossed the front line in five cars and was escorted for ten hours across the devastated war zone of Northern France, arriving on the morning of 8 November. They were then taken to the secret destination aboard Ferdinand Foch 's private train parked in a railway siding in the forest of Compiègne.
Foch appeared only twice in the three days of negotiations: on the first day, to ask the German delegation what they wanted, and on the last day, to see to the signatures. The Germans were handed the list of Allied demands and given 72 hours to agree. The German delegation discussed the Allied terms not with Foch, but with other French and Allied officers. The Armistice amounted to complete German demilitarization (see list below), with few promises made by the Allies in return. The naval blockade of Germany was not completely lifted until complete peace terms could be agreed upon.
There was no question of negotiation. The Germans were able to correct a few impossible demands (for example, the decommissioning of more submarines than their fleet possessed), extended the schedule for the withdrawal and registered their formal protest at the harshness of Allied terms. But they were in no position to refuse to sign. On Sunday 10 November, they were shown newspapers from Paris to inform them that the Kaiser had abdicated. That same day, Ebert instructed Erzberger to sign. The cabinet had earlier received a message from Hindenburg, requesting that the armistice be signed even if the Allied conditions could not be improved on.
The Armistice was agreed upon at 5: 00 a.m. on 11 November, to come into effect at 11: 00 a.m. Paris time (noon German time), for which reason the occasion is sometimes referred to as "the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month ''. Signatures were made between 5: 12 a.m. and 5: 20 a.m., Paris time.
The occupation of the Rhineland took place following the Armistice. The occupying armies consisted of American, Belgian, British, and French forces.
The Armistice was prolonged three times before peace was finally ratified.
Peace was ratified at 4: 15 pm on 10 January 1920.
The armistice was signed in a carriage of Foch 's private train, CIWL # 2419 (Compiègne Wagon). It was later put back into regular service with the Compagnie des Wagons - Lits, but after a short period it was withdrawn to be attached to the French presidential train.
From April 1921 to April 1927, it was on exhibition in the Cour des Invalides in Paris.
In November 1927, it was ceremonially returned to the forest in the exact spot where the Armistice was signed. Marshal Foch, General Weygand and many others watched it being placed in a specially constructed building: the Clairière de l'Armistice.
There it remained, a monument to the defeat of the Kaiser 's Germany, until 22 June 1940, when swastika - bedecked German staff cars bearing Adolf Hitler, Hermann Göring, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachim von Ribbentrop and others swept into the Clairière and, in that same carriage, demanded and received the surrender armistice from France.
During the Occupation of France, the Clairière de l'Armistice was destroyed and the carriage taken to Berlin, where it was exhibited in the Lustgarten.
After the Allied advance into Germany in early 1945, the carriage was removed by the Germans for safe keeping to the town of Ohrdruf, but as an American armoured column entered the town, the detachment of the SS guarding it set it ablaze, and it was destroyed. Some pieces were however preserved by private persons; they are also exhibited at Compiègne.
After the war, the Compiègne site was restored, but not until Armistice Day 1950 was a replacement carriage, correct in every detail, re-dedicated: an identical Compagnie des Wagon - Lits carriage, no. 2439, built in 1913 in the same batch as the original and present in 1918, was renumbered no. 2419D.
Two relics of the original signing are exposed at the Musée de l'Armée in Paris: The pen used to sign the Armistice, saved by a French officer before the German advance forced his unit to leave the Clairière zone, and an ashtray which a person present at the signing in 1918 had pocketed as a souvenir.
For the Allies, the personnel involved were all military. The two signatories were:
Other members of the delegation included:
For Germany, the four signatories were:
Among its 34 clauses, the armistice contained the following major points:
A. Western Front
B. Eastern and African Fronts
C. At sea
D. General
The British public was notified of the armistice by a subjoined official communiqué issued from the Press Bureau at 10: 20 am, when British Prime Minister David Lloyd George announced: "The armistice was signed at five o'clock this morning, and hostilities are to cease on all fronts at 11 a.m. to - day. '' An official communique was published by the United States at 2: 30 pm: "In accordance with the terms of the Armistice, hostilities on the fronts of the American armies were suspended at eleven o'clock this morning. ''
News of the armistice being signed was officially announced towards 9 am in Paris. One hour later, Foch, accompanied by a British admiral, presented himself at the Ministry of War, where he was immediately received by Georges Clemenceau, the Prime Minister of France. At 10: 50 am, Foch issued this general order: "Hostilities will cease on the whole front as from November 11 at 11 o'clock French time The Allied troops will not, until further order, go beyond the line reached on that date and at that hour. '' Five minutes later, Clemenceau, Foch and the British admiral went to the Élysée Palace. At the first shot fired from the Eiffel Tower, the Ministry of War and the Élysée Palace displayed flags, while bells around Paris rang. Five hundred students gathered in front of the Ministry and called upon Clemenceau, who appeared on the balcony. Clemenceau exclaimed "Vive la France! '' -- the crowd echoed him. At 11: 00 am, the first peace - gunshot was fired from Fort Mont - Valérien, which told the population of Paris that the armistice was concluded, but the population were already aware of it from official circles and newspapers.
Although the information about the imminent ceasefire had spread among the forces at the front in the hours before, fighting in many sections of the front continued right until the appointed hour. At 11 am there was some spontaneous fraternization between the two sides. But in general, reactions were muted. A British corporal reported: "... the Germans came from their trenches, bowed to us and then went away. That was it. There was nothing with which we could celebrate, except cookies. '' On the Allied side, euphoria and exultation were rare. There was some cheering and applause, but the dominant feeling was silence and emptiness after 52 exhausting months of war.
The peace between the Allies and Germany was subsequently settled in 1919, by the Paris Peace Conference, and the Treaty of Versailles that same year.
Many artillery units continued to fire on German targets to avoid having to haul away their spare ammunition. The Allies also wished to ensure that, should fighting restart, they would be in the most favourable position. Consequently, there were 10,944 casualties, of whom 2,738 men died on the last day of the war.
An example of the determination of the Allies to maintain pressure until the last minute, but also to adhere strictly to the Armistice terms, was Battery 4 of the US Navy 's long - range 14 - inch railway guns firing its last shot at 10: 57: 30 am from the Verdun area, timed to land far behind the German front line just before the scheduled Armistice.
Augustin Trébuchon was the last Frenchman to die when he was shot on his way to tell fellow soldiers, who were attempting an assault across the Meuse river, that hot soup would be served after the ceasefire. He was killed at 10: 50 am. The last soldier from the UK to die, George Edwin Ellison of the 5th Royal Irish Lancers, was killed earlier that morning at around 9: 30 am while scouting on the outskirts of Mons, Belgium. The final Canadian, and Commonwealth, soldier to die, Private George Lawrence Price, was shot and killed by a sniper while part of a force advancing into the town of Ville - sur - Haine just two minutes before the armistice to the north of Mons at 10: 58 am, to be recognized as one of the last killed with a monument to his name. And finally, American Henry Gunther is generally recognized as the last soldier killed in action in World War I. He was killed 60 seconds before the armistice came into force while charging astonished German troops who were aware the Armistice was nearly upon them. He had been despondent over his recent reduction in rank and was apparently trying to redeem his reputation.
Celebration of the Armistice became the centrepiece of memories of the war, along with salutes to the unknown soldier. Nations built monuments to the dead and the heroic soldiers, but seldom to the generals and admirals. 11 November is commemorated annually in many countries under various names such as Armistice Day, Remembrance Day, Veterans Day, and in Poland it is Independence Day.
The end of the Second World War in China (end of the Second Sino - Japanese War) formally took place on 9 September 1945 at 9: 00 (the ninth hour of the ninth day of the ninth month). The date was chosen in echo of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 (on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month); and because "nine '' is homophone of the word for "long lasting '' in Chinese (to suggest that the peace won would last forever).
The myth that the German Army was stabbed in the back, by the Social Democratic government that was formed in November 1918, was created by reviews in the German press that grossly misrepresented British Major - General Frederick Maurice 's book, The Last Four Months. "Ludendorff made use of the reviews to convince Hindenburg. ''
In a hearing before the Committee on Inquiry of the National Assembly on November 18, 1919, a year after the war 's end, Hindenburg declared, "As an English general has very truly said, the German Army was ' stabbed in the back '. ''
Coordinates: 49 ° 25 ′ 39 '' N 2 ° 54 ′ 23 '' E / 49.4275 ° N 2.906389 ° E / 49.4275; 2.906389
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who plays forney in where the heart is | Where the Heart is (2000 film) - Wikipedia
Where the Heart Is is a 2000 American romantic drama film directed by Matt Williams in his film directing debut. The filmstars Natalie Portman, Stockard Channing, Ashley Judd, and Joan Cusack with supporting roles done by James Frain, Dylan Bruno, Keith David, and Sally Field. The screenplay, written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel, is based on the best - selling novel by Billie Letts. The film follows five years in the life of Novalee Nation, a pregnant 17 - year - old, who is abandoned by her boyfriend at a Wal - mart in a small Oklahoma town. She secretly moves into the store, where she eventually gives birth to her baby, which attracts media attention. With the help of friends, she makes a new life for herself in the town.
At seventeen years old and seven months pregnant, Novalee Nation (Natalie Portman) sets off on a road trip from Tennessee to California with her boyfriend, Willy Jack Pickens (Dylan Bruno) in an old, broken down 1963 Plymouth.
While driving through Sequoyah, Oklahoma, Novalee notices her shoes have fallen through the hole in the floor of the car while she was napping. She asks Willy Jack to stop at the local Walmart so that she can go to the bathroom and buy new shoes. When Novalee reaches out for her change at the checkout, the amount of $5.55 sends her into a panic as we learned early on that she believes that the number 5 is a bad omen. She runs barefoot outside to discover that Willy Jack has abandoned her and left only her new Polaroid camera behind.
Having no where else to go, she walks back inside and meets Thelma "Sister '' Husband (Stockard Channing), a woman who runs the Welcome Wagon in town and gives her a buckeye tree. Novalee also meets a photographer named Moses Whitecotton (Keith David) who advises her to give her baby a strong name. Later that evening, Novalee feeling sick, runs into the bathroom again to vomit. When she comes out of the bathroom, she discovers the store has closed. She soon figures out how to live undetected in the Walmart, spending the days walking around the town and sneaking back into the store to stay the night.
Meanwhile, Willy Jack is arrested and accused of fraternizing with an attractive stranger he has no idea is actually 14 years old and stealing money and cigarettes from a convenience store. He is sentenced to serve time where he composes a country song entitled "Beat of the Heart. ''
Novalee manages to live at the store for several weeks. She visits the library and meets Forney Hull (James Frain) who looks after his librarian alcoholic sister Mary Elizabeth (Margaret Hoard). After finding the info on how to tend to a buckeye tree, Novalee visits Sister Husband where she urges Novalee to plant the buckeye tree in her yard.
Birth contractions wake Novalee during a thunderstorm. Her water breaks and she goes into labor. As she collapses, she notices that she is in aisle 5 and because of her superstition, she struggles to pull herself to the next aisle. Forney (who has been following her and saw her go into the store at closing time) smashes through a plate - glass window and helps deliver her baby.
The next morning, Novalee wakes up in the local hospital to find she is a media celebrity for giving birth in a Walmart. She is befriended by her nurse, Lexie Coop (Ashley Judd). After Lexie tells her the baby still does n't have a name, Novalee declares she will name her daughter Americus.
Lexie reveals to Novalee that she is a single woman with four children by three different men and tells an astonished Novalee that Lexie 's children are all named after snack foods: Brownie, Praline, Cherry and Baby Ruth.
While Novalee and Lexi are reading letters that have been sent supporting her, Novalee 's mother, Mama Lil (Sally Field), who abandoned her as a child, sees her on television and appears at the hospital. Her mother, claiming the women can pool their money and get an apartment together, takes the $500 that Novalee received as a gift from the President of Walmart. Novalee also tells Mama Lil that Walmart has offered her a job in any of the Walmart stores across the country.
Mama Lil, tucking Novalee 's $500 into her bra, promises to pick up Novalee and Americus the next morning. Much to her dismay and disgust, realizing Mama Lil has abandoned her again, Novalee sits rejected at the hospital with no where to go. Sister Husband arrives and offers to let Novalee and the baby live with her.
Novalee, feeling she has a family for the first time in her life, enjoys living at Sister Husband 's. While thanking him for delivering her baby, Novalee becomes friends with Forney who lives at the library with his sister.
One night, while Novalee and Forney are shopping for Christmas trees, Forney remarks that Americus is 5 months old that day. Novalee is alarmed at the realization and hurries home to check Americus.
Upon arriving, she finds the police at her home and learns Americus has been kidnapped. Novalee remembers that in the hospital she received a card from Midnight, Mississippi saying her baby was an "abomination under God, '' because she was born out of wedlock. The police quickly apprehend a vehicle with Mississippi plates and Americus is found safe in a nativity scene outside a church.
Upon being released from prison and making it to Nashville, Tennessee, Willy Jack becomes a one - hit - wonder with the song he wrote in jail. He teams with the grizzled and cranky music agent, Ruth Meyers (Joan Cusack), who cleans him up and gives him the stage name "Billy Shadow. ''
Three years later, Novalee begins a career as a photographer with the help of Moses. When a tornado blows through Sequoyah, Sister Husband is killed, and their home is destroyed. In memory of Sister, Novalee shoots a picture of Americus and the still - standing buckeye tree amidst the damage from the storm. After the funeral, one of Sister Husband 's friends from Alcoholics Anonymous informs Novalee that she is the beneficiary of Sister 's estate, totaling around $40,000. Novalee builds a new home for herself and Americus on Sister 's land.
In Las Vegas, Willy Jack attempts to branch out his career and, behind Ruth Meyers 's back, starts shopping around for another agent. He meets with a well - known agent named Johnny DeSoto (Richard Nance) to discuss dumping Ruth. DeSoto warns a cocky Willy Jack that Ruth is a great ally but can also be a powerful enemy. At the same time, Novalee is also in Las Vegas to accept an award in a photo contest she has won. Novalee and Willy Jack just miss meeting each other.
Ruth Meyers, who has gotten in his hotel room, informs Willy Jack that his old cellmate, Tommy Reynolds, is suing him claiming he is the true writer of Beat of a Heart, now a major radio hit. Willy Jack tells her that he wrote the song and asks Ruth what to do. Ruth tells Willy Jack that he should ask Johnny DeSoto to help him (having somehow found out about his talk with him), and terminates her connections with Willy Jack. Novalee returns to Sequoyah after the awards event without realizing how close she came to seeing Willy Jack.
One day, Novalee receives a garbled and panicked call from Brownie, Lexie 's oldest child. She rushes over to find Lexie bruised and battered with her kids crouched beside her. We learn that Lexie 's new love interest started to molest her two eldest children and nearly beat her to death as she attempted to protect them. Lexie 's injuries hinder her nursing job and she and her children have to move in with Novalee and Americus. Lexie breaks down feeling guilty and angry. She tearfully tells Novalee that she ignored her kid 's dislike for her boyfriend, now realizing her kids saw he was evil, but all Lexie saw was his new Buick (referring to his material wealth). Lexie asks Novalee what is she supposed to say when her kids ask why this happened to them. Novalee comforts her providing Lexie with an answer from Novalee 's own life experiences.
Mary Elizabeth later passes away and when Forney does not appear at the funeral, Novalee finds him in a hotel and comforts him. They act on their feelings they have denied for so long and spend the night together. Forney confesses his feelings for her. Novalee confides in Lexie but tells her she is confused about her own feelings for Forney.
Novalee learns that Lexie is seeing someone new. Lexie is embarrassed to admit "Ernie '' is an exterminator and does not have quite the physical attributes she 's gone for in the past. Lexie eventually falls in love with Ernie (Bob Coonrod) after learning he gave his ex-wife his restored 1967 Chevy Camaro in exchange for custody of his step - daughter whom he adopted as his own. They get married, and Lexie tells Novalee that she 's pregnant.
After Forney returns from his sister 's burial on the east coast, Novalee feels deeply that she is not good enough for him, knowing he has a chance of going back to school. Knowing his life would be a dead end staying with her in Sequoyah, she struggles through lying to him saying she does not love him. Novalee feels she would be preventing Forney from living the life he is intended to live and becoming successful. Heartbroken and rejected by Novalee, Forney returns to school in Maine.
Severely depressed at his ruined career following the lawsuit, Willy Jack becomes an alcoholic and starts popping pills while driving with a woman across country. He wanders off drunk and collapses on a railroad track where he is unable to move as a train approaches.
On Americus 's 5th birthday, Novalee picks up a newspaper and sees an article about Willy Jack having lost his legs some months before and recently being robbed of his wheelchair. Novalee visits Willy Jack in the hospital and he reveals to her that he lied to her on their last day together when he said he could n't feel the baby 's heart. He confesses his whole life would 've been different if he 'd been able to undo this one lie. Novalee, realizing he is now a pathetically changed man, is able to finally forgive and let go of Willy Jack.
Novalee realizes that her lies are similar mistakes with Forney. She drives Willy Jack home to Tennessee and then continues to Maine to find Forney at a college. Novalee tells him she really does love him and they return to Oklahoma and marry. The final scene is of their wedding, which takes place in a Walmart.
Original music for the film was produced by Mason Daring. A soundtrack of the original music was released by RCA Records, as well as a music compilation soundtrack featuring songs used in the film by artists such as Emmylou Harris, Lyle Lovett, Martina McBride, and John Hiatt.
The song "That 's the Beat of a Heart '' was performed by The Warren Brothers and Sara Evans. A music video was made for the song, which is included as a bonus extra on the DVD release, and features a number of scenes from the film.
The film received mostly negative reviews. Metacritic gives it a score of 30 % based on reviews from 28 critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 35 % approval rating, based on reviews from 97 critics, with the sites consensus stating that the film 's "poor script and messy plot undermines the decent cast. ''
The film opened in theaters in the United States on April 28, 2000. Where the Heart Is accumulated (USD) $8,292,939 in its opening weekend, opening at number 4.
The film went on to make $33,772,838 at the North American box office, and an additional $7,090,880 internationally for a worldwide total of $40,863,718.
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during the us great depression the unemployment rate peaked at | Unemployment in the United States - wikipedia
Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it. Job creation and unemployment are affected by factors such as economic conditions, global competition, education, automation, and demographics. These factors can affect the number of workers, the duration of unemployment, and wage levels.
Unemployment generally falls during periods of economic prosperity and rises during recessions, creating significant pressure on public finances as tax revenue falls and social safety net costs increase. Government spending and taxation decisions (fiscal policy) and U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments (monetary policy) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate. There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation, as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure, and vice versa. The U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation. The major political parties debate appropriate solutions for improving the job creation rate, with liberals arguing for more government spending and conservatives arguing for lower taxes and less regulation. Polls indicate that Americans believe job creation is the most important government priority, with not sending jobs overseas the primary solution.
Unemployment can be measured in several ways. A person is defined as unemployed in the United States if they are jobless, but have looked for work in the last four weeks and are available for work. People who are neither employed nor defined as unemployed are not included in the labor force calcualation. For example, as of September 2017, the unemployment rate in the United States was 4.2 % or 6.8 million people, while the government 's broader U-6 unemployment rate, which includes the part - time underemployed was 8.3 %. Both of these rates were below the November 2007 level that preceded the Great Recession. These figures were calculated with a civilian labor force of approximately 159.6 million people, relative to a U.S. population of approximately 326 million people.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) publishes a monthly "Employment Situation Summary '' with key statistics and commentary. As of January 2018, approximately 125 million people in the United States have found full - time work (at least 35 hours a week in total). In contrast, there are approximately 206 million working age people (people ages 15 - 64) in the United States. The number of job openings as of the last business day of January 2018 was 6.3 million.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics has defined the basic employment concepts as follows:
Employed persons consist of:
Full - time employed persons work 35 hours or more, considering all jobs, while part - time employed persons work less than 35 hours.
Who is counted as unemployed?
Who is not in the labor force?
During the 1940s, the U.S Department of Labor, specifically the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), began collecting employment information via monthly household surveys. Other data series are available back to 1912. The unemployment rate has varied from as low as 1 % during World War I to as high as 25 % during the Great Depression. More recently, it reached peaks of 10.8 % in November 1982 and 10.0 % in October 2009. Unemployment tends to rise during recessions and fall during expansions. From 1948 to 2015, unemployment averaged about 5.8 %. There is always some unemployment, with persons changing jobs and new entrants to the labor force searching for jobs. This is referred to as frictional unemployment. For this reason, the Federal Reserve targets the natural rate of unemployment or NAIRU, which was around 5 % in 2015. A rate of unemployment below this level would be consistent with rising inflation in theory, as a shortage of workers would bid wages (and thus prices) upward.
Various sources summarize the number of jobs created by Presidential term. The figures may include private or public job creation or combination. The Federal Reserve Economic Data (FRED) database contains the total nonfarm employment level, a measure of private sector job creation. For President Obama, between February 2009 and December 2015, the private sector added a total of 10 million jobs. The Calculated Risk blog also reported the number of private sector jobs created by Presidential term. Over 10 million jobs were created in each of President Clinton 's two terms during the 1990s, by far the largest number among recent Presidents. President Reagan averaged over 7 million in each term during the 1980s, while George W. Bush had negative job creation in the 2000s. Each of these Presidents added net public sector (i.e., government) jobs, except President Obama.
There are a variety of measures used to track the state of the U.S. labor market. Each provides insight into the factors affecting employment. The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides a "chartbook '' displaying the major employment - related variables in the economy. Members of the Federal Reserve also give speeches and Congressional testimony that explain their views of the economy, including the labor market.
As of September 2017, the employment recovery relative to the November 2007 (pre-recession) level was generally complete. Variables such as the unemployment rates (U-3 and U-6) and number of employed have improved beyond their pre-recession levels. However, measures of labor force participation (even among the prime working age group), and the share of long - term unemployed were worse than pre-crisis levels. Further, the mix of jobs has shifted, with a larger share of part - time workers than pre-crisis. For example:
The U.S. Federal Reserve tracks a variety of labor market metrics, which affect how it sets monetary policy. One "dashboard '' includes nine measures, only three of which had returned to their pre-crisis (2007) levels as of June 2014. The Fed also publishes a "Labor market conditions index '' that includes a score based on 19 other employment statistics.
Research indicates recovery from financial crises can be protracted relative to typical recessions, with lengthy periods of high unemployment and substandard economic growth. Compared against combined financial crises and recessions in other countries, the U.S. employment recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession was relatively fast.
Employment trends can be analyzed by any number of demographic factors individually or in combination, such as age, gender, educational attainment, and race. A major trend underlying the analysis of employment numbers is the aging of the white workforce, which is roughly 70 % of the employment total by race as of November 2016. For example, the prime working age (25 -- 54) white population declined by 4.8 million between December 2007 and November 2016, roughly 5 %, while non-white populations are increasing. This is a major reason why non-white and foreign - born workers are increasing their share of the employed. However, white prime - age workers have also had larger declines in labor force participation than some non-white groups, for reasons not entirely clear. Such changes may have important political implications.
BLS statistics indicate foreign - born workers have filled jobs dis - proportionally to their share in the population.
There are a variety of domestic, foreign, market and government factors that impact unemployment in the United States. These may be characterized as cyclical (related to the business cycle) or structural (related to underlying economic characteristics) and include, among others:
Employment is both cause and response to the economic growth rate, which can be affected by both government fiscal policy (spending and tax decisions) and monetary policy (Federal Reserve action.)
The U.S. ran historically large annual debt increases from 2008 to 2013, adding over $1 trillion in total national debt annually from fiscal year 2008 to 2012. The deficit expanded primarily due to a severe financial crisis and recession. With a U.S. GDP of approximately $17 trillion, the spending implied by this deficit comprises a significant amount of GDP. Keynesian economics argues that when the economic growth is slow, larger budget deficits are stimulative to the economy. This is one reason why the significant deficit reduction represented by the fiscal cliff was expected to result in a recession.
However, the deficit from 2014 to 2016 was in line with historical average, meaning it was not particularly stimulative. For example, CBO reported in October 2014: "The federal government ran a budget deficit of $486 billion in fiscal year 2014... $195 billion less than the shortfall recorded in fiscal year 2013, and the smallest deficit recorded since 2008. Relative to the size of the economy, that deficit -- at an estimated 2.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) -- was slightly below the average experienced over the past 40 years, and 2014 was the fifth consecutive year in which the deficit declined as a percentage of GDP since peaking at 9.8 percent in 2009. By CBO 's estimate, revenues were about 9 percent higher and outlays were about 1 percent higher in 2014 than they were in the previous fiscal year. ''
As part of the economic policy of Barack Obama, the United States Congress funded approximately $800 billion in spending and tax cuts via the February 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to stimulate the economy. Monthly job losses began slowing shortly thereafter. By March 2010, employment again began to rise. From March 2010 to September 2012, over 4.3 million jobs were added, with consecutive months of employment increases from October 2010 to December 2015. As of December 2015, employment of 143.2 million was 4.9 million above the pre-crisis peak in January 2008 of 138.3 million.
The U.S. Federal Reserve (the Fed) has a dual mandate to achieve full employment while maintaining a low rate of inflation. U.S. Federal Reserve interest rate adjustments (monetary policy) are important tools for managing the unemployment rate. There may be an economic trade - off between unemployment and inflation, as policies designed to reduce unemployment can create inflationary pressure, and vice versa. Debates regarding monetary policy during 2014 -- 2015 centered on the timing and extent of interest rate increases, as a near - zero interest rate target had remained in place since the 2007 -- 2009 recession. Ultimately, the Fed decided to raise interest rates marginally in December 2015. The Fed describes the type of labor market analyses it performs in making interest rate decisions in the minutes of the Federal Open Market Committee, its policy governing body, among other channels.
The U.S. Federal Reserve has taken significant action to stimulate the economy after the 2007 -- 2009 recession. The Fed expanded its balance sheet significantly from 2008 to 2014, meaning it essentially "printed money '' to purchase large quantities of mortgage - backed securities and U.S. treasury bonds. This bids up bond prices, helping keep interest rates low, to encourage companies to borrow and invest and people to buy homes. It planned to end its quantitative easing in October 2014 but was undecided on when it might raise interest rates from near record lows. The Fed also tied its actions to its outlook for unemployment and inflation for the first time in December 2012.
Liberals typically argue for government action or partnership with the private sector to improve job creation. Typical proposals involve stimulus spending on infrastructure construction, clean energy investment, unemployment compensation, educational loan assistance, and retraining programs. Liberals historically supported labor unions and protectionist trade policies. Liberals tend to be less concerned with budget deficits and debt and have a higher tolerance for inflation or currency devaluation to improve trade competitiveness, as a weaker currency makes exports relatively less expensive. During recessions, liberals generally advocate solutions based on Keynesian economics, which argues for additional government spending when the private sector is unable or unwilling to support sufficient levels of economic growth.
Conservatives typically argue for free market solutions, with less government restriction of the private sector. Conservatives tend to oppose stimulus spending or bailouts, letting the free market determine success and failure. Typical proposals involve deregulation and income tax rate reduction. Conservatives historically have opposed labor unions and encouraged free trade agreements. Fiscal conservatives express concern that higher budget deficits and debt damage confidence, reducing investment and spending. Conservatives argue for policies that reduce or lower inflation. Conservatives generally advocate supply - side economics.
The affluent are much less inclined than other groups of Americans to support an active role for government in addressing high unemployment. Only 19 % of the wealthy say that Washington should insure that everyone who wants to work can find a job, but 68 % of the general public support that proposition. Similarly, only 8 % of the rich say that the federal government should provide jobs for everyone able and willing to work who can not find a job in private employment, but 53 % of the general public thinks it should. A September 2012 survey by The Economist found those earning over $100,000 annually were twice as likely to name the budget deficit as the most important issue in deciding how they would vote than middle - or lower - income respondents. Among the general public, about 40 % say unemployment is the most important issue while 25 % say that the budget deficit is.
A March 2011 Gallup poll reported: "One in four Americans say the best way to create more jobs in the U.S. is to keep manufacturing in this country and stop sending work overseas. Americans also suggest creating jobs by increasing infrastructure work, lowering taxes, helping small businesses, and reducing government regulation. '' Further, Gallup reported that: "Americans consistently say that jobs and the economy are the most important problems facing the country, with 26 % citing jobs specifically as the nation 's most important problem in March. '' Republicans and Democrats agreed that bringing the jobs home was the number one solution approach, but differed on other poll questions. Republicans next highest ranked items were lowering taxes and reducing regulation, while Democrats preferred infrastructure stimulus and more help for small businesses.
Further, U.S. sentiment on free trade has been turning more negative. An October 2010 Wall Street Journal / NBC News poll reported that: "(M) ore than half of those surveyed, 53 %, said free - trade agreements have hurt the U.S. That is up from 46 % three years ago and 32 % in 1999. '' Among those earning $75,000 or more, 50 % now say free - trade pacts have hurt the U.S., up from 24 % who said the same in 1999. Across party lines, income, and job type, 76 -- 95 % of Americans surveyed agreed that "outsourcing of production and manufacturing work to foreign countries is a reason the U.S. economy is struggling and more people are n't being hired ''.
The Pew Center reported poll results in August 2012: "Fully 85 % of self - described middle - class adults say it is more difficult now than it was a decade ago for middle - class people to maintain their standard of living. Of those who feel this way, 62 % say "a lot '' of the blame lies with Congress, while 54 % say the same about banks and financial institutions, 47 % about large corporations, 44 % about the Bush administration, 39 % about foreign competition and 34 % about the Obama administration. ''
The debate around the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), the approximately $800 billion stimulus bill passed due to the subprime mortgage crisis, highlighted these views. Democrats generally advocated the liberal position and Republicans advocated the conservative position. Republican pressure reduced the overall size of the stimulus while increasing the ratio of tax cuts in the law.
These historical positions were also expressed during the debate around the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which authorized the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), an approximately $700 billion bailout package (later reduced to $430 billion) for the banking industry. The initial attempt to pass the bill failed in the House of Representatives due primarily to Republican opposition. Following a significant drop in the stock market and pressure from a variety of sources, a second vote passed the bill in the House.
Senator Dick Durbin proposed a bill in 2010 called the "Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act '' that would have reduced tax advantages from relocating U.S. plants abroad and limited the ability to defer profits earned overseas. However, the bill was stalled in the Senate primarily due to Republican opposition. It was supported by the AFL - CIO but opposed by the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.
The Congressional Research Service summarized the bill as follows: "Creating American Jobs and Ending Offshoring Act -- Amends the Internal Revenue Code to: (1) exempt from employment taxes for a 24 - month period employers who hire an employee who replaces another employee who is not a citizen or permanent resident of the United States and who performs similar duties overseas; (2) deny any tax deduction, deduction for loss, or tax credit for the cost of an American jobs offshoring transaction (defined as any transaction in which a taxpayer reduces or eliminates the operation of a trade or business in connection with the start - up or expansion of such trade or business outside the United States); and (3) eliminate the deferral of tax on income of a controlled foreign corporation attributable to property imported into the United States by such corporation or a related person, except for property exported before substantial use in the United States and for agricultural commodities not grown in the United States in commercially marketable quantities. ''
President Barack Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in September 2011, which included a variety of tax cuts and spending programs to stimulate job creation. The White House provided a fact sheet which summarized the key provisions of the $447 billion bill. However, neither the House nor the Senate has passed the legislation as of December 2012. President Obama stated in October 2011: "In the coming days, members of Congress will have to take a stand on whether they believe we should put teachers, construction workers, police officers and firefighters back on the job... They 'll get a vote on whether they believe we should protect tax breaks for small business owners and middle - class Americans, or whether we should protect tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires. ''
During 2012, there was significant debate regarding approximately $560 billion in tax increases and spending cuts scheduled to go into effect in 2013, which would reduce the 2013 budget deficit roughly in half. Critics argued that with an employment crisis, such fiscal austerity was premature and misguided. The Congressional Budget Office projected that such sharp deficit reduction would likely cause the U.S. to enter recession in 2013, with the unemployment rate rising to 9 % versus approximately 8 % in 2012, costing over 1 million jobs. The fiscal cliff was partially addressed by the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.
It is unclear whether lowering marginal income tax rates boosts job growth, or whether increasing tax rates slows job creation. This is due to many other variables that impact job creation. Economic theory suggests that (other things equal) tax cuts are a form of stimulus (they increase the budget deficit) and therefore create jobs, much like spending. However, tax cuts as a rule have less impact per additional deficit dollar than spending, as a portion of tax cuts can be saved rather than spent. Since income taxes are primarily paid by higher income taxpayers (the top 1 % pay roughly half of them) and these taxpayers tend to save a higher portion of any incremental dollars returned to them via tax cuts than lower income taxpayers, income tax cuts are a less effective form of stimulus than payroll tax cuts, infrastructure investment, and unemployment compensation.
One study indicated that tax cuts do create employment growth, particularly tax cuts for the lower earners. However, the historical record indicates that marginal income tax rate changes have little impact on job creation, economic growth or employment.
The Center on Budget and Policy Priorities (CBPP) wrote in March 2009: "Small business employment rose by an average of 2.3 percent (756,000 jobs) per year during the Clinton years, when tax rates for high - income filers were set at very similar levels to those that would be reinstated under President Obama 's budget. But during the Bush years, when the rates were lower, employment rose by just 1.0 percent (367,000 jobs). '' CBPP reported in September 2011 that both employment and GDP grew faster in the seven - year period following President Clinton 's income tax rate increase of 1993, than a similar period after the Bush tax cuts of 2001.
Conservatives typically argue for lower U.S. tax income rates, arguing that it would encourage companies to hire more workers. Liberals have proposed legislation to tax corporations that offshore jobs and to limit corporate tax expenditures.
U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during 2012 while corporate tax revenue was below its historical average relative to GDP. For example, U.S. corporate after - tax profits were at record levels during the third quarter of 2012, at an annualized $1.75 trillion. U.S. corporations paid approximately 1.2 % GDP in taxes during 2011. This was below the 2.7 % GDP level in 2007 pre-crisis and below the 1.8 % historical average for the 1990 -- 2011 period. In comparing corporate taxes, the Congressional Budget Office found in 2005 that the top statutory tax rate was the third highest among OECD countries behind Japan and Germany. However, the U.S. ranked 27th lowest of 30 OECD countries in its collection of corporate taxes relative to GDP, at 1.8 % vs. the average 2.5 %.
A variety of options for creating jobs exist, but these are strongly debated and often have tradeoffs in terms of additional government debt, adverse environmental impact, and impact on corporate profitability. Examples include infrastructure investment, tax reform, healthcare cost reduction, energy policy and carbon price certainty, reducing the cost to hire employees, education and training, deregulation, and trade policy. Authors Bittle & Johnson of Public agenda explained the pros and cons of 14 job creation arguments frequently discussed, several of which are summarized below by topic. These are hotly debated by experts from across the political spectrum.
Many experts advocate infrastructure investment, such as building roads and bridges and upgrading the electricity grid. Such investments have historically created or sustained millions of jobs, with the offset to higher state and federal budget deficits. In the wake of the 2008 -- 2009 recession, there were over 2 million fewer employed housing construction workers. The American Society of Civil Engineers rated U.S. infrastructure a "D + '' on their scorecard for 2013, identifying an estimated $3.6 trillion in investment ideas by 2020.
CBO estimated in November 2011 that increased investment in infrastructure would create between 1 and 6 jobs per $1 million invested; in other words, a $100 billion investment would generate between 100,000 and 600,000 additional jobs. President Obama proposed the American Jobs Act in 2011, which included infrastructure investment and tax breaks offset by tax increases on high income earners. However, it did not receive sufficient support in the Senate to receive a floor vote. During late 2015, the House and Senate, in rare bipartisan form, passed the largest infrastructure package in a decade, costing $305 billion over five years, less than the $478 billion in Obama 's initial request. He signed the Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act into law in December 2015.
Lowering the costs of workers also encourages employers to hire more. This can be done via reducing existing Social Security or Medicare payroll taxes or by specific tax incentives for hiring additional workers. CBO estimated in 2011 that reducing employers ' payroll taxes (especially if limited to firms that increase their payroll), increasing aid to the unemployed, and providing additional refundable tax credits to lower - income households, would generate more jobs per dollar of investment than infrastructure.
President Obama reduced the Social Security payroll tax on workers during the 2011 -- 2012 period, which added an estimated $100 billion to the deficit while leaving these funds with consumers to spend. The U.S. corporate tax rate is among the highest in the world, although U.S. corporations pay among the lowest amount relative to GDP due to loopholes. Reducing the rate and eliminating loopholes may make U.S. businesses more competitive, but may also add to the deficit. The Tax Policy Center estimated during 2012 that reducing the corporate tax rate from 35 % to 20 % would add $1 trillion to the debt over a decade, for example.
Businesses are faced with paying the significant and rising healthcare costs of their employees. Many other countries do not burden businesses, but instead tax workers who pay the government for their healthcare. This significantly reduces the cost of hiring and maintaining the work force.
Various studies place the cost of environmental regulations in the thousands of dollars per employee. Americans are split on whether protecting the environment or economic growth is a higher priority. Regulations that would add costs to petroleum and coal may slow the economy, although they would provide incentives for clean energy investment by addressing regulatory uncertainty regarding the price of carbon.
President Obama advocated a series of clean energy policies during June 2013. These included: Reducing carbon pollution from power plants; Continue expanding usage of clean energy; raising fuel economy standards; and energy conservation through more energy - efficient homes and businesses.
Raising the minimum wage would provide households with more money to spend, in an era with record corporate profits and a reluctance of corporations to invest. Critics argue raising employment costs deters hiring. During 2009, the minimum wage was $7.25 per hour, or $15,000 per year, below poverty level for some families. The New York Times editorial board wrote in August 2013: "As measured by the federal minimum wage, currently $7.25 an hour, low - paid work in America is lower paid today than at any time in modern memory. If the minimum wage had kept pace with inflation or average wages over the past nearly 50 years, it would be about $10 an hour; if it had kept pace with the growth in average labor productivity, it would be about $17 an hour. ''
President Obama advocated raising the minimum wage during February 2013: "The President is calling on Congress to raise the minimum wage from $7.25 to $9 in stages by the end of 2015 and index it to inflation thereafter, which would directly boost wages for 15 million workers and reduce poverty and inequality... A range of economic studies show that modestly raising the minimum wage increases earnings and reduces poverty without jeopardizing employment. In fact, leading economists like Lawrence Katz, Richard Freeman, and Laura Tyson and businesses like Costco, Wal - Mart, and Stride Rite have supported past increases to the minimum wage, in part because increasing worker productivity and purchasing power for consumers will also help the overall economy. ''
The Economist wrote in December 2013: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs... America 's federal minimum wage, at 38 % of median income, is one of the rich world 's lowest. Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage. ''
The U.S. minimum wage was last raised to $7.25 per hour in July 2009. As of December 2013, there were 21 states with minimum wages above the Federal minimum, with the State of Washington the highest at $9.32. Ten states index their minimum wage to inflation.
The CBO reported in February 2014 that increasing the minimum wage to $10.10 per hour between 2014 and 2016 would reduce employment by an estimated 500,000 jobs, while about 16.5 million workers would have higher pay. A smaller increase to $9.00 per hour would reduce employment by 100,000, while about 7.6 million workers would have higher pay.
Regulatory costs on business start - ups and going concerns are significant. Requiring laws to have sunset provisions (end - dates) would help ensure only worthwhile regulations are renewed. New businesses account for about one - fifth of new jobs added. However, the number of new businesses starting each year dropped by 17 % after the recession. Inc. magazine published 16 ideas to encourage new startups, including cutting red tape, approving micro-loans, allowing more immigration, and addressing tax uncertainty.
Education policy reform could make higher education more affordable and more attuned to job needs. Unemployment is considerably lower for those with a college education. However, college is increasingly unaffordable. Providing loans contingent on degrees focused on fields with worker shortages such as healthcare and accounting would address structural workforce imbalances (i.e., a skills mismatch). Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen stated in 2014: "Public funding of education is another way that governments can help offset the advantages some households have in resources available for children. One of the most consequential examples is early childhood education. Research shows that children from lower - income households who get good - quality pre-Kindergarten education are more likely to graduate from high school and attend college as well as hold a job and have higher earnings, and they are less likely to be incarcerated or receive public assistance. ''
Income inequality, expressed by wage stagnation for middle - and lower - income families coupled with a shift in income growth to the top earners, can adversely affect economic growth, as wealthier families tend to save more. The quality or pay of the job matters, not just creating more jobs. The union movement has declined considerably, one factor contributing to more income inequality and off - shoring. Reinvigorating the labor movement could help create more higher - paying jobs, shifting some of the economic pie back to workers from owners. However, by raising employment costs, employers may choose to hire fewer workers.
Creating a level playing field with trading partners could help create more jobs in the U.S. Wage and living standard differentials and currency manipulation can make "free trade '' something other than "fair trade. '' Requiring countries to allow their currencies to float freely on international markets would reduce significant trade deficits, adding jobs in developed countries such as the U.S. and Western Europe.
CBO reported several options for addressing long - term unemployment during February 2012. Two short - term options included policies to: 1) Reduce the marginal cost to businesses of adding employees; and 2) Tax policies targeted towards people most likely to spend the additional income, mainly those with lower income. Over the long - run, structural reforms such as programs to facilitate re-training workers or education assistance would be helpful.
President Obama established the President 's Council on Jobs and Competitiveness in 2009. The Council released an interim report with a series of recommendations in October 2011. The report included five major initiatives to increase employment while improving competitiveness:
Analyzing the true state of the U.S. labor market is very complex and a challenge for leading economists, who may arrive at different conclusions. For example, the main gauge, the unemployment rate, can be falling (a positive sign) while the labor force participation rate is falling as well (a negative sign). Further, the reasons for persons leaving the labor force may not be clear, such as aging (more people retiring) or because they are discouraged and have stopped looking for work. The extent to which persons are not fully utilizing their skills is also difficult to determine when measuring the level of underemployment.
A rough comparison of September 2014 (when the unemployment rate was 5.9 %) versus October 2009 (when the unemployment rate peaked at 10.0 %) helps illustrate the analytical challenge. The civilian population increased by roughly 10 million during that time, with the labor force increasing by about 2 million and those not in the labor force increasing by about 8 million. However, the 2 million increase in the labor force represents the net of an 8 million increase in those employed, partially offset by a 6 million decline in those unemployed. So is the primary cause of improvement in the unemployment rate due to: a) increased employment of 8 million; or b) the increase in those not in the workforce, also 8 million? Did the 6 million fewer unemployed obtain jobs or leave the workforce?
CBO issued a report in February 2014 analyzing the causes for the slow labor market recovery following the 2007 -- 2009 recession. CBO listed several major causes:
One method of analyzing the impact of recessions on employment is to measure the period of time it takes to return to the pre-recession employment peak. By this measure, the 2008 -- 2009 recession was considerably worse than the five other U.S. recessions from 1970 to present. By May 2013, U.S. employment had reached 98 % of its pre-recession peak after approximately 60 months. Employment recovery following a combined recession and financial crisis tends to be much longer than a typical recession. For example, it took Norway 8.5 years to return to its pre-recession peak employment after its 1987 financial crisis and it took Sweden 17.8 years after its 1991 financial crisis. The U.S. is recovering considerably faster than either of these countries.
The ratio of full - time workers was 86.5 % in January 1968 and hit a historical low of 79.9 % in January 2010. There is a long - term trend of gradual reduction in the share of full - time workers since 1970, with recessions resulting in a decline in the full - time share of the workforce faster than the overall trend, with partial reversal during recovery periods. For example, as a result of the 2007 -- 2009 recession, the ratio of full - time employed to total employed fell from 83.1 % in December 2007 to a trough of 79.9 % in January 2010, before steadily rising to 81.6 % by April 2016. Stated another way, the share of part - time employed to total employed rose from 16.9 % in December 2007 to a peak of 20.1 % in January 2010, before steadily falling to 18.4 % in April 2016.
There is a trend towards more workers in alternative (part - time or contract) work arrangements rather than full - time; the percentage of workers in such arrangements rose from 10.1 % in 2005 to 15.8 % in late 2015. This implies all of the net employment growth in the U.S. economy (9.1 million jobs between 2005 and 2015) occurred in alternative work arrangements, while the number in traditional jobs slightly declined.
Estimates vary for the number of jobs that must be created to absorb the inflow of persons into the labor force, to maintain a given rate of unemployment. This number is significantly affected by demographics and population growth. For example, economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson estimated this figure at 125,000 jobs per month during 2011.
Economist Paul Krugman estimated it around 90,000 during 2012, mentioning also it used to be higher. One method of calculating this figure follows, using data as of September 2012: U.S. population 314,484,000 x 0.90 % annual population growth x 63 % of population is working age x 63 % work force participation rate / 12 months per year = 93,614 jobs / month. This approximates the Krugman figure.
Wells Fargo economists estimated the figure around 150,000 in January 2013: "Over the past three months, labor force participation has averaged 63.7 percent, the same as the average for 2012. If the participation rate holds steady, how many new jobs are needed to lower the unemployment rate? The steady employment gains in recent months suggest a rough answer. The unemployment rate has been 7.9 percent, 7.8 percent and 7.8 percent for the past three months, while the labor force participation rate has been 63.8 percent, 63.6 percent and 63.6 percent. Meanwhile, job gains have averaged 151,000. Therefore, it appears that the magic number is something above 151,000 jobs per month to lower the unemployment rate. '' Reuters reported a figure of 250,000 in February 2013, stating sustained job creation at this level would be needed to "significantly reduce the ranks of unemployed. ''
Federal Reserve analysts estimated this figure around 80,000 in June 2013: "According to our analysis, job growth of more than about 80,000 jobs per month would put downward pressure on the unemployment rate, down significantly from 150,000 to 200,000 during the 1980s and 1990s. We expect this trend to fall to around 35,000 jobs per month from 2016 through the remainder of the decade. ''
During the 41 months from January 2010 to May 2013, there were 19 months where the unemployment rate declined. On average, 179,000 jobs were created in those months. The median job creation during those months was 166,000.
The U.S. civilian labor force was approximately 155 million people during October 2012. This was the world 's third largest, behind China (795.5 million) and India (487.6 million). The entire European Union employed 228.3 million.
The number of people receiving Social Security disability benefits (SSDI) increased from 7.1 million in December 2007 to 8.7 million in April 2012, a 22 % increase. Recipients are excluded from the labor force. Economists at JPMorgan Chase & Co. and Morgan Stanley estimated this explained as much as 0.5 of the 2.0 percentage point decline in the U.S. labor - force participation rate during the period.
Unemployment can have adverse health effects. One study indicated that a 1 % increase in the unemployment rate can increase mortality among working - aged males by 6 %. Similar effects were not noted for women or the elderly, who had lower workforce attachment. The mortality increase was mainly driven by circulatory health issues (e.g., heart attacks). Another study concluded that: "Losing a job because of an establishment closure increased the odds of fair or poor health by 54 %, and among respondents with no preexisting health conditions, it increased the odds of a new likely health condition by 83 %. This suggests that there are true health costs to job loss, beyond sicker people being more likely to lose their jobs. '' Extended job loss can add the equivalent of ten years to a persons age.
Studies have also indicated that worsening economic conditions can be associated with lower mortality across the entire economy, with slightly lower mortality in the much larger employed group offsetting higher mortality in the unemployed group. For example, recessions might include fewer drivers on the road, reducing traffic fatalities and pollution.
CBO estimated in December 2015 that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known colloquially as "Obamacare '') would reduce the labor supply by approximately 2 million full - time worker equivalents (measured as a combination of persons and hours worked) by 2025, relative to a baseline without the law. This is driven by the law 's health insurance coverage expansions (e.g., subsidies and Medicaid expansion) plus taxes and penalties. With access to individual marketplaces, fewer persons are dependent on health insurance offered by employers.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported on October 24, 2017 its projections of job growth by industry and job type over the 2016 -- 2026 period. Healthcare was the industry expected to add the most jobs, driven by demand from an aging population. The top three occupations were: personal care aides with 754,000 jobs added or a 37 % increase; home health aids with 425,600 or 47 %; and software developers at 253,400 or 30.5 %.
BLS also reported that: "About 9 out of 10 new jobs are projected to be added in the service - providing sector from 2016 to 2026, resulting in more than 10.5 million new jobs, or 0.8 percent annual growth. The goods - producing sector is expected to increase by 219,000 jobs, growing at a rate of 0.1 percent per year over the projections decade. '' BLS predicted that manufacturing jobs would decline by over 700,000 over that period.
U.S. employment statistics are reported by government and private primary sources monthly, which are widely quoted in the news media. These sources use a variety of sampling techniques that yield different measures.
Several secondary sources also interpret the primary data released.
The FRED database contains a variety of employment statistics organized as data series. It can be used to generate charts or download historical information. Data series include labor force, employment, unemployment, labor force participation, etc. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) also releases employment statistics. Some popular data series include:
Job creation in the U.S. is typically measured by changes in the "Total Non-Farm '' employees.
FRED has gathered many of the employment statistics on one page for easy access:
The Congressional Budget Office provides an unemployment rate forecast in its long term budget outlook. During August 2012, it projected that the unemployment rate would be 8.8 % in 2013 and 8.7 % in 2014. CBO projected the rate would then begin falling steadily to 5.5 % by 2018 and remain around that level through 2022. This forecast assumes annual real GDP growth will exceed 3 % between 2014 and 2018. During December 2012, Wells Fargo Economics forecast that the unemployment rate would be 7.8 % in 2013 and 7.6 % in 2014. This forecast assumes real GDP growth would be 1.4 % in 2013 and 2.5 % in 2014.
The Department of Labor 's Employment and Training Administration (ETA) prepares an annual report on those petitioning for trade adjustment assistance, due to jobs lost from international trade. This represents a fraction of jobs actually off - shored and does not include jobs that are placed overseas initially or the collateral impact on surrounding businesses when, for example, a manufacturing plant moves overseas. During 2011, there were 98,379 workers covered by petitions filed with ETA. The figure was 280,873 in 2010, 201,053 in 2009 and 126,633 in 2008.
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who sets the requirements within the intelligence cycle | Intelligence cycle - wikipedia
The traditional Intelligence cycle is the fundamental cycle of intelligence processing in a civilian or military intelligence agency or in law enforcement as a closed path consisting of repeating nodes. The stages of the intelligence cycle include the issuance of requirements by decision makers, collection, processing, analysis, and publication of intelligence. The circuit is completed when decision makers provide feedback and revised requirements. The intelligence cycle is also called the Intelligence Process by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and the uniformed services. The intelligence cycle is an effective way of processing information and turning it into relevant and actionable intelligence.
Intelligence requirements are determined by a decision maker to meet his / her objectives. In the Federal government of the United States, requirements can be issued from the White House or the Congress. In NATO, a commander uses requirements (sometimes called ' Essential Elements of Intelligence (EEIs)) to initiate the intelligence cycle.
In response to requirements, an intelligence staff develops an intelligence collection plan applying available sources and methods and seeking intelligence from other agencies. Collection includes inputs from several intelligence gathering disciplines, such as HUMINT (human intelligence), IMINT (imagery intelligence), ELINT (electronic intelligence), SIGINT (Signals Intelligence), OSINT (open source, or publicly available intelligence), etc.
Once the collection plan is executed and information arrives, it is processed for exploitation. This involves the translation of raw intelligence materials from a foreign language, evaluation of relevance and reliability, and collation of the raw intelligence in preparation for exploitation.
Analysis establishes the significance and implications of processed intelligence, integrates it by combining disparate pieces of information to identify collateral information and patterns, then interprets the significance of any newly developed knowledge.
Finished intelligence products take many forms depending on the needs of the decision maker and reporting requirements. The level of urgency of various types of intelligence is typically established by an intelligence organization or community. For example, an indications and warning (I&W) bulletin would require higher precedence than an annual report.
The intelligence cycle is a closed loop; feedback is received from the decision maker and revised requirements issued.
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who said don't confuse me with the facts | Earl Landgrebe - wikipedia
Earl Fredrick Landgrebe (January 21, 1916 -- July 1, 1986) was a politician and businessman. He served as an Indiana state senator and United States representative for the 2nd district. Langrebe was from Valparaiso in Porter County, Indiana. He is remembered unfavorably for his famous line at the Watergate hearings: "Do n't confuse me with the facts. '' Landgrebe was a staunch supporter of Richard Nixon throughout the Watergate hearings.
Landgrebe was born in Valparaiso, Indiana in 1916, the son of Edward William Landgrebe and Benna Marie Landgrebe (née Broderman); three of his grandparents were German immigrants. He attended Wheeler High School near Valparaiso. He married Helen Lucille Field on July 12, 1936. He was elected to the state senate of Indiana in 1959 as a Republican and served there until 1968. In that year, he was elected to represent Indiana 's 2nd district in the House of Representatives.
On August 5, 1974, Richard Nixon released certain documents revealing his orders to aides to hinder the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) investigation of the Watergate break - in. When Landgrebe was asked on August 7 about the apparently unanimous support for impeachment of Nixon among his Republican colleagues following this disclosure, he said: "I 'm going to stick with my President even if he and I have to be taken out of this building and shot. '' The next day, Richard Nixon announced his resignation. A few months later, Landgrebe lost re-election. His re-election bid was derailed by Democrat Floyd Fithian.
After his defeat, Earl Landgrebe returned to his home in Valparaiso where he owned and managed Landgrebe Motor Transport Inc., a common carrier and freight hauling company. In February 1980, the Machinist Union was on strike at the Union Rolls Corporation in Valparaiso, Indiana. The former congressman personally confronted picketers with a tractor trailer. On February 13 he completed two trips into the Union Rolls plant to pick up and haul away merchandise. Both times, the Union unsuccessfully tried to prevent his entrance into the plant. On a third trip later that day, he was not so fortunate. Union members surrounded the truck. They swung clubs and broke mirrors and shattered glass. Landgrebe was showered with broken glass. A local sheriff broke up the incident.
On July 1, 1986 he died at home of a heart attack. He was 70 years old.
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according to ncf 2005 the role of a teacher has to be | National curriculum Framework (NCF 2005) - wikipedia
The National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005) is one of the four National Curriculum Frameworks published in 1975, 1988, 2000 and 2005 by the National Council of Educational Research and Training NCERT in India.
The Framework provides the framework for making syllabii, textbooks and teaching practices within the school education programmes in India. The NCF 2005 document draws its policy basis from earlier government reports on education as Learning Without Burden and National Policy of Education 1986 - 1992 and focus group discussion. After wide ranging deliberations 21 National Focus Group Position Papers have been developed under the aegis of NCF - 2005. The state of art position papers provided inputs for formulation of NCF - 2005. The document and its offshoot textbooks have come under different forms of reviews in the press.
Its draft document came under the criticism from the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE). In February 2008 the director Krishna Kumar in an interview also discussed the challenges that are faced by the document. The approach and recommendations of NCF - 2005 are for the entire educational system. A number of its recommendations, for example, focus on rural schools. The syllabus and textbooks based on it are being used by all the CBSE schools, but NCF - based material is also being used in many State schools.
NCF 2005 has been translated into 22 languages and has influenced the syllabii in 17 States. The NCERT gave a grant of Rs. 10 lakh to each State to promote NCF in the language of the State and to compare its current syllabus with the syllabus proposed, so that a plan for future reforms could be made. Several States have taken up this challenge. This exercise is being carried out with the involvement of State Councils for Educational Research and Training (SCERT) and District Institutes of Education and Training (DIET).
The document is divided into 5 areas:
The NCF was framed Considering the articulated ideas in the past such as
NCF focused on
Learning should be an enjoyable act where children should feel that they are valued and their voices are heard. The curriculum structure and school should be designed to make school a satisfactory place for students to feel secure and valued. The curriculum should focus on the holistic development of the students to enhance physical and mental development in individuals and as well as with the peer interactions.
In order to bring about the overall development of the students, adequate nutrition, physical exercise and other psycho social needs are addressed the participation in yoga and sports is required. learning should be made enjoyable and should relate to real life experiences learning should involve concepts and deeper understanding. Adolescence is a vulnerable age for students and the curriculum should prepare the students and provide support for social and emotional support that will inculcate positive behavior and provide skills essential to cope with situations that they encounter in their lives, peers pressure and gender stereotype.
Inclusive education to be given priority and flexibility to follow a curriculum to suit the needs of every student irrespective of students having disabilities.
Constructive learning has to be part of the curriculum. Situations and opportunities have to be created for students to provide students with challenges, encourage creativity and active participation for students. Students have to be encouraged to interact with peers, teachers and older people which would open up many more rich learning opportunities.
The foundation should be laid strong and firm. primary, upper primary and middle school should provide the space for children to explore and develop rational thinking that they would imbibe in them and have sufficient knowledge of concepts, language, knowledge, investigation and validation procedures.
Language - Three language formula system to be followed. medium of communication should be the home language. The First language to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language. The Second language -- In Hindi speaking States, the second language will be some other modern Indian language or English, and -- In non-Hindi speaking States, the second language will be Hindi or English. The Third language -- In Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language, and -- In non-Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language.
Mathematics - The emphasis for learning mathematics is that all students can learn the need to learn mathematics. Pedagogy and learning environment have to be made favorable for students to develop interest by going far beyond basic skills and include variety of mathematics models by pedagogy which devotes a greater percentage of instructional time to problem solving and active learning.
Computers - Introduction of computers in schools is to move from a predetermined set of outcomes and skill sets to one that enables students to develop 16 explanatory reasoning and other higher - order skills. Enable students to access sources of knowledge, interpret them, and create knowledge rather than be passive users. Promote flexible models of curriculum transaction. Promote individual learning styles. Encourage use of flexible curriculum content, at least in primary education, and flexible models of evaluation.
Science - Pedagogy of learning sciences should be designed to address the aims of learning science is to learn the facts and principles of science and it 's applications, consistent with the stage of cognitive development. To acquire skills and understand the methods and processes that lead to generation and validation of scientific knowledge. To develop a historical and developmental perspective of science and to enable her to view science as a social enterprise. To relate to the, local as well as global, and appreciate the issues at the interface of science, technology and society. To acquire the requisite theoretical knowledge and practical technological skills to enter the world of work. To nurture the natural curiosity, aesthetic sense and creativity in science and technology. To imbibe the values of honesty, integrity, cooperation, concern for life and preservation of environment and to cultivate ' scientific temper ' - objectivity, critical thinking and freedom from fear and prejudice.
Social Sciences - Social science a subject is included in schools to assist students to explore their interests and aptitudes in order to choose appropriate university courses and / or careers. To encourage them to explore higher levels of knowledge in different disciplines. To promote problem - solving abilities and creative thinking in the citizens of tomorrow, to introduce students to different ways of collecting and processing data and information in specific disciplines, and help them arrive at conclusions, and to generate new insights and knowledge in the process.
Art education - The objectives of including art education in schools is to bring about the complete development of the students personality and mental health, to appreciate cultural heritage and develop respect for each other 's work and connect to environment.
Health and Physical education - To provide theoretical and practical inputs to provide an integrated and holistic understanding of health, disease, accidents and physical fitness among children. To provide skills for dealing with psycho - social issues in the school, home and the community. To help children grow as responsible citizens by inculcating in them certain social and moral values through games, sports, N.C.C., Red Cross, Scouts & Guides, etc.
Study of Peace - Skills that are developed as part of curriculum activity such as to listening with patience and endurance, purity of mind to develop concentration, aptitude for cooperation and teamwork, to reach out to get answers (curiosity and rational inquiry), acceptance of discipline, and a positive attitude to study / work are the trademarks of a good student which in turn are also the skills of a peace - oriented person. Thus the curriculum also inculcates peace and democracy into students.
Work and Education - Work related education is made as an integral component of the school curriculum, in the form of -- work experience, work education, SUPW, craft education, life oriented education, pre vocational education and generic education. Work based education aims at involving children in a variety of production or service oriented activities, to develop skills, positive attitudes and values through work and also to develop work related competencies.
Physical environment has to be maintained favorable to students in terms of infrastructure, adequate light and ventilation, student teacher ratio, hygiene and safe environment. Schools should also treat students with equality, justice respect, dignity and right of the students. Give equal opportunities for all students to participate in all activities without any bias. Policy of inclusion has to be part of the school where differently abled and children from marginalized section get equal opportunities. The schools should also be well equipped with libraries, laboratories and educational technology laboratories.
The NCF has aimed at bringing about reforms in the education system to bring about a curriculum that is learner centric, has a flexible process, provide learner autonomy, teacher plays a role of a facilitator, supports and encourages learning, involves active participation of learners, develops multidisciplinary curriculum, focuses on education, brings about multiple and divergent exposure, multifarious, continuous appraisal in educational system.
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what is the tv series grimm based on | Grimm (TV series) - wikipedia
Grimm is an American fantasy police procedural drama television series created by Stephen Carpenter and Jim Kouf & David Greenwalt and produced by Universal Television for NBC. The series aired from October 28, 2011 to March 31, 2017, for 123 episodes, over six seasons. The series ' narrative follows Portland Homicide detective Nick Burkhardt (played by David Giuntoli), who discovers he is a Grimm, the latest in a line of guardians who are sworn to keep the balance between humanity and mythological creatures, known as Wesen. The series features a supporting cast consisting of Russell Hornsby, Bitsie Tulloch, Silas Weir Mitchell, Sasha Roiz, Reggie Lee, Bree Turner, and Claire Coffee.
Grimm was originally developed for CBS, but plans were canceled due to the writers ' strike. In January 2011, NBC opted for the series. It has been described as "a cop drama -- with a twist... a dark and fantastical project about a world in which characters inspired by Grimms ' Fairy Tales exist '', although the stories and characters inspiring the show are also drawn from other sources. The series initially garnered mixed reviews from critics, though reception grew more favorable throughout the series ' run. The sixth and final season of Grimm premiered on January 7, 2017 and concluded on March 31, 2017.
Homicide investigator Nick Burkhardt of the Portland Police Department learns he is descended from a line of guardians known as Grimms, charged with keeping balance between humanity and the Wesen, or mythological creatures of the world (Wesen is the German word for being or creature). Throughout the series, he must battle against an assortment of dangerous creatures, with help from his Wesen friend, Monroe, and his partner, Detective Hank Griffin.
Opening: "There once was a man who lived a life so strange, it had to be true. Only he could see what no one else can -- the darkness inside, the real monster within, and he 's the one who must stop them. This is his calling. This is his duty. This is the life of a Grimm. ''
Many of the episodes are loosely based on stories published by the Brothers Grimm, albeit with considerable artistic license taken. For example, the pilot centered around a wolf - man who preyed on women who wore red. Other episodes are based on different sources, including fables and legends, not published by the Brothers Grimm.
In 2008, CBS canceled development on a drama called Brother Grimm, from Stephen Carpenter and production companies CBS Paramount Television and Hazy Mills Productions, because of the writers ' strike.
In January 2011, NBC announced that it had ordered a series titled Grimm. David Greenwalt and Jim Kouf cowrote the pilot, which was directed by Marc Buckland. Filming for the pilot began in March in Portland, Oregon. In May 2011, NBC announced that it had picked up the series for a full season.
Greenwalt and Kouf served as executive producers for the series, along with Sean Hayes and Todd Milliner. The series was produced by Universal Media Studios and Hazy Mills Productions. It was filmed on location in and around Portland. Greenwalt and Kouf told Portland 's NBC affiliate KGW they chose Portland because of its plentiful forests in the city 's two largest parks, Washington Park and Forest Park.
On September 30, 2011, NBC delayed the debut of Grimm by one month, moving the premiere to October 28, 2011, so it could premiere closer to Halloween. On November 21, 2011, NBC picked up the series for a full 22 - episode season. NBC showed a special Thursday showing on December 8 at 10 pm to see if the network 's overall ratings could improve.
On March 16, 2012, NBC announced that the series had been renewed for a second season; according to writers / producers David Greenwalt and Jim Kouf, they would continue to film the show in Portland, saying, "Rain or shine, Portland has been the ideal setting for fairy tales with its enchanting layout. It is its own character in our show with the perfect mix of urban and rural settings. '' Grimm ran on Fridays for the entirety of its first season. The second season premiered on Monday, August 13, 2012, and continued on Mondays for four episodes, before returning to its original Friday timeslot on September 10.
On April 19, 2013, NBC announced they would move Grimm to Tuesdays beginning on April 30, 2013 for the remainder of Season 2 until May 21. Grimm was renewed for a third season on April 26, 2013. The third - season premiere on October 25, 2013 returned the show to its original Friday timeslot. On March 19, 2014, NBC announced that Grimm had been renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on Friday, October 24, 2014.
On February 5, 2015, NBC confirmed a fifth season for Grimm, which premiered on Friday, October 30, 2015.
On April 23, 2016, NBC confirmed at least 13 episodes for a sixth season.
David Giuntoli, who plays Nick, was the first to be cast. Silas Weir Mitchell was then cast as Monroe, the now - reformed "big bad wolf ''. Following this, Russell Hornsby and Bitsie Tulloch were cast as Nick 's partner Hank and his girlfriend, Juliette, respectively. Sasha Roiz was cast in the final regular role as Captain Renard.
Bree Turner, who guest starred in four episodes in Season 1, became a series regular for Season 2, continuing her role as Rosalee Calvert. Claire Coffee, who has been recurring as Adalind Schade since the pilot, was also upgraded to series regular during Season 2.
The series ' premiere received mixed reviews from critics, based on Metacritic 's index score of 55 out of 100.
Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter felt "(i) t has chills and humor and the ability to take a procedural story and twist it. '' Mike Hale of The New York Times said, "Some of the jokes work, and some of the frights are actually scary, and on a repeat viewing the craftsmanship and attention to detail made more of an impression. ''
Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times wrote in a mixed review that she preferred other fairy - tale themed dramas, such as ABC 's Once Upon a Time, stating that despite a good cast and setting, Grimm puts an "entertaining crime spin on fairy - tale monsters that 's a little too pat... (And) adds up to a nice, moody, entertaining - enough hour and the troublesome question of how interesting this will be by the third episode. ''
Daynah Burnett, who reviewed the program for PopMatters, felt "(a) s Grimm grasps for compelling analogues between fairy tales ' villains and ours, its stories turn exceedingly literal: wolves urinate in the corners of their lawns to mark their territory, rather than lurk (and mark) in ways less obvious and more culturally meaningful. There 's certainly room here for these archetypes to be explored as the series develops, but when Nick 's prime suspect for the red - hoodie crimes turns out to live in an actual cottage in the woods, it does n't bode well for how these stories might reflect the lives of viewers '', before giving it a score of 4 out of 10.
The second season received a more favorable response, with a score of 73 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on four reviews. The Los Angeles Times said of the second - season premiere, "it 's hard not to love a show with a comely apothecary, and it 's impossible not to love the new season of Grimm. ''
Mike Hale of The New York Times said of season three, "Grimm is not a profound show (what is?), but few are more purely entertaining -- engaging, clever, tense, funny, well paced and featuring a remarkably appealing cast as the friends and colleagues who help Nick. ''
A press release put out by NBC on November 11, 2011, states, "Grimm and Up All Night Are the # 1 New Drama and # 1 New Comedy Among Top % Gainers Going from Live + Same Day to Live + 7. Grimm is the # 1 new drama on ABC, CBS, NBC or Fox in terms of percentage increase from L + SD to L + 7 so far this season and also the # 1 new series and the # 2 show overall behind only Fox 's Fringe (+ 57 %), growing by + 49 % in adults 18 -- 49 (to a 2.98 rating from a 2.00) '' The series, which has been averaging about 6.4 million U.S. viewers during its first season, has been renewed for a second season.
Friday, September 28, 2012, "Grimm '' had increased its adult 18 - 49 rating by 1.14 points going from "live plus same day '' ratings to "live plus three day '' results from Nielsen Media Research (from a 1.58 to a 2.72). The 1.14 increase was Grimms biggest gain ever, going from L + SD to L + 3. The 2.72 was Grimms highest L + 3 rating since the show 's second - season premiere on Monday, August 13.
In May 2013, Dynamite Entertainment started releasing a monthly Grimm Comic Book series. The series ended with issue # 12, which was released April 30, 2014.
Novelist John Shirley was hired to write the first novel based on the Grimm television show. Grimm: The Icy Touch was published by Titan Books on November 5, 2013, and book 2, Grimm: The Chopping Block, written by John Passarella, was published February 18, 2014. The third novel, Grimm: The Killing Time, was written by Tim Waggoner and was published on September 30, 2014.
The series premiered in Australia on January 4, 2012 on FOX8, with season two returning on September 30, 2012, season three on October 30, 2013, and season four on January 7, 2015. The series was replayed on free - to - air network Seven (as opposed to FOX8, which is a subscription television network), with season one premiering November 30, 2012, with season two returning on August 1, 2013, and season three on October 15, 2014.
In New Zealand the series premiered on June 18, 2012 on FOUR.
The series premiered in Canada on October 28, 2011 on CTV, with season two returning on August 13, 2012, season three on October 25, 2013, and season four on October 24, 2014.
The series premiered in the UK on February 13, 2012 on Watch, with season two returning on October 22, 2012, and season 3 on February 5, 2014. The fourth season premiered on January 28, 2015.
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who does lucky's voice on king of the hill | List of King of the Hill characters - wikipedia
King of the Hill is an American animated sitcom created by Mike Judge and Greg Daniels. The main characters are Hank Hill, Peggy Hill, Bobby Hill, Luanne Platter, Dale Gribble, Bill Dauterive, Boomhauer, Kahn Souphanousinphone, and Elroy "Lucky '' Kleinschmidt.
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where is the st. lawrence river in canada | Saint Lawrence River - wikipedia
The Saint Lawrence River (French: Fleuve Saint - Laurent; Tuscarora: Kahnawáʼkye; Mohawk: Kaniatarowanenneh, meaning "big waterway '') is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin. It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario, and is part of the international boundary between Ontario, Canada, and the U.S. state of New York. This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway.
The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows through Gananoque, Brockville, Morristown, Ogdensburg, Massena, Cornwall, Montreal, Trois - Rivières, and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, the largest estuary in the world. The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans, just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City.
The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres (1,900 mi) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km (743.8 mi) from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca. 500 km (ca. 300 mi). The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing, Minnesota. Its drainage area, which includes the Great Lakes, the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes, is 1,344,200 square kilometres (518,998.5 sq mi), of which 839,200 km (324,016.9 sq mi) is in Canada and 505,000 km (194,981.6 sq mi) is in the United States. The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, parts of Illinois, Indiana, Minnesota, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, and Wisconsin, and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States. The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second (590,000 cu ft / s). At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m / s (427,300 cu ft / s). The average discharge at the river 's source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m / s (262,000 cu ft / s).
The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal, Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal. It encompasses four archipelagoes: the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay, New York and Kingston, Ontario; the Hochelaga Archipelago, including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus (Laval); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago. Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé. It is the second longest river in Canada.
Lake Champlain and the Ottawa, Richelieu, Saint - Maurice, Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence.
The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean. The faults in the area are rift related and are called the Saint Lawrence rift system.
According to the United States Geological Survey, the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division, and not part of the Appalachian division at all.
Though the Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners, such as John Cabot, the brothers Gaspar, Miguel Corte - Real, and Alonso Sanchez, the first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier. At that time, the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535. Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day, he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name.
The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques, who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century. The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster (1588), when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed. Initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat.
Until the early 17th century, the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal. The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior, first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain.
Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War. Having captured Louisbourg in 1758, the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook. British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west, which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham. The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760.
Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids, the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal. Opened in 1825, the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids. An extensive system of canals and locks, known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway, was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II (representing Canada) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower (representing the United States). The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior.
During the Second World War, the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942, September 1943, and again in October and November 1944. During this time, German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships.
In the late 1970s, the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign (called "Save the River ''), originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The campaign was organized, among others, by Abbie Hoffman.
The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec.
The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels (Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska, Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés), poems (in works of Pierre Morency, Bernard Pozier), and songs (Leonard Cohen 's "Suzanne '', Michel Rivard 's "L'oubli '', Joe Dassin 's "Dans les yeux d'Émilie ''), and André Gagnon 's "Le Saint - Laurent ''). The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway. The river has also been portrayed in paintings, notably by the Group of Seven. In addition, the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority.
In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes, Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence: Stairway to the Sea.
Musician David Usher released the song "St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998.
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party cove lake of the ozarks mile marker | Party cove - wikipedia
Coordinates: 38 ° 06 ′ 07 '' N 92 ° 39 ′ 21 '' W / 38.102076 ° N 92.655816 ° W / 38.102076; - 92.655816
Party Cove is the popular name given for Anderson Hollow Cove, a cove in Lake of the Ozarks in Missouri that according to The New York Times is the "oldest established permanent floating bacchanal in the country. ''
Various places in the lake have received the name since the 1960s but the informal event was pushed out by private owners until 1996 when it moved to Anderson Hollow Cove within the confines of Lake of the Ozarks State Park at the 4 mile marker of the Grand Glaize Arm of the lake a mile south of the Grand Glaize Bridge.
The cove itself is about a mile long and 200 yards wide. On summer weekends as many 3,000 pleasure boats with around 8,000 aboard gather in the cove lining up in two rows with newcomers running a gauntlet of water cannon and taunts to take their clothes off (although the Kansas City Star reports that the overwhelming number of visitors in the fraternity house environment are male).
Missouri has 18 officers assigned to the entire Lake of the Ozarks. They had historically limited the policing of the cove to violations of wake restrictions, and boat driving violations and Boating While Intoxicated summons. Attempts to stop the practice of lashing the boats together failed to pass the Missouri General Assembly.
Missouri says that the area around the cove is the most dangerous in the entire lake. After two people died in 2007, Missouri announced plans to have officers from other districts crack down on nudity (women can be topless but not bottomless), public sex acts, and drug use.
In 2007, Major General Bill McCoy, commander of the Fort Leonard Wood Army base, declared Party Cove "off - limits '' to Army personnel from the base for safety and health issues after a Fort Wood soldier suffered a broken neck and a soldier and a civilian employee drowned in separate incidents in the cove area that summer. The April 30, 2010 list of "off - limits '' establishments, however, no longer lists Party Cove as being off - limits to military personnel.
The cove has been featured on Playboy TV, A Current Affair, Sexcetera, and is mentioned in season 1 episodes 5 and 6 of Ozark.
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who was the first actual president of the united states | John Hanson - wikipedia
John Hanson (April 14 (O.S. April 3) 1721 -- November 15, 1783) was a merchant and public official from Maryland during the era of the American Revolution. In 1779, Hanson was elected as a delegate to the Continental Congress after serving in a variety of roles for the Patriot cause in Maryland. He signed the Articles of Confederation in 1781 after Maryland finally joined the other states in ratifying them. In November 1781, he was elected as first President of the Continental Congress (sometimes styled President of the United States in Congress assembled), following ratification of the articles. For this reason, some of Hanson 's biographers have argued that he was actually the first holder of the office of president.
John Hanson was born in Port Tobacco Parish in Charles County in the Province of Maryland on April 14, 1721. Sources published prior to a 1940 genealogical study sometimes listed his birth date as April 13 or his year of birth as 1715.
Hanson was born on a plantation called "Mulberry Grove '' into a wealthy and prominent family. His parents were Samuel (c. 1685 -- 1740) and Elizabeth (Storey) Hanson (c. 1688 -- 1764). Samuel Hanson was a planter who owned more than 1,000 acres (4.0 km), and held a variety of political offices, including serving two terms in the Maryland General Assembly.
John Hanson 's grandfather, also named John, came to Charles County, Maryland, as an indentured servant around 1661. In 1876, a writer named George Hanson placed John Hanson in his family tree of Swedish - Americans descended from four Swedish brothers who emigrated to New Sweden in 1642. This story was often repeated over the next century, but scholarly research in the late 20th century showed that John Hanson was not related to those Swedish - American Hansons.
Little is known about Hanson 's early life; he was presumably privately tutored as was customary among the wealthy of his time and place. He followed his father 's path as a planter, slave owner, and public official. He was often referred to as John Hanson, Jr., to distinguish him from an older man of the same name.
Hanson 's career in public service began in 1750, when he was appointed sheriff of Charles County. In 1757 he was elected to represent Charles County in the lower house of the Maryland General Assembly, where he served over the next twelve years, sitting on many important committees. Maryland was a proprietary colony, and Hanson aligned himself with the "popular '' or "country '' party, which opposed any expansion of the power of the proprietary governors at the expense of the popularly elected lower house. He was a leading opponent of the 1765 Stamp Act, chairing the committee that drafted the instructions for Maryland 's delegates to the Stamp Act Congress. In protest of the Townshend Acts, in 1769 Hanson was one of the signers of a nonimportation resolution that boycotted British imports until the acts were repealed.
Hanson changed course in 1769, apparently to better pursue his business interests. He resigned from the General Assembly, sold his land in Charles County, and moved to Frederick County in western Maryland. There he held a variety of offices, including deputy surveyor, sheriff, and county treasurer.
When relations between Great Britain and the colonies became a crisis in 1774, Hanson became one of Frederick County 's leading Patriots. He chaired a town meeting that passed a resolution opposing the Boston Port Act. In 1775, he was a delegate to the Maryland Convention, an extralegal body convened after the colonial assembly had been prorogued. With the other delegates, he signed the Association of Freemen on July 26, 1775, which expressed hope for reconciliation with Great Britain, but also called for military resistance to enforcement of the Coercive Acts.
With hostilities underway, Hanson chaired the Frederick County Committee of Observation, part of the Patriot organization that assumed control of local governance. Responsible for recruiting and arming soldiers, Hanson proved to be an excellent organizer, and Frederick County sent the first southern troops to join George Washington 's army. Because funds were scarce, Hanson frequently paid soldiers and others with his own money. In June 1776, Hanson chaired the Frederick County meeting that urged provincial leaders in Annapolis to instruct Maryland 's delegates in the Continental Congress to declare independence from Great Britain. While Congress worked on the Declaration of Independence, Hanson was in Frederick County "making gunlocks, storing powder, guarding prisoners, raising money and troops, dealing with Tories, and doing the myriad other tasks which went with being chairman of the committee of observation ''.
Hanson was elected to the newly reformed Maryland House of Delegates in 1777, the first of five annual terms. In December 1779, the House of Delegates named Hanson as a delegate to the Second Continental Congress; he began serving in Congress in Philadelphia in June 1780. "Hanson came to Philadelphia with the reputation of having been the leading financier of the revolution in western Maryland, and soon he was a member of several committees dealing with finance. ''
When Hanson was elected to Congress, Maryland was holding up the ratification of the Articles of Confederation. The state, which did not have any claims on western land, refused to ratify the Articles until the other states had ceded their western land claims. When the other states finally did so, the Maryland legislature decided in January 1781 to ratify the Articles. When Congress received notice of this, Hanson joined Daniel Carroll in signing the Articles of Confederation on behalf of Maryland on March 1, 1781. With Maryland 's endorsement, the Articles officially went into effect. Many years later, some Hanson biographers claimed that Hanson had been instrumental in arranging the compromise and thus securing ratification of the Articles, but, according to historian Ralph Levering, there is no documentary evidence of Hanson 's opinions or actions in resolving the controversy.
On November 5, 1781, Congress elected Hanson as its president. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States had no executive branch; the president of Congress was a mostly ceremonial position, but the office did require Hanson to serve as neutral discussion moderator, handle official correspondence, and sign documents. Hanson found the work tedious and considered resigning after just one week, citing his poor health and family responsibilities. Colleagues urged him to remain because Congress at the moment lacked a quorum to choose a successor. Out of a sense of duty, Hanson remained in office, although his term as a delegate to Congress was nearly expired. The Maryland Assembly reelected him as a delegate on November 28, 1781, and so Hanson continued to serve as president until November 4, 1782.
The Articles of Confederation stipulated that presidents of Congress serve one - year terms, and Hanson became the first to do so. Contrary to the claims of some of his later advocates, however, he was not the first president to serve under the Articles, nor the first to be elected under the Articles. When the Articles went into effect in March 1781, Congress did not bother to elect a new president; instead, Samuel Huntington continued serving a term that had already exceeded a year. On July 9, 1781, Samuel Johnston became the first man to be elected as president of Congress after the ratification of the Articles. He declined the office, however, perhaps to make himself available for North Carolina 's gubernatorial election. After Johnston turned down the office, Thomas McKean was elected. McKean served just a few months, resigning in October 1781 after hearing news of the British surrender at Yorktown. Congress asked him to remain in office until November, when a new session of Congress was scheduled to begin. It was in that session that Hanson began to serve his one - year term. A highlight of Hanson 's term was when George Washington presented Cornwallis 's sword to Congress.
Hanson retired from public office after his one - year term as president of Congress. In poor health, he died on November 15, 1783, while visiting Oxon Hill Manor in Prince George 's County, Maryland, the plantation of his nephew Thomas Hawkins Hanson. He was buried there. Hanson owned at least 223 acres of land and 11 slaves at the time of his death.
About 1744, he married Jane Contee (1728 -- 1812), daughter of Alexander Contee (1692 -- 1740). Together, John and Jane had eight children, including:
In 1898, Douglas H. Thomas, a descendant of Hanson, wrote a biography promoting Hanson as the first true President of the United States. Thomas became the "driving force '' behind the selection of Hanson as one of the two people who would represent Maryland in the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C. Hanson was not initially on the shortlist for consideration, but he was chosen after lobbying by the Maryland Historical Society. In 1903, bronze statues of Hanson and Charles Carroll by sculptor Richard E. Brooks were added to Statuary Hall; Hanson 's is currently located on the 2nd floor of the Senate connecting corridor. Small versions of these two statues (maquettes) sit on the president 's desk in the Senate Chamber of the Maryland State House.
Some historians have questioned the appropriateness of Hanson 's selection for the honor of representing Maryland in Statuary Hall. According to historian Gregory Stiverson, Hanson was not one of Maryland 's foremost leaders of the Revolutionary era. In 1975, historian Ralph Levering said that "Hanson should n't have been one of the two Marylanders '' chosen, but he wrote that Hanson "probably contributed as much as any other Marylander to the success of the American Revolution ''. In the 21st century, Maryland lawmakers have considered replacing Hanson 's statue in Statuary Hall with one of Harriet Tubman.
The idea that Hanson was the forgotten first President of the United States was further promoted in a 1932 biography of Hanson by journalist Seymour Wemyss Smith. Smith 's book asserted that the American Revolution had two primary leaders: George Washington on the battlefield, and John Hanson in politics. Smith 's book, like Douglas H. Thomas 's 1898 book, was one of a number of biographies written seeking to promote Hanson as the "first President of the United States ''. Regarding the opinion, historian Ralph Levering stated: "They 're not biographies by professional historians; they are n't based on research into primary sources. '' According to historian Richard B. Morris, if a president of Congress were to be called the first President of the United States, "a stronger case could be made for Peyton Randolph of Virginia, the first President of the first and second Continental Congresses, or for John Hancock, the President of Congress when that body declared its independence. '' The claim that Hanson was a forgotten President of the United States was revived on the Internet, sometimes with a new assertion that he was actually a black man; an anachronistic photograph of Senator John Hanson of Liberia has been used to support this claim.
In 1972, Hanson was depicted on a 6 - cent US postal card, which featured his name and portrait next to the word "Patriot ''. Historian Irving Brant criticized the selection of Hanson for the card, arguing that it was a result of the "old hoax '' promoting Hanson as the first president of the United States. In 1981, Hanson was featured on a 20 - cent US postage stamp. U.S. Route 50 between Washington D.C. and Annapolis is named the John Hanson Highway in his honor. There are also middle schools located in Oxon Hill, Maryland, and Waldorf, Maryland, named after him. A former savings bank named for him was merged in the 1990s with Industrial Bank of Washington, D.C.
In the 1970s, a descendant of Hanson, John Hanson Briscoe, served as Speaker of the Maryland House of Delegates, which passed "a measure establishing April 14 as John Hanson Day. '' In 2009 the John Hanson Memorial Association was incorporated in Frederick, Maryland, to create the John Hanson National Memorial and to educate Americans about Hanson as well as to educate people about the many myths written about him. The Memorial includes a statue of President John Hanson and an interpretive setting in Frederick, Maryland, where Hanson lived between 1769 and his death in 1783. The Memorial is in the Frederick County Courthouse 's courtyard at the corner of Court and West Patrick Streets. Leaders of the Memorial include President Peter Hanson Michael, Vice President Robert Hanson, and Director John C. Hanson. John Hanson Briscoe was also a Director until his death in 2014.
Internet personality Arin Hanson has claimed to be a descendant of John Hanson.
Books, journals, and encyclopedias
Newspapers and online sources
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major league baseball home run leaders for this season | List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders - wikipedia
This is a list of the top 300 Major League Baseball leaders in home runs hit. In the sport of baseball, a home run is a hit in which the batter scores by circling all the bases and reaching home plate in one play, without the benefit of a fielding error. This can be accomplished either by hitting the ball out of play while it is still in fair territory (a conventional home run), or by an inside - the - park home run.
Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Albert Pujols (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.
Listed are all Major League Baseball players with 215 or more home runs hit during an official regular season (i.e., excluding playoffs or exhibition games). Players in bold face are active as of the 2018 Major League Baseball season (including free agents), with the number in parentheses designating the number of home runs they have hit during the 2018 season. The last change in the cutoff for the top 300 occurred on September 30, 2017, when Carlos González hit his 215th career home run, displacing Jeff Conine and José Guillén.
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season 8 australia's next top model winner | Australia 's Next Top Model (cycle 8) - Wikipedia
9 July (2013 - 07 - 09) -- 24 September 2013 (2013 - 09 - 24)
The eighth cycle of Australia 's Next Top Model began airing 9 July 2013 on Fox8. Former host Sarah Murdoch left the show and was replaced by Jennifer Hawkins. Alex Perry and Charlotte Dawson returned as judges for this season with Didier Cohen joining the show as a new judge. This is the last series of Australia 's Next Top Model to feature Dawson, before she died of an apparent suicide five months after it ended.
The prizes for this cycle included a one - year modelling contract with IMG Sydney and worldwide representation by IMG London, New York, Milan and Paris, as well as a A $ 20,000 cash prize thanks to TRESemmé, a brand new Nissan Dualis, an overseas trip to Paris to meet with IMG Paris, and an eight page editorial spread and the cover of Harper 's Bazaar Australia.
The winner of the competition was 16 - year - old Melissa Juratowitch from Melbourne, Victoria.
Fifty semi-finalists were selected to take part in this years ' competition. The first episode of the show was shown in a special screening for fans of the series. Fifteen official contestants were chosen to compete for the title.
The all contestants had to be aged 16 or over in order to apply for the show. Those auditioning had to be at least 172 centimetres (68 in) tall. To qualify, all applicants had to be an Australian citizen currently living in Australia. Additional requirements stated that a contestant could not have had previous experience as a model in a national campaign within the last five years, and if a contestant was represented by an agent or a manager, she had to terminate that representation prior to the competition.
Auditions for cycle 8 began to take place on 13 January in Adelaide, continuing in Perth, Brisbane, Townsville, and Sydney throughout the rest of the month before wrapping up in Melbourne on 23 January.
(Ages stated are at start of contest)
The judges met the top 50 semi-finalists for bootcamp at Cockatoo Island. As part of Australia 's history as a penal colony, the contestants took part in several challenges and photo shoots relating to different convict themes. After taking part in group interviews with the judges, half of the contestants were eliminated. The elimination was followed by a runway show on a plank and a jailbird photo shoot session. After deliberating one final time, the final 15 were selected, and it was revealed that they would be travelling to Thailand for the next stage of the competition.
The 15 finalists arrived in Bangkok and were taken to a Buddhist temple for a meditation lesson before taking part in a styling challenge at the local market, where they were split into teams of five. For the photo shoot, the models were photographed as rich Thai travelers lost in the countryside.
The remaining models moved into the model mansion and had a lesson on healthy eating with James Duigan, while Ashley was taken to the hospital due to a case of appendicitis. In preparation for an upcoming challenge, the contestants received a message from Candice Swanepoel regarding the importance of body endurance, fitness, and strength in the field of modeling. At the challenge, they were faced with an arduous and grueling obstacle course in which the winner received $2,000 worth of fitness apparel and a years ' supply of health supplements, before being styled as sports luxe athletes for the photo shoot.
The models were driven to Elizabeth Bay House for a lesson on proper etiquette. They later had a red carpet challenge in which they had to face the press, paparazzi, and fans of the show for a mock movie premiere at The Ritz Cinema to win the chance of appearing in a national Nissan Dualis commercial. At the photo shoot, the contestants had to embody a modern interpretation of the 1950s housewife.
The models were driven to the Australian Reptile Park in order to overcome their fears by touching the animals, and later had makeovers before walking in front of members of the industry and media, as well as their loved ones. They later arrived at Hyde Park for a vintage Calvin Klein inspired photo shoot.
The contestants arrived at Broken Hill for a lesson on line dancing to learn about teamwork, and later took part in a painting challenge. Conflict escalated after a paint fight between Ashley and Taylah turned physical, and the judges alluded that the issue would be addressed at panel. The models then had to work in pairs to embody fugitives escaping into the Outback in a photo shoot inspired by the film Thelma and Louise. During elimination it was revealed that Taylah was disqualified from the competition, and that as a result, no one would be eliminated that week.
The models were taken to Manning Cartell for a crash course on runway walking, and received pointers from Jennifer Hawkins and Gabby Manning. They then took part in a casting challenge for Colgate Optic White to front one of their new campaigns, and secretly had their behaviour monitored as they reacted to awkward situations planted by producers of the show. Later, the models the models arrived at the Hilton Hotel for a glamorous photo shoot that showcased their smiles.
The remaining contestants arrived at the Sydney Opera House for a ballet lesson from a principal artist of The Australian Ballet, and later put their knowledge to the test in a mute fashion film for the new flavor range of Mount Franklin 's Sparkling Water. The best performer was rewarded with a custom made Samantha Wills jewellery set worth over $1,000. For the photo shoot, the models posed in surfwear to create an image that was representative of Australian beach culture.
The models arrived at House of Yoga Redfern for a session of anti gravity yoga to learn how to make more dynamic poses. They later went to garden square for a constricted styling challenge in a telephone booth to re-create looks from the Alex Perry Spring / Summer collection, and one of the models made and offhand comment that did n't sit well with Alex Perry. The winner of the challenge was treated to high tea with a friend at the Langham Hotel. After an emotional discussion with Didier Cohen regarding their lives before the show, the contestants had a photo shoot with mirrors for an editorial spread to be published in Cosmopolitan.
The contestants met ex-rugby player Kris Smith for an exercise session to help them channel their inner male qualities. They were later introduced to drag king Rocco DÁmore, and were dressed in male attire for a challenge in which they had to pretend to be men and stay in character whilst talking to a stranger. The winner received a $700 Microsoft Surface tablet. The models were then taken to the beach for a timeless 90s B&W masculine styled photo shoot.
The remaining four contestants were flown to the island of Mauritius to take part in two photo shoots that would help determine which three models would make it to the grand finale. Their challenge took the form of an underwater runway show for which the best performer was treated with a traditional Mauritian sugar scrub massage. The first photo shoot was a moody session on the beach with gothic styling, followed the next day by a colorful couture shoot among residents of the Mauritian fishing village. The contestants also received letters from their families back at home. Back in Australia, the judges decided which three girls would become finalists.
The live show opened with a catwalk performance from the fifteen models to Rudimental 's song "Feel the Love '', and the judges were asked their opinions of the final three. The final shoot for the cover and spread in Harper 's Bazaar was shown, and the judges interviewed their favorite girls on their thoughts about their careers and modelling. After a second runway performance, the show highlighted each girls ' journey throughout the competition, before going over interviews with their friends and family. Immediately afterwards, the third - placing finalist was announced. The models then perform in a rendition of Michael Jackson 's "Smooth Criminal '' with Cirque du Soleil, and Melissa was revealed to be the eighth winner of Australia 's Next Top Model.
Prior to the airing of the cycle, it was reported that a contestant had been disqualified from the competition for bullying. Host Jennifer Hawkins said of the incident, "I do n't know why but I went into (the show) thinking ' oh, there wo n't be drama, everything will be fine ', but of course there is always drama. A lot of things have happened in the house and we were dealing with something that has n't happened before. It was really intense. '' Hawkins later specified that the cause for disqualification was not bullying, but violence among two of the contestants on the show. She also revealed that Foxtel and the show 's production company Shine Australia requested for the girl to be ejected. The disqualified contestant was revealed to be Taylah Roberts from Perth, who physically attacked Ashley Pogmore. The day before the airing of the episode in which Roberts was disqualified, footage of Roberts choking Pogmore was shown on A Current Affair.
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walk through the shadow of death bible verse | Psalm 23 - wikipedia
Psalm 23 (Greek numbering: Psalm 22 because of its opening line) is the 23rd and perhaps best - known psalm in the Old Testament Book of Psalms and perhaps the best - known chapter in the Hebrew Bible. The writer describes God as his shepherd. The theme of this poem casts God in the role of protector and provider, and is routinely read and recited by Jews and Christians alike.
Like all the psalms, Psalm 23 was used in worship of the ancient Hebrews.
The Lord is my shepherd; I shall not want. He maketh me to lie down in green pastures: He leadeth me beside the still waters. He restoreth my soul: He leadeth me in the paths of righteousness for His name 's sake. Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for Thou art with me; Thy rod and Thy staff they comfort me. Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies: Thou anointest my head with oil; my cup runneth over. Surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.
The theme of God as a shepherd was common in ancient Palestine and Mesopotamia. For example, King Hammurabi, in the conclusion to his famous legal code, wrote: "I am the shepherd who brings well - being and abundant prosperity; my rule is just... so that the strong might not oppress the weak, and that even the orphan and the widow might be treated with justice. '' This imagery and language was well - known to the community that created the Psalm, and was easily imported into its worship.
Psalm 23 portrays God as a good shepherd, feeding (verse 1) and leading (verse 3) his flock. The "rod and staff '' (verse 4) are also the implements of a shepherd. Some commentators see the shepherd imagery pervading the entire psalm. It is known that the shepherd is to know each sheep by name, thus when God is given the analogy of a shepherd, he is not only a protector but also the caretaker. God, as the caretaker, leads the sheep to green pastures (verse 2) and still waters (verse 2) because he knows that each of his sheep must be personally led to be fed. Thus, without its Shepherd, the sheep would die either by a predator or of starvation, since sheep are known for their helplessness without their shepherd.
J. Douglas MacMillan argues that verse 5 ("Thou preparest a table before me '') refers to the "old oriental shepherding practice '' of using little raised tables to feed sheep. Similarly, "Thou anointest my head with oil '' may refer to an ancient form of backliner -- the oil is poured on wounds, and repels flies. MacMillan also notes that verse 6 ("Goodness and mercy shall follow me '') reminds him of two loyal sheepdogs coming behind the flock.
John Ellinwood argues that in verses 4 and 5 King David acknowledges God 's protection in expeditions and in battles. "Thou preparest a table before me in the presence of mine enemies '' refers to the sober raucous dinner before major battles. These were raucous in order to demoralize hostiles camped within earshot, and (only) the king ate from a table. "Thou anointest my head with oil '' because tomorrow this ceremony might be impossible. After each victory there was no longer a need for sobriety, so "my cup runneth over. '' The king 's lyricist wisely shortened these military verses for balance. Also in Psalm 18 David mentions God 's protection in battle. (13).
The first verse of the Psalm ascribes authorship to King David, said in the Hebrew Scriptures to have been a field shepherd himself as a youth. However, some scholars do not believe that David could have written any of the Psalms.
Psalm 23 is traditionally sung by Jews in Hebrew at the third Shabbat meal on Saturday afternoon.
For Christians the image of God as a shepherd evokes connections not only with David but with Jesus, described as "Good Shepherd '' in the Gospel of John. The phrase about "the valley of the shadow of death '' is often taken as an allusion to the eternal life given by Jesus.
Orthodox Christians typically include this Psalm in the prayers of preparation for receiving the Eucharist.
The Reformation inspired widespread efforts in western Europe to make biblical texts available in vernacular languages. One of the most popular early English versions was the Geneva Bible (1557). The most widely recognized version of the psalm in English today is undoubtedly the one drawn from the King James Bible (1611).
The psalm is a popular passage for memorization and is often used in sermons.
An early metrical version of the psalm in English was made in 1565 by Thomas Sternhold. Other metrical versions to emerge from the Protestant Reformation include those from The Bay Psalm Book (1640) and a version influenced by Sternholm published in the Scottish Psalter (1650). The latter version is still encountered, with modernized spelling, in many Protestant hymns. Other notable metrical versions include those by George Herbert, Philip Sidney, and Isaac Watts.
A metrical version of the psalm is traditionally sung to the hymn tune Crimond, generally attributed to Jessie Seymour Irvine. This version, with its opening words "The Lord 's My Shepherd '', is probably the best - known amongst English - speaking congregations. Other melodies, such as Brother James ' Air or Amazing Grace, are also used. Other tunes sometimes used include Belmont, Evan, Martyrdom, Orlington, and Wiltshire.
In the 20th century, Psalm 23 became particularly associated with funeral liturgies in the English - speaking world, and films with funeral scenes often depict a graveside recitation of the psalm. Official liturgies of English - speaking churches were slow to adopt this practice, though. The Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England has only Psalms 39 and 90 in its order for the burial of the dead, and in the Episcopal Church in the United States, Psalm 23 was not used for funerals until the 1928 revision of the prayer book.
This Psalm is found in the Friday night Maariv service. It is also traditionally sung three times during the third Sabbath meal.
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when do gabi and carlos have a baby | Gabrielle Solis - wikipedia
Gabrielle "Gaby '' Solis (née Márquez, previously Lang) is a fictional character from the ABC television series Desperate Housewives. She is portrayed by Eva Longoria. Longoria was nominated for Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy at the 2006 Golden Globe Awards.
Gabrielle Solis (née Márquez, formerly Lang) was born in Las Colinas, Texas. Her family is originally from Guadalajara, Mexico. Born on December 8, 1975, she has a brother and a sister. Her father died of cancer when she was five years old. From that point on, her mother, Lucía Márquez (María Conchita Alonso), married Alejandro Perez (Tony Plana) who sexually abused Gabrielle throughout her teenage years. According to Gabrielle, her mother overlooked the matter, and a nun at her school refused to believe her claims of having been raped. When she was fifteen, Gabrielle ran away to New York City to pursue a career in modeling. Gabrielle achieved significant success but earned a reputation for being difficult. As her career began to fade, she married wealthy businessman Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira), who proposed after only three dates. They then relocated to Wisteria Lane in the fictional suburb of Fairview, Eagle State, where Gabrielle befriended Susan Mayer (Teri Hatcher), Lynette Scavo (Felicity Huffman), Bree Van de Kamp (Marcia Cross), and Mary Alice Young (Brenda Strong).
In the pilot episode, Gabrielle is unhappy with her marriage to Carlos, whose priority is work. Gabrielle is shown to be extremely lonely while Carlos is money - minded and oblivious to his wife 's unhappiness. To keep herself entertained, she has an affair with John Rowland (Jesse Metcalfe), her teenage gardener. Carlos suspects that Gabrielle is being unfaithful and he enlists the help of his mother, Juanita "Mama '' Solis (Lupe Ontiveros). Mama Solis catches Gabrielle and John having sex and takes a photograph to document Gabrielle 's betrayal. However, while fleeing the house, she is hit by a car and Gabrielle is able to dispose of the evidence against her. Mama Solis falls into a coma as a result of the accident and dies a few months later without having the opportunity to tell Carlos about Gabrielle 's affair. Gabrielle and John end the affair after his mother, Helen (Kathryn Harrold), learns about it. Soon after, Carlos is arrested for importing goods made by slave labor. The government freezes the Solis ' accounts, forcing Gabrielle to perform low - wage modeling jobs to pay bills. Carlos is put under house arrest while awaiting trial, during which time the couple faces several financial crises.
Carlos continually asks Gabrielle for a child, as well as a post-nuptial agreement that she will not divorce him while he is in jail. After Carlos physically forces Gabrielle to sign the documents, she reignites her affair with John. Later, Gabrielle discovers that she is pregnant and is unsure of who the father is. John hopes to help take care of the baby, but Gabrielle tells him she will only acknowledge Carlos as the father. Later, Gabrielle realizes that Carlos had tampered with her birth control in order to orchestrate her pregnancy. During Carlos ' trial, John admits to his affair with Gabrielle.
With Carlos now in jail and a child on the way, Gabrielle alienates John and attempts to salvage her marriage. Gabrielle and Carlos continue sparring until she apologizes for the affair wholeheartedly for the first time. Hoping to be granted a conjugal visit and eventually get Carlos released on parole, Gabrielle hires David Bradley (Adrian Pasdar), a womanizer lawyer who later professes his love to Gabrielle. Later, Caleb Applewhite (Page Kennedy), Betty Applewhite 's (Alfre Woodard) allegedly violent and mentally ill son, breaks into Gabrielle 's home and chases her. She falls down the stairs, resulting in a miscarriage. Afterwards, Carlos is paroled thanks to the influence of a nun named Sister Mary Bernard (Melinda Page Hamilton). Gabrielle objects to Carlos ' attempts to become a better and more spiritual man, as it threatens her lavish lifestyle, thus prompting Sister Mary to suggest Carlos annul his marriage to Gabrielle. Gabrielle intervenes when Carlos attempts to accompany Sister Mary on a charity trip to Botswana. To rid herself of Sister Mary permanently, Gabrielle tells a priest at the church that Sister Mary and Carlos had an affair. Consequently, Sister Mary is transferred to Alaska.
Gabrielle agrees to have a child with Carlos, but her miscarriage leads to complications, forcing them to consider adoption. They prepare to adopt the unborn baby of pole dancer Libby Collins (Nichole Hiltz). However, Libby 's boyfriend, Frank Helm (Eddie McClintock), and his teenaged brother and the baby 's father, Dale (Sam Horrigan), try to intervene. When the baby, Lily, is born, a judge grants Carlos and Gabrielle temporary custody; however, Libby ultimately decides to take Lily back and raise her with Frank. Meanwhile, Gabrielle learns that her maid, Xiao - Mei (Gwendoline Yeo), is in danger of being deported to China. Xiao - Mei agrees to be Gabrielle and Carlos ' surrogate in order to stay in the country. As the pregnancy progresses, Gabrielle suspects that Carlos and Xiao - Mei are having an affair. When she catches them having sex, she kicks Carlos out of the house and informs Xiao - Mei that she is not allowed to leave until the baby is born.
The third season opens six months later, near the end of Xiao - Mei 's pregnancy and in the midst of Gabrielle and Carlos ' divorce proceedings. When Xiao - Mei gives birth, doctors discover that they had accidentally switched the Solis ' embryo with another couple 's and the Solis ' embryo was not successfully inseminated. Xiao - Mei moves out and Gabrielle and Carlos are left without a child. Nevertheless, their divorce proceedings become complicated and vindictive. Following her divorce, Gabrielle teams up with her personal shopper, Vern (Alec Mapa), coach a group of young misfit girls for the Little Miss Snowflake Beauty Pageant. She briefly dates Bill Pearce (Mark Deklin), the widowed father of a girl in the pageant, before realizing that she is not yet ready to date again. Soon after, Zach Young (Cody Kasch), the recently wealthy son of Gabrielle 's deceased friend, Mary Alice, begins pursuing Gabrielle. Though Gabrielle refuses to date him, she agrees to befriend the irresponsible and disturbed Zach. When Zach proposes to Gabrielle at a party, she rejects him and terminates their friendship.
Later, Gabrielle meets Victor Lang (John Slattery), a candidate for the mayor of Fairview. They date casually, but Gabrielle insists that she is not interested. Nevertheless, they have mutual feelings of love. When Gabrielle learns that Carlos has started dating her neighbor, the promiscuous Edie Britt (Nicollette Sheridan), she accepts Victor 's marriage proposal. As the wedding draws near, Gabrielle begins to have second thoughts about marrying Victor, especially after he wins the election and neglects her for his political career. Nevertheless, she marries Victor. However, after the wedding, Gabrielle overhears Victor admitting to only having married her for his political gain, thus prompting her to reignite her relationship with Carlos.
The season premiere, "Now You Know '', opens with Gaby and Carlos ' plan to run away together on Gaby 's wedding night; however, after Edie stages a suicide attempt, Carlos calls off the plan. One month later, Gaby and Carlos reignite their affair despite their commitments to Victor and Edie, respectively. Edie soon becomes suspicious that Carlos is having an affair with Gabrielle. She hires a private investigator, who photographs the couple sharing a final kiss after having just decided to end their affair. Edie shows the photographs to Victor. Victor takes Gabrielle on his boat, where she learns that he has found about the affair. Fearing that he might try to kill her, she knocks him overboard and leaves him at sea. Victor survives the ordeal and vows to get revenge on Gabrielle and Carlos. He attempts to kill Carlos but dies in a tornado, the same storm that blinds Carlos and destroys the only documents giving him access to an offshore bank account. The couple remarries soon after.
While Gabrielle learns to cope with Carlos ' blindness, the Solises rent out a room in their house to Ellie Leonard (Justine Bateman) to improve their financial circumstances. Gabrielle later discovers that Ellie is a drug dealer and alerts the authorities; however, after she and Ellie bond, Gabrielle helps her escape before the police arrest her. Gabrielle later discovers several thousand dollars in Ellie 's abandoned belongings. Ellie comes back to retrieve it, but Gabrielle tries to keep it from her. When police arrive to the Solis home, Ellie escapes and hides in a crowded block party, where she is shot and killed.
The fifth season takes place five years after the events in season four. Gabrielle is not as beautiful, Carlos is still blind, and they are now raising two disobedient daughters, Juanita (Madison De La Garza) and Celia (Daniella Baltodano). The family struggles financially, forcing Carlos to take a job as a masseur at a local country club, which further alienates them from high society. One of Carlos ' elderly and wealthy clients, Virginia Hildebrand (Frances Conroy), offers him a job as her personal masseur. Virginia becomes close with the Solises. Initially, Gabrielle does not mind, as she enjoys the luxuries Virginia provides for them; however, she starts to feel uncomfortable. Virginia revises her will to make the Solises the sole heirs to her estate, but Gabrielle eventually rejects the offer when Virginia tries to make important decisions in Juanita and Celia 's lives. Later, Carlos regains his sight after having surgery.
Carlos plans to take a job at the community center to help blind people. Tired of struggling, Gabrielle forces Carlos to take a high - salary office job. Meanwhile, Gabrielle works to lose weight and return to her model figure. When Gabrielle discovers that Carlos ' new boss, Bradley Scott (David Starzyk), is cheating on his wife, she promises to remain silent so long as Carlos receives a generous salary bonus. Eventually, Bradley 's wife, Maria (Ion Overman), finds out about his affair and kills him. As a result of Bradley 's death, Carlos is promoted. Later, Gabrielle hesitantly agrees to take in Carlos ' teenage niece, Ana (Maiara Walsh), when her grandmother can no longer care for her. Gabrielle attempts to foster a positive relationship with Ana; however, she soon sees how entitled and manipulative Ana is.
In the sixth season, Gabrielle 's relationship with Ana becomes more problematic, as Ana shows no regard for the household rules. Ana begins pursuing Danny Bolen (Beau Mirchoff), the son of their new neighbors, Angie (Drea de Matteo) and Nick Bolen (Jeffrey Nordling). When Danny is accused of strangling Susan 's daughter, Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), Ana attempts to provide him a false alibi until Gabrielle forces her to tell the truth. Later, Ana gets a job at John Rowland 's restaurant. John attempts to win Gabrielle back, forcing her to question whether or not she still has feelings for him. She ultimately decides that she is happy with her life, and Ana quits her job after Gabrielle confesses to her affair with John in the first season. Gabrielle also begins experiencing difficulties in her relationship with Juanita: her poor parenting skills make other parents reluctant to let their children play with Juanita; Gabrielle 's hot temper gets Juanita expelled from school; and Gabrielle 's attempts to home school Juanita only strain their relationship further. Gabrielle and Carlos then enroll Juanita in private school. Later, Gabrielle discovers that Lynette has been hiding her pregnancy in order to secure a promotion at Carlos ' company. Feeling betrayed, Gabrielle ends their friendship and Carlos tries to drive Lynette to quit her job. However, when a small plane takes an emergency landing on Wisteria Lane, Lynette saves Celia from its path, thus restoring her friendship with Gabrielle.
Gabrielle 's friendship with Angie is complicated when Ana and Danny begin dating, especially when Gabrielle and Carlos discover that the Bolens are keeping a dangerous secret. To break up Ana and Danny, Gabrielle and Carlos send her to a modeling academy in New York; unbeknownst to them of the Bolens, however, Danny follows her there. Gabrielle accompanies Angie to New York to retrieve Danny, during which time she learns about Angie 's mysterious past, which involves Danny 's biological father. Patrick Logan (John Barrowman), an environmental terrorist and Danny 's real father, tracks them down to Wisteria Lane. He runs over Nick, placing him in the hospital, and holds Angie and Danny hostage. Gabrielle helps rescue the Bolens and send them to Atlanta, as the government is still searching for them due to their involvement in Patrick 's terrorism.
Gabrielle is told the truth of Andrew killing Carlos ' mother but decides to keep it quiet, fearing Carlos ' reaction and not wanting to hurt him.
She is sent to the hospital after Bree accidentally hits Juanita with her car. She finds out later that Juanita is not her real daughter due to a hospital mixup.
However, Gabrielle soon realizes she wants to meet her true daughter and convinces a lawyer to find the other family. Carlos is angered when he finds out, telling her that the family could take Juanita away and if that happens, he 'll never forgive Gabrielle. When they meet the family they automatically know that Grace is Gaby 's daughter as she is throwing a fit over a jumper. Gabrielle grows closer to Grace, causing jealousy in Juanita, who does n't know the truth. When Grace 's legal parents are discovered to be illegal immigrants, her legal father Hector is arrested and her legal mother Carmen is forced to go on the run. Since Grace was born in the United States, she is a citizen and Gabrielle and Carlos agree to take her in to raise her.
To make sure they can get Grace to live with them, Gabrielle turns legal Grace 's mother into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) but then has second thoughts when ICE shows up, posing as Carmen and letting Carmen get away. But when Gabrielle and Carlos go to pick up Grace, Carmen insists on taking Grace.
Distraught over losing Grace, Gabrielle confides in Lynette, the only person she knows who has lost a child. Lynette tells Gabrielle that she wrote a letter to the child she lost, and that this might help Gabrielle, who would n't have to actually send it. Gabrielle writes the letter; Juanita finds it and runs away, hiding in the back of Bob and Lee 's car, where Gabrielle sees her just in time for her to be rescued during the riot. A therapist suggests that Carlos and Gabrielle cut off all ties and reminders of Grace in order to let the tension with Juanita heal. Gabrielle is reluctant, keeping photos of Grace but Carlos demands she do this for Juanita.
Gabrielle seems to agree, but goes to a boutique and buys a doll that resembles Grace and keeps it hidden from her family. After Juanita and Celia find it and play with it, ultimately breaking its arm, Gabrielle goes back to the boutique and has the owner repair "Princess Valerie ''. The owner promises to repair it, and Gabrielle, feeling she is too attached to the doll, asks the owner if she thinks Gabrielle is strange. The owner disagrees, and shows Gabrielle her own doll, Mrs. Humphreys. The owner tells Gabrielle that she fell in love with the doll and bought it, ultimately learning the doll 's "story ''. The owner says that Mrs. Humphreys is a music teacher whose sister died around the same time the owner 's did (hinting that the owner bought the doll as a replacement for her passed on sister, much as Gabrielle did). Gabrielle sees the owner 's pain, and the owner asks Gabrielle about Princess Valerie 's story. Although reluctant, Gabrielle emotionally tells her that the doll was a princess who was accidentally given to the wrong family, but she found her way back eventually, and her mother, the Queen, had her hid so that no one could take her away again. When she gets home, Gabrielle puts Princess Valerie in a box behind her closet. Carlos finds out about Gabrielle 's obsession with the doll so they go out to get rid of it and get carjacked by an unknown gunman. Gabrielle tries to take Princess Valerie out of the car but she had to let her go because the gunman threatened to kill her.
Carlos insists she go to therapy but she ignores it, going to spa treatments instead. Eventually, Carlos goes with her as she confesses to the therapist how she was molested as a child. At the therapist 's suggestion, Gabrielle and Carlos go to her hometown where Gaby is surprised to learn she is a celebrity. She enjoys being admired by the townspeople until she meets the nun she had once confided in about her abuse as a child. The nun had then refused to believe Gabrielle 's story and remains stubborn as Gabrielle lets out the shame she has long since been forced to feel by the cold nun 's words; passing it back onto this woman who when could have prevented a childhood of torment did nothing, gives Gaby the sense of closure she has been seeking. Finally Gabrielle tells Carlos she is ready to go home and leave the past behind.
Making amends for his past while in AA, Andrew decides to tell Carlos about running over his mother. While Carlos does forgive Andrew, he is furious with Gabrielle over keeping the secret from him. He tells Bree that he wo n't forgive her for hiding the truth and bans Gabrielle from seeing Bree again. Gabrielle takes her girls and temporarily moves in with Bree. She shortly returns to Carlos.
Gabrielle shows a horror movie to Juanita, which gives her nightmares. She claims that a man is standing on the family 's front lawn every night. Gabrielle is doubtful of this until she too notices the mysterious stranger. She sees him while shopping one day and asks a security officer to see a security camera. She realizes that her stalker is the stepfather who raped her as a child. This horrifies Gabrielle, especially because she thought that he was dead.
Gabrielle learns her stepfather has been following her everywhere she goes. She drives to a deserted area when she knows he is following her, and walks into a clearing, armed with a gun that she acquired for her protection. She confronts him about raping her as a young girl. He admits to the terrible deed.
During Susan 's coming home dinner, Gabrielle runs home to begin preparations for dessert course. Once she enters her house, her stepfather confronts her again, pretending to have her gun. He begins to attack her attempts to rape her. However, Carlos comes home and intervenes, accidentally killing him with a blow to the head from a candlestick. Bree, Susan, and Lynette come into the house and discover the body. With help from Bree, they are able to clean up before the rest of the guests arrive. The group agrees to keep the situation secret.
Gabrielle and Carlos deal with keeping the murder of her stepfather quiet, Carlos unable to be intimate due to his guilt. Gabrielle challenges the antagonistic PTA head at Juanita 's school after a parking dispute only to accidentally hit the woman with her car. The woman gets revenge by making Gabrielle her replacement, warning her that being PTA head will drive Gabrielle crazy. The first meeting does not go well as Gabrielle is late due to a spa appointment and the other members berate her over putting her high - living lifestyle over her responsibilities. Assuming they 're jealous, Gabrielle gives them massages and makeovers but they still refuse to help. They snap that Gabrielle has no idea how people like them live and her life is so perfect. However, when a drunken Carlos comes in, the PTA members realize that Gabrielle faces many struggles as well and she really is n't that different from them after all. They take over the luncheon project and allow Gabrielle to help her husband. When Carlos gets drunk before work, Gabrielle attempts to cover for him but his boss figures it out. Rather than be upset, the man tells Carlos he understands, being a recovering alcoholic himself, and urges Carlos to get help. Carlos checks himself into a rehab center but vanishes the same night detective Chuck Vance is killed, making Gabrielle worry Carlos might have done it while drunk. When a guilty Susan checks in on Alejandro 's family, his suspicious widow, Claudia, follows her, believing Susan is having an affair with her husband. Gabrielle is upset with Susan until she hears Susan 's suspicion that Claudia 's daughter, Marisa, was also molested. Gabrielle invites Claudia over, telling her the truth about Alejandro. Claudia refuses to believe it until Marisa finally confesses what the man did to her, Claudia disraught to have had her daughter hurt like that. She later comes to Gabrielle, thanking her for letting her see the truth. She spots the rug stained with Alejandro 's blood that Gabrielle was having replaced and tells Gabrielle to get rid of it, clearly knowing what happened to Alejandro and willing to keep it quiet.
When Carlos gets out of rehab, he surprises Gabrielle by having a new attitude of giving away money, not wanting to be so greedy anymore. Gabrielle is upset at first but at Mike 's funeral, realizes it 's better to let Carlos do what makes him happy. She tries to calm her nerves by shopping and ends up being offered a job as a "personal shopper. '' At first, Gabrielle is good with it but also has to pretend to be single to win over male shoppers. Carlos is upset with this and Gabrielle tells him she is doing what she wants and is enjoying it. When Bree is put on trial for killing Alejandro, both Carlos and Gabrielle want to tell the truth but Karen McCluskey (overhearing them talking about it) confesses on the stand to killing Alejandro herself. Gabrielle is eventually offered a promotion at her job with Carlos upset at first but coming to accept it. In the final moments of the series, it 's stated that Carlos helps Gabrielle start her own online shopper company, which earns her a show on the Home Shopping Network. They eventually move to a mansion in Los Angeles where "they argued happily ever after. ''
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who plays cinderella's prince in the movie into the woods | Into the Woods (film) - wikipedia
Into the Woods is a 2014 American musical fantasy film directed by Rob Marshall, and adapted to the screen by James Lapine from his and Stephen Sondheim 's Broadway musical of the same name. A Walt Disney Pictures production, it features an ensemble cast that includes Meryl Streep, Emily Blunt, James Corden, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, Tracey Ullman, Christine Baranski, Lilla Crawford, Daniel Huttlestone, MacKenzie Mauzy, Billy Magnussen, and Johnny Depp. Inspired by the Grimm Brothers ' fairy tales of "Little Red Riding Hood '', "Cinderella '', "Jack and the Beanstalk '', and "Rapunzel '', the film is a fantasy genre centered on a childless couple, who set out to end a curse placed on them by a vengeful witch. Ultimately, the characters are forced to rectify the consequences of their actions.
After several unsuccessful attempts by other studios and producers to adapt the musical to film, Disney announced in 2012 that it was producing an adaptation, with Marshall directing and John DeLuca serving as producer. Principal photography commenced in September 2013, and took place entirely in the United Kingdom, including at Shepperton Studios in London.
Into the Woods held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8, 2014, and was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2014. The film was commercially successful and received generally positive reviews, receiving praise for its acting performances and production merits, but was criticized for its lighter tone compared to the source material and the changes made for the translation. It grossed $213 million worldwide. Into the Woods received three Academy Award nominations at the 87th Academy Awards, including a Best Supporting Actress nomination for Streep, as well as three Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy.
A Baker (James Corden) and his Wife (Emily Blunt) wish for a child but suffer under a curse laid upon the Baker 's family by a Witch (Meryl Streep) who found the Baker 's father robbing her garden when his mother was pregnant. The Baker 's father also stole some beans which caused the Witch 's mother to punish her with the curse of ugliness. The Witch offers to lift the curse, but only if the Baker and his Wife obtain four critical items for her: a cow as white as milk, a cape as red as blood, a hair as yellow as corn, and a slipper as pure as gold. The Witch later tells the Baker that she asked him to do this task for her because she is not allowed to touch any of the objects.
The Witch 's demands eventually bring the Baker and his Wife into contact with Jack (Daniel Huttlestone), who is selling his beloved cow, Milky - White, and to whom the Baker offers magic beans left him by his father (which were stolen from the Witch) which grow into a large beanstalk; with Red Riding Hood (Lilla Crawford), whose ruby cape the couple notices when she stops to buy sweets on her way to grandmother 's house; with Rapunzel (MacKenzie Mauzy), whose tower the Baker 's Wife passes in the woods; and with Cinderella (Anna Kendrick), who also runs into the Baker 's Wife while fleeing from the pursuing Prince (Chris Pine).
After a series of failed attempts and misadventures, the Baker and his Wife finally are able to gather the items necessary to break the spell. Meanwhile, each of the other characters receive their "happy endings '': Cinderella marries the Prince; Jack provides for his mother by stealing riches from the Giant in the sky, and kills the pursuing Giant by cutting down the beanstalk; Little Red Riding Hood and her Grandmother are saved from the Big Bad Wolf (Johnny Depp); and the Witch regains her youth and beauty after drinking the potion.
However, each of the characters learns their "happily ever after '' is not very happy: the Baker is worried he is a poor father to his newborn baby; the Baker 's Wife is temporarily seduced by the Prince; Cinderella is disenchanted by the cheating Prince; and the Witch learns that she has lost her powers with her restored youth and beauty. The growth of a second beanstalk from the last remaining magic bean allows the Giant 's Wife to climb down and threaten the kingdom and its inhabitants if they do not deliver Jack in retribution for killing her husband. The characters debate the morality of handing Jack over. In the process, Red Riding Hood 's Mother and Grandmother, Jack 's Mother, and the Baker 's Wife are killed. The characters blame each other for their individual actions that lead to the tragedy, ultimately blaming the Witch for raising the beans in the first place. She curses them for their inability to accept their individual responsibilities. Casting all her remaining beans away, she begs her mother to punish her again and disappears into a large pit of boiling tar.
The remaining characters resolve to kill the threatening Giant 's Wife, though Cinderella and the Baker try to explain to the distraught Red Riding Hood and Jack the complicated morality of retribution and revenge. The characters lure the Giant 's Wife into stepping in the tar pit where she ultimately trips and falls to her death. The Giant 's Wife is killed, and the characters move forward with their ruined lives. The Baker, thinking of his Wife, is determined to be a good father. Cinderella decides to leave the Prince and help the Baker, and Jack and Red Riding Hood, now orphans, are living with the Baker and Cinderella. The Baker comforts his son after he begins to cry by telling a story as the movie ends with the Witch 's moral, meaning that children can change due to the parent 's actions and behaviors.
While it was initially reported that Disney had decided to make some major plot changes for the film version in order to make it more family - friendly, Stephen Sondheim revealed that this was not the case and that any changes in the film version had been approved by him and James Lapine.
Thus, the film does slightly differ from the stage production. The songs "I Guess This Is Goodbye '', "Maybe They 're Magic '', "First Midnight '' and "Second Midnight '' interludes, "Ever After '' (Act I finale of the original play), "So Happy '', "Into the Woods '' Reprise, "Agony '' Reprise and "No More '' (performed by the Baker) were cut from the film, although both "Ever After '' and "No More '' are used as instrumentals in the film. Meanwhile, many of the songs in the film have slightly different lyrics than their stage counterparts due to the slight tweaking of storylines.
Other changes include a major reduction of the significant role of the "Mysterious Man '', who manipulates much of the action in the first act and is eventually revealed to be the Baker 's father. Also, the character of the Narrator is deleted, and the film is instead narrated by the Baker. The minor role of Cinderella 's Father was cut, and he is instead mentioned as deceased. Due to the film 's compressed storyline, Rapunzel 's pregnancy is eliminated, as is the subplot where the two princes have affairs with Snow White and Sleeping Beauty. In the film, the Giant 's Wife attacks during the marriages of Cinderella and Rapunzel to their respective Princes, no more than a few weeks after the events of act one, while in the stage show, nearly a year passes between the first and second acts. Rapunzel 's ultimate fate is also changed: rather than being killed by the giant, she refuses to cooperate with the Witch and flees with her prince.
Similarly, much of the violence and sexual content is slightly toned down from the original musical. The death of Jack 's Mother is less violent in the film; on stage, the Steward clubs her to death with his staff, in the film, he simply shoves her to the ground and she hits her head on a log. The death of the Baker 's Wife is not explicitly shown in the film, and the cause of her death is changed from being crushed by a tree in the Giant 's Wife 's wake to accidentally backing off the edge of a cliff while fleeing from the Giant 's Wife.
Early attempts of adapting Into the Woods to film occurred in the early 1990s, with a script written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel. A reading was held with a cast that included Robin Williams as The Baker, Goldie Hawn as The Baker 's Wife, Cher as The Witch, Danny DeVito as The Giant, Steve Martin as The Wolf, and Roseanne Barr as Jack 's Mother. By 1991, Columbia Pictures and Jim Henson Productions were also developing a film adaptation with Craig Zadan as producer and Rob Minkoff as director. In 1997, Columbia put the film into turnaround, with Minkoff still attached as director, and Billy Crystal, Meg Ryan, and Susan Sarandon reportedly in talks to star. After the report by Variety, a film adaptation of Into the Woods remained inactive for 15 years.
After the critical and commercial success of Chicago in 2002, director Rob Marshall approached Stephen Sondheim as he was interested in adapting one of his musicals such as Follies and Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, although Sondheim suggested Into the Woods instead. Marshall concurred, but development of the project was then postponed while he focused on directing Memoirs of a Geisha and Nine. In 2011, Marshall 's interest in the project was rekindled when he heard a speech by President Barack Obama on the tenth anniversary of the September 11th attacks to the families of the 9 / 11 victims, which seemed to evoke the same message as the musical 's most important song, "No One Is Alone ''. Marshall firmly believed that Into the Woods was "a fairy tale for the post-9 / 11 generation ''. In January 2012, Marshall approached Walt Disney Pictures -- for whom he had just directed Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides -- and pitched the idea to the studio, with Lapine writing the script and Sondheim "expected '' to write new songs. Academy Award - winner Dion Beebe, who previously collaborated with Marshall on Chicago, Memoirs of a Geisha, and Nine, served as cinematographer. Sondheim confirmed that a new song had been written for the film.
With Disney 's backing, a three - day reading of the entire updated screenplay took place in New York in October 2012 under Marshall 's direction, with Nina Arianda as the Baker 's Wife, Victoria Clark as Cinderella 's Mother / Granny / Giant, James Corden as the Baker, Donna Murphy as the Witch, Christine Baranski as Cinderella 's Stepmother, Tammy Blanchard as Florinda, Ivan Hernandez as the Wolf, Megan Hilty as Lucinda, Cheyenne Jackson as Rapunzel 's Prince, Allison Janney as Jack 's Mother, Anna Kendrick as Cinderella, Michael McGrath as Steward / Mysterious Man, Laura Osnes as Rapunzel, Taylor Trensch as Jack, Casey Whyland as Little Red Riding Hood, and Patrick Wilson as Cinderella 's Prince. It was this reading which ultimately convinced Walt Disney Studios president Sean Bailey to green - light the film despite ongoing concerns about the dark nature of the original musical (which Disney executives had begun to understand since Marshall 's original pitch). However, Disney (which self - finances all its films) provided only a relatively small production budget of $50 million (relative to other feature - length fantasy films on its development slate), in turn forcing both cast and crew to accept pay cuts to work on the film.
Reports subsequently surfaced in January 2013 that Meryl Streep had been cast to play the Witch. Streep had instituted a personal "no witch '' rule after she turned 40 and was offered three witch roles, but ultimately broke her own rule to do a Sondheim role again. (As a young Yale University student, she had participated in the original production of Sondheim 's The Frogs.) During the same month, it was reported that Janney had been confirmed to join the film as well. Five months later, however, Tracey Ullman was cast as Jack 's Mother instead.
In April 2013, Johnny Depp was in final negotiations, along with Streep, to join the film. The Hollywood Reporter reported that to help make the film on such a tight budget, Depp agreed as a favor to Disney and to Marshall (whom he had just worked with in On Stranger Tides) to a "boarding '' arrangement, in which he would appear in a minor role for a fee of $1 million, instead of his typical fee of $20 million for a starring role. In May, James Corden, who took part in the reading of the screenplay, was in talks to play the role of the Baker. On May 10, 2013, Disney confirmed the casting of Streep, Depp, and Corden as the Witch, the Big Bad Wolf, and the Baker, respectively. That same month, Emily Blunt and Christine Baranski were cast, respectively, as the Baker 's Wife and Cinderella 's Stepmother. Marshall later confirmed that Blunt was selected for her "warm (th) '' and likeability to ensure the emotional impact of the sudden death of the Baker 's Wife: "(T) hat 's very important for that character because it 's the heart of the piece and you really have to love her so when she 's gone it should feel like a kick in the gut. '' After she was cast, Blunt discovered she was pregnant and her costume and choreography had to be adjusted accordingly. However, her "overweight '' appearance during production actually fit in with the role of the Baker 's Wife; as she explained, "I feel like she would have eaten a lot of carbs working in the bakery. ''
Also in May, Jake Gyllenhaal and Chris Pine entered negotiations to play the Princes. However, Gyllenhaal dropped out of the film due to scheduling conflicts with another film, Nightcrawler, and was subsequently replaced by Billy Magnussen. One month later, Anna Kendrick began talks to play Cinderella in the film. In June 2013, Walt Disney Studios publicly announced that the film had been greenlighted, and scheduled a release date for Christmas Day 2014. In July, MacKenzie Mauzy, Tammy Blanchard, Lucy Punch and Daniel Huttlestone joined the cast. In early August, Sophia Grace Brownlee 's representatives announced that she had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood. The announcement of Brownlee 's casting, which was widely reported but never confirmed by Disney, was criticized as "a stunt '' and was met with concern due to her age and the sexual undertones present between Little Red and the Wolf. Mauzy later revealed that she first auditioned for Cinderella but did not get the part. However, director Marshall saw her audition tape and brought her back in for Rapunzel, after recognizing "the ' vulnerability ' and ' emotion ' Mauzy could bring to Rapunzel after she read just one line '', as he recalled. The film 's plot synopsis and the official casting of lead actors Meryl Streep, Johnny Depp, Anna Kendrick, Chris Pine, and Emily Blunt were revealed at the D23 Expo on August 10, 2013. On September 16, 2013, Lilla Crawford was confirmed as playing the character of Little Red Riding Hood, despite previous reports suggesting Brownlee. Crawford auditioned for Marshall via Skype, who offered her the role within two hours; she was on a flight to London the next day. Later on, Dominic Brownlee spoke about the withdrawal of his daughter Sophia Grace from the movie: "After careful consideration, we the parents of Sophia Grace, felt that as rehearsals progressed that she was too young for this part. It was a joint decision between us and the director and producer of Into the Woods to withdraw Sophia Grace from the film. '' Apart from Crawford, the casting of Richard Glover, Frances de la Tour, Simon Russell Beale, Joanna Riding, and Annette Crosbie in other roles was also separately announced later on September 16.
In July 2013, before filming began, Marshall put the cast through six weeks of rehearsals on a soundstage and blocked their scenes. In August, the cast members visited Angel Recording Studios to separately record their respective parts in the presence of Sondheim himself. Over 90 % of the vocal tracks in the final version of the film are from the recording studio sessions, while the rest were recorded on location or on the set. The advantage of blocking and rehearsing all scenes first was that the cast members could then precisely calibrate their voices in the recording studio to the planned appearance of each scene when later filmed, thereby minimizing the slightly disconcerting disconnection between vocals and choreography typical of music videos.
Principal photography took place at London 's Shepperton Studios in September 2013, with additional filming taking place at Dover Castle, Hambleden, Waverley Abbey: and Richmond Park. A forest of ancient pine trees in Windsor Great Park was used for many of the scenes in the woods. Marshall struggled with how to stage the melodramatic duet "Agony '' in the forest until discovering online that Windsor had an artificial waterfall at Virginia Water Lake, which turned out to be the perfect location for the song. The production was shot digitally, using Arri Alexa cameras configured in a two - camera setup. Footage was edited together in Avid Media Composer. The exterior of Byfleet Manor in Surrey served as Cinderella 's home.
The filmmakers spent a whole day shooting scenes which involved Rapunzel 's hair being climbed upon. Mauzy claimed that the filmmakers wanted to take advantage of her blonde hair, and that the top of Rapunzel 's hair appeared in the film was her own real hair; make - up artists only braided it into the extension. This hair extension was engineered by hair designer Peter King. After testing loose, flowing hair which King found "uncontrollable '', he decided to have twenty - seven wefts of real hair woven together into a 30 - foot braid, a design which took inspiration from an Arthur Rackham illustration of Rapunzel. In order to bring in enough real Russian hair strands needed for the extension, King and his team had to work with several distributors from Germany and England. The hair - braiding process required three people, each holding a separate strand and weaving in and out. King also dyed the wefts for them to match Mauzy 's champagne blonde hair color, and blended together six different shades from ash and strawberry to create realistic gradations and highlights. Between scenes, Mauzy had to "wrap (the hair) around her arm like huge rolls of wool '', as recalled by King. A stuntman was employed to shoot hair - climbing scenes. Thin rope and metal rings were the only additional tools concealed within the braid to hold the weight of a person climbing up.
The film 's final shot, which essentially merges into and links back to its first shot, actually transitions digitally between three shots: a Technocrane on location lifting as high as possible into the sky, an aerial drone flying down a valley in Wales, and a shot of an overcast sky in Manhattan, New York City. Filming concluded on November 27, 2013.
On July 14, 2014, Steve Baldwin posted on a social networking site that reshoots were made during the whole month of July. The following month, however, Rob Marshall denied the film went through re-shoots. Instead, they spent three days shooting new material that had been cut and re-added to the script after Disney screened the movie. For his role as the Wolf, Depp worked closely with the film 's costume designer Colleen Atwood to create a Tex Avery - inspired costume, complete with zoot suit and fedora.
As noted above, the majority of the songs were pre-recorded by the cast. Music producer Mike Higham, who had previously worked with Sondheim on Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, recorded the film 's score with the London Symphony Orchestra and London Philharmonic. Music supervisor and conductor Paul Gemignani instructed the actors on how to sing, including singing live to a camera on set, to prerecorded music in studio, and with a live studio orchestra. Jonathan Tunick orchestrated Sondheim 's original music. The key to the song, "Hello, Little Girl, '' was altered to better suit Johnny Depp 's lower vocal range. In regards to the song 's musical arrangement, Higham explained; "we emphasized the woodwinds to make it feel a little lighter, especially the flutes. And we just made it a little jazzier -- played more on the walking bass line. Inherently, when it has a jazz feel, it just feels lighter. '' The film 's soundtrack was released by Walt Disney Records on December 15, 2014.
While it was initially reported that the film version would feature two new songs: a duet for the Baker and his Wife, titled "Rainbows '' -- originally written for a 1992 film adaptation that was never made -- and a new song for the Witch, eventually titled "She 'll Be Back ''. In the end, neither song appears in the finished film: "Rainbows '' was cut before shooting began and "She 'll Be Back '', though filmed, was cut from the film on the grounds that it slowed the story down. "She 'll Be Back '' was included as a bonus feature on the film 's home media release.
The first official company presentation took place at the 2013 Disney D23 expo. The official teaser trailer debuted on July 31, 2014. A featurette was released showing behind - the - scenes clips and the vocals of Streep, Kendrick, Blunt and others. A second trailer was released on November 6, 2014.
The film held its world premiere at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 8, 2014. It was released theatrically in the United States on December 25, 2014.
Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released the film on Blu - ray, DVD, and digital download in North America on March 24, 2015. The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies. The home media version includes Stephen Sondheim and James Lapine 's original song "She 'll Be Back ''.
Into the Woods grossed $128 million in North America, and $85.1 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $213.1 million, against a budget of $50 million.
Into the Woods began playing across North American theaters on December 24, 2014, and earned $1.1 million from late - night Christmas Eve showings and $15.08 million on its opening day (including previews) from 2,440 theaters. Its opening day gross was the fourth - biggest Christmas Day debut and the sixth - biggest Christmas Day gross ever. The film was among one of four films put into wide release on December 25, 2014, the other three being Universal Pictures ' Unbroken (3,131 theaters), Paramount Pictures ' The Gambler (2,478 theaters), and TWC 's Big Eyes (1,307 theaters). It earned $31.1 million in its traditional three - day opening ($46.1 million including its Christmas Day gross) debuting at # 2 at the box office behind The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, achieving the highest opening weekend for a film based on a Broadway musical (previously held by Mamma Mia!). The film 's $3.5 million debut in Japan marked the largest opening for a 21st - century live - action musical film.
Despite early screenings prior to the film 's release, Disney issued an embargo on professional reviews of the film until two weeks before general theatrical release. Into the Woods received generally positive reviews from critics. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 196 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6 / 10. The site 's consensus reads: "On the whole, this Disney adaptation of the Sondheim classic sits comfortably at the corner of Hollywood and Broadway -- even if it darkens to its detriment in the final act. '' The cast -- particularly the performances by Streep, Blunt and Pine -- received wide acclaim as well as its production design, and costume design Another review aggregator, Metacritic, calculates a score of 69 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave Into the Woods an average grade of "B '' on an A+ to F scale.
Streep was immensely applauded for her performance as the Witch, with many critics and audiences believing she was the film 's heart. Lou Lumenick of the New York Post called her and Blunt 's portrayals as "two of the greatest female performances of the year ''. For her performance, Streep received Academy Award, Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress.
The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film "benefits from respect for the source material, enticing production values and a populous gallery of sharp character portraits from a delightful cast ''. Stephen Holden of The New York Times lauded the film, writing; "Into the Woods, the splendid Disney screen adaptation of the Stephen Sondheim - James Lapine musical, infuses new vitality into the tired marketing concept of entertainment for ' children of all ages ' ''. Leonard Maltin called the movie as "one of the year 's best films ''. Similarly, Pete Hammond of Deadline praised the film as "the most dazzling movie musical since Marshall 's own Chicago. '' and praised the performance of the cast, particularly Streep. Lou Lumerick of the New York Post called the film "this century 's best musical '' and lauded the performances of Streep and Blunt as the best female performances of the year. Scott Mendelson of Forbes gave a positive review declaring the film "Rob Marshall 's best movie ever '' and praised it for its genuine entertainment and strong cast performances. Richard Corliss of Time gave a positive review, stating that the film was a "smart, appealing, upside - down children 's story for adults of all ages ''. Gregory Ellwood of HitFix tipped Streep as an Academy Award contender in the Best Supporting Actress category, and also praised the performance of Chris Pine.
Richard Lawson of Vanity Fair, Karen D'Souza of the San Jose Mercury News, and Dana Stevens of Slate all published critical reviews of the film. All three found much to like in the acting (especially Blunt and Pine 's performances), but all three also concluded that after the various cuts and changes, the final version of the film had failed to adequately preserve the power of the dark existentialist message at the heart of the original musical 's second act. Stevens characterized the result as a "generic dystopian bummer, '' while Lawson criticized the film as a "dutiful but perfunctory adaptation '' which lacked "genuine heart ''. Paul Katz of The Huffington Post felt the change in tone between the last two acts was too abrupt, and also criticized the film 's faithfulness to the stage musical. Conversely, Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post disliked the performances by Streep and Depp, while simultaneously calling the film 's first two acts a "surprising delight ''.
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four countries that have a trade agreement with uae | Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates - Wikipedia
Since the establishment of the United Arab Emirates on 2 December 1971, the UAE adopted a balanced foreign policy based on adoption of dialogue, respect of international conventions, commitment to the United Nations Charter and non-interference of other country 's internal affairs, and the settlement of disputes by peaceful means
One of the main anchorers of the UAE 's foreign policy has been building cooperation - based relations with all countries of the world. Substantial development assistance has increased the UAE 's stature among recipient states. Most of this foreign aid (in excess of $15 billion) has been to Arab and Muslim countries.
UAE has joined the United Nations and the Arab League and has established diplomatic relations with more than 60 countries, including China, South Korea, Japan, Pakistan, Russia, India, Nepal, United States, and most Western European countries. It has played a moderate role within the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), the United Nations, and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).
The UAE believes that the Arab League needs to be restructured to become a viable institution, and would like to increase the strength and interoperability of the GCC defense forces.
The UAE is a member of the following international organizations: UN and several of its specialized agencies (ICAO, ILO, UPU, WHO, WIPO); World Bank, IMF, Arab League, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), OPEC, Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Non-Aligned Movement.
In October 2010, the UAE was granted observer status at the Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie
Since the establishment of UAE in 1971, Egypt and the United Arab Emirates relations were always at a good level and developing at an unprecedented rate. The bond of friendship between the leaders of both countries has reflected on the growing political, economic and cultural ties between them, as a result, UAE ranks first among Arab and foreign countries investing in Egypt. UAE and Egypt maintain a close economic ties and maintain trade between the two countries with imports and exports between the two sides.
The United Arab Emirates is a member of the Saudi - led coalition against Houthi rebels in Yemen. Foreign Minister Osman Saleh Mohammed is quoted stating the UAE are using "logistical facilities at the port and airport '' in the southern city of Assab. Human Rights Watch reported that the UAE maintains a detention facility at the Assab base, where it may have transferred high - profile prisoners out of Yemen.
The United Arab Emirates established an embassy in Dakar in March 2018, which was unveiled by Abdullah Bin Zayed Al Nahyan. The Abu Dhabi Fund for Development loaned Senegal $13 million to invest in rural solar energy.
The UAE 's strategic relationship with the United States dates back to the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Subsequent to joining the military effort, the two countries signed an agreement in late 1992 allowing for US bases on Emirati soil. July 25, 1994, a formal Defense Cooperation Agreement has been in place. Ten years later, despite publicly opposing the US led war on Iraq, the UAE permitted a minimal amount of US forces to support the operation from the Al Dhafra air base, Jebel Ali, and naval facilities at Fujairah. Enhancing security relations, has been a US arms sale in March 2000 to the Emirates, valued at $8 billion and included over $2 billion worth of weapons, munitions, and services.
A nuclear deal was signed between the US and the UAE meant to supply nuclear technology, expertise and fuel. Despite international opposition to neighboring Iran 's nuclear developments, the US is confident of the UAE 's compliance with the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and the International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards to refrain from enriching uranium and extracting plutonium. It firmly believes this agreement "has the potential to usher in an era of responsible nuclear - energy development throughout the Middle East. '' Global Security.org, "New U.S. - U.A.E. Deal Raises Eyebrows Amid Concern Over Iran 's Nuclear Program, '' January 16, 2009
Commercially, the UAE is also the States ' largest export market in the Middle East constituting $11.6 billion in exports annually. In March 2005, the US opened negotiations on a free trade agreement and despite recent increasing depreciation of currencies in the Persian Gulf area, the UAE dirham remains pegged to the plunging dollar. The two countries have also maintained close ties through an exchange of cultural and educational partnerships which include the Guggenheim Museum, and a number of American Universities opening campuses in the Emirates.
Relations between Afghanistan are politically and economically strong. This is because the UAE has a small humanitarian military presence in Afghanistan. UAE troops have been welcomed by the country as allied Muslim soldiers and the Emirati soldiers compliment the Afghan hospitality they encounter. Protests from Kabul arose when the victim in the torture tape with Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan brutally beating a man who is believed to be an Afghan grain merchant that ripped him off for only $5,000.
The diplomatic relations between Bangladesh and the United Arab Emirates are strong. The UAE is 2nd largest remittance country for Bangladesh after Saudi Arabia. The UAE also funds a lot of projects in Bangladesh.
Diplomatic relations between Georgia and the UAE were initiated on 20 October 1992. The countries are represented in each other through embassies.
UAE enjoys close economic and cultural relations with India. Close maritime contact between India and the Arabian Peninsula date back to 3rd and 2nd millennium BC. and textile and spice trade between the two countries flourished during most of 1st millennium AD.
The discovery of oil allowed the UAE to increase and diversify its trade relations with India. UAE and India are each other 's main trading partners. The trade totals over $75 billion (AED275. 25 billion). During the first half of 2010, non-oil trade between India and the UAE stood at US $20.4 billion. UAE is home to more than 1.75 million Indian expatriates, making Indians the second largest ethnic group in the nation.
The diplomatic relations between Indonesia and United Arab Emirates are important because both share the solidarity as Muslim majority countries, and both countries recognize the important role of each counterpart in the region. Since the diplomatic relations established in 1976, both countries enjoy a friendly and cordial relationship. Indonesia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi, while the United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are partners in multilateral organizations, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Indonesia uses the UAE as the main gate to enter the Persian Gulf and Middle East market, Indonesia 's export to UAE is the largest in the Middle East. Indonesian Government has established the trade and investment representative office to promote its products in United Arab Emirates and the entire Middle East region.
The Iraqi invasion and occupation of Kuwait were a shock to the UAE. For the UAE, the crisis over Kuwait demonstrated a lack of Arab unity on a critical Arab issue. The UAE joined the Arab states that opposed the Iraqi invasion and supported the use of force to compel Iraq 's withdrawal of troops from Kuwait. Prior to the 2003 invasion of Iraq in 2003, the UAE opposed the US led invasion.
In June 2008, the Iraqi government announced that the United Arab Emirates would send an ambassador to Baghdad within a few days. This would become the first Arab ambassador in Iraq since the kidnapping and murder of the Egyptian Ambassador Ihab el - Sherif in July 2005. This announcement was made during a surprise visit by the United Arab Emirates ' Foreign Minister Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan to Baghdad on 5 June 2008. This marked the first time a high - ranking official from a Gulf state visited Iraq since March 2003.
On 31 July 2007 following Iraq victory of the Asian Cup, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Vice-President and Prime Minister of the UAE awarded the Iraq National football team 20 million Dhs, ($5.2 million) for capturing the Asian Cup for the first time in the country 's history.
Neither country have formal diplomatic relations with each other.
Diplomatic relations between UAE and Japan were established as early as UAE 's independence in December 1971. The two countries had always enjoyed friendly ties and trade between each other, exports from UAE to Japan include crude oil and natural gas and imports from Japan to UAE include cars and electronics items.
United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur, and Malaysia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi. The countries established diplomatic relations in 1983.
In 2005 Malaysia 's export to the UAE stood at Dh7 billion. Main export items were gold and jewellery, wood products (furniture and parts), palm oil, petroleum products and electrical appliances. In 2007, trade between Malaysia and UAE was worth MYR 14.56 billion making UAE, Malaysia 's largest trading partner in West Asia as well as Malaysia being the 10th largest exporter to UAE. In 2009, Malaysian ambassador Datuk Yahaya Abdul Jabar said total trade between Malaysia and UAE from January to November stood at RM19. 5 billion. Malaysia 's main exports to the UAE are jewellery, consumer electronics and palm oil.
Pakistan and the UAE are very close allies with extremely close relations based on cultural affinities and shared faith. These relations date back to the UAE 's formation in 1971, and have since developed into wide - ranging co-operation in various fields. UAE has been a major donor of economic assistance to Pakistan. Sheikh Zayed International Airport in Rahim Yar Khan, in the Punjab province of Pakistan is an example of UAE 's economic assistance as the late president and the founder of the UAE Sheikh Zayed donated the airport to the government of Pakistan.
Pakistan was also the first country to accord formal recognition to UAE on its achieving independence. UAE has emerged as one of Pakistan 's major economic and trading partners. A large number of Pakistani expatriates, numbering nearly 400,000 are gainfully employed in UAE.
In June 2017, the government of United Arab Emirates severed diplomatic ties with Qatar due to allegations of Qatar being a state sponsor of terrorism. Previously, the UAE withdrew its ambassadors from Qatar in 2014 due to the Qatari government - funded Al Jazeera broadcast of Yusuf al - Qardawi publicly defaming the government of UAE.
The UAE 's liberal climate towards foreign cooperation, investment and modernization have prompted extensive commercial ties with western countries, and subsequently resulting in even closer cultural relations. The country remains a major global tourist and foreign direct investment destination but a few countries play a more significant role than the rest.
The UAE 's relationship with France has been strategically important as it negotiated a defence cooperation agreement and remains one of the country 's primary providers of military material. France and the UAE have signed a defence cooperation agreement in order to diversity its procurement from solely the US. Culturally, as the Sorbonne and Louvre are both establishing extensions in the UAE, a plan is in the works to recreate a miniature Lyon city in Dubai complete with public squares, restaurants and museums.
On May 25, 2009, the French president Nicolas Sarkozy visited the UAE, Abu Dhabi where he along with UAE 's president H.H Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan formally opened a French military base in the United Arab Emirates. This would become France 's first permanent base in the Persian Gulf, hosting up to 500 French troops. In addition to the inauguration of Peace Camp, Nicolas Sarkozy visited the site of a Louvre Museum branch which France is opening in the United Arab Emirates. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Minister of Foreign Affairs, said that the co-operation with France is a top priority for the UAE 's foreign policy.
German exports amount to 5.84 billion Euros. German companies significantly contribute to the UAE 's ongoing infrastructure projects and play a leading role in the country 's alternative energy developments. Consequently, German Business Park, an area designed to house several of the already seven hundred present companies and their logistical needs, is in the midst of construction.
The United Arab Emirates recognized Kosovo on 14 October 2008. Kosovo plans to open an embassy in the UAE. After the Serbian government launched a major offensive against the ethnic Albanian population in Kosovo in 1998, the UAE called for international intervention and commenced a major program of humanitarian relief through its Red Crescent Society. In 1999, the UAE was among the first non-NATO states to voice support for NATO 's bombing campaign. During the UN administration period, the UAE maintained almost 1,500 peacekeeping and special operations troops in Kosovo. The UAE was the only Arab state to offer to participate in the Kosovo Force and its commitment was the first operational deployment of UAE forces outside the Middle East region. As of October 2008, these forces remained in Kosovo and between 1998 and 2008, the aid given to Kosovo by the UAE 's Red Crescent Authority alone cost Dh 125 million, the biggest international humanitarian mission in the UAE 's history.
Macedonia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
Relations between Serbia and the United Arab Emirates have flourished in recent years. Serbia has an embassy in Abu Dhabi, and the UAE has an embassy in Belgrade. The UAE is now one of the top sources of FDI for Serbia.
Traditionally, links between the sheikhs of the lower Gulf and the United Kingdom were close as a result of a series of 19th - century maritime truces for the suppression of piracy. Since the British withdrew their military forces from the Persian Gulf in 1971, relations have remained friendly while the UAE has reorientated its foreign policy away from the former "colonial '' relationship to one based on trade. Economically, the UAE is the UK 's largest export market for non-military goods in the Middle East.
The UAE and Australia have begun establishing closer relations, recently the UAE Minister of Economy, Sultan Bin Saeed Al Mansouri visited Australia along with the UAE delegation - discussion focused on the development of a strategic partnership, financial services, trade and investment.
Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 29, 2010.
The UAE and Tuvalu established diplomatic relations on 31 March 2010.
The UAE plays a growing role as a drug trafficking center due to its proximity to southwest Asian producing countries and the bustling free trade zone in Dubai. As a result, the UAE has one of the strongest anti-drug law enforcement, and the penalty of drug possession is severe. The UAE ministry of foreign affairs warns tourists of UAE drug laws before entering the country.
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when was the original ocean's 11 made | Ocean 's 11 - wikipedia
Ocean 's 11 is a 1960 heist film directed by Lewis Milestone and starring five Rat Packers: Peter Lawford, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis, Jr. and Joey Bishop.
Centered on a series of Las Vegas casino robberies, the film 's other stars included Angie Dickinson, Cesar Romero, Richard Conte, Akim Tamiroff, Henry Silva, Ilka Chase, Norman Fell, Patrice Wymore and Buddy Lester, as well as cameo appearances by Shirley MacLaine, Red Skelton, and George Raft.
A remake, directed by Steven Soderbergh, and starring George Clooney and Brad Pitt, was released in 2001, followed by a pair of sequels.
A gang of World War II 82nd Airborne veterans is recruited by Danny Ocean (Frank Sinatra) and Jimmy Foster (Peter Lawford) to rob five different Las Vegas casinos (Sahara, Riviera, Wilbur Clark 's Desert Inn, Sands and the Flamingo) on a single night.
The gang plans the elaborate New Year 's Eve heist with the precision of a military operation. Josh Howard (Sammy Davis Jr.) takes a job as a sanitation worker driving a garbage truck while others work to scope out the various casinos. Sam Harmon (Dean Martin) entertains in one of the hotel 's lounges. Demolition charges are planted on an electrical transmission tower and the backup electrical systems are covertly rewired in each casino.
At exactly midnight, while everyone in every Vegas casino is singing "Auld Lang Syne '' the tower is blown up and Vegas goes dark. The backup electrical systems open the cashier cages instead of powering the emergency lights. The inside men sneak into the cashier cages and collect the money. They dump the bags of loot into the hotels ' garbage bins, go back inside, and mingle with the crowds. As soon as the lights come back on, the thieves stroll out of the casinos. A garbage truck driven by Josh picks up the bags and passes through the police blockade. It appears to have gone off without a hitch.
Their ace electrician, Tony Bergdorf (Richard Conte), has a heart attack in the middle of the Las Vegas Strip and drops dead. This raises the suspicions of police, who wonder if there is any connection.
Reformed mobster Duke Santos (Cesar Romero) offers to recover the casino bosses ' money for a price. He learns of Ocean being in town and his connection to Foster, who is the son of Duke 's fiancée (Ilka Chase). Santos pieces together the puzzle by the time Bergdorf 's body arrives at the mortuary.
Santos confronts the thieves, demanding half of their take. In desperation, the money is hidden in Bergdorf 's coffin, with $10,000 set aside for Bergdorf 's widow (Jean Willes). The group plans to take back the rest of the money, making no payoff to Santos, after the coffin is shipped to San Francisco.
This plan backfires when the funeral director talks Bergdorf 's widow into having the funeral in Las Vegas, where the body is cremated -- along with all of the money.
Peter Lawford was first told of the basic story of the film by director Gilbert Kay, who heard the idea from a gas station attendant. Lawford eventually bought the rights in 1958, imagining William Holden in the lead. Sinatra became interested in the idea, and a variety of different writers worked on the project. When Lawford first told Sinatra of the story, Sinatra joked, "Forget the movie, let 's pull the job! ''
The opening animated title sequence was designed by Saul Bass. The closing shot shows the main cast walking away from the funeral home, with the Sands Hotel marquee behind them listing their names as headliners.
The Las Vegas portion of the film was all shot on location at the Flamingo, Sands, Desert Inn, Riviera, and Sahara Hotels. One segment was also filmed at the former Las Vegas Union Pacific Depot. In Los Angeles, two locations were used. The opening barber shop scene was filmed at 9740 Wilshire Boulevard, Beverly Hills. The scenes taking place at Spyros Acebos 's house were filmed at 230 Ladera Drive, Beverly Hills, which at the time belonged to Hollywood agent Kurt Frings.
On Rotten Tomatoes, Ocean 's 11 holds a rating of 48 %, based on 27 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2 / 10.
Ocean 's 11 was released on Blu - ray on November 9, 2010 in a "50th Anniversary Edition ''. Bonus features include:
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who came up with the saying the customer is always right | The customer is always right - wikipedia
"The customer is always right '' is a motto or slogan which exhorts service staff to give a high priority to customer satisfaction. It was popularised by pioneering and successful retailers such as Harry Gordon Selfridge, John Wanamaker and Marshall Field. They advocated that customer complaints should be treated seriously so that customers do not feel cheated or deceived. This attitude was novel and influential when misrepresentation was rife and caveat emptor (let the buyer beware) was a common legal maxim. Variations include "le client n'a jamais tort '' (the customer is never wrong) which was the slogan of hotelier César Ritz who said, "If a diner complains about a dish or the wine, immediately remove it and replace it, no questions asked ''. A variation frequently used in Germany is "der Kunde ist König '' (the customer is king), while in Japan the motto "okyakusama wa kamisama desu '' (お客様 は 神様 です) meaning "the customer is a god '', is common.
However it was pointed out as early as 1914 that this view ignores that customers can be dishonest, have unrealistic expectations, and / or try to misuse a product in ways that void the guarantee and states "if we adopt the policy of admitting whatever claims the customer makes to be proper, and if we always settle them at face value, we shall be subjected to inevitable losses. '' The work concluded "If the customer is made perfectly to understand what it means for him to be right, what right on his part is, then he can be depended on to be right if he is honest, and if he is dishonest, a little effort should result in catching him at it. '' An article a year later by the same author addressed the caveat emptor aspect while raising many of the same points as the earlier piece.
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who plays the genie in wizards of waverly place | List of Wizards of Waverly Place characters - wikipedia
The following is the list of characters of Disney Channel original series Wizards of Waverly Place.
The series centers on the fictional characters of the Russo family, which includes Alex (Selena Gomez), her older brother Justin (David Henrie) and their younger brother Max (Jake T. Austin). The three Russo siblings are wizards in training and live with their Italian - American father Jerry (David DeLuise), a former wizard, and their Mexican - American mother, Theresa (Maria Canals Barrera) who is a mortal. Alex 's best friend Harper (Jennifer Stone) also found out about the Russos ' wizard powers in season 2. The siblings have to keep their secret safe while living in the mortal world. When they become adults, the three siblings will have a wizard competition to decide who will become the family wizard of their generation and keep his or her wizard powers. Harper used to have a crush on Justin, but now is in love with Justin 's best friend, Zeke, who finds out about the Russo 's wizard powers in season 4. Alex Russo (Selena Gomez) and Justin Russo (David Henrie) are the only characters to appear in every episode of the series.
Alexandra Margarita Russo (Selena Gomez) is the only female out of the three Russo siblings, and the middle child. She is sly, rebellious, outgoing, and usually underachieves when it comes to school. She often gets into trouble because of her constant schemes (usually involving magic). She is part Latina and part Italian. Even though she is infamously known for doing the worst in wizard studies and school, and relentlessly torments her older brother Justin, Alex becomes much more mature throughout the series. Although she 's somewhat lazy, Alex is smart, loyal, and caring. She goes through a long term relationship with Mason Greyback, a purebred werewolf. She becomes the Russo family wizard at the end of the series. Usually, her mom calls her "m'ija '', which is Spanish for "my daughter ''.
Justin Vincenzo Pepé Russo (David Henrie) is Alex 's and Max 's brother, and the oldest of the three Russo siblings. He is very smart, and is often considered a nerd. He is in numerous clubs and has learned over 5000 spells. He continues his wizard studies in a Monster Hunting course. For his knowledge in wizardry, he takes after his father Jerry, who originally won the Wizard Family Competition against Kelbo and Megan. Unlike Alex, he is an overachiever when it comes to school. He is fairly athletic, and very respectful to his parents and other adults. Justin is responsible, sensible, kindhearted and hardworking, but can be a little sarcastic to Alex and Max. He revealed to Alex that he is jealous of her because he felt she is blessed with magic skills that he ca n't live up to, and it 's reinforced when he refers to Alex as "daddy 's little princess '' (a unique, and often favoring, bond between a father and daughter). This is what drives him to be a better wizard. Alex consoles him by stating that he is her rock and foundation, and that she is actually jealous of his academic achievements, even though she openly admits to not caring about school. He has a long - term relationship with Juliet Van Heusen, a teenage vampire whose family runs the "Late Night Bite '' (local competition for the Waverly Sub Station), which prompted a feud between the Russos and the Van Heusens. At first, their love is a forbidden romance, which Alex points out by referencing William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet, but then they eventually start dating openly. Justin reveals to Alex that Juliet is his true love, after he felt heartbroken about being unable to see her due to the feuding families. Justin gets heartbroken again when Juliet was forced to break up with him due to her getting scratched by Mason the werewolf, as she stated that when that happens a vampire 's appearance will revert to their true age.
Later in the series, Alex tells the world that they are wizards and her and Justin 's levels move down, so he makes a class with students who got kicked out of WizTech and later falls in love with an angel named Rosie.
At first, it seems that Justin won the Wizard Competition after being the first to cross the finish line, and he was about to be granted his full powers, when he says that he ca n't accept it because he did n't really win; Alex would have won if she had n't come to back to help him, and he says that she deserves to be the Russo family wizard. Because of his honesty, Professor Crumbs allows both Justin and Alex to keep their powers and for Justin to take over as Headmaster of Wiz Tech.
Later in the series he reconciles with Juliet after she regains her youthful appearance.
Maximilian Alonzo Ernesto "Max '' Russo (Jake T. Austin) is the youngest of the three Russo siblings. Alex and Justin 's magic are more advanced than Max 's (as shown by the wands). Although he is an underachiever in the beginning, he advances more during the series. At first, he does not seem to be very bright, but this is later revealed to be due to a lack of focus and a short attention span, as he becomes a A+ model student when their school introduces uniforms, claiming it helps him focus. Alex and Justin are embarrassed and annoyed by his lack of intelligence, but they do occasionally take advantage of it, for example: When they tried to lure in a Genie back to her lamp, Alex suggested that after the Genie outsmarted them, they might be able to out - dumb her, and immediately asked Max what he 'd do to get her back to grant him a wish. The Genie eventually allows him a wish, to which he responded with describing his appearance, which prompted the Genie to unintentionally reveal that there is a reset - button. He once revealed to Juliet, that he uses "randomness '' to allow others to inadvertently reveal their true thoughts and feelings to him, though he later admitted that he still has no idea what is going on around him. He is very fond of skateboards. In the episode "Three Maxes and a Little Lady '', Justin and Alex fall behind in the Wizard Competition, and Max gets a wish, which he uses to wish for the Wizard Competition to begin that day. However, both Alex and Justin use magic to turn into Max and reverse The Wish, to no avail. Max eventually decides to bump back the Wizard Competition; however, Alex and Justin cross spells and turn Max into Maxine, a girl version of him. In "Who Will be the Family Wizard '', Max 's powers are taken away, but Jerry and Teresa decide to give him The Sub Station, much to his happiness. Personality wise, Max takes after his Uncle Kelbo.
Max is played by Jake T. Austin (and Bailee Madison as Maxine) in season four.
Harper Rosanne Evans Finkle (Jennifer Stone) is best friends with Alex Russo, and always used to have a crush on her brother, Justin Russo, but now is in a relationship with Zeke Beakerman, Justin 's nerdy best friend. Harper is a typical teenager, being self - expressive, but a little insecure at times. Unlike Alex, she is a hard - working student and a fairly positive person, but still connects well with Alex. Jennifer Stone does not appear as Harper in "You Ca n't Always Get What You Carpet '' (which was actually the first episode produced, but the sixth episode broadcast -- the episode was aired out of production order).
Harper is known for her outrageous fashion ensembles that she designs herself, most of which are "food - themed '', such as one outfit seen in the season one episode "Credit Check '' which resembled a cupcake. No one ever tells her that her fashion designs are (for the most part) ridiculous, but it is implied that everyone else thinks it. Not only does she create her own clothes, but she also makes her own jewelry as seen in the episode "Art Museum Piece '', when she starts a booth selling her necklaces made of macaroni, glitter, and knobs from Alex 's room. Despite her unseemly fashion choices, she believes it is better to stand out as an individual, and is confident that she will excel at whatever she tries, no matter what people think, and has a habit of laughing out loud when the atmosphere gets tense.
She was oblivious of the fact that Alex, Max and Justin are wizards until the episode "Harper Knows '' when Alex finally told her because she felt guilty for not telling the truth to her best friend. This was also the first time Harper experienced the use of magic when Alex gave her a charmed costume with super powers. She is often paranoid of Alex 's schemes, especially after she finds out about magic, but reluctantly gets involved anyway. Despite Alex 's controlling and manipulative behavior, Harper always sees the good side in Alex and is willing to be accepting of her due to their friendship, to the point where she was the only person who believed that Alex would n't participate in a plot that, if successful, would prevent young wizards losing their powers in the Competition. She has known Alex since kindergarten and is always there when Alex needs support. In season three it is revealed that Harper is a cheerleader, which is the only secret Harper has ever kept from Alex, largely due to Alex 's typical disdain and mocking attitude towards cheerleaders.
Harper 's parents are featured in "Wizards vs Finkles '' as traveling showpeople from Romania. They ask Harper to rejoin them for shows but Harper refuses, happy with her life with the Russos while Alex, fascinated with their lifestyle, accept in Harper 's place. In the end the commitment and hard work drives Alex away, with Harper 's parents leaving for Youngstown, Ohio, for a new gig on good terms with Harper and the rest of the Russos. In "Meet the Werewolves '' it is revealed that Harper was born in Nebraska, backstage in a night club, most likely at one of her parent 's shows. In "Wizards vs. Vampires: Tasty Bites '', when Alex is so fed up with her family 's new healthy living, she says, "I 'm so desperate, I 'm thinking about going to Harper 's house '', meaning that Harper 's house is wild. In "Alex Does Good '', Harper blurts out, "It 's about time I got some appreciation, Mom! '', claiming that her mom does n't appreciate her. Harper moves in with Alex and the Russos in season three, most likely because of her home. (Although it was also motivated by her father 's recent transfer to Pittsburgh and her unwillingness to leave Alex).
In the episode "Future Harper '', it 's revealed that Harper becomes a famous author, who writes books based on the Russos ' wizard adventures, and writes under the name "H.J. Darling '' (parody of J.K. Rowling). Alex, Justin, and Max find this out when they go to confront the author of the books (seven books in the series Charmed and Dangerous) that mysteriously mimic their lives. As the older Harper (Rachel Dratch) tells them, she writes her books in the present day because in the future, wizards and magic in general have been outed, and books about magic are no longer so interesting. She does n't tell the Russo kids who it was that revealed the existence of wizards, other than it happens to be one of the three; the Alex and Justin suspect it to be Max, to which he is first appalled but then agrees (though in a later episode the Russos are questioned by the government and they trick Justin into revealing that wizards exist, though this turned out to be a false exposure); and that she came back in time with the aid of one of the most powerful wizards of all time. It is unknown if she ever marries someone with the last name Darling, or if she just uses the name H.J. Darling as a way to keep her identity safe in the present day.
In the episode "Third Wheel '', after it is discovered Stevie is a wizard, Alex starts hanging out with her more, neglecting Harper. Later in the episode, Harper confronts Alex on how she has been feeling left out. This leads to a heated argument, where Harper reveals her insecurities about how Alex is always taking her for granted and yet she never holds it against her. During this argument, they end up destroying the Homecoming float, which Justin tricked Harper into helping him build by disguising himself as Alex. Mr. Laritate witnesses this and threatens to have Alex expelled. For the sake of their friendship, Harper takes all the blame. Mr. Laritate believes her, considering that Alex never tells the truth, and punishes Harper with one week of detention. Later, Alex somehow sneaks into the detention room and apologizes for what happened. Forgiving her, Harper explains that she only did it because even if Stevie is Alex 's new best friend, it 's not going to keep her from being a friend to Alex. Alex compassionately says that her relationship with Harper is much stronger than it is with Stevie, by saying that Stevie is her friend, but Harper is her sister. When Stevie later appears to recruit Alex to aid her in a plot to destroy the power transference technology and thus prevent any younger wizards from losing their powers in the competition, Harper continues to believe that Alex will come through and do the right thing even when Justin is convinced that Alex has gone evil. Alex warmly thanks Harper for her faith in her after her true agenda is revealed when she freezes Stevie and allows Stevie 's brother Warren to inherit his full powers.
At times, Jerry and Theresa like to take credit for Harper being their daughter, as in the episode "Marathoner Helper ''. Justin then says, "C'mon, she 's not your daughter. '' And as Alex walks in eating a hot dog with cereal he says, "That 's your daughter. ''
She usually shouts "See ya in PE '' and screams when she is scared or nervous. In "Helping Hand '', she screams while laughing stating she is scared and happy.
"Crazy 10 - Minute Sale ''
Theresa Magdalena Margarita Russo (née Larkin), played by Maria Canals Barrera, is the mother of Alex, Justin and Max Russo and co-owner of the Waverly Sub Station, with her husband Jerry; and is also the slightly more serious one of the couple. Theresa is Mexican American (as a Latina, Canals Barrera has Spanish ancestry through her Cuban parents).
Theresa Russo is a typical mother. She 's fussy, caring and can be pretty embarrassing. Unlike her children, she is a mortal. She dislikes magic, probably because she was once possessed by a wizard 's love spell for twelve years. Theresa lives on Waverly Place in Manhattan with her husband (and former wizard) Jerry Russo (David DeLuise) and her children: middle daughter Alex Russo (Selena Gomez), eldest son Justin Russo (David Henrie), and youngest child Max Russo (Jake T. Austin). She owns a sandwich shop called the Waverly Sub Station with her husband in which her children work. She is overprotective of Justin and Max, but Max especially. She tries to relate with her kids but it does n't always work.
Theresa stated that she is a "Proud Latina '' and tries to get her children to learn about her and their Mexican heritage. In season one 's "You Ca n't Always Get What You Carpet '', Theresa states that she once played guitar in an all - girl mariachi band -- though when Justin says "I did n't know you played the guitar '', Jerry says "she does n't '' -- implying that Theresa is not a very good guitar player. This is shown in season 3.
At times, Theresa can be controlling of her kids and their lives; for example, in "Quinceañera '', she completely takes control of the plans for Alex 's Quinceañera fifteenth birthday party and turns it into the party that she wants, attempting to manipulate Alex into letting her. She refuses to listen to Alex 's objections all because she herself never got to have a Quinceañera of her own. This eventually gets so irritating to Alex that she casts a spell to switch bodies with her mother, partially so Theresa would be able to have the Quinceañera that she never got to have.
Theresa is the reason why Jerry could not keep his wizard powers. Since wizards are not allowed to marry non-wizards, Jerry chose to give up his powers to his younger brother Kelbo in order to marry Theresa, as was revealed in season one 's "Alex in the Middle '' -- previously unbeknownst to Justin, Alex and Max. However, Jerry says he does not regret marrying her.
It has been mentioned several times that Theresa does n't like magic, and that she feels left out due to the rest of her family all being wizards at some point. She also finds it difficult to live in a house full of wizards, especially when her children (and sometimes, Jerry) misuse magic in the house, most notably when the boys of the family want to play indoors and either directly or indirectly end up destroying a prized lamp she owns. An example of this is in season one 's "Art Museum Piece '', when a spell which causes Theresa to go through objects wears off -- and she accidentally walks into the front door and she exclaims "I hate living with wizards! ''. She has also been shown to have very little concern for major issues in the magical world, which do n't concern her. She also can be annoyed by the magic futility, was visible in "All bout You - niverse '', when Alex broken a magical mirror (and thus trapping herself in a parallel universe), Theresa find out that fixing a magical mirror is no different from fixing a normal mirror, and she remarks "Magic is lame ''. Despite this, when Alex and Justin 's antics cause Max to fail the wand quiz in "My Tutor, Tutor '', Theresa lends a sympathetic ear to his problem (even supporting his plans to get revenge), and even told Alex to use her magic to make their haunted house scarier in "Halloween ''. In "Positive Alex '', Theresa and Jerry realized that Alex had put a spell on herself to become positive, and they agree to do nothing against it, because they believe that there 's nothing wrong in being positive, though they quickly change their minds when the newly optimistic Alex turns out to be unbearably annoying.
Though normally, Theresa is a kind and caring mother, but she has a prevalent selfish side. For example, in "Retest '', when Alex, Max, and Justin were upset over the possibility of losing their powers, Theresa relished the thought of having a normal family, going so far as to suggest turning the wizard lair into a den and, although she has no intention in hurting them, Theresa often hints this fact in a very unkind form. Similarly, in "Wizards vs. Vampires on Waverly Place '', she openly refused to let Justin date Juliet at first and freely stated she cared more about her business than her children 's happiness, which even Alex was appalled and disgusted by. Alex then cut into the argument as Justin was losing it badly against their parents and fixed everything up, ending with Justin able to date Juliet and their parents happy. In "Marathon Helper '', Theresa was too shamed and upset with her family 's lack of physical attributes that she said none of her own children are members of her family, openly added Harper is her only daughter, since Harper had taken it on herself to be involved in healthy activities, and later, she goes farther, hurting Justin 's feelings by she saying she was not proud of his academic success. Both in "Wizards vs. Vampires on Waverly Place 2 '' and in "Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, '' she openly remarks since she is the Russos ' mother, she does n't need to care about their opinions and in more than one occasion, she arrogantly expressed the belief that she is immune to the Wizard Rules, since that she is n't (unfortunately, the "Wizard '' Rules apply to all normal and supernatural beings that is aware of the Wizard World.). In the episode "Alex 's Logo '', she was referred to as popular in school, though it turns out she was the first girl admitted to a formerly all - boys school. In "Uncle Ernesto, '' Alex encourages her to invite her brother on her birthday, however, it goes wrong and she ends up with a crashed birthday party.
Geraldo Pepé "Jerry '' Russo is the father of Alex, Justin and Max Russo and co-owner of the Waverly Sub Station, with his wife Theresa (whom he accidentally insults on occasion). He is also a former wizard, who chose to give up his powers to marry his wife Theresa, a mortal, due to a rule forbidding wizards to marry mortals. Jerry is Italian American (DeLuise also has Italian ancestry).
Jerry Russo is the average father. He is stern, protective and is annoyed by Alex and Max constantly, and even by Justin occasionally. Unlike his children, he does not have powers any more; nonetheless, his children inherited their powers from him, with Max having a fascination of the magic normal humans can do such as microwave popcorn, Alex being a natural at magic yet using it recklessly, and Justin continually trying to improve his magic through knowledge. Jerry lives on Waverly Place, a street in downtown Manhattan with his mortal wife Theresa Russo (Maria Canals Barrera) and his children: middle daughter Alex Russo (Selena Gomez), eldest son Justin Russo (David Henrie), and youngest child Max Russo (Jake T. Austin). He owns a sandwich shop called the Waverly Sub Station with Theresa, where his children work, and, in the season one episode "New Employee '' so did Alex 's best friend Harper Finkle (Jennifer Stone), although they only did it so they could be together more often. It is mentioned in the season two episode "Make It Happen '', that Jerry 's original career plan was to be a bull rider. His most popular catchphrase is "But - he - you - she - ALEX! ''
Jerry is the typical over-protective father towards his daughter. It was first shown in season one 's "First Kiss '' when Alex claimed to have had her first kiss. He said "No! She 's my little girl! What 's his name? I 'll make him cry! '' (it is almost immediately revealed that Alex lied about having had her first kiss, and when Justin teased her for it, she kissed the first random boy she deemed good enough to kiss in school the next day, who was Matt, giving him a kiss that lasted a few seconds long and catching him off guard by her blunt, surprising way -- she had slammed his locker shut when he was using it, right before pulling him by the shirt to direct his face towards hers to be able to kiss -- and when he finally recovered from it, he turned around and ran in the direction of Alex, calling out her name to presumably ask her on a date), and continued in "You Ca n't Always Get What You Carpet '' from that same season, when he did n't want to teach her how to ride the carpet because he was afraid she would grow up and leave home. He also was seen putting babyish wallpaper on her walls. When Max is accidentally transformed into a little girl in "Daddy 's Little Girl, '' Jerry calls the new Max "Maxine '' and dotes on her, which does not go unnoticed by a jealous Alex, who tries to get her father 's attention to no avail. However, when he becomes aware of Alex 's jealousy and sadness, Jerry apologizes to her, explaining that he only did so because Maxine reminds him of Alex when she was little and reassuring her that she will always be his little girl.
He normally is n't okay with her dating, such as in the first - season episode "Potion Commotion '' when Alex said "That 's my new boyfriend! '' about her crush Brad Sherwood (Shane Lyons), he said "I 'll pick your new boyfriend! '' But later on when Brad complimented Jerry, he said "I like your new boyfriend! '' When Alex began dating Dean (Daniel Samonas), he liked him at first until Alex revealed Dean wanted to kiss her in season two 's "Alex 's Brother, Maximan ''. Jerry said "I never cared for that boy!, '' when he had just said the other day he liked Dean. When Alex pointed that out he said "That 's before I knew he wanted to kiss you! He was using me to get to you! And I fell for it! '' In "Alex Charms a Boy '' Jerry is no longer overprotective because when he saw Alex and Mason kiss he smiled instead of freaking out, because he knew it was an honest and true relationship. He can be somewhat of a cheapskate; for example, in "Taxi Dance '', he is unable to remember the number of the hospital room where Justin was born when he remembers his own lottery ticket number from that same day, and being so cheap that his antics resulted in Theresa giving birth to Alex in a taxicab instead of in a hospital. Notably, before this, Theresa told the kids that Jerry had tried to make her walk to the hospital while she was in labor, to which Jerry replied, "I offered to push you in a shopping cart! ''. More notable, in "Western Show '', when Max 's increase of intelligence and maturity make him apply for various colleges, instead of showing happiness for the success of his son, he was upset with the possibility of having to pay for his learning. Additionally, in "Quinceañera, '' he is reduced to tears when Alex offers to tell him how much her Quinceañera cost.
Jerry is proud of his magical ancestry and teaches his children about the proper uses of magic in "Wizard Training Class '' on Tuesdays and Thursdays, in the lair magically disguised as a food locker in the restaurant. However, his children often disobey his magic rules (Alex, most often being the case), and he has to punish them. He wants his kids to be great wizards, but also wants them to be able to live a life without using their powers since they may not have them in the future, as only one of them will get to keep his / her powers as an adult. Jerry has an younger brother named Kelbo (Jeff Garlin), who is seen in the season one episode "Alex in the Middle '', who is the wizard in Jerry 's family because Jerry had to give him the powers to marry Theresa. Jerry 's children consider Kelbo to be more fun than Jerry, and Alex even decides to have Kelbo be her magic teacher, and is revealed to be irresponsible with magic (almost as much as Alex is sometimes) as is shown when Kelbo fails to stop a package of sea chimps that spouts a huge gush of water eventually flooding the wizard lair and turning Kelbo and Alex into sea chimps. Jerry ends up being the one who saves them both, and he reveals a secret that he has kept from Alex, Max and Justin: that he gave up his powers in order to marry Theresa, due to a rule forbidding wizards and mortals from marrying, thus relinquishing his powers to Kelbo in order to marry her. In "Retest '' it is revealed that Jerry and Kelbo have a sister, Megan. Megan holds a grudge against Jerry for giving Kelbo his powers instead of her. She lives in an art studio in Paris where she paints pictures. She is similar to Alex because she, like Alex, loves Art and hates hard work, though, unlike Alex, she is unwilling or unable to apologize for her actions. It is most likely their parents are still alive because of references from Alex and Max. Such as in "Future Harper '', when Alex is telling Harper about a wizard adventure about her and her brothers, Harper already knows the ending and tells Alex she already told her the story. Alex replies "Oh my gosh I 'm starting to sound like Grandma ''.
Jerry also is a fan of the New York Mets and New York Jets, he and Theresa accidentally made fools of themselves in front of Max 's date 's parents, because Max got confused between the New York Mets and the New York Metropolitan Opera (The Met) while trying to find common interest between them and his date 's parents, not realizing that they keep forgetting about the Intermission they usually believed the stories to "end abruptly in the middle ''. In several episodes of the series (more so in season one, than in other seasons), Jerry often makes a remark that accidentally insults Theresa, and quickly tries to correct his statement. Such an example is in season one 's "Movies '', in which Theresa tells Alex that no matter how old she gets that she is not too old to spend time with her family, Jerry responds "Exactly, just look at your mother ''. Alex then points out that Jerry accidentally called Theresa "old '', and he attempts and fails to change the subject.
In Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie, Jerry gives Justin the family wand and the spell book which Alex steals accidentally wishing her parents never met or fell in love, but it was resolved -- ironically by Alex herself, the reckless one out of his three children, who also surprisingly won the Premature Family Wizard competition against Justin, as Justin was the favorite out of the three to win it but lost to Alex, who then gives up her powers so they could compete for their powers when they are old enough.
Jerry has made more than one mention of past friends of his youth, including "Ponyboy '' and John Bender; both names of rebellious teen characters in classic 80 's pop - culture films, The Outsiders and The Breakfast Club, respectively. Aside from the names, no other specific connections or further implications seem to have been made connecting Jerry 's youth and the events in these stories. It is revealed in "Wizard for a Day '', that he does not need his magic powers anymore, because when Alex gave him Merlin 's hat for his birthday, granting the wearer magic powers for 24 hours, all he wished for was a sandwich, whereas he could 've just as easily went downstairs to make a sandwich himself in the Sub Station. Feeling underwhelmed, Alex used the hat to convert the Sub Station into a milkshake bar from Jerry 's youth. After seeing this, he reminisced about it for a few moments before asking Alex to change it back, though he changed his mind when he saw how many customers it attracted. He later told Alex that he does n't need big exciting gifts, as he his satisfied enough with small and simple ones (referring to Justin 's gift, a magic pencil sharpener made from a soup - can).
The following is a list of recurring characters in the Disney Channel sitcom Wizards of Waverly Place.
Ezekiel ' Zeke ' Beakerman (Dan Benson) is Justin 's best friend. Zeke is in the same grade as Justin. He attends Tribeca Prep and is in advanced chemistry along with Justin. He is also part of an Alien Language League; he and Justin often "speak alien '' to each other. Zeke 's first appearance was in "Movies '', but strangely he was known as Zack Rosenblack. They later changed his name to Zeke. He is very impulsive and easygoing. He and Justin are also on the same Quiz Bowl team in "Smarty Pants ''. Zeke and Justin have tried out for several sports teams, but have apparently failed at all of them. In "Fashion Week '', they somehow succeed at talking to models. Zeke got the role of Peter Pan in the school play in "Fairy Tale ''. In the episode "Wizard For a Day '', he is upset when the real aliens do not understand his "alien speak ''. Zeke and Harper go to "Zombie Prom '' together. He is also on the cheer squad, as revealed in "Positive Alex ''. He runs against Justin in the campaign for Student Body President in "Detention Election '', but later he votes for Justin. He continues to assist Justin as student body president. Zeke continues his relationship with Harper in "Alex Russo, Matchmaker? '' In "Wizards Unleashed '', Zeke and Harper take care of the sub station and share their first kiss. In "Alex Russo, Matchmaker '', Zeke is revealed to have hydrophobia and in season 4 he finds out the Russos are wizards. He assists the Russos when possible, though his assistance usually turns more troublesome than helpful. He is present during the Russo siblings ' competition and ceremony at the series finale.
Mr. Herschel Laritate (Bill Chott) is the principal of Tribeca Prep High School, which is mentioned when he calls Alex Russo into the principal 's office in "Alex Does Good ''. Humorously, it is shown in the same episode that Alex has been sent to the principal 's office way too often (implying Alex is a delinquent student) to the point that the two have somewhat of regular routines down, such as serving drink and snacks to each other and complementing the office 's new mural of horses. His last name, Laritate, is a pun of Larry Tate from Bewitched. He loves anything related to the Old West, as seen in his daily life, such as wears cowboy hat and bolo tie, uses terms from that era when speaking, and even decorates his office in that theme. When he was relieved from his position as principal in "Western Show '', he choose to work as part - time employee in ' Wild Billy 's Western Roundup '. He teaches History class, Marriage and Family class, and taught the Art class once as temporary teacher. Mr. Laritate also acts as the adviser of several activities at the school including the World School Summit at the U.N., Happy Helpers Club, Quiz Bowl, sport activities, and school plays. His alma mater is Clementine College as mentioned in "Fairy Tale '', but later on he confessed that he does not have a college degree in "Franken - Girl ''. Nevertheless, he claimed to be able to provide a strong recommendation letter for Justin Russo to the said college.
Mr. Laritate considers Justin as a model student. On the contrary, he has an on - and - off relationship with Justin 's sister, Alex, in that he is often disappointed in Alex 's lack of work ethic and unwillingness to do well in school. In season two 's "Do n't Rain on Justin 's Parade '', Mr. Laritate calls Alex an evil genius, much to Alex 's pleasure. However, it is evident that he cares about her through his many efforts to reach out to her. In "Alex 's Logo '', he is basically Alex 's only friend because everybody became mad at Alex after she said what she really thought of them while giving a speech under truth spell. After Alex complains about everybody still being mad at her, even though it has been a week since the speech, Mr. Laritate then tries to help Alex by doing more embarrassing acts in the hope that everybody will turn their attention to him and forget what Alex has done. Unfortunately, he also incidentally embarrasses Alex on the microphone while doing so, resulting other students calling her the principal 's BFF (Best Friend Forever). He gives all the students that then threw T - shirts at him detention. He also gave Alex, who did not throw a T - shirt, detention, in order to justify his "student to principal '' relationship. However, she smiles at Mr. Laritate 's and says "thank you '', because she knows its just his another attempt to defuse tension between her and other students. It was also revealed in this episode that Mr. Laritate has somewhat a difficult relationship with his mother.
In season 4, Alex crashes Mr. Laritate 's car during her driving lesson and he sees how grown up she has become when she confesses the truth to him. Mr. Laritate personally hands high school diploma to Alex and Harper Finkle during a makeshift graduation ceremony of Tribeca Prep class of 2011 in "Wizards vs Asteroids ''. He appeared last time in "Get along Little Zombie '' in which he was temporarily turned into a zombie after he got bitten by one during his visit to Alex and Harper 's apartment. Alex and Mason Greyback turned him back into human again using ' Zombie bites treatment ' lotion. It is shown at the end of the episode that he is, apparently, willing to keep a close relationship to the Russo family.
Mason Greyback (Gregg Sulkin; seasons 3 - 4) is first mentioned in Season 2 episode Future Harper when Future Harper tells Alex that she seems irritable and asks if she broke up with Mason yet, implying that she will date a boy named Mason in the future.
Mason is first fully introduced as a student in Alex 's art class, and as an English boy who has a crush on Alex. They later begin to date. Mason loves to paint. He gives Alex a necklace that lights up when the person who wears it is in love with the person who put it on them. It is revealed that he in fact is a werewolf but does n't turn Alex into a werewolf when they kiss, because he is a purebred and only mutts turn people into werewolves when they kiss, referencing Justin 's werewolf Wizface - date from the season 2 episode "Beware Wolf ''. He helps in the search for Juliet after picking up her scent from her dental floss. It is revealed that he and Juliet used to date (which also reveals Mason does n't age) and he admits impulsively that he never stopped loving her, which breaks Alex 's heart. She throws away the magic necklace he gave her (which lights up if the wearer is in love with the person who put it on them). He later tells Max that, like dogs, werewolves are incredibly loyal and impulsive, which explains why he could n't contain himself when he saw Juliet, though his feelings for Alex are still present. He tries to prove his love for Alex by going back to the mummy 's tomb to find the necklace. Justin, Max, and Juliet come to rescue Alex, even though Alex volunteered to go and was n't in any real danger. Max likes Mason, but Justin hates him for breaking Alex 's heart. When Justin tries to make Alex forcedly leave the tomb, Mason, being fiercely protective, turns into a werewolf, and starts fighting Justin and Juliet. He is attacking Justin when Juliet bites him, causing him to turn into a wolf permanently. Before his transformation, Alex puts the necklace on him and it lights up. Alex knows now that he truly loves her, but he leaves because as a wolf, he has no control. He leaves the mummy 's tomb as he transforms into a wolf.
In Wizards Unleashed, it is discovered that Mason has been captured by wizards and is being used in TV advertisements. Upon discovering this, Alex manages to retrieve him, and uses magic to revert the transformation, but only succeeds in leaving him with pointy ears, claws, and mass abounds of fur. Though Alex initially has trouble accepting Mason in this new state, she eventually gets over it and Justin manages to fully restore his humanity by playing a magical jawharp at the end of the episode. In "Wizards Exposed, '' the wizards get caught, and Mason gets caught while he was "admiring his hat. ''
In "Alex Gives Up, '' they are forced to break up due to a rule that says that werewolves and non-wizards can not date because the werewolf always ends up eating the human due to their anger management issues. At first, Chancellor Rootie Tootie Tootie appealed the rule, but then Alex, jealous of Lisa Cucuy, who was hitting on Mason, and makes Mason extremely angry by embarrassing him in front of her brother, her parents, and the Cucuy 's. Mason then transforms into his half - werewolf form and Chancellor Tootie Tootie, seeing he is incapable of controlling his anger, takes back his appeal, therefore forcing Alex and Mason to break up. In "Journey to the Center of Mason '', Mason eats Dean Moriarty (Alex 's ex-boyfriend; they broke up when Dean had to move to Ohio) because he is jealous that Alex is spending time with Dean and not him. Alex, Justin, and Max go inside of Mason. While in Mason, Alex, Justin, and Max go into his brain. Alex sees that all Mason does is think about her. When Alex, Justin, and Max come out of him with Dean, Dean leaves because Alex does n't want him back. After he leaves, Alex and Mason get back together because Alex decided to rejoin the Wizard Competition so she and Mason could be together. In the episode, Dean only refers to Mason as "London Bridges ''. Mason has the deepest love for Alex and has nicknamed her ' Brown Eyes ', ' Little Meatball ', and ' Love '. In "Wizard of the Year '', Alex breaks up with him for the third time because of his mistrust of her and a monster tamer named Chase.
In the episodes of "Wizards of Apartment 13B '', Alex and Harper move into an apartment on the thirteenth floor where coincidentally Mason is living at. Mason stops at nothing to win Alex back; using Harper 's training wand to open Alex 's heart to him. Though this turns out for the worse as Alex begins to flirt with an ugly ogre and Felix. In "Ghost Roommate '', Mason goes on a date with Lucy, a ghost who is living with Alex and Harper. Alex is jealous that Mason and Lucy went on a date and proceed to find Lucy 's long lost true love. Alex is then stuck on the Bermuda Triangle, where magic ca n't be used. Mason comes to her rescue using Justin 's hideous Bermuda shorts. In "Get Along, Little Zombie '', Mason is still determined to ask Alex out on a date and even breaking the elevator to spend some time with Alex; exposing the magical thirteenth floor to non-magical residents. Soon, Mr. Laritate discovers the thirteenth floor and gets bitten by a zombie; subsequently gets turned into a zombie. Mason and Alex go on a wild goose chase trying to find Mr. Laritate and end up in a square dance. Alex then realizes that she wants Mason back while Mason was trying to say that maybe he and Alex should just be friends. At the end of the episode, it is shown that Mason and Alex do get back together. In "Who Will be the Family Wizard '', Mason comes to the wizard competition to cheer on Alex. He and Juliet meet once again and tell each other no hard feelings from the events that took place in "Wizards vs. Werewolves ''. Also when Alex loses the competition, he and Alex look deeply saddened due to her losing and ponder breaking up. However, Justin realizes how much Alex needs to win to be happy, and so reveals she would have won if she had n't gone back for him and he did n't really win like everyone thought he did. Alex becomes the Russo family wizard and is able to stay with Mason. In "The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex '', Mason gets jealous over the evil wizard, Dominic, who flirts with Alex. Mason breaks Alex out of jail before she can be exiled, and he throws Dominic off the Leaning Tower of Pisa.
Juliet van Heusen (Bridgit Mendler; seasons 2 - 4) is a teenage vampire who is Justin Russo 's main love interest. When she was born, her parents let her have a soul so she could socialize in the human world. This also makes her more compassionate than most vampires, who are usually heartless and cunning. She is characterized as a beautiful girl with blonde hair and rather pale skin. She wears vanilla - scented perfume to hide her true vampire scent of death and decay in an attempt to avoid detection by monster hunters. She is also a health - conscious girl who has certain diet on her menu. Juliet 's development as a vampire is very slow, as her fangs have just started to grow at a late age for a vampire. She is also shown to not want to drink blood, and even tries to persuade her parents to abstain from drinking blood. As a very unusual character for a vampire, this trait is used for comic effect, especially when she empties a berliner with her fangs.
At first, Juliet and Justin were not allowed to date by their respective parents due to their restaurants ' rivalry. However, the two fight for their love and soon are allowed to date. In "Night at the Lazerama '', Juliet accompanies Justin on his monster - hunt for a mummy. Unfortunately, they become trapped in a glass display near a glass roof, which would cause Juliet to burn up in the morning. Since the mummy is the only one that able to take Juliet out from the glass display, Justin decides that the only way to save Juliet 's life is to turn her into the mummy 's slave. Nevertheless, he promises to save her one day. The mummy then takes Juliet to Transylvania, where she is forcibly imprisoned in suspended animation behind Hieroglyphics, though she never gives up hope that Justin will save her. In "Wizards vs. Werewolves '', Justin indeed saves her, and then it is revealed that she once dated Mason Greyback, Alex 's werewolf boyfriend, 300 years ago. This fact makes Justin rather jealous towards Mason, leads to a fight between the two. Juliet intervenes when Justin and Mason fight, and Mason scratches Juliet and, in turn, Juliet bites Mason, resulting in Mason turning into a wolf and Juliet is stripped of her vampire powers. This causes her to rapidly age into an old woman, since she is truly 2,193 years old. Because of this, Justin and Juliet are forced to end their relationship, both of them heartbroken.
In "Moving On '', Juliet appears again, happy to witness that Justin apparently has forgotten her and moved on. However, Justin and Juliet reunite towards the end of season 4, since, actually, none of them has stopped loving each other. Juliet gets her vampire powers and youth back when Gorog (the leader of dark angels) gives them to her in an effort to tempt Justin to join the Dark Side. However, the Russos defeat Gorog, releasing Juliet from his influence. Juliet comes to support Justin at the Russo family 's wizard competition, where she and Mason meet and both acknowledge that no hard feelings left from the events that took place in "Wizards vs. Werewolves ''. When Justin takes Professor Crumbs ' place as headmaster of WizTech, Juliet says she 's even happier about that.
Dean Moriarty (Daniel Samonas; seasons 2 and 4) is Alex 's boyfriend in the second season. He makes temporary tattoos in the boys bathroom and is interested in cars. In episode "Racing '' he charmed Alex 's parents with his car skills, though he revealed to Alex that he only did it to make a good first impression by being polite. It is also revealed in that episode, that he was raised by his Uncle, as he exclaimed proudly "my Uncle raised me with manners ''. Harper and Justin are n't too fond of him and Jerry seems the same way later on, though this is partly due to Jerry being an overprotective father after learning that he is dating Alex. He can never remember Harper 's name. In the episode "Alex 's Brother Maximan '' it was shown he likes roller skating and playing with the claw game and winning stuffed animals. The only thing Alex does n't like about him is that he 's horrible at showing his feelings, as shown in "Saving Wiz Tech Part 1 '', but it changed in "Saving Wiz Tech Part 2 ''. He does not appear to be academically inclined, as Alex noticed a false good grade on his wooden assignment / gift for her (it was a D changed to a B), and he also stated that he does not "test well '', meaning he does n't see himself as book - smart. He moved away sometime after that, so Alex visited him in his dreams in "Wizards vs Vampires: Dream Date ''; she then saw how they were growing apart, so they broke up. But he returned in Season 4 "Journey to the Center of Mason '' because he wanted to get back together, though she denied it because she likes Mason, and Mason eats him out of jealousy. Dean is later rescued by Alex, Justin, and Max, and learns that Alex has chosen Mason and agrees to back off.
Professor Crumbs (Ian Abercrombie) is the headmaster of WizTech (a reference to Albus Dumbledore). In "Wizard School '', he is often seen holding a muffin. (The muffin 's crumbs fall into his beard, hence the name "Crumbs ''.) Professor Crumbs is never seen without his incredibly long beard, even when he was turned into a guinea pig in the episode "Report Card ''. The only episode where he has been seen without his beard is in part two of season two 's "Saving WizTech '' when Ronald Longcape, Jr. (Chad Duell) took the beard from him, revealing that it was a fake beard all this time. After he was defeated, Crumbs took his beard back. Crumbs is shown how to socialize by Max in "Saving WizTech '' and has done some childish things, such as spitting over the edge of the Tower of Evil. In season two 's "Saving WizTech '', he states that he is 850 years old. He speaks with a British accent, which Alex sometimes makes fun of. Another thing that Alex makes fun of is the fact that he has a smelly beard revealed in Wizards Exposed. In the season 3 finale, he appears to be captured by a government agency with the rest of the wizard elite. However, the season 4 premiere reveals it was all an illusion Crumbs created to "test '' Justin and Alex. As each broke it by revealing to government agents and reporters (all also illusions), Crumbs forces them both to start at level 1 of their wizard lessons; however, after seeing how remarkably unintelligent Max was, he regretted his choice. When Justin and Max change him back into a kid, in their attempt to trick him into revealing how to undo a mutant spell they cast on Max that turned him into a little girl, it 's revealed that everyone in Crumbs ' family has a beard even as a kid. In the four - part episode revolving around Floor 13B, Professor Crumbs was surprised about a wizard floor that he did not know of and ended up discovering that Gorog was behind it. Professor Crumbs was captured by Gorog alongside the other inhabitants and was later rescued by the Russos upon Gorog 's defeat. In the end of the series finale, Crumbs announces Alex as the Family Wizard and that he is retiring, and makes Justin Russo (David Henrie) the new headmaster of WizTech, thus also granting Justin his full magic powers.
Hugh Normous (Josh Sussman; seasons 1 - 2 and 4) was Alex 's Wiz Tech friend he first appeared in "Wizard School. '' His name is a pun of the word "enormous '', it is also an irony considering that he is n't a real giant, as pointed out by Alex when he introduced himself and she responded with "Not Really ''. At first, he believed himself to be a giant, since his parents are giants, but that he 's the runt of the litter, so he carries around miniature everyday objects to boost his self - esteem; humorously, he also wears underpants and glasses too small for himself. He later appeared in season 2 episode Saving Wiz Tech where he showed Alex his friend Ronald Longcape Jr he later appears in Harper Knows and Hugh 's not Normous where he discovers that he is adopted and that he is not a real giant. He eventually meets his birth parents and goes to live with them, but he does n't resent his adoptive parents. Hugh is a giant in the sense of, when he met his birth parents, he was markedly taller than both of them, with both of them commenting on his larger size. Presumably, after discovering this, he stopped his habit of carrying miniature objects and started wearing regular - sized clothes. He does not appear in season 3 or the movie. He returned in Ghost Roommate, still thinking he is a giant.
Kelbo Russo (Jeff Garlin; seasons 1 - 3) is the uncle of Alex, Justin and Max, brother of Jerry and Megan and brother - in - law of Theresa. Unlike Jerry, he is very fun and carefree. Kelbo is a full wizard (Jerry had originally won the competition, but gave up his powers to marry a mortal) who often uses his powers very childishly, and often seems just as irresponsible with them as Alex is with her own. As a recurring gag, in every episode he appears in during the post credits scenes, he makes a prank call to someone.
He first appears in "Alex In the Middle '', and temporarily becomes Alex 's wizard tutor. He reappears in "Retest '', it is requested that he, Jerry and their sister Megan re-do their wizard competition, but when Megan refuses, Kelbo hires a magical fish - lawyer to help them, but after he informs that there is nothing that he can do, Kelbo decides to move to Atlantis for good. He appears once again in "Dude Looks Like Shakira '', and reveals that he is Shakira, but also added that what he has been doing is against the wizard rules, and can no longer control his transformations. The Russos eventually cure him of his illness (though Shakira 's career - end is n't mentioned afterwards). Despite his immaturity, naivety and clueless behavior, Kelbo proves to be a very loving and caring uncle, which was visible in his second appearing, and he, unlike Jerry, has no hard feelings for Megan, in fact, he was genuinely happy to see her again. Also in "Dude Looks Like Shakira '', Kelbo, in a rare moment of maturity, attempts to confess his crime to the wizard council, even knowing the consequences, in order to free his family from legal issues. Prank calls include: Is your refrigerator running (to Theresa in "Alex in the Middle ''), Is your refrigerator running (to Megan in "Retest ''), This is the wizards council. We 'll be over to break you hands for breaking wizard rules, etc. (to Justin in "Dude looks like Shakira ''). It 's also shown that he really hates the taste of cinnamon. He did not appear in season 4.
Monotone Woman (Amanda Tepe; seasons 1 - 2) has played numerous characters during the show 's first season, as well as one guest appearance in season two. She appears as a random character who speaks with a monotone. Jobs she has held include department store manager, waitress, frozen yogurt store manager, hotel maitre 'd, dog show security guard, the information desk lady at Volcano Land (only job in the magic world), art museum security guard, and hot dog vendor. Tepe 's only appearance on the show during the second season is in the episode "Wizards vs. Vampires: Dream Date '' as the hot dog vendor person. Her name in "New Employee '' is Amanda, according to her name tag, but in "Art Museum Piece '', her name is Elaine according to Blue Boy. She does not appear in the third and fourth season.
Characters only appear in Wizards of Waverly Place: The Movie.
Characters only appear in The Wizards Return: Alex vs. Alex.
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who came to the middle colonies and why | Middle Colonies - wikipedia
The Middle Colonies were four of the thirteen colonies in British America, located between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies. Along with the Chesapeake Colonies, this area now roughly makes up the Mid-Atlantic states (though with the notable exception of Vermont, which is reckoned with New England).
Much of the area was part of New Netherland until the British exerted their control over the region. The British captured much of the area in their war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York. But The Duke of York and the King of England would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the Province of New Jersey and the Province of Pennsylvania. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn.
The Middle Colonies had lots of fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries enjoyed success in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania saw moderate success in the textile and iron industry. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse British colonies in North America; they had settlers from England, Scotland, Ireland, the Netherlands, and German states. The good farm land was much cheaper than in Europe. With the new arrivals came various Protestant denominations, which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written freedom of religion laws. This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies.
The Middle Colonies were explored by Henry Hudson on a journey into the Hudson River and Delaware Bay in 1609. The Dutch soon claimed the land. Although the Swedes and the Dutch fought over the land in the 1630s through the ultimately the Dutch claimed the land, calling it New Netherland. In the 1660s, the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch, renaming the area New York after the Duke of York, James II..
King Charles II renamed the land west of the Hudson River New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King James II of England) as a proprietary colony. James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had been loyal to him through the English Civil War: Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton. This land grant became the Province of New Jersey.
In 1665, the Concession and Agreement was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey. This document provided for religious freedom, no taxes without assembly approval, and a governor appointed by the proprietors. The first governor appointed in this way was Philip Carteret, who founded Elizabethtown. Colonists were required to pay annual quit - rent taxes. On March 18, 1674, after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes, Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to Edward Byllynge, a Quaker businessman from London. This sale divided New Jersey into East Jersey and West Jersey; however, the border between the two was not agreed upon until the Quintipartite Deed in 1676. From 1701 to 1765, colonists skirmished in the New York - New Jersey Line War over disputed colonial boundaries.
On April 15, 1702, Queen Anne united West and East Jersey into one Royal Colony, the Province of New Jersey. Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon became the royal colony 's first governor. After Hyde was recalled to England in 1708 over charges of graft, bribery, and corruption, the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey. Finally, in 1738, King George II appointed a separate governor, Lewis Morris, to run New Jersey.
The Provincial Congress of New Jersey, made up of elected delegates, formed in January 1776 to govern the colony. The Congress had Royal Governor William Franklin arrested on June 15, declaring him "an enemy to the liberties of this country ''. On July 2, 1776, New Jersey enacted the New Jersey State Constitution, soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress, on June 21, to join in a declaration of independence. The United States Declaration of Independence ended their colonial status.
King Charles II granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to William Penn on March 4, 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. Penn wrote the Frame of Government of Pennsylvania before departing for the colony, which called for religious tolerance towards many groups, including the Religious Society of Friends and local natives. As a proprietary colony, Penn governed Pennsylvania, yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws. Penn 's cousin William Markham served as the first colonial deputy governor.
Demarcated by the 42nd parallel north and 39th parallel north, Pennsylvania was bordered by the Delaware River and the colonies of New York, Maryland, and New Jersey. In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the Delaware Colony. From 1692 to 1694, revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony. The Pennsylvania Assembly took this opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials, led by David Lloyd. Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. When the British banned western expansion in 1764, fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled. In 1773, Arthur St. Clair ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow, and Philadelphia, the largest city in America, soon became the meeting place of the Continental Congress. The publication of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony, and began the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613. The English captured the New Netherland Colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York after the King 's brother, the Duke of York (later King James II). The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the Third Anglo - Dutch War, but gave it back to the English under the Treaty of Westminster in exchange for Suriname. The Duke of York never governed the colony himself: he instead appointed governors, councils, and other officers to run the government. Richard Nicolls served as the first governor of New York.
In 1665, the Province of New Jersey split from New York; however, the New York - New Jersey Line War continued until the final borders were decided in 1769, and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively. A Colonial Assembly convened in October 1683, making New York the last colony to have an assembly. A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30, 1683, giving the colonists many rights, including the rights to no taxation without representation. However, upon learning of the constitution, James II declared it void.
When the Duke of York became King James II of England, New York became a royal province. In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the Dominion of New England. When James II was overthrown, the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in Leisler 's Rebellion. When Henry Sloughter became governor in March 1691, the rebellion was crushed and its leader, Jacob Leisler was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. New York 's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after. In April 1775, American patriots formed the New York Provincial Congress to replace the assembly. Governor William Tryon and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19, 1775. Colonial status ended for the new state with the United States Declaration of Independence in July 1776.
Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when Sir Robert Carr took New Amstel for the Duke of York, renaming it New Castle. A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682. When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681, he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York, and dubbed them "The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware River ''. In 1701, after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory, Penn agreed to allow them a separate colonial assembly.
The partly unglaciated Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby New England Colonies, which contained more rocky soil. Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil, the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn, rye, hemp, and flax, making it the leading food producer in the colonies, and later states, between the years of 1725 and 1840. Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the Susquehanna River, the Delaware River, and the Hudson River attracted diverse business. Fur trappers moved along these rivers, and there was enough flow to enable milling with water wheel power.
Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like New York and Philadelphia. While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the Southern Colonies, it still did not rival the industry of New England. In Pennsylvania, sawmills and gristmills were abundant, and the textile industry grew quickly. The colony also became a major producer of pig iron and its products, including the Pennsylvania long rifle and the Conestoga wagon. Other important industries included printing, publishing, and the related industry of papermaking.
The Middle Colonies ' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the French and Indian War.
The Middle Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler 's Rebellion in New York. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the Continental Congress, and a center for revolution. However, there were numerous pockets of neutrals and Loyalists.
The Middle Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres (16 -- 65 hectares), owned by the family that worked it. In New York 's Hudson Valley, however, the Dutch patroons operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers.
Ethnically, the Middle Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, leading to a more diverse populace. As a consequence, early German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region. Indentured servitude was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the eighteenth century, though fewer worked in agriculture.
German immigrants favored the Middle Colonies. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the Rhineland. They were erroneously labeled the Pennsylvania Dutch (the German word for German is "Deutsch ''), and comprised one - third of the population by the time of the American Revolution. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies ' prosperity. They were noted for tight - knit religious communities, mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the Moravians, Mennonites and Amish
The Scotch - Irish began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies, where they repeatedly confronted the Indians. Other groups included the French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Swiss, and Scots Highlanders.
When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664, many Quakers from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans, while Episcopalian businessmen settled in Philadelphia and New York City.
Welsh Quakers, Baptists and Methodists settled in the Welsh Tract of Pennsylvania. While some Welsh colonists like Roger Williams, left to found Rhode Island, Anne Hutchinson founded a seed settlement in New York. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the New England Confederation, but later joined the Dominion of New England. Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island 's colonial boundaries. After joining the Dominion of New England, however, Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony. New York 's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony.
Both William Penn and the Lords Baltimore encouraged Irish Protestant immigration, hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments. Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence.
Labor was always in short supply. The most common solution was indentured servitude of young whites. These were teenagers in Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21, in exchange for their ocean passage. The great majority became farmers or farm wives. By the mid-eighteenth century, African American slaves comprised 12 % of the population of New York. Most were house servants in Manhattan, or farmworkers on Dutch estates.
The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire, with a high degree of tolerance. The Penn family were Quakers, and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German Lutherans, German Reformed and numerous small sects such as Mennonites, Amish and Moravians, not to mention Scotch Irish Presbyterians. The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey, and Congregationalists were important in Long Island. The First Great Awakening invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of Congregational, Methodist and Baptist churches. Non-British colonists included Dutch Calvinist, Swedish Lutherans, Palatine Mennonites, and the Amish.
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was the movie the wall a true story | The Wall (2017 film) - wikipedia
The Wall is a 2017 American war thriller film directed by Doug Liman and written by Dwain Worrell. The film follows two American soldiers (Aaron Taylor - Johnson and John Cena) trapped by an Iraqi sniper. It is produced by Amazon Studios, and was released on May 12, 2017 by Roadside Attractions. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $4.5 million against a $3 million budget.
During the Iraq War, U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Shane Matthews (John Cena) is a sniper who is sent to investigate a pipeline construction site in the desert of the country, with his spotter, Sergeant Allen Isaac (Aaron Taylor - Johnson).
The pair patiently wait 22 hours on overwatch before determining that the site is clear. Matthews proceeds to investigate the site, but is shot by an Iraqi sniper. Isaac tries to rescue the dying Matthews, but he is also wounded in the right knee and has his radio damaged and his water bottle destroyed in the process.
Alone, Isaac takes cover behind an unsteady wall and tends to his wounds. The sniper has a radio tuned into the American channel, and uses it to communicate with Isaac under the pretense of being a high ranking allied soldier at another site. The deception allows the sniper to get other useful information from Isaac. Throughout their various one - sided attempts at conversation, we learn that the sniper does not claim to the mythical Juba mentioned earlier in the film, a nom de guerre for various Al Qaeda snipers notorious for filming their attacks on American soldiers.
Isaac 's attempts to call headquarters for help are stymied by the loss of his radio antennae. He attempts to repair this item with one from a dead contractor 's radio, only to discern that the sniper had used the earlier response team as a ruse to call for help and lure another response force into his jaws.
Matthews regains consciousness and subtly gets Isaac 's attention that he 's still alive. Matthews slowly crawls towards his rifle in the midst of the dusty wind along with Isaac distracting Juba with small talk. Matthews believes that the sniper is hiding at the top of a rubble nearby and fires in that direction. The dusty wind settles quickly. The sniper sees Matthews and fires, injuring Matthews in the left shoulder as he crawled towards the wall, but a second shot kills him.
Isaac hears the rescue helicopters coming, so he pushes down the wall and uses Matthews ' rifle to try and kill Juba, or at least flush him out so the rescue chopper can see the trap. Juba fires at Issac twice and misses. Issac now has the snipers location and fires his only round. Issac stands up and waits for Juba 's next shot, but it never comes. The helicopters land and the rescue team picks up Isaac and Matthews. Once the helicopters dust off, the sniper successfully shoots down both in rapid succession. He is then heard over the radio, calling for another rescue to set a new trap.
On November 12, 2014, it was announced that Amazon Studios had bought its first ever original spec script by Dwain Worrell, about an American sharpshooter trapped behind a wall by an Iraqi sniper. Worrell wrote his screenplay while teaching English in China. Worrell drew from his background as a playwright to flesh out the second act of the screenplay, which focuses on Isaac 's conversation with the sniper. Worrell said, "What interested me about it was the simple conversation between two people. That could almost be had on a New York City park bench with two guys playing chess. There is that sort of dynamic between the characters in the film. '' The script appeared in the 2014 Black List of most liked un-produced screenplays.
On March 29, 2016, it was reported that Doug Liman had been hired to direct the psychological thriller. Glen Basner 's FilmNation Entertainment handled the film 's international sales at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, allowing for a theatrical release.
On May 9, 2016, Variety confirmed that Aaron Taylor - Johnson had joined the film 's cast to play Isaac, the junior American soldier. On November 29, it was reported that Amazon had partnered with Roadside Attractions to distribute the film, which would also star John Cena, and the film would now follow two American soldiers. Amazon produced the film along with Big Indie Pictures, and Picrow, and Dave Bartis.
Principal photography on the film ended in November 2016 with a release of first look image. US Ranger Sniper Nicholas Irving "The Reaper '' was an on - set adviser for the film.
Director Doug Liman reveals on the DVD commentary that the original ending of the movie was a happy ending with the successful rescue of Sgt. Isaac. After the first public showing, Liman went back to Amazon Studios for additional money to reshoot the ending. Juba, the Iraqi sniper, shoots down Isaac and the two rescue helicopters with none of the American soldiers surviving.
The Wall was scheduled to be released on March 10, 2017, by Roadside Attractions but was pushed back to May 12, 2017.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 67 % based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 6.1 / 10. The site 's critical consensus reads, "The Wall makes the most of its limitations -- albeit perhaps not quite enough to stretch its tight - focused action into a consistently gripping feature - length thriller. '' On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score 57 out of 100, based 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
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what is the original traditional religion of africa | Traditional African religions - wikipedia
The traditional beliefs and practices of African people are highly diverse and include various ethnic religions. Generally, these traditions are oral rather than scriptural, include belief in a supreme creator, belief in spirits, veneration of the dead, use of magic and traditional medicine. The role of humanity is generally seen as one of harmonising nature with the supernatural.
While adherence to traditional religion in Africa is hard to estimate, due to syncretism with Christianity, Islam and Judaism, practitioners are estimated to number over 100 million, or at least 10 percent of the population of the continent. Afro - American religions are practiced in the Americas and include Candomblé, Santería and Haitian Vodou.
Practitioners of traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa are distributed among 43 countries, and were estimated to number over 100 million, although the largest religions in Africa are Christianity and Islam.
West and Central African religious practices generally manifest themselves in communal ceremonies or divinatory rites in which members of the community, overcome by force (or ashe, nyama, etc.), are excited to the point of going into meditative trance in response to rhythmic or mantric drumming or singing. One religious ceremony practiced in Gabon and Cameroon is the Okuyi, practiced by several Bantu ethnic groups. In this state, depending upon the region, drumming or instrumental rhythms played by respected musicians (each of which is unique to a given deity or ancestor), participants embody a deity or ancestor, energy or state of mind by performing distinct ritual movements or dances which further enhance their elevated consciousness. When this trance - like state is witnessed and understood, practitioners are privy to a way of contemplating the pure or symbolic embodiment of a particular mindset or frame of reference. This builds skills at separating the feelings elicited by this mindset from their situational manifestations in daily life. Such separation and subsequent contemplation of the nature and sources of pure energy or feelings serves to help participants manage and accept them when they arise in mundane contexts. This facilitates better control and transformation of these energies into positive, culturally appropriate behavior, thought, and speech. Further, this practice can also give rise to those in these trances uttering words which, when interpreted by a culturally educated initiate or diviner, can provide insight into appropriate directions which the community (or individual) might take in accomplishing its goal.
Followers of traditional African religions pray to various spirits as well as to their ancestors. These secondary spirits serve as intermediaries between humans and the primary God. Most African societies believe in a single Supreme Creator God (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, etc.). Some recognize a dual God and Goddess such as Mawu - Lisa.
There are more similarities than differences in all traditional African religions. Often, the supreme God is worshiped through consultation or communion with lesser deities and ancestral spirits. The deities and spirits are honored through libation, sacrifice (of animals, vegetables, cooked food, flowers, semi-precious stones, precious metals, etc.). The will of God is sought by the believer also through consultation of oracular deities, or divination. In many traditional African religions, there is a belief in a cyclical nature of reality. The living stand between their ancestors and the unborn. Traditional African religions embrace natural phenomena -- ebb and tide, waxing and waning moon, rain and drought -- and the rhythmic pattern of agriculture. According to Gottlieb and Mbiti:
The environment and nature are infused in every aspect of traditional African religions and culture. This is largely because cosmology and beliefs are intricately intertwined with the natural phenomena and environment. All aspects of weather, thunder, lightning, rain, day, moon, sun, stars, and so on may become amenable to control through the cosmology of African people. Natural phenomena are responsible for providing people with their daily needs.
For example, in the Serer religion, one of the most sacred stars in the cosmos is called Yoonir the (Star of Sirius). With a long farming tradition, the Serer high priests and priestesses (Saltigue) deliver yearly sermons at the Xoy Ceremony (divination ceremony) in Fatick before Yoonir 's phase in order to predict winter months and enable farmers to start planting.
Since Africa is a large continent with many ethnic groups and cultures, there is not one single technique of casting divination. The practice of casting may be done with small objects, such as bones, cowrie shells, stones, strips of leather, or flat pieces of wood.
Some castings are done using sacred divination plates made of wood or performed on the ground (often within a circle).
In traditional African societies, many people seek out diviners on a regular basis. There are generally no prohibitions against the practice. Those who divine for a living are also sought for their wisdom as counselors in life and for their knowledge of herbal medicine.
Virtue in traditional African religion is often connected with carrying out obligations of the communal aspect of life. Examples include social behaviors such as the respect for parents and elders, raising children appropriately, providing hospitality, and being honest, trustworthy, and courageous.
In some traditional African religions, morality is associated with obedience or disobedience to God regarding the way a person or a community lives. For the Kikuyu, according to their primary supreme creator, Ngai, acting through the lesser deities, is believed to speak to and be capable of guiding the virtuous person as one 's conscience. Traditionally, as now, the Kikuyu were monotheists, believing in a unique and omnipotent God whom they called Ngai. The word, is related to the Maasai word Enkai, and was borrowed by both the Kikuyu and Kamba. God is also known as Mungu, Murungu, or Mulungu (a variant of a word meaning God which is found as far south as the Zambesi of Zambia), and is sometimes given the title Mwathani or Mwathi (the greatest ruler), which comes from the word gwatha, meaning to rule or reign with authority. Ngai is the creator and giver of all things, ' the Divider of the Universe and Lord of Nature '. He gave birth to the human community, created the first Kikuyu communities, and provided them with all the resources necessary for life: land, rain, plants and animals. He - for Ngai is male - can not be seen, but is manifest in the sun, moon, stars, comets and meteors, thunder and lighting, rain, in rainbows and in the great fig trees (mugùmò) that served as places of worship and sacrifice, and which marked the spot at Mukurue wa Gathanga where Gikuyu and Mumbi - the ancestors of the Kikuyu in the oral legend - first settled. Yet Ngai is not the distant God that we know in the West. He had human characteristics, and although some say that he lives in the sky or in the clouds, they also say that he comes to earth from time to time to inspect it, bestow blessings and mete out punishment. When he comes he rests on Mount Kenya and four other sacred mountains. Thunder is interpreted to be the movement of God, and lightning is God 's weapon by means of which he clears the way when moving from one sacred place to another. Other people believed that Ngai 's abode was on Mount Kenya, or else ' beyond ' its peaks. Ngai, says one legend, made the mountain his resting place while on an inspection tour of earth. He then took the first man, Gikuyu, to the top to point out the beauty of the land he was giving him.In traditional African religions, such as the Azande religion, a person is said to have a good or bad conscience, depending on whether he does the bidding of God or malevolent spirits.
In many cases, Africans who have converted to other religions have still kept up their traditional customs and practices, combining them in a syncretic way.
Some sacred or holy locations for traditional religions include Nri - Igbo, the Point of Sangomar, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem - Bornu, and Igbo - Ukwu among others.
This list is limited to a few well - known traditions.
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who is the singer for fall out boy | Fall Out Boy - wikipedia
Fall Out Boy is an American rock band formed in Wilmette, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, in 2001. The band consists of lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist Patrick Stump, bassist Pete Wentz, lead guitarist Joe Trohman, and drummer Andy Hurley. The band originated from Chicago 's hardcore punk scene, with which all members were involved at one point. The group was formed by Wentz and Trohman as a pop punk side project of the members ' respective hardcore bands, and Stump joined shortly thereafter. The group went through a succession of drummers before landing Hurley and recording the group 's debut album, Take This to Your Grave (2003). The album became an underground success and helped the band gain a dedicated fanbase through heavy touring, as well as some moderate commercial success. Take This to Your Grave has commonly been cited as an influential blueprint for pop punk music in the 2000s.
With Wentz as the band 's lyricist and Stump as the primary composer, the band 's 2005 major - label breakthrough, From Under the Cork Tree, produced two hit singles, "Sugar, We 're Goin Down '' and "Dance, Dance, '' and went double platinum, transforming the group into superstars and making Wentz a celebrity and tabloid fixture. Fall Out Boy received a Best New Artist nomination at the 2006 Grammy Awards. The band 's 2007 follow - up, Infinity on High, landed at number one on the Billboard 200 with 260,000 first week sales. It produced two worldwide hit singles, "This Ai n't a Scene, It 's an Arms Race '' and "Thnks fr th Mmrs. '' Folie à Deux, the band 's fourth album, created a mixed response from fans and commercially undersold expectations. Following the release of Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits, the band took a hiatus from 2009 to 2012 to "decompress, '' exploring various side projects. The band regrouped and recorded Save Rock and Roll (2013), which gave the band its second career number one and produced the top 20 single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up). '' The group 's sixth studio album, American Beauty / American Psycho (2015), released worldwide on Island Records, was preceded by the top 10 hit "Centuries '' and also spawned the single "Uma Thurman '' which peaked at 22 on Hot 100. The album peaked at No. 1, making it the band 's third No. 1 album and the group 's fifth consecutive top 10 album.
Fall Out Boy was formed in 2001 in the Chicago suburb of Wilmette, Illinois by friends Pete Wentz and Joe Trohman. Wentz was a "visible fixture '' of the relatively small Chicago hardcore punk scene of the late 1990s, performing in various groups such as Birthright, Extinction and First Born, as well the metalcore band Arma Angelus and the more political Racetraitor, "a band that managed to land the covers of Maximumrocknroll and Heartattack fanzines before releasing a single note of music. '' Wentz was growing dissatisfied with the changing mores of the community, which he viewed as a transition from political activism to an emphasis on moshing and breakdowns. With enthusiasm in Arma Angelus waning, he created a pop punk side project with Trohman as an "easy and escapist '' project. Trohman met Patrick Stump, then a drummer for grindcore band Xgrinding processX and a host of other bands that "never really managed, '' at a Borders bookstore in Wilmette. While discussing Neurosis with a friend, Stump interrupted the conversation to correct their classification of the band in a conversation that soon shifted to the new band. Stump, viewing it as an opportunity to try out with "local hardcore celebrity '' Wentz, directed Trohman to his MP3.com page, which contained sung - through acoustic recordings. Stump intended to try out as a drummer, but Trohman urged him to bring out his acoustic guitar; he impressed the duo with songs from Saves the Day 's Through Being Cool. While Wentz wanted Racetraitor bandmate Andy Hurley in the group as drummer, Hurley appeared uninterested and too busy.
The band 's first public performance came in a cafeteria at DePaul University alongside Stilwell and another group that performed Black Sabbath in its entirety. The band 's only performance with guitarist John Flamandan and original drummer Ben Rose was in retrospect described as "goofy '' and "bad, '' but Trohman made an active effort to make the band work, picking up members for practice. Wentz and Stump argued over band names; the former favored verbose, tongue - in - cheek names while the latter desired to reference Tom Waits in name. After creating a short list of names that included "Fall Out Boy, '' a fictional character from The Simpsons and Bongo Comics, friends voted on the name. The band 's second performance, at a southern Illinois university with The Killing Tree, began with Wentz introducing the band under a name Stump recalled as "very long. '' According to Stump, an audience member yelled out, "Fuck that, no, you 're Fall Out Boy!, '' and the band were credited later in the show under that name by Killing Tree frontman Tim McIlrath. As the group looked up to McIlrath, and Trohman and Stump were "die - hard '' Simpsons fans, the name stuck. The group 's first cassette tape demo was recorded in Rose 's basement, but the band later set off for Wisconsin to record a proper demo with 7 Angels 7 Plagues drummer Jared Logan, whom Wentz knew through connections in the hardcore scene.
Several more members passed through the group, including drummer Mike Pareskuwicz of Subsist and guitarist T.J. "Racine '' Kunasch. While Stump at this point felt uninterested in the group, Wentz was, according to Uprising Records owner Sean Muttaqi, viewing the group as "the thing that would make him famous. He had a clear vision. '' Wentz was "singularly focused on taking things to the next level, '' and threw the band into promotion via early social media. Muttaqi got word of the demo and wanted to release half of it as a split extended play with Hurley 's band Project Rocket, which the band viewed as competition. Uprising desired to release an album with the emerging band, which to that point had only written three songs. With the help of Logan, the group attempted to put together a collection of songs in two days, and recorded them as Fall Out Boy 's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend. The rushed recording experience and underdeveloped songs left the band dissatisfied. When the band set off to Smart Studios in Madison, Wisconsin to record three songs for a possible split 7 - inch with 504 Plan, engineer Sean O'Keefe suggested the band record the trio with Hurley. Hurley was also recording an EP with his new group the Kill Pill in Chicago the same day, but raced to Madison to lay down drums for Fall Out Boy. "It was still a fill - in thing but when Andy sat in, it just felt different. It was one of those "a-ha '' moments, '' recalled Wentz.
The band booked a two - week tour with Spitalfield, but Pareskuwicz was unable to get time off from work and Kunasch was kicked out of the band as the group "had all gotten sick of him. '' Kunasch was temporarily replaced by friend Brandon Hamm on guitar, alongside drummer Chris Envy from the recently disbanded Showoff, but both quit prior to the kickoff of the tour. The band invited Hurley instead to fill - in once more, while Stump borrowed one of Trohman 's guitars for the trek. While most shows were cancelled, the band played any show possible: "Let 's just get on whatever show we can. You can pay us in pizza, '' remembered Wentz. As the tour concluded, the general consensus was that Hurley would be the band 's new drummer, and the band began to shop around the three songs from the group 's unreleased split as a demo to record labels. The band members set their sights on pop punk labels, and attempted with considerable effort to join Drive - Thru Records. A showcase for label co-founders went largely mediocre, and the band were offered to sign to side label Rushmore, an offer that the members of the band declined. They got particularly far in discussions with The Militia Group and Victory Records, and Bob McLynn of Crush Management became the band 's first manager. The band re-entered the studio with O'Keefe to record several more tracks to create label interest. Wentz felt "in the backseat '' in writing the songs and temporarily questioned his place in the group, but Stump argued in his favor: "No! That 's not fair! Do n't leave me with this band! Do n't make me kind of like this band and then leave it! That 's bullshit! ''
The band 's early tour vehicle was a "tiny V6 that was running on three cylinders, and it was not getting enough air, so it would drive really slowly, '' recalled Wentz. "We had to turn on the hot air to reach the speed limit, so we had the heat on all the time in 120 degree weather. It was so hot it melted the plastic molding around the windows. When it rained, we 'd get all wet. '' John Janick of Fueled by Ramen had heard an early version of a song online and cold - called the band members at their apartment, first reaching Stump and later talking to Wentz for an hour. Rob Stevenson from Island Records eventually offered the band a "first - ever incubator sort of deal, '' in which they gave the band money to sign with Fueled by Ramen for the group 's one - off debut, knowing they could "upstream '' the band to radio on the sophomore record. Fueled by Ramen, at the time the smallest of independent labels clamoring to sign the band, would effectively release the group 's debut album and help build the band 's ever - expanding fanbase before the group moved to Island. The band again partnered with O'Keefe at Smart Studios, bringing together the three songs from the demo and recording an additional seven songs in nine days. The band, according to Stump, did n't "sleep anywhere that we could shower (...) There was a girl that Andy 's girlfriend at the time went to school with who let us sleep on her floor, but we 'd be there for maybe four hours at a time. It was crazy. '' As the band progressed and the members ' roles became more defined, Wentz took lyrics extremely seriously in contrast to Stump, who had been the group 's primary lyricist up to that point. Arguments during the recording sessions led to what "most reductively boils down to Wentz writing the lyrics and Stump writing the melodies. ''
The band 's debut album, Take This to Your Grave, was issued by Fueled by Ramen in May 2003. Previously, one of the band 's earliest recordings, Evening Out with Your Girlfriend, had not seen release until shortly before Grave in March 2003, when the band had gained considerable momentum. "Our record was something being rushed out to help generate some interest, but that interest was building before we could even get the record out, '' said Sean Muttaqi. The band actively tried to stop Uprising from releasing the recordings (as the band 's relationship with Muttaqi had grown sour), as the band viewed it as a "giant piece of garbage '' recorded before Hurley 's involvement that the band members ceased to consider the debut album of the group. Gradually, the band 's fanbase grew in size as the label pushed for the album 's mainstream success. According to Wentz, shows began to end in a near - riot and the group were banned from several venues because the entire crowd would end up onstage. The band gained positive reviews for subsequent gigs at South by Southwest (SXSW) and various tour appearances. The band joined the Warped Tour for five dates in the summer of 2004, and on one date the band had only performed three songs when the stage collapsed due to the large crowd. The band appeared on the cover of the August 2004 edition of Alternative Press, and listening stations at Hot Topic partially helped the album move 2,000 - 3,000 copies per week by Christmas 2004, at which point the label considered the band "tipping '' into mainstream success.
The band had been flooded with "hyperbolic praise, '' and deemed "the next big thing '' by multiple media outlets. Before recording the follow - up to its debut, the band released the acoustic EP / DVD My Heart Will Always Be the B - Side to My Tongue. The EP was the band 's first charting on the Billboard 200 at number 153. From Under the Cork Tree was recorded in Burbank, California, and served as the first time the band had stayed in California for an extended period of time. The group lived in corporate housing during the making of the album. In contrast to Take This to Your Grave 's rushed recording schedule, Fall Out Boy took a much more gradual pace while working on From Under the Cork Tree. It was the first Fall Out Boy record in which Stump created all the music and Wentz wrote all the lyrics, continuing the approach they took for some songs on Grave. Stump felt that this process was much more "smooth '' as every member was able to focus on his individual strengths. He explained: "We have n't had any of those moments when I play the music and he 'll say, ' I do n't like that, ' and he 'll read me lyrics and I 'll say, ' I do n't like those lyrics. ' It 's very natural and fun. '' Despite this, the band had great difficulty creating its desired sound for the album, constantly scrapping new material. Two weeks before recording sessions began, the group abandoned ten songs and wrote eight more, including the album 's first single, "Sugar, We 're Goin Down. ''
The band suffered a setback, however, when Wentz had an emotional breakdown in February 2005, culminating in an unsuccessful suicide attempt. He had withdrawn from the rest of the group, with his condition only apparent through his lyrics, and had also become obsessed with the recent Indian tsunami and his own self - doubt. "It is particularly overwhelming when you are on the cusp of doing something very big and thinking that it will be a big flop, '' he said later. Wentz swallowed a handful of Ativan anxiety pills (he described the act as "hypermedicating '') in the Chicago Best Buy parking lot. After being rushed to the hospital and having his stomach pumped, Wentz moved back home to Wilmette to live with his parents.
From Under the Cork Tree debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 upon its May 2005 release. It was spearheaded by the band 's breakthrough single, "Sugar, We 're Goin ' Down, '' reached number eight in the US Billboard Hot 100 in September 2005, and in the UK chart in February 2006, crossing over from Alternative to Pop radio. "Dance, Dance, '' the album 's second single, also was a top ten hit in the United States and was certified 3x Platinum in 2014. The record 's success led to stardom among teenagers in North America, and the band 's first arena tour had the group playing to 10,000 people per night. Rolling Stone wrote that the band 's "anthems, '' distributed and marketed through their MySpace, connected with "skinny - jeans - wearing teen girls. '' In support of From Under the Cork Tree, the band toured exhaustively with international tours, TRL visits, late - night television appearances and music award shows. The band performed at music festivals in 2005 and 2006, including the third Nintendo Fusion Tour in the fall of 2005, joining The Starting Line, Motion City Soundtrack, Boys Night Out, and Panic! at the Disco on a 31 city tour. The album earned the band a Grammy nomination for Best New Artist, and has sold over 2.7 million copies in the United States, becoming the group 's best - selling album. "Sugar, We 're Goin Down '' also won the band an MTV Music Video Award.
In the wake of the band 's multiplatinum success, the "especially extroverted '' Wentz became the most publicly visible member of the band. He confided to the press his suicide attempt and nude photos of the bassist appeared on the Internet in 2006. He gained additional exposure through his clothing line, his Decaydance record label (an imprint of Fueled by Ramen), and eventually a celebrity relationship with pop singer Ashlee Simpson, which made the two tabloid fixtures in the United States. Due to its increased success from the group 's MTV Video Music Award, the group headlined the Black Clouds and Underdogs Tour, a pop punk event that featured The All - American Rejects, Well - Known Secret, Hawthorne Heights, and From First to Last. The tour also featured The Hush Sound for half of the tour and October Fall for half. The band played to 53 dates in the US, Canada, and the UK.
After taking a two - month - long break following the band 's Black Clouds and Underdogs tour in promotion of the band 's 2005 album From Under the Cork Tree, Fall Out Boy returned to the studio to begin work on a follow - up effort. The band began writing songs for the new album while touring, and intended to quickly make a new album in order to keep momentum in the wake of its breakthrough success. In early 2007, the group released its third studio album, Infinity on High, which was the band 's second release on major label Island. The album marked a departure in Fall Out Boy 's sound in which the band implemented a diverse array of musical styles including funk, R&B, and flamenco. As reported by Billboard, Fall Out Boy "drifts further from its hardcore punk roots to write increasingly accessible pop tunes, '' a slight departure from the group 's previous more pop punk sound predominant on their 2003 effort, Take This to Your Grave.
Infinity 's first week was a major success and was the band 's biggest selling week, selling 260,000 copies to debut at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 and inside the top five worldwide. This charting was first started with lead single "The Carpal Tunnel of Love '', with minor success on the Billboard charts. This success was bolstered by the further - successful second single "This Ai n't a Scene, It 's an Arms Race '', which reached No. 2 in both the US and UK as well as the top five in many other countries. On the band 's decision to pick the song as a single, Wentz commented "There may be other songs on the record that would be bigger radio hits, but this one had the right message. '' "Thnks fr th Mmrs '', the third single, peaked just outside the top 10 at No. 11 on the strength of sales and popular radio play, and went on to sell over two million copies in the US. It found its greatest success in Australia where it charted at No. 3. In 2007, Fall Out Boy placed at No. 9 in the Top Selling Digital Artists chart with 4,423,000 digital tracks sold, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album itself has sold over two million copies worldwide and subsequently was certified Platinum in the United States.
Fall Out Boy then headlined the 2007 Honda Civic Tour to promote the album. Though the tour was initially postponed due to personal issues, it would take place with + 44, Cobra Starship, The Academy Is... and Paul Wall as supporting acts. The band also headlined the Young Wild Things Tour, an international arena tour featuring Gym Class Heroes, Plain White T 's and Cute Is What We Aim For. Inspired by Maurice Sendak 's 1963 children 's book Where the Wild Things Are, the concert tour and included sets designed by artist Rob Dobi containing images from the book. The band 's "hugely successful '' amphitheater tour to promote Infinity led to the release of the 2008 live album Live in Phoenix, consisting of live material recorded during a June 22, 2007, concert at Phoenix 's Cricket Wireless Pavilion, a date of the Honda Civic Tour. The disc also a studio cover of Michael Jackson 's "Beat It '', with guitarist John Mayer guesting for a guitar solo. The track was released as a single and became a mainstay on the iTunes top ten.
The band members decided to keep publicity down during the recording of their fourth album, as the group was taken aback by such press surrounding Infinity on High. Sessions proved to be difficult for the band as Wentz started taking LSD when Zach Blair lead guitarist for Rise Against made him try it at a party in April 2008. The goal in Wentz using LSD was to hope it would influence his songwriting, but it just made him distracted from writing songs, which annoyed Stump, so he stopped using LSD in August 2008. Wentz later said he had taken LSD over 50 times. Stump called the making of the album "painful '', noting that he and Wentz quarreled over many issues, revealing "I threw something across the room over a major - to - minor progression. '' On previous albums, Trohman felt he and Hurley did not have enough musical freedom and that Stump and Wentz exerted too much control over the group: "I felt, ' Man, this is n't my band anymore. ' It 's no one 's fault, and I do n't want to make it seem that way. It was more of a complex I developed based off of stuff I was reading. It 's hard to hear, ' Joe and Andy are just along for the ride. ' '' To amend the situation, Trohman sat down with Stump to communicate his concerns, which led to more collaboration on Folie à Deux. "It made me feel like I owned the songs a lot more. It made me really excited about contributing to Fall Out Boy and made me find my role in the band, '' Trohman recalled.
As the release of the new album approached, the band and its management found that they would have to navigate changes in the music industry, facing declining record sales, the lack of a proper outlet for exhibition of music videos, and the burgeoning US economic crisis. To promote the album, Wentz launched a viral campaign in August 2008, inspired by George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four (1949), and the autocratic, overbearing Big Brother organization. Folie à Deux, released in December 2008, did not perform as well commercially as its predecessor, Infinity on High. It debuted at number eight on the US Billboard 200 chart with first week sales of 150,000 copies during a highly competitive week with other big debuts, becoming Fall Out Boy 's third consecutive top ten album. This is in contrast to the band 's more successful previous effort which shifted 260,000 copies in its opening week to debut at number one the chart. Folie spent two weeks within the top 20 out of its 22 chart weeks. It also entered Billboard 's Rock Albums and Alternative Albums charts at number three. Within two months of its release, Folie à Deux was certified Gold in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of 500,000 copies. The lead single, "I Do n't Care '', reached a peak at number twenty - one on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified Platinum by the RIAA for shipments of one million copies.
To promote the album, Fall Out Boy embarked on the Believers Never Die Tour Part Deux, which included dates in the United States and Canada. The constant touring schedule became difficult for the band due to conflicting fan opinion regarding Folie à Deux: concertgoers would "boo the band for performing numbers from the record in concert '', leading Stump to describe touring in support of Folie as like "being the last act at the vaudeville show: We were rotten vegetable targets in Clandestine hoods. '' "Some of us were miserable onstage, '' said guitarist Joe Trohman. "Others were just drunk. '' A greatest hits compilation, Believers Never Die -- Greatest Hits, followed in the fall, and following these events, the band decided to take a break. The band 's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too. '' Stump realized the band was desperate to take a break; he sat the group down and explained that a hiatus was in order if the band wanted to continue in the future. All involved felt the dynamic of the group had changed as personalities developed.
Rumors and misquotes led to confusion as to what such a break truly meant; Wentz preferred to not refer to the break as a "hiatus, '' instead explaining that the band was just "decompressing. '' Fall Out Boy played its last show at Madison Square Garden on October 4, 2009. Near the end, Blink - 182 's Mark Hoppus shaved Wentz 's head in a move Rolling Stone would later describe as a "symbolic cleansing of the past, but also the beginning of a very dark chapter for the band. ''
By the time the break began, Stump was the heaviest he had ever been and loathed the band 's image as an "emo '' band. Coming home from tour, drummer Andy Hurley "went through the darkest depression (I 've) ever felt. I looked at my calendar and it was just empty. '' Wentz, who had been abusing Xanax and Klonopin, was divorced by his wife Ashlee Simpson and returned to therapy. "I 'd basically gone from being the guy in Fall Out Boy to being the guy who, like, hangs out all day, '' Wentz recalled. Previously known as the "overexposed, despised '' leader of the band, Wentz "simply grew up, '' sharing custody of his son and embracing maturity: "There was a jump - cut in my life. I started thinking -- like, being old would be cool. ''
During the hiatus, the band members each pursued individual musical interests, which were met with "varying degrees of failure. '' Stump was the only member of the quartet to take on a solo project while Fall Out Boy was on hiatus, recording debut album Soul Punk entirely on his own: he wrote, produced, and played every instrument for all tracks on the record. In addition, he married his longtime girlfriend and lost over sixty pounds through portion control and exercise. Stump blew through most of his savings putting together a large band to tour behind Soul Punk, but ticket sales were sparse and the album stalled commercially. During a particularly dark moment in February 2012, Stump poured his heart out in a 1500 - word blog entry called "We Liked You Better Fat: Confessions of a Pariah. '' In the post, Stump lamented the harsh reception of the record and his status as a "has - been '' at 27. Stump revealed that fans harassed him on his solo tour, hurling insults such as "We liked you better fat, '' and noted that "Whatever notoriety Fall Out Boy used to have prevents me from having the ability to start over from the bottom again. '' Aside from Soul Punk and personal developments, Stump moonlighted as a professional songwriter / producer, co-writing tracks with Bruno Mars and All Time Low, and pursued acting.
Wentz formed electronic duo Black Cards with vocalist Bebe Rexha in July 2010. The project released one single before album delays led to Rexha 's departure in 2011. Black Cards added Spencer Peterson to complete the Use Your Disillusion EP in 2012. Wentz also completed writing a novel, Gray, that he had been working on for six years outside the band, and began hosting the reality tattoo competition show Best Ink. Hurley ventured farther into rock during the hiatus, drumming with multiple bands over the three - year period. He continued to manage his record label, Fuck City, and drummed for bands Burning Empires and Enabler. He also formed heavy metal outfit The Damned Things with Trohman, Scott Ian and Rob Caggiano of Anthrax, and Keith Buckley of Every Time I Die. Despite this, the members all remained cordial to one another; Wentz was Stump 's best man at his wedding. The hiatus was, all things considered, beneficial for the group and its members, according to Hurley. "The hiatus helped them all kind of figure themselves out, '' he explained in 2013. "Especially Joe and Patrick, who were so young. And Pete is a million times better. ''
Stump and Wentz met up for the first time in several years in early 2012 for a writing session. Wentz reached out to Stump after he penned his letter, as he too felt he was in a dark place and needed a creative outlet. He was at first reluctant to approach Stump, likening the phone call to reconnecting with a lover after years of acrimony. "I know what you need -- you need your band, '' Wentz told Stump. "I think it 's kind of weird that we have n't really seen each other this year. We paid for each other 's houses and you do n't know my kid, '' Wentz remarked. The result, "three or four '' new songs, were shelved with near immediacy, with the two concluding that "it just was n't right and did n't feel right. '' Several months later, the two reconvened and wrote tracks that they felt truly represented the band in a modern form. The band decided that if a comeback was in order, it must represent the band in its current form: "We did n't want to come back just to bask in the glory days and, like, and collect a few checks and pretend... and do our best 2003 impersonation, '' said Stump. Afterwards, the quartet held an all - day secret meeting at their manager 's home in New York City where they discussed ideas and the mechanics of getting together to record. Trohman was the last to be contacted, through a three - hour phone call from Stump. As Trohman was arguably the most excited to begin other projects, he had a list of stipulations for rejoining the band. "If I 'm not coming back to this band writing music (...) then I do n't want to, '' he remarked. Stump supported Trohman 's ambition saying Trohman "needed to be writing more. ''
The band members ' main goal was to reinvent the group 's sound from scratch, creating what Trohman called a "reimagining of the band, '' which focuses more on pop. Sessions were not without difficulties, as the band struggled initially to produce new material. Walker had doubts about the band 's volatility, feeling the record would not get made following "meltdown after meltdown. '' The entire album was recorded in secrecy from the music industry, critics, and fans of the band. While specifically denying that the group 's announcement was a reunion because "(the group had) never broke (n) up '', the band announced a reunion tour and details of Save Rock and Roll on February 4, 2013. The quartet 's announcement included a photo of the group that had been taken earlier that morning of the band members huddled around a bonfire tossing copies of their back catalog into flames at the original location of Comiskey Park, the location of 1979 's Disco Demolition Night, a baseball promotional event which involved destroying disco records. A message on the group 's website read "when we were kids the only thing that got us through most days was music. It 's why we started Fall Out Boy in the first place. This is n't a reunion because we never broke up. We needed to plug back in and make some music that matters to us. The future of Fall Out Boy starts now. Save rock and roll... '' Save Rock and Roll debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart, with first week sales of 154,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The arrival of Save Rock and Roll posted the quartet 's third - biggest sales week, and earned the group 's second career number one on the chart. The band 's chart success was best described as unexpected by music journalists. Rolling Stone called the band 's comeback a "rather stunning renaissance '', and Entertainment Weekly called the number one a "major accomplishment for a band whom many in the industry had dismissed as kings of a genre whose time had passed. ''
The record 's lead single, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up) '', peaked at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, marking the band 's first top twenty single since the group 's 2008 cover of Michael Jackson 's "Beat It ''. It was certified 3x Platinum in the US for over 3 million sales. Inspired in part by Daft Punk 's Interstella 5555: The 5tory of the 5ecret 5tar 5ystem, the band released a music video for every song on the album in a series titled The Young Blood Chronicles between February 2013 and May 2014. The band also released a hardcore punk - influenced EP, PAX AM Days, in late 2013. Fall Out Boy covered Elton John 's (who was featured on the Save Rock And Roll title track) song "Saturday Night 's Alright for Fighting '' for inclusion in the fortieth anniversary re-release edition of Goodbye Yellow Brick Road on March 25, 2014, alongside covers by different artists.
Fall Out Boy headlined Save Rock And Roll tours (including US, Australian and European legs) and played at music festivals around the world for one and a half years. The group co-headlined Monumentour with Paramore in North America to close the Save Rock And Roll era.
On June 2, 2014, Wentz stated that he and Stump were writing new music: "We 're writing. I was just listening to something Patrick had written in the trailer. So we 're writing, finishing out the album cycle in South Africa in September. '' In a later interview with Rock Sound regarding the status of the album, Wentz commented "We do n't have an exact timetable yet. I have a two - week old son and Patrick has a baby on the way in October, so there 's a lot going on. '' as well as stating a rough release time as early 2015. In December 2014 the band played radio - sponsored Christmas shows, including KROQ 's Almost Acoustic Christmas.
"Centuries '' - the first single of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album - premiered on September 8, 2014 on BBC Radio 1, receiving a worldwide release the next day. By the 2010s, there were few rock bands achieving success on mainstream radio and the charts, but "Centuries '' defied the odds to peak at No. 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 13 on Billboard Mainstream Top 40. Fall Out Boy also was featured on the track "Back to Earth '' from Steve Aoki 's second album Neon Future I, which was released on September 30, 2014. Another song titled "Immortals '' was released October 14, 2014, as part of the soundtrack for the Walt Disney film Big Hero 6. The group remade the Chicago Bulls 's anthem "Only the Bulls '' with guest Lupe Fiasco. The recording of the song was released in November 2014.
On November 24, 2014, the title of Fall Out Boy 's sixth studio album was announced as American Beauty / American Psycho; the album was released on January 20, 2015. The album 's title track premiered on BBC Radio 1 in the UK along with the album 's title reveal. American Beauty / American Psycho debuted at No. 1 on the US Billboard 200 with 192,000 first week sales and 218,000 equivalent album units, becoming Fall Out Boy 's third No. 1 album. The band played two small venue release shows in January 2015, in London and Chicago. American Beauty / American Psycho was certified platinum in the US on March 1, 2016, after selling 1 millions units. From February through March, the band played at the Australian Soundwave festival for the first time, with two additional side shows in Sydney and Brisbane.
Fall Out Boy inducted Green Day into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on April 18, 2015. On May 18, the group performed its song "Uma Thurman '' with Wiz Khalifa on the 2015 Billboard Music Awards. In June -- August 2015, Fall Out Boy began touring across the United States with Wiz Khalifa, Hoodie Allen, and MAX on the "Boys of Zummer Tour ''.
On October 1, 2015, the "American Beauty / American Psycho '' European tour kicked off in Dublin, Ireland, and consisted of 12 dates with shows in the UK, Russia, and Europe. On May 24, 2015 it was announced English rapper Professor Green would support Fall Out Boy on the 8 - date leg of the band 's UK tour. New York based dance - duo Matt and Kim were added as additional support for the UK tour. On October 23, 2015, Fall Out Boy announced via Twitter the release of a re-worked version of its sixth studio album, Make America Psycho Again. The remix album features a remade version of each track from the original record, each featuring a different rapper. The album was released on October 30, 2015. It included the version of "Uma Thurman '' featuring Wiz Khalifa which had been originally performed at the Billboard Music Awards. On March 1, 2016, it was announced Fall Out Boy are to headline Reading and Leeds Festivals in the UK in August 2016 along with Biffy Clyro.
On April 27, 2017, Fall Out Boy announced that their new album was set to be released on September 15, titled Mania. The first single, "Young and Menace, '' was released the same day. The second single, "Champion, '' was released in the U.S. on June 22 and worldwide on June 23. Music videos have been posted to Vevo and YouTube for both songs. The band plans to begin the Mania Tour in North America in October 2017 with hip hop artist blackbear and actor - rapper Jaden Smith, and will perform in Australia in 2018 with indie band WAAX. On August 3, 2017, Patrick Stump tweeted that the album 's release would be pushed back to January 19, 2018, because the band were not satisfied with the results of their work at the time. On November 6, 2017, the band announced the album 's completion and revealed the track list.
While widely considered to be a pop punk band, Fall Out Boy has also been described as pop rock emo, and emo pop, and cites emo group The Get Up Kids as an influence among many other bands. When interviewed for a retrospective article in Alternative Press at the time The Get Up Kids disbanded in 2005, Pete Wentz stated that "Fall Out Boy would not be a band if it were not for The Get Up Kids. '' Early in the band 's career, when Jared Logan was producing the group 's debut album, he asked bassist Pete Wentz what sound the band desired for recording. Wentz responded by "handing over the first two New Found Glory records ''. Wentz also cites Green Day, the Ramones, Screeching Weasel, Metallica, Earth Crisis, Gorilla Biscuits and Lifetime as influences. The band acknowledges its hardcore punk roots as an influence; all four members were involved in the Chicago hardcore scene before joining Fall Out Boy. Wentz described the band 's affiliation with the genre by saying "I think the interesting thing is that we are all hardcore kids that are writing pop music... It gives us a different style because at our core we are always hardcore. That aspect is always going to be evident in the music. We are hardcore kids that could n't quite cut it as hardcore kids. '' He referred to Fall Out Boy 's genre as "softcore '': hardcore punk mixed with pop sensibility. Lead singer Patrick Stump, however, is also influenced by artists he listened to while growing up including Prince, Michael Jackson, and David Bowie.
Fall Out Boy 's albums Take This to Your Grave and From Under the Cork Tree are both said to have pop punk as well as punk rock sounds and influences, and Infinity on High features a wide range of styles and instrumentation, including orchestral arrangements ("Thnks fr th Mmrs '') and a slower piano ballad ("Golden ''). R&B influences on Infinity on High are on songs such as "This Ai n't a Scene, It 's an Arms Race '' and two of the album 's tracks are produced by R&B singer / producer Babyface. On Folie à Deux, the group continues to evolve its sound, with less of a pop punk sound and increasing the use of piano (such as "What a Catch, Donnie '', "Headfirst Slide into Cooperstown on a Bad Bet '', and "20 Dollar Nose Bleed ''), synthesizers, and guest artists. The band also shows a number of influences, with "Disloyal Order of Water Buffaloes '' borrowing a chord sequence from The Who song "Baba O'Riley ''. The group has worked with many producers and artists, including The Neptunes, Timbaland, Ryan Adams, Lil Wayne and Kanye West, the latter of which Patrick Stump described as "the Prince of his generation. ''
When the band returned from hiatus with Save Rock and Roll, their main goal was to reinvent the sound of the group from scratch, creating what Trohman called a "reimagining of the band '', which focused more on pop and moved away from the punk aspects of their sound. While mostly an album which mixes pop, rock and R&B, the record was still described by Dave Simpson of The Guardian as a pop punk record, but also noted influences from Heart in the album 's ballads. In American Beauty / American Psycho, the band felt influences from playing with different artists and expanded on boundaries further than Save Rock and Roll did. In an interview with Rolling Stone, guitarist Joe Trohman said the album has "hip hop grooves with guitars on it, '' with "more in your face guitar than Save Rock and Roll ''. Annie Zaleski of Alternative Press described American Beauty / American Psycho as a "mix of fluid grooves, punky riffs and outré pop sensibilities. ''
A central part of Fall Out Boy 's sound is rooted in the band 's lyrics, mainly penned by bassist Pete Wentz, who commonly uses irony and other literary devices to narrate personal experience and stories. Wentz stated, "I write about what I 'm going through most of the time, or what I imagine people are going through most of the time. '' He draws inspiration from authors such as Charles Bukowski, Ernest Hemingway, and JT LeRoy, as well as rappers such as Lil Wayne, who he described as his primary influence while writing Infinity on High. On Fall Out Boy 's earlier works, Wentz wrote primarily about love and heartbreak. Themes addressed on From Under the Cork Tree include narcissism and megalomania, while many tracks on Infinity on High discuss the ups and downs of fame. While writing Folie à Deux, he explored moral dilemmas and societal shortcomings, as well as concepts such as trust, infidelity, responsibility, and commitment. While the album does contain political overtones, the band wanted to avoid being overt about these themes, leaving many lyrics open to interpretation for listeners.
Fall Out Boy have been instrumental in the careers of other artists, such as Panic! at the Disco, whom Pete Wentz signed to his record label, Decaydance Records, in late 2004. Several artists, such as You Me at Six and Taylor Swift, have created or performed covers of Fall Out Boy songs as a homage to the band.
The Fall Out Boy band members were the first inductees to the "Hall of Wood '' at the 2015 MtvU Woodie Awards and performed a medley of five songs at the ceremony. This honor is given to artists who have used MTV Woodie Awards as a "launching pad '' in achieving chart topping success within their musical careers, thus influencing up and coming bands. The award also recognizes bands "sticking to their roots '' and "maintaining their loyal fan base. '' The group had won the Woodie Award for Streaming for "Grand Theft Autumn '' at the first ceremony in 2004.
Current members
Former members
A select list of Fall Out Boy 's awards and nominations.
Media related to Fall Out Boy at Wikimedia Commons
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how many different types of daylilies are there | Daylily - wikipedia
A daylily is a flowering plant in the genus Hemerocallis / ˌhɛmɪroʊˈkælɪs /. Gardening enthusiasts and professional horticulturalists have long bred daylily species for their attractive flowers. Thousands of cultivars have been registered by local and international Hemerocallis societies. Hemerocallis is now placed in family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae, but used to be part of Liliaceae (which includes true lilies).
Daylilies are perennial plants, whose name alludes to the flowers which typically last no more than 24 hours (about a day or so). The flowers of most species open in early morning and wither during the following night, possibly replaced by another one on the same scape (flower stalk) the next day. Some species are night - blooming. Daylilies are not commonly used as cut flowers for formal flower arranging, yet they make good cut flowers otherwise as new flowers continue to open on cut stems over several days.
Hemerocallis is native to Asia, primarily eastern Asia, including China, Korea, and Japan. This genus is popular worldwide because of the showy flowers and hardiness of many kinds. There are over 80,000 registered cultivars. Hundreds of cultivars have fragrant flowers, and more scented cultivars are appearing more frequently in northern hybridization programs. Some earlier blooming cultivars rebloom later in the season, particularly if their capsules, in which seeds are developing, are removed.
Most kinds of daylilies occur as clumps, each of which has leaves, a crown, flowers, and roots. The long, linear lanceolate leaves are grouped into opposite fans with arching leaves. The crown is the small white portion between the leaves and the roots. Along the scape of some kinds of daylilies, small leafy "proliferations '' form at nodes or in bracts. A proliferation forms roots when planted and is often an exact clone of its parent plant. Many kinds of daylilies have thickened roots in which they store food and water.
A normal, single daylily flower has three petals and three sepals, collectively called tepals, each with a midrib in either the same basic color or a different color. The centermost part of the flower, called the throat, usually is of a different color than the more distal areas of the tepals. Each flower usually has six stamens, each with a two - lobed anther. After successful pollination, a flower forms a botanical capsule (often erroneously called a pod since botanical pods are found in Fabaceae, not Hemerocallis).
The Tawny or Fulvous Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) is invasive in some parts of the United States, such as in Wisconsin (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources). People sometimes plant the Fulvous Daylily and other stoloniferous daylilies, which have underground runners. These kinds can overrun one 's garden and can take an appreciable amount of time and effort to confine or remove.
The name Hemerocallis comes from the Greek words ἡμέρα (hēmera) "day '' and καλός (kalos) "beautiful ''.
In the Victorian language of flowers, the day lily symbolizes coquetry.
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognizes 19 species as of September 2014:
Two hybrids are recognized:
A number of hybrid names appear in the horticultural literature but are not recognized as valid by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. These include:
The daylily is often called "the perfect perennial '', due to its brilliant colors, ability to tolerate drought and frost and to thrive in many different climate zones, and generally low maintenance. It is a vigorous perennial that lasts for many years in a garden, with very little care and adapts to many different soil and light conditions. Daylilies have a relatively short blooming period, depending on the type. Some will bloom in early spring while others wait until the summer or even autumn. Most daylily plants bloom for 1 through 5 weeks, although some bloom twice in one season ("rebloomers) ''.
The Tawny Daylily (Hemerocallis fulva), and the sweet - scented Lemon - lily (H. lilioasphodelus; H. flava, old name) were early imports from England to 17th - century American gardens and soon escaped from gardens. The introduced Tawny Daylily is now common in many natural areas, and some consider it a wildflower. Its nonscientific names include Railroad Daylily, Roadside Daylily, Ditch Lily, Outhouse Lily, Tiger Lily, and Wash - house Lily (although it is not a true lily). Some people have planted this species near outhouses and wash houses, hence two of its nonscientific names. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit.
There are more than 80,000 daylily cultivars. Depending on the species and cultivar, daylilies grow in USDA plant hardiness zones 1 through 11, making daylilies some of the more adaptable landscape plants. Hybridizers have developed the vast majority of cultivars within the last 100 years. The large - flowered, bright yellow Hemerocallis ' Hyperion ', introduced in the 1920s, heralded a return to gardens of the once - dismissed daylily, and is still widely available in the nursery trade. Daylily breeding has been a specialty in the United States, where daylily heat - and drought - resistance made them garden standbys since the 1950s. New cultivars have sold for thousands of dollars, but many sturdy and prolific cultivars sell at reasonable prices of US $20 or less.
Hemerocallis is one of the very highly hybridized plant genera. Hybridizers register hundreds of new cultivars yearly. Hybridizers have extended the genus ' color range from the yellow, orange, and pale pink of the species, through vibrant reds, purples, lavenders, greenish tones, near - black, near - white, and more. However, hybridizers have not yet been able to produce a daylily with primarily blue flowers in forms of blue such as azure blue, cobalt blue, and sky blue. Flowers of some cultivars have small areas of cobalt blue.
Other flower traits that hybridizers developed include height, scent, ruffled edges, contrasting "eyes '' in the center of a bloom, and an illusion of glitter which is called "diamond dust. '' Sought - after improvements include foliage color and variegation and plant disease resistance and the ability to form large, neat clumps. Hybridizers also seek to make less - hardy plants hardier in Canada and the Northern United States by crossing evergreen and semi-evergreen plants with those that become dormant and by using other methods. Many kinds of daylilies form clumps of crowded shoots. People dig up such kinds every 3 or so years, separate shoots, and replant only some of the shoots to reduce crowding. This process increases the flowering of many cultivars.
In the last several decades, many hybridizers have focused on breeding tetraploid plants, which tend to have sturdier scapes and tepals than diploids and some flower - color traits that are not found in diploids. Until this trend took root, nearly all daylilies were diploid. "Tets, '' as they are called by aficionados, have 44 chromosomes, while triploids have 33 chromosomes and diploids have 22 chromosomes per individual plant. Hemerocallis fulva ' Europa ', H. fulva ' Kwanso ', H. fulva ' Kwanso Variegata ', H. fulva ' Kwanso Kaempfer ', H. fulva var. maculata, H. fulva var. angustifolia, and H. fulva ' Flore Pleno ' are all triplods that almost never produce seeds and reproduce almost solely by underground runners (stolons) and dividing groups by gardeners. A polymerous daylily flower is one with more than three sepals and more than three petals. Although some people synonymize "polymerous '' with "double, '' some polymerous flowers have over five times the normal number of petals.
Formerly daylilies were only available in yellow, pink, fulvous (bronzed), and rosy - fulvous colors, now they come in an assortment of many more color shades and tints thanks to intensive hybridization. They can now be found in nearly every color except pure blue and pure white. Those with yellow, pink, and other pastel flowers may require full sun to bring out all of their colors; darker varieties, including many of those with red and purple flowers are not colorfast in bright sun.
The highest award a cultivar can receive is the Stout Silver Medal, given in memory of Dr. Arlow Burdette Stout, who is considered to be the father of modern daylily breeding in North America.
This annual award -- as voted by American Hemerocallis Society Garden judges -- can be given only to a cultivar that has first received the Award of Merit not less than two years previously. The 2014 winner of the Stout Silver Medal is ' Webster 's Pink Wonder ', hybridized by Richard Webster and introduced by R. Cobb. A complete list of Stout Silver Medal winners can be seen on the AHS website. The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's 2012 Award of Garden Merit:
' All American Chief '
' Always Afternoon '
' Arctic Snow '
' Asterisk '
' August Frost '
' Beauty to Behold '
' Burning Daylight '
' Cat Dancer '
' Cayenne '
' Cherry Eyed Pumpkin '
citrina
' Condilla '
' Curly '
' Cinnamon Windmill '
' Custard Candy '
' Eggplant Escapade '
' Elegant Candy '
' Fooled Me '
' Grey Witch '
' Holly Dancer '
' Jamaican Me Crazy '
' Jellyfish Jealousy '
' Julie Newmar '
' Karen 's Curls '
' Killer '
' Lady Neva '
' Lime Frost '
' Mahogany Magic '
' Mary 's Gold '
' Moonlit Masquerade '
' North Wind Dancer '
' Old Tangiers '
' Performance Anxiety '
' Primal Scream '
' Radiant Moonbeam '
' Ruby Spider '
' Running Late '
' Russian Rhapsody '
' Selma Longlegs '
' Serena Sunburst '
' Sir Modred '
' Spider Man '
' Stafford '
' Strawberry Candy '
The flowers of Hemerocallis citrina are edible and are used in Chinese cuisine. They are sold (fresh or dried) in Asian markets as gum jum or golden needles (金针 in Chinese; pinyin: jīn zhēn) or yellow flower vegetables (黃 花菜 in Chinese; pinyin: huáng huā cài). They are used in hot and sour soup, daylily soup (金針 花 湯), Buddha 's delight, and moo shu pork. The young green leaves and the rhizomes of some (but not all) species are also edible.
H. aurantiaca is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service 's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.
Hemerocallis species are toxic to cats and ingestion may be fatal. Treatment is usually successful if started before renal failure has developed.
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who created the first valid idea of a scale of the universe | Big Bang - Wikipedia
The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its subsequent large - scale evolution. The model describes how the universe expanded from a very high density and high temperature state, and offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), large scale structure and Hubble 's law. If the known laws of physics are extrapolated to the highest density regime, the result is a singularity which is typically associated with the Big Bang. Physicists are undecided whether this means the universe began from a singularity, or that current knowledge is insufficient to describe the universe at that time. Detailed measurements of the expansion rate of the universe place the Big Bang at around 13.8 billion years ago, which is thus considered the age of the universe. After the initial expansion, the universe cooled sufficiently to allow the formation of subatomic particles, and later simple atoms. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity in halos of dark matter, eventually forming the stars and galaxies visible today.
Since Georges Lemaître first noted in 1927 that an expanding universe could be traced back in time to an originating single point, scientists have built on his idea of cosmic expansion. The scientific community was once divided between supporters of two different theories, the Big Bang and the Steady State theory, but a wide range of empirical evidence has strongly favored the Big Bang which is now universally accepted. In 1929, from analysis of galactic redshifts, Edwin Hubble concluded that galaxies are drifting apart; this is important observational evidence consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe. In 1964, the cosmic microwave background radiation was discovered, which was crucial evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, since that theory predicted the existence of background radiation throughout the universe before it was discovered. More recently, measurements of the redshifts of supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, an observation attributed to dark energy 's existence. The known physical laws of nature can be used to calculate the characteristics of the universe in detail back in time to an initial state of extreme density and temperature.
American astronomer Edwin Hubble observed that the distances to faraway galaxies were strongly correlated with their redshifts. This was interpreted to mean that all distant galaxies and clusters are receding away from our vantage point with an apparent velocity proportional to their distance: that is, the farther they are, the faster they move away from us, regardless of direction. Assuming the Copernican principle (that the Earth is not the center of the universe), the only remaining interpretation is that all observable regions of the universe are receding from all others. Since we know that the distance between galaxies increases today, it must mean that in the past galaxies were closer together. The continuous expansion of the universe implies that the universe was denser and hotter in the past.
Large particle accelerators can replicate the conditions that prevailed after the early moments of the universe, resulting in confirmation and refinement of the details of the Big Bang model. However, these accelerators can only probe so far into high energy regimes. Consequently, the state of the universe in the earliest instants of the Big Bang expansion is still poorly understood and an area of open investigation and speculation.
The first subatomic particles to be formed included protons, neutrons, and electrons. Though simple atomic nuclei formed within the first three minutes after the Big Bang, thousands of years passed before the first electrically neutral atoms formed. The majority of atoms produced by the Big Bang were hydrogen, along with helium and traces of lithium. Giant clouds of these primordial elements later coalesced through gravity to form stars and galaxies, and the heavier elements were synthesized either within stars or during supernovae.
The Big Bang theory offers a comprehensive explanation for a broad range of observed phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the CMB, large scale structure, and Hubble 's Law. The framework for the Big Bang model relies on Albert Einstein 's theory of general relativity and on simplifying assumptions such as homogeneity and isotropy of space. The governing equations were formulated by Alexander Friedmann, and similar solutions were worked on by Willem de Sitter. Since then, astrophysicists have incorporated observational and theoretical additions into the Big Bang model, and its parametrization as the Lambda - CDM model serves as the framework for current investigations of theoretical cosmology. The Lambda - CDM model is the current "standard model '' of Big Bang cosmology, consensus is that it is the simplest model that can account for the various measurements and observations relevant to cosmology.
Extrapolation of the expansion of the universe backwards in time using general relativity yields an infinite density and temperature at a finite time in the past. This singularity indicates that general relativity is not an adequate description of the laws of physics in this regime. Models based on general relativity alone can not extrapolate toward the singularity beyond the end of the Planck epoch.
This primordial singularity is itself sometimes called "the Big Bang '', but the term can also refer to a more generic early hot, dense phase of the universe. In either case, "the Big Bang '' as an event is also colloquially referred to as the "birth '' of our universe since it represents the point in history where the universe can be verified to have entered into a regime where the laws of physics as we understand them (specifically general relativity and the standard model of particle physics) work. Based on measurements of the expansion using Type Ia supernovae and measurements of temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background, the time that has passed since that event -- otherwise known as the "age of the universe '' -- is 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years. The agreement of independent measurements of this age supports the ΛCDM model that describes in detail the characteristics of the universe.
Despite being extremely dense at this time -- far denser than is usually required to form a black hole -- the universe did not re-collapse into a black hole. This may be explained by considering that commonly - used calculations and limits for gravitational collapse are usually based upon objects of relatively constant size, such as stars, and do not apply to rapidly expanding space such as the Big Bang.
The earliest phases of the Big Bang are subject to much speculation. In the most common models the universe was filled homogeneously and isotropically with a very high energy density and huge temperatures and pressures and was very rapidly expanding and cooling. Approximately 10 seconds into the expansion, a phase transition caused a cosmic inflation, during which the universe grew exponentially during which time density fluctuations that occurred because of the uncertainty principle were amplified into the seeds that would later form the large - scale structure of the universe. After inflation stopped, reheating occurred until the universe obtained the temperatures required for the production of a quark -- gluon plasma as well as all other elementary particles. Temperatures were so high that the random motions of particles were at relativistic speeds, and particle -- antiparticle pairs of all kinds were being continuously created and destroyed in collisions. At some point, an unknown reaction called baryogenesis violated the conservation of baryon number, leading to a very small excess of quarks and leptons over antiquarks and antileptons -- of the order of one part in 30 million. This resulted in the predominance of matter over antimatter in the present universe.
The universe continued to decrease in density and fall in temperature, hence the typical energy of each particle was decreasing. Symmetry breaking phase transitions put the fundamental forces of physics and the parameters of elementary particles into their present form. After about 10 seconds, the picture becomes less speculative, since particle energies drop to values that can be attained in particle accelerators. At about 10 seconds, quarks and gluons combined to form baryons such as protons and neutrons. The small excess of quarks over antiquarks led to a small excess of baryons over antibaryons. The temperature was now no longer high enough to create new proton -- antiproton pairs (similarly for neutrons -- antineutrons), so a mass annihilation immediately followed, leaving just one in 10 of the original protons and neutrons, and none of their antiparticles. A similar process happened at about 1 second for electrons and positrons. After these annihilations, the remaining protons, neutrons and electrons were no longer moving relativistically and the energy density of the universe was dominated by photons (with a minor contribution from neutrinos).
A few minutes into the expansion, when the temperature was about a billion (one thousand million) kelvin and the density was about that of air, neutrons combined with protons to form the universe 's deuterium and helium nuclei in a process called Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Most protons remained uncombined as hydrogen nuclei.
As the universe cooled, the rest mass energy density of matter came to gravitationally dominate that of the photon radiation. After about 379,000 years, the electrons and nuclei combined into atoms (mostly hydrogen); hence the radiation decoupled from matter and continued through space largely unimpeded. This relic radiation is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation. The chemistry of life may have begun shortly after the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago, during a habitable epoch when the universe was only 10 -- 17 million years old.
Over a long period of time, the slightly denser regions of the nearly uniformly distributed matter gravitationally attracted nearby matter and thus grew even denser, forming gas clouds, stars, galaxies, and the other astronomical structures observable today. The details of this process depend on the amount and type of matter in the universe. The four possible types of matter are known as cold dark matter, warm dark matter, hot dark matter, and baryonic matter. The best measurements available, from Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), show that the data is well - fit by a Lambda - CDM model in which dark matter is assumed to be cold (warm dark matter is ruled out by early reionization), and is estimated to make up about 23 % of the matter / energy of the universe, while baryonic matter makes up about 4.6 %. In an "extended model '' which includes hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos, then if the "physical baryon density '' Ω b h 2 (\ displaystyle \ Omega _ (\ text (b)) h ^ (2)) is estimated at about 0.023 (this is different from the ' baryon density ' Ω b (\ displaystyle \ Omega _ (\ text (b))) expressed as a fraction of the total matter / energy density, which as noted above is about 0.046), and the corresponding cold dark matter density Ω h is about 0.11, the corresponding neutrino density Ω h is estimated to be less than 0.0062.
Independent lines of evidence from Type Ia supernovae and the CMB imply that the universe today is dominated by a mysterious form of energy known as dark energy, which apparently permeates all of space. The observations suggest 73 % of the total energy density of today 's universe is in this form. When the universe was very young, it was likely infused with dark energy, but with less space and everything closer together, gravity predominated, and it was slowly braking the expansion. But eventually, after numerous billion years of expansion, the growing abundance of dark energy caused the expansion of the universe to slowly begin to accelerate.
Dark energy in its simplest formulation takes the form of the cosmological constant term in Einstein 's field equations of general relativity, but its composition and mechanism are unknown and, more generally, the details of its equation of state and relationship with the Standard Model of particle physics continue to be investigated both through observation and theoretically.
All of this cosmic evolution after the inflationary epoch can be rigorously described and modeled by the ΛCDM model of cosmology, which uses the independent frameworks of quantum mechanics and Einstein 's General Relativity. There is no well - supported model describing the action prior to 10 seconds or so. Apparently a new unified theory of quantum gravitation is needed to break this barrier. Understanding this earliest of eras in the history of the universe is currently one of the greatest unsolved problems in physics.
The Big Bang theory depends on two major assumptions: the universality of physical laws and the cosmological principle. The cosmological principle states that on large scales the universe is homogeneous and isotropic.
These ideas were initially taken as postulates, but today there are efforts to test each of them. For example, the first assumption has been tested by observations showing that largest possible deviation of the fine structure constant over much of the age of the universe is of order 10. Also, general relativity has passed stringent tests on the scale of the Solar System and binary stars.
If the large - scale universe appears isotropic as viewed from Earth, the cosmological principle can be derived from the simpler Copernican principle, which states that there is no preferred (or special) observer or vantage point. To this end, the cosmological principle has been confirmed to a level of 10 via observations of the CMB. The universe has been measured to be homogeneous on the largest scales at the 10 % level.
General relativity describes spacetime by a metric, which determines the distances that separate nearby points. The points, which can be galaxies, stars, or other objects, are themselves specified using a coordinate chart or "grid '' that is laid down over all spacetime. The cosmological principle implies that the metric should be homogeneous and isotropic on large scales, which uniquely singles out the Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker metric (FLRW metric). This metric contains a scale factor, which describes how the size of the universe changes with time. This enables a convenient choice of a coordinate system to be made, called comoving coordinates. In this coordinate system, the grid expands along with the universe, and objects that are moving only because of the expansion of the universe, remain at fixed points on the grid. While their coordinate distance (comoving distance) remains constant, the physical distance between two such co-moving points expands proportionally with the scale factor of the universe.
The Big Bang is not an explosion of matter moving outward to fill an empty universe. Instead, space itself expands with time everywhere and increases the physical distance between two comoving points. In other words, the Big Bang is not an explosion in space, but rather an expansion of space. Because the FLRW metric assumes a uniform distribution of mass and energy, it applies to our universe only on large scales -- local concentrations of matter such as our galaxy are gravitationally bound and as such do not experience the large - scale expansion of space.
An important feature of the Big Bang spacetime is the presence of particle horizons. Since the universe has a finite age, and light travels at a finite speed, there may be events in the past whose light has not had time to reach us. This places a limit or a past horizon on the most distant objects that can be observed. Conversely, because space is expanding, and more distant objects are receding ever more quickly, light emitted by us today may never "catch up '' to very distant objects. This defines a future horizon, which limits the events in the future that we will be able to influence. The presence of either type of horizon depends on the details of the FLRW model that describes our universe.
Our understanding of the universe back to very early times suggests that there is a past horizon, though in practice our view is also limited by the opacity of the universe at early times. So our view can not extend further backward in time, though the horizon recedes in space. If the expansion of the universe continues to accelerate, there is a future horizon as well.
English astronomer Fred Hoyle is credited with coining the term "Big Bang '' during a 1949 BBC radio broadcast, saying: "These theories were based on the hypothesis that all the matter in the universe was created in one big bang at a particular time in the remote past. ''
It is popularly reported that Hoyle, who favored an alternative "steady state '' cosmological model, intended this to be pejorative, but Hoyle explicitly denied this and said it was just a striking image meant to highlight the difference between the two models.
The Big Bang theory developed from observations of the structure of the universe and from theoretical considerations. In 1912 Vesto Slipher measured the first Doppler shift of a "spiral nebula '' (spiral nebula is the obsolete term for spiral galaxies), and soon discovered that almost all such nebulae were receding from Earth. He did not grasp the cosmological implications of this fact, and indeed at the time it was highly controversial whether or not these nebulae were "island universes '' outside our Milky Way. Ten years later, Alexander Friedmann, a Russian cosmologist and mathematician, derived the Friedmann equations from Albert Einstein 's equations of general relativity, showing that the universe might be expanding in contrast to the static universe model advocated by Einstein at that time. In 1924 Edwin Hubble 's measurement of the great distance to the nearest spiral nebulae showed that these systems were indeed other galaxies. Independently deriving Friedmann 's equations in 1927, Georges Lemaître, a Belgian physicist and Roman Catholic priest, proposed that the inferred recession of the nebulae was due to the expansion of the universe.
In 1931 Lemaître went further and suggested that the evident expansion of the universe, if projected back in time, meant that the further in the past the smaller the universe was, until at some finite time in the past all the mass of the universe was concentrated into a single point, a "primeval atom '' where and when the fabric of time and space came into existence.
Starting in 1924, Hubble painstakingly developed a series of distance indicators, the forerunner of the cosmic distance ladder, using the 100 - inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory. This allowed him to estimate distances to galaxies whose redshifts had already been measured, mostly by Slipher. In 1929 Hubble discovered a correlation between distance and recession velocity -- now known as Hubble 's law. Lemaître had already shown that this was expected, given the cosmological principle.
In the 1920s and 1930s almost every major cosmologist preferred an eternal steady state universe, and several complained that the beginning of time implied by the Big Bang imported religious concepts into physics; this objection was later repeated by supporters of the steady state theory. This perception was enhanced by the fact that the originator of the Big Bang theory, Georges Lemaître, was a Roman Catholic priest. Arthur Eddington agreed with Aristotle that the universe did not have a beginning in time, viz., that matter is eternal. A beginning in time was "repugnant '' to him. Lemaître, however, thought that
If the world has begun with a single quantum, the notions of space and time would altogether fail to have any meaning at the beginning; they would only begin to have a sensible meaning when the original quantum had been divided into a sufficient number of quanta. If this suggestion is correct, the beginning of the world happened a little before the beginning of space and time.
During the 1930s other ideas were proposed as non-standard cosmologies to explain Hubble 's observations, including the Milne model, the oscillatory universe (originally suggested by Friedmann, but advocated by Albert Einstein and Richard Tolman) and Fritz Zwicky 's tired light hypothesis.
After World War II, two distinct possibilities emerged. One was Fred Hoyle 's steady state model, whereby new matter would be created as the universe seemed to expand. In this model the universe is roughly the same at any point in time. The other was Lemaître 's Big Bang theory, advocated and developed by George Gamow, who introduced big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) and whose associates, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, predicted the CMB. Ironically, it was Hoyle who coined the phrase that came to be applied to Lemaître 's theory, referring to it as "this big bang idea '' during a BBC Radio broadcast in March 1949. For a while, support was split between these two theories. Eventually, the observational evidence, most notably from radio source counts, began to favor Big Bang over Steady State. The discovery and confirmation of the CMB in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. Much of the current work in cosmology includes understanding how galaxies form in the context of the Big Bang, understanding the physics of the universe at earlier and earlier times, and reconciling observations with the basic theory.
In 1968 and 1970 Roger Penrose, Stephen Hawking, and George F.R. Ellis published papers where they showed that mathematical singularities were an inevitable initial condition of general relativistic models of the Big Bang. Then, from the 1970s to the 1990s, cosmologists worked on characterizing the features of the Big Bang universe and resolving outstanding problems. In 1981, Alan Guth made a breakthrough in theoretical work on resolving certain outstanding theoretical problems in the Big Bang theory with the introduction of an epoch of rapid expansion in the early universe he called "inflation ''. Meanwhile, during these decades, two questions in observational cosmology that generated much discussion and disagreement were over the precise values of the Hubble Constant and the matter - density of the universe (before the discovery of dark energy, thought to be the key predictor for the eventual fate of the universe).
In the mid-1990s, observations of certain globular clusters appeared to indicate, that they were about 15 billion years old, which conflicted with most then - current estimates of the age of the universe (and indeed with the age measured today). This issue was later resolved when new computer simulations, which included the effects of mass loss due to stellar winds, indicated a much younger age for globular clusters. While there still remain some questions as to how accurately the ages of the clusters are measured, globular clusters are of interest to cosmology as some of the oldest objects in the universe.
Significant progress in Big Bang cosmology has been made since the late 1990s as a result of advances in telescope technology as well as the analysis of data from satellites such as COBE, the Hubble Space Telescope and WMAP. Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the universe appears to be accelerating.
The earliest and most direct observational evidence of the validity of the theory are the expansion of the universe according to Hubble 's law (as indicated by the redshifts of galaxies), discovery and measurement of the cosmic microwave background and the relative abundances of light elements produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis. More recent evidence includes observations of galaxy formation and evolution, and the distribution of large - scale cosmic structures, These are sometimes called the "four pillars '' of the Big Bang theory.
Precise modern models of the Big Bang appeal to various exotic physical phenomena that have not been observed in terrestrial laboratory experiments or incorporated into the Standard Model of particle physics. Of these features, dark matter is currently subjected to the most active laboratory investigations. Remaining issues include the cuspy halo problem and the dwarf galaxy problem of cold dark matter. Dark energy is also an area of intense interest for scientists, but it is not clear whether direct detection of dark energy will be possible. Inflation and baryogenesis remain more speculative features of current Big Bang models. Viable, quantitative explanations for such phenomena are still being sought. These are currently unsolved problems in physics.
Observations of distant galaxies and quasars show that these objects are redshifted -- the light emitted from them has been shifted to longer wavelengths. This can be seen by taking a frequency spectrum of an object and matching the spectroscopic pattern of emission lines or absorption lines corresponding to atoms of the chemical elements interacting with the light. These redshifts are uniformly isotropic, distributed evenly among the observed objects in all directions. If the redshift is interpreted as a Doppler shift, the recessional velocity of the object can be calculated. For some galaxies, it is possible to estimate distances via the cosmic distance ladder. When the recessional velocities are plotted against these distances, a linear relationship known as Hubble 's law is observed: v = H 0 D (\ displaystyle v = H_ (0) D) where
Hubble 's law has two possible explanations. Either we are at the center of an explosion of galaxies -- which is untenable given the Copernican principle -- or the universe is uniformly expanding everywhere. This universal expansion was predicted from general relativity by Alexander Friedmann in 1922 and Georges Lemaître in 1927, well before Hubble made his 1929 analysis and observations, and it remains the cornerstone of the Big Bang theory as developed by Friedmann, Lemaître, Robertson, and Walker.
The theory requires the relation v = HD to hold at all times, where D is the comoving distance, v is the recessional velocity, and v, H, and D vary as the universe expands (hence we write H to denote the present - day Hubble "constant ''). For distances much smaller than the size of the observable universe, the Hubble redshift can be thought of as the Doppler shift corresponding to the recession velocity v. However, the redshift is not a true Doppler shift, but rather the result of the expansion of the universe between the time the light was emitted and the time that it was detected.
That space is undergoing metric expansion is shown by direct observational evidence of the Cosmological principle and the Copernican principle, which together with Hubble 's law have no other explanation. Astronomical redshifts are extremely isotropic and homogeneous, supporting the Cosmological principle that the universe looks the same in all directions, along with much other evidence. If the redshifts were the result of an explosion from a center distant from us, they would not be so similar in different directions.
Measurements of the effects of the cosmic microwave background radiation on the dynamics of distant astrophysical systems in 2000 proved the Copernican principle, that, on a cosmological scale, the Earth is not in a central position. Radiation from the Big Bang was demonstrably warmer at earlier times throughout the universe. Uniform cooling of the CMB over billions of years is explainable only if the universe is experiencing a metric expansion, and excludes the possibility that we are near the unique center of an explosion.
In 1964 Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson serendipitously discovered the cosmic background radiation, an omnidirectional signal in the microwave band. Their discovery provided substantial confirmation of the big - bang predictions by Alpher, Herman and Gamow around 1950. Through the 1970s the radiation was found to be approximately consistent with a black body spectrum in all directions; this spectrum has been redshifted by the expansion of the universe, and today corresponds to approximately 2.725 K. This tipped the balance of evidence in favor of the Big Bang model, and Penzias and Wilson were awarded a Nobel Prize in 1978.
The surface of last scattering corresponding to emission of the CMB occurs shortly after recombination, the epoch when neutral hydrogen becomes stable. Prior to this, the universe comprised a hot dense photon - baryon plasma sea where photons were quickly scattered from free charged particles. Peaking at around 7013117394272000000 ♠ 372 ± 14 kyr, the mean free path for a photon becomes long enough to reach the present day and the universe becomes transparent.
In 1989, NASA launched the Cosmic Background Explorer satellite (COBE), which made two major advances: in 1990, high - precision spectrum measurements showed that the CMB frequency spectrum is an almost perfect blackbody with no deviations at a level of 1 part in 10, and measured a residual temperature of 2.726 K (more recent measurements have revised this figure down slightly to 2.7255 K); then in 1992, further COBE measurements discovered tiny fluctuations (anisotropies) in the CMB temperature across the sky, at a level of about one part in 10. John C. Mather and George Smoot were awarded the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics for their leadership in these results.
During the following decade, CMB anisotropies were further investigated by a large number of ground - based and balloon experiments. In 2000 -- 2001 several experiments, most notably BOOMERanG, found the shape of the universe to be spatially almost flat by measuring the typical angular size (the size on the sky) of the anisotropies.
In early 2003, the first results of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) were released, yielding what were at the time the most accurate values for some of the cosmological parameters. The results disproved several specific cosmic inflation models, but are consistent with the inflation theory in general. The Planck space probe was launched in May 2009. Other ground and balloon based cosmic microwave background experiments are ongoing.
Using the Big Bang model it is possible to calculate the concentration of helium - 4, helium - 3, deuterium, and lithium - 7 in the universe as ratios to the amount of ordinary hydrogen. The relative abundances depend on a single parameter, the ratio of photons to baryons. This value can be calculated independently from the detailed structure of CMB fluctuations. The ratios predicted (by mass, not by number) are about 0.25 for 4 He /, about 10 for 2 /, about 10 for 3 He / and about 10 for 7 Li /.
The measured abundances all agree at least roughly with those predicted from a single value of the baryon - to - photon ratio. The agreement is excellent for deuterium, close but formally discrepant for 4 He, and off by a factor of two for 7 Li; in the latter two cases there are substantial systematic uncertainties. Nonetheless, the general consistency with abundances predicted by Big Bang nucleosynthesis is strong evidence for the Big Bang, as the theory is the only known explanation for the relative abundances of light elements, and it is virtually impossible to "tune '' the Big Bang to produce much more or less than 20 -- 30 % helium. Indeed, there is no obvious reason outside of the Big Bang that, for example, the young universe (i.e., before star formation, as determined by studying matter supposedly free of stellar nucleosynthesis products) should have more helium than deuterium or more deuterium than 3 He, and in constant ratios, too.
Detailed observations of the morphology and distribution of galaxies and quasars are in agreement with the current state of the Big Bang theory. A combination of observations and theory suggest that the first quasars and galaxies formed about a billion years after the Big Bang, and since then, larger structures have been forming, such as galaxy clusters and superclusters.
Populations of stars have been aging and evolving, so that distant galaxies (which are observed as they were in the early universe) appear very different from nearby galaxies (observed in a more recent state). Moreover, galaxies that formed relatively recently, appear markedly different from galaxies formed at similar distances but shortly after the Big Bang. These observations are strong arguments against the steady - state model. Observations of star formation, galaxy and quasar distributions and larger structures, agree well with Big Bang simulations of the formation of structure in the universe, and are helping to complete details of the theory.
In 2011, astronomers found what they believe to be pristine clouds of primordial gas by analyzing absorption lines in the spectra of distant quasars. Before this discovery, all other astronomical objects have been observed to contain heavy elements that are formed in stars. These two clouds of gas contain no elements heavier than hydrogen and deuterium. Since the clouds of gas have no heavy elements, they likely formed in the first few minutes after the Big Bang, during Big Bang nucleosynthesis.
The age of the universe as estimated from the Hubble expansion and the CMB is now in good agreement with other estimates using the ages of the oldest stars, both as measured by applying the theory of stellar evolution to globular clusters and through radiometric dating of individual Population II stars.
The prediction that the CMB temperature was higher in the past has been experimentally supported by observations of very low temperature absorption lines in gas clouds at high redshift. This prediction also implies that the amplitude of the Sunyaev -- Zel'dovich effect in clusters of galaxies does not depend directly on redshift. Observations have found this to be roughly true, but this effect depends on cluster properties that do change with cosmic time, making precise measurements difficult.
Future gravitational waves observatories might be able to detect primordial gravitational waves, relics of the early universe, up to less than a second after the Big Bang.
As with any theory, a number of mysteries and problems have arisen as a result of the development of the Big Bang theory. Some of these mysteries and problems have been resolved while others are still outstanding. Proposed solutions to some of the problems in the Big Bang model have revealed new mysteries of their own. For example, the horizon problem, the magnetic monopole problem, and the flatness problem are most commonly resolved with inflationary theory, but the details of the inflationary universe are still left unresolved and many, including some founders of the theory, say it has been disproven. What follows are a list of the mysterious aspects of the Big Bang theory still under intense investigation by cosmologists and astrophysicists.
It is not yet understood why the universe has more matter than antimatter. It is generally assumed that when the universe was young and very hot it was in statistical equilibrium and contained equal numbers of baryons and antibaryons. However, observations suggest that the universe, including its most distant parts, is made almost entirely of matter. A process called baryogenesis was hypothesized to account for the asymmetry. For baryogenesis to occur, the Sakharov conditions must be satisfied. These require that baryon number is not conserved, that C - symmetry and CP - symmetry are violated and that the universe depart from thermodynamic equilibrium. All these conditions occur in the Standard Model, but the effects are not strong enough to explain the present baryon asymmetry.
Measurements of the redshift -- magnitude relation for type Ia supernovae indicate that the expansion of the universe has been accelerating since the universe was about half its present age. To explain this acceleration, general relativity requires that much of the energy in the universe consists of a component with large negative pressure, dubbed "dark energy ''.
Dark energy, though speculative, solves numerous problems. Measurements of the cosmic microwave background indicate that the universe is very nearly spatially flat, and therefore according to general relativity the universe must have almost exactly the critical density of mass / energy. But the mass density of the universe can be measured from its gravitational clustering, and is found to have only about 30 % of the critical density. Since theory suggests that dark energy does not cluster in the usual way it is the best explanation for the "missing '' energy density. Dark energy also helps to explain two geometrical measures of the overall curvature of the universe, one using the frequency of gravitational lenses, and the other using the characteristic pattern of the large - scale structure as a cosmic ruler.
Negative pressure is believed to be a property of vacuum energy, but the exact nature and existence of dark energy remains one of the great mysteries of the Big Bang. Results from the WMAP team in 2008 are in accordance with a universe that consists of 73 % dark energy, 23 % dark matter, 4.6 % regular matter and less than 1 % neutrinos. According to theory, the energy density in matter decreases with the expansion of the universe, but the dark energy density remains constant (or nearly so) as the universe expands. Therefore, matter made up a larger fraction of the total energy of the universe in the past than it does today, but its fractional contribution will fall in the far future as dark energy becomes even more dominant.
The dark energy component of the universe has been explained by theorists using a variety of competing theories including Einstein 's cosmological constant but also extending to more exotic forms of quintessence or other modified gravity schemes. A cosmological constant problem, sometimes called the "most embarrassing problem in physics '', results from the apparent discrepancy between the measured energy density of dark energy, and the one naively predicted from Planck units.
During the 1970s and the 1980s, various observations showed that there is not sufficient visible matter in the universe to account for the apparent strength of gravitational forces within and between galaxies. This led to the idea that up to 90 % of the matter in the universe is dark matter that does not emit light or interact with normal baryonic matter. In addition, the assumption that the universe is mostly normal matter led to predictions that were strongly inconsistent with observations. In particular, the universe today is far more lumpy and contains far less deuterium than can be accounted for without dark matter. While dark matter has always been controversial, it is inferred by various observations: the anisotropies in the CMB, galaxy cluster velocity dispersions, large - scale structure distributions, gravitational lensing studies, and X-ray measurements of galaxy clusters.
Indirect evidence for dark matter comes from its gravitational influence on other matter, as no dark matter particles have been observed in laboratories. Many particle physics candidates for dark matter have been proposed, and several projects to detect them directly are underway.
Additionally, there are outstanding problems associated with the currently favored cold dark matter model which include the dwarf galaxy problem and the cuspy halo problem. Alternative theories have been proposed that do not require a large amount of undetected matter, but instead modify the laws of gravity established by Newton and Einstein; yet no alternative theory has been as successful as the cold dark matter proposal in explaining all extant observations.
The horizon problem results from the premise that information can not travel faster than light. In a universe of finite age this sets a limit -- the particle horizon -- on the separation of any two regions of space that are in causal contact. The observed isotropy of the CMB is problematic in this regard: if the universe had been dominated by radiation or matter at all times up to the epoch of last scattering, the particle horizon at that time would correspond to about 2 degrees on the sky. There would then be no mechanism to cause wider regions to have the same temperature.
A resolution to this apparent inconsistency is offered by inflationary theory in which a homogeneous and isotropic scalar energy field dominates the universe at some very early period (before baryogenesis). During inflation, the universe undergoes exponential expansion, and the particle horizon expands much more rapidly than previously assumed, so that regions presently on opposite sides of the observable universe are well inside each other 's particle horizon. The observed isotropy of the CMB then follows from the fact that this larger region was in causal contact before the beginning of inflation.
Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle predicts that during the inflationary phase there would be quantum thermal fluctuations, which would be magnified to cosmic scale. These fluctuations serve as the seeds of all current structure in the universe. Inflation predicts that the primordial fluctuations are nearly scale invariant and Gaussian, which has been accurately confirmed by measurements of the CMB.
If inflation occurred, exponential expansion would push large regions of space well beyond our observable horizon.
A related issue to the classic horizon problem arises because in most standard cosmological inflation models, inflation ceases well before electroweak symmetry breaking occurs, so inflation should not be able to prevent large - scale discontinuities in the electroweak vacuum since distant parts of the observable universe were causally separate when the electroweak epoch ended.
The magnetic monopole objection was raised in the late 1970s. Grand unified theories predicted topological defects in space that would manifest as magnetic monopoles. These objects would be produced efficiently in the hot early universe, resulting in a density much higher than is consistent with observations, given that no monopoles have been found. This problem is also resolved by cosmic inflation, which removes all point defects from the observable universe, in the same way that it drives the geometry to flatness.
The flatness problem (also known as the oldness problem) is an observational problem associated with a Friedmann -- Lemaître -- Robertson -- Walker metric (FLRW). The universe may have positive, negative, or zero spatial curvature depending on its total energy density. Curvature is negative, if its density is less than the critical density; positive, if greater; and zero at the critical density, in which case space is said to be flat.
The problem is that any small departure from the critical density grows with time, and yet the universe today remains very close to flat. Given that a natural timescale for departure from flatness might be the Planck time, 10 seconds, the fact that the universe has reached neither a heat death nor a Big Crunch after billions of years requires an explanation. For instance, even at the relatively late age of a few minutes (the time of nucleosynthesis), the density of the universe must have been within one part in 10 of its critical value, or it would not exist as it does today.
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wrote: "Why is there something rather than nothing? The sufficient reason (...) is found in a substance which (...) is a necessary being bearing the reason for its existence within itself. '' Philosopher of physics Dean Rickles has argued that numbers and mathematics (or their underlying laws) may necessarily exist. Physics may conclude that time did not exist before ' Big Bang ', but ' started ' with the Big Bang and hence there might be no ' beginning ', ' before ' or potentially ' cause ' and instead always existed. Some also argue that nothing can not exist or that non-existence might never have been an option. Quantum fluctuations, or other laws of physics that may have existed at the start of the Big Bang could then create the conditions for matter to occur.
Before observations of dark energy, cosmologists considered two scenarios for the future of the universe. If the mass density of the universe were greater than the critical density, then the universe would reach a maximum size and then begin to collapse. It would become denser and hotter again, ending with a state similar to that in which it started -- a Big Crunch.
Alternatively, if the density in the universe were equal to or below the critical density, the expansion would slow down but never stop. Star formation would cease with the consumption of interstellar gas in each galaxy; stars would burn out, leaving white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. Very gradually, collisions between these would result in mass accumulating into larger and larger black holes. The average temperature of the universe would asymptotically approach absolute zero -- a Big Freeze. Moreover, if the proton were unstable, then baryonic matter would disappear, leaving only radiation and black holes. Eventually, black holes would evaporate by emitting Hawking radiation. The entropy of the universe would increase to the point where no organized form of energy could be extracted from it, a scenario known as heat death.
Modern observations of accelerating expansion imply that more and more of the currently visible universe will pass beyond our event horizon and out of contact with us. The eventual result is not known. The ΛCDM model of the universe contains dark energy in the form of a cosmological constant. This theory suggests that only gravitationally bound systems, such as galaxies, will remain together, and they too will be subject to heat death as the universe expands and cools. Other explanations of dark energy, called phantom energy theories, suggest that ultimately galaxy clusters, stars, planets, atoms, nuclei, and matter itself will be torn apart by the ever - increasing expansion in a so - called Big Rip.
The following is a partial list of the popular misconceptions about the Big Bang model:
The Big Bang as the origin of the universe: One of the common misconceptions about the Big Bang model is the belief that it was the origin of the universe. However, the Big Bang model does not comment about how the universe came into being. Current conception of the Big Bang model assumes the existence of energy, time, and space, and does not comment about their origin or the cause of the dense and high temperature initial state of the universe.
The Big Bang was "small '': It is misleading to visualize the Big Bang by comparing its size to everyday objects. When the size of the universe at Big Bang is described, it refers to the size of the observable universe, and not the entire universe.
Hubble 's law violates special theory of relativity: Hubble 's law predicts that galaxies that are beyond Hubble Distance recede faster than the speed of light. However, special relativity does not apply beyond motion through space. Hubble 's law describes velocity that results from expansion of space, rather than through space.
Doppler redshift vs cosmological red - shift: Astronomers often refer to the cosmological red - shift as a normal Doppler shift, which is a misconception. Although similar, the cosmological red - shift is not identical to the Doppler redshift. The Doppler redshift is based on special relativity, which does not consider the expansion of space. On the contrary, the cosmological red - shift is based on general relativity, in which the expansion of space is considered. Although they may appear identical for nearby galaxies, it may cause confusion if the behavior of distant galaxies is understood through the Doppler redshift.
While the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined. The Big Bang theory, built upon the equations of classical general relativity, indicates a singularity at the origin of cosmic time; this infinite energy density is regarded as impossible in physics. Still, it is known that the equations are not applicable before the time when the universe cooled down to the Planck temperature, and this conclusion depends on various assumptions, of which some could never be experimentally verified. (Also see Planck epoch.)
One proposed refinement to avoid this would - be singularity is to develop a correct treatment of quantum gravity.
It is not known what could have preceded the hot dense state of the early universe or how and why it originated, though speculation abounds in the field of cosmogony.
Some proposals, each of which entails untested hypotheses, are:
Proposals in the last two categories, see the Big Bang as an event in either a much larger and older universe or in a multiverse.
As a description of the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy. As a result, it has become one of the liveliest areas in the discourse between science and religion. Some believe the Big Bang implies a creator, and some see its mention in their holy books, while others argue that Big Bang cosmology makes the notion of a creator superfluous.
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when was the story hansel and gretel written | Hansel and Gretel - wikipedia
"Hansel and Gretel '' (/ ˈhænsəl, ˈhɛn -... ˈɡrɛtəl /; also known as Hansel and Grettel, Hansel and Grethel, or Little Brother and Little Sister; German: Hänsel und Gretel (Hänsel und Grethel) (ˈhɛnzl̩ ʔʊnt ˈɡʁeːtl̩)) is a well - known fairy tale of German origin, recorded by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812. Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister kidnapped by a cannibalistic witch living deep in the forest in a house constructed of cake, confectionery, candy, and many more delicious treats that are imaginable. The two children escape with their lives by outwitting her. The tale has been adapted to various media, most notably the opera Hänsel und Gretel (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. Under the Aarne -- Thompson classification system, "Hansel and Gretel '' is classified under Class 327.
In Germany, Hansel and Gretel are the children of a poor woodcutter. When a great famine settles over the land, the woodcutter 's wife decides to take the children into the woods and leave them there to fend for themselves, so that she and her husband do not starve to death. The woodcutter opposes the plan but finally, and reluctantly, submits to his wife 's scheme. They were unaware that in the children 's bedroom, Hansel and Gretel have overheard them. After the parents have gone to bed, Hansel sneaks out of the house and gathers as many white pebbles as he can, then returns to his room, reassuring Gretel that God will not forsake them.
The next day, the family walk deep into the woods and Hansel lays a trail of white pebbles. After their parents abandon them, Hansel and Gretel follow the trail back home. When their mother sees them she is furious and locks them in the house. Hansel and Gretel are unable to escape or even simply collect pebbles.
The following morning, the family treks into the woods. Hansel takes a slice of bread and leaves a trail of bread crumbs for them to follow home. However, after they are once again abandoned, they find that birds have eaten the crumbs and they are lost in the woods. After days of wandering, they follow a beautiful white bird to a clearing in the woods, and discover a large cottage built of gingerbread, cakes, candy and with window panes of clear sugar. Hungry and tired, the children begin to eat the rooftop of the house, when the door opens and a hideous old hag emerges and lures the children inside, with the promise of soft beds and delicious food and a hot bath. They do this unaware that their hostess is actually a bloodthirsty witch who waylays children to cook and eat them.
The next morning, the witch cleans out the cage in the garden from her previous captive. Then she throws Hansel into the cage and forces Gretel into becoming her slave. The witch feeds Hansel regularly to fatten him up. Hansel is smart and when the witch asks for Hansel to stick out his finger for her to see how fat he is, he sticks out a bone he finds in the cage every time. Due to her blindness, the witch is fooled into thinking Hansel is too thin to eat. After weeks of this, the witch grows too impatient and decides to eat Hansel anyway.
The next day, the witch prepares the oven for Hansel, but decides she is hungry enough to eat Gretel too. She coaxes Gretel to the open oven and prods her to lean over in front of it to see if the fire is hot enough. Gretel, sensing the witch 's intent, pretends she does not understand what she means. Infuriated, the witch demonstrates and Gretel instantly shoves the hag into the oven, slams and bolts the door shut, leaving "the ungodly creature to be burned to ashes '', screaming in pain until she dies. Gretel frees Hansel from the cage and the pair discover a vase full of treasure and precious stones. Putting the jewels into their clothing, the children set off for home.
A duck ferries them across an expanse of water and at home they find only their father who revealed that their mother died from an unknown cause. Their father had spent all his days lamenting the loss of his children and is delighted to see them safe and sound. With the witch 's wealth, they all live happily ever after.
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm heard "Hansel and Gretel '' from Wilhelm 's friend (and future wife) Dortchen Wild and published it in Kinder - und Hausmärchen in 1812. In the Grimms ' version of the tale, the woodcutter 's wife is the children 's biological mother and the blame for abandoning them is shared between both her and the woodcutter himself. In later editions, some slight revisions were made: the wife became the children 's stepmother, the woodcutter opposes her scheme to abandon the children and religious references are made. The sequence where the swan helps them across the river is also an addition to later editions. Another revision was that some versions claimed the mother died from unknown causes, left the family, or remained with the husband at the end of the story.
The fairy tale may have originated in the medieval period of the Great Famine (1315 -- 1321), which caused desperate people to abandon young children to fend for themselves, or even resort to cannibalism.
Folklorists Iona and Peter Opie indicate in The Classic Fairy Tales (1974) that "Hansel and Gretel '' belongs to a group of European tales especially popular in the Baltic regions, about children outwitting ogres into whose hands they have involuntarily fallen. The tale bears resemblances to the first half of Charles Perrault 's "Hop - o ' - My - Thumb '' (1697) and Madame d'Aulnoy 's "Finette Cendron '' (1721). In both tales, the Opies note, abandoned children find their way home by following a trail. In "Clever Cinders '', the Opies observe that the heroine incinerates a giant by shoving him into an oven in a manner similar to Gretel 's dispatch of the witch and they point out that a ruse involving a twig in a Swedish tale resembles Hansel 's trick of the dry bone. Linguist and folklorist Edward Vajda has proposed that these stories represent the remnant of a coming - of - age rite - of - passage tale extant in Proto - Indo - European society. A house made of confectionery is found in a 14th - century manuscript about the Land of Cockayne.
The fact that the mother or stepmother dies when the children have killed the witch has suggested to many commentators that the mother or stepmother and the witch are metaphorically the same woman. A Russian folk tale exists in which the evil stepmother (also the wife of a poor woodcutter) asks her hated stepdaughter to go into the forest to borrow a light from her sister, who turns out to be Baba Yaga, who is also a cannibalistic witch. Besides highlighting the endangerment of children (as well as their own cleverness), the tales have in common a preoccupation with food and with hurting children: the mother or stepmother wants to avoid hunger, while the witch lures children to eat her house of candy so that she can then eat them. Another tale of this type is the French fairy tale The Lost Children. The Brothers Grimm also identified the French Finette Cendron and Hop o ' My Thumb as parallel stories.
Hansel and Gretel 's trail of breadcrumbs inspired the name of the navigation element "breadcrumbs '' that allows users to keep track of their locations within programs or documents. The opera Hänsel und Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck is one of the most renowned operas, and is considered one of the most important German operas.
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when was the excact date of founding anniversary of manila | Sorsogon - wikipedia
Sorsogon (Bikol: Probinsya kan Sorsogon; Filipino: Lalawigan ng Sorsogon), is a province in the Philippines located in the Bicol Region. It is the southernmost province in Luzon and is subdivided into fourteen municipalities (towns) and one city. Its capital is Sorsogon City (formerly the towns of Sorsogon and Bacon) and borders the province of Albay to the north.
Sorsogon is at the tip of the Bicol Peninsula and faces the island of Samar to the southeast across the San Bernardino Strait and Ticao Island to the southwest. Sorsogueños is how the people of Sorsogon call themselves.
In 1570 two Augustinian friars, Alonzon Jiménez and Juan Orta, accompanied by a certain captain, Enrique de Guzmán, reached Hibalong, a small fishing village near the mouth of Ginangra River, and planted the cross and erected the first chapel in Luzon. It was from this village that Ibalong, referring to the whole region, came to be. Moving inland with a northwesterly direction they passed by the territory now known as Pilar, before they reached Camalig, Albay. The establishment of the Abucay - Catamlangan Mission later was ample proof of this. The early towns established here were: Gibalon in 1570 (now sitio of Magallanes); Casiguran -- 1600; Bulusan -- 1631; Pilar -- 1635; Donsol -- 1668; Bacon -- 1764; Juban and Matnog -- 1800; Bulan -- 1801; Castilla -- 1827; Magallanes -- 1860; Sorsogon -- 1866 and Irosin -- 1880. The province was eventually separated from Albay on October 17, 1894 and adopted the name Sorsogon. The town of Sorsogon was also selected as its capital.
On the 1935 Philippine Constitutional convention, Sorsogon had its own delegates. They were Adolfo Grafilo, Francisco Arellano, José S. Reyes, and Mario Gaurino.
In 2000, Sorsogon City was created through the merging of the municipalities of Bacon and Sorsogon.
Sorsogon covers a total area of 2,119.01 square kilometres (818.15 sq mi) occupying the southeastern tip of the Bicol Peninsula in Luzon. The province is bordered on the north by Albay, east by the Philippine Sea, south by the San Bernardino Strait, and west and northwest by the Ticao and Burias Passes. The Sorsogon Bay lies within the central portion of the province.
The province has an irregular topography. Except for landlocked Irosin, all the towns lie along the coast. They are all connected by concrete and asphalt roads. Mountains sprawl over the northeast, southeast and west portions. Mount Bulusan, the tallest peak, rises 1,560 metres (5,120 ft) above sea level.
Except for its overland link with the province of Albay to the north, it is completely surrounded by water. Sorsogon is the gateway of Luzon to the Visayas and Mindanao through its Roll - on / Roll - off ferry terminal facilities located in the municipalities of Matnog, Pilar and Bulan.
Sorsogon comprises 14 municipalities and 1 city.
The population of Sorsogon in the 2015 census was 792,949 people, with a density of 370 inhabitants per square kilometre or 960 inhabitants per square mile.
The top 5 towns with the most number of population is Sorsogon City (168,110), Bulan (100,076), Pilar (74,564), Gubat (59,534), and Castilla (57,827). The least populated municipality since the 2000 census is Santa Magdalena.
Of the 704,024 household population in 2007, males accounted for 51.1 % and while females compromised 48.9 %.
The voting - age population of the province was 369,204 in 2007, equivalent to 52.1 percent of the household population.
The Bicolano language predominates in Sorsogon as a language used by its people. English and Filipino are the official languages used in education and various forms of communications. But Bicolano, as used in this province has some peculiarities. What is known as "Bikol Naga '' is used in written communications and generally understood as a spoken language.
However, there are Bikol languages peculiar to certain specific places. For example, people in Bacon, Prieto Diaz and Magallanes speak the Albay Bikol variant. In Sorsogon City, Casiguran and Juban, Bicolano is slightly different for some of the terms used are similar to Hiligaynon, which is mainly spoken in Western Visayas, Negros Island Region, and southwestern Masbate.
Barcelona, Gubat, Bulusan, Matnog, Irosin and Santa Magdalena speak a dialect which uses terms and tones similar to the Waray - Waray of Eastern Visayas (especially that of Northern Samar). The people of Pilar and Donsol speak a dialect similar but not exactly alike to the "Miraya Bicol '' or the dialect spoken by the nearby towns of Camalig and Daraga in Albay province. The Castilla dialect is the same as that of Daraga.
In 2010, UNESCO released its 3rd world volume of Endangered Languages in the World, where 3 critically endangered languages were in the Philippines. One of these languages in the Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta) language which has an estimated speaker of 150 people in the year 2000. The language was classified as Critically Endangered, meaning the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently and hardly pass the language to their children and grandchildren anymore. If the remaining 150 people do not pass their native language to the next generation of Sorsogon Ayta people, their indigenous language will be extinct within a period of 1 to 2 decades.
The Sorsogon Ayta people live only on the municipality of Prieto Diaz, Sorsogon. They are one of the original Negrito settlers in the entire Philippines. They belong to the Aeta people classification, but have distinct language and belief systems unique to their own culture and heritage.
Sorsogon is predominantly a Catholic province. Spanish conquistadores gave Sorsogon its first encounter with Christianity. This was in the year 1569 when Fray Alonzo Jimenez, OSA, chaplain of the expedition under Luis Enriquez de Guzman celebrated the first Mass upon landing on the coast of sitio Gibal - ong (or Gibalon), barangay Siuton, in the town of Magallanes. Christianity, however, was formally established in Sorsogon with the planting of the Cross on the shores of Casiguran town in 1600 by the Franciscan Friars. This was a prelude to the erection of the first church building dedicated to the Holy Rosary, still revered at present as the Patroness of Casiguran. From there, the Franciscan missionaries devotedly spread the faith to the other towns in Bacon (1617), Bulusan (1630) and Donsol (1668). The other twelve towns followed suit in the course of time. In the original geographic division, the province of Sorsogon formed part of Albay province. It seceded as a separate province on Oct. 17, 1984. Catholicism is followed by 93 % of the population of Sorsogon.
The Diocese of Sorsogon was originally part of the Archdiocese of Nueva Caceres. When it was made a separate diocese on June 29, 1951, it included the territory of Masbate. When the Diocese of Nueva Caceres was elevated into an archdiocese in the same year, Legazpi and Sorsogon were made suffragan dioceses of Nueva Caceres. On March 23, 1968, Masbate was made into a separate diocese. At present the Diocese of Sorsogon covers simply the civil province of Sorsogon and the City of Sorsogon.
Prior to colonization, the region had a complex religious system which involved various deities. Among these deities include: Gugurang, the supreme god who dwells inside of Mount Mayon where he guards and protects the sacred fire in which Aswang, his brother was trying to steal. Whenever people disobey his orders, wishes and commit numerous sins, he would cause Mount Mayon to burst lava as a sign of warning for people to mend their crooked ways. Ancient Bikolanos had a rite performed for him called Atang.; Asuang, the evil god who always try to steal the sacred fire of Mount Mayon from his brother, Gugurang. Addressed sometimes as Aswang, he dwells mainly inside Mount Malinao. As an evil god, he would cause the people to suffer misfortunes and commit sins. Enemy of Gugurang and a friend of Bulan the god of the moon; Haliya, the masked goddess of the moonlight and the arch - enemy of Bakunawa and protector of Bulan. Her cult is composed primarily of women. There is also a ritual dance named after her as it is performed to be a counter-measure against Bakunawa.; Bulan, the god of the pale moon, he is depicted as a pubescent boy with uncommon comeliness that made savage beast and the vicious mermaids (Magindara) tame. He has deep affection towards Magindang, but plays with him by running away so that Magindang would never catch him. The reason for this is because he is shy to the man that he loves. If Magindang manages to catch Bulan, Haliya always comes to free him from Magindang 's grip; Magindang, the god of the sea and all its creatures. He has deep affection to the lunar god Bulan and pursues him despite never catching him. Due to this, the Bicolanos reasoned that it is to why the waves rise to reach the moon when seen from the distant horizon. Whenever he does catch up to Bulan, Haliya comes to rescue Bulan and free him immediately; Okot, god of forest and hunting; and Bakunawa, a gigantic sea serpent deity who is often considered as the cause of eclipses, the devourer of the sun and the moon, and an adversary of Haliya as Bakunawa 's main aim is to swallow Bulan, who Haliya swore to protect for all of eternity.
The province 's economic activity is highly concentrated in its capital city, Sorsogon City, and the towns of Bulan, Irosin, Gubat, Pilar and Matnog as well. Sorsogon Province is classified as 2nd class with an average annual income of ₱ 339.4 M (C. Ys. 2000 - 2003). This is about ₱ 11M short for the province to attain 1st class reclassification which requires at least ₱ 350M average annual income.
The province had a great contribution on the 97 - percent growth in investments for the first quarter of 2008 and increasing tourism arrivals that buoyed the Bicol Region economy, despite the damage brought about by incessant rains and a rice shortage. This is according to the Quarterly Regional Economic Situationer (QRES) released by the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Regional Office in Bicol (NRO 5).
Among the provinces, Sorsogon posted the highest growth (293 % respectively) in investments from the previous year. Next to Sorsogon is Catanduanes that posted a growth of 280 %. Albay contributed 39 percent to the region 's investments and posted a growth of 221 % from the preceding quarter.
"For the third time, Bicol Region hosted the kick - off of Asia 's premier extreme sailing event, the Philippine Hobie Challenge last February 16 at Gubat, Sorsogon. This 260 - mile journey from Gubat - Sambuyan - Bacsal - Marambut - Suluan to Siargao enticed both local and foreign water sports enthusiasts. It opened the opportunity for the municipality of Gubat to showcase the town 's best, '' the QRES stated.
Sorsogon belongs to Type 2 climate based on the Climate Map of the Philippines by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). Being a Type 2, Sorsogon has No dry season with a pronounced rainfall from November to January.
"worldweatheronline.com ''. World Weather Online. 2015.
The province of Sorsogon normally gets 5 to 10 typhoons every year.
The most notable typhoon is in 1987, when Sorsogon was devastated by Super Typhoon Nina named Sisang. It was a major disaster in the Province of Sorsogon. Damages in properties cost million of pesos, and killing 200 people. It is said that Sisang is the strongest typhoon that hit the Province, especially its capital, Sorsogon City. According to PAGASA, Typhoon Nina ravaged with a wind of 180 kilometers per hour and a gustiness of 200 kph. Thousands of houses plus business establishments were destroyed by the said natural calamity. Typhoon Sisang hit the Sorsogon soil at around 7: 00 pm and it last until dawn of the next day. it also caused massive storm surges particularly around the Sorsogon Bay area which contributed to the many fatalities during the battering of the typhoon.
Typhoon Xangsane (Milenyo) also battered the province in September 2006 with torrential rains and strong winds. It caused massive flooding and caused infrastructure and agricultural damages. Damages to the entire province was initially placed at ₱ 2.23 billion, of which ₱ 1.27 billion was accounted for by damaged houses. Agriculture suffered damage worth ₱ 234.21 million; school facilities, ₱ 51 million and infrastructure, ₱ 208 million.
Most of the inhabitants of the province belong to the ethnolinguistic Bicolano and Bisakol groups. Sorsogueños are religious, being mostly Roman Catholics, and are active in festivities celebrated throughout the year. Each town honors their Patron Saint with celebration on its Feast Day. In Sorsogon City, the locals celebrate the Fiesta of the Patron Saints Peter and Paul every June 28 -- 29 annually. Another featured attraction during town fiestas are the traveling carnivals set up near the town center. In Gubat, the feast of Gubat is celebrated on June 13.
Minorities include Muslim immigrants from Mindanao, who engage in street vending and small shop businesses. A mosque is situated inside Sitio Bolangan on the outskirts of the city. A significant small Chinese population are owners of hardware stores and commodity shops and dwell in the business center. Indian communities are also present and are Hindus. They are typically known to engage in money lending businesses -- colloquially called "five - six ''.
Sorsogon is subdivided into 2 Congressional Districts. The 1st Congressional District comprises the City of Sorsogon and towns of Pilar, Donsol, and Castilla. The Sorsogon Provincial Capitol is located in the City of Sorsogon.
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how many episodes of dynasty are on netflix | Dynasty (2017 TV series) - wikipedia
Dynasty is an American prime time television soap opera reboot based on the 1980s series of the same name. Developed by Josh Schwartz, Stephanie Savage, and Sallie Patrick, the new series stars Grant Show as Blake Carrington, Nathalie Kelley as his new wife Cristal Flores Carrington, Elizabeth Gillies as Blake 's daughter Fallon, and James Mackay as his son Steven. The pilot, which was announced in September 2016, was ordered to series in May 2017. Dynasty premiered on October 11, 2017, on The CW in the United States, and on Netflix internationally a day later.
On November 8, 2017, The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes.
Dynasty begins with heiress Fallon Carrington unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal, a rival employee at the family company. When Fallon 's machinations to separate the couple backfire and cost her a promotion, she allies with Blake 's nemesis and former employee, Jeff Colby, and strikes out on her own. Meanwhile, the arrival of Cristal 's opportunistic nephew Sam -- who becomes romantically involved with Fallon 's wayward brother Steven -- threatens to expose her shady past. The Carringtons form a united front in the wake of the suspicious death of Cristal 's former lover, but things at the mansion do not remain harmonious for long.
The reboot updates several elements from the 1980s original, including moving the setting from Denver, Colorado to Atlanta, Georgia; making Steven 's homosexuality a nonissue to Blake; and changing gold digger Sammy Jo from a woman to a gay man. Additionally, in the new series, both Blake 's fiancée and her nephew are Hispanic, and both chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American.
In September 2016, it was announced that a reboot of the 1980s prime time soap opera Dynasty was in development at The CW, co-written by Josh Schwartz, Stephanie Savage, and Sallie Patrick. Savage said, "All of us have worked on shows that owe a huge debt to Dynasty, so it 's kind of in our writing DNA to do this show. '' The trio discussed what they found unique and attractive about the original series, and how best to preserve those elements in an update. They also met with Richard and Esther Shapiro, the creators of Dynasty, who were ultimately attached as producers. Schwartz said, "We are definitely living in an age of dynasties. Whether it 's the Trumps or the Clintons or the Kardashians or the Murdochs, our news is filled with the worlds of family dynasties and that was exciting for us. '' Savage added, "When we first sat down with the Shapiros to talk about rebooting the show, they talked a lot about family. No matter the villainous things that they did, they never stopped loving each other. I think we took that core concept and then just talked about how to place the idea in the historical context of our day. '' Patrick noted that the 1980s series was progressive for its time, dealing with issues like race, women in the workplace, and gay acceptance. She said, "We 're trying to figure out how do we respect what that show was doing then and pushing it even farther in our version. ''
The new series finds heiress Fallon Carrington facing off against her soon - to - be stepmother Cristal, a Hispanic woman. Patrick said, "It was important to me as a working woman to have two women fighting over the future of the dynasty. '' Schwartz said of the rival characters:
Even when you watch the original, Fallon is a character who feels as if she can exist in 2017. She just pops off the screen, and she can take on Krystle, who, in the original, was pure and the moral center of the show. With this new Cristal, we liked the idea of not letting her be quite as pure and raising some questions about her past and having her stir the pot -- making her more formidable. That really let us lean into this rivalry between Fallon and Cristal.
Patrick said, "We knew in our version -- 2017 -- we wanted Steven 's conflict with Blake to be not about him being gay, but about him being liberal. '' Savage noted, "With Steven Carrington out and proud, it makes sense for Sammy Jo to be a man. '' Patrick said in August 2017 that Blake 's first wife Alexis would be introduced during the first season, but that the role had yet to be cast. Schwartz noted, "We do refer to her a lot. We 're building up the spirit of Alexis. She 's definitely there in the other characters. '' The role was cast with Nicollette Sheridan in November 2017.
The setting was also moved from Denver to Atlanta, in part because of Atlanta 's diversity. Schwartz called the city "a realistic location of this family to be based out of '', noting that the Shapiros had arbitrarily picked Denver for the original series and were not creatively attached to it. Patrick said that Atlanta is "a super diverse population and a great mixture -- where there 's conflict between old money and new money. '' Kelley said, "This modern version represents a more current picture of what 's happening in America. The diversity of the cast really represents that. '' In the update, chauffeur Michael Culhane and the Colby family are African - American. Also, Cristal 's Venezuelan origins will allow the show to explore the current geopolitics of that country.
Patrick said that episode seven, "A Taste of Your Own Medicine '', "brings to a head so many of the stories that we 've been slowly building. It hits the tone of the show perfectly. '' She added:
We loved the original Dynasty -- the camp and the big, surprising soapy twists. We also felt very strongly that we needed to earn those. It would have been hard to come out of the gate with an episode like this. You have to be with the characters long enough to start caring about them. We 're cranking up the crazy moving forward.
The episode titles are lines of dialogue from the original series. In addition to reworked characters and plotlines, the reboot contains multiple visual homages to the 1980s series, including props and wardrobe.
The pilot was filmed in Atlanta. On May 10, 2017, the Dynasty reboot received a series order at The CW. A preview trailer was released on May 18, 2017. On November 8, 2017, The CW picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes.
Nathalie Kelley was cast as Cristal in January 2017, followed by Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon, Sam Adegoke as playboy Jeff Colby, and Robert Christopher Riley as Blake 's chauffeur Michael Culhane in February. Next cast were Grant Show as Fallon 's father Blake Carrington, and Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones, a gay male version of the original series ' Sammy Jo Carrington, in March. The remaining main cast members are James Mackay as Fallon 's gay brother Steven, and Alan Dale as Carrington majordomo Anders, Additional recurring performers include Nick Wechsler as Cristal 's ex-lover Matthew Blaisdel, Brianna Brown as Matthew 's wife Claudia, and Wakeema Hollis as Jeff 's sister Monica Colby, In November 2017, Nicollette Sheridan was cast in the role of Blake 's ex-wife Alexis Carrington. Other guest stars include Elena Tovar as Iris Machado, Cristal 's sister and Sam 's mother, Bill Smitrovich as Thomas Carrington, Blake 's estranged father, and Hakeem Kae - Kazim as Cesil Colby, Jeff and Monica 's father.
The pilot includes a flashback of a young Steven playing the original Dynasty theme by Bill Conti on piano. An updated, 15 - second version debuted as an opening credits sequence in the 1980s - themed third episode, "Guilt is for Insecure People '', but is only used in some episodes. Composer Paul Leonard - Morgan worked with Troy Nõka to get "an ' 80s - rock vibe '' for the song, to match Leonard - Morgan 's soundtrack for the series. The new theme was recorded with an orchestra at Capitol Records in Hollywood, featuring Los Angeles Philharmonic lead trumpet player Tom Hooten.
Dynasty premiered on The CW in the United States on October 11, 2017, with the season 2 premiere of Riverdale as its lead - in. Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Dynasty, making it available as an original series on the platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast.
Leslie Moonves, the head of CBS Corporation, said in 2017, "We own 100 percent of (Dynasty), and we 've already licensed it to Netflix in 188 countries... So this means Dynasty is profitable before it even hits the air. ''
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.61 / 10 based on 40 reviews. The website 's consensus reads, "Dynasty 's revival retains enough of its predecessor 's over-the - top allure to offer a glamorous guilty pleasure in its first season, even if it never quite recaptures the magic of the original. '' Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews ''.
Chris Harnick of E! Online called the pilot "soapy and fun '', adding that the series is "a worthy heir to the original show and Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage 's previous offering Gossip Girl and The O.C. ''. Adweek called the pilot inferior to Gossip Girl and the original Dynasty, but suggested that its pairing with Riverdale "could provide audiences a guilty - pleasure double - feature ''.
Tierney Bricker of E! Online dubbed Kelley "this season 's breakout star '', with Gillies "hot on her Louboutin heels ''.
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what is the purpose of secondary storage device | Auxiliary memory - Wikipedia
Auxiliary memory, also known as auxiliary storage, secondary storage, secondary memory or external memory, is a non-volatile memory (does not lose stored data when the device is powered down) that is not directly accessible by the CPU, because it is not accessed via the input / output channels (it is an external device). In RAM devices (as flash memory) data can be directly deleted or changed.
The most common forms of auxiliary memory are flash memory, optical discs, magnetic disks and magnetic tape. The latest addition to the auxiliary memory family is flash memory. This form is much faster as compared to its predecessors, as this form of auxiliary memory does not involve any moving parts. In some laptops, this type of auxiliary memory is referred to as a solid state drive.
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who wrote the song king of my heart | King of My Heart - wikipedia
King of My Heart may refer to:
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who starred in the movie the blind side | Quinton Aaron - wikipedia
Quinton Aaron (born August 15, 1984) is an American actor. He made his film debut in Michel Gondry 's Be Kind Rewind. His first lead role was as Michael Oher in the 2009 film The Blind Side. In 2010, Aaron guest - starred in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In 2015, Aaron shot the film Busy Day in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Aaron was born in The Bronx, New York City, but moved to Augusta, Georgia after elementary school.
Aaron made his film debut as Q in Michel Gondry 's Be Kind Rewind, starring Mos Def and Jack Black. He has also appeared in Fighting with Channing Tatum and Terrence Howard and co-starred in an NYU thesis short film called Mr. Brooklyn with Al Thompson (Liberty Kid, A Walk to Remember), directed by Jason Sokoloff.
Aaron has appeared in two episodes of the TV show Law & Order (Season 17, episode "Bling '' as a bodyguard and episode "Fallout '' as a bouncer).
His first lead role was playing Michael Oher, alongside Sandra Bullock and Tim McGraw in The Blind Side, released November 20, 2009. Directed by John Lee Hancock, the film was adapted from Michael Lewis 's 2006 book The Blind Side: Evolution of a Game, which features Oher 's real - life story. Oher had started in ten games as a guard during his first season with the Ole Miss Rebels, becoming a first - team freshman All - American, and later an American football offensive tackle for the Baltimore Ravens. Aaron auditioned for the role after his mother found out about the casting call online. Chosen as a finalist, he was flown in to Los Angeles for the final audition. Unsure whether he had been successful, he reached into his pocket on his way to the door and pulled out a card, telling director John Lee Hancock that he knew that it was a long shot for him to get the part, but that he did security work and would love to provide those services should they be needed for the film. Director Hancock said that he would keep it in mind.
On March 24, 2010, Aaron guest - starred with Jill Scott in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. On April 28, 2010, Quinton guest - starred in the "We All Saw This Coming '' episode of Mercy. On April 4, 2011 Quinton guest - starred in the season finale of Harry 's Law with his The Blind Side co-star Kathy Bates.
During the 2010 Major League Baseball All - Star Game, Aaron participated in the Taco Bell Legends and Celebrities Softball Game as a victorious American Leaguer.
In 2015, Aaron shot the film Busy Day in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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winner of singapore open super series badminton 2017 | 2017 Singapore Super Series - wikipedia
The 2017 Singapore Super Series was the fourth Super Series tournament of the 2017 BWF Super Series. The tournament takes place in Singapore City, Singapore from April 11 -- 16, 2017 with a total purse of $350,000.
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when was the last time minimum wage was changed | Minimum wage in the United States - Wikipedia
The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a network of state, and local laws. Employers generally must pay workers the highest minimum wage prescribed by federal, state, and local law. As of July 2016, the federal government mandates a nationwide minimum wage of $7.25 per hour. As of October 2016, there are 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action. In real terms, the federal minimum wage peaked near $10.00 per hour in 1968, using 2014 inflation - adjusted dollars.
Beginning in January 2017, Massachusetts and Washington state will have the highest minimum wages, Aside from Santa Fe NM, which is currently at $11.09 which is still # 1 for Highest Min Wage in the country. Massachusetts and Washington state come in # 2. New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018. There is a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage with most black and Hispanic individuals supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54 % of whites opposing it. In 2015, about 3 percent of White, Asian, and Hispanic or Latino workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Black workers, the percentage was about 4 percent.
In 1912, Massachusetts organized a commission to recommend non-compulsory minimum wages for women and children. Within eight years, at least thirteen U.S. states and the District of Columbia would pass minimum wage laws, with pressure being placed on state legislatures by the National Consumers League in a coalition with other women 's voluntary associations and organized labor. The United States Supreme Court of the Lochner era consistently invalidated compulsory minimum wage laws. Advocates for these minimum wage laws hoped that they would be upheld under the precedent of Muller v. Oregon, which had upheld maximum working hours laws for women on the grounds that women required special protection which men did not. However, the Court did not extend this principle to minimum wage laws, considering the latter as interfering with the ability of employers to freely negotiate wage contracts with employees.
In 1933, the Roosevelt administration made the first attempt at establishing a national minimum wage, when a $0.25 per hour standard was set as part of the National Industrial Recovery Act. However, in the 1935 court case Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States (295 U.S. 495), the US Supreme Court declared the act unconstitutional, and the minimum wage was abolished. In 1938, the minimum wage was re-established pursuant to the Fair Labor Standards Act, once again at $0.25 per hour ($4.23 in 2015 dollars). In 1941, the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act in United States v. Darby Lumber Co., holding that Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions.
The 1938 minimum wage law only applied to "employees engaged in interstate commerce or in the production of goods for interstate commerce, '' but in amendments in 1961 and 1966, the federal minimum wage was extended (with slightly different rates) to employees in large retail and service enterprises, local transportation and construction, state and local government employees, as well as other smaller expansions; a grandfather clause in 1990 drew most employees into the purview of federal minimum wage policy, which now set the wage at $3.80.
In 2006, voters in six states (Arizona, Colorado, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, and Ohio) approved statewide increases in the state minimum wage. The amounts of these increases ranged from $1 to $1.70 per hour and all increases were designed to annually index to inflation. Some politicians in the United States have advocated linking the minimum wage to the Consumer Price Index, thereby increasing the wage automatically each year based on increases to the Consumer Price Index. So far, Ohio, Oregon, Missouri, Vermont and Washington have linked their minimum wages to the consumer price index. Minimum wage indexing also takes place each year in Florida, San Francisco, California, and Santa Fe, New Mexico.
The federal minimum wage in the United States was reset to its current rate of $7.25 per hour in July 2009. Some U.S. territories (such as American Samoa) are exempt. Some types of labor are also exempt: employers may pay tipped labor a minimum of $2.13 per hour, as long as the hour wage plus tip income equals at least the minimum wage. Persons under the age of 20 may be paid $4.25 an hour for the first 90 calendar days of employment (sometimes known as a youth, teen, or training wage) unless a higher state minimum exists. The 2009 increase was the last of three steps of the Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007, which was signed into law as a rider to the U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans ' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act, 2007, a bill that also contained almost $5 billion in tax cuts for small businesses.
In April 2014, the U.S. Senate debated the Minimum Wage Fairness Act (S. 1737; 113th Congress). The bill would have amended the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) to increase the federal minimum wage for employees to $10.10 per hour over the course of a two - year period. The bill was strongly supported by President Barack Obama and many of the Democratic Senators, but strongly opposed by Republicans in the Senate and House. Later in 2014, voters in the Republican - controlled states of Alaska, Arkansas, Nebraska and South Dakota considered ballot initiatives to raise the minimum wage above the national rate of $7.25 per hour, which were successful in all 4 states. The results provided evidence that raising minimum wage has support across party lines.
Since 2012, a growing protest and advocacy movement called "Fight for $15 '', initially growing out of fast food worker strikes, has advocated for an increase in the minimum wage. On March 27, 2014, Connecticut passed legislation to raise the minimum wage from $8.70 to $10.10 by 2017, making it one of about six states to aim at or above $10.00 per hour. In 2014 and 2015, several cities, including San Francisco, Seattle, Los Angeles, and Washington passed ordinances that gradually increase the minimum wage to $15.00. In 2016, New York and California passed legislation that would gradually raise the minimum wage to $15 in each state.
As of 2017, recent legislation was passed in multiple states to raise the minimum wage a certain amount in a certain amount of time. California is set to raise their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour by January 1, 2023. Colorado is set to raise their minimum wage from $9.30 / hour to $12 / hour by January 1, 2020, raising $0.90 per year. Seattle passed legislation in 2015 for a raise in minimum wage; for employers of 500 or more employees without heath benefits, the minimum wage will be raised to $15.00 / hour by 2017, for employees with heath benefits, the minimum wage will raise to $15.00 / hour by 2018, for smaller employees the $15.00 / hour wage will be reached at different times. Seattle is one of the first cities to put in place a plan that after $15.00 / hour wage is reached, they will continue to increase minimum wage by a certain percentage every year based on inflation changes. New York has also recently passed legislation to increase their minimum wage to $15.00 / hour over time, certain counties and larger companies are set on faster plans than others. As there have only been a few places mentioned, cities and states across the United States are putting in place certain legislation to increase the minimum wage for minimum wage workers to a livable wage. Time will only tell the effects on the economy and number of jobs in those cities and states.
On June 2, 2014, the City Council of Seattle, Washington passed a local ordinance to increase the minimum wage of the city to $15.00 per hour, giving the city the highest minimum wage in the United States, which will be phased in over seven years, to be fully implemented by 2021. A growing number of California cities have enacted local minimum wage ordinances, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Oakland, Berkeley, Emeryville, Mountain View, Richmond, and San Jose.
In September 2014, the Los Angeles City Council approved a minimum salary for hotel workers of $15.37 per hour. In April 2016, The Los Angeles Times reported that there is an exemption for unionised workers, and interviewed longtime workers at unionised Sheraton Universal who make $10.00 per hour, whereas non-union employees at a non-union Hilton a few feet away make at least the $15.37 mandated by law for non-unionised employees. Similar exemptions have been adopted in San Francisco, San Jose, Oakland, and Santa Monica.
San Francisco is expected to become the first U.S. city to reach a minimum wage of $15.00 per hour on July 1, 2018,. The minimum wage in Los Angeles and Washington, D.C., will be $15.00 per hour in 2020.
On August 18, 2015, the El Cerrito City Council directed city staff to draft a local minimum wage ordinance based on a template provided by a coalition for a county - wide minimum wage effort. The details are not final, but the Council discussed an initial increase of roughly 28 -- 36 % ($11.52 -- $12.25 or more) by January 1, 2016, with annual increases that will result in a $15.00 hourly wage rate by 2018 -- 2020. The Council did not direct staff to create small business exemptions (or any other exemptions), but a slower phase - in rate may be considered for employees of small businesses. The city will have outreach for residents and business owners to discuss the details of the proposed ordinance. Staff hopes to present a draft for The Council 's approval as early as October or November 2015.
As of December 2014, unions were exempt from recent minimum wage increases in Chicago, Illinois, SeaTac, Washington, and Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, as well as the California cities of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Long Beach, San Jose, Richmond, and Oakland. In 2016, the Washington, D.C. Council passed a minimum wage ordinance that included a union waiver, but Mayor Vincent Gray vetoed it. Later that year, the council approved an increase without the union waiver.
Since its inception the purchasing power of the minimum wage has fluctuated. The minimum wage had its highest purchasing power in 1968, when it was $1.60 per hour ($11.49 in 2017 dollars). From January 1981 to April 1990, the minimum wage was frozen at $3.35 per hour, then a record - setting minimum wage freeze. From September 1, 1997 through July 23, 2007, the federal minimum wage remained constant at $5.15 per hour, breaking the old record. From the United States Department of Labor. Employment Standards Administration. Wage and Hour Division, the source page has a clickable US map with current and projected state - by - state minimum wage rates for each state. Some government entities, such as counties and cities, observe minimum wages that are higher than the state as a whole. One notable example of this is Santa Fe, New Mexico, whose $9.50 per hour minimum wage was the highest in the nation, until San Francisco increased its minimum wage to $9.79 in 2009. Another device to increase wages, living wage ordinances, generally apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself.
Since 1984, the purchasing power of the federal minimum wage has decreased. Measured in real terms (adjusted for inflation) using 1984 dollars, the real minimum wage was $3.35 in 1984, $2.33 in 1994, $1.84 in 2004, and $1.46 in 2014. If the minimum wage had been raised to $10.10 in 2014, that would have equated to $4.40 in 1984 dollars. This would have been equal to a 31 % increase in purchasing power, despite the nominal value of the minimum wage increasing by 216 % in the same time period.
The economic effects of raising the minimum wage are controversial. Adjusting the minimum wage may affect current and future levels of employment, prices of goods and services, economic growth, income inequality and poverty. The interconnection of price levels, central bank policy, wage agreements, and total aggregate demand creates a situation in which the conclusions drawn from macroeconomic analysis are highly influenced by the underlying assumptions of the interpreter.
The law of demand states that -- all else being equal -- raising the price of any particular good or service will reduce the quantity demanded. Thus, neoclassical economics argues that -- all else being equal -- raising in the minimum wage will have adverse affects on employment.
Conceptually, if an employer does not believe a worker generates value equal to or in excess of the minimum wage, that worker will not be hired or retained.
Empirical work on fast food workers in the 1990s challenged the neoclassical model. In 1994, economists David Card and Alan Krueger studied employment trends among 410 restaurants in New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania following New Jersey 's minimum wage hike (from $4.25 to $5.05) in April 1992. They found "no indication that the rise in the minimum wage reduced employment. '' However, a 1995 re-analysis of the evidence by David Neumark found that the increase in New Jersey 's minimum wage actually resulted in a 4.6 % decrease in employment. Neumark 's study relied on payroll records from a sample of large fast - food restaurant chains, whereas the Card - Krueger study relied on business surveys.
Additional research conducted by David Neumark and William Wascher (which surveyed over 100 studies related to the employment effects of minimum wages) found that the majority of peer - reviewed economic research (about two - thirds) showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment -- especially for young and unskilled workers. Neumark 's analysis further found that, when looking at only the most credible research, 85 % of studies showed a positive correlation between minimum wage hikes and increased unemployment.
In February 2014, the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) reported the theoretical effects of a federal minimum wage increase under two scenarios: an increase to $9.00 and an increase to $10.10. According to the report, approximately 100,000 jobs would be lost under the $9.00 option, whereas 500,000 jobs would be lost under the $10.10 option (with a wide range of possible outcomes).
A 2013 Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR) review of multiple studies since 2000 indicated that there was "little or no employment response to modest increases in the minimum wage. '' Another CEPR study in 2014 found that job creation within the United States is faster within states that raised their minimum wage. In 2014, the state with the highest minimum wage in the nation, Washington, exceeded the national average for job growth in the United States.
A 2012 study led by Joseph Sabia, professor of economics at the University of New Hampshire, estimated that the 2004 - 6 New York State minimum wage increase (from $5.15 to $6.75) resulted in a 20.2 % to 21.8 % reduction in employment for less - skilled, less - educated workers. Another study conducted by Joseph Sabia, then an assistant professor at American University, found that minimum wages were ineffective at alleviating poverty for single mothers. The study further concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage was associated with an 8.8 % reduction in employment and an 11.8 % reduction in hours for uneducated single mothers.
Research conducted by Richard Burkhauser, professor emeritus of Policy Analysis at Cornell University, concluded that minimum wage increases "significantly reduce the employment of the most vulnerable groups in the working - age population -- young adults without a high school degree (aged 20 - 24), young black adults and teenagers (aged 16 - 24), and teenagers (aged 16 - 19). ''
A 2007 study by Daniel Aaronson and Eric French concluded that a 10 % increase in the minimum wage decreased low - skill employment by 2 - 4 % and total restaurant employment by 1 - 3 %.
The Economist wrote in December 2013: "A minimum wage, providing it is not set too high, could thus boost pay with no ill effects on jobs... Some studies find no harm to employment from federal or state minimum wages, others see a small one, but none finds any serious damage... High minimum wages, however, particularly in rigid labour markets, do appear to hit employment. France has the rich world 's highest wage floor, at more than 60 % of the median for adults and a far bigger fraction of the typical wage for the young. This helps explain why France also has shockingly high rates of youth unemployment: 26 % for 15 - to 24 - year - olds. ''
Conceptually -- all else being equal -- raising the minimum wage will increase the cost of labor. Thus, employers may accept lower profits, raise their prices, or both. If prices increase, consumers may demand a lesser quantity of the product, substitute other products, or switch to imported products. Marginal producers (those who are barely profitable enough to survive) may be forced out of business if they can not raise their prices sufficiently to offset the higher cost of labor. Whether the increased income of the workers benefiting from the minimum wage increase can offset these effects is debatable. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago research from 2007 has shown that restaurant prices rise in response to minimum wage increases.
A 2016 White House report based on "back of envelope calculations and literature review '' argued that higher hourly wages led to less crime.
A report by the Council of Economic Advisers claimed that "raising the minimum wage reduces crime by 3 to 5 percent. '' To get those numbers, the study assumed that "such a minimum wage increase would have no employment impacts, with an employment elasticity of 0.1 the benefits would be somewhat lower. ''
However, In a 1987 journal article based on actual study data, Masanori Hashimoto noted that minimum wage hikes lead to increased levels of property crime in areas affected by the minimum wage after its increase. According to the article, by decreasing employment in poor communities, total legal trade and production are curtailed. The report also claimed that in order to compensate for the decrease in legal avenues for production and consumption, poor communities increasingly turn to illegal trade and activity.
Whether growth (GDP, a measure of both income and production) increases or decreases depends significantly on whether the income shifted from owners to workers results in an overall higher level of spending. The tendency of a consumer to spend their next dollar is referred to as the marginal propensity to consume or MPC. The transfer of income from higher income owners (who tend to save more, meaning a lower MPC) to lower income workers (who tend to save less, with a higher MPC) can actually lead to an increase in total consumption and higher demand for goods, leading to increased employment. Recent research has shown that higher wages lead to greater productivity.
The CBO reported in February 2014 that income (GDP) overall would be marginally higher after raising the minimum wage, indicating a small net positive increase in growth. Raising the minimum wage to $10.10 and indexing it to inflation would result in a net $2 billion increase in income during the second half of 2016, while raising it to $9.00 and not indexing it would result in a net $1 billion increase in income.
An increase in the minimum wage is a form of redistribution from higher - income persons (business owners or "capital '') to lower income persons (workers or "labor '') and therefore should reduce income inequality. The CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage under either scenario described above would improve income inequality. Families with income more than 6 times the poverty threshold would see their incomes fall (due in part to their business profits declining with higher employee costs), while families with incomes below that threshold would rise.
Among hourly - paid workers In 2016, 701,000 earned the federal minimum wage and about 1.5 million earned wages below the minimum. Together, these 2.2 million workers represented 2.7 % of all hourly - paid workers.
CBO estimated in February 2014 that raising the minimum wage would reduce the number of persons below the poverty income threshold by 900,000 under the $10.10 option versus 300,000 under the $9.00 option.
Research conducted by David Neumark and colleagues found that minimum wages are associated with reductions in the hours and employment of low - wage workers. A separate study by the same researchers found that minimum wages tend to increase the proportion of families with incomes below or near the poverty line. Similarly, a 2002 study led by Richard Vedder, professor of economics at Ohio University, concluded that "The empirical evidence is strong that minimum wages have had little or no effect on poverty in the U.S. Indeed, the evidence is stronger that minimum wages occasionally increase poverty... ''
The CBO reported in February 2014 that "(T) he net effect on the federal budget of raising the minimum wage would probably be a small decrease in budget deficits for several years but a small increase in budget deficits thereafter. It is unclear whether the effect for the coming decade as a whole would be a small increase or a small decrease in budget deficits. '' On the cost side, the report cited higher wages paid by the government to some of its employees along with higher costs for certain procured goods and services. This might be offset by fewer government benefits paid, as some workers with higher incomes would receive fewer government transfer payments. On the revenue side, some would pay higher taxes and others less.
According to a survey conducted by economist Greg Mankiw, 79 % of economists agreed that "a minimum wage increases unemployment among young and unskilled workers. ''
A 2015 survey conducted by the University of New Hampshire Survey Center found that a majority of economists believed raising the minimum wage to $15 per hour would have negative effects on youth employment levels (83 %), adult employment levels (52 %), and the number of jobs available (76 %). Additionally, 67 % of economists surveyed believed that a $15 minimum wage would make it harder for small businesses with less than 50 employees to stay in business.
A 2006 survey conducted by Robert Whaples, professor of economics at Wake Forest University, found that, among the economists surveyed, opinions about the minimum wage were as follows:
In 2014, over 600 economists signed a letter in support of a $10.10 minimum wage increase with research suggesting that a minimum wage increase could have a small stimulative effect on the economy as low - wage workers spend their additional earnings, raising demand and job growth. Also, seven recipients of the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences were among 75 economists endorsing an increase in the minimum wage for U.S. workers and said "the weight '' of economic research shows higher pay does n't lead to fewer jobs.
According to a February 2013 survey of the University of Chicago IGM Forum, which includes approximately 40 economists:
According to a fall 2000 survey conducted by Fuller and Geide - Stevenson, 73.5 % (27.9 % of which agreed with provisos) of American economists surveyed agreed that minimum wage laws increase unemployment among unskilled and young workers, while 26.5 % disagreed with the statement.
Economist Paul Krugman advocated raising the minimum wage moderately in 2013, citing several reasons, including:
Former President Bill Clinton advocated raising the minimum wage in 2014: "I think we ought to raise the minimum wage because it does n't just raise wages for the three or four million people who are directly affected by it, it bumps the wage structure everywhere... The estimates are that 35 million Americans would get a pay raise if the federal minimum wage was raised... If you (raise the minimum wage) in a phased way, it always creates jobs. Why? Because people who make the minimum wage or near it are struggling to get by, they spend every penny they make, they turn it over in the economy, they create jobs, they create opportunity, and they take better care of their children. It 's just the right thing to do, but it 's also very good economics. ''
The Pew Center reported in January 2014 that 73 % of Americans supported raising the minimum wage from $7.25 to $10. By party, 53 % of Republicans and 90 % of Democrats favored this action. Pew found a racial difference for support of a higher minimum wage in 2017 with most blacks and Hispanics supporting a $15.00 federal minimum wage, and 54 % of whites opposing it.
A Lake Research Partners poll in February 2012 found the following:
This is a list of the minimum wages (per hour) in each state and territory of the United States, for jobs covered by federal minimum wage laws. If the job is not subject to the federal Fair Labor Standards Act, then state, city, or other local laws may determine the minimum wage. A common exemption to the federal minimum wage is a company having revenue of less than $500,000 per year while not engaging in any interstate commerce.
Under the federal law, workers who receive a portion of their salary from tips, such as waitstaff, are required only to have their total compensation, including tips, meet the minimum wage. Therefore, often, their hourly wage, before tips, is less than the minimum wage. Seven states, and Guam, do not allow for a tip credit. Additional exemptions to the minimum wage include many seasonal employees, student employees, and certain disabled employees as specified by the FLSA.
In addition, some counties and cities within states may observe a higher minimum wage than the rest of the state in which they are located; sometimes this higher wage will apply only to businesses that are under contract to the local government itself, while in other cases the higher minimum will be enforced across the board.
The average US minimum wage per capita (2017) is $8.49 based on the population size of each state and generally represents the average minimum wage experienced by a person working in one of the fifty US states. Cities, counties, districts, and territories are not included in the calculation. As of October 2016, there have been 29 states with a minimum wage higher than the federal minimum. From 2014 to 2015, nine states increased their minimum wage levels through automatic adjustments, while increases in 11 other states occurred through referendum or legislative action. Beginning in January 2017, Massachusetts and Washington state have the highest minimum wages in the country, at $11.00 per hour. New York City 's minimum wage will be $15.00 per hour by the end of 2018. -
For employees working in Prince George 's County, the minimum wage is $10.75 per hour, effective October 1, 2016, and increases to $11.50 on October 1, 2017.
For employees working in Montgomery County, the minimum wage is $11.50 per hour starting July 1, 2017. County Council bill 12 - 16 was enacted on January 17, 2017 to adjust the minimum wage to $15 and base future adjustments on the Consumer Price Index, but was later vetoed by the County Executive.
A 2016 law changed the minimum wage over the following six years. "Large '' employers have 11 or more employees, and "small '' have between 1 and 10. "Downstate '' includes Nassau, Suffolk, and Westchester Counties. NYC large employers: $11.00, NYC small employers: $10.50, Downstate employers: $10.00, Upstate employers: $9.70. As of December 31, 2017: NYC large employers: $13.00; NYC small employers: $12.00; Downstate employers: $11.00; Upstate employers: $10.40. As of December 31, 2018: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $13.50; Downstate employers: $12.00; Upstate employers: $11.10. As of December 31, 2019: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $13.00; Upstate employers: $12.50. As of December 31, 2020: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $14.00; Upstate employers: $12.50. As of December 31, 2021: NYC large employers: $15.00; NYC small employers: $15.00; Downstate employers: $15.00; Upstate employers: Set by Commissioner of Labor based on economic conditions, up to $15.00.
Tipped food service workers will be paid $7.50 per hour, or two - thirds of the applicable minimum wage rate rounded to the nearest $0.05, whichever is higher.
Puerto Rico also has minimum wage rates that vary according to the industry. These rates range from a minimum of $5.08 to $7.25 per hour.
In accordance with a law signed on June 27, 2016, the minimum wage will be $12.50 per hour as of July 1, 2017; $13.25 per hour as of July 1, 2018; 14.00 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $15.00 per hour as of July 1, 2020. As of each successive July 1, the minimum wage will increase by the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers in the Washington Metropolitan Statistical Area for the preceding twelve months.
The minimum wage for tipped - employees will increase to $4.17 per hour as of July 1, 2018; $4.87 per hour as of July 1, 2019; and $5.55 per hour as of July 1, 2020.
The minimum wage established by the federal government may be paid to newly hired individuals during their first 90 calendar days of employment, students employed by colleges and universities, and individuals under 18 years of age.
The jobs that are most likely to be directly affected by the minimum wage are those which pay a wage close to the minimum.
According to the May 2006 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, the four lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2006 (when the federal minimum wage was $5.15 per hour) were the following:
Two years later, in May 2008, when the federal minimum wage was $5.85 per hour and was about to increase to $6.55 per hour in July 2008, these same sectors were still the lowest - paying, but their situation (according to Bureau of Labor Statistics data) was:
In 2006, workers in the following 13 individual occupations received, on average, a median hourly wage of less than $8.00 per hour:
In 2008, only two occupations paid a median wage less than $8.00 per hour:
According to the May 2009 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, the lowest - paid occupational sectors in May 2009 (when the federal minimum wage was $7.25 per hour) were the following:
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who sang the song i will always love you | I Will Always Love You - wikipedia
"I Will Always Love You '' is a song originally written and recorded in 1973 by American singer - songwriter Dolly Parton. Her country version of the track was released in 1974 as a single and was written as a farewell to her one - time partner and mentor of seven years, Porter Wagoner, following Parton 's decision to pursue a solo career.
Parton 's version of "I Will Always Love You '' was a commercial success. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart twice. It first reached number one in June 1974, and then in October 1982, with her re-recording on the soundtrack of the movie version of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. Thus, she achieved the number one position twice with the same song, a rare feat that Chubby Checker had done previously with "The Twist '' becoming number one in 1960 and again in 1962.
Whitney Houston recorded her version of the song for the 1992 film The Bodyguard. Her single spent 14 weeks at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart making it one of the best - selling singles of all time. It also holds the record for being the best - selling single by a woman in music history. Houston 's version of "I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the charts in 2012 after her death, making it the second single ever to reach the top three on the Billboard Hot 100 in separate chart runs. The song has been recorded by many other significant artists including Linda Ronstadt and John Doe.
Country music singer - songwriter Dolly Parton wrote the song in 1973 for her one - time partner and mentor Porter Wagoner, from whom she was separating professionally after a seven - year partnership. She recorded it in RCA 's Studio B in Nashville on June 13, 1973. "I Will Always Love You '' was issued on June 6, 1974, as the second single from Parton 's thirteenth solo studio album, Jolene (1974). In 1982, Parton re-recorded the song, when it was included on the soundtrack to the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. In addition to the 1982 re-recording for the soundtrack album, Parton 's original 1974 recording of the song also appeared in Martin Scorsese 's film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore, and the 1996 film It 's My Party. The song also won Parton Female Vocalist of the Year at the 1975 CMA Awards.
Author Curtis W. Ellison stated that the song "speaks about the breakup of a relationship between a man and a woman that does not descend into unremitting domestic turmoil, but instead envisions parting with respect -- because of the initiative of the woman ''. According to sheet music published at musicnotes.com by Hal Leonard Corporation, the country love track is set in a time signature of common time with a tempo of 66 beats per minute. (Larghetto / Adagio) Although Parton found much success with the song, many people are unaware of its origin; during an interview, Parton 's manager Danny Nozel said that "one thing we found out from American Idol is that most people do n't know that Dolly Parton wrote (the track) ''.
Several times (long before Whitney Houston recorded the song), Dolly Parton asked singer Patti Labelle to record "I Will Always Love You '' because she felt Patti could have sung it so well. However, Patti admitted she kept putting off the opportunity to do so and later deeply regretted it after she heard Whitney Houston 's wonderful rendition.
During its original release in 1974, "I Will Always Love You '' reached number four in Canada on the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart and peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart, becoming one of the best selling singles of 1974.
When Parton re-recorded the song in 1982 for the soundtrack of the film The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas, the track was issued as a single and once again charted at number one on Hot Country Songs -- making her the first artist ever to earn a number one record twice with the same song. After recording a duet with Vince Gill in 1995 for the album Something Special, "I Will Always Love You '' re-entered the Billboard chart and peaked at number 15. Another duet version of the song was released in 2017 with Michael Bolton from his album Songs of Cinema.
When the 1974 recording of the song was reaching number one on the country charts, Elvis Presley indicated that he wanted to cover the song. Parton was interested until Presley 's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, told her that it was standard procedure for the songwriter to sign over half of the publishing rights to any song Elvis recorded. Parton refused. She recalls:
I said, ' I 'm really sorry, ' and I cried all night. I mean, it was like the worst thing. You know, it 's like, Oh, my God... Elvis Presley. ' And other people were saying, ' You 're nuts. It 's Elvis Presley. '... I said, ' I ca n't do that. Something in my heart says, ' Do n't do that. And I just did n't do it... He would have killed it. But anyway, so he did n't. Then when Whitney (Houston 's version) came out, I made enough money to buy Graceland.
In Curtis W. Ellison 's book, Country Music Culture: From Hard Times to Heaven (1995), he stated: "In the early 1990s, when ambiguity in romantic relationships accompanies changing expectations for both men and women, this song demonstrates Dolly Parton 's appeal as a songwriter in the pop music market. '' Ken Knight, author of The Midnight Show: Late Night Cable - TV "Guy - Flicks '' of the ' 80s (2008), commented that Parton is the only singer who can sing "I Will Always Love You '' and "make it memorable ''. Writer Paul Simpson criticized the singer, stating that the track was only written to "soften the blow '' of Parton and Wagoner 's split.
In 1992, R&B singer Whitney Houston recorded a new arrangement of "I Will Always Love You '' for the soundtrack to The Bodyguard, her film debut. The song has a saxophone solo by Kirk Whalum. She was originally to record Jimmy Ruffin 's "What Becomes of the Brokenhearted '' as the lead single from The Bodyguard. However, when it was discovered the song was to be used for Fried Green Tomatoes, Houston requested a different song. It was her co-star Kevin Costner who suggested "I Will Always Love You '', playing her Linda Ronstadt 's 1975 version from her album Prisoner in Disguise. Producer David Foster re-arranged the song as a soul ballad. Her record company did not feel a song with an a cappella introduction would be as successful; however, Houston and Costner insisted on retaining it. When Parton heard that Houston was using Ronstadt 's recording as a template, she called Foster to give him the final verse, which was missing from the Ronstadt recording, as she felt it was important to the song. The tenor saxophone solo was played by Kirk Whalum. Whitney Houston 's recording is not the only version of the song featured in the movie. In a scene where she dances with Kevin Costner, a version by John Doe can be heard playing on a jukebox.
Houston 's version appears at No. 9 on NME 's Greatest No 1 Singles in History list. In 2004, Houston 's version of "I Will Always Love You '' finished at # 65 on AFI 's 100 Years... 100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema. It was also ranked at number 22 on The Guardian 's list of Britain 's favorite 100 songs, published in May 2002. In February 2014, the song was placed at number six on Billboard 's list of the Top 50 ' Love ' Songs of All Time.
A live performance was included on the 1999 release Divas Live ' 99, and on the 2014 CD / DVD release of Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances, a 1994 performance of the song was included as well.
The single spent 14 weeks at the top of the US Billboard Hot 100, which at the time was a record. It became Houston 's longest run at number one, surpassing her previous record of three weeks with the "Greatest Love of All '' in 1986. It is also the longest running number one single from a soundtrack album.
It debuted at number 40 on the Billboard Hot 100, and became Houston 's tenth number one entry two weeks later. It also dominated other Billboard charts, spending 14 weeks at the top of Billboard Hot 100 Single Sales chart, and 11 weeks at number one on its Hot 100 Airplay chart. The song also remained at number one for five weeks on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks, and for 11 weeks on the Hot R&B Singles chart becoming the longest running number one on the R&B charts at the time; it remained in the top 40 for 24 weeks. It became Arista Records ' biggest hit. The song was number one on the Hot 100, Adult Contemporary, and R&B chart simultaneously for a record - equaling five weeks; Ray Charles ' "I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' in 1962 achieved the same feat on the same charts.
The song stayed at number one in the United States throughout January and February 1993, making it the first time Billboard did not rank a new number one single until March of the new year. Houston 's "I Will Always Love You '' was also the year - end single of 1993 in the US. Similarly, in the UK, Houston 's version was ranked the number one single of 1992, and then made the countdown again in 1993 where it was ranked number nine, marking the first time any artist or group had the same single ranked in the top 10 of the year - end review two years in a row. In Australia, it was the number 17 single of 1992 and the number two song of 1993.
Houston 's single was also an international success, peaking at number one of the singles charts in almost all countries, including the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles, where it spent 13 weeks at the top. The single ruled the summit position for ten weeks in Australia, five weeks in Austria, seven weeks for Belgium, eight weeks in France, six weeks in Germany, eight weeks in Ireland, two weeks in Italy, six weeks in Netherlands, 11 weeks in New Zealand, nine weeks in Norway, one week in Spain, six weeks in Sweden, eight weeks in Switzerland, and ten weeks in the United Kingdom. Houston 's 10 - week reign in the UK set the record for the longest run at the top by a solo female artist in the history of the British singles chart. It is the only single to have topped the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australian singles charts for at least ten weeks.
Only a few hours after Houston 's death on February 11, 2012, "I Will Always Love You '' topped the US iTunes charts. Also, in the week following her death, the single returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost 20 years, debuting at number 7, and becoming a posthumous top - ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. The song eventually peaked at No. 3, two spots shy of becoming the first song to return to the No. 1 position after falling off the chart since "The Twist '' by Chubby Checker. It debuted on the Billboard Hot Digital Singles Chart at number 3 on the chart dated February 25, 2012, with over 195,000 copies downloaded. In the United Kingdom, the song charted at number 10 the week of Houston 's death.
Houston 's single sold approximately 400,000 copies in its second week at the top of the charts, making it the best - selling song in a single week surpassing Bryan Adams ' "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You ''. It broke its own record in the following three weeks, peaking at 632,000 copies in the week ending December 27, 1992. The January 9, 1993 issue of Billboard reported it had broken its own record for most copies sold in a single week for any song in the Nielsen SoundsScan era. This record was broken by Elton John 's "Candle in the Wind 1997 / Something About the Way You Look Tonight '', which sold 3.4 million in the final week of September 1997. "I Will Always Love You '' was certified four times Platinum in the US for shipments of over 4 million copies by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 12, 1993, making Houston the first female artist with a single to reach that level in RIAA history. According to Nielsen SoundScan, as of 2009, the single had sold 4,591,000 copies, and had become the second best - selling physical single in US alone, only behind Elton John 's single in 1997.
In the United Kingdom, the single sold over 1,550,000 copies, becoming the tenth best - selling single of the 1990s, and was certified two times Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 1, 1993. It was certified Platinum for shipments of over 500,000 copies by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI) in Germany. In Japan, "I Will Always Love You '' sold over 810,000 copies, staying for 27 weeks on the chart, and became the best - selling single by a foreign female artist at the time, despite not topping the charts.
Houston 's version was later called her "signature song ''. Stephen Holden of The New York Times said it was a "magnificent rendition '', commenting
Houston transforms a plaintive country ballad into a towering pop - gospel assertion of lasting devotion to a departing lover. Her voice breaking and tensing, she treats the song as a series of emotional bursts in a steady climb toward a final full - out declamation. Along the way, her virtuosic gospel embellishments enhance the emotion and never seem merely ornamental.
Writing for USA Today on November 17, 1992, James T. Jones IV called it a "tour - de-force '', and added "(Houston) gives a 3 ⁄ - star (out of four) performance. Where Dolly Parton 's original ' I Will Always Love You ' was plaintive and tear - stained, Houston 's is gospel - infused and dramatic. '' Chris Willman of the Los Angeles Times stated: "Houston has the goods to deliver on the tune 's haunting beauty and resists overpowering it -- until the finale, when the key change and stratospheric notes drain all the heart - rending sadness out of the song and make it sound like just another anthem of survival. '' Amy Linden of Entertainment Weekly wrote Houston 's version "is artistically satisfying and uncharacteristically hip for the MOR songbird. '' Stewart Mason of AllMusic found Houston 's cover "repulsively overwrought... so boomingly bombastic and glutinous with self - approbation that the tenderness of Dolly Parton 's song is lost in the mire ''.
"I Will Always Love You '' won the 1994 Grammy Award for Record of the Year, and Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, her third award for this category after earlier awards in 1986 and 1988. During the Grammy Award telecast, the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Female was presented to Houston by composer Dolly Parton and David Foster. The single topped the 1993 Billboard Hot 100 and Hot R&B Singles year - end charts simultaneously, becoming the first single by a female artist and the second overall to achieve that feat behind Prince 's "When Doves Cry '' in 1984. In addition, it received Favorite Pop / Rock Single and Favorite Soul / R&B Single awards at the 21st American Music Awards, which was the first record by a solo female artist to win both categories, and the third overall in AMA history behind "Endless Love '' by Lionel Richie & Diana Ross in 1982 and "Beat It '' by Michael Jackson in 1984. "I Will Always Love You '' won two Japan Gold Disc Awards in 1993 for International Song of the Year, and a 1994 International Song of the Year Special Award for Japanese sales of over one million units.
In 2015, "I Will Always Love You '' was named the # 1 Song of the Rock Era in the book The Top 500 Songs of the Rock Era: 1955 - 2015.
After Whitney Houston 's recording of the song became a hit in 1992, the tabloid press began reporting on a ' feud ' between the two performers, stemming from Dolly Parton allegedly reneging on an agreement that she would not perform the song for a number of months while Houston 's version was on the charts, so as not to compete with Houston 's recording. However, both Parton and Houston dispelled any rumors, speaking glowingly of one another in interviews. Houston praised Parton for writing a beautiful song. In return, Parton thanked Houston for bringing her song to a wider audience and increasing the amount of royalties for her song in the process. Dolly Parton also gave a live interview, confirming this.
When Houston won the Record of the Year award at the 1994 Grammy Awards for the recording, Parton (along with David Foster) presented her with the award.
In a statement to Billboard on the day of Houston 's death in February 2012, Parton said:
Mine is only one of the millions of hearts broken over the death of Whitney Houston. I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, ' Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed. '
The single 's music video, is credited to Alan Smithee (Nick Brandt removed his name due to the way Clive Davis re-edited the video), and produced by Rob Newman. It begins with the performance of the song Houston gives at the end of The Bodyguard. The video then cuts to Houston in a dark blue suit sitting in an empty theater with the spotlight shining on her, singing of her love, and at the end of the video, Houston 's theater changes into open camp circled by snow. The video is inter-cut with scenes from The Bodyguard and gives the viewer the experience of reliving the moments with the singer. At the time of the video 's shooting Houston was pregnant with her daughter Bobbi Kristina so is shown only sitting in the theater scenes.
' UK / Europe 12 '' vinyl single
UK / Europe / US 7 '' vinyl single
US / Europe Maxi - CD single
Maxi - CD singles (1999 Remixes)
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
Since Houston 's death in 2012, many other artists have performed tributes to the late singer 's version of the song. Jennifer Hudson performed the song in front of Houston, who received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer Lifetime Achievement spanning over 25 years in the industry. The 2010 BET Honors Awards was held at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C. and aired on February 1, 2010. On February 12, 2012, Hudson performed the song as a tribute during the 54th Grammy Awards, the day after Houston 's death, alongside images of musicians who had died in 2011 and 2012, including Amy Winehouse and Etta James. The song was played at Houston 's funeral as her casket was brought out of the church. Parton complimented Hudson on her performance, saying,
I was brought to tears again last night, as I 'm sure many were, when Jennifer Hudson sang "I Will Always Love You '' on the Grammys in memory of Whitney. Like everybody else, I am still in shock. But I know that Whitney will live forever in all the great music that she left behind. I will always have a very special piece of her in the song we shared together and had the good fortune to share with the world. Rest in peace, Whitney. Again, we will always love you.
In 2012, following Whitney Houston 's death, American singer Beyoncé performed a tribute to Houston during her revue Revel Presents: Beyoncé Live in Atlantic City, New Jersey at the Revel resort. She began the performance of her song "Halo '' singing the first verse of "I Will Always Love You '' a cappella.
Later, in 2013, during her The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour, Beyoncé also sang the opening lines of "I Will Always Love You '' prior to the performance of "Halo '' as the final song of the tour. At the 2017 Commencement of the University of Southern California, Will Ferrell sang "I Will Always Love You '' to the graduating class. See Washington Post commentary:
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what was the cause of the great depression in 1930 | Causes of the Great Depression - wikipedia
The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate. They are part of the larger debate about economic crises. The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established. There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a "panic sell - off '' of assets. This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment (over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932) and impoverishment. However, economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression.
Current mainstream theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view. There are also several heterodox explanations. Of the mainstream views, the first are the demand - driven theories, from Keynesian and institutional economists who argue that the depression was caused by a widespread loss of confidence that led to underconsumption. The demand - driven theories argue that the financial crisis following the 1929 crash led to a sudden and persistent reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money therefore became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand.
Second, there are the monetarists, who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities (especially the Federal Reserve) caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression. Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms.
There are also various heterodox theories that reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. Some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression. The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply and how central banking decisions can lead to malinvestment. Marxian economists view the Great Depression, with all other economic crises, as a symptom of the classism and instability inherent in the capitalist model.
The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian (demand - driven) and the monetarist explanation. There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists.
Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression. Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations.
There is consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse. If the FED had done that the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter.
In his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), British economist John Maynard Keynes introduced concepts that were intended to help explain the Great Depression. He argued that there are reasons why the self - correcting mechanisms that many economists claimed should work during a downturn might not work.
One argument for a non-interventionist policy during a recession was that if consumption fell due to savings, the savings would cause the rate of interest to fall. According to the classical economists, lower interest rates would lead to increased investment spending and demand would remain constant. However, Keynes argues that there are good reasons why investment does not necessarily increase in response to a fall in the interest rate. Businesses make investments based on expectations of profit. Therefore, if a fall in consumption appears to be long - term, businesses analyzing trends will lower expectations of future sales. Therefore, the last thing they are interested in doing is investing in increasing future production, even if lower interest rates make capital inexpensive. In that case, the economy can be thrown into a general slump due to a decline in consumption. According to Keynes, this self - reinforcing dynamic is what occurred to an extreme degree during the Depression, where bankruptcies were common and investment, which requires a degree of optimism, was very unlikely to occur. This view is often characterized by economists as being in opposition to Say 's Law.
The idea that reduced capital investment was a cause of the depression is a central theme in secular stagnation theory.
Keynes argued that if the national government spent more money to recover the money spent by consumers and business firms, unemployment rates would fall. The solution was for the Federal Reserve System to "create new money for the national government to borrow and spend '' and to cut taxes rather than raising them, in order for consumers to spend more, and other beneficial factors. Hoover chose to do the opposite of what Keynes thought to be the solution and allowed the federal government to raise taxes exceedingly to reduce the budget shortage brought upon by the depression. Keynes proclaimed that more workers could be employed by decreasing interest rates, encouraging firms to borrow more money and make more products. Employment would prevent the government from having to spend any more money by increasing the amount at which consumers would spend. Keynes ' theory was then confirmed by the length of the Great Depression within the United States and the constant unemployment rate. Employment rates began to rise in preparation for World War II by increasing government spending. "In light of these developments, the Keynesian explanation of the Great Depression was increasingly accepted by economists, historians, and politicians ''.
In their 1963 book A Monetary History of the United States, 1867 -- 1960, Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression. Essentially, the Great Depression, in their view, was caused by the fall of the money supply. Friedman and Schwartz write: "From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933, the stock of money fell by over a third. '' The result was what Friedman calls the "Great Contraction '' -- a period of falling income, prices, and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply. Friedman and Schwartz argue that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying. As a result, people hoarded money by consuming less. This caused a contraction in employment and production since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall. The Fed 's failure was in not realizing what was happening and not taking corrective action.
After the Depression, the primary explanations of it tended to ignore the importance of the money supply. However, in the monetarist view, the Depression was "in fact a tragic testimonial to the importance of monetary forces. '' In their view, the failure of the Federal Reserve to deal with the Depression was not a sign that monetary policy was impotent, but that the Federal Reserve implemented the wrong policies. They did not claim the Fed caused the depression, only that it failed to use policies that might have stopped a recession from turning into a depression.
The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust. The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics, the most significant occurring in 1873, 1893, 1901, 1907, and 1920. Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve, the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. (such as in the Panic of 1907) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency. Starting in 1893, there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during these crises, providing liquidity to banks that were suffering runs. During the banking panic of 1907, an ad - hoc coalition assembled by J.P. Morgan successfully intervened in this way, thereby cutting off the panic, which was likely the reason why the depression that would normally have followed a banking panic did not happen this time. A call by some for a government version of this solution resulted in the establishment of the Federal Reserve.
But in 1928 -- 32, the Federal Reserve did not act to provide liquidity to banks suffering runs. In fact, its policy contributed to the banking crisis by permitting a sudden contraction of the money supply. During the Roaring Twenties, the central bank had set as its primary goal "price stability '', in part because the governor of the New York Federal Reserve, Benjamin Strong, was a disciple of Irving Fisher, a tremendously popular economist who popularized stable prices as a monetary goal. It had kept the number of dollars at such an amount that prices of goods in society appeared stable. In 1928, Strong died, and with his death this policy ended, to be replaced with a real bills doctrine requiring that all currency or securities have material goods backing them. This policy permitted the US money supply to fall by over a third from 1929 to 1933.
When this money shortage caused runs on banks, the Fed maintained its true bills policy, refusing to lend money to the banks in the way that had cut short the 1907 panic, instead allowing each to suffer a catastrophic run and fail entirely. This policy resulted in a series of bank failures in which one - third of all banks vanished. According to Ben Bernanke, the subsequent credit crunches led to waves of bankruptcies. Friedman said that if a policy similar to 1907 had been followed during the banking panic at the end of 1930, perhaps this would have stopped the vicious circle of the forced liquidation of assets at depressed prices. Consequently, the banking panics of 1931, 1932, and 1933 might not have happened, just as suspension of convertibility in 1893 and 1907 had quickly ended the liquidity crises at the time. ''
Monetarist explanations had been rejected in Samuelson 's work Economics, writing "Today few economists regard Federal Reserve monetary policy as a panacea for controlling the business cycle. Purely monetary factors are considered to be as much symptoms as causes, albeit symptoms with aggravating effects that should not be completely neglected. '' According to Keynesian economist Paul Krugman, the work of Friedman and Schwartz became dominant among mainstream economists by the 1980s but should be reconsidered in light of Japan 's Lost Decade of the 1990s. The role of monetary policy in financial crises is in active debate regarding the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis; see Causes of the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis.
The monetary explanation has two weaknesses. First it is not able to explain why the demand for money was falling more rapidly than the supply during the initial downturn in 1930 -- 31. Second it is not able to explain why in March 1933 a recovery took place although short term interest rates remained close to zero and the Money supply was still falling. These questions are addressed by modern explanations that build on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz but add non-monetary explanations.
Total debt to GDP levels in the U.S. reached a high of just under 300 % by the time of the Depression. This level of debt was not exceeded again until near the end of the 20th century.
Jerome (1934) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period:
Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period.
Furthermore, Jerome says that the volume of new capital issues increased at a 7.7 % compounded annual rate from 1922 -- 29 at a time when the Standard Statistics Co. 's index of 60 high grade bonds yielded from 4.98 % in 1923 to 4.47 % in 1927.
There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s, especially in Florida, which burst in 1925. Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 %. See also: Florida land boom of the 1920s
Irving Fisher argued the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was over-indebtedness and deflation. Fisher tied loose credit to over-indebtedness, which fueled speculation and asset bubbles. He then outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust. The chain of events proceeded as follows:
During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression, margin requirements were only 10 %. Brokerage firms, in other words, would lend $90 for every $10 an investor had deposited. When the market fell, brokers called in these loans, which could not be paid back. Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse, triggering multiple bank runs. Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used. Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets.
Outstanding debts became heavier, because prices and incomes fell by 20 -- 50 % but the debts remained at the same dollar amount. After the panic of 1929, and during the first 10 months of 1930, 744 US banks failed. (In all, 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s). By April 1933, around $7 billion in deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the March Bank Holiday.
Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans, which the borrowers did not have time or money to repay. With future profits looking poor, capital investment and construction slowed or completely ceased. In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects, the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending. Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans, which intensified deflationary pressures. A vicious cycle developed and the downward spiral accelerated.
The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices it caused. The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed, relative to the value of declining asset holdings. The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively increased it. Paradoxically, the more the debtors paid, the more they owed. This self - aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression.
Fisher 's debt - deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt - deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group (debtors) to another (creditors). Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects.
Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz as well as the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher, Ben Bernanke developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output. He builds on Fisher 's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently leads to lowered aggregate demand, a further decline in the price level then results in a debt deflationary spiral. According to Bernanke, a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy. But when the deflation is severe falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets. Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions, that in turn leads to a credit crunch which does serious harm to the economy. A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption and results in declining aggregate demand which additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral.
Economist Steve Keen revived the debt - reset theory after he accurately predicted the 2008 recession based on his analysis of the Great Depression, and recently advised Congress to engage in debt - forgiveness or direct payments to citizens in order to avoid future financial events. Some people support the debt - reset theory.
Expectations have been a central element of macroeconomic models since the economic mainstream accepted the new neoclassical synthesis. While not rejecting that it was inadequate demand that sustained the depression, according to Peter Temin, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the key to recovery and the end of the Great Depression was the successful management of public expectations. This thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession, important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933, just as Franklin D. Roosevelt took office. Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933. There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround. Money supply was still falling and short term interest rates remained close to zero. Before March 1933, people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment. But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion. With those expectations, interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment as planned. Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible. The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued, the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933, and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933.
The recession of 1937 -- 38, which slowed down economic recovery from the great depression, is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 would be first steps to a restoration of the pre March 1933 policy regime.
Austrian economists argue that the Great Depression was the inevitable outcome of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve during the 1920s. In their opinion, the central bank 's policy was an "easy credit policy '' which led to an unsustainable credit - driven boom. In the Austrian view, the inflation of the money supply during this period led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices (stocks and bonds) and capital goods. By the time the Federal Reserve belatedly tightened monetary policy in 1928, it was too late to avoid a significant economic contraction. Austrians argue that government intervention after the crash of 1929 delayed the market 's adjustment and made the road to complete recovery more difficult.
Acceptance of the Austrian explanation of what primarily caused the Great Depression is compatible with either acceptance or denial of the Monetarist explanation. Austrian economist Murray Rothbard, who wrote America 's Great Depression (1963), rejected the Monetarist explanation. He criticized Milton Friedman 's assertion that the central bank failed to sufficiently increase the supply of money, claiming instead that the Federal Reserve did pursue an inflationary policy when, in 1932, it purchased $1.1 billion of government securities, which raised its total holding to $1.8 billion. Rothbard says that despite the central bank 's policies, "total bank reserves only rose by $212 million, while the total money supply fell by $3 billion ''. The reason for this, he argues, is that the American populace lost faith in the banking system and began hoarding more cash, a factor very much beyond the control of the Central Bank. The potential for a run on the banks caused local bankers to be more conservative in lending out their reserves, which, according to Rothbard 's argument, was the cause of the Federal Reserve 's inability to inflate.
Friedrich Hayek had criticised the FED and the Bank of England in the 1930s for not taking a more contractionary stance. However, in 1975, Hayek admitted that he made a mistake in the 1930s in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been ambivalent: "At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy. In 1978, he made it clear that he agreed with the point of view of the Monetarists, saying, "I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred, the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy '', and that he was as opposed to deflation as he was to inflation. Concordantly, economist Lawrence White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek is inconsistent with a monetary policy which permits a severe contraction of the money supply.
Hans Sennholz argued that most boom and busts that plagued the American economy in 1819 -- 20, 1839 -- 43, 1857 -- 60, 1873 -- 78, 1893 -- 97, and 1920 -- 21, were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit, which was soon followed by the inevitable bust. The spectacular crash of 1929 followed five years of reckless credit expansion by the Federal Reserve System under the Coolidge Administration. The passing of the Sixteenth Amendment, the passage of The Federal Reserve Act, rising government deficits, the passage of the Hawley - Smoot Tariff Act, and the Revenue Act of 1932, exacerbated the crisis, prolonging it.
Marxists generally argue that the Great Depression was the result of the inherent instability of the capitalist model.
In addition to the debt deflation there was a component of productivity deflation that had been occurring since The Great Deflation of the last quarter of the 19th century. There may have also been a continuation of the correction to the sharp inflation caused by WW I.
Oil prices reached their all - time low in the early 1930s as production began from the East Texas Oil Field, the largest field ever found in the lower 48 states. With the oil market oversupplied prices locally fell to below ten cents per barrel.
In the first three decades of the 20th century productivity and economic output surged due in part to electrification, mass production and the increasing motorization of transportation and farm machinery. Electrification and mass production techniques such as Fordism permanently lowered the demand for labor relative to economic output. By the late 1920s the resultant rapid growth in productivity and investment in manufacturing meant there was a considerable excess production capacity.
Sometime after the peak of the business cycle in 1923, more workers were displaced by productivity improvements than growth in the employment market could meet, causing unemployment to slowly rise after 1925. Also, the work week fell slightly in the decade prior to the depression. Wages did not keep up with productivity growth, which led to the problem of underconsumption.
Henry Ford and Edward A. Filene were among prominent businessmen who were concerned with overproduction and underconsumption. Ford doubled wages of his workers in 1914. The over-production problem was also discussed in Congress, with Senator Reed Smoot proposing an import tariff, which became the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act. The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff was enacted in June, 1930. The tariff was misguided because the U.S. had been running a trade account surplus during the 1920s.
Another effect of rapid technological change was that after 1910 the rate of capital investment slowed, primarily due to reduced investment in business structures.
The depression led to additional large numbers of plant closings.
It can not be emphasized too strongly that the (productivity, output and employment) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929. These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression, nor are they the result of the World War. On the contrary, the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends. -- M. King Hubbert
In the book Mechanization in Industry, whose publication was sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research, Jerome (1934) noted that whether mechanization tends to increase output or displace labor depends on the elasticity of demand for the product. In addition, reduced costs of production were not always passed on to consumers. It was further noted that agriculture was adversely affected by the reduced need for animal feed as horses and mules were displaced by inanimate sources of power following WW I. As a related point, Jerome also notes that the term "technological unemployment '' was being used to describe the labor situation during the depression.
Some portion of the increased unemployment which characterized the post-War years in the United States may be attributed to the mechanization of industries producing commodities of inelastic demand. -- Fredrick C. Wells, 1934
The dramatic rise in productivity of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output, wages and the work week are discussed by a Brookings Institution sponsored book.
Corporations decided to lay off workers and reduced the amount of raw materials they purchased to manufacture their products. This decision was made to cut the production of goods because of the amount of products that were not being sold.
Joseph Stiglitz and Bruce Greenwald suggested that it was a productivity - shock in agriculture, through fertilizers, mechanization and improved seed, that caused the drop in agricultural product prices. Farmers were forced off the land, further adding to the excess labor supply.
The prices of agricultural products began to decline after WW I and eventually many farmers were forced out of business, causing the failure of hundreds of small rural banks. Agricultural productivity resulting from tractors, fertilizers and hybrid corn was only part of the problem; the other problem was the change over from horses and mules to internal combustion transportation. The horse and mule population began declining after WW 1, freeing up enormous quantities of land previously used for animal feed.
The rise of the internal combustion engine and increasing numbers of motorcars and buses also halted the growth of electric street railways.
The years 1929 to 1941 had the highest total factor productivity growth in the history of the U.S., largely due to the productivity increases in public utilities, transportation and trade.
Economists such as Waddill Catchings, William Trufant Foster, Rexford Tugwell, Adolph Berle (and later John Kenneth Galbraith), popularized a theory that had some influence on Franklin D. Roosevelt. This theory held that the economy produced more goods than consumers could purchase, because the consumers did not have enough income. According to this view, in the 1920s wages had increased at a lower rate than productivity growth, which had been high. Most of the benefit of the increased productivity went into profits, which went into the stock market bubble rather than into consumer purchases. Thus workers did not have enough income to absorb the large amount of capacity that had been added.
According to this view, the root cause of the Great Depression was a global overinvestment while the level of wages and earnings from independent businesses fell short of creating enough purchasing power. It was argued that government should intervene by an increased taxation of the rich to help make income more equal. With the increased revenue the government could create public works to increase employment and ' kick start ' the economy. In the USA the economic policies had been quite the opposite until 1932. The Revenue Act of 1932 and public works programmes introduced in Hoover 's last year as president and taken up by Roosevelt, created some redistribution of purchasing power.
The stock market crash made it evident that banking systems Americans were relying on were not dependable. Americans looked towards insubstantial banking units for their own liquidity supply. As the economy began to fail, these banks were no longer able to support those who depended on their assets -- they did not hold as much power as the larger banks. During the depression, "three waves of bank failures shook the economy. '' The first wave came just when the economy was heading in the direction of recovery at the end of 1930 and the beginning of 1931. The second wave of bank failures occurred "after the Federal Reserve System raised the rediscount rate to staunch an outflow of gold '' around the end of 1931. The last wave, which began in the middle of 1932, was the worst and most devastating, continuing "almost to the point of a total breakdown of the banking system in the winter of 1932 -- 1933. '' The reserve banks led the United States into an even deeper depression between 1931 and 1933, due to their failure to appreciate and put to use the powers they withheld -- capable of creating money -- as well as the "inappropriate monetary policies pursued by them during these years ''.
According to the gold standard theory of the Depression, the Depression was largely caused by the decision of most western nations after World War I to return to the gold standard at the pre-war gold price. Monetary policy, according to this view, was thereby put into a deflationary setting that would over the next decade slowly grind away at the health of many European economies.
This post-war policy was preceded by an inflationary policy during World War I, when many European nations abandoned the gold standard, forced by the enormous costs of the war. This resulted in inflation because the supply of new money that was created was spent on war, not on investments in productivity to increase demand that would have neutralized inflation. The view is that the quantity of new money introduced largely determines the inflation rate, and therefore, the cure to inflation is to reduce the amount of new currency created for purposes that are destructive or wasteful, and do not lead to economic growth.
After the war, when America and the nations of Europe went back on the gold standard, most nations decided to return to the gold standard at the pre-war price. When Britain, for example, passed the Gold Standard Act of 1925, thereby returning Britain to the gold standard, the critical decision was made to set the new price of the Pound Sterling at parity with the pre-war price even though the pound was then trading on the foreign exchange market at a much lower price. At the time, this action was criticized by John Maynard Keynes and others, who argued that in so doing, they were forcing a revaluation of wages without any tendency to equilibrium. Keynes ' criticism of Winston Churchill 's form of the return to the gold standard implicitly compared it to the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles.
One of the reasons for setting the currencies at parity with the pre-war price was the prevailing opinion at that time that deflation was not a danger, while inflation, particularly the inflation in the Weimar Republic, was an unbearable danger. Another reason was that those who had loaned in nominal amounts hoped to recover the same value in gold that they had lent. Because of the reparations that Germany had to pay France, Germany began a credit - fueled period of growth in order to export and sell enough goods abroad to gain gold to pay the reparations. The U.S., as the world 's gold sink, loaned money to Germany to industrialize, which was then the basis for Germany paying back France, and France paying back loans to the U.K. and the U.S. This arrangement was codified in the Dawes Plan.
In some cases, deflation can be hard on sectors of the economy such as agriculture, if they are deeply in debt at high interest rates and are unable to refinance, or that are dependent upon loans to finance capital goods when low interest rates are not available. Deflation erodes the price of commodities while increasing the real liability of debt. Deflation is beneficial to those with assets in cash, and to those who wish to invest or purchase assets or loan money.
More recent research, by economists such as Temin, Ben Bernanke, and Barry Eichengreen, has focused on the constraints policy makers were under at the time of the Depression. In this view, the constraints of the inter-war gold standard magnified the initial economic shock and were a significant obstacle to any actions that would ameliorate the growing Depression. According to them, the initial destabilizing shock may have originated with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 in the U.S., but it was the gold standard system that transmitted the problem to the rest of the world.
According to their conclusions, during a time of crisis, policy makers may have wanted to loosen monetary and fiscal policy, but such action would threaten the countries ' ability to maintain their obligation to exchange gold at its contractual rate. The gold standard required countries to maintain high interest rates to attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold. Therefore, governments had their hands tied as the economies collapsed, unless they abandoned their currency 's link to gold. Fixing the exchange rate of all countries on the gold standard ensured that the market for foreign exchange can only equilibrate through interest rates. As the Depression worsened, many countries started to abandon the gold standard, and those that abandoned it earlier suffered less from deflation and tended to recover more quickly.
Richard Timberlake, economist of the free banking school and protégé of Milton Friedman, specifically addressed this stance in his paper Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy, wherein he argued that the Federal Reserve actually had plenty of lee - way under the gold standard, as had been demonstrated by the price stability policy of New York Fed governor Benjamin Strong, between 1923 and 1928. But when Strong died in late 1928, the faction that took over dominance of the Fed advocated a real bills doctrine, where all money had to be represented by physical goods. This policy, forcing a 30 % deflation of the dollar that inevitably damaged the US economy, is stated by Timberlake as being arbitrary and avoidable, the existing gold standard having been capable of continuing without it:
Economic historians (especially Friedman and Schwartz) emphasize the importance of numerous bank failures. The failures were mostly in rural America. Structural weaknesses in the rural economy made local banks highly vulnerable. Farmers, already deeply in debt, saw farm prices plummet in the late 1920s and their implicit real interest rates on loans skyrocket.
Their land was already over-mortgaged (as a result of the 1919 bubble in land prices), and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off what they owed. Small banks, especially those tied to the agricultural economy, were in constant crisis in the 1920s with their customers defaulting on loans because of the sudden rise in real interest rates; there was a steady stream of failures among these smaller banks throughout the decade.
The city banks also suffered from structural weaknesses that made them vulnerable to a shock. Some of the nation 's largest banks were failing to maintain adequate reserves and were investing heavily in the stock market or making risky loans. Loans to Germany and Latin America by New York City banks were especially risky. In other words, the banking system was not well prepared to absorb the shock of a major recession.
Economists have argued that a liquidity trap might have contributed to bank failures.
Economists and historians debate how much responsibility to assign the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The timing was right; the magnitude of the shock to expectations of future prosperity was high. Most analysts believe the market in 1928 -- 29 was a "bubble '' with prices far higher than justified by fundamentals. Economists agree that somehow it shared some blame, but how much no one has estimated. Milton Friedman concluded, "I do n't doubt for a moment that the collapse of the stock market in 1929 played a role in the initial recession ''.
The idea of owning government bonds initially became ideal to investors when Liberty Loan drives encouraged this possession in America during World War I. This strive for dominion persisted into the 1920s. After World War I, the United States became the world 's creditor and was depended upon by many foreign nations. "Governments from around the globe looked to Wall Street for loans ''. Investors then started to depend on these loans for further investments. Chief counsel of the Senate Bank Committee, Ferdinand Pecora, disclosed that National City executives were also dependent on loans from a special bank fund as a safety net for their stock losses while American banker, Albert Wiggin, "made millions selling short his own bank shares ''.
Economist David Hume stated that the economy became imbalanced as the recession spread on an international scale. The cost of goods remained too high for too long during a time where there was less international trade. Policies set in selected countries to "maintain the value of their currency '' resulted in an outcome of bank failures. Governments that continued to follow the gold standard were led into bank failure, meaning that it was the governments and central bankers that contributed as a stepping stool into the depression.
The debate has three sides: one group says the crash caused the depression by drastically lowering expectations about the future and by removing large sums of investment capital; a second group says the economy was slipping since summer 1929 and the crash ratified it; the third group says that in either scenario the crash could not have caused more than a recession. There was a brief recovery in the market into April 1930, but prices then started falling steadily again from there, not reaching a final bottom until July 1932. This was the largest long - term U.S. market decline by any measure. To move from a recession in 1930 to a deep depression in 1931 -- 32, entirely different factors had to be in play.
Protectionism, such as the American Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act, is often indicated as a cause of the Great Depression, with countries enacting protectionist policies yielding a beggar thy neighbor result. The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act was especially harmful to agriculture because it caused farmers to default on their loans. This event may have worsened or even caused the ensuing bank runs in the Midwest and West that caused the collapse of the banking system. A petition signed by over 1,000 economists was presented to the U.S. government warning that the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions; however, this did not stop the act from being signed into law.
Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as: "imposing tariffs, import quotas, and exchange controls ''. These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations, causing a major deduction during the depression. Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism. Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions, while other countries condensed "trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '':
In a 1995 survey of American economic historians, two - thirds agreed that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act at least worsened the Great Depression.
Many economists think that the tariff act was not a major contribution to the great depression. Economist Paul Krugman argues against the notion that protectionism caused the Great Depression. "Where protectionism really mattered was in preventing a recovery in trade when production recovered ''. He cites a report by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin: Figure 1 in that report shows trade and production dropping together from 1929 to 1932, but production increasing faster than trade from 1932 to 1937. The authors argue that adherence to the gold standard forced many countries to resort to tariffs, when instead they should have devalued their currencies.
Milton Friedman said that Smoot - Hawley tariff of 1930 did n't cause the Great Depression. Douglas A. Irwin writes: "most economists, both liberal and conservative, doubt that Smoot Hawley played much of a role in the subsequent contraction. ''
Peter Temin, an economist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, explains a tariff is an expansionary policy, like a devaluation as it diverts demand from foreign to home producers. He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929, they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff. He concludes that contrary the popular argument, contractionary effect of the tariff was small. (Temin, P. 1989. Lessons from the Great Depression, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass)
William Bernstein writes "most economic historians now believe that only a minuscule part of that huge loss of both world GDP and the United States ' GDP can be ascribed to the tariff wars '' because trade was only nine percent of global output, not enough to account for the seventeen percent drop in GDP following the Crash. He thinks the damage done could not possibly have exceeded 2 percent of world GDP and tariff "did n't even significantly deepen the Great Depression. '' (A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World)
Nobel laureate Maurice Allais, thinks that tariff was rather helpful in the face of deregulation of competition in the global labor market and excessively loose credit prior to the Crash which, according to him, caused the crisis Financial and banking sectors. He notes higher trade barriers were partly a means to protect domestic demand from deflation and external disturbances. He obserses domestic production in the major industrialized countries fell faster than international trade contracted; if contraction of foreign trade had been the cause of the Depression, he argues, the opposite should have occurred. So, the decline in trade between 1929 and 1933 was a consequence of the Depression, not a cause. Most of the trade contraction took place between January 1930 and July 1932, before the introduction of the majority of protectionist measures, excepting limited American measures applied in the summer of 1930. It was the collapse of international liquidity that caused of the contraction of trade.
When the war came to an end in 1918, all European nations that had been allied with the U.S. owed large sums of money to American banks, sums much too large to be repaid out of their shattered treasuries. This is one reason why the Allies had insisted (to the consternation of Woodrow Wilson) on reparation payments from Germany and Austria -- Hungary. Reparations, they believed, would provide them with a way to pay off their own debts. However, Germany and Austria - Hungary were themselves in deep economic trouble after the war; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies to pay their debts.
The debtor nations put strong pressure on the U.S. in the 1920s to forgive the debts, or at least reduce them. The American government refused. Instead, U.S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe. Thus, debts (and reparations) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones. In the late 1920s, and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929, the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the U.S. At the same time, high U.S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U.S. markets. Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans, they began to default.
Beginning late in the 1920s, European demand for U.S. goods began to decline. That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive, and partly because some European nations (most notably Weimar Germany) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas. However, the central issue causing the destabilization of the European economy in the late 1920s was the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I.
The high tariff walls such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act critically impeded the payment of war debts. As a result of high U.S. tariffs, only a sort of cycle kept the reparations and war - debt payments going. During the 1920s, the former allies paid the war - debt installments to the U.S. chiefly with funds obtained from German reparations payments, and Germany was able to make those payments only because of large private loans from the U.S. and Britain. Similarly, U.S. investments abroad provided the dollars, which alone made it possible for foreign nations to buy U.S. exports.
The Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act was instituted by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley, and signed into law by President Hoover, to raise taxes on American imports by about 20 percent during June 1930. This tax, which added to already shrinking income and overproduction in the U.S., only benefitted Americans in having to spend less on foreign goods. In contrast, European trading nations frowned upon this tax increase, particularly since the "United States was an international creditor and exports to the U.S. market were already declining ''. In response to the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act, some of America 's primary producers and largest trading partner, Canada, chose to seek retribution by increasing the financial value of imported goods favoured by the Americans.
In the scramble for liquidity that followed the 1929 stock market crash, funds flowed back from Europe to America, and Europe 's fragile economies crumbled.
By 1931, the world was reeling from the worst depression of recent memory, and the entire structure of reparations and war debts collapsed.
In 1939, prominent economist Alvin Hansen discussed the decline in population growth in relation to the Depression. The same idea was discussed in a 1978 journal article by Clarence Barber, an economist at the University of Manitoba. Using "a form of the Harrod model '' to analyze the Depression, Barber states:
In such a model, one would look for the origins of a serious depression in conditions which produced a decline in Harrod 's natural rate of growth, more specifically, in a decline in the rate of population and labour force growth and in the rate of growth of productivity or technical progress, to a level below the warranted rate of growth.
Barber says, while there is "no clear evidence '' of a decline in "the rate of growth of productivity '' during the 1920s, there is "clear evidence '' the population growth rate began to decline during that same period. He argues the decline in population growth rate may have caused a decline in "the natural rate of growth '' which was significant enough to cause a serious depression.
Barber says a decline in the population growth rate is likely to affect the demand for housing, and claims this is apparently what happened during the 1920s. He concludes:
the rapid and very large decline in the rate of growth of non-farm households was clearly the major reason for the decline that occurred in residential construction in the United States from 1926 on. And this decline, as Bolch and Pilgrim have claimed, may well have been the most important single factor in turning the 1929 downturn into a major depression.
The decline in housing construction that can be attributed to demographics has been estimated to range from 28 % in 1933 to 38 % in 1940.
Among the causes of the decline in the population growth rate during the 1920s were a declining birth rate after 1910 and reduced immigration. The decline in immigration was largely the result of legislation in the 1920s placing greater restrictions on immigration. In 1921, Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act, followed by the Immigration Act of 1924.
Factors that majorly contributed to the failing of the economy since 1925, was a decrease in both residential and non-residential buildings being constructed. It was the debt as a result of the war, less families being formed, and an imbalance of mortgage payments and loans in 1928 -- 29 that mainly contributed to the decline in the number of houses being built. This caused the populate growth rate to decelerate. Though non-residential units continued to be built "at a high rate throughout the decade '', the demands for such units were actually very low
There is an ongoing debate between historians as to what extent President Calvin Coolidge 's laissez - faire hands - off attitude has contributed to the Great Depression. Despite a growing rate of bank failures he did not heed voices that predicted the lack of banking regulation as potentially dangerous. He did not listen to members of Congress warning that stock speculation had gone too far and he ignored criticisms that workers did not participate sufficiently in the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties.
From the point of view of today 's mainstream schools of economic thought, government should strive to keep some broad nominal aggregate on a stable growth path (for proponents of new classical macroeconomics and monetarism, the measure is the nominal money supply; for Keynesian economists it is the nominal aggregate demand itself). During a depression the central bank should pour liquidity into the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing.
The United States government and the Federal Reserve did not do that during the 1929 ‐ 32 slide into the Great Depression The existence of "liquidationism '' played a key part in motivating public policy decisions not to fight the gathering Great Depression. An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences. Regarding the policies of President Hoover, economists Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that the Hoover administration 's fiscal policy was guided by liquidationist economists and policy makers, as Hoover tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932, when Hoover lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and replaced him. Hoover wrote in his memoirs he did not side with the liquidationists, but took the side of those in his cabinet with "economic responsibility '', his Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont and Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde, who advised the President to "use the powers of government to cushion the situation ''. But at the same time he kept Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury until February 1932. It was during 1932 that Hoover began to support more aggressive measures to combat the Depression. In his memoirs, President Hoover wrote bitterly about members of his Cabinet who had advised inaction during the downslide into the Great Depression:
The leave - it - alone liquidationists headed by Secretary of the Treasury Mellon... felt that government must keep its hands off and let the slump liquidate itself. Mr. Mellon had only one formula: "Liquidate labor, liquidate stocks, liquidate the farmers, liquidate real estate... It will purge the rottenness out of the system. High costs of living and high living will come down. People will work harder, live a more moral life. Values will be adjusted, and enterprising people will pick up the wrecks from less competent people. ''
Before the Keynesian Revolution, such a liquidationist theory was a common position for economists to take and was held and advanced by economists like Friedrich Hayek, Lionel Robbins Joseph Schumpeter, Seymour Harris and others. According to the liquidationists a depression is good medicine. The function of a depression is to liquidate failed investments and businesses that have been made obsolete by technological development in order to release factors of production (capital and labor) from unproductive uses. These can then be redeployed in other sectors of the technologically dynamic economy. They pointed to the short duration of the Depression of 1920 -- 21 was due to the policy of letting the liquidation occur and argued that the crisis had laid the groundwork for the prosperity of the later 1920s. They pushed for deflationary policies (which were already executed in 1921) which -- in their opinion -- would assist the release of capital and labor from unproductive activities to lay the groundwork for a new economic boom. The liquidationists argued that even if self - adjustment of the economy took mass bankruptcies, then so be it. Postponing the liquidation process would only magnify the social costs. Schumpeter wrote that it
... leads us to believe that recovery is sound only if it does come of itself. For any revival which is merely due to artificial stimulus leaves part of the work of depressions undone and adds, to an undigested remnant of maladjustment, new maladjustment of its own which has to be liquidated in turn, thus threatening business with another (worse) crisis ahead.
Despite liquidationist expectations, a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed and vanished during the first years of the Great Depression. According to a study by Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence Summers, the recession caused a drop of net capital accumulation to pre-1924 levels by 1933.
Economists such as John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman suggested that the do - nothing policy prescription which resulted from the liquidationist theory contributed to deepening the Great Depression. With the rhetoric of ridicule Keynes tried to discredit the liquidationist view in presenting Hayek, Robbins and Schumpeter as
... austere and puritanical souls (who) regard (the Great Depression)... as an inevitable and a desirable nemesis on so much "overexpansion '' as they call it... It would, they feel, be a victory for the mammon of unrighteousness if so much prosperity was not subsequently balanced by universal bankruptcy. We need, they say, what they politely call a ' prolonged liquidation ' to put us right. The liquidation, they tell us, is not yet complete. But in time it will be. And when sufficient time has elapsed for the completion of the liquidation, all will be well with us again...
Milton Friedman stated that at the University of Chicago such "dangerous nonsense '' was never taught and that he understood why at Harvard -- where such nonsense was taught -- bright young economists rejected their teachers ' macroeconomics, and become Keynesians. He wrote:
I think the Austrian business - cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm. If you go back to the 1930s, which is a key point, here you had the Austrians sitting in London, Hayek and Lionel Robbins, and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world. You 've just got to let it cure itself. You ca n't do anything about it. You will only make it worse.... I think by encouraging that kind of do - nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States, they did harm.
Economist Lawrence White, while acknowledging that Hayek and Robbins did not actively oppose the deflationary policy of the early 1930s, nevertheless challenges the argument of Milton Friedman, J. Bradford DeLong et al. that Hayek was a proponent of liquidationism. White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek and Robbins (which later developed into Austrian business cycle theory in its present - day form) was actually not consistent with a monetary policy which permitted a severe contraction of the money supply. Nevertheless, White says that at the time of the Great Depression Hayek "expressed ambivalence about the shrinking nomimal income and sharp deflation in 1929 -- 32 ''. In a talk in 1975, Hayek admitted the mistake he made over forty years earlier in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been "ambivalent '': "At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy. '' 1979 Hayek strongly criticized the Fed 's contractionary monetary policy early in the Depression and its failure to offer banks liquidity:
I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred, the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy. I am not only against inflation but I am also against deflation. So, once again, a badly programmed monetary policy prolonged the depression.
Historians gave Hoover credit for working tirelessly to combat the depression and noted that he left government prematurely aged. But his policies are rated as simply not far - reaching enough to address the Great Depression. He was prepared to do something, but nowhere near enough. Hoover was no exponent of laissez - faire. But his principal philosophies were voluntarism, self - help, and rugged individualism. He refused direct federal intervention. He believed that government should do more than his immediate predecessors (Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge) believed. But he was not willing to go as far as Franklin D. Roosevelt later did. Therefore, he is described as the "first of the new presidents '' and "the last of the old ''.
Hoover 's first measures were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages. But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced, workers were laid off, and investments postponed. Hoover urged bankers to set up the National Credit Corporation so that big banks could help failing banks survive. But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks, and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem. In 1932 Hoover reluctantly established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions. But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks, and bank runs and bank failures continued.
J. Bradford DeLong explained that Hoover would have been a budget cutter in normal times and continuously wanted to balance the budget. Hoover held the line against powerful political forces that sought to increase government spending after the Depression began for fully two and a half years. During the first two years of the Depression (1929 and 1930) Hoover actually achieved budget surpluses of about 0.8 % of gross domestic product (GDP). In 1931, when the recession significantly worsened and GDP declined by 15 %, the federal budget had only a small deficit of 0.6 % of GDP. It was not until 1932 (when GDP declined by 27 % compared to 1929 - level) that Hoover pushed for measures (Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Federal Home Loan Bank Act, direct loans to fund state Depression relief programs) that increased spending. But at the same time he pushed for the Revenue Act of 1932 that massively increased taxes in order to balance the budget again.
Uncertainty was a major factor, argued by several economists, that contributed to the worsening and length of the depression. It was also said to be responsible "for the initial decline in consumption that marks the '' beginning of the Great Depression by economists Paul R. Flacco and Randall E. Parker. Economist Ludwig Lachmann argues that it was pessimism that prevented the recovery and worsening of the depression President Hoover is said to have been blinded from what was right in front of him.
Economist James Deusenberry argues economic imbalance was not only a result of World War I, but also of the structural changes made during the first quarter of the Twentieth Century. He also states the branches of the nation 's economy became smaller, there was not much demand for housing, and the stock market crash "had a more direct impact on consumption than any previous financial panic ''
Economist William A. Lewis describes the conflict between America and its primary producers:
Misfortunes (of the 1930 's) were due principally to the fact that the production of primary commodities after the war was somewhat in excess of demand. It was this which, by keeping the terms of trade unfavourable to primary producers, kept the trade in manufactures so low, to the detriment of some countries as the United Kingdom, even in the twenties, and it was this which pulled the world economy down in the early thirties.... If primary commodity markets had not been so insecure the crisis of 1929 would not have become a great depression... It was the violent fall of prices that was deflationary.
The stock market crash was not the first sign of the Great Depression. "Long before the crash, community banks were failing at the rate of one per day ''. It was the development of the Federal Reserve System that misled investors in the ' 20s into relying on federal banks as a safety net. They were encouraged to continue buying stocks and to overlook any of the fluctuations. Economist Roger Babson tried to warn the investors of the deficiency to come, but was ridiculed even as the economy began to deteriorate during the summer of 1929. While England and Germany struggled under the strain on gold currencies after the war, economists were blinded by an unsustainable ' new economy ' they sought to be considerably stable and successful.
Since the United States decided to no longer comply with the gold standard, "the value of the dollar could change freely from day to day ''. Although this imbalance on an international scale led to crisis, the economy within the nation remained stable.
The depression then affected all nations on an international scale. "The German mark collapsed when the chancellor put domestic politics ahead of sensible finance; the bank of England abandoned the gold standard after a subsequent speculative attack; and the U.S. Federal Reserve raised its discount rate dramatically in October 1931 to preserve the value of the dollar ''. The Federal Reserve drove the American economy into an even deeper depression.
In 1929 the Hoover administration responded to the economic crises by temporarily lowering income tax rates and the corporate tax rate. At the beginning of 1931, tax returns showed a tremendous decline in income due to the economic downturn. Income tax receipts were 40 % less than in 1930. At the same time government spending proved to be a lot greater than estimated. As a result, the budget deficit increased tremendously. While Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon urged to increase taxes, Hoover had no desire to do so since 1932 was an election year. In December 1931, hopes that the economic downturn would come to an end vanished since all economic indicators pointed to a continuing downward trend. On January 7, 1932, Andrew Mellon announced that the Hoover administration would end a further increase in public debt by raising taxes. On June 6, 1932, the Revenue Act of 1932 was signed into law.
Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election promising to promote recovery with a New Deal for the American people. He enacted a series of programs, including Social Security, banking reform, and suspension of the gold standard. The majority of historians and economists argue that the New Deal was beneficial to recovery, however some argue that it prolonged the Great Depression.
In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples, Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University, anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association. Members were asked to either disagree, agree, or agree with provisos with the statement that read: "Taken as a whole, government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression. '' While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement, 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed. Almost an identical percent of the two groups (21 % and 22 %) agreed with the statement "with provisos '' (a conditional stipulation), while 74 % of those who worked in the history department, and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright.
According to Peter Temin, Barry Wigmore, Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations. Before the first New Deal measures people expected a contractionary economic situation (recession, deflation) to persist. Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible. Expectations changed towards an expansionary development (economic growth, inflation). The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments. The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard, balanced budget and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937. If the regime change would not have happened and the Hoover policy would have continued, the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933, and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933.
In the new classical macroeconomics view of the Great Depression large negative shocks caused the 1929 -- 33 downturn -- including monetary shocks, productivity shocks, and banking shocks -- but those developments become positive after 1933 due to monetary and banking reform policies. According to the model Cole - Ohanian impose, the main culprits for the prolonged depression were labor frictions and productivity / efficiency frictions (perhaps, to a lesser extent). Financial frictions are unlikely to have caused the prolonged slump.
In the Cole - Ohanian model there is a slower than normal recovery which they explain by New Deal policies which they evaluated as tending towards monopoly and distribution of wealth. The key economic paper looking at these diagnostic sources in relation to the Great Depression is Cole and Ohanian 's work. Cole - Ohanian point at two policies of New Deal: the National Industrial Recovery Act and National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), the latter strengthening NIRA 's labor provision. According to Cole - Ohanian New Deal policies created cartelization, high wages, and high prices in at least manufacturing and some energy and mining industries. Roosevelts policies against the severity of the Depression like the NIRA, a "code of fair competition '' for each industry were aimed to reduce cutthroat competition in a period of severe deflation, which was seen as the cause for lowered demand and employment. The NIRA suspended antitrust laws and permitted collusion in some sectors provided that industry raised wages above clearing level and accepted collective bargaining with labor unions. The effects of cartelization can be seen as the basic effect of monopoly. The given corporation produces too little, charges too high of a price, and under - employs labor. Likewise, an increase in the power of unions creates a situation similar to monopoly. Wages are too high for the union members, so the corporation employs fewer people and, produces less output. Cole - Ohanian show that 60 % of the difference between the trend and realized output is due to cartelization and unions. Chari, Kehoe, McGrattan also present a nice exposition that 's in line with Cole - Ohanian...
This type of analysis has numerous counterarguments including the applicability of the equilibrium business cycle to the Great Depression.
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where does the crust in your eyes come from | Rheum - wikipedia
Rheum (/ ˈruːm /; from Greek: ῥεῦμα rheuma "a flowing, rheum ''), also known as gound, is thin mucus naturally discharged from the eyes, nose, or mouth during sleep (cf. mucopurulent discharge). Rheum dries and gathers as a crust in the corners of the eyes or the mouth, on the eyelids, or under the nose. It is formed by a combination of mucus (in the case of the eyes, consisting of mucin discharged from the cornea or the conjunctiva), nasal mucus, blood cells, skin cells, or dust. Rheum from the eyes is particularly common. Dried rheum is commonly called sleep, sleepy - seeds, sleepy buds, sleepy sand, eye goop, cheese, or sleepy dust.
When the individual is awake, blinking of the eyelid causes rheum to be washed away with tears via the nasolacrimal duct. The absence of this action during sleep, however, results in a small amount of dry rheum accumulating in corners of the eye, most notably in children.
A number of conditions can increase the production of rheum in the eye. In the case of allergic conjunctivitis, the buildup of rheum can be considerable, many times preventing the sufferer from opening the eye upon waking without prior cleansing of the eye area. The presence of pus in an instance of heavy rheum buildup can indicate dry eye or conjunctivitis, among other infections.
In infants, the tear ducts (that drain the tears) occasionally fail to open, resulting in the overflow of tears onto the cheeks (epiphora) and rheum deposition on the surrounding skin.
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how do you find the volume of a regularly shaped solid | Volume - wikipedia
Volume is the quantity of three - dimensional space enclosed by a closed surface, for example, the space that a substance (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) or shape occupies or contains. Volume is often quantified numerically using the SI derived unit, the cubic metre. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i.e., the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.
Three dimensional mathematical shapes are also assigned volumes. Volumes of some simple shapes, such as regular, straight - edged, and circular shapes can be easily calculated using arithmetic formulas. Volumes of a complicated shape can be calculated by integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape 's boundary. Where a variance in shape and volume occurs, such as those that exist between different human beings, these can be calculated using three - dimensional techniques such as the Body Volume Index. One - dimensional figures (such as lines) and two - dimensional shapes (such as squares) are assigned zero volume in the three - dimensional space.
The volume of a solid (whether regularly or irregularly shaped) can be determined by fluid displacement. Displacement of liquid can also be used to determine the volume of a gas. The combined volume of two substances is usually greater than the volume of one of the substances. However, sometimes one substance dissolves in the other and the combined volume is not additive.
In differential geometry, volume is expressed by means of the volume form, and is an important global Riemannian invariant. In thermodynamics, volume is a fundamental parameter, and is a conjugate variable to pressure.
Any unit of length gives a corresponding unit of volume: the volume of a cube whose sides have the given length. For example, a cubic centimetre (cm) is the volume of a cube whose sides are one centimetre (1 cm) in length.
In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of volume is the cubic metre (m). The metric system also includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where one litre is the volume of a 10 - centimetre cube. Thus
so
Small amounts of liquid are often measured in millilitres, where
Various other traditional units of volume are also in use, including the cubic inch, the cubic foot, the cubic mile, the teaspoon, the tablespoon, the fluid ounce, the fluid dram, the gill, the pint, the quart, the gallon, the minim, the barrel, the cord, the peck, the bushel, and the hogshead.
Capacity is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as "the measure applied to the content of a vessel, and to liquids, grain, or the like, which take the shape of that which holds them ''. (The word capacity has other unrelated meanings, as in e.g. capacity management.) Capacity is not identical in meaning to volume, though closely related; the capacity of a container is always the volume in its interior. Units of capacity are the SI litre and its derived units, and Imperial units such as gill, pint, gallon, and others. Units of volume are the cubes of units of length. In SI the units of volume and capacity are closely related: one litre is exactly 1 cubic decimetre, the capacity of a cube with a 10 cm side. In other systems the conversion is not trivial; the capacity of a vehicle 's fuel tank is rarely stated in cubic feet, for example, but in gallons (a gallon fills a volume of 0.1605 cu ft).
The density of an object is defined as the ratio of the mass to the volume. The inverse of density is specific volume which is defined as volume divided by mass. Specific volume is a concept important in thermodynamics where the volume of a working fluid is often an important parameter of a system being studied.
The volumetric flow rate in fluid dynamics is the volume of fluid which passes through a given surface per unit time (for example cubic meters per second (m s)).
In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the volume of a region D in R is given by a triple integral of the constant function f (x, y, z) = 1 (\ displaystyle f (x, y, z) = 1) and is usually written as:
The volume integral in cylindrical coordinates is
and the volume integral in spherical coordinates (using the convention for angles with θ (\ displaystyle \ theta) as the azimuth and φ (\ displaystyle \ phi) measured from the polar axis; see more on conventions) has the form
K = 1 + 2 cos (α) cos (β) cos (γ) − cos 2 (α) − cos 2 (β) − cos 2 (γ) (\ displaystyle (\ begin (aligned) K = 1& + 2 \ cos (\ alpha) \ cos (\ beta) \ cos (\ gamma) \ \ & - \ cos ^ (2) (\ alpha) - \ cos ^ (2) (\ beta) - \ cos ^ (2) (\ gamma) \ end (aligned)))
The above formulas can be used to show that the volumes of a cone, sphere and cylinder of the same radius and height are in the ratio 1: 2: 3, as follows.
Let the radius be r and the height be h (which is 2r for the sphere), then the volume of cone is
the volume of the sphere is
while the volume of the cylinder is
The discovery of the 2: 3 ratio of the volumes of the sphere and cylinder is credited to Archimedes.
The volume of a sphere is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally small circular disks of thickness dx. The calculation for the volume of a sphere with center 0 and radius r is as follows.
The surface area of the circular disk is π r 2 (\ displaystyle \ pi r ^ (2)).
The radius of the circular disks, defined such that the x-axis cuts perpendicularly through them, is
or
where y or z can be taken to represent the radius of a disk at a particular x value.
Using y as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as
Now
Combining yields V = 4 3 π r 3. (\ displaystyle V = (\ frac (4) (3)) \ pi r ^ (3).)
This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere 's surface area, which is 4 π r 2 (\ displaystyle 4 \ pi r ^ (2)). The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to
The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one - third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well.
However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness dx. The calculation for the volume of a cone of height h, whose base is centered at (0, 0, 0) with radius r, is as follows.
The radius of each circular disk is r if x = 0 and 0 if x = h, and varying linearly in between -- that is,
The surface area of the circular disk is then
The volume of the cone can then be calculated as
and after extraction of the constants
Integrating gives us
In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, a volume form on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of top degree (i.e., whose degree is equal to the dimension of the manifold) that is nowhere equal to zero. A manifold has a volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a non-vanishing function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a density. Integrating the volume form gives the volume of the manifold according to that form.
An oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold has a natural volume form. In local coordinates, it can be expressed as
where the d x i (\ displaystyle dx ^ (i)) are 1 - forms that form a positively oriented basis for the cotangent bundle of the manifold, and g (\ displaystyle g) is the determinant of the matrix representation of the metric tensor on the manifold in terms of the same basis.
In thermodynamics, the volume of a system is an important extensive parameter for describing its thermodynamic state. The specific volume, an intensive property, is the system 's volume per unit of mass. Volume is a function of state and is interdependent with other thermodynamic properties such as pressure and temperature. For example, volume is related to the pressure and temperature of an ideal gas by the ideal gas law.
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what is hero's last name in big hero 6 | Big Hero 6 (film) - Wikipedia
Big Hero 6 is a 2014 American 3D computer - animated superhero film produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Loosely based on the superhero team of the same name by Marvel Comics, the film is the 54th Disney animated feature film. Directed by Don Hall and Chris Williams, the film tells the story of Hiro Hamada, a young robotics prodigy who forms a superhero team to combat a masked villain. The film features the voices of Scott Adsit, Ryan Potter, Daniel Henney, T.J. Miller, Jamie Chung, Damon Wayans, Jr., Genesis Rodriguez, Alan Tudyk, James Cromwell, and Maya Rudolph.
Big Hero 6 is the first Disney animated film to feature Marvel Comics characters, whose parent company was acquired by The Walt Disney Company in 2009. Walt Disney Animation Studios created new software technology to produce the film 's animated visuals.
Big Hero 6 premiered at the 27th Tokyo International Film Festival on October 23, 2014, and at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31; it was theatrically released in the Disney Digital 3 - D and RealD 3D formats in the United States on November 7, 2014. The film was met with both critical and commercial success, grossing over $657.8 million worldwide and becoming the highest - grossing animated film of 2014. It won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and the Kids ' Choice Award for Favorite Animated Movie. It also received nominations for the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature, the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film, and the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. Big Hero 6 was released on DVD and Blu - ray Disc on February 24, 2015.
A television series, which continues the story of the film, debuted on November 20, 2017 on Disney XD.
Hiro Hamada is a 14 - year - old robotics genius living in the futuristic city of San Fransokyo. After graduating from high school, he spends much of his free time participating in illegal robot fights. To redirect Hiro, his elder brother Tadashi takes him to the research lab at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology, where Hiro meets Tadashi 's friends, GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred. Hiro also meets Professor Robert Callaghan, the head of the university 's robotics program. Amazed, Hiro decides to apply to the university. To enroll, he signs up for the school 's science fair and presents his project: microbots, swarms of tiny robots that can link together in any arrangement imaginable using a neuro - cranial transmitter. Hiro declines an offer from Alistair Krei, CEO of Krei Tech, to market the microbots, and Callaghan accepts him into the school. When a fire breaks out among the exhibits, Tadashi rushes in to save Callaghan, but the building explodes moments later, killing Tadashi and (apparently) Callaghan, and injuring everyone else inside.
Weeks later, a depressed Hiro inadvertently activates Baymax, the inflatable healthcare robot that Tadashi created, who follows Hiro 's only remaining microbot to an abandoned warehouse. There, the two discover that someone has been mass - producing the microbots and are attacked by a man wearing a Kabuki mask who is controlling them. After they escape, Hiro equips Baymax with armor and a battle chip containing various karate moves and they track the masked man to the docks. GoGo, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, and Fred arrive, responding to a call from Baymax, and the masked man chases the group. The six escape to Fred 's mansion where they decide to form a high - tech superhero team to combat the villain.
The group tracks the masked man, who they suspect to be Krei, to an abandoned Krei Tech laboratory on an island which they discover had been used for teleportation research until a test pilot was lost in an accident. The masked man attacks, but the group manages to knock off his mask, revealing the man to be Callaghan who had stolen Hiro 's microbots to shield himself from the explosion on campus. Hiro realizes that Tadashi died without reason, while Callaghan refuses to take responsibility for Tadashi 's death. This prompts an enraged Hiro to remove Baymax 's healthcare chip, leaving only the battle chip, and to order him to kill Callaghan. Honey re-installs the healthcare chip at the last second, preventing Baymax from carrying out the kill order. Callaghan escapes, and Hiro leaves with Baymax, intent on avenging Tadashi. Back home, Hiro tries to remove the healthcare chip again, but Baymax stops him and states that vengeance is not what Tadashi would have wanted. To calm him down, Baymax shows Hiro videos of Tadashi running numerous tests during Baymax 's development as a demonstration of Tadashi 's benevolence and legacy. A remorseful Hiro apologizes to his friends, who reassure him they will catch Callaghan the right way.
Video footage from the accident reveals that the pilot was Callaghan 's daughter Abigail and that Callaghan is seeking revenge on Krei. Callaghan interrupts Krei at a public event and attempts to destroy his headquarters using Krei 's teleportation portal. After a lengthy battle, the team deprives Callaghan of his microbots and the mask, saving Krei, but the portal remains active. Baymax detects Abigail inside, alive but in hyper - sleep, and leaps into the portal with Hiro to rescue her. They find Abigail 's pod, but on the way back out, Baymax is struck by debris, damaging his armor and disabling his thrusters. Knowing that the portal will collapse, Baymax uses his armor 's rocket fist to propel Hiro and Abigail back through the portal, forcing them to leave him behind. Callaghan is arrested while Abigail is taken to the hospital. Sometime later, Hiro discovers Baymax 's personality chip clenched in the rocket fist. He rebuilds Baymax 's body and the six friends continue their exploits through the city, fulfilling Tadashi 's dream of helping those in need.
During the end credits, a series of newspaper headlines reveals that the university has awarded Hiro a grant and dedicated a building in Tadashi 's honor, and that the team has continued protecting the city. In a post-credits scene, Fred discovers a hidden cache of superhero equipment in his family mansion. His father, a retired superhero, returns from vacation and says, "We have a lot to talk about. ''
After Disney 's acquisition of Marvel Entertainment in 2009, CEO Bob Iger encouraged the company 's divisions to explore Marvel 's properties for adaptation concepts. By deliberately picking an obscure title, it would give them the freedom to come up with their own version. While directing Winnie the Pooh, director Don Hall was scrolling through a Marvel database when he stumbled upon Big Hero 6, a comic he had never heard of before. "I just liked the title, '' he said. He pitched the concept to John Lasseter in 2011, as one of five ideas for possible productions for Walt Disney Animation Studios, and this particular idea "struck a chord '' with Lasseter, Hall, and Chris Williams.
In June 2012, Disney confirmed that Walt Disney Animation Studios was adapting Marvel Comics ' series and that the film had been commissioned into early stages of development. Because they wanted the concept to feel new and fresh, head of story Paul Briggs (who also voices Yama in the film) only read a few issues of the comic, while screenwriter Robert Baird admitted he had not read the comic at all.
Big Hero 6 was produced solely by Walt Disney Animation Studios, although several members of Marvel 's creative team were involved in the film 's production including Joe Quesada, Marvel 's chief creative officer, and Jeph Loeb, head of Marvel Television. According to an interview with Axel Alonso by CBR, Marvel did not have any plans to publish a tie - in comic. Disney planned to reprint the Marvel version of Big Hero 6 themselves, but reportedly Marvel disagreed. They eventually came to agreement that Yen Press would publish the Japanese manga version of Big Hero 6 for Disney.
Conversely, Lasseter dismissed the idea of a rift between the two companies, and producer Roy Conli stated that Marvel allowed Disney "complete freedom in structuring the story. '' Disney Animation Studio President Andrew Millstein stated: "Hero is one example of what we 've learned over the years and our embracing some of the Pixar DNA. '' Regarding the film 's story, Quesada stated, "The relationship between Hiro and his robot has a very Disney flavor to it... but it 's combined with these Marvel heroic arcs. '' The production team decided early on not to connect the film to the Marvel Cinematic Universe and instead set the film in a stand - alone universe.
With respect to the design of Baymax, Hall mentioned in an interview, "I wanted a robot that we had never seen before and something to be wholly original. That 's a tough thing to do, we 've got a lot of robots in pop culture, everything from The Terminator to WALL - E to C - 3PO on down the line and not to mention Japanese robots, I wo n't go into that. So I wanted to do something original. '' Even if they did not yet know what the robot should look like, artist Lisa Keene came up with the idea that it should be a huggable robot.
Early on in the development process, Hall and the design team took a research trip to Carnegie Mellon University 's Robotics Institute, where they met a team of DARPA - funded researchers who were pioneering the new field of ' soft robotics ' using inflatable vinyl, which ultimately inspired Baymax 's inflatable, vinyl, truly huggable design. Hall stated that "I met a researcher who was working on soft robots.... It was an inflatable vinyl arm and the practical app would be in the healthcare industry as a nurse or doctor 's assistant. He had me at vinyl. This particular researcher went into this long pitch but the minute he showed me that inflatable arm, I knew we had our huggable robot. '' Hall stated that the technology "will have potential probably in the medical industry in the future, making robots that are very pliable and gentle and not going to hurt people when they pick them up. ''
Hall mentioned that achieving a unique look for the mechanical armor took some time and "just trying to get something that felt like the personality of the character. '' Co-director Williams stated, "A big part of the design challenge is when he puts on the armor you want to feel that he 's a very powerful intimidating presence... at the same time, design-wise he has to relate to the really adorable simple vinyl robot underneath. '' Baymax 's face design was inspired by a copper suzu bell that Hall noticed while at a Shinto shrine.
According to Conli, Lasseter initially disliked Baymax 's description (while low on battery power) of Hiro 's cat as a "hairy baby, '' but Williams kept the line in anyway, and at the film 's first test screening, Lasseter admitted that Williams was correct.
According to Williams, Baymax was originally going to be introduced rather late in the film, but then story artist John Ripa conceived of a way for Baymax to meet Hiro much earlier. The entire film became much stronger by establishing the relationship between Hiro and Baymax early on, but the filmmakers ended up having to reconstruct "a fair amount of the first act '' in order to make that idea work.
About ninety animators worked on the film at one point or another; some worked on the project for as long as two years. In terms of the film 's animation style and settings, the film combines Eastern world culture (predominantly Japanese) with Western world culture (predominantly California). In May 2013, Disney released concept art and rendered footage of San Fransokyo from the film. San Fransokyo, the futuristic mashup of San Francisco and Tokyo, was described by Hall as "an alternate version of San Francisco. Most of the technology is advanced, but much of it feels retro... Where Hiro lives, it feels like the Haight. I love the Painted ladies. We gave them a Japanese makeover; we put a cafe on the bottom of one. They live above a coffee shop. '' According to production designer Paul Felix, "The topography is exaggerated because what we do is caricature, I think the hills are 11⁄2 times exaggerated. I do n't think you could really walk up them... When you get to the downtown area, that 's when you get the most Tokyo - fied, that pure, layered, dense kind of feeling of the commercial district there. When you get out of there, it becomes more San Francisco with the Japanese aesthetic.... (It 's a bit like) Blade Runner, but contained to a few square blocks. You see the skyscrapers contrasted with the hills. ''
The reason why Disney wanted to merge Tokyo (which is where the comic book version takes place) with San Francisco was partly because San Francisco had not been used by Marvel before, partly because of all the city 's iconic aspects, and partly because they felt its aesthetics would blend well with Tokyo. The filmmakers ' idea was that San Fransokyo is based on an alternate history in which San Francisco was largely rebuilt by Japanese immigrants in the aftermath of the 1906 earthquake, although this premise is never stated in the film.
To create San Fransokyo as a detailed digital simulation of an entire city, Disney purchased the actual assessor data for the entire city and county of San Francisco. The final city contains over 83,000 buildings and 100,000 vehicles.
A software program called Denizen was used to create over 700 distinctive characters that populate the city. Another one named Bonzai was responsible for the creation of the city 's 250,000 trees, while a new rendering system called Hyperion offered new illumination possibilities, like light shining through a translucent object (e.g. Baymax 's vinyl covering). Pixar 's RenderMan was considered as a "Plan B '' for the film 's rendering, if Hyperion was not able to meet production deadlines.
Development on Hyperion started in 2011 and was based upon research into multi-bounce complex global illumination originally conducted at Disney Research in Zürich. Disney, in turn, had to assemble a new super-computing cluster just to handle Hyperion 's immense processing demands, which consists of over 2,300 Linux workstations distributed across four data centers (three in Los Angeles and one in San Francisco). Each workstation, as of 2014, included a pair of 2.4 GHz Intel Xeon processors, 256 GB of memory, and a pair of 300 GB solid - state drives configured as a RAID Level 0 array (i.e., to operate as a single 600 GB drive). This was all backed by a central storage system with a capacity of five petabytes, which holds all digital assets as well as archival copies of all 54 Disney Animation films.
The emotional climax that takes place in the middle of a wormhole portal is represented by the stylized interior of a mandelbulb.
The post-credits scene was only added to the film in August 2014, late in production, after co-director Don Hall and his crew went to see Marvel Studios ' Guardians of the Galaxy. He stated that "(i) t horrified us, that people were sat waiting for an end credits thing, because of the Marvel DNA. We did n't want people to leave the movie disappointed. ''
Henry Jackman composed the score for the film. The soundtrack features an original song titled "Immortals '' written and recorded by American rock band Fall Out Boy, which was released by Walt Disney Records on October 14, 2014. The soundtrack album was digitally released by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2014, and had a CD release on November 24. While not part of the soundtrack, a brief instrumental section of "Eye of the Tiger '' plays in the film.
All music composed by Henry Jackman (except "Immortals '', performed by Fall Out Boy).
Big Hero 6 premiered on October 23, 2014 as the opening film at the Tokyo International Film Festival. The world premiere of Big Hero 6 in 3D took place at the Abu Dhabi Film Festival on October 31, 2014. It was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on November 7, 2014 with limited IMAX international showings. Theatrically, the film was accompanied by the Walt Disney Animation Studios short, Feast.
For the South Korean release of the film, it was retitled Big Hero, to avoid the impression of being a sequel, and edited to remove indications of the characters ' Japanese origin. This is owing to the tense relations between Korea and Japan. For instance, the protagonist 's name, Hiro Hamada, was changed to "Hero Armada, '' and Japanese - language signage onscreen was changed to English. Nonetheless, the film caused some online controversy in South Korea, because of small images resembling the Rising Sun Flag in the protagonist 's room.
The film was released in China on February 28, 2015.
Big Hero 6 was released in the United States by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu - ray and DVD on February 24, 2015. Writer Steven T. Seagle, who co-created the comic book Big Hero 6, criticized the Blu - ray featurette documenting the origins of the group, for not mentioning him or co-creator Duncan Rouleau. Seagle also criticized the book Art of Big Hero 6 for the same omission.
Big Hero 6 earned $222.5 million in North America and $435.3 million in other territories for a worldwide estimated total of $657.8 million. Calculating in all expenses, Deadline estimated that the film made a profit of $187.34 million. Worldwide, it is the highest - grossing animated film of 2014, the third - highest - grossing non-Pixar animated film from Disney, and the 16th - highest - grossing animated film of all time. By grossing over $500 million worldwide, it became the fourth Disney release of 2014 to do so; the other titles being Guardians of the Galaxy, Maleficent, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier.
In the U.S. and Canada, the film is the second - highest - grossing science - fiction animated film (behind 2008 's WALL - E), the second - highest - grossing animated superhero comedy film (behind 2004 's The Incredibles), and the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film (behind 2013 's Frozen). The film earned $1.4 million from late Thursday night showings, which is higher than the previews earned by Frozen ($1.2 million) and The Lego Movie ($400,000). In its opening day on November 7, the film earned $15.8 million, debuting at number two behind Interstellar ($16.9 million). Big Hero 6 topped the box office in its opening weekend, earning $56.2 million from 3,761 theaters ahead of Interstellar ($47.5 million); it is Walt Disney Animation Studios ' second - best opening behind Frozen ($67.4 million), both adjusted and unadjusted.
On February 15, 2015, Big Hero 6 became the third - highest - grossing Disney animated film in both the U.S. and Canada, behind The Lion King and Frozen.
Two weeks ahead of its North American release, Big Hero 6 was released in Russia (earned $4.8 million) and Ukraine (earned $0.2 million) in two days (October 25 -- 26). The main reason behind the early release was in order to take advantage of the two weeks of school holidays in Russia. Jeff Bock, box office analyst for Exhibitor Relations, said "For a two - day gross, that 's huge. It 's a giant number in Russia. '' In its second weekend, the film added $4.8 million (up 1 %) bringing its total nine - day cumulative audience to $10.3 million in Russia and $10.9 including its revenue from Ukraine.
In its opening weekend, the film earned $7.6 million from seventeen markets for a first weekend worldwide total of $79.2 million, behind Interstellar ($132.2 million). It went to number one in the Philippines, Vietnam, and Indonesia. It opened with $4.8 million in Mexico. In Japan, where the film is locally known as Baymax, it opened at second place behind Yo - Kai Watch: Tanjō no Himitsu da Nyan!, with $5.3 million, marking it the second - biggest Disney opening in Japan behind Frozen. and topped the box office for six consecutive weekends. The film opened in second place with $6 million ($6.8 million including previews) in the U.K., which is 15 % lower than Frozen. It opened at No. 1 with $14.8 million in China, which is the biggest opening for a Disney and Pixar animated film (breaking Frozen 's record) and topped the box office for three consecutive weekends.
The film became the highest - grossing Disney animated film in Vietnam and in China (surpassed by Zootopia)), the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film of all time in Russia, in the Philippines (behind Toy Story 3), and in Japan (behind Frozen). In addition to being the second - highest - grossing Disney animated film, it is also the fifth - highest - grossing animated film of all time in China. In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the United States and Canada are China ($83.5 million) and Japan ($76 million).
The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 89 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 197 reviews, with an average score of 7.3 / 10. The site 's consensus states: "Agreeably entertaining and brilliantly animated, Big Hero 6 is briskly - paced, action - packed, and often touching. '' Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 from top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated a score of 74 based on 38 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews. ''
Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post gave the film 3.5 / 4 stars, writing that "The real appeal of Big Hero 6 is n't its action. It 's the central character 's heart. '' Maricar Estrella of Fort Worth Star - Telegram gave the film 5 stars, saying it "offers something for everyone: action, camaraderie, superheroes and villains. But mostly, Baymax offers a compassionate and healing voice for those suffering, and a hug that can be felt through the screen. '' Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, stating, "The breakthrough star of the season is here. His name is Baymax and he 's impossible not to love. The 3 - D animated Big Hero 6 would be a ton less fun without this irresistible blob of roly - poly, robot charisma. '' Kofi Outlaw of Screen Rant gave the film 4 out of 5 stars or "excellent, '' explaining that "Big Hero 6 combines Disney wonder and charm with Marvel awe and action to deliver a film that exhibits the best of both studios. '' Alonso Duralde of The Wrap gave the film a positive review, calling it "sweet and sharp and exciting and hilarious '' and says that the film "comes to the rescue of what 's become a dreaded movie trope -- the origin story -- and launches the superhero tale to pleasurable new heights. '' Calvin Wilson of St. Louis Post-Dispatch gave the film 3.5 of 4 stars, writing that "the storytelling is solid, propelled by characters that you come to care about. And that should make Big Hero 6 a big hit. ''
Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film a positive review, writing, "Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams have made a terrific movie about a boy (Ryan Potter) and his robot friend, who seek answers to a deadly tragedy, '' calling it an "unexpectedly good treat. '' Soren Anderson of The Seattle Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying that "Clever, colorful, fast on its feet, frequently very funny and sweet (but not excessively so), Big Hero 6 mixes its myriad influences into a final product that, while in no way original, is immensely entertaining. '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a positive review, saying that "the funny and heartwarming story about the bond between a teen tech geek and a gentle robot represents another ca n't - miss proposition by Walt Disney Animation Studios. '' Jon Niccum of The Kansas City Star gave the film 3.5 out of four stars, writing that while it "may hit a few familiar beats inherent to any superhero "origin story, '' '' it is still "the best animated film of the year, supplying The Incredibles - size adventure with a level of emotional bonding not seen since The Iron Giant, '' and that it "never runs low on battery power. '' Elizabeth Weitzman of the Daily News gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it a "charming animated adventure, '' saying that with "appealing 3D animation '' and a smart and "sharp story and script, '' it is "one of the rare family films that can fairly boast of having it all: humor, heart and huggability. '' Rafer Guzmán from Newsday gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying that "Marvel plus Disney plus John Lasseter equals an enjoyable jumble of kid - approved action, '' with "rich, vivid colors and filled with clever details. ''
A Japanese manga adaptation of Big Hero 6 (which is titled Baymax (ベイ マックス, Beimakkusu) in Japan), illustrated by Haruki Ueno, began serialization in Kodansha 's Magazine Special from August 20, 2014. A prologue chapter was published in Weekly Shōnen Magazine on August 6, 2014. According to the film 's official Japanese website, the manga revealed plot details in Japan before anywhere else in the world. The website also quoted the film 's co-director Don Hall, to whom it referred as a manga fan, as saying that the film was Japanese - inspired. Yen Press publishes the series in English.
Vinyl toy company Funko released the first images of the toy figures via their Big Hero 6 Funko. The POP Vinyl series collection features Hiro Hamada, GoGo Tomago, Wasabi, Honey Lemon, Fred, and a 6 - inch Baymax.
Bandai released a number of action figures related to the film; these toys including a number of different Baymax figures. One is a soft plastic 10 - inch version that includes a series of projected stills from the film on his stomach, which can be changed when the figure 's arm is moved, and which emits accompanying sounds. Deluxe Flying Baymax, which retails for $39.99, depicts the armored version of the character and features lights and sounds that activate at the push of a button. Placing the Hiro figurine on his back changes the sounds into speech and when the figure is tilted, the sounds are those of flying. The Armor - Up Baymax (original retail cost $19.99) comes with 20 pieces of armor that can be assembled onto the robot by the owner. The other characters from the film, including the other members of team and Professor Callaghan (who is called Yokai) are issued in 4 - inch action figures, each of which have eight points of articulation.
On February 18, 2015, the film 's directors, Don Hall and Chris Williams, said a sequel was possible. Hall added, "Having said that, of course, we love these characters, and the thought of working with them again some day definitely has its appeal. '' In March 2015, Genesis Rodriguez told MTV that a sequel was being considered, saying, "... There 's nothing definitive. There 's talks of something happening. We just do n't know what yet. '' In April 2015, Stan Lee mentioned a projected sequel as one of several that he understood were in Marvel 's plans for upcoming films.
In March 2016, Disney announced that a Big Hero 6 television series was in development and premiered on Disney XD in 2017. The series takes place immediately after the events of the film, and is created by Kim Possible 's Mark McCorkle and Bob Schooley, and executive produced by McCorkle, Schooley, and Nick Filippi. The majority of the cast from the film returned to voice the characters, except for Wayans Jr. and Miller.
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who has the highest infant mortality rate in the world | List of countries by infant and under - five mortality rates - wikipedia
The under - five mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants and children under five years old per 1000 live births. The under - five mortality rate for the world is 40.8 deaths according to the World Bank and the World Health Organization. 5.6 million children under age five died in 2016, 15 000 every day.
The infant mortality rate (IMR) figures are from the United Nations World Population Prospects report, by five years averages, and the CIA World Factbook.
The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rate of the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 34.1 according to the CIA World Factbook.
Note that due to differences in reporting, these numbers may not be comparable across countries. The WHO recommendation is that all children who show signs of life should be recorded as live births. In many countries this standard is not followed, artificially lowering their infant mortality rates relative to countries which follow those standards.
Note: The tables can be variously sorted using the icon.
Note: The row numbers on the left are static. The other columns can be variously sorted using the icon.
The following is a list of OECD countries by under - five mortality rate per 1000 live births as published by the World Bank. The list has 2016 data. The OECD average was 6.9 in 2016.
Note: The last column in the next 2 tables enables interactive links between the 2 tables.
Infant mortality (deaths / 1,000 live births) - longitudinal data - the 2015 revision.
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he played liz and petes boss on 30 rock | List of 30 Rock characters - wikipedia
30 Rock is an American television comedy series created by Tina Fey, which aired on NBC. The series takes place behind the scenes of a fictional live sketch comedy series, also airing on NBC; the name "30 Rock '' refers to the address of the GE Building, where NBC Studios is located (30 Rockefeller Plaza). The series has an ensemble cast consisting of 14 regular cast members: Tina Fey, Alec Baldwin, Tracy Morgan, Jane Krakowski, Jack McBrayer, Scott Adsit, Judah Friedlander, Katrina Bowden, Keith Powell, Lonny Ross, John Lutz, Kevin Brown, Grizz Chapman, and Maulik Pancholy.
The series features seven characters appearing during the opening credits:
There are another seven characters not appearing during the opening credits but also receiving star billing.
Main character appearance summary
Elizabeth Miervaldis "Liz '' Lemon (Tina Fey), the series ' protagonist, is head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan. Jack Donaghy calls her a "New York third - wave feminist, college - educated, single - and - pretending - to - be-happy - about - it, over-scheduled, undersexed, you buy any magazine that says ' healthy body image ' on the cover and every two years you take up knitting for... a week. '' Lemon is a Star Wars fan and is portrayed as a "geek. '' She also lacks certain social skills and is a stress eater, particularly ingesting junk food. She is generally shown to have liberal political views. Despite her high standards in men, personified in her imaginary perfect husband, Astronaut Mike Dexter, Lemon has had some "really terrible boyfriends, '' but eventually finds happiness with Criss Chross, with whom she adopts two children.
John Francis "Jack '' Donaghy (Alec Baldwin) is the decisive, controlling, suave network executive who must deal with (and / or causes) unusual events at TGS. He is an Irish - American Catholic and a Republican. Donaghy is portrayed as a slick, brilliant and scrupulous network executive who directs many overtly backhanded compliments to Liz. Lemon (as he refers to her) and Donaghy have a work spouse relationship. Jack was married two times (and engaged two other times), and with his second wife, television reporter Avery Jessup, he has a daughter, Liddy Elizabeth Donaghy, named after Liz Lemon. Avery and Jack were divorced after her return from North Korea (where she was held hostage by Kim Jong Il) when they admit they only married because of Avery 's pregnancy. Shortly after becoming the CEO of Kabletown, Jack suffered an emotional crisis and resigned, only to return to General Electric.
Tracy Jordan (Tracy Morgan) is the loose - cannon star of TGS. He is a movie star with a reputation for erratic behavior. This reputation is well - deserved; much of it is an intentional attempt on his part to maintain his "crazy '' persona in the eyes of the media. In the pilot episode, Jack Donaghy forces Liz Lemon to hire Tracy as the new star of her sketch comedy program The Girlie Show. To the chagrin of Liz and Jenna, Jack renames the show TGS with Tracy Jordan in the following episode. Tracy has remained the star of TGS ever since.
Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) is the histrionic costar of TGS, and Liz 's best friend. She is often shown as being extremely insecure about herself. A recurring motif in the show is Jenna 's pursuit of fame through some ill - advised project ending up in public humiliation from which she never learns. She is, in other words, a typical prima donna. Off - camera she is comically conceited, frequently lying about her age and using her sexuality to manipulate men (almost always to bad effect).
Kenneth Ellen Parcell (Jack McBrayer) is a cheerful, obedient Southern - born NBC page who "lives for television ''. In the early episodes, Kenneth seemed unfamiliar with some of Liz 's staff (and Liz herself). In the pilot, Liz refers to Kenneth as "that NBC page ''. As the series progressed, his character became familiar with the other staff of TGS (including Jack Donaghy). Kenneth acts as Tracy Jordan 's personal assistant (for instance, getting Tracy nachos from Yankee Stadium); he is a member of Tracy 's entourage and becomes close to Tracy, Grizz, and Dot Com. By the end of the series, he ends up as the president of NBC.
It is revealed several times over the course of the show that not only may Kenneth not sleep, be immortal, and possibly be a clone, but also as stated by his mother (portrayed by Catherine O'Hara) that at the time of his birth he said to her, "Mama, I am not a person. My body is just a flesh vessel for an immortal being whose name, if you heard it, would make you lose your mind. ''
Peter "Pete '' Hornberger (Scott Adsit) is one of the producers of TGS, who often serves as a straight man to the other characters. As the show goes on he slowly descends into a pathetic state of insanity. He works closely with and serves as a trusted friend to Liz, whom, as stated in "Blind Date '', he has known for ten years.
In early seasons, Pete is Liz 's closest friend at work and the only one she can rely on. Much like Liz, Pete generally plays straight man to the other characters, especially to Liz when she is temporarily pushed over the edge. Prior to his work on TGS, Pete was a skilled archer qualified to compete in the 1980 Summer Olympics, but did not get to go when President Carter decided to boycott the Moscow games. Later episode stated he was a member of the band Loverboy during his teenage years and that his father was a member of the United States Congress.
Pete is married and he has four sons and a daughter. Aside from a brief scene in the pilot where Pete appears at home with one of his sons, the members of his family were unseen characters until the episode "Greenzo ''. In one episode, Pete reveals that he is afraid of his son Kyle, who is apparently very strong and, in "Black Tie, '' he spoke with his son Kaleb over the telephone, pretending to be popular fictional character Elmo, in order to encourage his son to "aim your pee - pee at the potty. '' In "Greenzo '', Liz mentions he has three sons named Robert and Jack, and an unnamed one referred to as "that creepy little one who 's always rubbing himself on the carpet ''. In the episode "Anna Howard Shaw Day '', his daughter Evelyn is selling cookies for a school fundraiser. His wife Paula is implied to have a rather overbearing personality and Pete often goes to great lengths to make her happy, as in "Up All Night '' when he realized that it was Valentine 's Day, which also happens to be his wife 's birthday. Pete also passed when one of Tracy 's entourage expressed interest in him during that episode, showing that he may not always be happy in his marriage but he remains faithful. In the episode "Tracy Does Conan, '' Pete stated that his wife wishes he was not bald and, in "Black Tie, '' Pete mentions that they were married in a botanical garden. He lied to his wife about getting a vasectomy, but, as of "The Fighting Irish, '' she 's getting suspicious. Therefore, Pete has asked Liz for the keys to her apartment for "my own safety. '' He is still living with Liz as of "Greenzo. '' However, Liz finds out that Pete and Paula are having an "affair '' where they sneak around and use her apartment for trysts that include silk scarves and Pop - Tarts; Pete tells her that he and his wife got pregnant almost immediately after they began dating and have never had an exciting romantic / sexual life because of that, so they have found this way to spark their marriage.
With his role of Liz 's confidant increasingly filled by Jack Donaghy, Pete played increasingly reduced roles as the series continued, although his marital woes and inability to catch a break were increasingly mined for humor. Jack pities Pete for his aimlessness and unattractive appearance, and occasionally attempts to boost his confidence, beginning by convincing him to wear a wig for a week in "Tracy Does Conan. '' In "Nothing Left to Lose '', Jack is shocked to find out that Pete 's only ambition is to remain in his current job. Jack attempts to help Pete by having him make adjustments to his lifestyle, including shaving off what remains of his hair. Unfortunately, it is revealed that his ring of hair was hiding an obscene birthmark that Jack describes as "a swastika made of penises '', leading him to be beaten in the street and forced to wear another wig.
When TGS is canceled in "Last Lunch '', Pete implies repeatedly he is planning to fake his death and escape from his life and family. He succeeds in doing so, setting up a new identity under the name "Dan Silversmith '' in Hickory, North Carolina, but is tracked down a year later by his wife Paula and meekly returns to his previous existence.
Francis "Frank '' Rossitano (Judah Friedlander; Fred Armisen in select scenes of "Live from Studio 6H '') is a writer at TGS of Sicilian descent. After Liz, Frank is the most prominently - featured and prolific writer of the show - within - a-show. Frank is habitually slovenly and childish; he lives with his mother and is an aficionado of video games, comic books and figurines, and pornography. He wears a variety of trucker hats with humorous phrases (which Friedlander also wears in real life) and large, thick - lensed glasses. Frank delivers most lines in a deadpan style, and is often shown to be something of a perverse character with an obvious interest in the opposite gender (although in one episode Frank questions his sexuality after meeting a physically attractive man named Jamie), Frank appears to have an understanding of popular culture and sometimes displays surprising amounts of intelligence. Frank is allergic to peanuts. In "Audition Day '' it is revealed that (as Friedlander is in real life) he is a standup comedian.
Friedlander says he makes the hats for his character himself, using phrases he invents; in episode S03E18 where Liz is forced to stay home, one of her final requests before being forced out of the building was to know what Frank 's hat said. Frank first started wearing the hats at age 14; his eighth - grade class photo shows him in a hat reading "My First Hat ''.
Frank was raised largely by his mother Sylvia after his father, a lawyer for the mafia, went into the Witness Protection Program. Sylvia 's fear for her son led him to leave law school at her insistence and enter comedy. In "Goodbye, My Friend '', Jack Donaghy learns of Frank 's legal aspirations and offers him a scholarship to Columbia University Law School, but reneges on his offer after Sylvia warns him of the danger in which a law career would place Frank due to his family 's mafia connections. Frank pursues women frequently, usually older, psychologically damaged, or physically unattractive women he considers "low - hanging fruit ''. Though it is hinted in the episode "Jackie Jormp Jomp '' that he and Cerie have a secret relationship. The great love of Frank 's life occurred at the age of 14, where he had an affair with his middle - school teacher, Lynn Onkmann. She was sent to prison for the offense, but he remained in love with her and after her release in the fifth season of 30 Rock, they reconciled and began a relationship over the objections of pretty much everyone else.
Cerie Xerox (Katrina Bowden) is Liz 's young, pretty, laid - back assistant. She is an object of intense sexual desire for the male writers of TGS because of her beauty and very revealing clothing. However, she seems to be unaware of the effect she has on men, believing that the reason Liz does not approve of the way she dresses is because Liz has "one of those body image things ''. She frequently receives drunken phone sex messages, and she states that she does not think that they are cute, even when they are from Liz.
In "Jack the Writer '', she tells Liz that her goal in life is to "marry rich and then design handbags. '' She seems to be very successful because of her charm and good looks and is the object of insults from insecure women. Despite her unawareness, Cerie has proved herself to be intelligent on multiple occasions, usually with ironic comedy.
In "The Baby Show '', Cerie becomes engaged to a wealthy man named Aris, after dating him for five weeks. When Liz tells Cerie that she may be rushing into marriage, Cerie replies that she would only be able to be a "young hot mom '' for a limited time, and that she did n't want to be "like... 50 '' when her children graduate from high school. If their first child is a girl, possible names include "Bookcase '', "Sandstorm '', and "Hat '', though Cerie thinks "Hat '' is "more of a boy 's name ''. In "Up All Night, '' she stated that she and Aris were fighting because he wants a Greek Orthodox wedding and she disagrees with the Church 's stance on Cyprus; soon after, he is kidnapped by Somali pirates. Cerie and Aris finally marry three seasons later in "I Do Do '', with Liz and the Somali pirates as members of the wedding party.
In "Secret Santa '', Cerie tells Jack Donaghy and Liz Lemon that her mother was born in 1976. This probably means that Cerie 's mother was a teen mom when Cerie was born. However, in a previous episode, Cerie said that her mother is 38 years old.
Cerie states in "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World '' that she quit years earlier, but inexplicably kept coming to work. She joins the rest of the TGS crew and cast on - stage, to resign personally to the Kabletown board of directors, in order to prevent the show from being re-commissioned and thus enable Liz to devote her time to her newly adopted children. She sticks around to pack up the TGS writers ' room, and orders both the writers ' would - be last lunch which Liz dictates, and its replacement decreed by Lutz. ("Hogcock! '', "Last Lunch '')
Jenna is intimidated by Cerie 's youth. When seeing Cerie propping her feet up on her desk without her shoes in "Greenzo '', Jenna assumes bare feet are "in '' and pads around shoeless in the hope of appearing young and hip. Immediately upon arriving at LAX to start her post-TGS film career in "Hogcock! '', Jenna sees nothing but beautiful 20 - something women and is approached by Cerie 's look - alike who addresses her as "Ma'am '' and asks if she needs a wheelchair to baggage claim.
James "Toofer '' Spurlock (Keith Powell) is a proud African - American Harvard University alumnus, Harvard Krokodiloes alumnus, and TGS writer, who often disagrees with Tracy and Frank (although he and Frank often socialize with Lutz). He detests the stereotypical aspects of black culture he believes are embodied by Tracy Jordan, and he serves as a foil to Tracy. According to Liz, Toofer is "afraid of black people ''. He claims pride in his black heritage, showing off a photo of an ancestor who was an officer in the Civil War; later, he discovers the man actually fought for the Confederacy. According to Jack, his nickname is "Toofer '' because "with him you get a two - for - one; he 's a black guy and a Harvard guy ''. Frank (with whom he shares an office) called him a "black nerd '' à la Steve Urkel. It was revealed in season 4, episode 17 that Toofer was only hired because of affirmative action; he quits in anger, before he agrees to return. He insisted that in order to return, his fellow writers must stop calling him Toofer, but relented when they suggested more nicknames. Pete 's suggestion of "Threefer, because you 're also gay, '' is the first time that ' Toofers ' sexuality is officially called into question, though Liz had previously insulted him, saying "Look, it 's Sherlock Homo here to solve the case of the gay sweater. '' In many episodes, like "The Pilot, '' "TGS Hates Women, '' "Anna Howard Shaw Day, '' and "Up All Night, '' Toofer has shown an attraction to women. The character was named after series writer Robert Carlock.
Warren "Grizz '' Griswold (Grizz Chapman) is a member of Tracy 's entourage. A recurring character during the first two seasons, he is credited as a series regular in seasons three and four. Within the entourage, Grizz is charged with "sitting on '' Tracy when he is overstimulated, in addition to a very fluid list of other responsibilities. In season 1 Grizz was apparently Tracy 's financial manager, and in season 5 he was suggested to be Tracy and Adam West 's talent manager. Despite his calm demeanor, Grizz is shown to be a romantic and deeply emotional man. "Sexual history '' between Grizz and Liz Lemon (whom he alone addresses as ' Beth ') is referred to in several episodes. A drunken Liz came onto him at Kenneth 's party in "Greenzo '', which traumatised him. Despite their history, he cajoles her into serving as his "woman of honor '' (i.e., female best man) in his wedding to his fiancée, Feyoncé. In "Kidney Now! '' it is revealed that Tracy and Grizz attended high school together. Grizz is the most physically imposing member of Tracy 's entourage and the cast; referencing their long friendship in "Argus, '' Tracy tells him "I 've known you since you were six feet tall! ''
Grizz reads George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire and expressed shock at a climactic moment toward the end of A Game of Thrones.
With the cancellation of TGS, Grizz remains at NBC. He is cast as the lead in a fish - out - of - water situation comedy developed by Dot Com, Grizz & Herz, in which his character runs an inn in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Liz eventually follows the duo, taking a behind - the - camera position and occasionally bringing her adopted children to work. ("Last Lunch '')
Walter "Dot Com '' Slattery (Kevin Brown) is another member of Tracy 's entourage. Another recurring character during the first two seasons, he is also credited as a series regular during seasons three and four. Dot Com is Tracy 's driver and cook; in "Hard Ball '', their last names are revealed. Dot Com is erudite and intellectual; he is a 1993 graduate of Wesleyan University, aspires to screenwriting, and hints at successful entrepreneurial ventures. He credits a former campaign of his for a city council seat as having "raised the level of discourse in this city, '' even though he lost the election. Dot Com once portrayed Boris Alexeyevich Trigorin in Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull, a role which Tracy praised, saying he saw Walter "become '' Trigorin. Dot Com and Grizz are old friends, having met at a "summer camp for giants '' ("Argus ''). Like Tracy, Walter grew up in the South Bronx, though without experiencing poverty ("I wanted for nothing as a child, but that brings its own challenges, '' he notes, with Tracy responding "Shut up, Dot Com! ''). Dot Com often serves as the voice of sanity within the series, and finds himself ignored with mounting frustration. During seasons 3 and 4, we learn that he is in love with Grizz 's fiancée, with whom he is implied to have had an affair.
With the cancellation of TGS, Dot Com develops Grizz 's sitcom, Grizz & Herz. He is soon joined behind the camera by Liz Lemon. ("Last Lunch '')
Jonathan (Maulik Pancholy) is Jack 's assistant. Jonathan harbours a desperate crush on Jack. His obsessive admiration of his boss is coupled with disdain towards Liz, whom he considers unworthy of Jack 's attention. In the episode "Believe in the Stars, '' Jack reveals he only hired him because he was heavily medicated on Comanaprosil and he mistook Jonathan for M. Night Shyamalan. In season 4, episode 11 ("Winter Madness '') it is revealed that Jonathan is of Indian descent, and in episode 18 ("Khonani '') he addresses the janitor Khonani in Hindi. Elsewhere, he mentions meeting his "birth parents, '' revealing he is adopted, and when in the season - five episode "Let 's Stay Together '', when Jack asks Jonathan to provide a distraction by pretending to be a stereotypical Indian and faking an Indian accent, Jonathan objects, "But I 'm from Palo Alto! '' More than once Jonathan has made racist comments about people from Indian Kashmir ("Khonani, '' "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning '').
As a Christmas gift one year, Jack secured the release of Jonathan 's sister from a North Korean prison. Jack 's wife Avery was later kidnapped to North Korea herself. Liz once caught Jonathan wearing a wedding dress and dancing with one of Jack 's suits. ("Hogcock! '')
Jonathan retains his position when Jack is replaced by Kathy Geiss, and is heartbroken by Jack 's departure. He stays on as Jack 's assistant when Jack is reinstated and keeps the same office despite Jack 's promotion to chairman of NBC. Jack fires Jonathan in "Cutbacks, '' but he reappears as Jack 's assistant three episodes later without explanation. He relocates with Jack to a suite upstairs when the latter is appointed chairman of Kabletown and eschews the company 's Philadelphia headquarters in favor of remaining in the G.E. Building. ("Hogcock! '' / "Last Lunch '')
Jonathan is off - camera throughout the show 's sixth season, something that the characters appear not to notice. His disappearance was due to actor Pancholy 's co-starring role on another NBC sitcom, Whitney. Pancholy exists within the 30 Rock universe independently of Jonathan, being mentioned by Jack in "The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell '' during that period; Alec Baldwin likewise exists independently of Jack who mentions the actor in "Hogcock! ''. Jonathan returns in season seven, stating that he was away looking after his sick grandmother. ("The Beginning of the End '')
Johnny "J.D. '' Lutz (John Lutz) is a lazy, overweight TGS writer who is often ridiculed by the rest of the staff. When characters enter the room they sometimes yell, "Shut up, Lutz! '' even if Lutz was not speaking at the time. The other characters are unconcerned about his well - being; when Lutz ran headfirst into a wall in "The Ones '', no one helped him until a wall - mounted television fell on him, and even then, Pete (the producer) tells the writers, who instigated the incident, "I hope you 've learned your lesson. Because of what you did, we almost lost a monitor. '' Lutz is originally from Alaska (which he hates), and is part Inuit. His first two initials were mentioned in "The Aftermath '', in which it was also revealed that he has a thyroid problem. The J is revealed to stand for Johnny (or John) in "The Moms ''. He attended Oberlin College; after his junior year, he traveled to South by Southwest (a film, interactive, and music festival in Austin, Texas). The show implies that he is a gay man in the process of coming out, although everyone ignores (or forgets) this due to their dislike of him. Lutz periodically mentions a girlfriend who lives in Canada, named Karen. No one believes him; therefore, Lutz created a website (JDLutz.com/karen/proof -- an actual page on the 30 Rock website). He finally identifies himself as bisexual while shouting at his fellow writers on their last day of work in "Last Lunch ''. It is also mentioned during season six that Kellan Lutz from the Twilight series is his grandnephew, and while everyone thinks this is another one of his lies, Kellan actually does show up in Season 7 to hang out with his relative (and to try and tape a pro-Obama skit for TGS). In the series finale, Lutz finally takes revenge on the writing staff after seven years of ridicule by insisting that their final free lunch will be ordered from Blimpies, going to absurd lengths to ensure his victory, including legally changing his name to Johnny Aardvark so he will be first alphabetically. Lutz 's mother is portrayed by John Lutz in drag in "The Moms ''; however, this may just be the character Lutz impersonating his own mother, since they are not seen together.
Josh Girard (Lonny Ross) was the male star of TGS before Tracy was hired. Liz found him while he was opening for a puppet. He, Tracy, and Jenna Maroney are the three main actors on the show - within - a-show from Seasons 1 through 3. It has been said that his character is based on SNL alumnus Jimmy Fallon. Josh is frequently seen in the writer 's room, and appears to be the only member of the TGS cast who also works as a writer for the show. Often referred to as being a "kid, '' Josh is described in dialogue in a way that implies he is young, guileless, and unintelligent. He is indeed typically portrayed as lacking smarts and is often shown doing things that are considered juvenile.
Most of Josh 's work on the show seems to be as an impressionist; he has performed impressions of Ray Romano, Michael Jackson, Stone Phillips, Jay Leno, Elizabeth Taylor, George W. Bush, and Jerry Seinfeld.
His impressions have raised eyebrows from people who are not impressed, like Elizabeth Taylor (played by Rachel Dratch), who knocked him out with an extinguisher and leaving him severely concussed after he did a sketch that offended her in which he impersonated the actress. Original characters that he plays on the show include "Dr. Ridiculous, '' a Chinese man named Mr. Wang, and Gaybraham Lincoln. In "The Baby Show, '' Tracy got mad at Josh for impersonating him, claiming that Josh was turning him into a caricature. In "Hard Ball, '' it is implied that Josh is Jewish, and in a carry - over during "Ludachristmas, '' from the "Secret Rodney '' ads that were running, Kenneth says "Merry Jewish '' to Josh when passing out gifts. He, Frank, and Toofer are often observed fooling around and admiring Cerie.
In the episode "The Break - Up, '' Josh states that his parents raised him as a girl for 10 years. Jack Donaghy mentions in the show 's second episode that Josh had a 760 SAT score and graduated from SUNY Cortland. In "Hard Ball, '' Josh 's agent Alan Steiner is introduced. In sharp contrast to Josh, Steiner was portrayed as slick and cunning. Steiner uses unnecessary abbreviations and has a "really bad sex addiction. ''
In "The Rural Juror, '' Josh snuck into Liz 's office to get her copy of The Rural Juror and quickly dislikes it upon seeing the title ("Well, this is disappointing... I had to let Tony (the security guard) watch me pee to get that tape '').
In "Season 4, '' Josh gets fed up with everyone 's poor treatment of him and quits TGS. He then winds up auditioning again in "Audition Day, '' but he gets rejected; Danny Baker replaces him in the main TGS cast. Lonny Ross was written out of the series in season four. He does appear via a flashback to a raunchy TGS sketch with Tracy in the series finale.
Jack "Danny '' Baker (Cheyenne Jackson) is hired as a new TGS cast member in the fourth season. Danny is originally from Ottawa, and after starring in a movie about Canadian Football, came to New York and became a robotic street performer. He first appears in the episode "Audition Day '' (played by actor / dancer Daniel Genalo). On his first day of work (without his silver clothes and makeup), Jack Donaghy renames him ' Danny ' rather than have two Jacks. Later that day, he accurately speculates to an incredulous Tracy and Jenna that Kenneth could be running the network in the future.
Danny had a brief fling with his boss, Liz Lemon, which annoyed Jack. Ironically, it was Jack 's example that inspired Liz to "take her reward '' with her employee in the first place. Assuming that Danny 's real name of Jack is a diminutive of Jon or John (as it is with Donaghy, Kennedy, and former GE Chairman Jack Welch), he is in keeping with Liz 's tendency to date men who share names with celebrities and fictional characters: the CHiPs character portrayed by Liz 's childhood crush, Larry Wilcox. Indeed, Danny was even in - costume as Wilcox / Baker during one of their assignations. Jack persuaded Danny to end the affair by telling Danny that he (Jack) was in love with Liz.
Danny is earnest, good - natured, and a talented singer. He defers to Jenna when his singing talent makes her jealous, to the point of deliberately singing badly during a Christmas special so she can step in and shine. He mentions that he has a hard time recognizing sarcasm because "Canada has a small Jewish population '', and was shocked to discover he was adopted despite his mother being Japanese. Danny does n't appear in much of the sixth season until he returns in the episode "Live from Studio 6H '', in which he reveals that he has been locked in a prison in Singapore due to the discovery of a suspicious package he was possessing, which happened to have been given to him by Jenna. He makes his final appearance in "There 's No I in America '', when he asks Liz to help him from getting deported back to Canada, but Liz ignores his problem.
Appears In: "The Problem Solvers '', "Secret Santa '', "Black Light Attack! '', "Winter Madness '', "Floyd '', "The Moms '', "Live Show '', "Mrs. Donaghy '', "100 '', "Live from Studio 6H '', "There 's No I in America ''
Don Geiss (Rip Torn) / ˈɡaɪs / GYS is CEO of General Electric (GE) on the show, and Jack 's boss. Jack considers Geiss his mentor, and idolizes him. Geiss has a mentally challenged daughter (Kathy), an effeminate son (Bertram, ' Daddy 's Fancy Boy '), a secret second family in Canada (a reference to Torn 's role in Eulogy) and a third (secret) attic family. In "Future Husband '' Geiss dies, but (real - world) former GE chairman Jack Welch keeps his death a secret while GE negotiates a takeover with the (fictional) Philadelphia - based cable company Kabletown (which is based on Comcast). Geiss is cryogenically frozen in carbonite in an Episcopal service.
Appears In: "The C Word '', "Corporate Crush '', "Jack Gets in the Game '', "Succession '', "Sandwich Day '', "Reunion '', "Larry King ''
Kathy Geiss (Marceline Hugot) is Don Geiss ' daughter. She is a strange and eccentric middle aged woman and appears to suffer from rosacea. Kathy likes unicorns, Mark Wahlberg and soap operas. She is mentally deficient, sometimes harms herself and is oblivious to fiancé Devon Banks ' blatant homosexuality and contempt for her. She has been seen putting pocket watches and toy race cars in her mouth and eating flowers. She rarely speaks, very occasionally saying single words (such as "kiss kiss kiss '' in "Do - Over ''), but is a highly gifted singer and musician, once performing a beautiful rendition of "I Dreamed a Dream '', in a send - up of the Susan Boyle performance, and later performing "Ave Maria '' as a trumpet solo. When her father was in a coma, Kathy held the titles of Chairman and CEO of GE and President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming. In truth, Kathy was only a figurehead, while her fiancé (Devon Banks) ran the company from behind the scenes. Her appearance in "Idiots Are People Three! '' suggests that she has taken over GE after her father 's death. In "Idiots Are People Three! '', it is revealed that she has a "calming box ''. She later agrees with Jack and Devon to give money to a hospital in exchange that NBC 's new mascot be "Majellica the Unicorn ''. Her invention of a machine to hug the elderly is defective and implied to have crushed an old woman to death.
Appears In: "Jack Gets in the Game '', "Succession '', "Sandwich Day '', "Do - Over '', "Reunion '', "Audition Day '', "Don Geiss, America and Hope '', "Argus '', "Idiots Are People Three! '', "Hogcock! ''
Devon Banks (Will Arnett) is the former Vice President of West Coast News, Web Content, and Theme Park Talent Relations for NBC. In a 2008 interview with Fortune magazine, Tina Fey said that Banks ' character was based on former co-chairman of NBC Entertainment Ben Silverman. Devon is the nemesis of the (older) Jack Donaghy; he is first seen in "Fireworks '', when his surprise visit from Los Angeles leads Jack to believe that he is trying to take Jack 's job as Vice President of East Coast Television and Microwave Oven Programming. Devon is gay, but for a point, was closeted as he becomes engaged to Kathy Geiss in order to get ahead in the company. Devon lusts after Kenneth Parcell and uses his status as a former NBC page himself to ingratiate himself with Kenneth. Jack, however, uses Kenneth as a honey trap to spy on and distract Devon. After the events of "Do - Over '', he leaves Kathy and winds up showing up again in "Into the Crevasse '' working for the Obama administration, and attempts to make Jack take government bail - out money, which Jack eventually does with reluctance. He appears again in Season 5 's "Plan B '', married and the father of three "gaybies '' whom he and his partner Cashmere had via a surrogate mother. He briefly attempts to compete with Jack for the CEO position of Kabletown, but learns to treasure family more, and officially admits defeat to Jack. He returns in "Idiots Are People Three! '' and manipulates Jack into using his connections to get his children into an elite preschool, but his joy that Jack wo n't be able to do that for his own daughter vanishes as Jack smugly notes that Liddy is already brilliant and does n't need any artificial help. Banks appears again in Season 7 's "Game Over '' as part of Kaylie Hooper 's ploy to wrangle control of Kabletown away from Jack.
Appears In: "Fireworks '', "Jack Gets in the Game '', "Succession '', "Do - Over '', "Into the Crevasse, "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 '', "Plan B '', "Idiots Are People Three! '', "Game Over ''
Hank Hooper (Ken Howard), a "family man '' and Vietnam veteran, is head of Kabletown. He is often angered by Jack 's handling of TGS, but paradoxically always seems happy on the surface (laughing incessantly, while directing thinly - veiled insults and threats to Jack and his staff). He is loosely based on the similarly alliteratively - named founder of Comcast, Ralph J. Roberts; Comcast is sometimes said to be run as a "family business. ''.
Appears In: "¡ Qué Sorpresa! '', "Plan B '', "100 '', "The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell '', "Standards and Practices '', "The Shower Principle '', "Game Over '', "Florida ''.
Subhas (Subhas Ramsaywack) is the head janitor at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. He is an Indian immigrant and is married to Ann Curry. Subhas is central to a plot arc in Season 4 parodying the feud between late - night television hosts Jay Leno and Conan O'Brien. In 2005, Jack Donaghy had signed a contract with Subhas ' rival Indian janitor, Khonani, to take over the 11: 30 p.m. janitorial shift from Subhas in five years ' time. In "Khonani '', it 's 2010 and Jack informs Subhas the deal is taking effect. After Subhas objects, Jack agrees to move him to 10: 00 p.m. Khonani however then protests to Jack that there is no trash for him to pick up at 11: 30 because Subhas has already collected it. Ultimately, Subhas returns to 11: 30 and Khonani leaves NBC for "Fox (cough) - woods... Foxwoods Resort Casino. ''
Appears In: "Into the Crevasse '', "Secret Santa '', "Khonani '', "Gentleman 's Intermission '', "¡ Qué Sorpresa! '', "TGS Hates Women '', "I Heart Connecticut '', "100 '', "Idiots Are People Two! '', "Idiots Are People Three! '', "Kidnapped by Danger '', "Florida '', "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World ''.
Kaylie Hooper (Chloë Grace Moretz) is the granddaughter of Hank Hooper, who is in competition with Jack to take over her grandfather 's role as CEO of Kabletown. First introduced in "TGS Hates Women '', she has twice used typical teenage girl antics to try to cover up her schemes to bring down Jack. Initially, she pretended to be interested in oceanography and later threatened to destroy Jack if he interfered with her future at Kabletown. Later on, she deliberately sabotaged an NBC reality show with singing kids as part of a convoluted plot to make sure Jack got her expelled from a private school she hated, thus landing her a spot at a school in Manhattan with her NYU student boyfriend -- but Jack got the last laugh, as he ruined her dreams of playing lacrosse there and she could n't pretend he had n't won that round. Kaylie returns in "Game Over '', still wanting to be CEO of Kabletown. In this episode, it is apparently revealed that she is not Hank 's granddaughter and Jack plans to expose her. In reality, she is Hank 's granddaughter and that she deliberately set up Jack to try to make him send her DNA to Hank when he actually sent him someone else 's DNA, using Devon as a pawn in her plan. However, Jack revealed that he never sent Hank her DNA but instead a birthday card for Hank, something that Hank is very passionate about and something that Kaylie did not do due to being distracted by Jack throughout the whole week, sealing Jack 's fate as Kabletown CEO and Kaylie 's ultimate downfall.
Appears In: "TGS Hates Women '', "Standards and Practices '', "Game Over ''.
Howard Jorgensen (Brian Stack) is Vice President of Locomotives at GE and a member of the board of directors. A former protégé of Jack 's, he is married to a Filipina woman, has two children and owns a house with a pool. Jack has stated that people use Jorgensen as a scapegoat.
Appears In: "Jack Meets Dennis '', "Succession '', "Larry King ''
Donny Lawson (Paul Scheer) is the head page at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, known for his weak one - liners and bizarre hand gestures. He despises Kenneth for his cheerfulness, and wants to transfer him to the CNBC studios in Paramus. Donny was introduced on the series when Jenna tries to find a replacement jacket for Kenneth; Donny uses this as an excuse to give Kenneth a demerit. He challenges him to a "page - off '' (a strange contest, mixing physical stamina with NBC trivia) which is quickly broken up by Pete, who orders Donny to give Kenneth a new jacket.
Appears In: "Rosemary 's Baby '', "Cooter ''
Jeffrey Weinerslav (Todd Buonopane) (pronounced "weener - slave '') works for GE human resources. He tried to mediate a dispute between Jenna and Tracy, but failed. Weinerslav is a self - described "overweight transgender ''. He counseled Liz during her forced leave for sexual harassment (which she attempted to extend by making a pass at him). He later counsels Jack and Liz when they briefly get married due to a clerical error.
Appears In: "Believe in the Stars '', "Cutbacks '', "Jackie Jormp - Jomp '', "Let 's Stay Together '', "Mrs. Donaghy ''
Hazel Wassername, aka Richard Drench (Kristen Schaal) replaces Kenneth as an NBC page when he is promoted to Standards and Practice. At first, she stalked Liz and deeply despised Jenna, having nearly succeeded in her efforts to maim or kill her and therefore become Liz 's "best friend ''. In "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? '' it is revealed that she sees Kenneth as a threat, and rewrites his reapplication to the page program in a way that causes him to not receive the job. She also moves in with him in the same episode, and while her claim that she 's "in love '' with him appears to be false, she is the only woman he has ever been seen kissing on the show. She previously had a relationship with a pimp named Razmig, and has some disturbing sexual notions. She is a recurring character, beginning in season six. In "St. Patrick 's Day '', she reveals that she left her kids in a Sears in 2004 and has an IQ of 70, though considering her penchant for lying and exaggeration, it is possible that these claims are both false. She was later fired by Liz for attempting to trick Pete into letting her perform on TGS. Before leaving, she reveals that Hazel Wassername is not her real name. Following her departure, Hazel breaks up with Kenneth. In "My Whole Life Is Thunder '', Hazel is "recast '' by Tracy as a young Asian woman (Shannon Tyo) in an attempt to cheer Kenneth up.
After leaving NBC, Wassername sues parent company Kabletown alleging to have been the victim of sexual harassment in "Florida ''. Although her claims make her look worse than any of her co-workers, she accurately recounts how badly everyone treats Kenneth; when Jenna and Tracy tell him to be honest, he confirms those incidents (though he is n't that upset about them) and the bad publicity leads Hank Hooper to finally cancel TGS.
Appears in: "Today You Are a Man '', "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', "St. Patrick 's Day '', "Grandmentor '', "The Shower Principle '', "Live from Studio 6H '', "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? '', "The Beginning of the End '', "Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy '', "Florida ''.
Legreta "Greta '' Johansen (Rachel Dratch) is a cat wrangler who works on the show. In "The Baby Show '' she offered to carry the child whom Liz wants, and revealed that she owns a small ferret farm 60 miles (97 km) north of New York City. Greta hints at an obsession with Liz, mentioning that she likes to watch Liz watching TV. Appears In: "Pilot '', "The Baby Show '', "The C Word, '' "100 ''
Dratch, who was featured as Jenna in the original pilot of the show but recast, has also played several minor characters, predominantly in season 1, including Barbara Walters ("The Rural Juror ''), Elizabeth Taylor ("Jack Meets Dennis ''), a Latina maid ("The Aftermath ''), a drunken Russian prostitute ("Up All Night ''), Liz 's doctor ("Hiatus ''), a protestor ("Hard Ball ''), a group therapist ("The Break - Up ''), the Happy Days - obsessed janitor, Jadwiga, in the season - five episode "Live Show '', the voice of an NBC - trivia spouting computer called Not Kenneth (The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell), and a "little blue dude '' seen in hallucinations in "Tracy Does Conan '' and "100. ''
Susannah "Sue '' LaRoche - Van der Hout (Sue Galloway), also referred to as "girl - writer '', is a TGS writer, who speaks with a heavy French - Dutch accent. The CBS dramatic series, The Mentalist, is a remake of a Dutch programme, Van der Hoot: Psychische (De Mentalist), which was based upon Sue 's work as a police psychic in The Netherlands. Following the cancellation of TGS With Tracy Jordan, she takes a serving position at Hooters despite being heavily pregnant; she is called back for the final TGS episode.
Sue has a pragmatic personality, but she is known for unpredictable behavior. She appears to have an affinity for pornography, and some episodes allude that she is bisexual. She apparently has a Black daughter, whom she brings to work on Take Your Black Kid to Work Day in "Sun Tea ''. Sue also claims that she is a virgin ("with white guys '') when offering herself to Jack in "St. Patrick 's Day ''. In "Black Light Attack '', Tracy adds her to his entourage, seeking a woman 's influence after he learns he is going to have a daughter; she soon, however, leaves the entourage in anger after Tracy begins to act like an overprotective father. In "It 's Never Too Late for Now '', it is shown that she can become very violent: when Jack hires the writers to stage a fake fight, she beats up Lutz and even breaks Toofer 's arm and her own wrist.
Notable appearances: "Up All Night '', "Fireworks '', "Ludachristmas '', "Christmas Special '', "The Funcooker '', "Kidney Now! '', "Into the Crevasse '', "Stone Mountain '', "Sun Tea '', "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 '', "Black Light Attack! '', "Winter Madness '', "I Do Do '', "Live Show '', "Brooklyn Without Limits '', "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning '', "It 's Never Too Late for Now '', "TGS Hates Women '', "Plan B '', "The Ballad of Kenneth Parcell '', "St. Patrick 's Day '', "Live from Studio 6H '', "Stride of Pride '', "Hogcock! '', "Last Lunch ''.
Gaylord Felcher (Michael Torpey) is the head of Standards and Practices at NBC. Felcher is Kenneth Parcell 's boss while he works in Standards and enjoys using profanity and obscene gestures.
Appears in: "Standards and Practices '', "Grandmentor ''
The following characters have (at some point during the show) been boyfriends of Liz.
Dennis Duffy (Dean Winters) was Liz 's boyfriend for three episodes during the early part of the show 's first season; he has also made appearances in each subsequent season. Liz had a relationship with him that ended prior to the series, and she briefly resumes a relationship with him only to break it off after discovering that he has been featured on To Catch a Predator. (Dennis later claimed that he knew the girl was actually eighteen because, "She said her last boyfriend was Asian, and that crap does n't start ' till college. '') Dennis has popped up occasionally in later seasons to annoy Liz and attempt to get back together. He is generally disliked by most of the characters, most notably by Liz, Jack and Jenna, with whom he once had sex behind Liz 's back.
Dennis claims to be the love of Liz 's life, which she disputes. The few good memories she has of him are mostly food - related, but she admits he makes her laugh. His nickname for her is "Dummy. '' She nearly got engaged to him and signed a lease on an apartment in Jacksonville before Jack Donaghy got over a pointless feud with Liz and stopped that. In his last two appearances on the show, Dennis has married an obnoxious Irish - American woman named Megan (whose maiden name is also Duffy) and they have adopted an African - American baby boy whom they call "Black Dennis ''. While Dennis is worthless, he did inspire Liz to finally declare her love for her new boyfriend Criss Chros and, later, to marry him. Dennis also is convinced that Liz converted to Judaism for Criss, despite the fact that neither he nor Liz practice any religion.
Dennis is immature for a man his age, often exclaiming like a teenage boy. In one episode he sits on Liz 's bed, playing Halo 3; then, he throws the controller down and yells that the controller is "defective '' because "that grenade was right next to him! '' He was the last remaining beeper salesman in New York City, and was known as the "Beeper King '' (after the original Beeper King committed suicide). His other plans are similarly moronic, including a make - your - own coffee station, copying DVD movies onto LaserDisc, and the participation in a Balloon Boy - like stunt after being assigned to a program that pairs talented kids with troubled adults. In his final appearance, he brags that he has found success selling "suicide insurance ''. In the episode "100 '', it is revealed that his ancestors were kicked out of Ireland, then kicked out of America, sent back to Ireland, then set adrift on a log.
Appears In: "Jack Meets Dennis '', "Tracy Does Conan '', "The Break - Up '', "Subway Hero '', "Cooter '', "Apollo, Apollo '', "Anna Howard Shaw Day '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "Operation Righteous Cowboy Lightning '', "100 '', "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', "St. Patrick 's Day '', "Mazel Tov, Dummies! ''
Floyd DeBarber (Jason Sudeikis) is an attorney working at 30 Rock. His name is a play on Floyd the Barber, a regular character on The Andy Griffith Show. Floyd 's first appearance is when he accidentally sends flowers to Liz for Valentine 's Day, which he actually intended to send to his girlfriend, Liz Lemler. Liz, who does n't know his name, calls him "flower guy '' and develops a crush on him. In "The Fighting Irish, '' Liz fires Liz Lemler and the rest of the accounting staff so that she can get closer to Floyd, with his girlfriend out of the building; however, Jack rehires the accountants and transfers Liz Lemler to a job at GE headquarters in Connecticut, thus breaking up Liz Lemler and Floyd. In "Fireworks, '' Liz follows Floyd to an AA meeting in order to get close to him and discovers that rules are important to him. When Liz lies about being an alcoholic so Floyd will confide in her, she discovers that members of the same AA group can not date; therefore, she confesses she was never an alcoholic and merely had a crush on him. Floyd feels betrayed, but Liz makes it up to him by confiding in him and the two then begin dating. Jack becomes good friends with Floyd, calling him "the Floydster, '' much to Liz 's dismay. Floyd eventually seems to want to spend more time with Jack than Liz. At the end of season one, Floyd decides that New York City is too much for him and decides to return to his hometown, Cleveland. Liz and Floyd go there on vacation; Floyd gets a job in Cleveland, and Liz returns to TGS in New York. Despite seeming perfect for each other, Floyd and Liz break up. In Season 4, Floyd returns in the episode "Floyd '', announcing he is engaged to be married. His wedding eventually takes place in the fourth - season finale "I Do Do ''.
Appears In: "Up All Night '', "The Source Awards '', "The Fighting Irish '', "Fireworks '', "Corporate Crush '', "Cleveland '', "Hiatus '', "Sandwich Day '', "Anna Howard Shaw Day '', "Floyd '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "I Do Do ''.
Dr. Andrew "Drew '' Baird (Jon Hamm) is a pediatrician and Liz 's very handsome neighbor. He graduated from Columbia University medical school; Disney used a photo of him from his high school swim team as a model for Prince Eric in The Little Mermaid. His name is a play on Dr. Drew. He first appears in season three episode "Generalissimo '', when Liz accidentally receives his mail. After going through the contents (which includes a warranty for his ice cream maker and his Netflix rentals: The Muppets Take Manhattan, Caddyshack, and a documentary on how pies are made), Liz decides he is perfect for her and creates a false persona so he will like her. Liz 's scheme unravels, and Drew is disappointed in her; however, he reads her mail and tells her he feels Liz would have been someone he would have wanted to know. Eventually, they agree upon a fresh start.
He is recently divorced from Mandy and has one daughter from the marriage (Bethany, a rebellious teenager who drinks wine and starts fires). Liz and Drew 's first date was on Valentine 's Day 2009, during which Bethany ended up at Liz 's apartment and Drew 's mother died in the hospital. On her deathbed she reveals to Liz that she is not actually Drew 's mother; the person Drew thinks is his sister is, in fact, his mother. She asks Liz to tell him the truth and Liz reveals this to Drew later in the episode.
In episode 15 of season three, ("The Bubble ''), Liz is concerned about the way others treat Drew; he is so handsome that he unintentionally causes others to fawn over him. He was a professional tennis player in college even though he is terrible at it. Despite being horrible at everything from cooking to sex to not knowing how to perform the Heimlich maneuver, no one tells him the truth because he is so good - looking. Calvin Klein (in a cameo) stops him on the street and asks him to be an underwear model. He never has to wait in line at restaurants; when Liz (blocking Drew 's face from view) orders his request off the menu and is berated by the waitress, he is mystified by her response and wonders where their complementary appetizer sampler is. Jack, having firsthand knowledge of the situation from his younger days, describes this as "The Bubble. '' Liz tells Drew that he receives constant special treatment, and when Liz stops letting him win at tennis, he realizes that he is actually very dimwitted and clumsy, lashing out at her. Eventually he apologizes for his behavior but prefers living in "The Bubble '' to reality, asking Liz if she wants to take a ride with him on his new motorcycle. Liz declines and Drew rides into the sunset, careening incompetently down the street.
When Liz goes back to her ex-boyfriends in "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', Drew appears with hooks on both hands: one hand had been lost in a New Year 's firework explosion and the other in a helicopter accident, both caused by his stupidity. Drew later reappears in a cameo in season five episode Live Show, having received one replacement hand from a death row inmate. The hand has a mind of its own, however, and begins to strangle him (In the West Coast version of "Live Show '', Drew received a female hand transplant that constantly tries to seduce him). Liz later sums up Drew in the phrase "So handsome... so, so stupid. ''
Appears In: "Generalissimo '', "St Valentine 's Day '', "The Bubble '', "Anna Howard Shaw Day '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "Live Show ''. Jon Hamm also appeared in "Live from Studio 6H '' playing two roles, but not as Drew.
Wesley Snipes (Michael Sheen) is an Englishman whom Liz meets at her dentist 's office while recovering from a root canal operation. Being under the effects of nitrous oxide, they seem to hit it off and list each other in their phones as "Future Husband '' and "Future Wife ''. When sober, they immediately realize that they have nothing in common and dislike each other intensely. However, when they keep meeting each other by chance around the city, they continue to date believing that it is their destiny to "settle '' for one another.
Wesley is displeased that the actor Wesley Snipes has his name, saying that the name is better suited to a "pasty, un-athletic British man ''. He frequently uses (fictional) British English phrases, such as "foot cycle '' for bicycle and "film pod '' for video camera, which annoys Liz. He is rude to her, mocking her disastrous romantic history and at one point compares her life to a "Cathy cartoon that just wo n't end ''.
He believes they are "settling soul mates '' and sets the stage for another meeting during "Sweeps '', which Liz assumes refers to television sweeps week, but which he claims is what the British call spring cleaning. After a tour of her abysmal past relationships, she decides Wesley is her only alternative and reluctantly agrees to get engaged to him. However, in the Season 4 finale Liz meets a pilot, Carol (Matt Damon), whom she likes a lot and sends Wesley a break - up text. He stupidly thinks they 're getting past their first fight, but Liz tells him she 's realized after meeting Carol that she can do much better than Wesley, and says goodbye to him. He leaves the room in defeat and has not been seen since. In a Season 6 episode, a flashback scene has Liz outright telling her tax accountant "I 'm having a go at cycling thanks to my boyfriend Wesley, whom I hate. ''
Appears In: "Future Husband '', "Don Geiss, America and Hope '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "I Do Do ''.
Astronaut Mike Dexter (John Anderson) is Liz 's fantasy boyfriend, to whom she compares all other men; Mike often appears when Liz is either alone or involved in disastrous relationships, and is no longer seen once she develops a (relatively) normal social life. Liz mentions Dexter in several episodes, and he appears in her imagination throughout Season 4. In a fantasy sequence in "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001, '' Dexter tells Liz he has to go back to space, but "enjoyed the kissing followed by (his) genuine interest in that TV dance competition ''. In "The Moms '', Liz reveals that Astronaut Mike Dexter is also (secretly) king of Monaco. Liz meets an attorney named Mike (also played by Anderson) at Floyd 's wedding in "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land ''; this Mike describes himself as a "plushie '' who enjoys having sex ("yiffing '') with people in mascot costumes at state parks. Anderson also appears, as a nod to Liz 's fantasies of Dexter, in an episode of Jack 's "Porn for Women '' (which features handsome men asking women about their day), which Liz buys. ("Don Geiss, America and Hope '')
Liz ends her idolization of the fictional astronaut after learning of her mother 's premarital relationship with Buzz Aldrin (recreated in Liz 's fantasy flashback by Fey and Anderson) and discussing the matter with present - day Aldrin in "The Moms ''.
Appears In: "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 '', "Don Geiss, America and Hope '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land ''.
Carol Burnett (Matt Damon) is an airline pilot who begins a relationship with Liz in the season four finale. With an identical name to the television comedian 's, he is her second consecutive boyfriend with the same name as a celebrity (after Wesley Snipes). Their first date takes place after he learns that Liz is the head writer of TGS with Tracy Jordan, and she finds out that Carol is an enthusiastic fan of the show, often showing episodes on his flights. Liz enjoys their relationship at first because his frequent absences for work gives her freedom. Carol, however, is eager to settle down and pursue a more normal relationship, since every relationship he has had as an airline pilot were intermittent affairs due to his constant travel for work.
Initially, Liz believes their similar personalities make them soul mates after they repeatedly share the same responses to games of "Would you rather ''. However they eventually realize that they are too similar, and in "Double - Edged Sword '', their equally controlling personalities come to a head after a heated argument while being stuck for hours on the runway on a plane piloted by Carol.
Appears In: "I Do Do '', "The Fabian Strategy '', "Live Show '', "Double - Edged Sword ''.
Crisstopher Rick Chros (James Marsden) is an unemployed entrepreneur, and like Dot Com, attended Wesleyan University. Criss is the third of Liz 's boyfriends to share a name with a celebrity (although there is a difference in spelling). He dropped out of law school, but holds a degree in ethnomusicology. He and Liz met somewhere between the end of season five and the beginning of season 6 at Riverside Park after Liz made fun of his turtleneck shirt. He runs a hot dog stand which sells organic hot dogs. It is revealed that he and Liz are dating in "Idiots Are People Two! '' and that Liz has kept it a secret from Jack because she fears he 'll disapprove of Criss - which Jack does, at first, but winds up changing his mind and gives Criss his "probational approval '' card in "Idiots Are People Three! '' In "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', Liz discovers that her relationship with Criss has longevity after a failed trip to Ikea in which she and Criss have a big fight. Liz, assuming the fight is a breakup, frantically calls Criss to apologize and beg him to reconcile, only to discover that he never wanted to break up in the first place and is at home happily making dinner. In "St. Patrick 's Day '', a surprise visit from Dennis makes Liz finally admit that she is in love with Criss after an argument. When she tells him that she loves him, something she has never done to anyone, Criss responds by quoting Han Solo 's response to Princess Leia, "I know, '' thereby proving his suitability to the Star Wars - obsessed Liz.
Jack sets up Liz on a "blind date '' with Kevin, a man Jack actually hates, but his true purpose is to introduce Liz to Kevin 's "awesome '' Lemon-esque young daughter (Bebe Wood). After realizing that having children might be a good thing, Criss and Liz subsequently "put a pin '' in this idea and decide to "just have some fun ''. Still, Criss is insecure in their relationship, believing that Liz might eventually bail on him. In the episode "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? '', Criss sells his hot dog van to help pay for renovating Liz 's apartment. Unfortunately he sells the van to "a really nice young guy on meth '', who later steals money from a bank. Liz sees what she thinks is still Criss 's van on a TV news report on the robbery, and thinking that Criss stole the money, tells him she will go to prison in his place. Criss considers this a sign that Liz will not bail on him, and later in the episode, when Liz observes that the room Criss is renovating will make a great nursery, they both realize that they are ready to try for a baby, whether biological or adopted.
As of Season 7, he and Liz are actively trying to have a child. Liz 's unusual libido starts to make things a bit difficult, but they eventually find what works for them both. After a failed pregnancy test, Liz and Criss decide to get married in order to make an adoption process easier. They are married in a brief ceremony at City Hall attended by Jack, Dennis Duffy and his family, two homeless men and Tony Bennett.
Liz and Criss eventually adopt a pair of elementary - school aged twins, Janet and Terry (who are highly reminiscent of Tracy and Jenna). Criss briefly goes to work as a dental receptionist, but discovers he much prefers being a stay - at - home father.
Appears In: "Idiots Are People Two! '', "Idiots Are People Three! '', "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', "Leap Day '', "St. Patrick 's Day '', "Murphy Brown Lied to Us '', "The Return of Avery Jessup '', "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? '', "Governor Dunston '', "Mazel Tov, Dummies! '', "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World '', "Hogcock! ''
The following characters have (at some point during the show) been Jack 's girlfriend, wife or fiancée.
Bianca (Isabella Rossellini) is Jack 's first wife. Jack 's mother disliked her from the beginning and their marriage was troubled. Bianca was introduced in season one, episode twelve. She is engaged to Vincent Foley, and in episode 13 her divorce with Jack was finalized (although they were legally separated since 1989). Jack mentioned that she was too much of a woman for him, which is why they divorced. A point of contention in their divorce was a chain on Arby 's outside of Telluride, Colorado. Bianca tolerated most of Jack 's affairs but is jealous of women who can actually make Jack happy, going so far as to violently attack Liz when she pretended to be Jack 's fiancée.
Appears In: "Black Tie '', "Up All Night ''.
Condoleezza Rice (portrayed by herself) was one of Jack 's shorter - lived relationships. Their relationship (and eventual break - up) was alluded to in the episode "The Break - Up ''. Rice later appeared as herself in the season - five episode "Everything Sunny All the Time Always '', angry at Jack for apparently ending their relationship with a text message that said "you + me =: (''. Among their disagreements concerned her lack of time for him during her tenure as Secretary of State and whether or not Jack was as talented a flautist as Condoleezza is as a pianist.
Phoebe (Emily Mortimer) is an art dealer and auctioneer, who works at the Christie 's branch in Rockefeller Center. She is (supposedly) English, claiming to suffer from vertigo and something called "avian bone syndrome '' allegedly having "hollow bones '' (which requires that no one touch her due to her supposed fragility). She reintroduces herself to Liz each time they meet, and asserts that her parents were poets. Jack attracts Phoebe 's attention; the two begin dating, and after Liz gave them her blessing Jack quickly asked Phoebe to marry him. She accepts, stunning Liz. Jack takes Phoebe to Paris, where he experiences a failure to perform sexually with her. Furthermore, her reckless spending of Jack 's money reveals that Phoebe is a gold digger. When Liz finds Phoebe holding hands with an older man, Phoebe tells her that he is a former lover. Liz tells her that either she will tell Jack the truth or Liz will; while arguing with Liz, Phoebe drops her English accent and reveals herself as an American. When Liz tells Jack he refuses to believe her, having been warned by Phoebe that Liz was making things up about her. When Jack 's mother Colleen appears in "Hiatus '', she instantly dislikes Phoebe. When Colleen visits Jack in the hospital, she discovers that Jack 's heart rate monitor functions as a polygraph, and takes advantage of this discovery by asking Jack a series of personal questions. Phoebe catches on and asks Jack if he loves her. He claims that he does, but the machine indicates he is lying. Phoebe slinks away in defeat; their wedding was subsequently canceled.
Appears In: "Corporate Crush '', "Cleveland '', "Hiatus ''.
Celeste "C.C. '' Cunningham (Edie Falco; in - universe by Candace van der Shark (Kristen Wiig) in the Lifetime movie, A Dog Took My Face and Gave Me a Better Face to Change the World: The Celeste Cunningham Story) is a Democratic Congresswoman from Vermont. She meets Jack at a cocktail party honoring Robert Novak, and the two end up sleeping together. Soon after, Jack discovers her identity and the fact that she is trying to sue NBC 's fictitious parent company, Sheinhardt Wig, for dumping Auburn Fantasy Dye # 260 into the Chickatagua River (which turned the children of Chickatagua orange). Despite Jack and C.C. 's political conflicts they decide to pursue a relationship (secretly at first), eventually revealing it in Jack 's executive dining room. Due to job - related commitments (Jack lives in New York City and C.C. lives in Washington, D.C.), they decide to break up. She returns in "Cooter '', approving the development of a gay bomb; this gets Jack fired from his position in Washington, so he can return to 30 Rock (and repays a favor she owed him).
Appears In: "Somebody to Love '', "Secrets and Lies '', Episode 210, "Cooter ''.
Elisa Pedrera (Salma Hayek) is a Puerto Rican nurse, who is deeply religious and places a high value on family. She was introduced as a love interest for Jack in season three, when she cared for Colleen (who had injured both hips). While nursing Colleen, Elisa begins a romantic relationship with Jack. She also cares for another patient: an elderly, wheelchair - bound man with Alzheimer 's disease. Colleen hates Elisa and Jack 's relationship; he accuses her of hating every woman with whom he has ever been involved. Elisa 's grandmother initially dislikes Jack because he resembles an actor playing a villain on her favorite telenovela; she becomes fond of him after Jack has NBC purchase the rights to the show, and changes his doppelgänger 's part to appeal to elderly women. Although Elisa and Jack had relationship problems on Valentine 's Day, they made up (influenced by their love of McDonald 's McFlurries). In "Larry King '', Jack proposes to Elisa. She accepts, informing him that she is going to Puerto Rico and promising to call him. When she returns, Elisa and Jack begin planning their wedding; however, it is revealed that Elisa is notorious among Puerto Ricans for killing her husband after she discovered he was cheating on her. She flies into a homicidal rage when she believes Jack and Liz are having an affair; after being dissuaded she calms down, agreeing with Jack to cancel the wedding and end the relationship because she can not control her jealousy.
At some point thereafter, while back home in Puerto Rico, Elisa is incarcerated. In "Hogcock! '', Jack convinces Elisa and Nancy Donovan to set aside their devout Catholicism and participate in a ménage à trois conjugal visit to Elisa 's prison, the intensity of which rids both women of their accents.
Appears In: "Señor Macho Solo '', "Flu Shot '', "Generalissimo '', "St. Valentine 's Day '', "Larry King '', "The Ones '', "Hogcock! ''.
Nancy Donovan (Julianne Moore; in - universe by Cynthia Nixon in "Kidnapped by Danger ''), was Jack 's high - school crush, a devout Catholic with a pronounced Boston accent. She is married with two sons, though it is clear her marriage is unfulfilling. She and Jack were in the same German class (where Jack was called "Klaus '' and Nancy "Greta ''); Nancy 's voice - mail code stands for "Klaus '', indicating that Nancy has feelings for him. By the time Nancy decides to divorce her husband, Jack is already involved with Avery. He dates both women, unable to decide. Nancy meets Avery and finds out she is pregnant, which Nancy tells Jack before leaving. She is played by Cynthia Nixon in the TV - movie made about Avery, Kidnapped by Danger. In "Hogcock! '', Jack reconnects with Nancy and Elisa Pedrera, convincing both women to set aside their devout Catholicism and participate in a ménage à trois conjugal visit to Elisa 's prison, the intensity of which rids both women of their accents. Appears In: "Secret Santa '', "Winter Madness '', "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "I Do Do '', "Hogcock! ''.
Avery Jessup (Elizabeth Banks; in - universe by Jenna Maroney (Jane Krakowski) in the film Kidnapped by Danger) is Jack 's second wife. Jessup is a conservative media personality and the host of political talk - show The Hot - Box and commentator on CNBC. She begins their relationship after a one - night stand during season four, after Jack is convinced that Nancy will never leave her husband. He dates both simultaneously, and later chooses Avery over Nancy after being told by Nancy that Avery is pregnant. Of Swedish descent from Maryland, she attended Choate and Yale University. They attempt to marry during season five, between "Christmas Attack Zone '' and "Mrs. Donaghy ''; however, due to a language - based mishap, Jack is accidentally married to Liz (the matter is resolved offscreen). Avery gives birth to Jack 's daughter during "Double - Edged Sword '' in Toronto (making her Canadian - American), and names her Elizabeth Donaghy after Liz Lemon (nicknamed "Liddy '' in honor of "Liddy '' Dole, G. Gordon Liddy and Jack 's martial - arts instructor, Li Di.). In "Everything Sunny All the Time Always '', Avery is on a trip described by Jack as "a hot - blondes - in - weird - places initiative '' by NBC News in Asia. However, things do not go well; she is detained in North Korea by Kim Jong - il, and forced to participate in the spread of North Korean Propaganda by reporting news of the free world being conquered by North Korea. Despite Jack 's attempts to get her back (including getting help from his ex, Condoleezza Rice) she is stranded in Korea and forcibly married to Kim Jong - un. Jack has a hard time dealing with her absence, as well as his intense feelings for her mother, Diana. Avery is rescued from North Korea toward the end of the sixth season ("The Return of Avery Jessup ''). Shortly after Avery 's return, Jack discovers that Avery has fallen in love with another detained reporter, and the couple spontaneously divorce at the altar while trying to renew their vows in the last episode of season 6.
Appears In: "Anna Howard Shaw Day '', "Future Husband '', "Lee Marvin vs. Derek Jeter '', "The Moms '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "I Do Do '', "When it Rains, it Pours '', "Gentleman 's Intermission '', "Christmas Attack Zone '', "¡ Qué Sorpresa! '', "Double - Edged Sword '', "Everything Sunny All the Time Always '', "The Return of Avery Jessup '', "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? ''.
Dick Lemon (Buck Henry; Sheffield Chastain as young Dick) is the father of Liz and Mitch Lemon. Like Liz, he grew up in White Haven, Pennsylvania, where he still lives. Liz mentions that he served at Pearl Harbor, although it is quickly revealed that this was during the Korean War. Outwardly supportive of Liz, Dick secretly disagrees with, and is embarrassed by, many of her decisions. At one point he arrives in New York declaring that he and his wife are "on a break '' and he even accidentally tries to hit on Liz in a dark nightclub. Unknown to Liz, Dick once made out with Jenna on New Year 's Eve.
Appears in: "Ludachristmas '', "Gentleman 's Intermission '', "Kidnapped by Danger ''
Margaret Lemon (née Freeman) (Anita Gillette; uncredited actress in "Kidnapped by Danger ''; Tina Fey as a teen in "The Moms '') is Liz 's mother. Born circa 1937, she "repeatedly lost her virginity '' at or about the age of 15 to the love of her life, Buzz Aldrin (whom she called "Ed '' because there were already five "Buzzes '' in Montclair), while Waldo the town perv watched from the bushes. After she graduated from secretary school and Ed was joining the astronaut program in 1963, he asked her to marry him, but Margaret had just started a job with Sterling Cooper and did not feel she could just pick up and leave, being an "old maid '' of 26. Accordingly, she later settled for Dick Lemon and bore him two children: Mitch Lemon and Elizabeth M. "Liz '' Lemon. She still believes computers to be the size of rooms. Like Dick, Margaret expresses support for Liz but quietly disagrees with many of her decisions and opinions. She attempts to disabuse Liz of the belief in a "Mr. Right '' and encourages her to settle as she did. Dr. Aldrin, meanwhile, is grateful to not have put Margaret through his years of alcoholism and depression.
Appears in: "Ludachristmas '', "The Moms '', "Kidnapped by Danger ''
Terry and Janet (Dante Hoagland and Remy Bond) are fraternal twins whom Liz and Criss adopt in "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World ''. In addition to their genders, races, and names, their personalities are immediately revealed to be nearly identical to those of, respectively, Tracy and Jenna. Upon meeting them at the airport, Liz muses happily that gaining miniature versions of her two ' problem children ' just as TGS is cancelled "seems about right '' and she embraces the pair.
After a year in the Lemon - Chros family, Terry and Janet appear to have become less like Tracy and Jenna; they are well - behaved on the set of Grizz & Herz, sitting quietly off - camera and studying their homework while their mother and Dot Com produce the show.
Appear in: "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World '', "Hogcock! '', "Last Lunch ''
Eliza Lemon (Barrett Doss) is Liz 's African - American great - granddaughter who appears in the last scene of the series. Growing up, Eliza hears the stories Liz would tell about her days at NBC. As an adult in the early 22nd century, she develops a sitcom based on those stories, which she pitches to NBC 's receptive (and strangely immortal and ageless) president, Kenneth Parcell, while flying cars zoom through the sky past his office window. Kenneth only addresses her as "Ms. Lemon ''.
The sequence is an homage to St. Elsewhere 's famous closing scene - complete with a model of the series ' namesake building within a snow globe stared at by a mentally challenged male - and implies that the series 30 Rock had been a period piece of Eliza 's creation in the distant future, as St. Elsewhere had all been a daydream in Tommy Westphall 's autistic imagination.
Appears in: "Last Lunch ''
Mr. Jenna Maroney, formerly known as Paul L'astnamé (Will Forte), is Jenna 's boyfriend and later husband. He is a female - impersonator (most often dressed as Jenna) who often refers to himself as a "she - man '' or "shman. '' Paul and Jenna first met when Paul won first place in a Jenna Maroney impersonator contest in which Jenna herself placed fourth (a parody of an urban legend about Charlie Chaplin, who allegedly finished fourth in a Charlie Chaplin contest) and Jenna realized that by dating Paul she could date herself. They began a relationship characterized by many unconventional sexual practices. The pair become engaged to marry when he crashes a TGS sketch in "Live from Studio 6H ''. In "My Whole Life Is Thunder '', Jenna and Paul are married in a surprise ceremony at the funeral of Jack 's mother. Paul takes Jenna 's first and last names.
Appears In: "Argus '', "I Do Do '', "Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish '', "Christmas Attack Zone '', "100 '', "Respawn '', "The Tuxedo Begins '', "Meet the Woggels! '', "Murphy Brown Lied to Us '', "Live from Studio 6H '', "My Whole Life Is Thunder. '' Forte had previously appeared in 30 Rock as Tomas, a servant of Prince Gerhardt, in the season one episode "Black Tie ''.
Angie Jordan (Sherri Shepherd -- Sharon Wilkins in "Jack the Writer '') is Tracy Jordan 's wife. A domineering, bombastic person, she is demanding of her husband (financially and sexually). It is revealed in "The Ones '' that Tracy has actually never cheated on his wife, and that his supposed "affairs '' are all for show. In "Mrs. Donaghy '', Angie stars in her own Bravo reality series, Queen of Jordan (which figured prominently during the rest of season five, due to Tracy Morgan 's medical leave).
For her initial appearance in "Jack the Writer '' (a non-speaking cameo appearance), she was played by Sharon Wilkins. In all subsequent episodes (beginning with "Up All Night ''), she is portrayed by Sherri Shepherd and has a more substantial role.
Appears In: "Up All Night '', "Jack Gets in the Game '', "The Collection '', "Señor Macho Solo '', "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 '', "Mrs. Donaghy '', "Queen of Jordan '', "Queen of Jordan 2: Mystery of the Phantom Pooper ''.
Colleen Donaghy (née Murphy) (Elaine Stritch) is Jack 's overbearing, demanding mother who lives in a Florida retirement home. According to Jack, the Murphy family are "a bunch of mud farmers and sheep rapists ''. He appears as if he wants nothing to do with her although deep down, he loves her. Colleen first appeared in season 1, episode 21; she is critical of Jack 's abilities, and hesitant to show him affection. In season 3, episode 20, Colleen reveals that her ex-husband (Jim Donaghy) left her in 1957 and returned in 1959. Jack was conceived in 1958 during Colleen 's affair with Milton Greene.
Colleen has nagged Jack his whole life, even blaming him for John F. Kennedy 's death and for his father leaving. When Jack 's collie, Pop, was accidentally run over by the postman, Colleen left him to die in the street. She even tried to send Jack to Vietnam when he was 12 years old in order to make a man out of him. Colleen embarrassed him by having him play "The Star - Spangled Banner '' on his flute in front of his hockey team.
Colleen 's cold and stern demeanor is contrasted by her behavior at Christmas. After Jim abandoned the family, Colleen would acquire mountains of toys for her children each Christmas, despite the family 's poverty, by in exchange for providing sexual favors to the (fictional) Frederick August Otto Schwarz, III. Unaware of the transaction, Jack resented his mother hosting Mr. Schwartz and her infidelity toward his father. Colleen additionally gave her children unique Christmas traditions and fables that Jack assumed were standard holiday practice, such as Mrs. Claus hanging the children 's stockings. He is in his 50s when Liz Lemon causes him to realize the truth and gain a new appreciation and love for his mother and her holiday practices.
Despite rarely having a good thing to say about anyone, Colleen takes an instant liking to Liz, mistaking her for Jack 's actual fiancée, Phoebe. When he tells her that it is n't Liz whom he was marrying, Colleen 's response is "Why the hell not? '' It is during a heart - attack - causing argument with Colleen that Jack realizes that he does not love Phoebe, and calls off the engagement. No indication is made that Colleen is aware of the later temporary accidental marriage of Jack and Liz. Although fond of Liz, Colleen nevertheless delights in manipulating the Lemons into a resentment - fueled argument between them.
Colleen dies of a heart attack in "My Whole Life Is Thunder '' during a visit to New York to spend time with Jack, attempting to guilt him and seemingly depriving him of her approval literally up to her last breath. Her last words to Jack are "I just want you to be happy, '' which Jack hears as "I just want you to be ' happy ' '' and takes as sarcasm and "one last twist of the knife. '' Jack and Liz subsequently discover in "Florida '' that Colleen spent her final years in a cohabitational lesbian relationship and - much more shockingly - was happy and well - liked in the couple 's retirement community, where she was seen as kind and loving. Jack is sent into a tailspin by the revelation that his mother actually wanted him to be happy, which leads to him re-evaluating his life and career in the finale.
Appears In: "Hiatus '', "Ludachristmas '', "Christmas Special '', "The Natural Order '', "The Moms '', "Christmas Attack Zone '', "Meet the Woggels! '', "My Whole Life Is Thunder '', and in still photographs in "Florida ''.
Milton Greene (Alan Alda) is Jack 's biological father. Milton rented a room from Colleen Donaghy in the Boston suburb of Sadchester in 1958, during one of Jimmy Donaghy 's numerous abandonments of his family. The two soon engaged in coitus and, unbeknownst to Milton, begat Jack Donaghy.
A half - century later, Milton is a liberal professor at Vermont 's Bennington College. In the interim, Milton had married and sired a son whom he and the child 's mother refused to name, opining that children should chose their own names; Spider - Man Greene is Jack 's unsuspecting half - brother. A fan of Jimmy Carter (much to Jack 's bemusement), Milton is writing a multi-volume biography of the former President, entitled From Peanut to President; Betty White is reading a volume when Tracy Jordan telephones her in "Stone Mountain ''.
Jack discovers in "The Natural Order '' that Jimmy Donaghy had been gone when Jack was conceived. He and Lenny Wozniak narrow his possible fathers down to three men whom Jack lures to Manhattan under false pretences in "Mamma Mia ''. Seeing that George Park is Korean and then learning that Fred O'Dwyer lost his genitals in a grenade explosion during World War II, Jack invites Milton to his office and reveals their relation. Milton is overjoyed and announces that he is in need of a kidney to survive. In "Kidney Now! '', Jack is relieved to learn that he is not a match and decides to hold a charity concert to find a kidney for Milton. It is revealed in "Christmas Attack Zone '' that Elvis Costello was a tissue match and donated a kidney to Milton.
Milton 's liberalism is exaggerated as a foil to Jack 's conservative politics. He is kind, enthusiastic, and supportive of Jack.
Appears In: "Mamma Mia '', "Kidney Now! '', "Christmas Attack Zone ''.
Tracy Jordan Jr. (Bobb'e J. Thompson) is the combative son of Tracy and Angie Jordan. The Jordans have another son, George Foreman Jordan, who appeared in "Gavin Volure '' and "The Bubble '' (played by Jalani McNair), and had his first speaking role in the season 6 episode "Meet the Woggels! '', where he was accepted into Stanford University (to Tracy 's disapproval) and played by Dante E. Clark. The Jordans ' daughter Virginia was born in "When It Rains, It Pours, '' and appears twice in the 6th and 7th Season, played by twin infants Zoya and Zuri Bacai.
Appears In: "Gavin Volure '', "Succession '', "The Funcooker '', "The Bubble '', "Sun Tea '' (Tracy Jr.), "Gavin Volure '', "The Bubble '', "Meet the Woggels! '' (George Foreman), "Queen of Jordan 2: Mystery of the Phantom Pooper '' and "Aunt Phatso vs. Jack Donaghy '' (Virginia)
Verna Maroney (Jan Hooks) is Jenna 's mother. A quintessential stage mother, she spent Jenna 's childhood forcing her to perform in beauty pagents and talent shows, and is responsible for Jenna 's need for the spotlight and for many of her neuroses. Verna became the last live - action role Hooks played before she passed away.
Appears In: "Verna '', "The Moms ''.
Diana Jessup (Mary Steenburgen) is Avery 's mother and Jack 's mother - in - law. Diana shares many qualities with her daughter, which makes Jack instantly attracted to her.
Appears In: "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', "Kidnapped by Danger '', "Queen of Jordan 2: Mystery of the Phantom Pooper '', "What Will Happen to the Gang Next Year? ''.
Sylvia Rossitano (Patti LuPone) is Frank 's mother. Sylvia is a stereotypical Italian - American mother, extremely loving towards her son, but also incredibly overbearing. Sylvia is also an incredible cook.
Appears In: "Goodbye, My Friend '', "The Moms '', "Alexis Goodlooking and the Case of the Missing Whisky ''.
"Dr. '' Leo Spaceman (/ spəˈtʃɛmɪn / spə - CHEM - in -- except by Tracy, who pronounces his name like the English word "spaceman '') (Chris Parnell) is a graduate of the Ho Chi Minh City School of Medicine. He is a Quack who practices questionable medicine, such as giving a "medical professional 's seal of approval '' to a defective "meat machine, '' and as such is legally required to put quotation marks around his title. Despite his obvious shortcomings, Jack is unwavering in his support of Spaceman 's "skills ''. He wrote a bestselling book, The Cigarette Diet, and found shocking medical abnormalities during Desert Storm which his boss refused to report to his superior, Saddam Hussein. At one time Spaceman dated Lynette "Squeaky '' Fromme, whom he described as "difficult ''. Leo has been portrayed as a classic "quack '', doing and saying very weird things. For instance, when Jack Donaghy visits him for a checkup in "Hiatus, '' Spaceman instructs Jack to cough several times while seeming to examine him below the frame (implying a hernia inspection), but afterward says, "Okay, let 's start the examination. '' In his last appearance on the series, he is appointed Surgeon General of the United States, and breaks the fourth wall by saying "That 's a series wrap on Leo Spaceman, suckers! ''.
Leo is the son of Dr. Harold (a / k / a Heinrich) Spaceman, an equally incompetent and unethical physician. After serving in World War II, the elder Dr. Spaceman left Germany for a new life in the United States. In the 1950s, he was a television spokesman for Chatterton cigarettes, promoting their tar and nicotine to expectant mothers, as being necessary for their babies ' skeletal development. In addition to his Nazi past, he was a notorious paedophile. "Live from Studio 6H ''
Appears In: "Tracy Does Conan '', "The Baby Show '', "The Rural Juror '', "Fireworks '', "Hiatus '', "Jack Gets in the Game '', "Succession '', "Flu Shot '', "Retreat to Move Forward '', "The Funcooker '', "Kidney Now! '', "Sun Tea '', "Dealbreakers Talk Show # 0001 '', "When It Rains, It Pours '', "Live Show '', "Mrs. Donaghy '', "100 '', "Respawn '', "Hey, Baby, What 's Wrong '', "Nothing Left to Lose '', "Live from Studio 6H '', "Mazel Tov, Dummies! '', "Game Over '', Dr. Pepper commercials.
Lenny Wosniak (Steve Buscemi) is a private investigator occasionally hired by Jack. He first appears in the second - season episode "The Collection '', where (while spying on Jack to determine if he has any skeletons in his closet which could prevent him from being named the new CEO of General Electric) he discovers Jack has a large collection of homemade cookie jars. Jack also hires him in the third season to obtain personal information about a man his mother was seeing, and (later) the true identity of his father. In "The Tuxedo Begins '', Jack hires him after he is mugged. During his investigations, Wosniak will occasionally don a disguise as he sees fit. He claims he was once "part of a special task force of very young - looking cops who infiltrated high schools, '' in a reference to 21 Jump Street. While attempting to infiltrate the pages union by seducing Kenneth, Wosniak affixes a blond wig in order to assume the persona of the "nympho - coed Charlene LaRue '' - the attempt ultimately fails as Kenneth was "impervious '' to Mrs. LaRue 's charms. In "Game Over '' Lenny goes undercover at Kaylee Hooper 's high school as a female drama teacher, Jan Foster, discovers that he prefers being Jan to being Lenny, and gets engaged to a female math teacher.
Appears In: "The Collection '', "The Natural Order '', "Mamma Mia '', "Season 4 '', "The Tuxedo Begins '', "Game Over ''.
Shawn Connelly (Seth Kirschner) directs Tracy Jordan in Garfield 3: Feline Groovy until Tracy abruptly quits and causes the production to be shut down. His career ruined, Shawn is forced to move back into his parents ' home. He again finds himself directing Tracy in an advertisement for the Boys & Girls Clubs, each elaborate take of which is ruined by Tracy 's incompetence, until Jack Donaghy arrives on - set, feeds Tracy a mouth - full of jelly beans, and imitates his voice. Jack twice hires Shawn to direct films he executive produces and which star Jenna Maroney. The first is the Phil Rosenthal - penned family - friendly horror - torture soft - core porn film, Take My Hand promoting Stamford, Connecticut. He follows that up with the docudrama Liz Lemon wrote about Jack 's wife 's North Korean abduction: Kidnapped by Danger: The Avery Jessup Story, brought to you with limited interruptions by Pride bladder control pads. Pride: make every room a bathroom. Shawn discovers Jenna Maroney to be just as horrible to deal with as Tracy was, when he tries to direct her in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit after TGS is cancelled.
Appears In: "Into the Crevasse '', "Emanuelle Goes to Dinosaur Land '', "Reaganing '', "I Heart Connecticut '', "Kidnapped by Danger '', "Hogcock! ''
Bev (Megan Mullally) is Liz Lemon 's (later, Liz & Criss Chros 's) adoption agent. She initially intends to reject Liz at the conclusion of her evaluation visit to Liz 's workplace, many of the interviews of Liz 's co-workers having reflected badly upon Liz or the safety of the studio for a child. Before Bev files her report, however, she sustains a head injury and forgets that she has conducted the evaluation. Liz gets the crew to help her "do over '' the evaluation, hoping for a better result.
Although Liz 's marriage to Criss was calculated to increase her chance at adopting, Bev explains that there remains a four - year waiting list for newborns and tries to convince Liz to adopt an older child. Liz eventually agrees after realising that years of dealing with her "problem children '' Tracy and Jenna have proven her parenting skills. Bev subsequently convinces Liz to accept twins rather than a single child and schedules their arrival for a few short days later. She gets the date wrong, however, and informs Criss that Terry and Janet are flying in that afternoon.
Appears In: "Do - Over '', "Game Over '', "Florida '', "A Goon 's Deed in a Weary World ''
Cooter Burger (Matthew Broderick) is a government employee and political lobbyist. He first met Jack in the declining Bush administration where together they worked to get fired by developing a "Gay Bomb ''. Years later, Cooter works as a Republican political lobbyist and tries to persuade Jack to have TGS make more sketches about Mitt Romney 's fictional new running mate, Governor Dunston. Cooter 's real name is James Riley; "Cooter Burger '' is a combination of two nicknames given to him by George W. Bush.
Appears In: "Cooter '', "Governor Dunston ''.
Simon Barrons (Josh Fadem) is Liz 's young, meek, enfeebled, low - level talent agent, who usually dresses in a comically oversized suit. He mostly represents animals (bragging at one point about how one of his clients inspired a character on the show The Wonder Pets) and proves to be completely useless in helping Liz plan for her post-TGS career. Liz eventually and rightly fires him, and his efforts to get re-hired are unsuccessful, as are his efforts to finally pass the New York bar exam.
Appears In: "The Problem Solvers '', "Plan B '', "Today You Are a Man ''.
Donald (Michael Benjamin Washington) is an entrepreneur who pretends to be Tracy Jordan 's son (despite being two years older than Tracy). His money - making ideas consist of questionable business practices, such as picking out corporate names already in use (a frozen - yogurt and microbrewery restaurant called Microsoft, and a phone service for nationwide air - quality updates called American Airlines). Tracy knows Donald is not his son; he supports his misguided ideas anyway, and Jack (who had convinced Tracy to cut Donald off) later tells Tracy to keep being a dad. Donald opens a karate dojo named for Tracy, but the business fails. He also tries to solicit Jack for an investment in a new restaurant.
Appears In: "Mamma Mia '', "Chain Reaction of Mental Anguish ''.
Lynn Onkman (Susan Sarandon) is Frank 's girlfriend and former high school teacher. Lynn seduced Frank when he was 14 years old and they became lovers. Lynn was eventually arrested and sent to jail. Lynn was released years later and reunited with Frank on an episode of Angie 's reality show "Queen of Jordan ''. Lynn and Frank broke up after an argument in which Lynn said that Frank still had n't grown up, however, Lynn and Frank made up and continued their relationship. Frank 's mother Sylvia heavily disapproved of Frank and Lynn 's relationship, causing them to break up again. Liz was able to convince Sylvia to approve of Frank and Lynn 's relationship when Sylvia sees Lynn 's passion towards Frank, and so the two of them got back together. Despite Liz 's help with Lynn and Frank 's relationship, Lynn hates Liz, and has said that she believes Liz is a "terrible person ''. Lynn is also part of a Mexican prison gang named Los Tiburones.
Appears In: "Queen of Jordan '', "Alexis Goodlooking and the Case of the Missing Whisky ''.
The following is a supplementary list of recurring characters -- including those appearing briefly in multiple episodes, such as a regularly - appearing writer -- about whom little is known.
30 Rock has featured a number of guest appearances (including cameos and featured fictional roles):
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my hero academia season 2 episode 21 english dub | List of My Hero Academia episodes - wikipedia
My Hero Academia is a Japanese superhero manga series written and illustrated by Kōhei Horikoshi. It has been serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump since July 2014, and 12 volumes have been collected in tankōbon format. The series has been licensed for English - language release by Viz Media, and began serialization in their weekly digital manga anthology Weekly Shonen Jump on February 9, 2015. The story follows Izuku Midoriya, a boy born without superpowers in a world where they are the norm, but who still dreams of becoming a superhero himself, and is scouted by the world 's greatest hero who shares his powers with Izuku after recognizing his value and enrolls him in a high school for heroes in training. The manga was adapted into an anime television series; the first season aired from April 3 to June 26, 2016. A second season aired from April 1 to September 30, 2017. A third season has been announced.
The first season of the anime premiered on April 3, 2016 on MBS and other Japan News Network stations in ' Nichigo ' timeslot at 5pm on Sundays in Japan. The opening theme is "The Day '', performed by Porno Graffitti and the ending theme is "Heroes '', performed by Brian the Sun. The second season aired from April 1 to September 30, 2017 on NTV and YTV, with the staff and cast from the first season returning to reprise their roles. The second season 's first opening theme is "Peace Sign '', performed by Kenshi Yonezu and the first ending theme is "Dakara, Hitori ja nai '' (だから 、 ひとり じゃ ない, lit. Therefore, I am not Alone), performed by Little Glee Monster. The second opening theme is "Sora ni Utaeba '' (空 に 歌 えば, lit. If I Sing in the Sky) performed by amazarashi and the ending theme is "Datte Atashi no Hero '' (だって アタシ の ヒーロー, lit. Still My Hero) by LiSA.
A recap of the first season.
Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.
Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle - course race.
The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world 's second - best hero Endeavor.
In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso 's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku 's opponent in the following round.
The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami 's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.
Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.
Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Haso City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Haso, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Haso.
Haso City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain 's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain 's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.
Tenya fights off Stain 's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.
Anime - original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu / Froppy.
Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.
Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.
Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm 's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa 's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen 's black hole.
Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound - dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic 's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.
The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head - on. Even with All Might 's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.
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the market value of all final goods and services produced by a country is | Gross domestic product - wikipedia
Gross domestic (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period (quarterly or yearly) of time. Nominal GDP estimates are commonly used to determine the economic performance of a whole country or region, and to make international comparisons. Nominal GDP per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.
The OECD defines GDP as "an aggregate measure of production equal to the sum of the gross values added of all resident and institutional units engaged in production (plus any taxes, and minus any subsidies, on products not included in the value of their outputs). '' An IMF publication states that "GDP measures the monetary value of final goods and services -- that are bought by the final user -- produced in a country in a given period of time (say a quarter or a year). ''
Total GDP can also be broken down into the contribution of each industry or sector of the economy. The ratio of GDP to the total population of the region is the per capita GDP and the same is called Mean Standard of Living. GDP is considered the "world 's most powerful statistical indicator of national development and progress ''.
William Petty came up with a basic concept of GDP to attack landlords against unfair taxations during warfare between the Dutch and the English between 1652 and 1674. Charles Davenant developed the method further in 1695. The modern concept of GDP was first developed by Simon Kuznets for a US Congress report in 1934. In this report, Kuznets warned against its use as a measure of welfare (see below under limitations and criticisms). After the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, GDP became the main tool for measuring a country 's economy. At that time gross national product (GNP) was the preferred estimate, which differed from GDP in that it measured production by a country 's citizens at home and abroad rather than its ' resident institutional units ' (see OECD definition above). The switch from "GNP '' to "GDP '' in the US was in 1991, trailing behind most other nations. The role that measurements of GDP played in World War II was crucial to the subsequent political acceptance of GDP values as indicators of national development and progress. A crucial role was played here by the US Department of Commerce under Milton Gilbert where ideas from Kuznets were embedded into governmental institutions.
The history of the concept of GDP should be distinguished from the history of changes in ways of estimating it. The value added by firms is relatively easy to calculate from their accounts, but the value added by the public sector, by financial industries, and by intangible asset creation is more complex. These activities are increasingly important in developed economies, and the international conventions governing their estimation and their inclusion or exclusion in GDP regularly change in an attempt to keep up with industrial advances. In the words of one academic economist "The actual number for GDP is therefore the product of a vast patchwork of statistics and a complicated set of processes carried out on the raw data to fit them to the conceptual framework. ''
GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should, in principle, give the same result. They are the production (or output or value added) approach, the income approach, or the speculated expenditure approach.
The most direct of the three is the production approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total. The expenditure approach works on the principle that all of the product must be bought by somebody, therefore the value of the total product must be equal to people 's total expenditures in buying things. The income approach works on the principle that the incomes of the productive factors ("producers, '' colloquially) must be equal to the value of their product, and determines GDP by finding the sum of all producers ' incomes.
This approach mirrors the OECD definition given above.
Gross value added = gross value of output -- value of intermediate consumption.
Value of output = value of the total sales of goods and services plus value of changes in the inventory.
The sum of the gross value added in the various economic activities is known as "GDP at factor cost ''.
GDP at factor cost plus indirect taxes less subsidies on products = "GDP at producer price ''.
For measuring output of domestic product, economic activities (i.e. industries) are classified into various sectors. After classifying economic activities, the output of each sector is calculated by any of the following two methods:
The gross value of all sectors is then added to get the gross value added (GVA) at factor cost. Subtracting each sector 's intermediate consumption from gross output gives the GVA at factor cost. Adding indirect tax minus subsidies in GVA at factor cost gives the "GVA at producer prices ''.
The second way of estimating GDP is to use "the sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units ''.
If GDP is calculated this way it is sometimes called gross domestic income (GDI), or GDP (I). GDI should provide the same amount as the expenditure method described later. By definition, GDI is equal to GDP. In practice, however, measurement errors will make the two figures slightly off when reported by national statistical agencies.
This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for factors of production they hire - wages for labour, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship.
The US "National Income and Expenditure Accounts '' divide incomes into five categories:
These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost.
Two adjustments must be made to get GDP:
Total income can be subdivided according to various schemes, leading to various formulae for GDP measured by the income approach. A common one is:
The sum of COE, GOS and GMI is called total factor income; it is the income of all of the factors of production in society. It measures the value of GDP at factor (basic) prices. The difference between basic prices and final prices (those used in the expenditure calculation) is the total taxes and subsidies that the government has levied or paid on that production. So adding taxes less subsidies on production and imports converts GDP at factor cost to GDP (I).
Total factor income is also sometimes expressed as:
The third way to estimate GDP is to calculate the sum of the final uses of goods and services (all uses except intermediate consumption) measured in purchasers ' prices.
Market goods which are produced are purchased by someone. In the case where a good is produced and unsold, the standard accounting convention is that the producer has bought the good from themselves. Therefore, measuring the total expenditure used to buy things is a way of measuring production. This is known as the expenditure method of calculating GDP.
GDP (Y) is the sum of consumption (C), investment (I), government spending (G) and net exports (X -- M).
Here is a description of each GDP component:
Note that C, G, and I are expenditures on final goods and services; expenditures on intermediate goods and services do not count. (Intermediate goods and services are those used by businesses to produce other goods and services within the accounting year.)
According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, which is responsible for calculating the national accounts in the United States, "In general, the source data for the expenditures components are considered more reliable than those for the income components (see income method, below). ''
GDP can be contrasted with gross national product (GNP) or, as it is now known, gross national income (GNI). The difference is that GDP defines its scope according to location, while GNI defines its scope according to ownership. In a global context, world GDP and world GNI are, therefore, equivalent terms.
GDP is product produced within a country 's borders; GNI is product produced by enterprises owned by a country 's citizens. The two would be the same if all of the productive enterprises in a country were owned by its own citizens, and those citizens did not own productive enterprises in any other countries. In practice, however, foreign ownership makes GDP and GNI non-identical. Production within a country 's borders, but by an enterprise owned by somebody outside the country, counts as part of its GDP but not its GNI; on the other hand, production by an enterprise located outside the country, but owned by one of its citizens, counts as part of its GNI but not its GDP.
For example, the GNI of the USA is the value of output produced by American - owned firms, regardless of where the firms are located. Similarly, if a country becomes increasingly in debt, and spends large amounts of income servicing this debt this will be reflected in a decreased GNI but not a decreased GDP. Similarly, if a country sells off its resources to entities outside their country this will also be reflected over time in decreased GNI, but not decreased GDP. This would make the use of GDP more attractive for politicians in countries with increasing national debt and decreasing assets.
Gross national income (GNI) equals GDP plus income receipts from the rest of the world minus income payments to the rest of the world.
In 1991, the United States switched from using GNP to using GDP as its primary measure of production. The relationship between United States GDP and GNP is shown in table 1.7. 5 of the National Income and Product Accounts.
The international standard for measuring GDP is contained in the book System of National Accounts (1993), which was prepared by representatives of the International Monetary Fund, European Union, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, United Nations and World Bank. The publication is normally referred to as SNA93 to distinguish it from the previous edition published in 1968 (called SNA68)
SNA93 provides a set of rules and procedures for the measurement of national accounts. The standards are designed to be flexible, to allow for differences in local statistical needs and conditions.
Within each country GDP is normally measured by a national government statistical agency, as private sector organizations normally do not have access to the information required (especially information on expenditure and production by governments).
The raw GDP figure as given by the equations above is called the nominal, historical, or current, GDP. When one compares GDP figures from one year to another, it is desirable to compensate for changes in the value of money -- i.e., for the effects of inflation or deflation. To make it more meaningful for year - to - year comparisons, it may be multiplied by the ratio between the value of money in the year the GDP was measured and the value of money in a base year.
For example, suppose a country 's GDP in 1990 was $100 million and its GDP in 2000 was $300 million. Suppose also that inflation had halved the value of its currency over that period. To meaningfully compare its GDP in 2000 to its GDP in 1990, we could multiply the GDP in 2000 by one - half, to make it relative to 1990 as a base year. The result would be that the GDP in 2000 equals $300 million × one - half = $150 million, in 1990 monetary terms. We would see that the country 's GDP had realistically increased 50 percent over that period, not 200 percent, as it might appear from the raw GDP data. The GDP adjusted for changes in money value in this way is called the real, or constant, GDP.
The factor used to convert GDP from current to constant values in this way is called the GDP deflator. Unlike consumer price index, which measures inflation or deflation in the price of household consumer goods, the GDP deflator measures changes in the prices of all domestically produced goods and services in an economy including investment goods and government services, as well as household consumption goods.
Constant - GDP figures allow us to calculate a GDP growth rate, which indicates how much a country 's production has increased (or decreased, if the growth rate is negative) compared to the previous year.
Another thing that it may be desirable to account for is population growth. If a country 's GDP doubled over a certain period, but its population tripled, the increase in GDP may not mean that the standard of living increased for the country 's residents; the average person in the country is producing less than they were before. Per - capita GDP is a measure to account for population growth.
The level of GDP in countries may be compared by converting their value in national currency according to either the current currency exchange rate, or the purchasing power parity exchange rate.
The ranking of countries may differ significantly based on which method is used.
There is a clear pattern of the purchasing power parity method decreasing the disparity in GDP between high and low income (GDP) countries, as compared to the current exchange rate method. This finding is called the Penn effect.
For more information, see Measures of national income and output.
GDP per capita is often used as an indicator of living standards.
The major advantage of GDP per capita as an indicator of standard of living is that it is measured frequently, widely, and consistently. It is measured frequently in that most countries provide information on GDP on a quarterly basis, allowing trends to be seen quickly. It is measured widely in that some measure of GDP is available for almost every country in the world, allowing inter-country comparisons. It is measured consistently in that the technical definition of GDP is relatively consistent among countries.
GDP does not include several factors that influence the standard of living. In particular, it fails to account for:
It can be argued that GDP per capita as an indicator standard of living is correlated with these factors, capturing them indirectly. As a result, GDP per capita as a standard of living is a continued usage because most people have a fairly accurate idea of what it is and know it is tough to come up with quantitative measures for such constructs as happiness, quality of life, and well - being.
Simon Kuznets, the economist who developed the first comprehensive set of measures of national income, stated in his first report to the US Congress in 1934, in a section titled "Uses and Abuses of National Income Measurements '':
The valuable capacity of the human mind to simplify a complex situation in a compact characterization becomes dangerous when not controlled in terms of definitely stated criteria. With quantitative measurements especially, the definiteness of the result suggests, often misleadingly, a precision and simplicity in the outlines of the object measured. Measurements of national income are subject to this type of illusion and resulting abuse, especially since they deal with matters that are the center of conflict of opposing social groups where the effectiveness of an argument is often contingent upon oversimplification. (...)
All these qualifications upon estimates of national income as an index of productivity are just as important when income measurements are interpreted from the point of view of economic welfare. But in the latter case additional difficulties will be suggested to anyone who wants to penetrate below the surface of total figures and market values. Economic welfare can not be adequately measured unless the personal distribution of income is known. And no income measurement undertakes to estimate the reverse side of income, that is, the intensity and unpleasantness of effort going into the earning of income. The welfare of a nation can, therefore, scarcely be inferred from a measurement of national income as defined above.
In 1962, Kuznets stated:
Distinctions must be kept in mind between quantity and quality of growth, between costs and returns, and between the short and long run. Goals for more growth should specify more growth of what and for what.
Ever since the development of GDP, multiple observers have pointed out limitations of using GDP as the overarching measure of economic and social progress.
Many environmentalists argue that GDP is a poor measure of social progress because it does not take into account harm to the environment.
Although a high or rising level of GDP is often associated with increased economic and social progress within a country, a number of scholars have pointed out that this does not necessarily play out in many instances. For example, Jean Drèze and Amartya Sen have pointed out that an increase in GDP or in GDP growth does not necessarily lead to a higher standard of living, particularly in areas such as healthcare and education. Another important area that does not necessarily improve along with GDP is political liberty, which is most notable in China, where GDP growth is strong yet political liberties are heavily restricted.
GDP does not account for the distribution of income among the residents of a country, because GDP is merely an aggregate measure. An economy may be highly developed or growing rapidly, but also contain a wide gap between the rich and the poor in a society. These inequalities often occur on the lines of race, ethnicity, gender, religion, or other minority status within countries. This can lead to misleading characterizations of economic well - being if the income distribution is heavily skewed toward the high end, as the poorer residents will not directly benefit from the overall level of wealth and income generated in their country. Even GDP per capita measures may have the same downside if inequality is high. For example, South Africa during apartheid ranked high in terms of GDP per capita, but the benefits of this immense wealth and income were not shared equally among the country.
GDP does not take into account the value of household and other unpaid work. Some, including Martha Nussbaum, argue that this value should be included in measuring GDP, as household labor is largely a substitute for goods and services that would otherwise be purchased for value. Even under conservative estimates, the value of unpaid labor in Australia has been calculated to be over 50 % of the country 's GDP. A later study analyzed this value in other countries, with results ranging from a low of about 15 % in Canada (using conservative estimates) to high of nearly 70 % in the United Kingdom (using more liberal estimates). For the United States, the value was estimated to be between about 20 % on the low end to nearly 50 % on the high end, depending on the methodology being used. Because many public policies are shaped by GDP calculations and by the related field of national accounts, the non-inclusion of unpaid work in calculating GDP can create distortions in public policy, and some economists have advocated for changes in the way public policies are formed and implemented.
The UK 's Natural Capital Committee highlighted the shortcomings of GDP in its advice to the UK Government in 2013, pointing out that GDP "focuses on flows, not stocks. As a result, an economy can run down its assets yet, at the same time, record high levels of GDP growth, until a point is reached where the depleted assets act as a check on future growth ''. They then went on to say that "it is apparent that the recorded GDP growth rate overstates the sustainable growth rate. Broader measures of wellbeing and wealth are needed for this and there is a danger that short - term decisions based solely on what is currently measured by national accounts may prove to be costly in the long - term ''.
It has been suggested that countries that have authoritarian governments, such as the People 's Republic of China, and Russia, inflate their GDP figures.
In response to these and other limitations of using GDP, alternative approaches have emerged.
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why did i think stonehenge was in scotland | Stonehenge - wikipedia
Stonehenge is a prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England, 2 miles (3 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury. It consists of a ring of standing stones, with each standing stone around 13 ft (4.1 metres) high, 6 ft 11 in (2.1 metres) wide and weighing around 25 tons. The stones are set within earthworks in the middle of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.
Archaeologists believe it was constructed from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the first bluestones were raised between 2400 and 2200 BC, although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC.
One of the most famous landmarks in the UK, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon. It has been a legally protected Scheduled Ancient Monument since 1882 when legislation to protect historic monuments was first successfully introduced in Britain. The site and its surroundings were added to UNESCO 's list of World Heritage Sites in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by the Crown and managed by English Heritage; the surrounding land is owned by the National Trust.
Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings. Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC, when the ditch and bank were first dug, and continued for at least another five hundred years.
The Oxford English Dictionary cites Ælfric 's tenth - century glossary, in which henge - cliff is given the meaning "precipice '', or stone, thus the stanenges or Stanheng "not far from Salisbury '' recorded by eleventh - century writers are "supported stones ''. William Stukeley in 1740 notes, "Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire... I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones. '' Christopher Chippindale 's Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the Old English words stān meaning "stone '', and either hencg meaning "hinge '' (because the stone lintels hinge on the upright stones) or hen (c) en meaning "hang '' or "gallows '' or "instrument of torture '' (though elsewhere in his book, Chippindale cites the "suspended stones '' etymology). Like Stonehenge 's trilithons, medieval gallows consisted of two uprights with a lintel joining them, rather than the inverted L - shape more familiar today.
The "henge '' portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as henges. Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch. As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from antiquarian use, and Stonehenge is not truly a henge site as its bank is inside its ditch. Despite being contemporary with true Neolithic henges and stone circles, Stonehenge is in many ways atypical -- for example, at more than 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall, its extant trilithons supporting lintels held in place with mortise and tenon joints, make it unique.
Mike Parker Pearson, leader of the Stonehenge Riverside Project based at Durrington Walls, noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence:
Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge 's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument 's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead.
Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years. There is evidence of large - scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape 's time frame to 6500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity is complicated by disturbance of the natural chalk by periglacial effects and animal burrowing, poor quality early excavation records, and a lack of accurate, scientifically verified dates. The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right.
Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large Mesolithic postholes (one may have been a natural tree throw), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby modern tourist car - park. These held pine posts around 0.75 metres (2 ft 6 in) in diameter, which were erected and eventually rotted in situ. Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east - west alignment which may have had ritual significance. Another Mesolithic astronomical site from Britain is the Warren Field site in Aberdeenshire, which is considered the worlds oldest Lunar calendar corrected yearly by observing the midwinter solstice. Similar but later sites have been found in Scandinavia. A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at Blick Mead, a reliable year - round spring 1 mile (1.6 km) from Stonehenge.
Salisbury Plain was then still wooded but 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a causewayed enclosure at Robin Hood 's Ball and long barrow tombs in the surrounding landscape. In approximately 3500 BC, a Stonehenge Cursus was built 700 metres (2,300 ft) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area. A number of other adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, previously overlooked, may date as far back as 4000 BC. Charcoal from the ' Blick Mead ' camp 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi) from Stonehenge (near the Vespasian 's Camp site) has been dated to 4000 BC. The University of Buckingham 's Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here over a period of several millennia, making it potentially "one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape. ''
The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch enclosure made of Late Cretaceous (Santonian Age) Seaford Chalk, measuring about 110 metres (360 ft) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south. It stood in open grassland on a slightly sloping spot. The builders placed the bones of deer and oxen in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked flint tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about a metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, known as the Aubrey holes after John Aubrey, the seventeenth - century antiquarian who was thought to have first identified them. The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a timber circle, although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a bluestone circle. If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. A small outer bank beyond the ditch could also date to this period.
In 2013 a team of archaeologists, led by Mike Parker Pearson, excavated more than 50,000 cremated bones of 63 individuals buried at Stonehenge. These remains had originally been buried individually in the Aubrey holes, exhumed during a previous excavation conducted by William Hawley in 1920, been considered unimportant by him, and subsequently re-interred together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7, in 1935. Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women, and included some children. As there was evidence of the underlying chalk beneath the graves being crushed by substantial weight, the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers. Radiocarbon dating of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated, to around 3000 BC.
Analysis of animal teeth found at nearby Durrington Walls, thought to be the ' builders camp ', suggests that as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around 9 months or 15 months after their spring birth. Strontium isotope analysis of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations.
Evidence of the second phase is no longer visible. The number of postholes dating to the early 3rd millennium BC suggest that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 0.4 metres (16 in) in diameter, and are much less regularly spaced. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty - five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, cremation burials dating to the two centuries after the monument 's inception. It seems that whatever the holes ' initial function, it changed to become a funerary one during Phase 2. Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure 's ditch and at other points within the monument, mostly in the eastern half. Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an enclosed cremation cemetery at this time, the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles. Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch - fill. Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic grooved ware pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase.
Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the Q and R Holes) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming ' crescents '); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the bluestones (some of which are made of dolerite, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the Preseli Hills, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern - day Pembrokeshire in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as glacial erratics by the Irish Sea Glacier although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.
The long distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at Craig Rhos - y - felin, near Crymych in Pembrokeshire, which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained. Other standing stones may well have been small sarsens (sandstone), used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about two tons, could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles, as recorded in China, Japan and India. It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to "merge two sacred centres into one, to unify two politically separate regions, or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another ''. Each monolith measures around 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height, between 1 and 1.5 m (3.3 and 4.9 ft) wide and around 0.8 metres (2.6 ft) thick. What was to become known as the Altar Stone is almost certainly derived from the Senni Beds, perhaps from 50 miles (80 kilometres) east of Mynydd Preseli in the Brecon Beacons.
The north - eastern entrance was widened at this time, with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period. This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished, however; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled. Even so, the monument appears to have eclipsed the site at Avebury in importance towards the end of this phase.
The Heelstone, a Tertiary sandstone, may also have been erected outside the north - eastern entrance during this period. It can not be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3. At first it was accompanied by a second stone, which is no longer visible. Two, or possibly three, large portal stones were set up just inside the north - eastern entrance, of which only one, the fallen Slaughter Stone, 4.9 metres (16 ft) long, now remains. Other features, loosely dated to phase 3, include the four Station Stones, two of which stood atop mounds. The mounds are known as "barrows '' although they do not contain burials. Stonehenge Avenue, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading 2 miles (3 km) to the River Avon, was also added. Two ditches similar to Heelstone Ditch circling the Heelstone (which was by then reduced to a single monolith) were later dug around the Station Stones.
During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous Oligocene - Miocene sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site. They may have come from a quarry around 25 miles (40 km) north of Stonehenge on the Marlborough Downs, or they may have been collected from a "litter '' of sarsens on the chalk downs, closer to hand. The stones were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before 30 were erected as a 33 metres (108 ft) diameter circle of standing stones, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using another woodworking method, the tongue and groove joint. Each standing stone was around 4.1 metres (13 ft) high, 2.1 metres (6 ft 11 in) wide and weighed around 25 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind; the orthostats widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground, while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument.
The inward - facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. The average thickness of the stones is 1.1 metres (3 ft 7 in) and the average distance between them is 1 metre (3 ft 3 in). A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle (60 stones) and the trilithon horseshoe (15 stones). It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete, but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of removed sarsens. The lintel stones are each around 3.2 metres (10 ft) long, 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) wide and 0.8 metres (2 ft 7 in) thick. The tops of the lintels are 4.9 metres (16 ft) above the ground.
Within this circle stood five trilithons of dressed sarsen stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 13.7 metres (45 ft) across, with its open end facing north east. These huge stones, ten uprights and five lintels, weigh up to 50 tons each. They were linked using complex jointing. They are arranged symmetrically. The smallest pair of trilithons were around 6 metres (20 ft) tall, the next pair a little higher, and the largest, single trilithon in the south west corner would have been 7.3 metres (24 ft) tall. Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands, of which 6.7 metres (22 ft) is visible and a further 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) is below ground. The images of a ' dagger ' and 14 ' axeheads ' have been carved on one of the sarsens, known as stone 53; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3, 4, and 5. The carvings are difficult to date, but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons. early 21st - century laser scanning of the carvings supports this interpretation. The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest, measuring around 6 metres (20 ft) in height; the largest, which is in the south west of the horseshoe, is almost 7.5 metres (25 ft) tall.
This ambitious phase has been radiocarbon dated to between 2600 and 2400 BC, slightly earlier than the Stonehenge Archer, discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978, and the two sets of burials, known as the Amesbury Archer and the Boscombe Bowmen, discovered 3 miles (5 km) to the west. At about the same time, a large timber circle and a second avenue were constructed 2 miles (3 km) away at Durrington Walls overlooking the River Avon. The timber circle was oriented towards the rising sun on the midwinter solstice, opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge. The avenue was aligned with the setting sun on the summer solstice and led from the river to the timber circle. Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked. They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year. Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a ' land of the living ', whilst the stone circle represented a ' land of the dead ', with the Avon serving as a journey between the two.
Later in the Bronze Age, although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear, the bluestones appear to have been re-erected. They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way. Like the sarsens, a few have timber - working style cuts in them suggesting that, during this phase, they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure.
This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales. All the stones formed well - spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well - founded and began to fall over. However, only minor changes were made after this phase.
Soon afterwards, the north eastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed, creating a horseshoe - shaped setting (the Bluestone Horseshoe) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons. This phase is contemporary with the Seahenge site in Norfolk.
The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge, built about 1600 BC, and the last usage of it was probably during the Iron Age. Roman coins and medieval artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout British prehistory and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age hillfort Vespasian 's Camp built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated seventh century Saxon man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923. The site was known to scholars during the Middle Ages and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups.
Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge, such as how it was built and which purposes it was used for, remain subject to debate. A number of myths surround the stones. The site, specifically the great trilithon, the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons, the heel stone, and the embanked avenue, are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice. A natural landform at the monument 's location followed this line, and may have inspired its construction. The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer. Further astronomical associations, and the precise astronomical significance of the site for its people, are a matter of speculation and debate.
There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size. However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as shear legs, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size. How the stones could be transported by a prehistoric people without the aid of the wheel or a pulley system is not known. The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs on which the large stones were rolled along. Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat. Such an experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40 - ton slab of stone was successful near Stonehenge in 1995. A dedicated team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18 - mile (29 km) journey from Marlborough Downs. Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site.
More recently two major new theories have been proposed. Professor Geoffrey Wainwright, president of the Society of Antiquaries of London, and Timothy Darvill, of Bournemouth University, have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing -- the primeval equivalent of Lourdes. They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves. However, they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well. Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions. A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "Amesbury Archer '' grew up near the alpine foothills of Germany; and the "Boscombe Bowmen '' probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.
On the other hand, Mike Parker Pearson of Sheffield University has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a ritual landscape and was joined to Durrington Walls by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon. He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls Henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased. Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by Geoffrey of Monmouth, who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument. Whatever religious, mystical or spiritual elements were central to Stonehenge, its design includes a celestial observatory function, which might have allowed prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to a contemporary religion.
There are other hypotheses and theories. According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield, Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of "peace and unity '', indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction, Britain 's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification.
Another idea has to do with a quality of the stones themselves. Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that some of the monument 's stones possess "unusual acoustic properties '' -- when they are struck they respond with a "loud clanging noise ''. According to Paul Devereux, editor of the journal Time and Mind: The Journal of Archaeology, Consciousness and Culture, this idea could explain why certain bluestones were hauled nearly 200 miles (320 km) -- a major technical accomplishment at the time. In certain ancient cultures rocks that ring out, known as lithophones, were believed to contain mystic or healing powers, and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals. The presence of these "ringing rocks '' seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a "place for healing '', as has been pointed out by Bournemouth University archaeologist Timothy Darvill, who consulted with the researchers. Some of the stones of Stonehenge were brought from near a town in Wales called Maenclochog, a name which means "ringing rock ''.
The Heel Stone lies north east of the sarsen circle, beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue. It is a rough stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) above ground, leaning inwards towards the stone circle. It has been known by many names in the past, including "Friar 's Heel '' and "Sun - stone ''. At summer solstice an observer standing within the stone circle, looking north - east through the entrance, would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the heel stone, and the sun has often been photographed over it.
A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar 's Heel reference.
The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian Charles Warne at Long Bredy in Dorset.
In the twelfth century, Geoffrey of Monmouth included a fanciful story in his Historia Regum Britanniae ("History of the Kings of Britain '') that attributed the monument 's construction to the wizard Merlin. Geoffrey 's story spread widely, appearing in more and less elaborate form in adaptations of his work such as Wace 's Norman French Roman de Brut, Layamon 's Middle English Brut, and the Welsh Brut y Brenhinedd.
According to Geoffrey the rocks of Stonehenge were healing rocks, called the Giant 's dance, which Giants had brought from Africa to Ireland for their healing properties. The fifth - century king Aurelius Ambrosius wished to erect a memorial to 3,000 nobles slain in battle against the Saxons and buried at Salisbury, and at Merlin 's advice chose Stonehenge. The king sent Merlin, Uther Pendragon (King Arthur 's father), and 15,000 knights, to remove it from Ireland, where it had been constructed on Mount Killaraus by the Giants. They slew 7,000 Irish but, as the knights tried to move the rocks with ropes and force, they failed. Then Merlin, using "gear '' and skill, easily dismantled the stones and sent them over to Britain, where Stonehenge was dedicated. After it had been rebuilt near Amesbury, Geoffrey further narrates how first Ambrosius Aurelianus, then Uther Pendragon, and finally Constantine III, were buried inside the "Giants ' Ring of Stonehenge ''.
In another legend of Saxons and Britons, in 472 the invading king Hengist invited Brythonic warriors to a feast, but treacherously ordered his men to draw their weapons from concealment and fall upon the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected the stone monument -- Stonehenge -- on the site to show his remorse for the deed.
Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since King Henry VIII acquired Amesbury Abbey and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the Earl of Hertford. It subsequently passed to Lord Carleton and then the Marquess of Queensberry. The Antrobus family of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824. During World War I an aerodrome (Royal Flying Corps "No. 1 School of Aerial Navigation and Bomb Dropping '') was built on the downs just to the west of the circle and, in the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction was built, along with several cottages and a cafe. The Antrobus family sold the site after their last heir was killed in the fighting in France. The auction by Knight Frank & Rutley estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included "Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches (12.44 ha) of adjoining downland. ''
Cecil Chubb bought the site for £ 6,600 and gave it to the nation three years later. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of -- or even as a present for -- his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim, as he believed a local man should be the new owner.
In the late 1920s a nationwide appeal was launched to save Stonehenge from the encroachment of the modern buildings that had begun to rise around it. By 1928 the land around the monument had been purchased with the appeal donations, and given to the National Trust to preserve. The buildings were removed (although the roads were not), and the land returned to agriculture. More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native chalk grassland.
During the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of Neopaganism and New Age beliefs, particularly the Neo-druids. The historian Ronald Hutton would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it. '' The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the Ancient Order of Druids, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.
Between 1972 and 1984, Stonehenge was the site of the Stonehenge Free Festival. After the Battle of the Beanfield in 1985, this use of the site was stopped for several years and ritual use of Stonehenge is now heavily restricted. Some Druids have arranged an assembling of monuments styled on Stonehenge in other parts of the world as a form of Druidist worship.
When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion. Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones, but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.
The access situation and the proximity of the two roads has drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 National Geographic survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble ''.
As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side -- the A344 to Shrewton on the north side, and the A303 to Winterbourne Stoke to the south. Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site. However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads has led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build Stonehenge road tunnel under the landscape and create a permanent visitors ' centre had been cancelled.
On 13 May 2009, the government gave approval for a £ 25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors ' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent. On 20 January 2010 Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 2.4 km (1.5 miles) to the west and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £ 10m grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund. On 23 June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass. The centre, designed by Denton Corker Marshall, opened to the public on 18 December 2013.
The earlier rituals were augmented by the Stonehenge Free Festival, loosely organised by the Politantric Circle, held between 1972 and 1984, during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000. However, in 1985 the site was closed to festivalgoers by English Heritage and the National Trust. A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and New Age travellers that became known as the Battle of the Beanfield when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge. Beginning in 1985, the year of the Battle of the Beanfield, no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason. This ' exclusion zone ' policy continued for almost fifteen years and until just before the arrival of the twenty - first century, visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance: the two Solstices (Winter and Summer) and two Equinoxes (Vernal and Autumnal).
However, now due to the Roundtable process and the ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings gained by picketing by campaigners such as Brian "Viziondanz '' Felstein and King Arthur Pendragon, some access had been gained four times a year. The ' Court of Human Rights ' rulings recognises that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church, and Stonehenge is a place of worship to Neo-Druids, Pagans and other ' Earth based ' or ' old ' religions. The Roundtable meetings include members of the Wiltshire Police force, National Trust, English Heritage, Pagans, Druids, Spiritualists and others.
At the Summer Solstice 2003 which fell over a weekend over 30,000 people attended a gathering at and in the stones. The 2004 gathering was smaller (around 21,000 people).
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Throughout recorded history, Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from antiquarians and archaeologists. John Aubrey was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and recorded in his plan of the monument the pits that now bear his name. William Stukeley continued Aubrey 's work in the early eighteenth century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the Druids. Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named Disc Barrows as Druids ' Barrows. The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect John Wood in 1740. His original annotated survey has recently been computer redrawn and published. Importantly Wood 's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958.
William Cunnington was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. Richard Colt Hoare supported Cunnington 's work and excavated some 379 barrows on Salisbury Plain including on some 200 in the area around the Stones, some excavated in conjunction with William Coxe. To alert future diggers to their work they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened. Cunnington 's finds are displayed at the Wiltshire Museum. In 1877 Charles Darwin dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth for his book The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms.
William Gowland oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901 which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position. Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration William Hawley, who had excavated nearby Old Sarum, excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of port in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey 's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the Y and Z Holes.
Richard Atkinson, Stuart Piggott and John F.S. Stone re-excavated much of Hawley 's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. Atkinson 's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument 's construction.
In 1958 the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including Christopher Chippindale of the Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge and Brian Edwards of the University of the West of England, campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and in 2004 English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge: A History in Photographs.
In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher. They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a 10 - metre (33 ft) length of a palisade ditch -- a V - cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent aerial archaeology suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue.
Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans during which they discovered the remains of the Stonehenge Archer in the outer ditch, and in 1979 rescue archaeology was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable - laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone.
In the early 1980s Julian Richards led the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the Lesser Cursus, Coneybury Henge and several other smaller features.
In 1993 the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called ' a national disgrace ' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage 's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two - year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph Stonehenge in its landscape, which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument.
More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the Stonehenge Riverside Project, led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones -- notably Durrington Walls, where another "Avenue '' leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated, and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue. In April 2008 Tim Darvill of the University of Bournemouth and Geoff Wainwright of the Society of Antiquaries, began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve dateable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC, although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, Julian Richards and Mike Pitts excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935. A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the Ministry of Justice in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently.
A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 40 cm (16 inches) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth - and nineteenth - century illustrations. Indeed, there is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset. A circular, shallow bank, little more than 10 cm (4 inches) high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the "Z '' circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.
In July 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a "henge - like '' monument less than 1 km (0.62 miles) away from the main site. This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located "at the site of Amesbury 50 '', a round barrow in the Cursus Barrows group.
On 26 November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the Stonehenge Cursus pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone. The new discovery is part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010. The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.
On 18 December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the exact source of some of the rhyolite fragments found in the Stonehenge debitage. These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps. The researchers have identified the source as a 70 - metre (230 ft) long rock outcrop called Craig Rhos - y - Felin (51 ° 59 ′ 30.07 '' N 4 ° 44 ′ 40.85 '' W / 51.9916861 ° N 4.7446806 ° W / 51.9916861; - 4.7446806 (Craig Rhos - y - Felin)), near Pont Saeson in north Pembrokeshire, located 220 kilometres (140 mi) from Stonehenge.
On 10 September 2014 the University of Birmingham announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds, overlooked previously, that may date as far back as 4000 BC. An area extending to 12 square kilometres (1,200 ha) was studied to a depth of three metres with ground - penetrating radar equipment. As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the cursus track is terminated by two five - meter wide extremely deep pits, whose purpose is still a mystery.
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case worn with an obi as part of traditional japanese dress | Obi (sash) - wikipedia
Obi (帯, おび) is a sash for traditional Japanese dress, keikogi (uniforms for Japanese martial arts), and part of kimono outfits.
The obi for men 's kimono is rather narrow, 10 centimetres (3.9 in) wide at most, but a woman 's formal obi can be 30 centimetres (12 in) wide and more than 4 metres (13 ft) long. Nowadays, a woman 's wide and decorative obi does not keep the kimono closed; this is done by different undersashes and ribbons worn underneath the obi. The obi itself often requires the use of stiffeners and ribbons for definition of shape and decoration.
There are many types of obi, most for women: wide obi made of brocade and narrower, simpler obi for everyday wear. The fanciest and most colourful obi are for young unmarried women. The contemporary women 's obi is a very conspicuous accessory, sometimes even more so than the kimono robe itself. A fine formal obi might cost more than the rest of the entire outfit.
Obi are categorised by their design, formality, material, and use. Informal obi are narrower and shorter.
In its early days, an obi was a cord or a ribbon - like sash, approximately 8 centimetres (3.1 in) in width. Men 's and women 's obi were similar. At the beginning of the 17th century, both women and men wore a ribbon obi. By the 1680s, the width of women 's obi had already doubled from its original size. In the 1730s women 's obi were about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) wide, and at the turn of the 19th century were as wide as 30 centimetres (12 in). At that time, separate ribbons and cords were already necessary to hold the obi in place. The men 's obi was at its widest in the 1730s, at about 16 centimetres (6.3 in).
Before the Edo period, which began in 1600, women 's kosode robes were fastened with a narrow sash at the hips. The mode of attaching the sleeve widely to the torso part of the garment would have prevented the use of wider obi. When the sleeves of kosode began to grow in width (i.e. in length) at the beginning of the Edo period, the obi widened as well. There were two reasons for this: firstly, to maintain the aesthetic balance of the outfit, the longer sleeves needed a wider sash to accompany them; secondly, unlike today (where they are customary only for unmarried women) married ladies also wore long - sleeved kimono in the 1770s. The use of long sleeves without leaving the underarm open would have hindered movements greatly. These underarm openings in turn made room for even wider obi.
Originally, all obi were tied in the front. Later, fashion began to affect the position of the knot, and obi could be tied to the side or to the back. As obi grew wider the knots grew bigger, and it became cumbersome to tie the obi in the front. In the end of the 17th century obi were mostly tied in the back. However, the custom did not become firmly established before the beginning of the 20th century.
At the end of the 18th century it was fashionable for a woman 's kosode to have overly long hems that were allowed to trail behind when in house. For moving outside, the excess cloth was tied up beneath the obi with a wide cloth ribbon called shigoki obi. Contemporary kimono are made similarly over-long, but the hems are not allowed to trail; the excess cloth is tied up to hips, forming a fold called ohashori. Shigoki obi are still used, but only in decorative purposes.
The most formal of obi are about to become obsolete. The heavy and long maru obi is nowadays used only by maiko and brides as a part of their wedding outfit. The lighter fukuro obi has taken the place of maru obi. The originally everyday Nagoya obi is the most common obi used today, and the fancier ones may even be accepted as a part of a semi-ceremonial outfit. The use of musubi, or decorative knots, has also narrowed so that women tie their obi almost solely in the simple taiko musubi, "drum knot ''. Tsuke obi with ready - made knots are also gaining in popularity.
Tatsumura Textile located in Nishijin in Kyoto is a centre of manufacturing today. Founded by Heizo Tatsumura I in the 19th century, it is renowned for making some of the most luxurious obi. Amongst his students studying design was the later painter Inshō Dōmoto. The technique Nishijin - ori is intricately woven and can have a three dimensional effect and can cost up to 1 Million Yen.
The "Kimono Institute '' was founded by Kazuko Hattori in the 20th century and teaches how to tie an obi and wear it properly.
The wide women 's obi is folded in two when worn, to a width of about 15 centimetres (5.9 in) to 20 centimetres (7.9 in). It is considered elegant to tie the obi so that the folded width is in harmony with the wearer 's body dimensions. Usually this means about a tenth of her height. The full width of the obi is present only in the decorative knot, musubi.
A woman 's obi is worn in a fancy musubi knot. There are ten ways to tie an obi, and different knots are suited to different occasions and different kimono.
There are many different types of women 's obi, and the usage of them is regulated by many unwritten rules not unlike those that concern the kimono itself. Certain types of obi are used with certain types of kimono; the obi of married and unmarried women are tied in different ways. Often the obi adjusts the formality and fanciness of the whole kimono outfit: the same kimono can be worn in very different situations depending on what kind of obi is worn with it.
Formal obis worn by men are much narrower than those of women (the width is about 10 centimetres (3.9 in) at its most). The men 's obi is worn in much simpler fashion than women 's: it is wrapped around the waist, below the stomach and tied with a simple knot in the back.
A netsuke is an ornament suspended from the obi worn by men.
Children are dressed in kimono especially for the Shichi - Go - San (Seven - Five - Three) celebration, when girls aged three and seven and boys aged five are celebrated. Children 's kimono outfits resemble those of adults and their parts are basically miniature versions from adult 's pieces. The youngest children wear soft, scarf - like obi.
Many Japanese martial arts feature an obi as part of their exercise outfit. These obi are often made of thick cotton and are about 5 centimetres (2.0 in) wide. The martial arts obi are most often worn in the koma - musubi knot; in practice where hakama is worn, the obi is tied in other ways.
In many martial arts the colour of the obi signifies the wearer 's skill level. Usually the colours start from the beginner 's white and end in the advanced black, or masters ' red and white. When the exercise outfit includes a hakama, the colour of the obi has no significance.
The knot of the obi is called musubi (結び, むすび, literally "knot ''). These days, a woman 's knot often does not keep the obi in place as much as it functions as a large decorative piece in the back. The actual knot is usually supported by a number of accessories: pads, scarves and cords. While putting on the obi, especially when without assistance, there is a need for several additional temporary ribbons.
There are hundreds of decorative knots and they often represent flowers or birds. As everything else in a kimono outfit, the knots are regulated by a number of unwritten propriety rules. Generally the more complex and showy knots are for young unmarried women in festive situations, the more subdued for married or mature women or for use in ceremonial situations.
In earlier days, the knots were believed to banish malicious spirits. Many knots have a name with an auspicious double meaning.
A complex musubi worn as part of a costume worn to wedding
Tying a hanhaba obi around a yukata
A maiko in Kyoto, her obi tied in the darari style
Washikusa musubi
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what state is the navy football team from | Navy Midshipmen Football - wikipedia
The Navy Midshipmen football team represents the United States Naval Academy in NCAA Division I FBS (Football Bowl Subdivision) college football. The Naval Academy completed its final season as an FBS independent school (not in a conference) in 2014, and became a single - sport member of the American Athletic Conference beginning in the 2015 season. The team has been coached by Ken Niumatalolo since December 2007. Navy has 19 players and three coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame and won the college football national championship in 1926 according to the Boand and Houlgate poll systems. The 1910 team also was undefeated and unscored upon (the lone tie was a 0 -- 0 game). The mascot is Bill the Goat.
The Naval Academy 's football program is one of the nation 's oldest, with its history dating back to 1879. There were two separate efforts to establish a Naval Academy football team in 1879. The first was guided by first - classman J.H. Robinson, who developed it as a training regiment to help keep the school 's baseball team in shape. The team played the sport under rules that made it much closer to soccer, where the players were permitted only to kick the ball in order to advance it. The second effort, headed by first - classman William John Maxwell was more successful in its efforts. Maxwell met with two of his friends, Tunstall Smith and Henry Woods, who played for the Baltimore Athletic Club and officially challenged their team to a game with the Naval Academy. A team was formed from academy first - classmen, which Maxwell led as a manager, trainer, and captain. The team would wake up and practice before reveille and following drill and meals. The squad received encouragement from some of the faculty, who allowed them to eat a late dinner and skip final drill for additional practicing. This was against the direct orders of the school superintendent, who had banned football and similar activities.
The year 's sole contest was played on December 11 against the Baltimore Athletic Club. The opposition 's team was reportedly composed of players from Princeton, Yale, Pennsylvania, and Johns Hopkins. The Naval Academy hosted the Baltimore team on a temporary field drawn on part of the superintendent 's cow pasture. Rules decided upon between the teams established that the game was to be played under rugby rules. The Baltimore American and Chronicle, which covered the contest, described it as such:
The game, played under rugby rules, was a battle from beginning to end -- a regular knock down and drag out fight. Both sides became immediately excited and the audience was aroused to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by the spirited contest. The ball oscillated backward and forward over the ground without any material result.
The scrimmages were something awful to witness -- living, kicking, scrambling masses of humanity surging to and fro, each individual after the leather oval. If a Baltimorean got the ball and started for a run, he was unfailingly caught by one of the brawny Cadets and dashed to earth with five or six men falling on him.
The game was closely fought and was finally declared a scoreless tie by the referee about an hour after it began. Navy reportedly never gained possession of the ball. However, the Naval Academy managed to keep the Baltimore Athletic Club from ever being in a scoring position. On three separate occasions, Navy forced Baltimore back into its own end zone for a safety; these were not worth any points until 1882, however, so they offered Navy no benefit. The American and Chronicle reported that Maxwell, Craven, and Sample of Navy gave the strongest performances, but were also reckless in their play and were repeatedly penalized for jumping offside or kicking the ball out of play, a form of delay of game.
Some time after the game, Walter Camp, known as the "Father of American Football '', credited Maxwell as the inventor of the first football uniform. After he was informed that the Baltimore team he was playing outweighed his by an average of ten pounds, Maxwell looked for a way to make the teams more evenly matched. Using his knowledge of sailing, he decided to design a sleeveless canvas jacket which would make his players "difficult to grasp when they began to sweat ''. He presented the design to the academy 's tailor, who created the double - lined jackets which "were laced down the front and drawn tightly to fit snugly around a player 's body ''. The weighted suits were worn by the team, which was confused by the "strangle, heavy, newfangled getups ''.
The Naval Academy would not produce another football team until the 1882 season. The 1882 team would be the first with a coach, being supported by Academy officials. The 1879 season was the last time that a Navy squad would play the Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy would finish the 1880s with four winning seasons, and an overall record of 14 -- 12 -- 2, with one of those ties being the game against the Baltimore Athletic Club. Navy would outscore their opponents 292 -- 231, and would finish the 19th century with an overall record of 54 -- 19 -- 3. The lack of a coach for the 1879 season was one of the two times the Naval Academy squad lacked one, the other time being from 1883 through 1891.
Frank Berrien served as Navy 's head football coach from 1908 - 1910, compiling a record of 21 -- 5 -- 3. He was the thirteenth head coach of the Naval Academy 's football program and, under his tutelage, the Midshipmen compiled an undefeated 8 -- 0 -- 1 mark in 1910.
Three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters today, but this was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama. A 7 - 7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave Stanford a 10 - 0 - 1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9 - 0 - 1 records.
The Midshipmen opened the ' 26 season with a new coach, Bill Ingram. A Navy football standout from 1916 through 1918, Ingram took over a Navy team that had only won seven games in the previous two seasons combined. One of the keys to Navy 's 1926 squad was a potent offense led by All - America tackle and team captain Frank Wickhorst, who proved to be a punishing blocker for the Navy offense. One member of the Navy offense that appreciated the blocking of Wickhorst was Tom Hamilton. The quarterback and kicker had a pair of 100 - yard rushing games en route to All - America honors.
Navy 's biggest win that year was against Michigan in front of 80,000 fans in Baltimore. The Mids scored 10 second half points to upset the Wolverines, 10 - 0. Navy 's offense tallied 165 yards behind the powering attack of Hamilton and Henry Caldwell who scored Navy 's lone touchdown on a one - yard plunge. Jubilation from the victory continued after the game, as the Midshipmen tore down the goal post at each end of the field and carried away all the markers that lined both sides of the field.
Navy headed into its season finale against Army with a 9 - 0 record. The game was to be played in Chicago at Soldier Field, which had been built as a memorial to the men killed in World War I. It was only natural Army and Navy would be invited to play the inaugural contest there. James R. Harrison of the New York Times described the game as "the greatest of its time and as a national spectacle. '' Over 110,000 people witnessed the Midshipmen open up a 14 - 0 lead on the Cadets, only to see Army fight back to take a 21 - 14 lead early in the third quarter. The Navy offense responded behind its strong ground game led by running back Alan Shapley. On fourth down and three yards to go, Shapley ran eight yards for a touchdown to tie the game at 21. As the final quarter concluded, Army mounted a brief threat only to miss a 25 - yard field goal.
The tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship based on retroactive rankings by both the William Boand and Deke Houlgate mathematical poll systems.
Navy was one of the very few programs to field a football team during World War II, with John Whelchel leading the Midshipmen from 1942 - 1943 and Oscar Hagberg serving as head coach from 1944 - 1945. During those years, three of the four Navy teams finished ranked in the top 10 of the final AP poll.
George Sauer left his post as Kansas head coach and took over in Annapolis from 1948 - 1949. The Midshipmen struggled under Sauer 's tutelage, posting a 3 -- 13 -- 2 record which included a winless 1948 season.
Eddie Erdelatz returned to Navy, where he 'd previously served as an assistant coach from 1945 -- 1947, to take over a football program that had won just four games over the previous five seasons.
In 1950, Erdelatz led an upset of arch - rival Army. The Black Knights entered the game with an 8 -- 0 record which had not lost in 28 contests. Army also had defeated Navy five times in the last six games. Although Navy had only a 2 -- 6 record, an outstanding defensive effort resulted in a 14 -- 2 victory for the Midshipmen.
After two years at Navy, Erdelatz 's record stood at 5 -- 12 -- 1, but he would never again have a losing season in his final seven seasons and would finish 5 -- 3 -- 1 in his games against Army. In 1954, the team finished 8 -- 2, losing close games to Pittsburgh and Notre Dame. Erdelatz labeled this squad, "A Team Called Desire '' and then went on to shut out Ole in the 1955 Sugar Bowl. Three years later, the Midshipmen competed in the Cotton Bowl Classic, where they knocked off Rice University, 20 -- 7. The latter win came one year after Navy 's bid to play in a bowl game was rejected despite having only one loss.
After the bowl victory over Rice, Erdelatz was courted by other schools and nearly accepted the task of replacing Bear Bryant at Texas A&M University. After the 1958 season, he was also seen as a candidate for the NFL 's San Francisco 49ers head coaching job, but began spring practice the following year at Navy. On April 8, 1959, Erdelatz resigned as head coach of the Midshipmen, citing a number of factors, including the desire for an easier schedule.
From 1959 to 1964, Wayne Hardin was the head coach at Navy, where he compiled a 38 -- 22 -- 2 record. His Navy teams posted five consecutive wins against archrival Army, a feat not surpassed until 2007 when Paul Johnson 's Navy squad won their sixth consecutive contest in the Army -- Navy Game. Hardin coached Navy 's two winners of the Heisman Trophy, Joe Bellino, who received the award in 1960, and Roger Staubach, who did so in 1963.
Hardin resigned as Navy 's head coach following a 3 -- 6 -- 1 record in 1964.
Virginia head coach Bill Elias replaced Hardin, and the Midshipmen struggled mightilty under Elias ' leadership. Elias ' Midshipmen posted a 15 -- 22 -- 3 record in his four seasons, which included three non-winning seasons. Elias was fired following a 2 -- 8 season in 1968.
Former UConn head coach Rick Forzano was hired as Elias ' replacement in 1969. However, the Midshipmen 's struggles continued, with Navy failing to post a single winning season, something that had n't occurred in Annapolis in decades. Forzano 's teams posted yearly records of 1 -- 9, 2 -- 9, 3 -- 8 and 4 -- 7. Forzano resigned after the 1972 season.
Penn State assistant coach and Navy alum George Welsh succeeded Forzano as Navy 's head coach. He inherited a Navy Midshipmen football program that had only had one winning season since the days of Roger Staubach. He led the Midshipmen to three bowl game appearances and their first nine - win season in 16 years. In nine seasons, Welsh compiled a record of 55 -- 46 -- 1, making him the service academy 's most successful coach.
In 1982, Welsh left Navy to become the head coach at Virginia.
West Virginia offensive coordinator Gary Tranquill was hired as Welsh 's replacement in 1982. Tranquill 's Midshipmen compiled a 6 -- 5 record in 1982, but it was downhill from there. 1983 saw a 3 -- 8 record followed by back - to - back four - win seasons in 1984 and 1985. A 3 -- 8 campaign in 1986 ended Tranquill 's tenure at Navy as the school declined to renew his contract.
One notable assistant coach during this time was Nick Saban, the legendary head coach at Alabama.
Former Western Michigan head coach Elliot Uzelac was hired by Navy to serve as the school 's 34th head football coach in 1987. Navy 's struggles continued, with the Midshipmen posting records of 2 -- 9 in 1987 followed by back - to - back 3 -- 8 seasons in 1988 and 1989. Uzelac was fired following the 1989 season.
Marshall head coach George Chaump was hired as Uzelac 's replacement in 1990. Chaump was unable to revive the Midshipmen football program, compiling a record of 14 -- 41 in five seasons. Chaump 's Midshipmen posted back - to - back 1 -- 10 records in 1991 and 1992. Navy fired Chaump after the 1994 season in which the Midshipmen finished 3 -- 8.
Utah State head coach Charlie Weatherbie was hired to replace Chaump in 1995. Under Weatherbie, Navy did have a couple of winning seasons, the first coming in 1996 with a record of 9 -- 3 with a win in the Aloha Bowl. That was followed with a 7 -- 4 campaign the following year. After that, however, Navy struggled, failing to post a record better than a 5 -- 7 record. After a 1 -- 10 season in 2000 followed by an 0 -- 7 start to the 2001 season, Weatherbie was fired.
In 2002, Paul Johnson departed Georgia Southern and was hired as the 37th Navy head football coach. Johnson 's initial season saw the Midshipmen win only two of 12 games, though the season ended on a high note with his first victory over Army, which would not beat Navy again until 2016. Subsequently, Johnson 's teams enjoyed a high degree of success.
The 2003 team completed the regular season with an 8 -- 4 mark, including wins over both Air Force and Army, and earned a berth in the Houston Bowl, Navy 's first bowl game since 1996. However, the Midshipmen lost to Texas Tech, 38 -- 14.
In 2004, Johnson 's team posted the program 's best record since 1957, finishing the regular season at 9 -- 2 and once again earning a bowl berth, this time in the Emerald Bowl. There Johnson coached the Midshipmen to a win over New Mexico, 34 -- 19, the fifth bowl win in the school 's history. The win gave Navy 10 wins on the season, tying a school record that had stood since 1905. For his efforts, Johnson received the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award.
The 2005 Navy squad recorded a mark of 8 -- 4, highlighted by victories over Army, Air Force, and Colorado State in the Poinsettia Bowl.
In 2007, Johnson coached the Midshipmen to their first win over rival Notre Dame since 1963, winning 46 -- 44 in triple - overtime. Navy finished the season with an 8 -- 5 record.
Johnson dominated the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy competition, going 11 -- 1 (. 917) in his six years, with the only loss against another service academy coming at the hands of Air Force in his first season. He was the first coach in Navy 's history to go 6 -- 0 in his first six seasons against Army (Ken Niumatalolo, who followed Johnson at Navy, went 8 - 0 against Army in his first eight seasons), and his 2006 senior class was the first in Navy history to win the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy all four of their years.
Much of Johnson 's success at Navy was predicated on his triple option flexbone offense, a run - oriented attack that led NCAA Division I-A / FBS football in rushing yards three of his last four years at Navy. Johnson departed Navy for the head coaching position at Georgia Tech after the end of the 2007 regular season.
Ken Niumatalolo was promoted from offensive line coach to head football coach of the Naval Academy on December 8, 2007 after Johnson 's departure for Georgia Tech. Niumatalolo is the 38th head football coach in Naval Academy history. On January 7, 2009, Niumatalolo was given a contract extension, although terms and length of the extension were not released.
With Niumatalolo as Navy 's head coach, beginning with the 2008 season, the Mids have continued their run of success. Highlights in 2008 included an upset in Winston - Salem over # 16 Wake Forest, 24 -- 17, the Mids ' first victory over a ranked team in 23 years, and a 34 -- 0 shutout victory of Army.
Other highlights of Niumatalolo 's years as head coach at Navy include: Navy defeated Army in each of Niumatalolo 's first nine seasons as head coach, not losing to Army until 2016. The 2016 loss ended a streak of 14 Midshipmen wins in the Army -- Navy Game, the longest winning streak for either side in the rivalry. The Midshipmen captured the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy in 2008, 2009 and 2012. They went on to capture the trophy outright in 2013, with a 34 -- 7 win against Army, and recaptured it outright in 2015 with wins over Army and Air Force. The Midshipmen have nine winning seasons during Niumatalolo 's 10 full years as head coach. The Mids have played in nine bowl games during Niumatalolo 's tenure, winning the 2009 Texas Bowl, 2013 Armed Forces Bowl, 2014 Poinsettia Bowl, and 2015 Military Bowl. Navy defeated longtime rival Notre Dame in consecutive years, 2009 and 2010, for the first time since the early 1960s. The Midshipmen also defeated Notre Dame in 2016, when the Midshipmen went on to finish with a 9 -- 5 record.
Niumatalolo led Navy into the American Athletic Conference after 134 years as an independent in 2015, the first time Navy joined a conference in the school 's history.
Three undefeated teams with nearly identical records would cause a stir among fans and pollsters today, but this was the case when Navy earned its lone national championship in 1926, as the Midshipmen shared the honor with Stanford and Alabama. A 7 -- 7 tie between Alabama and Stanford in the 1926 Rose Bowl gave Stanford a 10 -- 0 -- 1 mark, while the Crimson Tide and the Mids each had identical 9 -- 0 -- 1 records.
The Midshipmen opened the ' 26 season with a new coach, Bill Ingram. A Navy football standout from 1916 through 1918, Ingram took over a Navy team that had only won seven games in the previous two seasons combined. One of the keys to Navy 's 1926 squad was a potent offense led by All - America tackle and team captain Frank Wickhorst, who proved to be a punishing blocker for the Navy offense. One member of the Navy offense that appreciated the blocking of Wickhorst was Tom Hamilton. The quarterback and kicker had a pair of 100 - yard rushing games en route to All - America honors.
Navy 's biggest win that year was against Michigan in front of 80,000 fans in Baltimore. The Mids scored 10 second half points to upset the Wolverines, 10 -- 0. Navy 's offense tallied 165 yards behind the powering attack of Hamilton and Henry Caldwell who scored Navy 's lone touchdown on a one - yard plunge. Jubilation from the victory continued after the game, as the Midshipmen tore down the goal post at each end of the field and carried away all the markers that lined both sides of the field.
Navy headed into its season finale against Army with a 9 -- 0 record. The game was to be played in Chicago at Soldier Field, which had been built as a memorial to the men killed in World War I. It was only natural Army and Navy would be invited to play the inaugural contest there. James R. Harrison of the New York Times described the game as "the greatest of its time and as a national spectacle. '' Over 110,000 people witnessed the Midshipmen open up a 14 -- 0 lead on the Cadets, only to see Army fight back to take a 21 -- 14 lead early in the third quarter. The Navy offense responded behind its strong ground game led by running back Alan Shapley. On fourth down and three yards to go, Shapley ran eight yards for a touchdown to tie the game at 21. As the final quarter concluded, Army mounted a brief threat only to miss a 25 - yard field goal.
The tie gave the Midshipmen a share of the national championship based on retroactive rankings by both the William Boand and Deke Houlgate mathematical poll systems.
This remains Navy 's only national championship.
Navy has participated in 23 bowl games, garnering a record of 11 -- 11 -- 1.
The Navy - Army Game, played annually on the last weekend of the college football regular season in early December, pits the football teams of the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York (Army) against the Navy Midshipmen. It is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football, and is televised every year by CBS. It was in the 1963 Army -- Navy game that instant replay made its television debut.
This game has always had inter-service "bragging rights '' at stake; in past decades, when both Army and Navy were often national powers, the game occasionally had national championship implications. However, as top - level college football has developed and grown, the high academic entrance requirements, height and weight limits, and the military commitment required of West Point and Annapolis graduates has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies in comparison with other football programs.
While Navy has had a resurgence in recent years, Army has struggled to post winning seasons. However, the tradition of the game has ensured that it remains nationally televised to this day. One of the great appeals of this game to many fans is that its players are largely playing for the love of the game, since almost none will ever play in the NFL. The game is especially emotional for the seniors, called "first classmen '' or "firsties '' by both academies, since it is typically the last competitive football game they will ever play.
During wartime, the game is even more emotional because some seniors may not return once they are deployed. For instance, in the 2004 game, at least one senior from the class of 2003 who was killed in Iraq, Navy 's J.P. Blecksmith, was remembered. The players placed their comrade 's pads and jerseys on chairs on the sidelines. Much of the sentiment of the game goes out to those who share the uniform and who are overseas.
Navy - Army is played in early December, typically in Philadelphia. The game, however, has also been played in other locations such as New York, Baltimore, Chicago, and Pasadena.
The Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy is awarded to each season 's winner of the triangular college football series among the United States Military Academy (Army), the United States Naval Academy (Navy), and the United States Air Force Academy (Air Force). Navy controlled the trophy from 2003 to 2009, marking one of the longest times any academy has had possession of the prestigious trophy.
Typically, the Navy -- Air Force game is played in early October followed by Army - Navy in early December.
When Navy has possession of the trophy, it is displayed in a glass case in Bancroft Hall, the Midshipmen 's dormitory. Navy has won 15 Commander - in - Chief 's Trophies (1973, 1975, 1978, 1979, 1981, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012, 2013, 2015).
Navy has played Notre Dame in 87 annual games without interruption since 1927 with a record of 13 -- 76 -- 1. Notre Dame plays this game to repay Navy for helping to keep Notre Dame financially afloat during World War II. This series is scheduled to continue indefinitely.
From 1963, when Navy beat Notre Dame 35 -- 14, to 2006, Notre Dame won 43 consecutive games against Navy, the longest such streak in Division 1 - A football. This streak ended on November 3, 2007, when Navy beat Notre Dame 46 -- 44 in triple overtime. Navy also bested Notre Dame in 2009 and 2010, which made the class of 2011 only the third class in Navy history to have beaten Notre Dame three times. Navy won 28 - 27 in 2016, making Coach Niumatalolo only the second coach in Navy history to defeat Notre Dame three times.
When Navy is the home team for this game in even - numbered years, the Midshipmen have hosted the game off - campus at large stadiums used by NFL teams, usually FedExField in Landover, Maryland or M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore. The Midshipmen have also hosted the Irish at John F. Kennedy Stadium and Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia.
The intrastate rivalry between Maryland and Navy is referred to as the "Crab Bowl Classic. '' Starting in 1905, the two teams have played sporadically over the years. Many of the early games were lopsided and Navy leads the series 14 -- 7. In 2005, the teams renewed their rivalry and Maryland won, 23 -- 20. The teams met again on Labor Day 2010 and Maryland won again, 17 -- 14, after the Terps ' goal - line stand with under a minute remaining. As of 2010, the winner of the Crab Bowl Classic is awarded the Crab Bowl Trophy, created by the Touchdown Club of Annapolis with underwriting from the D'Camera Group.
This rivalry stems from Navy and Rutgers being two of the only three programs (the third is Army) to come out of the original, informal "Ivy League '' that are still members of the top tier of NCAA college football (currently Division I - FBS). Although the two teams only began a regular series relatively recently in 1995, the games between the two schools are often close and sometimes have controversy as in the 2004 and 2007 editions of the series. The rivalry dates to 1891, making the two schools each other 's oldest active football rivals. The schools have met 25 times, with Rutgers leading the series at 13 -- 11 -- 1 all - time after the 2014 Navy loss. Navy and Rutgers have played most years since 1995, but do not have additional games scheduled at this time with Rutgers ' move to the Big Ten and Navy 's move from independents to the American.
The Gansz Trophy was created in 2009 through a collaboration between the athletic departments of the Naval Academy and Southern Methodist University. The trophy is named for Frank Gansz who played linebacker at the Naval Academy from 1957 through 1959. Gansz later served on the coaching staffs at numerous colleges, including all three service academies and Southern Methodist, as well as several professional teams. The two teams have met 18 times with Navy leading the all - time series 11 -- 7, and the trophy series 5 -- 0.
Navy and Pittsburgh recently renewed their rivalry, which began in 1912, and was played 26 times in 29 years between 1961 and 1989. The contest was then played consecutively between 2007 and 2009 and again in 2013. After a 44 -- 28 victory for Navy in the 2015 Military Bowl in Annapolis, the series now stands with Pitt leading 22 -- 15 -- 3. Of historic interest, it was during the Pitt - Navy game at Annapolis on October 23, 1976, that Pitt running back Tony Dorsett broke the NCAA career rushing record.
Navy has 19 players and 3 coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame:
"The Most Prestigious Scholarships In College Football Since 1959 ''
The Athletic Hall of Fame is housed in Lejeune Hall. Among the exhibits are two Heisman Trophies, won by Joe Bellino in 1960 and Roger Staubach in 1963.
Announced schedules as of June 14, 2017
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who plays charlie on the santa clause 2 | David Krumholtz - wikipedia
David Krumholtz (born May 15, 1978) is an American actor. He played Charlie Eppes in the CBS drama series Numb3rs. He also played Seth Goldstein in the Harold & Kumar film series and Bernard the Elf in the Santa Clause film series.
Krumholtz was born in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Judy and Michael Krumholtz, a dental assistant and a postal worker respectively. He grew up in a "very working - class, almost poor '' Jewish family. His paternal grandparents had emigrated from Poland, and his mother moved from Hungary to the U.S. in 1956.
At the age of 13, Krumholtz followed his friends to an open audition for the Broadway play Conversations with My Father (1992). When he tried out, he won the role of Young Charlie, with Judd Hirsch, Tony Shalhoub and Jason Biggs, who was also making his Broadway debut. Soon after his run on Broadway, Krumholtz co-starred in two feature films, Life With Mikey (1993) with Michael J. Fox and Addams Family Values (1993) with Christina Ricci. For his role in Mikey, David was nominated for a 1993 Young Artist Award. Although his work in these two films garnered him critical attention, David is probably best known by children as the sarcastic head elf Bernard from The Santa Clause (1994) and its first sequel The Santa Clause 2 (2002). However, because of his filming schedule on "Numb3rs '', which conflicted with the filming schedule on the second sequel, he could not reprise the role of Bernard in The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006).
In 1994, Krumholtz co-starred in his first television series, Monty, with Henry Winkler; the show lasted only a few episodes. Krumholtz later starred in several short - lived series over the years. Along the way, he had the opportunity to work with Jason Bateman (Chicago Sons, 1997), Tom Selleck (The Closer, 1998), Jon Cryer (The Trouble with Normal, 2000), and Rob Lowe (The Lyon 's Den, 2003). In 2005, he finally found television success with the CBS series Numbers. Along with his starring roles on television, Krumholtz made guest appearances on ER as schizophrenic patient Paul Sobriki, as well as on Law & Order, Undeclared, Lucky, and Freaks and Geeks.
He broke out of the children 's movie genre with The Ice Storm (1997), directed by Ang Lee, and Slums of Beverly Hills (1998), starring Alan Arkin and Natasha Lyonne. In 1999, David starred as Michael Eckman in the popular teen movie 10 Things I Hate About You with Larisa Oleynik, Joseph Gordon - Levitt, Julia Stiles, and Heath Ledger. That same year, he portrayed a completely different teen character -- that of Yussel, a young conflicted Jewish man in Liberty Heights (1999).
It was the role of Yussel that brought Krumholtz to the attention of actor and filmmaker Edward Burns, who cast him in the independent film Sidewalks of New York (2001). Playing the romantic and slightly obsessed Benny, Krumholtz was on a path to larger, more complex film roles. His first role as a leading man was in the romantic comedy You Stupid Man (2002), opposite Milla Jovovich. Although never released theatrically in the United States, You Stupid Man, directed by Edward Burns 's brother Brian Burns, was released on DVD (2006). Krumholtz carried his first leading role in a released American film when he starred Big Shot: Confessions of a Campus Bookie (2002), which premiered on FX Networks.
Big Shot was a true story based on the Arizona State University basketball fixing scandal in 1994. Krumholtz played Benny Silman, a college student and campus bookmaker, who was jailed for his part in shaving points off key Arizona State basketball games. Benny was unlike any character Krumholtz had played before; and he garnered critical praise for his performance, proving that he was not just a sidekick.
In 2005, Krumholtz played Max in My Suicidal Sweetheart (formerly Max and Grace), once again starring opposite actress Natasha Lyonne. Krumholtz also returned to smaller key roles in the successful films Ray (2004) and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004). In September 2005, he was seen in Joss Whedon 's science fiction film Serenity as "Mr. Universe '', a hacker and information broker. Most recently, in early 2006, Krumholtz 's 2003 film Kill the Poor screened in New York City at IFC Center and across the country on Comcast 's On Demand cable service.
He played Charlie Eppes, a mathematical genius who helped his brother Don (Rob Morrow), an FBI agent, solve crimes using mathematics, on CBS ' show Numbers. The cast of Numbers also included Judd Hirsch and Peter MacNicol, who appeared with him in Addams Family Values as a camp counselor. Television critic Matt Roush (TV Guide) called Krumholtz 's work on Numbers "probably his best TV work to date ''. Numbers was officially cancelled by CBS on May 18, 2010.
In 2012, Krumholtz was cast opposite Michael Urie in CBS ' comedy TV series Partners but the show was cancelled after six episodes.
He appeared in two documentaries on the Knocked Up DVD (one being staged and the other being genuine). "Gummy: The Sixth Roommate '' tells the true story of how David dropped out of the film to play the lead part in a Woody Allen movie in Paris that got canceled before production, and Apatow would not write him back into his script. He would have played one of the main character 's five roommates (along with other Freaks and Geeks alumni Seth Rogen, Jason Segel and Martin Starr). Friend and fellow Freaks actor Jason Segel appears with him in a short scene in Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny.
On May 22, 2010, Krumholtz married actress Vanessa Britting (born Vanessa Almeda Goonan), at The Plaza Hotel, in New York City; they had been engaged since July 2008. They have a daughter, Pemma Mae Krumholtz, who was born in 2014.
In July 2011, Krumholtz was diagnosed with thyroid cancer, and began a radioactive iodine treatment five months later. At the end of January 2012, he was diagnosed cancer - free.
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midnight in the garden of good and evil story | Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil - wikipedia
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is non-fiction work by John Berendt. The book, Berendt 's first, was published in 1994. It became a New York Times Best - Seller for 216 weeks following its debut and remains the longest - standing New York Times Best - Seller.
The book was subsequently made into Clint Eastwood 's 1997 film adaptation. It was also adapted as a Metabook in 2015.
Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil is atmospherically Deep South coastal (Savannah, Georgia, Beaufort, South Carolina) and Southern Gothic in tone, depicting a wide range of eccentric personalities in and around the city of Savannah, Georgia.
The story, unsettling and real, broke down the idea of the quintessential phenomenon of a true American city -- only to reveal its quirks: its man walking an invisible dog; its voice of the drag queen; a high - society man in its elite community -- all that, somehow, unravels a murder mystery. Virtually seeming like a novel and reading like a tale, the non-fictional story is about the real - life events surrounding the murder.
The central narrative concerns the killing of Danny Hansford, a local male prostitute (characterized as "a good time not yet had by all '' by an important Savannah socialite), by respected antiques dealer Jim Williams. This results in four murder trials, with the fourth ending in acquittal after the judge finally agreed to a change of venue to move the case away from the Savannah jury pool. The book describes Williams ' version of the killing, which is that it was in "self - defense '' -- the result of Hansford, who is prone to fits of rage, shooting at Williams with a gun that is on display, and Williams shooting back in self - defense -- and not murder, pre-meditated or otherwise, by Williams. The death occurred in Williams ' home ' Mercer House '.
The book highlights many other notable Savannah residents as well, including The Lady Chablis, a local drag queen and entertainer. Chablis provides both a Greek chorus of sorts as well as a light - hearted contrast to the more serious action.
The book 's plot is based on real - life events that occurred in the 1980s and is classified as non-fiction. Because it reads like a novel (and rearranges the sequence of true events in time), it is sometimes referred to as a "non-fiction novel '' or "faction '', a subgenre popularized by Truman Capote and Norman Mailer.
The title alludes to the hoodoo notion of "midnight, '' the period between the time for good magic (11 pm to midnight) and the time for evil magic (midnight to 1 am), and "the garden of good and evil, '' which refers principally to the cemetery in Beaufort, South Carolina, where Dr. Buzzard, the husband of Minerva, the folk - magic practitioner who figures in the story, is buried. It is over his grave that Minerva performed the incantations to ensure a more successful result in the retrial for the case of Jim Williams.
The famous Bird Girl statue, originally designed both as art and as a birdseed holder, was originally located at Savannah 's historic Bonaventure Cemetery. A Savannah photographer, Jack Leigh, was commissioned to take a photograph for the cover of the book. The cover image became immediately iconic, with author John Berendt calling it "one of the strongest covers I 've ever seen '', and the statue became a popular stop for tourists. Owing to rising concerns about the integrity of the statue and the cemetery 's privacy, Bird Girl was relocated in 1997 for display in Telfair Museums in Savannah. In late 2014, the statue was moved to a dedicated space in the Telfair Museums ' Jepson Center for the Arts on West York Street, in Savannah. Both Hugh W. Mercer and Johnny Mercer are buried in Bonaventure Cemetery.
The book won the 1995 Boeke Prize and was one of the finalists for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for nonfiction.
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name the highest literary award of the world | List of literary awards - Wikipedia
This is a list of literary awards from around the world. This list is not intended to be complete, and is instead a list of those literary awards with Wikipedia articles.
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who sings i'm weak and what's wrong with that | Weak (AJR song) - wikipedia
"Weak '' is a song by New York - based indie pop band AJR. It was first released on their EP What Everyone 's Thinking on September 16, 2016, by their own label AJR Productions, and was later featured on their second studio album The Click (2017). This track has nearly thirty five million views on YouTube.
In an interview, the band explained that the song is about balancing the need to give in to temptation with the importance of staying strong and resisting an urge.
"Weak '' was accompanied by a lyric video afterwards as a single release on October 20, 2016. As of February 7, 2017, the lyric video has amassed 1.5 million views. A music video for the song was released on March 9, 2017.
After the release of its lyric video, the song debuted on the Swedish chart at number 88, and at number 81 in Switzerland. It also entered the top 100 in Australia, Italy, Canada, and the United Kingdom. In the Benelux, The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, the song was used multiple times in the television show: "Temptation Island ''.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone
"Weak (Stay Strong Mix) '' is a song by New York - based indie pop band AJR released on April 28, 2017. This version of the song features vocals from English singer - songwriter Louisa Johnson.
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when did bobby darin sing mack the knife | Mack the Knife - wikipedia
"Die Moritat von Mackie Messer '' (later known as "Mack the Knife '' or "The Ballad of Mack the Knife '') is a song composed by Kurt Weill with lyrics by Bertolt Brecht for their music drama Die Dreigroschenoper, or, as it is known in English, The Threepenny Opera. It premiered in Berlin in 1928 at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm. The song has become a popular standard recorded by many artists, including a US and UK number one hit for Bobby Darin in 1959.
A Moritat is a medieval version of the murder ballad performed by strolling minstrels. In The Threepenny Opera, the Moritat singer with his street organ introduces and closes the drama with the tale of the deadly Mackie Messer, or Mack the Knife, a character based on the dashing highwayman Macheath in John Gay 's The Beggar 's Opera (who was in turn based on the historical thief Jack Sheppard). The Brecht - Weill version of the character was far more cruel and sinister, and has been transformed into a modern anti-hero.
The play opens with the Moritat singer comparing Macheath (unfavorably) with a shark, and then telling tales of his robberies, murders, rapes, and arson.
The song was a last - minute addition, inserted just before its premiere in 1928, because Harald Paulsen, the actor who played Macheath, demanded that Brecht and Weill add another number that would more effectively introduce his character. However, Weill and Brecht decided the song should not be sung by Macheath himself, opting instead to write the song for a street singer in keeping with the Moritat tradition. At the premiere, the song was sung by Kurt Gerron, who played Police Chief Brown. Weill also intended the Moritat to be accompanied by a barrel organ, which was to be played by the singer. At the premiere, though, the barrel organ failed, and the pit orchestra (a jazz band) had to quickly provide the accompaniment for the street singer.
Und der Haifisch, der hat Zähne, Und die trägt er im Gesicht. Und Macheath, der hat ein Messer, Doch das Messer sieht man nicht.
And the shark, it has teeth, And it wears them in the face. And Macheath, he has a knife, But the knife ca n't be seen.
The song was translated into French as "La complainte de Mackie '' by André Mauprey and Ninon Steinhoff and popularized by Catherine Sauvage.
The song was first introduced to American audiences in 1933 in the first English - language production of The Threepenny Opera. The English lyrics were by Gifford Cochran and Jerrold Krimsky. That production, however, was not successful, closing after a run of only ten days. In the best known English translation, from the Marc Blitzstein 1954 version of The Threepenny Opera, which played Off - Broadway for over six years, the words are:
Oh, the shark has pretty teeth, dear, And he shows them pearly white Just a jack - knife has Macheath, dear And he keeps it out of sight.
Blitzstein 's translation provides the basis for most of the popular versions heard today, including those by Louis Armstrong (1956) and Bobby Darin (1959; Darin 's lyrics differ slightly), and most subsequent swing versions. Weill 's widow, Lotte Lenya, the star of both the original 1928 German production and the 1954 Blitzstein Broadway version, was present in the studio during Armstrong 's recording. He spontaneously added her name to the lyrics ("Look out, Miss Lotte Lenya ''), which already named several of Macheath 's female victims. The Armstrong version was later used by Bobby Darin.
The rarely heard final verse -- not included in the original play, but added by Brecht for the 1931 movie -- expresses the theme and compares the glittering world of the rich and powerful with the dark world of the poor:
Denn die einen sind im Dunkeln Und die andern sind im Licht Und man siehet die im Lichte Die im Dunkeln sieht man nicht.
There are some who are in darkness And the others are in light And you see the ones in brightness Those in darkness drop from sight.
In 1976, a brand - new interpretation of "Mack the Knife '' by Ralph Manheim and John Willett opened on Broadway, later made into a movie version starring Raúl Juliá as Mackie. This version, simply known as "Moritat '', is an extension of the story with completely new lyrics that expound upon the tales of Macheath 's trail of activity. Here is an excerpt:
See the shark with teeth like razors All can read his open face And Macheath has got a knife, but Not in such an obvious place.
This version was performed by Lyle Lovett on the soundtrack of the 1994 film Quiz Show. Darin 's and Lovett 's versions play over the opening and closing credits, respectively. This interpretation was later also recorded by Sting and Nick Cave in the later part of the 1990s.
A much darker translation by Robert David MacDonald and Jeremy Sams into English was used for the 1994 Donmar Warehouse theatrical production in London. The new translation attempted to recapture the original tone of the song:
Though the shark 's teeth may be lethal Still you see them white and red But you wo n't see Mackie 's flick knife Cause he slashed you and you 're dead.
"Mack the Knife '' was introduced to the United States hit parade by Louis Armstrong in 1956, but the song is most closely associated with Bobby Darin, who recorded his version at Fulton Studios on West 40th Street, New York City, on December 19, 1958 (with Tom Dowd engineering the recording). Even though Darin was reluctant to release the song as a single, in 1959 it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on the Black Singles chart, and earned him a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. Dick Clark had advised Darin not to record the song because of the perception that, having come from an opera, it would not appeal to the rock and roll audience. In subsequent years, Clark recounted the story with good humor. Frank Sinatra, who recorded the song with Quincy Jones on his L.A. Is My Lady album, called Darin 's the "definitive '' version. Billboard ranked this version as the No. 2 song for 1959. Darin 's version was No. 3 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100. In 2003, the Darin version was ranked # 251 on Rolling Stone 's "500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' list. On BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs, pop mogul Simon Cowell named "Mack the Knife '' the best song ever written. Darin 's version of the song was featured in the movies Quiz Show and What Women Want. Both Armstrong and Darin 's versions were inducted by the Library of Congress in the National Recording Registry in 2016.
Brecht 's original German language version was appropriated for a series of humorous and surreal blackout skits by television pioneer Ernie Kovacs, showing, between skits, the soundtrack displayed on an oscilloscope.
Ella Fitzgerald made a famous live recording in 1960 (released on Ella in Berlin: Mack the Knife) in which, after forgetting the lyrics after the first verse, she improvised new lyrics in a performance that earned her a Grammy Award. Robbie Williams also recorded the song on his 2001 album Swing When You 're Winning, and performed it as the first song after the arrival of the Queen during the Diamond Jubilee Concert in 2012, referencing Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie.
Other notable versions include performances by Dave Van Ronk, Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Tony Bennett, Marianne Faithfull, Nick Cave, Brian Setzer, Kevin Spacey, Westlife, and Michael Bublé. Swiss band The Young Gods radically reworked the song in industrial style, while jazz legend Sonny Rollins recorded an instrumental version entitled simply "Moritat '' in 1956. A 1959 instrumental performance by Bill Haley & His Comets was the final song the group recorded for Decca Records. Deana Martin recorded "Mack the Knife '' on her second studio album, Volare, released in 2009 by Big Fish Records.
Tito Puente also recorded an instrumental version. Salsa musician Rubén Blades recorded an homage entitled "Pedro Navaja ''. Brazilian composer Chico Buarque, in his loose adaptation of Threepenny Opera (Ópera do Malandro), made two versions called "O Malandro '' and "O Malandro No 2 '', with lyrics in Portuguese. Liberace regularly performed a variant in which he played the song successively in five styles: as originally written, in the style of a Johann Strauss waltz, as a music box, in a bossa nova rhythm, and in what Liberace considered a popular American style.
The chorus to the song "Haifisch '' ("Shark '') by Rammstein is inspired by "Mack the Knife ''.
The song has been parodied numerous times. Steve Martin parodied "Mack the Knife '' in his opening monologue to the premiere of Saturday Night Live 's third season in 1977. In the mid-1980s, McDonald 's introduced Mac Tonight, a character whose signature song was based on "Mack the Knife ''. There was a skit on The Muppet Show, where the characters play upon the sinister nature of the lyrics. American political parodists the Capitol Steps used the tune for their song "Pack the Knife '' on their 2002 album When Bush Comes to Shove.
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where are gastric glands located in alimentary canal of human | Gastric glands - wikipedia
The gastric glands are located in different regions of the stomach. These are the fundic glands, the cardiac glands, and the pyloric glands. The glands and gastric pits are located in the stomach lining. The glands themselves are in the lamina propria of the mucous membrane and they open into the bases of the gastric pits formed by the epithelium. The various cells of the glands secrete mucus, pepsinogen, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, gastrin, histamine and bicarbonate.
The three types of gland are all located beneath the gastric pits within the gastric mucosa -- the mucous membrane of the stomach. The gastric mucosa is pitted with innumerable gastric pits which house the gastric glands.
The cardiac glands are found in the cardia of the stomach which is the part nearest to the heart, enclosing the opening where the esophagus joins to the stomach. Only cardiac glands are found here and they primarily secrete mucus. They are fewer in number than the other gastric glands and are more shallowly positioned in the mucosa. There are two kinds - either simple tubular with short ducts or compound racemose resembling the duodenal Brunner 's glands
The fundic glands (or oxyntic glands), are found in the fundus and body of the stomach. They are simple almost straight tubes, two or more of which open into a single duct. Oxyntic means acid - secreting and they secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.
The pyloric glands are located in the antrum of the pylorus. They secrete gastrin produced by their G cells.
There are millions of gastric pits in the gastric mucosa and their necessary narrowness determines the tubular form of the gastric gland. More than one tube allows for the accommodation of more than one cell type. The form of each gastric gland is similar; they are all said to have a neck region that is closest to the pit entrance and basal regions on the lower parts of the tubes. The epithelium from the gastric mucosa travels into the pit and at the neck the epithelial cells change to short columnar granular cells. These cells almost fill the tube and the remaining lumen is continued as a very fine channel.
Cells found in the gastric glands include foveolar cells, chief cells, parietal cells, G cells and enterochromaffin - like cells (ECLs). The first cells of all of the glands are foveolar cells in the neck region -- also called mucous neck cells that produce mucus. This is thought to be different from the mucus produced by the gastric mucosa.
Fundic glands found in the fundus and also in the body have another two cell types -- gastric chief cells and parietal cells (oxyntic)).
The chief cells are found in the basal regions of the gland and release a zymogen -- pepsinogen, a precursor to pepsin.
The parietal cells (parietal means relating to a wall), are found in the walls of the tubes. The parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid -- the main component of gastric acid. This needs to be readily available for the stomach in a plentiful supply, and so from their positions in the walls their secretory networks of fine channels called canaliculi can project and ingress into all the regions of the gastric - pit lumen. Another important secretion of the parietal cells is intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
The parietal cells also produce and release bicarbonate ions in response to histamine release from the nearby ECLs, and so serve a crucial role in the pH buffering system.
The enterochromaffin - like cells store and release histamine when the acidity of the stomach becomes too high. The release of histamine is stimulated by the secretion of gastrin from the G cells. Histamine promotes the production and release of bicarbonate ions from the parietal cells to the blood and protons to the stomach lumen. When the stomach pH decreases (becomes more acidic), the ECLs stop releasing histamine.
The G cells are mostly found in pyloric glands in the antrum of the pylorus; some are found in the duodenum and other tissues. The G cells secrete gastrin. The gastric pits of these glands are much deeper than the others and here the gastrin is secreted into the bloodstream not the lumen.
Fundic gland polyposis is a medical syndrome where the fundus and the body of the stomach develops many polyps.
Pernicious anemia is caused when damaged parietal cells fail to produce the intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. This can be one of the causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Layers of stomach wall
Gastric acid regulation
This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy (1918)
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an example of a type iii hypersensitivity is | Type III hypersensitivity - wikipedia
Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes (antigen - antibody complexes) that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes. Such reactions progressing to the point of disease produce immune complex diseases.
Type III hypersensitivity occurs when there is an excess of antigen, leading to small immune complexes being formed that fix complement and are not cleared from the circulation. It involves soluble antigens that are not bound to cell surfaces (as opposed to those in type II hypersensitivity). When these antigens bind antibodies, immune complexes of different sizes form. Large complexes can be cleared by macrophages but macrophages have difficulty in the disposal of small immune complexes. These immune complexes insert themselves into small blood vessels, joints, and glomeruli, causing symptoms. Unlike the free variant, a small immune complex bound to sites of deposition (like blood vessel walls) are far more capable of interacting with complement; these medium - sized complexes, formed in the slight excess of antigen, are viewed as being highly pathogenic.
Such depositions in tissues often induce an inflammatory response, and can cause damage wherever they precipitate. The cause of damage is as a result of the action of cleaved complement anaphylotoxins C3a and C5a, which, respectively, mediate the induction of granule release from mast cells (from which histamine can cause urticaria), and recruitment of inflammatory cells into the tissue (mainly those with lysosomal action, leading to tissue damage through frustrated phagocytosis by PMNs and macrophages).
The reaction can take hours, days, or even weeks to develop, depending on whether or not there is immunological memory of the precipitating antigen. Typically, clinical features emerge a week following initial antigen challenge, when the deposited immune complexes can precipitate an inflammatory response. Because of the nature of the antibody aggregation, tissues that are associated with blood filtration at considerable osmotic and hydrostatic gradient (e.g. sites of urinary and synovial fluid formation, kidney glomeruli and joint tissues respectively) bear the brunt of the damage. Hence, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis and arthritis are commonly associated conditions as a result of type III hypersensitivity responses.
As observed under methods of histopathology, acute necrotizing vasculitis within the affected tissues is observed concomitant to neutrophilic infiltration, along with notable eosinophilic deposition (fibrinoid necrosis). Often, immunofluorescence microscopy can be used to visualize the immune complexes. Skin response to a hypersensitivity of this type is referred to as an Arthus reaction, and is characterized by local erythema and some induration. Platelet aggregation, especially in microvasculature, can cause localized clot formation, leading to blotchy hemorrhages. This typifies the response to injection of foreign antigen sufficient to lead to the condition of serum sickness.
Some clinical examples:
Other examples are:
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what was the religion of the roanoke colony | Roanoke Colony - wikipedia
The Roanoke Colony (/ ˈroʊəˌnoʊk /), also known as the Lost Colony, was established in 1585 on Roanoke Island in what is today 's Dare County, North Carolina. It was a late 16th - century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America. The colony was founded by Sir Walter Raleigh.
The colonists disappeared during the Anglo - Spanish War, three years after the last shipment of supplies from England. Their disappearance gave rise to the nickname "The Lost Colony ''. There is no conclusive evidence as to what happened to the colonists.
The enterprise was originally financed and organized by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, who drowned in 1583 returning from a voyage to the fishing settlement at St. John 's, Newfoundland. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 's half - brother Sir Walter Raleigh later gained his brother 's charter from the Queen and subsequently executed the details of the charter through his delegates Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville, Raleigh 's distant cousin.
On March 25, 1584, Queen Elizabeth I granted Raleigh a charter for the colonization of the area of North America. This charter specified that Raleigh needed to establish a colony in North America, or lose his right to colonization.
The Queen and Raleigh intended that the venture should provide riches from the New World. The queen 's charter said that Raleigh was supposed to "discover, search, find out, and view such remote heathen and barbarous Lands, Countries, and territories... to have, hold, occupy, and enjoy ''.
The queen 's charter also said that Raleigh was supposed to establish a base from which to send privateers on raids against the treasure fleets of Spain. The purpose of these raids was to tell Spain that England was ready for war. The original charter basically told Raleigh to establish a military base to counteract the activities of the Spaniards. Raleigh himself never visited North America, although he led expeditions in 1595 and 1617 to South America 's Orinoco River basin in search of the legendary golden city of El Dorado.
On April 27, 1584, Raleigh dispatched an expedition led by Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the eastern coast of North America. They arrived on Roanoke Island on July 4 and soon established relations with the local natives, the Secotans and Croatans. Barlowe returned to England with two Croatans named Manteo and Wanchese, who were able to describe the politics and geography of the area to Raleigh. Based on the information given, Raleigh organized a second expedition, to be led by Sir Richard Grenville.
Grenville 's fleet departed Plymouth on April 9, 1585, with five main ships: Tiger (Grenville 's), Roebuck, Red Lion, Elizabeth, and Dorothy. A severe storm off the coast of Portugal separated Tiger from the rest of the fleet. The captains had a contingency plan if they were separated, which was to meet up again in Puerto Rico, and Tiger arrived in the "Baye of Muskito '' (Guayanilla Bay) on May 11.
While waiting for the other ships, Grenville established relations with the resident Spanish while simultaneously engaging in some privateering against them. He also built a fort. Elizabeth arrived soon after the fort 's construction. Grenville eventually tired of waiting for the remaining ships and departed on June 7. The fort was abandoned, and its location remains unknown.
Tiger sailed through Ocracoke Inlet on June 26, but it struck a shoal, ruining most of the food supplies. The expedition succeeded in repairing the ship and, in early July, reunited with Roebuck and Dorothy, which had arrived in the Outer Banks with Red Lion some weeks previous. Red Lion had dropped off its passengers and left for Newfoundland for privateering.
During the initial exploration of the mainland coast and the native settlements, the Europeans blamed the natives of the village of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup. As retaliation, the settlers sacked and burned the village. English writer and courtier Richard Hakluyt 's contemporaneous reports also describe this incident. (Hakluyt 's reports of the first voyage to Roanoke were compiled from accounts by various financial backers, including Sir Walter Raleigh. Hakluyt himself never traveled to the New World.)
Despite this incident and a lack of food, Grenville decided to leave Ralph Lane and 107 men to establish a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island, promising to return in April 1586 with more men and fresh supplies. The group disembarked on August 17, 1585, and built a small fort on the island. There are no surviving renderings of the Roanoke fort, but it was likely similar in structure to the one in Guayanilla Bay. Grenville in the Tiger on only his seventh day of sail captured (after a three - day battle) a rich Spanish galleon, Santa Maria de San Vicente off Bermuda which he took with him as a prize back to England.
As April 1586 passed, there was no sign of Grenville 's relief fleet. Meanwhile, in June, bad blood resulted from the destruction of the village, and this spurred an attack on the fort by the local Native Americans, which the colonists were able to repel. Soon after the attack, Sir Francis Drake was on his way home from a successful raid in the Caribbean, and he stopped at the colony and offered to take the colonists back to England. Several accepted, including metallurgist Joachim Gans. On this return voyage, the Roanoke colonists introduced tobacco, maize, and potatoes to England. The relief fleet arrived shortly after Drake 's departure with the colonists. Finding the colony abandoned, Grenville returned to England with the bulk of his force, leaving behind a small detachment of fifteen men both to maintain an English presence and to protect Raleigh 's claim to Roanoke Island.
In 1587, Raleigh dispatched a new group of 115 colonists to establish a colony on Chesapeake Bay. They were led by John White, an artist and friend of Raleigh who had accompanied the previous expedition to Roanoke, and was appointed governor of the 1587 colony. White and Raleigh named 12 assistants to aid in the settlement. They were ordered to stop at Roanoke to pick up the small contingent left there by Grenville the previous year, but when they arrived on July 22, 1587, they found nothing except a skeleton that may have been the remains of one of the English garrison.
When they could find no one, the master pilot Simon Fernandez refused to let the colonists return to the ships, insisting that they establish the new colony on Roanoke. His motives remain unclear, however, and new evidence offered by author Brandon Fullam indicates not only that Fernandez had good reason for his actions, but that the decision to alter the Chesapeake Bay destination had already been agreed to prior to their arrival at Roanoke.
White re-established relations with the Croatan and other local tribes, but those with whom Lane had fought previously refused to meet with him. Shortly thereafter, colonist George Howe was killed by a native while searching alone for crabs in Albemarle Sound.
The colonists persuaded Governor White to return to England to explain the colony 's desperate situation and ask for help. Left behind were about 115 colonists -- the remaining men and women who had made the Atlantic crossing plus White 's newly born granddaughter Virginia Dare, the first English child born in the Americas.
White sailed for England in late 1587, although crossing the Atlantic at that time of year was a considerable risk. Plans for a relief fleet were delayed first by the captain 's refusal to return during the winter, and then the attack on England of the Spanish Armada and the subsequent Anglo - Spanish War. Every able English ship joined the fight, leaving White without a means to return to Roanoke at the time. In the spring of 1588, White managed to acquire two small vessels and sailed for Roanoke; however, his attempt to return was thwarted when the captains of the ships attempted to capture several Spanish ships on the outward - bound voyage (in order to improve their profits). They themselves were captured and their cargo seized. With nothing left to deliver to the colonists, the ships returned to England.
Because of the continuing war with Spain, White was unable to mount another resupply attempt for an additional three years. He finally gained passage on a privateering expedition organised by John Watts and Walter Raleigh. They agreed to stop off at Roanoke on the way back after raiding the Spanish in the Caribbean. White landed on August 18, 1590, on his granddaughter 's third birthday, but found the settlement deserted. His men could not find any trace of the 90 men, 17 women, and 11 children, nor was there any sign of a struggle or battle.
The only clue was the word "CROATOAN '' carved into a post of the fence around the village, and the letters C-R-O carved into a nearby tree. All the houses and fortifications had been dismantled, which meant that their departure had not been hurried. Before he had left the colony, White instructed the colonists that, if anything happened to them, they should carve a Maltese cross on a tree nearby, indicating that their absence had been forced. There was no cross, and White took this to mean that they had moved to Croatoan Island (now known as Hatteras Island), but he was unable to conduct a search. A massive storm was forming and his men refused to go any farther; the next day, they left.
Born in 1560, Thomas Harriot entered Raleigh 's employment in the early 1580s, after graduating from the University of Oxford. Harriot may have been among the men of Arthur Barlowe 's 1584 expedition of the colony. He trained the members of Raleigh 's first Roanoke expedition in navigational skills and eventually sailed to Roanoke with the second group of settlers, where his skills as a naturalist became particularly important along with those of painter and settlement leader John White.
Between their arrival in Roanoke in April 1585 and the July 1586 departure, Harriot and White both conducted detailed studies of the Roanoke area, with Harriot compiling his samples and notes into several notebooks that did not survive the colony 's disappearance. Harriot also wrote descriptions of the surrounding flora and fauna of the area, which survive in his work A Brief and True Report of the New Founde Land of Virginia, written as a report on the colony 's progress to the English government on the request of Raleigh. Viewed by modern historians as propaganda for the colony, this work has become vastly important to Roanoke 's history due to Harriot 's observations on wildlife as well as his depictions of Indian activities at the time of the colony 's disappearance.
Harriot reports that relations between the Roanoke Indians and the English settlers were mutually calm and prosperous, contradicting other historical evidence that catalogs the bloody struggles between the Roanoke Indians and both of Raleigh 's commanders, Sir Richard Grenville and his successor, Ralph Lane. Harriot recounts little to none of these accounts in his report to England and does not mention the disorderly state of the colony under either Grenville 's or Lane 's tenure, correctly assuming these facts would prevent Roanoke from gaining more settlers. Harriot 's text did not reach England, or the English press, until 1588, by which time the fate of the "Lost Colony '' was sealed in all but name.
Twelve years went by before Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony. Led by Samuel Mace, this 1602 expedition differed from previous voyages in that Raleigh bought his own ship and guaranteed the sailors ' wages so that they would not be distracted by privateering. However, Raleigh still hoped to make money from the trip, and Mace 's ship landed in the Outer Banks to gather aromatic woods or plants such as sassafras that would generate a decent profit back in England. By the time they could turn their attention to the colonists, the weather had turned bad and they were forced to return without even making it to Roanoke Island. By this time, having been arrested for treason, Raleigh was unable to send any further missions.
There was one final expedition in 1603 led by Bartholomew Gilbert with the intention of finding Roanoke colonists. Their intended destination was Chesapeake Bay, but bad weather forced them to land in an unspecified location near there. The landing team, including Gilbert himself, was killed by a group of Native Americans for unknown reasons on July 29. The remaining crew were forced to return to England empty - handed.
Meanwhile, the Spanish had different reasons for wanting to find the colony. Knowing of Raleigh 's plans to use Roanoke as a base for privateering, they were hoping to destroy it. Moreover, they had been getting mostly inaccurate reports of activities there, and they imagined the colony to be far more successful than it actually was.
In 1590, they found the remnants of the colony purely by accident, but assumed it was only an outlying base of the main settlement, which they believed was in the Chesapeake Bay area (John White 's intended location). But just as the Anglo - Spanish War prevented White from returning in a timely manner, Spanish authorities in the New World could not muster enough support back home for such a venture.
Once the Jamestown settlement was established in 1607, efforts were undertaken by the English to acquire information from the Powhatan tribe about Roanoke. The first definitive information concerning the fate of the Lost Colony came from Captain John Smith, leader of the Jamestown Colony from 1608 to 1609. According to chronicler Samuel Purchas, Smith learned from Chief Powhatan that he had personally conducted the slaughter of the Roanoke colonists just prior to the arrival of the Jamestown settlers because they were living with the Chesepians, a tribe living in the eastern portion of the present - day South Hampton Roads sub-region who were related to the Pamlico tribe in Carolina and who refused to merge with the Powhatans. This shocking information was reported to England and by the spring of 1609, King James and the Royal Council were convinced that Chief Powhatan was responsible for the slaughter of the Lost Colony.
The second source of Chief Powhatan 's involvement was William Strachey, Secretary of the Jamestown colony in 1610 -- 11. Strachey 's The Historie of Travaile Into Virginia Britannia seemed to confirm Smith 's report and provided additional information: the colonists had been living peacefully among a group of natives beyond Powhatan 's domain for more than twenty years when they were massacred. Furthermore, Powhatan himself seemed to have directed the slaughter because of prophecies by his priests that he would be overthrown by people from that area, and he reportedly produced several English - made iron implements to back his claim.
The information from these two sources, John Smith and William Strachey, provides the basis for the traditional view that the Lost Colony was slaughtered by Chief Powhatan, and versions of the Powhatan - Lost Colony - slaughter scenario have persisted for more than 400 years. However, no bodies were found and no archaeological evidence has been found to support this claim.
Furthermore, recent re-examination of the Smith and Strachey sources advanced by author and researcher Brandon Fullam has suggested that the massacre described by Powhatan was actually of the 15 people left behind by the first Roanoke expedition, leaving the fate of the second colony still unknown.
As per Smith 's and Strachey 's reports, Dr. David Beers Quinn theorized that the colonists moved north to integrate with the Chesepians that Chief Powhatan claimed to have killed. To make the journey northward, Quinn believed that they used the pinnace and other small boats to transport themselves and their belongings. Naturally, if that were the mode of transportation, the colonists could have gone to live in other locations as well.
In her 2000 book Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony, historian Lee Miller postulated that some of the Lost Colony survivors sought shelter with the Chowanoke, who were attacked by another tribe, identified by the Jamestown Colony as the "Mandoag '' (an Algonquian name commonly given to enemy nations). The Mandoag are believed to be either the Tuscarora, an Iroquois - speaking tribe, or the Eno, also known as the Wainoke.
The so - called "Zuniga Map '' (named for Pedro de Zúñiga, the Spanish ambassador to England, who had secured a copy and passed it on to Philip III of Spain), drawn about 1607 by the Jamestown settler Francis Nelson, also gives credence to this claim. The map states "four men clothed that came from roonock '' were living in an Iroquois site on the Neuse. William Strachey wrote that, at the Indian settlements of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen, there were reportedly two - story houses with stone walls. The Indians supposedly had learned how to build them from the Roanoke settlers. In both cases, as stated above, it is equally possible that these were survivors of Chief Powhatan 's attack of the first colonists.
There were also reported sightings of European captives at various Indian settlements during the same time period. Strachey wrote in 1612 that four English men, two boys and one girl had been sighted at the Eno settlement of Ritanoc, under the protection of a chief called Eyanoco. Strachey reported that the captives were forced to beat copper and that they had escaped the attack on the other colonists and fled up the Chaonoke river, the present - day Chowan River in Bertie County, North Carolina.
John Lawson wrote in his 1709 work A New Voyage to Carolina that the Croatans living on Hatteras Island used to live on Roanoke Island and claimed to have white ancestors:
A farther Confirmation of this we have from the Hatteras Indians, who either then lived on Ronoak - Island, or much frequented it. These tell us, that several of their Ancestors were white People, and could talk in a Book, as we do; the Truth of which is confirm 'd by gray Eyes being found frequently amongst these Indians, and no others. They value themselves extremely for their Affinity to the English, and are ready to do them all friendly Offices. It is probable, that this Settlement miscarry 'd for want of timely Supplies from England; or thro ' the Treachery of the Natives, for we may reasonably suppose that the English were forced to cohabit with them, for Relief and Conversation; and that in process of Time, they conform 'd themselves to the Manners of their Indian Relations.
From the early 17th century to the middle 18th century, European colonists reported encounters with gray - eyed American Indians who claimed descent from the colonists (although at least one, a story of a Welsh priest who met a Doeg warrior who spoke the Welsh language, is likely to be a hoax). Records from French Huguenots who settled along the Tar River in 1696 tell of meeting Tuscaroras with blond hair and blue eyes not long after their arrival. As Jamestown was the nearest English settlement, and they had no record of being attacked by Tuscarora, the likelihood that the origin of those fair - skinned natives was the Lost Colony is high.
Fred Willard and Phillip MacMullan believe that the colonists along with the Croatans relocated to villages along the Alligator River in an area known as "Beechland '', slightly inland from Roanoke Island. Archeological remains of settlements have been discovered in the area, including coffins with Christian markings on them where there had been no previous record of a grave site, but their hypothesis is mostly based on oral histories and also lacks any definitive evidence.
In the late 1880s, North Carolina state legislator Hamilton McMillan discovered that his "redbones '' (those of Indian blood) neighbors in Robeson County claimed to have been descended from the Roanoke settlers. He also noticed that many of the words in their language had striking similarities to obsolete English words. Furthermore, many of the family names were identical to those listed in Hakluyt 's account of the colony. Thus on February 10, 1885, convinced that these were the descendants of the Lost Colony, he helped to pass the "Croatan bill '', that officially designated the population around Robeson county as Croatan. Two days later on February 12, 1885, the Fayetteville Observer published an article regarding the Robeson people 's origins. This article states:
They say that their traditions say that the people we call the Croatan Indians (though they do not recognize that name as that of a tribe, but only a village, and that they were Tuscaroras), were always friendly to the whites; and finding them destitute and despairing of ever receiving aid from England, persuaded them to leave (Roanoke Island), and go to the mainland... They gradually drifted away from their original seats, and at length settled in Robeson, about the center of the county...
However, the case was far from settled. A similar legend claims that the now extinct Saponi of Person County, North Carolina, are descended from the English colonists of Roanoke Island. However, no documented evidence exists to link the Saponi to the Roanoke colonists.
Other tribes claiming partial descent from surviving Roanoke colonists include the Catawba (who absorbed the Shakori and Eno people), and the Coree and the people who call themselves the Lumbee. Samuel A'Court Ashe was convinced that the colonists had relocated westward to the banks of the Chowan River in Bertie County, and Conway Whittle Sams claimed that after being attacked by Wanchese and Powhatan, the colonists scattered to multiple locations: the Chowan River, and south to the Pamlico and Neuse Rivers.
Another theory is that the Spanish destroyed the colony. Earlier in the century, the Spanish did destroy evidence of the French colony of Fort Charles in coastal South Carolina and then massacred the inhabitants of Fort Caroline, a French colony near present - day Jacksonville, Florida. However, a Spanish attack is unlikely, as the Spanish were still looking for the location of England 's failed colony as late as 1600, ten years after White discovered that the colony was missing.
From 1937 to 1941, a series of stones were discovered that were claimed to have been written by Eleanor Dare, mother of Virginia Dare. They told of the travelings of the colonists and their ultimate deaths. Most historians believe that they are a fraud, but there are some today who still believe at least one of the stones to be genuine.
In May 2011, Brent Lane of the First Colony Foundation was studying the Virginia Pars Map, which was made by John White during his 1585 visit to Roanoke Island, and noticed two patches where the map had been corrected. The patches are made of paper contemporaneous with that of the map. Lane asked researchers at the British Museum in London, where the map has been kept since 1866, what might be under the patches, sparking a research investigation. On May 3, 2012, at Wilson Library of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, members of the Foundation and representatives of the museum announced the discovery of "a large, square - shaped symbol with oddly shaped corners. '' This symbol, presumed to represent a fort, is visible when the map is viewed on a light box. Some scholars speculate that the colonists relocated to that location, on what is now called Salmon Creek in the Bertie County community of Merry Hill. The Scotch Hall Preserve golf course community was planned on the site, but it has not been fully developed.
The discovery of new information on the map led to more study of artifacts previously found, as well as additional digs in 2012 and 2014.
In 1993, Hurricane Emily caused numerous relics to appear, and David Phelps of East Carolina University later began digging in the area and found evidence the settlers lived with the native people.
In 1998, East Carolina University organized "The Croatoan Project '', an archaeological investigation into the events at Roanoke. The excavation team sent to Hatteras Island uncovered what they believed to be a 10 karat (42 %) gold 16th - century English signet ring, gun flints, and two copper farthings (produced sometime in the 1670s) at the site of the ancient Croatan capital, 50 miles (80 km) from the old Roanoke Colony. Genealogists were able to trace the lion crest on the signet ring to the Kendall coat of arms, and concluded that the ring most likely belonged to one Master Kendall who is recorded as having lived in the Roanoke Colony from 1585 to 1586. If this is the case, the ring represents the first material connection between the Roanoke colonists and the Native Americans on Hatteras Island. However, archaeologist David Phelps did not have the ring tested, and Charles Ewen, who continued Phelps ' work after Phelps retired, had the ring tested and found the ring was brass. Ewen announced his findings in April 2017. Mark Horton of the University of Bristol said he was not convinced that this news proved the ring did not date to the 16th century.
It is also believed that the reason for the extreme deficiency in archaeological evidence is due to shoreline erosion. Since all that was found was a rustic looking fort on the north shore, and this location is well - documented and backed up, it is believed that the settlement must have been nearby. The northern shore, between 1851 and 1970, lost 928 feet because of erosion. If in the years leading up to and following the brief life of the settlement at Roanoke, shoreline erosion was following the same trend, it is likely the site of the dwellings is underwater, along with any artifacts or signs of life. Archaeological investigations continue to find tantalizing clues and funding is being sought to continue recent excavations.
In 1998, a team led by climatologist David W. Stahle, of the University of Arkansas and archaeologist Dennis B. Blanton of the College of William and Mary used tree ring cores from 800 - year - old bald cypresses taken from the Roanoke Island area of North Carolina and the Jamestown area of Virginia to reconstruct precipitation and temperature chronologies.
The researchers concluded that the settlers of the Lost Colony landed at Roanoke Island in the summer of the worst growing - season drought in 800 years. "This drought persisted for 3 years, from 1587 to 1589, and is the driest 3 - year episode in the entire 800 - year reconstruction, '' the team reported in the journal Science. A map shows that "the Lost Colony drought affected the entire southeastern United States but was particularly severe in the Tidewater region near Roanoke (Island). '' The authors suggested that the Croatan who were shot and killed by the colonists may have been scavenging the abandoned village for food as a result of the drought.
The Lost Colony of Roanoke DNA Project was founded in 2007 by a group led by Roberta Estes, who owns a private DNA - testing company, in order to solve the mystery of the Lost Colony using historical records, migration patterns, oral histories and DNA testing. The project used Y chromosome, Mitochondrial DNA and Autosomal DNA. As of 2016, they have not yet been able to positively identify any descendants of the colony.
Coordinates: 35 ° 55 ′ 42 '' N 75 ° 42 ′ 15 '' W / 35.928259 ° N 75.704098 ° W / 35.928259; - 75.704098
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when did everything fall apart when did the nightmares start lyrics | Nightwish - wikipedia
Nightwish is a symphonic metal band from Kitee, Finland. The band was formed in 1996 by lead songwriter and keyboardist Tuomas Holopainen, guitarist Emppu Vuorinen, and former lead singer Tarja Turunen. The band soon picked up drummer Jukka Nevalainen, and then bassist Sami Vänskä after the release of their debut album, Angels Fall First (1997). In 2001, Vänskä was replaced by Marco Hietala, who also took over the male vocalist role previously filled by Holopainen or guest singers.
Although Nightwish have been prominent in their home country since Angels Fall First, they did not achieve worldwide fame until the release of the albums Oceanborn (1998), Wishmaster (2000) and Century Child (2002). Their 2004 album, Once, has sold more than one million copies and was the band 's breakthrough in the United States. Their biggest US hit single, "Wish I Had an Angel '' (2004), received MTV airplay and was included on three US film soundtracks to promote their North American tour. The band produced three more singles and two music videos for Once, as well as a re-recording of "Sleeping Sun '' for the "Best of Nightwish '' compilation album, Highest Hopes (2005), before Turunen 's dismissal in October 2005. Her last performance with Nightwish was during a concert recorded for the live album / DVD End of an Era. After the concert, the other members informed Turunen with an open letter that she was no longer a member of Nightwish.
In May 2007, Nightwish announced Anette Olzon as Turunen 's replacement. That September, the band released their sixth album, Dark Passion Play, which has sold almost 2 million copies. The album 's lead single, "Amaranth '', became one of Nightwish 's most successful in Europe. The supporting tour, one of the band 's largest, started on October 6, 2007 and ended on September 19, 2009. The band released an EP / live album, Made in Hong Kong (And in Various Other Places), in March 2009 as a CD / DVD, and their seventh studio album, Imaginaerum, was released globally on various days in late 2011 / early 2012.
On October 1, 2012, Nightwish announced that they had parted ways with Olzon and would be finishing the tour with ReVamp and former After Forever vocalist Floor Jansen. In October 2013, Nightwish made Jansen and longtime session uillean pipes player Troy Donockley permanent members of the band, and they were featured in the acclaimed album Endless Forms Most Beautiful, released on March 27, 2015.
Nightwish is the third - best - selling band and musical entity in Finland with certified sales of nearly 900,000 certified copies. The group is also the most successful Finnish band worldwide, selling more than 9 million records and receiving more than 60 gold and platinum awards, having released five Number 1 albums and thirteen Number 1 singles.
After playing keyboards in several heavy metal bands in the 1990s, including Nattvindens Gråt, Perkele Börk and Darkwoods My Betrothed, Tuomas Holopainen decided to create his own project while sitting around a campfire with friends in 1996. He immediately had a clear idea of the music: experimental acoustic music he wrote himself during his time in the Finnish Army, similar to the music usually played around campfires, but with a distinct sound and atmosphere, played on his keyboards.
He soon invited friend and schoolmate Erno "Emppu '' Vuorinen to play acoustic guitars, and the classical vocalist Tarja Turunen, who shared the same music teacher, Plamen Dimov. The three musicians recorded their self - titled acoustic demo in winter 1996. The name "Nightwish '' was derived from their first song together -- the demo also included the song "The Forever Moments '', and an early version of "Etiäinen ''.
In early 1997, following the release of the Nightwish demo, Jukka "Julius '' Nevalainen joined the band, and acoustic guitar was replaced with electric guitar. The addition of heavy metal elements to the band 's existing experimental style gave the band a different sound, forming the core of the Nightwish sound.
The band entered the studio in April 1997 to record seven songs for their second demo, Angels Fall First. In May 1997, the demo made its way to the Finnish record label Spinefarm Records, who wanted to release it as the band 's debut album of the same name. The label offered Nightwish to a record deal, and the band returned to the studio to record four more songs to accompany the tracks of the demo. The full - length album was released in November 1997 and reached number 31 on the Finnish album charts, with the single "The Carpenter '' reaching number 3 on the Finnish singles chart. "The Carpenter '' single was released as a split with label mates Children of Bodom and Thy Serpent; the album is also one of the two releases which features Holopainen 's vocals, appearing on four of the album 's eleven tracks alongside Turunen 's.
The band made their live debut in their hometown Kitee in December 1997. Since they were missing a bass player, Samppa Hirvonen joined them as a sessional live member. Marianna Pellinen was also a sessional live member as an additional keyboard player and a backing vocalist for Turunen. There were plans to make Hirvonen a permanent member, but he joined the army as part of Finnish army conscription just as they began recording Oceanborn, so they asked Sami Vänskä to join instead, since Tuomas knew him from the band Nattvindens Gråt. During the winter of 1997 and 1998, the band performed only seven times, because Turunen was finishing her schooling, and Nevalainen and Vuorinen were serving their obligatory Finnish military service. Nightwish returned to the studio in August 1998 as a five - piece to record their follow - up album for Spinefarm Records.
On October 7, 1998, Nightwish released their second full - length album, Oceanborn, in Finland only. Adopting a more technical and progressive sound than Angels Fall First, Oceanborn saw the band abandon much of the ambient and folk elements present on their debut release, with the exception of the song "Moondance ''. In contrast to the female vocals of Turunen, the album also featured guest growling vocals by Tapio Wilska (ex-Finntroll), since Tuomas did not want to sing again. Wilska is also a former member of Nattvindens Gråt.
AllMusic review said that the album "as a whole works great '', with songs that are "very strong ''. Oceanborn was an instant success in Finland, reaching number 5 on the Finnish album charts. The album 's first single, "Sacrament of Wilderness '', hit number 1 on the Finnish singles charts, where it stayed for several weeks. The album 's release was initially limited to Finland, but because of the success of "Sacrament of Wilderness '', Spinefarm released Oceanborn internationally in the spring of 1999. In May 1999, Nightwish recorded the single "Sleeping Sun (Four Ballads of the Eclipse) '', and in one month the single sold 15,000 copies in Germany alone. Following the band 's first international success, Nightwish was added as the opening band for Rage 's 1999 European tour. Both the album Oceanborn and the singles "Sacrament of Wilderness '' and "Walking in the Air '' were certified gold in Finland in August 1999.
While in the studio in early 2000 working on their third album, Nightwish was accepted in the Finnish Eurovision Song Contest tryouts with the song "Sleepwalker ''. Despite winning the public vote, Nightwish eventually finished in second place, with the jury choosing local gospel singer Nina Åström to represent Finland.
On May 19, 2000, Nightwish released their third studio album Wishmaster. This debuted at No. 1 on the Finnish album charts, and was certified gold in Finland after three weeks at number one. Critical response to the album was mixed, with Allmusic citing the album as repetitive, and saying "as a whole album, it can be a little annoying, even frustrating ''. However, German magazine Rock Hard declared Wishmaster "Album of the Month '', despite competing against long - awaited May releases from Iron Maiden and Bon Jovi. Following the release of Wishmaster, Nightwish embarked on their first world tour, playing dates in South America, Mexico, Canada, and the first headlining European tour with Sinergy and Eternal Tears of Sorrow. In the summer, the band returned to Europe, appearing at the Wacken Open Air festival and the Biebop Metal Fest.
In 2001, Nightwish recorded a cover of Gary Moore 's "Over the Hills and Far Away '' together with two new songs ("10th Man Down '', unreleased from Oceanborn sessions, and "Away '', unreleased from Wishmaster sessions) and a remake of "Astral Romance '' (from the Angels Fall First album) with Tony Kakko (Sonata Arctica) singing Tuomas ' part. This new material was released as their first (and until 2009 the only) EP, Over the Hills and Far Away.
The record also included guest performances by Tapio Wilska once again on "10th Man Down ''. Nightwish 's version of "Over the Hills and Far Away '' was well received by fans, becoming a frequent part of the band 's live performances, but the other songs never had a great break - through and have not been re-released, with the exception of a live performance of "10th Man Down '' on the End of Innocence DVD with Marco Hietala (current bass player and male vocalist). In the same year, they also released (as VHS, DVD and CD) their first live album, From Wishes to Eternity, recorded during a show in Tampere, Finland, on December 29, 2000.
Soon after the release of Over the Hills and Far Away, Nightwish met what has been described as one of their hardest points as a band. The issues centered on the bassist, Sami Vänskä, who had started misbehaving towards the band, according to Holopainen, by missing appointments and failing to take gigs as seriously as the other members did. After the band discussed his behavior with Vänskä several times, without getting any change, everyone simply stopped caring and tensions grew. Meanwhile, guitarist Emppu Vuorinen had started complaining about his role in the band, feeling like "a hired gun who would only do what he 's asked to ''. According to their music teacher, Plamen Dimov, he and Holopainen have totally different characters, and thus difficulties were expected to arise. But Vuorinen was told to stay cool and "bite the bullet '', and the problem was never addressed again.
Later, Holopainen confessed that, at that time, he seriously started thinking about breaking Nightwish up. After a gig in Russia, he sent a text message to fellow musician Tony Kakko of metal band Sonata Arctica, telling him that he did not think he had a band any longer, and asking him what plans he had for next year. After Nightwish 's last gig for the Over the Hills and Far Away tour in 2001, Holopainen called their labels Drakkar and Spinefarm, unofficially declaring Nightwish was over. He told them he might produce another album, but he 'd never perform another show with the band. The same message was also written on the band 's message board.
Straight after the last gig, Holopainen went on a week - long hiking trip to Lapland with Tony Kakko. During the hiking trip, they talked about the band and Holopainen decided he could not break up Nightwish that easily. When he returned from Lapland he immediately received a phone call from Ewo Pohjola, CEO of Spinefarm, offering himself to become their manager and help him straighten things up, and Holopainen agreed.
In order to continue with Nightwish, Holopainen decided some changes were in order. Beside choosing Ewo as their new manager, he also asked Vänskä to leave the band. He would later cite musical differences as another reason for the breakup. Marco Hietala (Tarot) was asked to replace Vänskä, effectively leaving his previous band Sinergy. As well as playing bass guitar, Hietala would also perform male vocals. Holopainen has since said publicly that he and Vänskä still keep in touch, contrary to rumours saying that they have not met since. However, they are not interested in making another project together.
In 2002, Nightwish released Century Child, along with the singles "Ever Dream '' and "Bless the Child ''. The main difference from previous albums is the use of a live Finnish orchestra on the tracks "Bless the Child '', "Ever Dream '', "Feel For You '' and "The Beauty of the Beast ''. An enduring favorite of fans, though, is the band 's version of "The Phantom of the Opera '', from the famous musical of the same name by composer Andrew Lloyd Webber. The song was repeatedly played on concerts until vocalist Tarja Turunen was replaced with Anette Olzon, whereupon the band announced that they would never play the song live again.
Century Child was certified gold two hours after its release, and platinum two weeks afterwards. It set a record on the Finnish album charts as well: Never before had a first place album been so distant from the second place. After the "Bless the Child '' music video, a second one was recorded, without any single support. The chosen track was "End of All Hope ''. The clip contains pieces from the Finnish movie, Kohtalon kirja (English: The Book of Fate).
In 2003, Nightwish released their second DVD, the documentary End of Innocence. It tells the story of the band in Holopainen, Nevalainen and Tapio Wilska 's words for two hours. The documentary also features bits of live concerts, exclusive footage, etc. vocalist Tarja Turunen also got married during the summer of 2003, and there were rumours that the band was about to be dissolved. These rumours were, at the time, proven to be false, as the band continued to play concerts for another year and released another album. Tarja 's marriage later played a part in her dismissal from the band in the autumn of 2005.
A new album, Once, was released on June 7, 2004, along with its first single, "Nemo ''. The single topped the charts in Finland and Hungary, and reached the charts in six additional countries. "Nemo '' remains the band 's most successful single release to date.
Once utilizes a full orchestra in nine of the eleven songs on the album. Unlike Century Child, Nightwish decided to look for an orchestra outside of Finland this time, choosing the London Philharmonic Orchestra. It is also their second album to feature a full - length song in Finnish, "Kuolema tekee taiteilijan '' (English: "Death Makes an Artist ''). Once has sold triple platinum in Finland, platinum in Germany, and Gold in 6 other countries, it also reached No. 1 in the Greek, Norwegian and German album charts, and charted the Top 10 in France, Hungary and Sweden. The following singles were: "Wish I Had an Angel '' (featured on the soundtrack of the film Alone in the Dark), "Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan '' (released only in Finland and Japan) and "The Siren ''. Besides the commercial success, Once was also well received by critics, with many positive reviewers drawing comparisons with Oceanborn.
The success of the album allowed them to perform the Once World Tour, taking them to play in many countries the band had never visited before. Nightwish performed at the opening ceremony of the 2005 World Championships in Athletics, held in Helsinki, highlighting the acclaim the band had gained. A "best of '' album, Highest Hopes, was released in September 2005. The compilation also featured a live cover "High Hopes '' (from the Pink Floyd album The Division Bell) (sample). Besides "High Hopes '', a remake of "Sleeping Sun '' (from Oceanborn) was included on the album and released as a single. A video for the remake was shot, featuring a medieval battle, and can be found on the German release of the single and as a separate DVD released by Spinefarm.
The four other members of Nightwish had decided that it was best to continue Nightwish without Turunen. After a concert in the Hartwall Areena (Helsinki) on October 21, 2005, recorded for the live DVD End of an Era (released June 2006), they expressed their decision through an open letter which was given to Turunen by Holopainen, and afterwards posted on the band 's website. It was written by Holopainen and signed by all four band members. The main justification given in the letter for Turunen 's dismissal was that the band felt that both her husband Marcelo Cabuli (an Argentine businessman) and commercial interests had changed her attitude towards the band.
Turunen responded to the incident twice, during press conferences in Finland and Germany, saying that her dismissal came entirely as a shock to her, given that she had not been notified before the letter was given to her. She felt that the personal attacks on her husband were unwarranted, and that playing the issue out in public was "senselessly cruel ''. She expressed these feelings through her own open letter, which was published on her personal website, and through various TV, magazine, and newspaper interviews.
In order to find a replacement for Turunen as the female vocalist of the band, on March 17, 2006 the band allowed vocalists interested for the position to send in demo tapes as an audition for the spot. During this time, speculation began to emerge about who would eventually be chosen, and the band stated on their website that fans should not believe any source other than the band itself for information regarding the new vocalist. In the end, the 35 - year - old Alyson Avenue 's ex-lead singer, Anette Olzon, from Sweden, was chosen.
In September 2006, the band entered the studio to record their sixth studio album, Dark Passion Play. In May, next year, Anette Olzon was announced to replace Turunen. Holopainen has said in interviews that he did not wish to reveal her identity until new material was available because he did not want fans judging her by nothing more than a picture, or past work.
The day after this revealing, May 25, 2007, charity single "Eva '' was released for download only as the first offering from the new album, and the first featuring Olzon. It was originally scheduled for release on May 30, but the date was changed because of a leak on a British music download site. On June 13, Nightwish revealed the title and artwork for the new album on their official website, as well as the name and cover of the second single (this time CD), "Amaranth ''; it was released in Finland on August 22 and included a bonus track entitled "While Your Lips Are Still Red '' written by Tuomas as the main theme track for the upcoming Finnish feature film "Lieksa! ''. The single achieved gold status in Finland after less than two days in stores.
Dark Passion Play was released around Europe in the last week of September, 2007, in the UK on October 1, and the United States on October 2. It was awarded double platinum in Finland the second day after its release and took the number one position on the charts of Germany, Finland, Switzerland, Hungary and Croatia and got in top 100 in other 16 countries, including the United States.
On this album, male vocalist Marco Hietala had more freedom in the use of his voice: he sings back up in the songs "Cadence of Her Last Breath '' and "Sahara '', lead vocals in the songs "The Islander '', "Master Passion Greed '' and "While Your Lips Are Still Red '', and chorus in the songs "Bye Bye Beautiful '' and "7 Days to the Wolves ''. He also sings one part in "The Poet and the Pendulum '', besides singing back up in the chorus. Before the band found the new singer and the album was recorded, Marco sang on all the demo versions. Holopainen also sang on the demo versions of "Bye Bye Beautiful '' and "Master Passion Greed '' but these songs have never been released.
On September 22, 2007, the band hosted a secret concert at Rock Café in Tallinn, Estonia, disguising itself as a Nightwish cover band called "Nachtwasser ''. Their first official concert with Olzon was in Tel Aviv, Israel, on October 6, 2007. The Dark Passion Play tour thus started, visiting the United States, Canada, most of Europe, Asia, and Australia.
The third single of the album was "Erämaan viimeinen '', a previously unreleased vocal version of the instrumental "Last of the Wilds ''. It was released in Finland only on December 5, 2007. On this song, Jonsu of the Finnish pop and rock band Indica performs the Finnish vocals. "Bye Bye Beautiful '', the fourth single, was released on February 15, 2008, and concerns the 2005 dismissal of Turunen, as does one other song on the album (Master Passion Greed). The single includes yet another bonus track, "Escapist '', which is also included on the Japanese version of Dark Passion Play. Within a week after the release, the fifth single was announced to be "The Islander ''. It was released over a month after the release of its music video, shot in late 2007 in Rovaniemi in Finnish Lapland.
The Dark Passion Play tour turned out to be Nightwish 's longest tour yet, lasting from the fall of 2007 to September 2009 when it ended with a concert in Hartwall Arena -- the band 's second concert there -- with the band Apocalyptica.
On March 6, 2009, Nightwish released a new live EP / DVD entitled Made in Hong Kong (And in Various Other Places). The eight live tracks were recorded during the "Dark Passion Play World Tour '' in 2007 -- 2008, and the album also includes one b - side from the "Bye Bye Beautiful '' single, one b - side from the "Amaranth '' single, a previously unreleased demo version of "Cadence of Her Last Breath '', and a bonus - DVD with three music videos as well as a 37 - minute documentary called Back in the Day is Now.
In the June 2009 edition of the Finnish magazine Soundi, Holopainen stated that he had started work on a new Nightwish album. In October 2009, rumors about the new album 's name were going around with the title Wind Embraced, but lead vocalist Anette Olzon listed the rumors as "not true '' and said that the songs for the new album had not yet been completed apart from three songs written before May 2009. Holopainen said in a 2010 interview that "(...) I ca n't reveal to you anymore but there is going to be a big twist so to say, on the next album. '' In an interview with Uilleann pipist Troy Donockley (who recorded with the band on Dark Passion Play), when asked about his involvement in the new album, he stated "Oh yes, I will be playing on the next album and from what Tuomas has told me, it is going to be something extraordinary... ''
On February 1, 2010, Olzon stated on her blog that Holopainen had nine songs ready for the new album. She also stated that the band will be meeting in the summer to make a demo, and fans should not expect anything any earlier than fall of 2011. In April, 2010, Holopainen revealed on the Nightwish homepage that he had finished writing the songs, and on June 2, it was announced that he had finished recording the pre-production demo.
The band announced in late 2010 that more information of the album 's actual content would be released in late January, but on February 1, the official website bore a statement written by Holopainen that because of the schedule changes he ca n't yet give away as much details as he would have wanted, but more information will be out after a couple of months. He added, however, that "it still is the Burton - Gaiman - Dalí - amusement park we are about to enter ''; In the same statement it was revealed that the album will be a theme album and "mood changes seem to be more present than ever before '', and the orchestration demos he had received from Pip Williams were described as "beautiful, twisted, tribal and cinematic stuff ''. In the Finnish version of the statement, it was also revealed that a few songs will not get any orchestrations at all, differing from their latest album on which all songs had the background orchestra.
Announcements continued throughout 2011. On February 10, Nightwish announced on their website that the new album title would be Imaginaerum. They also declared that the band had been preparing a movie based on the album, which would be released in 2012 and directed by Stobe Harju, who previously directed the music video for "The Islander ''. On August 22, 2011, it was announced on their official website that the album of Imaginaerum would be released at the end of the year. On August 31, Nightwish announced on their website their decision to change Imaginarium title to Imaginaerum "In order to avoid mix - ups with various things named ' IMAGINARIUM ' ''. Then on September 2, Nightwish announced on their website that the new single called Storytime will be released on Friday, November 11 and on September 9, Nightwish revealed the cover and track list.
On January 11, 2012, Nightwish announced on their website that the second single "The Crow, the Owl and the Dove '' would be released on February 29. Roadrunner Records announced that Nightwish would be releasing a 10 '' LP titled Trials of Imaginaerum in conjunction with Record Store Day (April 21, 2012). The 10 '' LP is a two sided picture disk, which contains four early demos of "Storytime '', "The Crow, The Owl and The Dove '', "I Want My Tears Back '' and "Slow, Love, Slow ''.
On October 1, 2012, Nightwish announced via their Facebook page that they were parting ways with Olzon. According to the press statement, "it has become increasingly obvious that the direction and the needs of the band were in conflict, and this has led to a division from which we can not recover ''. This announcement came days after Olzon fell ill at a show in Denver, Colorado and was unable to perform. Nightwish used replacement singers from the opening band, Kamelot, and Olzon later expressed her disappointment, saying "I was never asked if it was OK that they used Elize and Alissa in the show (Friday) night (...) I do n't think it 's a good decision they made and I 'm sorry for those of you who came to see the whole band but got something else. But I was very ill and this decision was n't mine. '' According to the statement, Dutch singer Floor Jansen (ex-After Forever, ReVamp) would sing for the remainder of the Imaginaerum World Tour.
On January 11, 2013, Olzon announced on her official blog that she was pregnant with her third child, due in spring 2013. This was a contributing factor to her being dismissed. The band then released a statement on their website declaring that the reason Olzon gave for her dismissal and other statements she made were untrue and that Olzon herself had agreed to help find a replacement while she was on maternity leave. Later on, Olzon gave several interviews in which she told that she never agreed with a replacement, even when she was pregnant, and proposed to the band to postpone the tour, culminating on her firing. She also added that she was against Jansen joining the band in her period of maternity, mainly because of the difference in their vocal styles.
In a 2015 interview, Holopainen said the band "emerged stronger '' from the line - up changes it went through.
In an interview with Metal Hammer in November 2012, Tuomas Holopainen stated that they already had a rehearsal place booked from July 2014 to September 2014, but before they began rehearsing the band members would be taking a break from Nightwish for several months.
On 9 October 2013, Nightwish announced Jansen as the permanent replacement for Olzon. Troy Donockley has also been announced as a full - time member, making the band become a sextet for the first time. In a later interview, Tuomas said that because of Donockley 's previous work with Nightwish already made him "much a band member '', so the band just "made it official ''. According to the band 's webpage, the band would enter the studio in 2014 to record their eighth full - length album for a 2015 release. At that time the band already announced that it would contain Nightwish 's longest song to date.
At the end of November, the band released the live album Showtime, Storytime. Despite the recording happening when they were only tour members, it is the first Nightwish release to feature Jansen, and to have her and Donockley credited as band members. The album also carries a documentary containing the behind - the - scenes of Jansen 's first days in the band and the process of replacing Olzon.
In May 2014, Tuomas updated his official website, stating that he and producer Tero "TeeCee '' Kinnunen have been recording 12 demos (and possibly 3 bonus tracks) for the new album in Hattula, Finland. The band expected to start rehearsing in July in Eno, Finland, with the recording finished in January 2015, and the album released in Spring that year, "If everything goes as scheduled ''. Commenting on the music, Tuomas said:
It 's still too early to analyze the material more closely, but the album will once again explore all the ends of the spectrum, bringing the very best out of the newcomers Floor and Troy. And stealthily the album ended up having a theme running through it.
On August 6, the band announced that founding member and drummer Jukka Nevalainen would not be part of the upcoming album due to his very difficult insomnia. Kai Hahto (Wintersun) would be taking his place in the album and the upcoming tour.
Evolutionary biologist and author Richard Dawkins was announced as a guest star on the album, with Holopainen stating that he had "been so enthusiastic about this kind of literature for the past few months, and will be for the upcoming months, that it 's going to come out somehow. ''
In November, the band filmed a music video for "Élan '', one of the tracks of the album. On December 8, the band announced that it would be the first single from the album, which would be released on February 13, 2015.
The new album 's cover art and its title, Endless Forms Most Beautiful, were revealed on December 22, and the album was released on March 27, 2015. Produced by Tero "TeeCee '' Kinnunen, the title for Endless Forms Most Beautiful was taken from the writings of English naturalist Charles Darwin. The album features the participation of London 's The Metro Voices choir group, London 's Young Musicians Children 's Choir, and the Orchestre De Grandeur led by the esteemed orchestral arranger Pip Williams, who teaches Music and Music Technology at the London College of Music. Professor Richard Dawkins not only narrates the introduction to the album 's opener, "Shudder Before the Beautiful, '' but also the album 's closer, "The Greatest Show on Earth, '' which takes its name from his 2009 book on evolution. The album sold in its first week 18,342 copies in the US and debuted at 34 on the Billboard 200, making it Nightwish 's third album (after Dark Passion Play and Imaginaerum) to chart in this category. In Czech Republic the album debuted atop the charts and received gold - status after just two days. The album charted in top 10 in other countries as well, including Finland, Netherlands, Poland, Austria and Mexico. In the support of album 's release the band embarked on an Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour, which started on April 9, 2015 in New York, USA and ended on October 9, 2016 in Saitama, Japan.
In July 2015, it was announced that Sonata Arctica 's vocalist Tony Kakko would replace Jukka Nevalainen as the band 's special guest at the 2015 edition of Rock in Rio. In December 2015, they became the first Finnish band to headline a show at the Wembley Arena, in London. The sold - out show had the guest performance of Richard Dawkins, who spoke his parts on stage. The Tampere and London shows were filmed for a future DVD release known as Vehicle of Spirit.
On August 20, 2016 the band played a special 20th anniversary show at Himos Areena in Finland. The show featured original bassist Sami Vänskä on the song "Stargazers '' and drummer Jukka Nevalainen on the song "Last Ride of the Day ''. The band took a break in 2017, in which Jansen will be focusing on her first child. Holopainen has said that the band will continue between the years of 2018 and 2020, with another album that will continue the themes explored in Endless Forms Most Beautiful.
On June 9, 2017, the band announced that March 9, 2018 would mark both the debut of a nine - month world tour titled Decades: World Tour, to conclude in December, and the release of a new compilation album, titled Decades. The tour will feature "rarely heard material '' and a special set for fans; on the opening date of March 9, every audience member will be offered the Decades album for free.
Earlier Nightwish performs symphonic metal with soaring female operatic vocals. Their music has been described as "bombastic heavy, symphonic and cinematic, with keyboards and strings creating a gothic atmosphere ''. They have also been known to play power metal and gothic metal
The band 's music is also known to be complex and layered. Their approach is epic, theatrical and operatic. Critic Chad Bowar notes that the music is "always very melodic with memorable choruses and a lot of hooks. ''
The usage of a female vocalist has become a sort of trademark, though less so since the outbreak of new female fronted metal bands in the mid-2000s with the popularization of bands such as Evanescence and Leaves ' Eyes as well as several gothic metal bands mixing female and male vocals, such as Lacuna Coil, Tristania, Epica and the early Within Temptation.
Bassist and vocalist Marco Hietala describes the style of the band 's music as "melodic symphonic metal; '' though this is not a view shared by all members of the group, including band composer Tuomas Holopainen, who describes the band as simply symphonic metal. Some critics find that the band had a gothic sound since their debut. The music of Nightwish had been "distinguished by the operatic voice '' of soprano Tarja Turunen, a "charismatic frontwoman with a powerful voice ''. Critics observed that her vocals became less operatic with the release of Once. Following the departure of Tarja Turunen from the group, Nightwish left behind the "signature operatic vocals '' of their earlier albums.
While the music of Nightwish is centered around a female lead singer, the band has also featured some male vocals on their albums ever since their debut release Angels Fall First. This debut album also included "elements of folk music and ambience '' that were discarded on their subsequent album Oceanborn. However, the song "Creek Mary 's Blood '' from the album "Once '' featured some use of folk - oriented Native American melodies, and their 2007 release Dark Passion Play featured folk music elements on the songs "The Islander '' and "Last of the Wilds ''.
In the beginning, Holopainen mainly wrote about mythological and fantasy themes, and often used references to "metaphysics and nature ''. Fantasy novels especially are a big influence on Nightwish 's lyrics. Songs such as "Wishmaster, '' "Elvenpath, '' and "Wanderlust '' make fairly clear references to fantasy novels, in this case the Dragonlance series and J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings. "FantasMic '' from Wishmaster is a direct tribute to Walt Disney and Disney animated films, which Holopainen has said are among his influences. Dark Passion Play featured the return to the fantasy theme with songs such as "Sahara '', "Whoever Brings the Night '' and "7 Days to the Wolves '', which is loosely based on Stephen King 's novel Wolves of the Calla, the fifth book in the Dark Tower series. The song The Poet and the Pendulum 's first section is called "The White Lands of Empathica '', which is a reference to the seventh book in the Dark Tower series.
Through the years, the lyrics became more personal. "Dead Boy 's Poem '' from Wishmaster is a very emotional piece, which Holopainen calls his "legacy and (...) testament for the whole world. (...) I wanted to do this song before I die, because I wanted to tell the whole world what I think and feel. It expresses a lot of myself. '' The personal development became even more obvious on the Wishmaster - successor Century Child. Turunen thinks that the lyrics do not anymore deal "with the dreamland we were used to, but with the brutal reality of life. ''
"Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan '' (in English, "Death Makes an Artist '') from Once describes the experience of loss and its impact on art, "Nemo '' deals with the feeling of being lost, while "Dead Gardens '' deals with a bout of artist 's block Holopainen suffered from. "Creek Mary 's Blood '' is based on Dee Brown 's story of the same name, which presents the situation of Native Americans at the end of the 19th century. 2007 's Dark Passion Play included an unusual amount of personal songs, including "The Poet and the Pendulum '' which has been described as Holopainen 's life story, and about being a composer and musician. Another song, "Meadows of Heaven '' is a depiction of Holopainen 's childhood and the feeling that it 'll never return. Two songs, "Bye Bye Beautiful '' and "Master Passion Greed '' are about ex-member Tarja Turunen and her husband Marcelo Cabuli. Another song on the album, "Cadence of Her Last Breath '', is a "very personal song '' about running away. The album also contains many references to authors such as Edgar Allan Poe and Walt Whitman.
Imaginaerum tracks has different lyrical themes: for example, a song "Ghost River '' themed battle between the Devil and Mother Gaia while "Scaretale '' themed childhood nightmares.
On Endless Forms Most Beautiful lyrical themes included songs about "the beauty of the world and everything it has to offer '' ("Shudder Before The Beautiful ''), critic about how some religions restrict people lives ("Weak Fantasy ''), and "the meaning of life, which can be something different for all of us '' (Élan).
Although the lyrics of Nightwish generally are serious with dark meanings, they have also produced several less serious songs, including the bonus track "Nightquest '', which talks about the band members ' (the three original members as well as Nevalainen) connection as musicians, and the "quest '' of Nightwish.
Nightwish 's debut album Angels Fall First had one song in the Finnish language, but since then the band has only written songs in English, with the only exceptions being "Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan '' from the Once album (2004), the single "Erämaan viimeinen '' (2007), which is a vocal version of the instrumental "Last of the Wilds '', and "Taikatalvi '' ("Magic Winter '') from Imaginaerum (2011). Holopainen thought that he was very uncertain about the lyrics of "Erämaan viimeinen '', because he is of the opinion that writing in Finnish is rather hard, and has said that "Finnish (could) quickly sound really cheesy. ''
Tuomas Holopainen, writer of most of the band 's lyrics and music, says that he gets most of the inspiration for Nightwish 's songs from film music. Songs like "Beauty of the Beast '' (from Century Child), "Ghost Love Score '' (from Once) and "The Poet and the Pendulum '' (from Dark Passion Play) are examples of this influence. Holopainen has also said that film music is the music he listens to for leisure. He likes, for example, the musical scores to The Village, Van Helsing, The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and Crimson Tide, and practically everything written by Hans Zimmer. Other songs, such as "Bye Bye Beautiful '' (from Dark Passion Play), and "Wish I Had an Angel '' (from Once) have elements of industrial metal, and some others, like "The Islander '' and "Last of the Wilds '' (from Dark Passion Play), "Creek Mary 's Blood '' (from Once), and the Angels Fall First album have elements of folk music. Bands stated as an influence on Nightwish include Children of Bodom, My Dying Bride, Tiamat and The 3rd and the Mortal.
Nightwish has also been noted as a source of inspiration for other bands. Simone Simons, lead singer of Dutch symphonic / gothic metal band Epica, stated that she began singing because of Nightwish 's 1998 Oceanborn album. Sander Gommans of After Forever said that Nightwish "will certainly influence us in creating new songs ''. Power metal band Sonata Arctica 's lead singer Tony Kakko has explained how much of an influence Nightwish is to him. In December 2015, Metal Hammer 's Dave Everley described them as "mainland Europe 's most successful metal band, give or take a Rammstein ''.
Current members
Session / touring members
Former members
Former session members
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who wrote you belong with me by taylor swift | You Belong with Me - wikipedia
"You Belong with Me '' is a song recorded by American singer - songwriter Taylor Swift. The song was co-written by Swift and Liz Rose and produced by Nathan Chapman with Swift 's aid. It was released on April 18, 2009, by Big Machine Records as the third single from Swift 's second studio album, Fearless (2008). Swift was inspired to write "You Belong with Me '' after overhearing a male friend of hers arguing with his girlfriend through a phone call; she continued to develop a story line afterward. The song contains many pop music elements and its lyrics have Swift desiring an out - of - reach love interest.
The song won Favorite song at the 2010 Kids ' Choice Awards, and received nominations at the 2010 Grammy Awards for Song of the Year, Record of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. "You Belong with Me '' enjoyed commercial success as well; it became a top ten hit in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. In the United States, the song became Swift 's highest - charting single on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time and has become Swift 's third best - selling single. It managed to gain the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill 's "Breathe '' did in 2000. The single was certified 7 × Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The song is one of the best - selling singles worldwide, with worldwide sales of more than 7 million units (according to the IFPI).
The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Roman White. The video featured Swift portraying two characters, a nerd (the protagonist and narrator) and a popular girl (the antagonist and girlfriend), while American actor Lucas Till portrayed the male lead. The video 's plot centers on the protagonist secretively loving the male lead, although he has a girlfriend. The video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, but during Swift 's acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West interrupted, protesting in support of Beyoncé. The incident caused a reaction in the media, with many coming to Swift 's defense. The song was performed live at numerous venues, including the 2009 -- 10 Fearless Tour, where it was the opening number. It has been covered by various artists, including Butch Walker and Selena Gomez & the Scene, and parodied by "Weird Al '' Yankovic.
Swift became inspired to write "You Belong with Me '' after she overheard a male friend of hers speaking to his girlfriend on the phone. He acted defensive as his girlfriend yelled at him, and said to her, "No, baby... I had to get off the phone really quickly... I tried to call you right back... Of course I love you. More than anything! Baby, I 'm so sorry. '' Out of the sympathy she felt towards him in the situation, Swift developed a concept for a song. In a writing session with co-writer Liz Rose, Swift explained the situation along with her idea and conceived the song 's opening line, "You 're on the phone with your girlfriend / she 's upset / she 's going off about something that you said. '' Together, they developed a story line, which described Swift being in love with the male friend and her having the desire for him to break up with his current girlfriend for her. Swift described the song 's concept as "basically about wanting someone who is with this girl who does n't appreciate him at all. Basically like ' girl - next - door-itis. ' You like this guy who you have known for your whole life, and you know him better than she does but somehow the popular girl gets the guy every time. '' Swift recalled, "It was really fun for us to write the line, ' She wears short skirts, I wear T - shirts '. '' "You Belong with Me '' was first released as a promotional single from Fearless on November 4, 2008, as part of Countdown to Fearless, an exclusive campaign by the iTunes Store; the song was then released as the third single from Fearless on April 18, 2009.
"You Belong with Me '' is a Country pop song with a length of three minutes and 52 seconds. According to Kate Kiefer of Paste magazine, it is "a straight - up pop song. '' The song is set in common time and has a moderate tempo of 130 beats per minute. It is written in the key of F ♯ major and Swift 's vocals spans a little below two octaves, from F# to C#. Swift hints at her country music background in the banjo - inflected introduction of the song. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly felt Swift 's vocals were light and twangy while the melody was "lilting ''. It follows the chord progression F ♯ -- C ♯ -- G ♯ - B. The instrumentation consists of clucking banjos alongside new wave electric guitars.
The lyrics to "You Belong with Me '' alternate between narrative modes, where she speaks of herself, a male friend whom she has an unrequited crush on, and his girlfriend. Greenblatt described Swift 's role as a storyteller, the song being a narrative set to music, which describes concerning about love and boys "just (being) very hard to catch ''. Craig Rosen of The Hollywood Reporter believes "You Belong with Me '' 's plot is "confessional '' and regards scenarios themed with high school, while Swift "is the girl next door who 's had her heart broken and takes refuge in music ''. Lucy Davies of the BBC noted, "Swift deals in the prosaic imagery of high school boys ''. In one verse, Swift contrasts herself with her friend 's girlfriend and states, "She wears high heels, I wear sneakers / She 's cheer captain, I 'm on the bleachers '', which Davies interpreted as the song 's protagonist feeling envy towards cheerleaders, in particular, the one dating her male friend. In the choruses, Swift attempts "to persuade some boy to come to his senses and submit to her everygirl charms ''.
Sean Dooley of About.com labeled "You Belong with Me '' as one of the "best songs on Fearless '', while Johnny Davis of The Observer believed some parts of the song "may needle British ears '', although he felt that it was better than single releases by pop singer Hilary Duff. Lucy Davies of the BBC was not impressed by the song 's theme being similar to those of other songs on Fearless or on her eponymous debut album, Taylor Swift. She opined that "You Belong with Me '' 's "lyrical palette has few colours (...) and it 's repetitive ''. Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine said, "' You Belong with Me ' is n't her best - written song by a long shot, but it 's hard to fault its construction. '' Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone commented, "It 's hard not to be won over by the guilelessness ''.
A Times Editor review from The St. Petersburg Times also described it as sounding similar to other hits: "She hankers for a boy who either does n't love her back or wants to ditch this small town. '' Josh Love of The Village Voice thought "preternatural wisdom and inclusiveness '' shined through the lyrics and theme of "You Belong with Me ''; Love also mentioned that it was one of Fearless ' "great songs ''. The same magazine later ranked the song at number 10 on its annual Pazz & Jop critics ' poll. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly said Swift 's vocals fit the song 's melody and instrumentation, which, according to her, is "slick '' and "radio - friendly ''. Rob Sheffield of Blender magazine recommended for readers to download "You Belong with Me '', and Jeniffer Webb, also from About.com, predicted that the song would reach different age groups. Webb said, "It continues the artist 's tradition of having a little something for everyone, so it 's no wonder she has such a large fanbase. ''
At the 52nd Grammy Awards, "You Belong with Me '' received nominations for three awards. The song received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Song of the Year but lost to Beyoncé Knowles ' "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) '' (2008), for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year but lost to Kings of Leon 's "Use Somebody '' (2008), and for the Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance but lost to Knowles ' "Halo '' (2009). "You Belong with Me '' won Favorite Song at the 2010 Kids Choice Awards and was nominated for Song of the Year at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards, but lost to Lady Antebellum 's "Need You Now '' (2009). Although "You Belong with Me '' did not receive an award for any of the nominations it received at the 52nd Grammy Awards, Swift did win album of the year for Fearless, which the song was a part of.
Upon its release as a promotional single, on the week ending November 22, 2008, "You Belong with Me '' debuted at number twelve on the Billboard Hot 100 due to sales of 172,000 digital downloads, tying her with the Jonas Brothers for most top twenty debuts in 2008, a record which she later beat; the song fell from the Billboard Hot 100 in the following week. Following its single release, the song re-entered the Billboard Hot 100 at number eighty - seven on the week ending May 16, 2009. "You Belong with Me '' moved to number three on the Billboard Hot 100 on the week ending August 15, 2009, thus making the song Swift 's second highest - charting effort, surpassing her previous second best - charting effort "Love Story '', which peaked at number four in January 2009. Driven by non-country radio airplay, the song established the largest crossover radio audience since Faith Hill 's "Breathe '' (2000). The following week, it peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100, being blocked at the top spot by The Black Eyed Peas 's "I Gotta Feeling ''. It spent sixteen weeks in the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100, and 50 weeks on the chart in total. The song is one of thirteen songs from Fearless charted within the top forty of the Billboard Hot 100, breaking the record for the most top forty entries from a single album. The single was certified quadruple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments exceeding four million copies. As of November 2017, "You Belong with Me '' has sold 4.8 million copies in the United States.
"You Belong With Me '' became Swift 's first song to reach Billboard Radio Songs summit with 117 million all - format audience impressions. It also became the first country crossover single to rule Radio Songs since Billboard began incorporating Nielsen BDS - monitored data in 1990. It stayed at number one for two consecutive weeks. On Billboard Hot Country Songs, the single debuted at number thirty - two. On the week - ending June 13, 2009, it jumped from number thirteen to ten in the chart, scoring Swift 's eight consecutive top ten hit. "You Belong With Me '' became Swift 's fourth number one song on Billboard Hot Country Songs after it reached the summit on the week - ending August 22, 2009. It stayed on the top for two weeks and fell at number six afterwards. The single charted in Billboard Hot Country Songs for a total of twenty weeks. On Billboard Pop Songs, it debuted at number forty. It jumped at number twenty six of the following week and on its fifth week, on the week - ending July 25, 2009, it entered the top ten at number ten. It reached its peak at number two of the week - ending September 5, 2009 and held from the top spot by Black Eyed Peas 's I Gotta Feeling for five weeks. It also reach the top spot on Adult Contemporary for fourteen weeks while reaching number two in Billboard Adult Pop Songs.
In Canada, "You Belong with Me '' entered at number eighty - four. It jumped at the top ten at number nine and peaked at number three for three non-consecutive weeks. It charted in Canada for forty - five weeks. It also reached number one on Canadian Country Radio after only eleven weeks at radio. It was also certified double platinum by Music Canada for sales of 160,000 digital downloads.
"You Belong with Me '' debuted at number ninety - nine on the week ending July 18, 2009, in United Kingdom. It reached its peak in United Kingdom at number thirty on the week ending September 26, 2009. In Ireland, it peaked at number twelve and spent a total of six weeks on the chart. In mainland Europe, "You Belong with Me '' peaked at number sixty - one on the Eurochart Hot 100 Singles Chart, number eleven in Belgium (Flanders), and number thirty - two in Denmark. "You Belong with Me '' experienced similar commercial outcomes throughout the rest of Europe; it became a top forty hit in Belgium (Wallonia) and a top fifty hit in Sweden.
"You Belong with Me '' was a success in Australia and New Zealand. On the week ending May 24, 2009, the song entered in Australia at number fifty. On the week ending July 5, 2009, the song reached its peak at number five, a position it maintained on for three non-consecutive weeks. "You Belong with Me '' was placed at number eighty - eight on the decade - end Austrian Singles Chart. It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association for shipments exceeding 140,000 copies. On the week ending May 25, 2009, "You Belong with Me '' debuted at number twenty - eight in New Zealand and, after two weeks of ascended positions, it peaked at number five. The single was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand for shipments exceeding 15,000 copies.
"You Belong with Me '' 's accompanying music video was directed by Roman White. In the video, Swift portrays both the protagonist and antagonist, which she respectively described as "the nerd, who is pining away for this guy that she ca n't have '' and "the popular girl. '' Swift described the popular girl 's persona as "horrible and scary and intimidating and perfect ''. Her love interest is portrayed by American actor Lucas Till; Swift met Till while acting on the set of Hannah Montana: The Movie in April 2008. She later asked him to act in the video, as she was intrigued by his "cool look '', embodying a "dreamy guy ''. In regards to his acting on the video, Swift said, "He 's absolutely perfect for the part and really fun to be around, too. '' According to her, the video 's plot is "charming ''; she also said that, "the whole video, I 'm just sitting there pining away, wishing I could be in her position. '' In regards to the video 's conclusion, White explained that Swift "becomes who she really is '', while Swift thought it was a happy ending. Swift commented, "One of my favorite things about this video is that there was n't a standard performance scene. This video was pretty much all story line and I 'm narrating it in the moment, basically narrating while all this is happening around me. ''
The video was shot in two days in Gallatin and Hendersonville, Tennessee. On the first day of filming, Swift used a body double in order for both Swift, as the protagonist and antagonist, to appear in one shot. In a scene where she appeared dancing, White replaced Swift 's routine with a one having no rhythm; she recalled, "It was some of the most fun I 'd had in a long time, just freaking out and doing the dumbest moves. '' On the second day, they first filmed a prom scene and, lastly, the football game, both being filmed at Pope John Paul II High School. The school supplied many students as extras, including football players, band members, cheerleaders and students. The final prom scene used the school 's decorations for its real prom the next night. When filming for a touchdown, Till was unable to catch the ball, furthering the length of the shoot. "You put a lot of good solid effort in it and it looks good '', Swift stated about filming.
The video commences with Till arguing with his girlfriend through a phone call. As soon as Swift, as the protagonist, notices, they begin to communicate by holding up signs through their adjoining bedroom windows. Till closes his curtains, and Swift holds up a sign saying, "I love you ''. As the song 's chorus approaches, Swift starts to sing and dance in front of a mirror, changing to different clothing multiple times. Afterward, Swift is sitting in a bench while reading a book. Till arrives and the two talk. Then, Swift, as the antagonist, arrives in a red convertible car and Till gets in it; Swift, the antagonist, kisses him and gives a hostile look towards the protagonist. Suddenly, the antagonist Swift is seen cheerleading at a football game while Swift 's other persona is in the bleachers, performing in the school band. After scoring the winning touchdown, Till moves toward his girlfriend and finds her flirting with a teammate, resulting in a heated argument which results in their breakup. Meanwhile, Swift the protagonist stares in amazement. Back looking at each other through their bedroom windows, Till and Swift again communicate through signs. Till asks Swift the protagonist if she was attending prom and she responds, "no, studying ''. Swift, however, notices Till has a dejected expression as he leaves, and she changes her mind. Shortly after, Swift is seen entering prom with a white dress, no longer looking like a nerd, while all her peers stare in amazement. When Till spots her, he walks towards her and Swift the antagonist, in a red dress, attempts to stop him, but he ignores her. Ending the video, Till and Swift reveal folded signs saying "I love you '' and kiss. As of October 2018, the video has over 880 million views on YouTube, making it the most viewed country music video on the site.
The video premiered on May 2, 2009, on CMT. Chris Ryan of MTV commented, "' You Belong With Me ' was a teen rom - com wrapped up in a music video, wherein Taylor plays two roles. See Dooley of About.com believed Swift worked "doubly hard '', playing two roles. A Times Editor review from The St. Petersburg Times compared the large glasses Swift wore to those of Clark Kent. Michael Deacon of The Daily Telegraph felt the video suited the song, "in that they 're equally sappy and dull ''.
At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, the video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video. During Swift 's acceptance speech, rapper Kanye West interrupted her, grabbing her microphone and stating, "Yo Taylor, I 'm really happy for you and I'ma let you finish, but Beyoncé (Knowles) had one of the best videos of all time '', regarding Knowles ' video for "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) ''. According to Jayson Rodríguez of MTV News, Knowles "looked on from the crowd, stunned ''. Later in the evening, during her acceptance speech for winning the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year, Knowles told about her first experience winning her first Video Music Award with Destiny 's Child and how much it meant to her. She then called Swift from backstage to complete her acceptance speech. Numerous critics, celebrities, and fans criticized West 's actions, including the President of the United States, Barack Obama, who called West a "jackass ''. At first, West made no effort in contacting Swift, but he later issued an apology, which Swift accepted. The video was nominated for Video of the Year at the 45th Academy of Country Music Awards. At the 2010 CMT Music Awards, the video received nominations for "Video of the Year '' and "Female Video of the Year '', but lost to Carrie Underwood 's "Cowboy Casanova '' and Miranda Lambert 's "White Liar '', respectively. At the 2010 MuchMusic Video Awards, the video was nominated for the MuchMusic Video Award for Best International Artist Video and the MuchMusic Video Award for People 's Choice: Favourite International Video, but lost to Miley Cyrus ' video for "Party in the U.S.A. '' and Adam Lambert 's video for "Whataya Want From Me '', respectively.
Swift 's first televised performance of "You Belong with Me '' was at a free outdoor concert on May 29, 2009, broadcast by The Today Show. Following promotion for the song, she performed it on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Studio 330 Sessions, at the 2009 CMA Music Festival, at the 2009 CMT Music Awards, and at the 2009 V Festival, in the summer of 2009. Swift performed "You Belong with Me '' at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards on September 13, 2009, the same day in which Kanye West interrupted her acceptance speech. She began the performance in a subway station, dressed in a brown trench coat and black beanie, and continued it in a subway, taking off the trench coat and revealing a red cocktail dress. Once the subway docked at a stop, Swift completed the performance atop a yellow taxi cab. Swift later performed the song on The View and Saturday Night Live. In the fall of 2009 and winter of 2009 through 2010, Swift commenced promotion for "You Belong with Me '' countries outside of the United States; she performed the song on the United Kingdom channel GMTV, the Australian charity concert Sydney Sound Relief, and the Japanese talk show The Sukkiri Morning Show.
Swift performed a medley, which included "You Belong with Me '' at the 52nd Grammy Awards. Wearing casual white blouse and black skinny jeans, Swift performed "Today Was a Fairytale '' and then announced, "Its a fairly tale and an honor to share the stage with Stevie Nicks ''. Following, the two performed a cover of Fleetwood Mac 's "Rhiannon '' (1976). Swift then grabbed her acoustic guitar for the third and final part in her medley, jumping into a twangy version of "You Belong with Me ''. Nicks stood back, tapping her tambourine and nodding, every so often stepping up to the microphone to sing with Swift. Eric Ditzian of MTV News was disappointed at Swift 's and Nicks ' harmonies, but said the two "made for a compelling twosome ''. The performance followed much backlash in regards to Swift 's off key singing, which caused Scott Borchetta, CEO of Big Machine Records, to issue a statement defending the performance.
"You Belong with Me '' is performed as the opening number on all 2009 and 2010 dates of Swift 's first headlining tour, the Fearless Tour. Before Swift or the dancers entered the stage, a video played on the overhead screens; it showed various celebrities, including Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Faith Hill, Lucas Till and Swift herself, sharing their definitions of the word "fearless ''. Following the video 's completion, the band and backup dancers appeared, dressed in yellow cheerleading uniforms. Swift, dressed in a white marching band uniform, then emerges from the bottom of the stage and commences singing. Swift roams around the stage singing and backup dancers perform cheerleading routines while projections of cheerleaders are shown on the stage. Midway through the performance, the backup dancers removed Swift 's marching band uniform to reveal a sparkly cocktail dress; she is then handed a rhinestoned acoustic guitar and finishes the performance. Craig Rosen of The Hollywood Reporter believed Swift 's performance of "You Belong with Me '', coupled with the performance of "Should 've Said No '', at the May 22, 2009, concert in Los Angeles at the Staples Center made the show a success. The song was also performed on the Speak Now World Tour and The Red Tour. "You Belong with Me '' also was performed on The 1989 World Tour in several venues in place of "You Are in Love ''. The song is performed on Swift 's 2018 Reputation Stadium Tour as part of a medley alongside "Style '' and "Love Story ''.
In November 2009, American rock singer Butch Walker covered "You Belong with Me '' for a digital single release. James Christopher Monger of Allmusic said the cover was infused "with the same karaoke glee that fueled previous installments ''. Bill Lamb of About.com described the composition as a "folksy almost honky - tonk sound '' and "a bit more country than Taylor Swift 's original ''. According to Mikael Wood of Billboard, the cover 's instrumentation is fueled by banjo; he claimed it was an "online success ''. Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine described the cover 's arrangement as "fantastic '' and, to him, it "emphasized the terrific melody and structure that are the song 's real selling points ''. After hearing Walker 's cover, Swift posted via her official Twitter account, "I 'm losing my MIND listening to it! Blown away. '' Band Hero for consoles features "You Belong with Me '' as one of sixty - five songs from "mainstream acts ''.
A parody entitled "TMZ '' was included on "Weird Al '' Yankovic 's studio album Alpocalypse (2011). A music video for the parody, directed by Bill Plympton, was filmed in October 2010, and was included on the album 's DVD. The music video was released on "Weird Al '' 's Vevo on June 24, 2011.
sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone
Since May 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on - demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads.
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can you get drafted to the nfl from high school | National Football league draft - wikipedia
The National Football League Draft, also called the Player Selection Meeting, is an annual event in which the National Football League (NFL) teams select eligible college football players. It serves as the league 's most common source of player recruitment. The basic design of the draft is that each team is given a position in the drafting order in reverse order relative to its record in the previous year, which means that the last place team is positioned first. From this position, the team can either select a player or trade their position to another team for other draft positions, a player or players, or any combination thereof. The round is complete when each team has either selected a player or traded its draft position. Certain aspects of the draft, including team positioning and the number of rounds in the draft, have seen revisions since its first creation in 1936, but the fundamental methodology has remained the same. Currently the draft consists of seven rounds. The original rationale in creating the draft was to increase the competitive parity between the teams as the worst team would, ideally, have chosen the best player available.
In the early years of the draft, players were chosen based on hearsay, print media, or other rudimentary evidence of a player 's ability. In the 1940s, some franchises began employing full - time scouts. The ensuing success of their corresponding teams eventually forced the other franchises to also hire scouts.
Colloquially, the name of the draft each year takes on the form of the NFL season in which players picked could begin playing. For example, the 2010 NFL draft was for the 2010 NFL season. However, the NFL - defined name of the process has changed since its inception.
The location of the draft has continually changed over the years to accommodate more fans, as the event has gained popularity. The draft 's popularity now garners prime - time television coverage.
In the league 's early years the draft was held in various cities with NFL franchises until the league settled on New York City starting in 1965, where it remained until 2015. The 2015 and 2016 NFL drafts were held in Chicago, while the 2017 version was held in Philadelphia. In recent years, the NFL draft has occurred in late April or early May.
As background, Stan Kostka had a huge college career as a U of M running back, leading the Minnesota Gophers to an undefeated season in 1934. Every NFL team wanted to sign him. Since there was no draft back then, savvy Stan did the smart thing - he held out for the highest offer. While a free agent, Stan kept busy, even running for Mayor of Inver Grove Heights, Minnesota. Although his political career did n't take off, Stan 's nine - month NFL holdout succeeded and he became the league 's highest - paid player, signing a $5,000 contract with the NFL 's team in Brooklyn, New York on August 25, 1935. As a response to the bidding war for Stan Kostka, the NFL instituted the draft in 1936.
In late 1934, Art Rooney, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, gave the right of usage of two players to the New York Giants because Rooney 's team had no chance to participate in the post-season. After the owner of the Boston Redskins, George Preston Marshall, protested the transaction, the president of the NFL, Joe F. Carr, disallowed the Giants the ability to employ the players. At a league meeting in December 1934, the NFL introduced a waiver rule to prevent such transactions. Any player released by a team during the season would be able to be claimed by other teams. The selection order to claim the player would be in inverse order to the teams ' standings at the time.
Throughout this time, Bert Bell, co-owner of the Philadelphia Eagles, felt his team 's lack of competitiveness on the field made it difficult for the Eagles to sell tickets and to be profitable. Compounding the Eagles ' problems were players signed with teams that offered the most money, or if the money being equal, players chose to sign with the most prestigious teams at the time, who had established a winning tradition. As a result, the NFL was dominated by the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers, Giants, and Redskins. Bell 's inability to sign a desired prospect, Stan Kostka, in 1935, eventually led Bell to believe the only way for the NFL to have enduring success was for all teams to have an equal opportunity to sign eligible players. At a league meeting on May 18, 1935, Bell proposed a draft be instituted to enhance the possibility of competitive parity on the field in order to ensure the financial viability of all franchises. His proposal was adopted unanimously that day, although the first draft would not occur until the next off - season.
The rules for the selection of the players in the first draft were, first, that a list of college seniors would be assembled by each franchise and submitted into a pool. From this pool, each franchise would select, in inverse order to their team 's record in the previous year, a player. With this selection, the franchise had the unilateral right to negotiate a contract with that player, or the ability to trade that player to another team for a player, or players. If, for any reason, the franchise was unsuccessful in negotiating a contract with the player and was unable to trade the player, the president of the NFL could attempt to arbitrate a settlement between the player and the franchise. If the president was unable to settle the dispute, then the player would be placed in the reserve list of the franchise and would be unavailable to play for any team in the NFL that year. In the 1935 NFL season, the Eagles finished in last place at 2 -- 9, thus securing themselves the first pick in the draft.
The first NFL draft began at the Ritz - Carlton Hotel in Philadelphia on February 8, 1936. Ninety names were written on a blackboard in the meeting room from which the teams would choose. As no team had a scouting department, the list was created from either print media sources, visits to local colleges by team executives, or by recommendations to team executives. The draft would last for nine rounds, and it had no media coverage. The first player ever selected in the draft was Jay Berwanger. Bell, prior to the draft, was not successfully able to negotiate a contract with Berwanger so Bell traded him to the Bears. George Halas, owner of the Bears, was also unsuccessful in signing Berwanger. Berwanger 's decision to not play in the NFL was not unusual, as only twenty - four of the eighty - one players selected chose to play in the NFL that year. The draft was recessed on the first day and it was continued and finished on the next day.
This draft saw the emergence of Wellington Mara as a savant, as he had been subscribing to magazines and local and out - of - town papers to build up dossiers of college players across the country, which resulted in the Giants ' drafting of Tuffy Leemans. As a result of the institution of the draft, Tim Mara, owner of the Giants, reduced Ken Strong 's salary offer to $3,200 from $6,000 a year for 1936 because Mara felt the draft would alter the salary structure of the NFL. Generally, the franchises ' exclusivity in negotiating with draft picks produced the immediate effect of, depending on sources, stopping the escalating salaries of new players, or reducing their salaries. Consequently, contemporary critics charged it was anti-labor.
Art Rooney, owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers, chose Byron "Whizzer '' White in the first round of the 1938 draft despite White 's known public declaration that he would not play professional football and would instead begin work on his Rhodes scholarship. White did, however, agree to play for the 1938 season after Rooney publicly gave him a guaranteed contract of $15,000, double what any other player had ever made in the NFL. The size of the dollar amount brought condemnation from other owners because it altered the pay expectations of college draftees. For the 1939 draft Wellington, for the first time, was put in charge of drafting players for the Giants. He submitted the list of players into the pool that the Giants -- or other franchises -- could choose players from. However, in the first round he selected a player, Walt Nielsen, not on the list of players that the Giants or any other franchise had submitted. With a grin Wellington stated, "' I did n't think I said I put every name on that list. ' ''
An African - American had not played in the NFL since prior to the draft 's institution. In 1939, Kenny Washington was, to no small extent, viewed as one of the greatest college football players of all time. After information was made available to at least one owner of a franchise, Washington was not drafted by any team for the 1940 NFL Draft.
The draft would be eventually codified into the NFL Constitution, although no information is available on when that originally occurred.
"Bullet Bill '' Dudley was the first overall pick in the 1942 draft and he would eventually become the first player picked first overall in the draft to enter the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
Eddie Kotal became the first man scout in 1946 when he was hired by Dan Reeves of the Los Angeles Rams.
The NFL 's competition with the AAFC in 1947 resulted in a temporary institution of a bonus pick.
Competitive parity did not, however, quickly arrive in the NFL as perennial losers, such as the Eagles and Chicago Cardinals, standings ' did not improve until 1947.
In the thirteenth round, George Taliaferro became the first African - American selected when he was chosen in the 1949 NFL draft. He however, chose to sign with an AAFC team. Wally Triplett was chosen in the nineteenth and he would be the first African - American to be selected in the draft and make an NFL team. After the draft and prior to the start of the season, Paul "Tank '' Younger was signed by the Los Angeles Rams as a free agent and became the first NFL player from an historically black college. Eddie Robinson, Younger 's coach at Grambling, promptly and unequivocally, impressed upon him that the future of the recruitment and drafting of his colleagues at other black colleges lay in the balance based on his success with the Rams.
The 1960 NFL Draft marked a turning point in the draft 's history because of the pending arrival of the American Football League (AFL), as it became a "high - stakes, competitive affair. ''
In 1976, former NFL wide receiver Paul Salata first coined the moniker "Mr. Irrelevant '' to refer to the last overall player selected in the draft.
In 1980, Chet Simmons, president of the year - old ESPN, asked Pete Rozelle if the fledgling network could broadcast coverage of the draft live on ESPN. Although Rozelle did not believe it would be entertaining television, he agreed.
In 1988, the NFL moved the draft from weekdays to the weekend and ESPN 's ratings of the coverage improved dramatically. ESPN received competition in 2006 when the NFL Network, which had launched in October 2003, began to produce its own draft coverage.
In 2010, the NFL moved to a three - day draft with the first day encompassing the first round beginning at 8: 00 pm EDT, the second day encompassing the second and third rounds beginning at 7: 00 pm EDT, and third day concluding the process with the final four rounds beginning at 11: 00 am EDT Saturday.
The rules do not state that a player must attend college, but virtually all of the players selected in the NFL draft have played college football. A year as a redshirt player in college counts toward eligibility even though the player was not allowed to participate in games during that year, therefore players who have completed their redshirt sophomore year can enter the NFL draft. A few players are occasionally selected from other football leagues like the Arena Football League (AFL), the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the German Football League (GFL). A small handful of players have also been drafted from colleges who played other sports than football.
The selection order is based on each team 's win - loss record in the previous season and whether the team reached the playoffs. Teams that did not reach the playoffs the previous season are ranked in reverse order of their records (thus the team with the fewest wins is awarded the first selection). Ties between teams with identical records are determined by the following tiebreakers (in order):
Teams that reached the playoffs the previous season are then slotted in the order in which they were eliminated as indicated in the table below. Within each tier, the slotting is determined as above (i.e. worst record picks first and the same tiebreakers apply).
Once the order for the first round is determined as described above, the selection order remains the same for subsequent rounds with the exception of teams with identical records within their tier. These tied teams "cycle '' picks in each subsequent round. For example, in the 2014 draft, the Jacksonville Jaguars, Cleveland Browns, Oakland Raiders, Atlanta Falcons, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers all finished 4 -- 12, and selected in that order in the first round (based on the tiebreakers described above). In the second round, Jacksonville cycled to the back of the line with the order becoming Cleveland, Oakland, Atlanta, Tampa Bay, and Jacksonville. That cycling continued in each round.
An exception to this ordering strategy occurs when new "expansion teams '' are added to the league. An expansion team is automatically granted the first selection. If there are two or more expansion teams added, a coin toss (for two expansion teams) or a drawing of lots (for three expansion teams or more) determines which team is awarded the first selection in the regular draft. The loser of the coin toss (or the winner of the drawing of lots in the event there are three or more expansion teams) is awarded the first selection in the expansion draft.
The 2010 NFL draft was the first draft to take place over three days. Its first round was on Thursday, April 22 at 7: 30 p.m. ET, with the second and third rounds on Friday, April 23 at 6 p.m. ET, followed by the remaining rounds on Saturday, April 24 at 10 a.m. ET.
The first overall pick generally gets the richest contract, but other contracts rely on a number of variables. While they generally are based on the previous year 's second overall pick, third overall, etc., each player 's position also is taken into account. Quarterbacks, for example, usually command more money than defensive linemen, which can skew those dollar figures slightly.
Each team has its representatives attend the draft. During the draft, one team is always "on the clock. '' In Round 1, teams have 10 minutes to make their choice (previously 15). The decision time drops to 7 minutes (previously 10) in the second round and 5 minutes in Rounds 3 -- 7. If a team does not make a decision within its allotted time, the team still can submit its selection at any time after its time is up, but the next team can pick before it, thus possibly ' stealing ' a player the team with the earlier pick may have been considering. This occurred in the 2003 draft, when the Minnesota Vikings, with the 7th overall pick, were late with their selection. The Jacksonville Jaguars drafted quarterback Byron Leftwich and the Carolina Panthers drafted offensive tackle Jordan Gross before the Vikings were able to submit their selection of defensive tackle Kevin Williams. This also happened in 2011; as the Baltimore Ravens were negotiating a trade with the Chicago Bears, their time expired and allowed the Kansas City Chiefs to pick ahead of Baltimore, who was unable to finalize the trade with Chicago.
Teams may negotiate with one another both before and during the draft for the right to pick an additional player in a given round. For example, a team may include draft picks in future drafts in order to acquire a player during a trading period. Teams may also make negotiations during the draft relinquishing the right to pick in a given round for the right to have an additional pick in a later round. Thus teams may have no picks or multiple picks in a given round.
In addition to the 32 selections in each of the seven rounds, a total of 32 compensatory picks are awarded to teams based on the players they lost and gained in free agency. Using a proprietary formula, the league defines a class of unrestricted free agents as "compensatory free agents ('' CFA "). Teams that have lost more or better compensatory free agents than they signed in the previous year receive picks somewhere in the third through seventh rounds. Teams that gain and lose the same number of players but lose higher - valued players also can be awarded a pick, but only in the seventh round, after the others. Compensatory picks are awarded each year at the NFL annual meeting which is held at the end of March; typically, about three or four weeks before the draft. Compensatory picks may not be traded (however, this will change beginning with the 2017 NFL draft). The placement of the picks is determined by a proprietary formula based on the player 's salary, playing time, and postseason honors with his new team, with salary being the primary factor. So, for example, a team that lost a linebacker who signed for $2.5 million per year in free agency might get a sixth - round compensatory pick, while a team that lost a wide receiver who signed for $5 million per year might receive a fourth - round pick. However, the NFL has never revealed the exact formula used to determine allotment of compensatory picks, though observers from outside the NFL have been able to reverse engineer it to some degree of certainty.
All compensatory picks are awarded at the ends of Rounds 3 through 7. If fewer than 32 such picks are awarded, the remaining picks are awarded after the final Round 7 compensatory picks in the order in which teams would pick in a hypothetical eighth round of the draft; these picks are known as "supplemental compensatory selections ''. More than 32 compensatory picks have been awarded only on one occasion: the 2016 NFL Draft, where 33 picks were awarded; the additional pick was awarded (under an agreement between the NFL Management Council and the NFLPA) to the Buffalo Bills for losing Da'Norris Searcy to free agency and signing Charles Clay as a transition tagged player from the Miami Dolphins, who had not qualified as a CFA.
In 2016, the NFL released the compensatory picks on March 11 (one month and four days after the Super Bowl).
The NFL allows each team a certain amount of money from its salary cap to sign its drafted rookies for their first season. That amount is based on an undisclosed formula that assigns a certain value to each pick in the draft; thus, having more picks, or earlier picks, will increase the allotment. In 2008 the highest allotment was about $8.22 million for the Kansas City Chiefs, who had 12 picks, including two first - rounders, while the lowest was the $1.79 million for the Cleveland Browns who had only five picks, and none in the first three rounds. The exact mechanism for the rookie salary cap is set out in the NFL 's collective bargaining agreement (CBA) with the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA). (Those numbers represent the cap hits that each rookie 's salary may contribute, not the total amount of money paid out.)
The drafted players are paid salaries commensurate with the position in which they were drafted. High first - round picks get paid the most, and low - round picks get paid the least. There is a de facto pay scale for drafted rookies. After the draft, non-drafted rookies may sign a contract with any team in the league. These rookie free - agents are not usually paid as well as drafted players, nearly all of them signing for the predetermined rookie minimum and a small signing bonus.
Two other facets of the rookie salary cap impact the makeup of rosters. First, the base salaries of rookie free agents do not count towards the rookie salary cap, though certain bonuses do. Second, if a rookie is traded, his cap allotment remains with the team that originally drafted him, which make trades involving rookie players relatively rare. (This rule does not apply, however, to rookies that are waived by the teams that drafted them.)
Teams can also agree to a contract with a draft - eligible player before the draft itself starts. They can only do this if they have the first overall pick, as by agreeing to terms with a player the team has already "selected '' which player they will draft. A recent example of this would be quarterback Matthew Stafford and the Detroit Lions in the 2009 NFL Draft. The Lions, with the first overall selection in the draft, agreed to a 6 - year, $78 million deal with $41.7 million guaranteed with Stafford a day before the draft officially started. By agreeing to the deal, Stafford had already been chosen as the first overall pick in the draft.
The commissioner has the ability to forfeit picks the team is allotted in a draft. For example, in the 2007 NFL season, the New England Patriots were penalized for videotaping the Jets ' defensive signals outside of a designated area. As a result, the Patriots forfeited their first - round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft. Similarly, the San Francisco 49ers were forced to forfeit a fifth - round pick in the same draft for tampering with a player under contract to the Chicago Bears, and were also forced to swap third - round selections with the Bears (moving the 49ers down and the Bears up six spots). Also, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell penalized the New Orleans Saints by taking away their 2nd round picks in the 2012 and 2013 NFL drafts in the wake of the New Orleans Saints bounty scandal. Another time this has happened was in the 2016 NFL Draft where the Patriots 1st round pick was taken away for Deflategate and redistribution rules should be made.
Teams vary greatly in their selection methodologies. Owners, general managers, coaches, and others may or may not participate. For the 1983 draft, for example, the Pittsburgh Steelers ' head coach Chuck Noll had what team executive Art Rooney, Jr. later described as "the final say '' over picks, even over his father, team owner Art Rooney. New England Patriots head coach Ron Meyer, by contrast, later stated that the team, led by owner Billy Sullivan, excluded the coaching staff from any personnel - related decisions, even prohibiting him from reading scouting reports. Had he had the decision - making authority, Meyer said, he would not have chosen Tony Eason in the first round of the 1983 draft.
College football players who are considering entering the NFL draft but who still have eligibility to play football can request an expert opinion from the NFL - created Draft Advisory Board. The Board, composed of scouting experts and team executives, makes a prediction as to the likely round in which a player would be drafted. This information, which has proven to be fairly accurate, can help college players determine whether to enter the draft or to continue playing and improving at the college level. There are also many famous reporting scouts, such as Mel Kiper Jr.
The NFL Scouting Combine is a six - day assessment of skills occurring every year in late February or early March in Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. College football players perform physical and mental tests in front of NFL coaches, general managers, and scouts. With increasing interest in the NFL draft, the scouting combine has grown in scope and significance, allowing personnel directors to evaluate upcoming prospects in a standardized setting. Its origins have evolved from the National, BLESTO, and Quadra Scouting services in 1977 to the media frenzy it has become today. Athletes attend by invitation only. Implications of one 's performance during the Combine can affect perception, draft status, salary, and ultimately his career. The draft has popularized the term "Workout Warrior '' (sometimes known as a "Workout Wonder ''), describing an athlete who, based on superior measurables such as size, speed, and strength, has increased his "draft stock '' despite having a possibly average or subpar college career.
Each university has a Pro Day, during which the NCAA allows NFL scouts to visit the school and watch players participate in NFL Combine events together. (Some smaller universities join with nearby schools.) Essentially job fairs for prospective NFL players, Pro Days are held under the belief that players feel more comfortable at their own campus than they do at the Combine, which in turn leads to better performances. College teams which produce a large quantity of NFL prospects generally generate huge interest from scouts and coaches at their Pro Days.
Tickets to the NFL draft are free and made available to fans on a first - come first - served basis. The tickets are distributed at the box office the morning of the draft, one ticket per person.
The 2006 draft was held at New York City 's Radio City Music Hall, the first time this venue has hosted the gala, and it was held there until 2015, when the draft was held in Chicago 's Auditorium Theater. The move marks the first time that the Draft has been in Chicago since 1964. The Theater at Madison Square Garden had hosted the event for a ten - year period, but the NFL moved it to the Javits Convention Center in 2005 following a dispute with the Cablevision - owned arena, who were opposing the West Side Stadium, which would have served as home of the New York Jets and the centerpiece of the New York City bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, because the new stadium would compete with the Garden for concerts and other events.
Chicago: 1938, 1942 -- 1943, 1951, 1962 -- 1964, 2015 -- 2016 (9)
Los Angeles: 1956 (1)
Milwaukee: 1940 (1)
New York City: 1937, 1939, 1944 -- 1945, 1947, 1952, 1955, 1965 -- 2014 (57)
Philadelphia: 1936, 1944, 1949 -- 1961, 2017 (15)
Pittsburgh: 1948 -- 1949 (2)
Washington, D.C.: 1941 (1)
*: Year with more than one Draft venue
Source: NFL Draft Locations
Dallas: 1961 -- 1963
Minneapolis: 1960
New York: 1964 -- 1966
No location (by telephone): 1965 *
*: Year with more than one draft venue
Source: NFL Draft Locations
Since 1977, the NFL has also held a supplemental draft to accommodate players who did not enter the regular draft. Players generally enter the supplementary draft because they missed the filing deadline for the NFL draft or because issues developed which affected their eligibility (such as academic or disciplinary matters). The supplemental draft is scheduled to occur at some point after the regular draft and before the start of the next season. In 1984 the NFL held an additional draft for players who were under contract with either USFL or CFL teams.
Draft order is determined by a weighted system that is divided into three groupings. First come the teams that had six or fewer wins last season, followed by non-playoff teams that had more than six wins, followed by the 12 playoff teams. In the supplemental draft, a team is not required to use any picks. Instead, if a team wants a player in the supplemental draft, they submit a "bid '' to the Commissioner with the round they would pick that player. If no other team places a bid on that player at an earlier spot, the team is awarded the player and has to give up an equivalent pick in the following year 's draft. (For example, FS Paul Oliver was taken by the San Diego Chargers in the fourth round of the supplemental draft in 2007; thus, in the 2008 NFL draft, the Chargers forfeited a fourth - round pick.)
The 1985 supplemental draft was particularly controversial. Quarterback Bernie Kosar who had led the University of Miami to its first National Championship in 1984 was earning his academic degree as a junior. Rather than finish his eligibility at Miami he wanted to turn pro. At this time college players had to wait for their class unless they themselves graduated early.
A plan was devised by football agent AJ Faigin that was to get him to Kosar 's preferred team, the Cleveland Browns. Faigin was representing former University of Miami QB Jim Kelly, then in the USFL, but whose NFL rights were held by the Buffalo Bills. The USFL was in its last days and Kelly would soon be available to the Bills. Faigin 's first step was to ask Bill Polian, the GM of Buffalo, if he would be willing to trade the number one supplemental pick (worth next to nothing at that time) to Cleveland. Polian agreed and Faigin told the Cleveland Browns a trade was available. He next notified Kosar 's father he should not formally submit his son 's application for the standard NFL draft that was weeks away and declare only afterward; which would put him into the supplemental draft.
The result of Kosar 's withdrawal resulted in rare, open warfare among NFL teams played out in the newspapers with threats of lawsuits between them, notably the Minnesota Vikings and New York Giants, who had expressed interest in choosing him in that season 's regular draft. But as no rules were broken the Giants and eventually Minnesota had to back down. Following that season, the NFL instituted the current semi-random supplemental draft order.
The strategy devised by A.J. Faigin, to not declare for the NFL until after the regular draft, was subsequently used by other top players for various reasons. In some cases, it was because they did not want to play for the team that would have drafted them in the regular draft. For example, Brian Bosworth did not declare because he did not want to play for the Indianapolis Colts or the Buffalo Bills, the teams who drafted second and third that year. The Colts had offered him a 4 - year, $2.2 million deal before the draft. The Seattle Seahawks won the right to draft first in the supplemental draft, and later signed him to a 10 - year, $11 million contract. At the time that was the largest rookie contract in NFL history.
As of the 1990 season, only players who had graduated or exhausted their college eligibility were made available for the supplemental draft. Since 1993, only players who had planned to attend college but for various reasons could not, have been included in the supplemental draft.
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who played paul mother on mad about you | Mad About You - wikipedia
Columbia TriStar Television
Mad About You is an American sitcom that aired on NBC from September 23, 1992 to May 24, 1999. The show starred Paul Reiser and Helen Hunt as a married couple in New York City. In April 2018, it was announced that Sony Pictures Television will revive the show with the two lead actors to reprise their roles.
The show won many awards including four Golden Globe Awards and twelve Primetime Emmy Awards.
The series focuses mainly on newlyweds Paul Buchman, a documentary filmmaker, and Jamie Stemple Buchman, a public relations specialist, as they deal with everything from humorous daily minutiae to major struggles. Near the end of the show 's run, they have a baby daughter, whom they name Mabel.
Helen Hunt and Paul Reiser were paid $1 million per episode for the last season (with their contracts calling for them to be paid equally). However, ratings fell sharply that year as the series was shuffled away from its Tuesday slot to prop up a fledgling Monday night line - up of comedies on NBC.
The show 's theme song, "Final Frontier '', was composed by Reiser and Don Was. The theme was originally performed by Andrew Gold, but a version performed by Anita Baker made its debut at the beginning of the sixth season. Baker 's version was used on several episodes of the last two seasons, in addition to Gold 's version, and appears on the show 's soundtrack album. Gold 's version is available on the collection Thank You for Being a Friend: The Best of Andrew Gold.
Mad About You has had numerous connections to other NBC sitcoms set in New York City, as well as various other programs.
Friends (owned by Warner Bros. Television): Lisa Kudrow played the recurring role of Ursula, a flaky waitress at Riff 's Bar, a local restaurant that Paul and Jamie frequented. Kudrow went on to star in the NBC sitcom Friends, playing the also somewhat flaky character of Phoebe Buffay, and for a time both series shared the same Thursday night line - up. While not originally intended, the characters of Ursula and Phoebe were later found to be identical twin sisters. In a Friends episode ("The One With The Two Parts '', 1st Season), as part of a night of NBC sitcom crossovers, Jamie and Fran walk into Central Perk and mistake Phoebe for Ursula. Hunt and Kenzle were not identified on screen as Jamie and Fran. In the season three episode "Pandora 's Box '', Jamie causes a citywide power blackout in New York City, and the effects of the blackout are seen in the Friends episode, "The One with the Blackout '', and there was also a blackout in the episode "Birthday in the Big House '' of the short - lived NBC sitcom Madman of the People, which leaves open the possibility that the characters from this program may also exist in the same universe as the characters of Mad About You. All three episodes originally aired during the evening of November 3, 1994, alongside a Seinfeld episode which did not incorporate the blackout premise.
Seinfeld: In one episode ("The Apartment '', 1st Season), Paul, pressured by Jamie, decides to sign over the lease of his old "bachelor pad '' to the current tenant who is subleasing. When the tenant is revealed to be Cosmo Kramer (Michael Richards) of Seinfeld, Paul asks Kramer "What ever happened to that Jerry guy who used to live there? ''. Seinfeld, however, twice contradicted this connection, once even featuring a running joke about George 's distaste for his fiancee Susan 's fondness for watching Mad About You. In the Mad About You season seven episode "Season Opener '', Paul, under the effects of Viagra, ran into Jerry Seinfeld in the street, who tells Paul to go away. At this point in Seinfeld 's chronology, Jerry Seinfeld was supposed to be in prison.
The Dick Van Dyke Show: Carl Reiner reprised the role of Alan Brady from the 1960s sitcom (a series acknowledged as an inspiration for Mad About You). The episode made several references to the older show, such as Jamie at one point crying and whining "Oh, Paul! '' -- a signature move by Mary Tyler Moore 's character Laura Petrie. Ten episodes earlier, Paul almost trips over a box and says, "Get me, I 'm Dick Van Dyke. ''
Mad About You won a Golden Globe Award, a Peabody Award, a Genesis Award, received five Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Comedy Series, and was chosen Best Quality Comedy by the Viewers for Quality Television. Helen Hunt won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress -- Comedy Series four years in a row (1996 -- 99).
In 1997, Atlantic Records released a Mad About You soundtrack. The soundtrack from and inspired by the sitcom, is composed of fun and sentimental songs and clips from the show. The tracks are organized chronologically marking the milestones of the couple 's relationship. The album is bookended by the two versions of Paul Reiser 's song "Final Frontier '' -- the first track is the classic version used in the show 's opening, and the last track is Anita Baker 's jazzy, full - length rendition, with Reiser on keyboard. The 21 tracks are as follows:
Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Mad About You on DVD in Region 1 and 4. The first two seasons were also released in Region 2. Due to poor sales, no subsequent seasons were released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
In February 2010, Shout! Factory acquired the rights to release the remaining seasons of Mad About You on DVD. They subsequently released seasons 4 and 5 on DVD.
On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Mad About You. They subsequently re-released the first and second seasons on DVD on August 5, 2014.
Mill Creek released the complete series on a 14 - DVD set on May 3, 2016.
A Chinese adaptation will air on Dragon TV from January 4, 2016. An Argentine remake titled Loco por vos will air on Telefe from August, 2016.
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when did cristiano ronaldo stop playing for manchester united | Cristiano Ronaldo - wikipedia
Portuguese professional footballer
Namesakes
Films
Cristiano Ronaldo dos Santos Aveiro GOIH, ComM (European Portuguese: (kɾiʃˈtjɐnu ʁoˈnaɫdu); born 5 February 1985) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a forward for Spanish club Real Madrid and the Portugal national team. Often considered the best player in the world and widely regarded as one of the greatest of all time, Ronaldo has five Ballon d'Or awards, the most for a European player and is tied for most all - time. He is the first player in history to win four European Golden Shoes. He has won 25 trophies in his career, including five league titles, four UEFA Champions League titles and one UEFA European Championship. A prolific goalscorer, Ronaldo holds the records for most official goals scored in the top five European leagues (381), the UEFA Champions League (116), the UEFA European Championship (29) and the FIFA Club World Cup (7), as well as most goals scored in a UEFA Champions League season (17). He has scored more than 600 senior career goals for club and country.
Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. He helped United win three successive Premier League titles, a UEFA Champions League title, and a FIFA Club World Cup. By age 22, he had received Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year nominations and at age 23, he won his first Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of the Year awards. In 2009, Ronaldo was the subject of the most expensive association football transfer when he moved from Manchester United to Real Madrid in a transfer worth € 94 million (£ 80 million).
In Spain, Ronaldo has won 14 trophies, including two La Liga titles, two Copa del Rey titles, three Champions League titles, two UEFA Super Cups, and three FIFA Club World Cups. After joining Real Madrid, Ronaldo finished runner - up for the Ballon d'Or three times, behind Lionel Messi, his perceived career rival, before winning back - to - back Ballons d'Or in 2013 and 2014. He has scored a record 32 La Liga hat - tricks, including a record - tying eight hat - tricks in the 2014 -- 15 season and is the only player to reach 30 league goals in six consecutive La Liga seasons. In 2014, Ronaldo became the fastest player in history to reach 200 La Liga goals, which he achieved in 178 matches. In 2015, he became the club 's all - time leading goalscorer. In 2016, Ronaldo won his fourth Ballon d'Or by a record voting margin after sealing La Undécima, Madrid 's 11th European title, and winning Euro 2016.
A Portuguese international, Ronaldo was named the best Portuguese player of all time by the Portuguese Football Federation in 2015. Ronaldo made his senior international debut in August 2003, at age 18. He is Portugal 's most capped player of all time with over 140 caps, and has participated in seven major tournaments. He is Portugal 's all - time top goalscorer. He scored his first international goal at Euro 2004 and helped Portugal reach the final. He took over full captaincy in July 2008, leading Portugal to their first - ever triumph in a major tournament by winning Euro 2016, and received the Silver Boot as the second - highest goalscorer of the tournament. One of the most marketable sportsmen, he was ranked the world 's highest - paid athlete by Forbes in 2016 and 2017, as well as the world 's most famous athlete by ESPN in 2016 and 2017.
Ronaldo was born in São Pedro, Funchal, and grew up in the Funchal parish of Santo António, as the youngest child of Maria Dolores dos Santos Aveiro, a cook, and José Dinis Aveiro, a municipal gardener and a part - time kit man. His second given name, "Ronaldo '', was chosen after then - U.S. president Ronald Reagan. He has one older brother, Hugo, and two older sisters, Elma and Liliana Cátia. His great - grandmother on his father 's side, Isabel da Piedade, was from São Vicente, Cape Verde. Ronaldo grew up in a Catholic and impoverished home, sharing a room with his brother and sisters.
As a child, Ronaldo played for amateur team Andorinha from 1992 to 1995, where his father was the kit man, and later spent two years with Nacional. In 1997, aged 12, he went on a three - day trial with Sporting CP, who signed him for a fee of £ 1,500. He subsequently moved from Madeira to Alcochete, near Lisbon, to join Sporting 's other youth players at the club 's football academy. By age 14, Ronaldo believed he had the ability to play semi-professionally, and agreed with his mother to cease his education in order to focus entirely on football. While popular with other students at school, he had been expelled after throwing a chair at his teacher, who he said had "disrespected '' him. However, one year later, he was diagnosed with a racing heart, a condition that could have forced him to give up playing football. He underwent an operation in which a laser was used to cauterise the affected area of his heart; discharged from hospital hours after the procedure, he resumed training only a few days later.
At age 16, Ronaldo was promoted from Sporting 's youth team by first - team manager László Bölöni, who was impressed with his dribbling. He subsequently became the first player to play for the club 's under - 16, under - 17 and under - 18 teams, the B team, and the first team, all within one season. A year later, on 7 October 2002, Ronaldo made his debut in the Primeira Liga, against Moreirense, and scored two goals in their 3 -- 0 win. Over the course of the 2002 -- 03 season, his representatives suggested the player to Liverpool manager Gérard Houllier and Barcelona president Joan Laporta. Manager Arsène Wenger, who was interested in signing the winger, met with him at Arsenal 's grounds in November to discuss a possible transfer.
Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3 -- 1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. His performance impressed the Manchester United players, who urged Ferguson to sign him. Ferguson himself considered the 18 - year - old "one of the most exciting young players '' he had ever seen. A decade after his departure from the club, in April 2013, Sporting honoured Ronaldo by selecting him to become their 100,000 th member.
Ronaldo became Manchester United 's first - ever Portuguese player when he signed before the 2003 -- 04 season. His transfer fee of £ 12.24 million made him, at the time, the most expensive teenager in English football history. Although he requested the number 28, his number at Sporting, he received the number 7 shirt, which had previously been worn by such United players as George Best, Eric Cantona and David Beckham. Wearing the number 7 became an extra source of motivation for Ronaldo. A key element in his development during his time in England proved to be his manager, Alex Ferguson, of whom he later said, "He 's been my father in sport, one of the most important and influential factors in my career. ''
Ronaldo made his debut in the Premier League in a 4 -- 0 home victory over Bolton Wanderers on 16 August 2003, receiving a standing ovation when he came on as a 60th - minute substitute for Nicky Butt. His performance earned praise from George Best, who hailed it as "undoubtedly the most exciting debut '' he had ever seen. Ronaldo scored his first goal for Manchester United with a free - kick in a 3 -- 0 win over Portsmouth on 1 November. Three other league goals followed in the second half of the campaign, the last of which came against Aston Villa on the final day of the season, a match in which he also received his first red card. Ronaldo ended his first season in English football by scoring the opening goal in United 's 3 -- 0 victory over Millwall in the FA Cup final, earning his first trophy.
At the start of 2005, Ronaldo played two of his best matches of the 2004 -- 05 season, producing a goal and an assist against Aston Villa and scoring twice against rivals Arsenal. After scoring four goals in United 's run to the FA Cup final, he played the full 120 minutes of the decisive match against Arsenal, which ended in a goalless draw, and scored his attempt in the lost penalty shootout. Ronaldo scored three braces during the next campaign, the 2005 -- 06 season, scoring two goals each against Bolton Wanderers, Fulham, and Portsmouth. He scored Manchester United 's 1000th Premier League goal on 29 October, their only strike in a 4 -- 1 loss to Middlesbrough. Midway through the season, in November, he signed a new contract which extended his previous deal by two years to 2010. Ronaldo won his second trophy in English football, the Football League Cup, after scoring the third goal in United 's 4 -- 0 final victory over Wigan Athletic.
During his third season in England, Ronaldo was involved in several incidents. He had a one - match ban imposed on him by UEFA for a "one - fingered gesture '' towards Benfica fans, and was sent off in the Manchester derby -- a 3 -- 1 defeat -- for kicking Manchester City 's former United player Andy Cole. Ronaldo clashed with a teammate, striker Ruud van Nistelrooy, who took offence at the winger 's showboating style of play. Following a training ground fight in January 2006, the two again fought in May, with Van Nistelrooy telling Ronaldo to "go crying to your daddy '', a reference to Ronaldo 's relationship with assistant manager Carlos Queiroz. Van Nistelrooy was left on the substitutes ' bench for the final game of the season against Charlton Athletic -- a 4 -- 0 victory in which Ronaldo scored his ninth league goal. Following the 2006 FIFA World Cup, in which he was involved in an incident where club teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off, Ronaldo publicly asked for a transfer, lamenting the lack of support he felt he had received from the club over the incident. United, however, denied the possibility of him leaving the club.
Although his World Cup altercation with Rooney resulted in Ronaldo being booed throughout the 2006 -- 07 season, it proved to be his breakout year, as he broke the 20 - goal barrier for the first time and won his first Premier League title. An important factor in this success was his one - to - one training by first - team coach René Meulensteen, who taught him to make himself more unpredictable, improve his teamwork, call for the ball, and capitalise on goalscoring opportunities rather than waiting for the chance to score the aesthetically pleasing goals for which he was already known. His upturn in form was showcased in November when he received a standing ovation from a section of Blackburn Rovers supporters as he was substituted. He scored three consecutive braces at the end of December, against Aston Villa -- a victory which put United on top of the league -- Wigan Athletic, and Reading. Ronaldo was named the Premier League Player of the Month in November and December, becoming only the third player to receive consecutive honours.
At the quarter - final stage of the 2006 -- 07 UEFA Champions League, Ronaldo scored his first - ever goals in the competition, finding the net twice in a 7 -- 1 victory over Roma. He subsequently scored four minutes into the first semi-final leg against Milan, which ended in a 3 -- 2 win, but was marked out of the second leg as United lost 3 -- 0 at the San Siro. He also helped United reach the FA Cup final, putting them 2 -- 1 up against Watford, but the decisive match against Chelsea ended in a 1 -- 0 defeat. Ronaldo scored the only goal in the Manchester derby on 5 May 2007 -- his 50th goal for the club -- as Manchester United claimed their first Premier League title in four years. As a result of his performances, he amassed a host of personal awards for the season. He won the Professional Footballers ' Association 's Player 's Player, Fans ' Player, and Young Player of the Year awards, as well as the Football Writers ' Association 's Footballer of the Year award, becoming the first player to win all four main PFA and FWA honours. His club wages were concurrently upgraded to £ 120,000 a week (£ 31 million total) as part of a five - year contract extension with United.
Ronaldo scored a total of 42 goals in all competitions during the 2007 -- 08 season, his most prolific campaign during his time in England. His first goal of the season came against his former club, Sporting, with a header in the first group match of the Champions League. He missed three matches after headbutting a Portsmouth player at the start of the season, an experience he said taught him not to let opponents provoke him, but still managed to score 13 league goals by the campaign 's midway point. At the end of 2007, Ronaldo was named runner - up to Kaká for the Ballon d'Or, and came third, behind Kaká and Lionel Messi, in the running for the FIFA World Player of the Year award.
Ronaldo scored his first and only hat - trick for Manchester United in a 6 -- 0 win against Newcastle United on 12 January 2008, bringing United up to the top of the Premier League table. A month later, on 19 March, he captained United for the first time in a home win over Bolton, and scored both goals of the match. His second goal was his 33rd of the campaign, which bettered George Best 's total of 32 goals in the 1967 -- 68 season, thus setting the club 's new single - season record by a midfielder. Ronaldo scored his final league goal of the season from the penalty spot in the title decider against Wigan on 11 May, as United claimed a second successive Premier League title. His 31 league goals earned him the Premier League Golden Boot, as well as the European Golden Shoe, which made him the first winger to win the latter award.
In the knockout stage of the Champions League, Ronaldo scored the decisive goal against Lyon, which helped United advance to the quarter - finals 2 -- 1 on aggregate, and, while playing as a striker, scored with a header in the 3 -- 0 aggregate victory over Roma. Despite him missing a penalty in the first leg against Barcelona, United eventually advanced to the final in Moscow, where they faced Chelsea. His opening goal was negated by an equaliser as the match ended in a 1 -- 1 draw, but although his penalty was saved in the shoot - out, Manchester United emerged victorious. As the Champions League top scorer, Ronaldo was named the UEFA Club Footballer of the Year. He additionally received the PFA Players ' Player of the Year and FWA Footballer of the Year awards for the second consecutive season.
As rumours circulated of Ronaldo 's interest in moving to Real Madrid, United filed a tampering complaint with governing body FIFA over Madrid 's alleged pursuit of their player, but they declined to take action. FIFA president Sepp Blatter asserted that the player should be allowed to leave his club, describing the situation as "modern slavery ''. Despite Ronaldo publicly agreeing with Blatter, he remained at United for another year. Ahead of the 2008 -- 09 season, on 7 July, he underwent ankle surgery, which kept him out of action for 10 weeks. Following his return, he scored his 100th goal in all competitions for United with the first of two free kicks in a 5 -- 0 win against Stoke City on 15 November, which meant he had now scored against all 19 opposition teams in the Premier League at the time. Five days later, he received the third red card of his career when he was sent off against Manchester City. At the close of 2008, Ronaldo helped United win the FIFA Club World Cup in Japan, assisting the final - winning goal against Liga de Quito and winning the Silver Ball in the process. He subsequently became United 's first Ballon d'Or winner since George Best in 1968, and the first Premier League player to be named the FIFA World Player of the Year.
Ronaldo scored his first Champions League goal of the season, and his first since the final against Chelsea, in a 2 -- 0 victory over Inter Milan, sending United into the quarter - finals. His match - winning goal in the second leg against Porto, a 40 - yard strike, earned him the inaugural FIFA Puskás Award, presented by FIFA in recognition of the best goal of the year; he later called it the best goal he had ever scored. He scored twice against Arsenal, including a free kick from 39 yards, as United advanced to the final in Rome, where he made little impact in United 's 2 -- 0 defeat to Barcelona. Ronaldo ended his time in England with nine trophies, as United claimed their third successive Premier League title and a Football League Cup. He finished the campaign with 26 goals in all competitions, 16 goals fewer than the previous season, in four more appearances. His final ever goal for Manchester United came on 10 May 2009 with a free kick in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford.
Ahead of the 2009 -- 10 season, Ronaldo joined Real Madrid for a world record transfer fee at the time, of £ 80 million (€ 94 million). His contract, which ran until 2015, was worth € 11 million per year and contained a € 1 billion buy - out clause. At least 80,000 fans attended his presentation at the Santiago Bernabéu, surpassing the 25 - year record of 75,000 fans who had welcomed Diego Maradona at Napoli. Since club captain Raúl already wore the number 7, the number Ronaldo wore at Manchester United, Ronaldo received the number 9 shirt, which was presented to him by the former Madrid player Alfredo Di Stéfano.
Ronaldo made his debut in La Liga on 29 August 2009, against Deportivo La Coruña, and scored from the penalty spot in Madrid 's 3 -- 2 home win. He scored in each of his first four league fixtures with the club, the first Madrid player to do so. His first Champions League goals for the club followed with two free kicks in the first group match against Zürich. His strong start to the season, however, was interrupted when he suffered an ankle injury in October while on international duty, which kept him sidelined for seven weeks. A week after his return, he received his first red card in Spain in a match against Almería. Midway through the season, Ronaldo placed second in the running for the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, behind Lionel Messi of Barcelona, Madrid 's historic rivals. He finished the campaign with 33 goals in all competitions, including a hat - trick in a 4 -- 1 win against Mallorca on 5 May 2010, his first in the Spanish competition. His first season at Real Madrid ended trophyless.
Following Raúl 's departure, Ronaldo was handed the number 7 shirt for Real Madrid before the 2010 -- 11 season. His subsequent return to his Ballon d'Or - winning form was epitomised when, for the first time in his career, he scored four goals in a single match during a 6 -- 1 rout against Racing Santander on 23 October. His haul concluded a goalscoring run of six consecutive matches -- three in La Liga, one in the Champions League, and two for Portugal -- totalling 11 goals, the most he had scored in a single month. Ronaldo subsequently scored further hat - tricks against Athletic Bilbao, Levante, Villarreal, and Málaga. Despite his performance, he failed to make the podium for the inaugural FIFA Ballon d'Or at the end of 2010.
During a historical series of four Clásicos against rivals Barcelona in April 2011, Ronaldo scored twice to equal his personal record of 42 goals in all competitions in a single season. Although he failed to find the net during Madrid 's eventual elimination in the Champions League semi-finals, he equalised from the penalty spot in the return league game and scored the match - winning goal in the 103rd minute of the Copa del Rey final, winning his first trophy in Spain. Over the next two weeks, Ronaldo scored another four - goal haul against Sevilla, a hat - trick against Getafe, and a brace of free kicks against Villarreal, taking his league total to 38 goals, which equalled the record for most goals scored in a season held by Telmo Zarra and Hugo Sánchez. His two goals in the last match of the season, against Almería, made him the first player in La Liga to score 40 goals. In addition to the Pichichi Trophy, Ronaldo consequently won the European Golden Shoe for a second time, becoming the first player to win the award in two different leagues. He ended his second season at Real Madrid with a total of 53 goals in all competitions.
During the following campaign, the 2011 -- 12 season, Ronaldo surpassed his previous goalscoring feats to achieve a new personal best of 60 goals across all competitions. His 100th goal for Real Madrid came at Camp Nou in the Supercopa de España, though Barcelona claimed the trophy 5 -- 4 on aggregate. He regained a place on the FIFA Ballon d'Or podium, as runner - up to Messi, after scoring hat - tricks against Real Zaragoza, Rayo Vallecano, Málaga, Osasuna, and Sevilla, the last of which put Madrid on top of the league by the season 's midway point. Despite two goals from Ronaldo, Madrid were subsequently defeated by Barcelona 4 -- 3 on aggregrate in the quarter - finals of the Copa del Rey. He again scored twice, including a penalty, in the Champions League semi-finals against Bayern Munich, resulting in a 3 -- 3 draw, but his penalty kick in the shootout was saved by Manuel Neuer, leading to Madrid 's elimination.
Ronaldo found greater team success in the league, as he helped Real Madrid win their first La Liga title in four years, with a record 100 points. Following a hat - trick against Levante, further increasing Madrid 's lead over Barcelona, he scored his 100th league goal for Madrid in a 5 -- 1 win over Real Sociedad on 24 March 2012, a milestone he reached in just 92 matches across three seasons, breaking the previous club record held by Ferenc Puskás. Another hat - trick in the Madrid derby against Atlético Madrid brought his total to 40 league goals, equalling his record of the previous season. His final league goal of the campaign, against Mallorca, took his total to 46 goals, four short of the new record set by Messi, and earned him the distinction of being the first player to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season in La Liga.
Ronaldo began the 2012 -- 13 season by lifting the Supercopa de España, his third trophy in Spain. With a goal in each leg by the Portuguese, Madrid won the Spanish Super Cup on away goals following a 4 -- 4 aggregate draw against Barcelona. Although Ronaldo publicly commented that he was unhappy with a "professional issue '' within the club, prompted by his refusal to celebrate his 150th goal for Madrid, his goalscoring rate did not suffer. After netting a hat - trick, including two penalties, against Deportivo La Coruña, he scored his first hat - trick in the Champions League in a 4 -- 1 victory over Ajax. Four days later, he became the first player to score in six successive Clásicos when he hit a brace in a 2 -- 2 draw at Camp Nou. His performances in 2012 again saw Ronaldo voted second in the running for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, finishing runner - up to four - time winner Messi.
Following the 2012 -- 13 winter break, Ronaldo captained Real Madrid for the first time in an official match, scoring a brace to lift 10 - man Madrid to a 4 -- 3 victory over Real Sociedad on 6 January. He subsequently became the first non-Spanish player in 60 years to captain Madrid in El Clásico on 30 January, a match which also marked his 500th club appearance. Three days prior, he had scored his 300th club goal as part of a perfect hat - trick against Getafe. Following hat - tricks against Celta Vigo and Sevilla, he scored his 200th goal for Real Madrid on 8 May in a 6 -- 2 win against Málaga, reaching the landmark in 197 games. He helped Madrid reach the Copa del Rey final by scoring a brace in El Clásico, which marked the sixth successive match at Camp Nou in which he had scored, a Real Madrid record. In the final, he headed the opening goal of an eventual 2 -- 1 defeat to Atlético Madrid, but was shown a straight red card in the 114th minute for violent conduct. Real Madrid also failed to defend their La Liga title, finishing runners up to Barcelona.
In the first knockout round of the Champions League, Ronaldo faced his former club Manchester United for the first time. After scoring the equaliser in a 1 -- 1 draw at the Santiago Bernabéu, he scored the match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory at Old Trafford, his first return to his former home grounds. Ronaldo scored three goals in Madrid 's 5 -- 3 aggregate victory over Galatasaray to see them advance to the semi-finals, He scored Madrid 's only goal in the 4 -- 1 away defeat to Borussia Dortmund, but failed to increase his side 's 2 -- 0 victory in the second leg, as they were eliminated at the semi-final stage for the third consecutive year. Ronaldo had scored 12 goals, finishing as the Champions League top goalscorer for a second time in his career. Accounting for all competitions, he ended the season with a total of 55 goals.
Real Madrid 's failure to win major silverware and reports of division among the players prompted speculation regarding Ronaldo 's future at the club. At the start of the 2013 -- 14 season, however, he signed a new contract that extended his stay by three years to 2018, with a salary of € 17 million net, making him briefly the highest - paid player in football. He was joined at the club by winger Gareth Bale, whose world record transfer fee of € 100 million surpassed the fee Madrid had paid for Ronaldo four years prior. Together with striker Karim Benzema, they formed an attacking trio popularly dubbed "BBC '', an acronym of Bale, Benzema, and Cristiano. After enjoying a strong goalscoring run during the first half of the campaign, Ronaldo suggested that he was in the best form of his career. By late November, he had scored 32 goals from 22 matches played for both club and country, including hat - tricks against Galatasaray, Sevilla, Real Sociedad, Northern Ireland, and Sweden. He ended 2013 with a total of 69 goals in 59 appearances, his highest year - end goal tally. His efforts earned him the FIFA Ballon d'Or, an amalgamation of the Ballon d'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award, for the first time in his career.
Concurrently with his individual achievements, Ronaldo enjoyed his greatest team success in Spain to date, as he helped Real Madrid win La Décima, their tenth European Cup. In the knockout phase of the competition, he scored a brace in each leg of a 9 -- 2 aggregate win against Schalke 04, helping Madrid advance to the quarter - finals. His goal in a 3 -- 0 home win over Borussia Dortmund -- his 100th Champions League match -- took his total for the season to 14 goals, equalling the record Messi had set two years before. After hitting a brace in a 4 -- 0 defeat of Bayern Munich at the Allianz Arena, he scored from the penalty spot in the 120th minute of the 4 -- 1 final victory over Atlético Madrid, becoming the first player to score in two European Cup finals for two different winning teams. His overall performance in the final was subdued as a result of patellar tendinitis and related hamstring problems, which had plagued him in the last months of the campaign. Ronaldo played the final against medical advice, later commenting: "In your life you do not win without sacrifices and you must take risks. '' As the Champions League top goalscorer for the third time, with a record 17 goals, he was named the UEFA Best Player in Europe.
In the Copa del Rey, Ronaldo helped Madrid reach the final by scoring a brace of penalties against Atlético Madrid at the Vicente Calderón, the first of which meant he had now scored in every single minute of a 90 - minute football match. His continued issues with his knee and thigh caused him to miss the final, where Real Madrid defeated Barcelona 2 -- 1 to claim the trophy. While Madrid were less successful in La Liga, finishing third, Ronaldo was unmatched as a goalscorer. He scored 31 goals in 30 league games, which earned him the Pichichi and the European Golden Shoe, receiving the latter award jointly with Liverpool striker Luis Suárez. Among his haul was his 400th career goal, in 653 appearances for club and country, which came with a brace against Celta Vigo on 6 January; he dedicated his goals to compatriot Eusébio, who had died two days before. A last - minute, backheeled volley scored against Valencia on 4 May -- his 50th goal in all competitions -- was recognised as the best goal of the season by the Liga de Fútbol Profesional, which additionally named Ronaldo the Best Player in La Liga.
During the next campaign, the 2014 -- 15 season, Ronaldo set a new personal best of 61 goals in all competitions, starting with both goals in Real Madrid 's 2 -- 0 victory over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup. He subsequently achieved his best - ever goalscoring start to a league campaign, with a record 15 goals in the first eight rounds of La Liga, including a four - goal haul against Elche and hat - tricks against Deportivo La Coruña and Athletic Bilbao. His record 23rd hat - trick in La Liga, scored against Celta Vigo on 6 December, made him the fastest player to reach 200 goals in the Spanish league, as he reached the milestone in only his 178th game. After lifting the FIFA Club World Cup with Madrid in Morocco, again winning the Silver Ball, Ronaldo received a second successive FIFA Ballon d'Or, joining Johan Cruyff, Michel Platini, and Marco van Basten as a three - time Ballon d'Or winner.
Following the winter break, Ronaldo 's form faltered, concurrently with a decline in performance by his team. A 2 -- 1 defeat against Valencia in the first match of 2015, despite his opening goal, ended Real Madrid 's Spanish record winning streak of 22 matches in all competitions. Their season continued unsuccessfully as they failed to win a major trophy, earning a second - place league finish and a semi-final exit in Europe. In the latter competition, Ronaldo extended his run of scoring away to a record 12 matches with his strike in a 2 -- 0 win against Schalke 04, before hitting a brace in the 3 -- 4 return defeat that allowed Madrid to progress to the quarter - finals. He then scored both of his side 's goals in the semi-finals against Juventus, where Madrid were eliminated 2 -- 3 on aggregate. With 10 goals, he finished the campaign as top scorer for a third consecutive season, alongside Messi and Neymar.
In La Liga, where Madrid finished second, Ronaldo went on a prolific goalscoring run towards the very end of the season. For the first time in his career, he scored five goals in one game, including an eight - minute hat - trick, in a 9 -- 1 rout of Granada on 5 April. His 300th goal for his club followed three days later in a 2 -- 0 win against Rayo Vallecano. Subsequent hat - tricks against Sevilla, Espanyol, and Getafe took his number of hat - tricks for Real Madrid to 31, surpassing Di Stéfano 's club record of 28 trebles. As a result, Ronaldo finished the season with 48 goals, two ahead of his total in the 2011 -- 12 season, despite having missed two matches in February for assaulting a Córdoba player. In addition to a second consecutive Pichichi, he won the European Golden Shoe for a record fourth time.
At the start of his seventh season at Real Madrid, the 2015 -- 16 campaign, Ronaldo became the club 's all - time top scorer, first in the league and then in all competitions. His five - goal haul in a 6 -- 0 away win over Espanyol on 12 September took his tally in La Liga to 230 goals in 203 games, surpassing the club 's previous recordholder, Raúl. A month later, on 17 October, he again surpassed Raúl when he scored the second goal in a 3 -- 0 defeat of Levante at the Bernabéu to take his overall total for the club to 324 goals. Ronaldo also became the all - time top scorer in the Champions League with a hat - trick in the first group match against Shakhtar Donetsk, having finished the previous season level with Messi on 77 goals. A brace against Malmö FF, scoring in a 2 -- 0 away win on 30 September, saw him reach the milestone of 500 career goals for both club and country. He subsequently became the first player to score double figures in the competition 's group stage, setting the record at 11 goals, including another four - goal haul against Malmö.
Despite finishing runner - up to Messi for the FIFA Ballon d'Or, Ronaldo received criticism for his form and performances against top teams, with 14 of his goals coming against Espanyol and Malmö. However, during the second half of the season, his form gradually improved. By scoring four goals in a 7 -- 1 home win over Celta de Vigo on 5 March 2016, Ronaldo arrived at 252 goals in La Liga to become the competition 's second - highest scorer in history behind Messi. After netting the match - winning goal for 10 - man Madrid in a 2 -- 1 Clásico victory on 2 April, he scored a hat - trick against VfL Wolfsburg to send his club into the Champions League semi-finals despite a 2 -- 0 first - leg defeat. The treble took his tally in the competition to 16 goals, making him the top scorer for the fourth consecutive season and the fifth overall. Suffering apparent fitness issues, Ronaldo gave a poorly - received performance in the final against Atlético Madrid, in a repeat of the 2014 final, though his penalty in the subsequent shoot - out secured La Undécima, Madrid 's 11th victory. For the sixth successive year, he ended the season having scored more than 50 goals across all competitions. For his efforts during the season, he received the UEFA Best Player in Europe Award for a second time.
Ronaldo missed Real Madrid 's first three matches of the 2016 -- 17 season, including the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, as he continued to rehabilitate the knee injury he suffered against France in the final of Euro 2016. On 6 November 2016, Ronaldo signed a new contract which will keep him until 2021 with Madrid. On 19 November, he scored a hat - trick in a 3 -- 0 away win against Atlético Madrid, making him the all - time top - scorer in the Madrid derby with 18 goals. On 15 December 2016, Ronaldo scored his 500th club career goal in the 2 -- 0 victory over Club América in the semi-finals of the FIFA Club World Cup. He then scored a hat - trick in the 4 -- 2 win over Japanese club Kashima Antlers in the final. Ronaldo finished the tournament as top scorer with four goals and was also named the best player of the tournament. He won the Ballon d'Or for a fourth time and the inaugural Best FIFA Men 's Player, a revival of the old - style FIFA World Player of the Year, largely owing to his success with Portugal in winning Euro 2016.
In Real Madrid 's 3 -- 2 away win against Villarreal on 27 February 2017, Ronaldo overtook Hugo Sánchez as the most prolific penalty - kick scorer in La Liga history. As a result of the penalty scored by Ronaldo, Real Madrid reached its 5,900 th goal in the history of the league and became the first team to do so. On 12 April 2017, in the 2016 -- 17 UEFA Champions League quarter - final against Bayern Munich, Ronaldo scored two goals in a 2 -- 1 away win to give Madrid the win and the lead going into the second leg. The two goals saw him make history in becoming the first player to reach 100 goals in UEFA club competition. During the second leg of the quarter - finals, Ronaldo scored a perfect hat - trick and reached his 100th UEFA Champions League goal, becoming the first player to do so as Real Madrid again defeated Bayern 4 -- 2 after extra-time. On 2 May 2017, Ronaldo scored another hat - trick in the following Champions League match, as Real defeated Atlético Madrid 3 -- 0 in the semi-final first leg. His hat - trick made him the first player to reach 50 goals in the knockout stage of the competition.
On 17 May, Ronaldo overtook Jimmy Greaves as the all - time top - scorer in the top five European leagues, scoring a brace against Celta de Vigo. He finished the season with 42 goals in all competitions as he helped Madrid to win their first La Liga title since 2012 and the first team to win back - to - back finals in the Champions League era; the first to win consecutive European titles in the competition since Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. In the 2017 final, he scored two goals in the victory against Juventus and became the top goalscorer for the fifth - straight season, and sixth overall, with 12 goals, while also becoming the first person to score in three finals in the Champions League era as well as reaching his 600th senior career goal. Real Madrid 's title was its 12th, also known as La Duodécima, extending its record, and its third in four years.
At the start of the 2017 -- 18 season, Ronaldo scored Madrid 's second goal in a 3 -- 1 Supercopa de España first - leg victory over Barcelona at Camp Nou. Having received a yellow card for taking his top off during his goal celebrations, he was sent off for a second yellow card offence minutes later before he shoved the referee lightly to depict his dissatisfaction. He was handed a five - match ban following the game. In his 400th game for Real Madrid, Ronaldo scored two goals away to Borussia Dortmund in the Champions league, taking his tally to 411 goals. On 23 October his performances in the first half of 2017 saw him claim his fifth FIFA Player of the Year award by receiving The Best FIFA Men 's Player award for the second consecutive year. On 6 December Ronaldo became the first player to score in all six Champions League group stage matches with a curling strike at home to Borussia Dortmund. A day later, 7 December 2017, Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or for a fifth time in his career, receiving the award on the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
A Portuguese international, Ronaldo began his youth career in 2001. Apart from the under - 15 team, he also represented the under - 17, under - 20, under - 21, and under - 23 national sides, amassing 34 youth caps and scoring 18 goals overall. He represented his country at the 2002 UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship, where they failed to progress past the group stage. Ronaldo also featured in the Olympic squad at the 2004 Summer Olympics, scoring one goal in the tournament, though the team was eliminated in the first round, finishing bottom of their group with three points after 4 -- 2 defeats to eventual semi-finalists Iraq and quarter - finalists Costa Rica.
At age 18, Ronaldo earned his first senior cap in a 1 -- 0 victory over Kazakhstan on 20 August 2003. He was subsequently called up for UEFA Euro 2004, held in his home country, and scored his first international goal in a 2 -- 1 group stage loss to eventual champions Greece. After converting his penalty in a shootout against England at the quarter - final stage, he helped Portugal reach the final by scoring the opening goal in a 2 -- 1 win over the Netherlands, but the crucial last match ended in a 0 -- 1 defeat. He was featured in the team of the tournament, having provided two assists in addition to his two goals.
Ronaldo was the second - highest scorer in the European qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup with seven goals. During the tournament, he scored his first World Cup goal against Iran with a penalty kick in Portugal 's second match of the group stage. In the quarter - finals against England, his Manchester United teammate Wayne Rooney was sent off for stamping on Portugal defender Ricardo Carvalho. Although the referee later clarified that the red card was only due to Rooney 's infraction, the English media speculated that Ronaldo had influenced his decision by aggressively complaining, after which he was seen in replays winking at Portugal 's bench following Rooney 's dismissal. Ronaldo was subsequently booed during their 1 -- 0 semi-final defeat to France. FIFA 's Technical Study Group overlooked him for the tournament 's Best Young Player award, citing his behaviour as a factor in the decision.
One day after his 22nd birthday, Ronaldo captained Portugal for the first time in a friendly game against Brazil on 6 February 2007, as requested by Portuguese Football Federation president Carlos Silva, who had died two days earlier. Ahead of Euro 2008, he was given the number 7 shirt for the first time. While he scored eight goals in the qualification, the second - highest tally, he scored just one goal in the tournament, netting the second goal of their 3 -- 1 win in the group stage match against the Czech Republic, where he was named man of the match. Portugal were eliminated in the quarter - finals with a 3 -- 2 loss against eventual finalists Germany.
After Portugal 's unsuccessful performance in the European Championship, Luiz Felipe Scolari was replaced as coach by Carlos Queiroz, formerly the assistant manager at United. Queiroz made Ronaldo the squad 's permanent captain in July 2008. Ronaldo failed to score a single goal in the qualification for the 2010 World Cup, as Portugal narrowly avoided a premature elimination from the tournament with a play - off victory over Bosnia. At the group stage of the World Cup, he was named man of the match in all three matches against Côte d'Ivoire, North Korea, and Brazil. His only goal of the tournament came in their 7 -- 0 rout of North Korea, which marked his first international goal in 16 months. Portugal 's World Cup ended with a 1 -- 0 loss against eventual champions Spain in the round of 16.
Ronaldo scored seven goals in the qualification for Euro 2012, including two strikes against Bosnia in the play - offs, to send Portugal into the tournament, where they were drawn in a "group of death ''. After the opening 0 -- 1 defeat to Germany, he also failed to score in the 3 -- 2 win against Denmark, missing two clear one - on - one chances. He redeemed himself in the last group match against the Netherlands, where he scored twice to secure a 2 -- 1 victory, and the quarter - finals against the Czech Republic, scoring a header to give his team a 1 -- 0 win. He was named man of the match against both opponents. After the semi-finals against Spain ended scoreless, with Ronaldo having sent three shots over the bar, Portugal were eliminated in the penalty shootout. Ronaldo did not take a penalty as he had been slated to take the unused fifth, a decision that drew criticism. As the joint top scorer with three goals, alongside five other players, he was again included in the team of the tournament.
During the qualification for the 2014 World Cup, Ronaldo scored a total of eight goals. A qualifying match on 17 October 2012, a 1 -- 1 draw against Northern Ireland, earned him his 100th cap. His first international hat - trick also came against Northern Ireland, when he found the net three times in a 15 - minute spell of a 4 -- 2 qualifying victory on 6 September 2013. After Portugal failed to qualify during the regular campaign, Ronaldo scored all four of the team 's goals in the play - offs against Sweden, which ensured their place at the tournament. His hat - trick in the second leg took his international tally to 47 goals, equalling Pauleta 's record. Ronaldo subsequently scored twice in a 5 -- 1 friendly win over Cameroon on 5 March 2014 to become his country 's all - time top scorer.
Ronaldo took part in the tournament despite suffering from patellar tendinitis and a related thigh injury, potentially risking his career. Ronaldo later commented: "If we had two or three Cristiano Ronaldos in the team I would feel more comfortable. But we do n't. '' Despite ongoing doubts over his fitness, being forced to abort practice twice, Ronaldo played the full 90 minutes of the opening match against Germany, though he was unable to prevent a 4 -- 0 defeat. After assisting an injury - time 2 -- 2 equaliser against the United States, he scored a late match - winning goal in a 2 -- 1 victory over Ghana. His 50th international goal made him the first Portuguese to play and score in three World Cups. Portugal were eliminated from the tournament at the close of the group stage on goal difference.
Ronaldo scored five goals, including a hat - trick against Armenia, in the qualification for Euro 2016. With the only goal in another victory over Armenia on 14 November 2014, he reached 23 goals in the European Championship, including qualifying matches, to become the competition 's all - time leading goalscorer. At the start of the tournament, however, Ronaldo failed to convert his chances in Portugal 's draws against Iceland and Austria, despite taking a total of 20 shots on goal. In the latter match, he overtook Luís Figo as his nation 's most capped player with his 128th international appearance, which ended scoreless after he missed a penalty in the second half. With two goals and an assist in the last match of the group stage, a 3 -- 3 draw against Hungary, Ronaldo became the first player to score in four European Championships, having made a record 17 appearances in the tournament. Though placed third in their group behind Hungary and Iceland, his team qualified for the knockout round as a result of the competition 's newly expanded format.
In Portugal 's first knockout match, Ronaldo 's only attempt on goal was parried by Croatia 's goalkeeper into the path of Ricardo Quaresma, whose finish then secured a 1 -- 0 victory late in extra time. After his team progressed past Poland on penalties, Ronaldo became the first player to participate in three European Championship semi-finals; he scored the opening goal and assisted a second in a 2 -- 0 win against Wales, equalling Michel Platini as the competition 's all - time top scorer with 9 goals. In the final against hosts France, Ronaldo was forced off after just 25 minutes following a challenge from Dimitri Payet; after multiple treatments and attempts to play on, he was stretchered off the pitch and replaced by Quaresma. During extra time, substitute Eder scored in the 109th minute to earn Portugal a 1 -- 0 victory. As team captain, Ronaldo later lifted the trophy in celebration of his country 's first - ever triumph in a major tournament. He was awarded the Silver Boot as the joint second - highest goalscorer, with three goals and three assists, and was named to the team of the tournament for the third time in his career.
Following the Euro 2016 success, Ronaldo scored four goals against Andorra in the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers on 8 October 2016. His four goals against a nine - man team marked the highest number of goals he has scored in an international match. On 13 November, Ronaldo scored two goals (while also missing a penalty) in another qualifier against Latvia, which ended in a 4 -- 1 home victory; these goals brought his international tally to 68 goals, putting level with Gerd Müller and Robbie Keane as the fourth - highest European international goalscorer of all time. He played his first professional match on his home island of Madeira on 28 March 2017 at the age of 32, opening a 2 -- 3 friendly defeat to Sweden at the Estádio dos Barreiros; with the goal, he tied with Miroslav Klose on 71 goals as the third - highest scoring European in international football.
In Portugal 's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup against Mexico on 17 June, Cristiano Ronaldo set - up Quaresma 's opening goal in a 2 -- 2 draw. Three days later, he scored in a 1 -- 0 win over hosts Russia. On 24 June, he scored from a penalty in a 4 -- 0 win over New Zealand, which saw Portugal top their group and advance to the semi-finals of the competition; with his 75th international goal, Ronaldo also equalled Sándor Kocsis as the second - highest European international goalscorer of all time, behind only Ferenc Puskás. He was named man of the match in all three of Portugal 's group matches. Ronaldo left the competition early. After Chile defeated Portugal 3 -- 0 on penalties in the semi-finals, he was allowed to return home to be with his newborn children. Therefore, he missed Portugal 's third - place play - off match in which Portugal defeated Mexico 2 -- 1 after extra time.
On 31 August 2017, Ronaldo scored a hat - trick in a 5 -- 1 win in a World Cup qualifier over the Faroe Islands, which saw him overtake Pelé and equal Hussein Saeed as the joint - fifth - highest goalscorer in international football, with 78 goals. These goals brought his tally in the 2018 World Cup qualifiers to 14, equalling Predrag Mijatović 's record for most goals in a single UEFA senior men 's qualifying campaign, and also saw him break the record for the most goals scored in a single European qualifying group, overtaking the previous record of 13 goals set by David Healy and Robert Lewandowski; Ronaldo 's hat - trick took his World Cup qualifying goals total to 29, making him the highest scorer in European World Cup qualifiers, ahead of Andriy Shevchenko, and the highest goalscorer in World Cup qualifying and finals matches combined, with 32 goals, ahead of Miroslav Klose.
A versatile attacker, Ronaldo is capable of playing on either wing as well as through the centre of the pitch, and, while ostensibly right - footed, is very strong with both feet. He ranks among the world 's fastest footballers, both with and without the ball. Tactically, Ronaldo has undergone several evolutions throughout his career. While at Sporting and during his first season at Manchester United, he was typically deployed as a traditional winger on the right side of midfield, where he regularly looked to deliver crosses into the penalty area. In this position, he was able to use his pace and acceleration, agility, and technical skills to take on opponents in one - on - one situations. Ronaldo became noted for his dribbling and flair, often displaying an array of tricks and feints, such as the step overs that became his trademark.
As Ronaldo matured, he underwent a major physical transformation, developing a muscular body type that allows him to retain possession of the ball. His strength, combined with his elevation and height of 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in), awarded him an edge in winning aerial challenges for balls; consequently, many of his goals have been headers. Concurrently with his increased stamina and work - rate, his goalscoring ability improved drastically on the left wing, where he was given the positional freedom to move into the centre to finish attacks. He also increasingly played a creative role for his team, participating in build - up plays courtesy of his good vision and passing ability.
In his final seasons at United, Ronaldo played an even more attacking and central role, functioning both as a striker and as a supporting forward, or even as an attacking midfielder on occasion. He developed into a prolific goalscorer, capable of finishing well both inside the penalty area and from distance with an accurate and powerful shot. An accurate penalty kick taker, he also became a set piece specialist, renowned for his powerful, bending free kicks, though his ability in this regard deteriorated later on in his career.
At Real Madrid, he continued to play a more offensive role, while his creative and defensive duties became more limited. Initially deployed as a centre forward, he was later moved back onto the left wing, though in a free tactical role, allowing him to drift into the centre at will. Madrid 's counter-attacking style of play allowed him to become a more efficient and consistent player, as evidenced by his record - breaking goalscoring feats. From 2013 onwards, he effectively adapted his style to the physical effects of ageing with increasingly reduced off - the - ball movement and general involvement, instead focusing on short - distance goalscoring.
Ronaldo is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Lionel Messi, and as one of the best players to ever play the game. Acclaimed for his prolific and consistent goalscoring ability, he is considered a decisive player, who stands out in games and who can be a game changer. Ronaldo is noted for his work ethic and dedication to improvement on the training pitch. His drive and determination to succeed are fuelled by a desire to carve his name in history alongside football players such as Pelé and Diego Maradona.
Ronaldo has at times been criticised for diving when tackled, about which his Madrid teammate Sergio Ramos responded after a 3 -- 1 victory over Barcelona in the Spanish Super Cup: "He was a long way from me. I think it was a moment of play that unbalanced him and he did n't feign anything, ''. Despite his talent, he was also occasionally criticised early in his career by manager Alex Ferguson, teammates and the media for being a selfish or overly flamboyant player.
Earlier in his career, Ronaldo had also been described as having an "arrogant image '' on the pitch, with Ronaldo stating that he had become a "victim '', because of how he was portrayed in the media. He is often seen moaning, gesticulating and scowling while trying to inspire his team to victory, with Ronaldo insisting that his competitive nature should not be mistaken for arrogance. His managers, teammates and various journalists have commented that this reputation has caused an unfair image of him. In 2014, Ronaldo told France Football that he had made a "mistake '' when he said in 2011, "People are jealous of me as I am young, handsome and rich '', adding that he had matured since then and fans understood him better.
Both players have scored in at least two UEFA Champions League finals and have regularly broken the 50 - goal barrier in a single season. Sports journalists and pundits regularly argue the individual merits of both players in an attempt to argue who they believe is the best player in modern football. It has been compared to sports rivalries such as the Muhammad Ali -- Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Borg -- McEnroe rivalry in tennis, and the Ayrton Senna -- Alain Prost rivalry from Formula One motor racing.
Some commentators choose to analyse the differing physiques and playing styles of the two, while part of the debate revolves around the contrasting personalities of the two players: Ronaldo is sometimes depicted as an arrogant and theatrical showoff, while Messi is portrayed as a shy, humble character.
In a 2012 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry, saying "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high '', while Ronaldo 's manager during his time at Manchester United, Alex Ferguson, opined that "I do n't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best ''. Messi himself denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I 've never fought with Cristiano ''. Responding to the claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented, "We do n't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we do n't with a lot of other players '', before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating; "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it 's a good thing. '' Representing archrivals Barcelona and Real Madrid, the two players face each other at least twice every season in the world 's biggest club game, El Clásico, which had a global audience of 400 million viewers in March 2014.
In a debate at Oxford Union in October 2013, when asked whether FIFA president Sepp Blatter preferred Messi or Ronaldo, Blatter paid tribute to the work ethic of the Argentine before taking a swipe at Ronaldo, claiming "one of them has more expenses for the hairdresser than the other ''. Real Madrid demanded -- and promptly received -- a full apology, and the Portuguese issued his own riposte with a mock - salute celebration after scoring a penalty against Sevilla, after Blatter had described him as a "commander '' on the pitch.
Forbes has twice ranked Ronaldo first on their list of the world 's highest - paid football players; his combined income from salaries, bonuses and non-football earnings was $73 million in 2013 -- 14 and $79 million in 2014 -- 15. The latter earnings saw him listed behind only boxer Floyd Mayweather, Jr. on the magazine 's list of The World 's Highest - Paid Athletes. In 2016, he became the first footballer to top the Forbes list of highest - earning athletes, with a total income of $88 million from his salary and endorsements in 2015 -- 16. He topped the list for the second straight year with earnings of $93 million in 2016 -- 17. Ronaldo is one of the world 's most marketable athletes: SportsPro rated him the fifth most marketable athlete in 2012, and eighth most marketable athlete in 2013, with Brazilian footballer Neymar topping both lists. Sports market research company Repucom named Ronaldo the most marketable and most recognised football player in the world in May 2014. He was additionally named in the 2014 Time 100, Time 's annual list of the most influential people in the world. ESPN named Ronaldo the world 's most famous athlete in 2016 and 2017.
As his reputation grew from his time at Manchester United, Ronaldo signed many sponsorship deals for consumer products, including e.g. sportswear (he wears Nike Mercurial Vapor CR7 boots), soft drinks, clothing, automotive lubricants, financial services, electronics, computer video games, and much more. Ronaldo was featured as the cover athlete of EA Sports ' FIFA video game FIFA 18 and he was heavily involved the in game 's promotion.
Ronaldo has established a strong online presence; the most popular sportsperson on social media, he counted 158 million total followers across Facebook, Twitter and Instagram by June 2015. As of June 2015, he has the world 's biggest Facebook fanbase with 103 million followers: he became the first sportsperson to reach 50 million followers in August 2010, and in October 2014, he became the first sportsperson, and the second person after Shakira, to reach 100 million followers. By June 2017, Ronaldo had 277 million followers across social media. His sponsors earned $936 million in media value across his social media accounts between June 2016 to June 2017. Ronaldo has released two mobile apps: in December 2011, he launched an iPhone game called Heads Up with Cristiano, created by developer RockLive, and in December 2013, he launched Viva Ronaldo, a dedicated social networking website and mobile app. Computer security company McAfee produced a 2012 report ranking footballers by the probability of an internet search for their name leading to an unsafe website, with Ronaldo 's name first on the list.
Ronaldo 's life and person have been the subject of several works. His autobiography, titled Moments, was published in December 2007. His sponsor Castro produced the television film Ronaldo: Tested to the Limit, in which he is physically and mentally tested in several areas; his physical performance was consequently subject to scrutiny by world media upon the film 's release in September 2011. Cristiano Ronaldo: The World at His Feet, a documentary narrated by the actor Benedict Cumberbatch, was released via Vimeo in June 2014. A documentary film about his life and career, titled Ronaldo, was released worldwide on 9 November 2015. Directed by BAFTA - winner Anthony Wonke, the film is produced and distributed by Universal Pictures, while Asif Kapadia is the executive producer.
In 2007, C.D. Nacional renamed their youth campus Cristiano Ronaldo Campus Futebol (Cristiano Ronaldo Football Campus). In December 2013, Ronaldo opened a museum, Museu CR7, in his hometown of Funchal, Madeira, to house trophies and memorabilia of his life and playing career; the museum is an official sponsor of the local football team União da Madeira. At a ceremony held at the Belém Palace in January 2014, President of Portugal Aníbal Cavaco Silva raised Ronaldo to the rank of Grand Officer of the Order of Prince Henry, "to distinguish an athlete of world renown who has been a symbol of Portugal globally, contributing to the international projection of the country and setting an example of tenacity for future generations ''. A bronze statue of Ronaldo, designed by artist Ricardo Madeira Veloso, was unveiled in Funchal on 21 December 2014.
In June 2010, during the build - up to the World Cup, Ronaldo became the fourth footballer -- after Steven Gerrard, Pelé and David Beckham -- to be represented as a waxwork at Madame Tussauds London. Another waxwork of him was presented at the Madrid Wax Museum in December 2013. In June 2015, astronomers led by David Sobral from Lisbon and Leiden discovered a galaxy which they named CR7 (Cosmos Redshift 7) in tribute to Cristiano Ronaldo in reference to his CR7 mantle (his initials and shirt number). On 23 July 2016, following Portugal 's triumph at Euro 2016, Madeira Airport in Funchal was renamed the Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport. The unveiling of the rebranded terminal took place on 29 March 2017, which included a bust of his head being presented. Neither the bust nor the name change were unanimous, with the lack of the bust 's likeness to Ronaldo being ridicularized by Saturday Night Live 's character Cecilia Giminez portrayed by comedian and actress Kate McKinnon, while the name change was subject to much debate locally by some politicians and citizens who even started a petition against the move -- action that was criticised by Miguel Albuquerque, the president of Madeira.
Ronaldo 's father, José Dinis Aveiro, died of an alcoholism - related liver condition at age 52 in September 2005 when Ronaldo was 20. Ronaldo has said that he does not drink alcohol, and he received libel damages over a Daily Mirror article that reported him drinking heavily in a nightclub while recovering from an injury in July 2008.
Ronaldo was in a relationship with Russian model Irina Shayk from 2010 -- 2015. Ronaldo became father to a son in June 2010. Ronaldo announced that he had full custody. Ronaldo has never publicly revealed the identity of his son 's mother. In June 2017, Ronaldo confirmed on Facebook that he had become the father to twins. In November 2017, his girlfriend Georgina Rodriguez gave birth to their daughter.
Television footage of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami showed an eight - year - old boy survivor named Martunis wearing a number 7 Portuguese football shirt who was stranded for 19 days after his family was killed. Following this, Ronaldo visited Aceh, Indonesia, to raise funds for rehabilitation and reconstruction. After accepting undisclosed damages from a libel case against The Sun newspaper in 2008, Ronaldo donated the damages to a charity in Madeira. In 2009, Ronaldo donated £ 100,000 to the hospital that saved his mother 's life in Madeira following her battle with cancer, so that they could build a cancer centre on the island. In support of the victims of the 2010 Madeira flood, Ronaldo pledged to play in a charity match in Madeira between Primeira Liga club Porto and players from Madeiran - based clubs Marítimo and Nacional.
In 2012, Ronaldo and his agent paid for specialist treatment for a nine - year - old Canarian boy with apparently terminal cancer. In November 2012, Ronaldo sold the golden boot he had won in 2011 for € 1.5 million and gave the money to fund schools for children in Gaza. In December 2012, Ronaldo joined FIFA 's ' 11 for Health ' programme to raise awareness amongst kids of how to steer clear of conditions including drug addiction, HIV, malaria and obesity.
In January 2013, Ronaldo became Save the Children 's new Global Artist Ambassador, in which he hopes to help fight child hunger and obesity. In March, Ronaldo agreed to be the ambassador for The Mangrove Care Forum in Indonesia, an organisation aiming to raise awareness of mangrove conservation.
In November 2014, Ronaldo appeared in FIFA 's "11 against Ebola '' campaign with a selection of top football players from around the world, including Neymar, Gareth Bale, Xavi and Didier Drogba. Under the slogan "Together, we can beat Ebola '', FIFA 's campaign was done in conjunction with the Confederation of African Football and health experts, with the players holding up eleven messages to raise awareness of the disease and ways to combat it. He was named the world 's most charitable sportsperson in 2015. In June 2016, Ronaldo donated the entirety of his € 600,000 Champions League bonus after Real Madrid won the 2015 -- 16 UEFA Champions League.
In August 2016, Ronaldo launched CR7Selfie, a selfie app for charity to help Save the Children that lets participants take a selfie with him in one of several different outfits and poses. In the app, fans can select from among 68 photos of Ronaldo in different outfits and poses, and scroll through 39 filters to apply to their selfies.
Ronaldo is known as a fashion icon, and is a lucrative spokesperson sought after by clothing designers, health and fitness specialists, fashion magazines, perfume and cosmetics manufacturers, hair stylists, exercise promoters, and spa and recreation companies. One example is a line of fragrances called Legacy.
He opened his first fashion boutique under the name "CR7 '' (his initials and shirt number) on the island of Madeira, Portugal in 2006. Ronaldo expanded his business with a second clothes boutique in Lisbon in 2008.
In partnership with Scandinavian manufacturer JBS Textile Group and the New York fashion designer Richard Chai, Ronaldo co-designed a range of underwear and sock line, released in November 2013. He later expanded his CR7 fashion brand by launching a line of premium shirts and shoes by July 2014. In June 2015, Ronaldo announced that he would be releasing his own fragrance by the end of the year, in a partnership with Eden Parfums.
In 2017, Ronaldo was charged with fraudulently evading almost € 15 million in tax between 2011 and 2014, a claim which he denies. As of September 2017 the court case is ongoing.
In April 2017, a story was published by Der Spiegel based on leaked documents provided by Football Leaks relating to an alleged rape by Ronaldo, stating that the alleged assault occurred in 2009 but that a legal agreement and accompanying non-disclosure agreement was entered into, resulting in the alleged charges being dropped. Ronaldo 's agent Jorge Mendes denied the claims labelling them ' journalistic fiction ', with the player stating it was consensual sex. Der Spiegel published a further story in response to the denial, alleging that text messages sent by Ronaldo showed that he was aware of the legal negotiations.
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who won season 2 rupaul's drag race | RuPaul 's Drag Race (season 2) - wikipedia
The second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race premiered on February 1, 2010, and aired its final episode on April 26, 2010. On May 1, 2009, the casting website for the series opened, allowing prospective contestants to create user profiles and upload videos of themselves to be voted on by viewers; the applicant collecting the most votes being invited to become a contestant of the second season. At the end of the online casting period, Jessica Wild had collected the most votes and was announced as being a season two contestant. Filming took place during the summer of 2009.
For season two, the number of contestants was increased from nine to twelve, and the prizes were slightly modified: a lifetime supply of NYX Cosmetics and be the face of nyxcosmetics.com, an exclusive one year public relations contract with LGBT firm Project Publicity, be featured an LA Eyeworks campaign, join the Logo Drag Race tour, and a cash prize of $25,000. A new tradition of writing a farewell message, in lipstick on their workstation mirror, was started by the first eliminated queen of the season. Each week 's episode is followed by a behind - the - scenes show, RuPaul 's Drag Race Untucked. The theme song playing during the runway and the end credits every episode is "Jealous of My Boogie '' from RuPaul 's album Champion. On December 6, 2011, Amazon.com released this season on DVD via their CreateSpace program.
The winner of the second season of RuPaul 's Drag Race was Tyra Sanchez, with Raven being the runner - up.
Shangela Laquifa Wadley returned on the third season as a surprise contestant to compete with the other 12 drag queens. She placed 6th overall.
Jujubee, Pandora Boxx and Raven competed on the first season of All Stars. Pandora placed 11 / 12th with season 3 contestant Mimi Imfurst, Jujubee placed 3rd / 4th with season 1 contestant Shannel, and Raven was the runner - up.
Tatianna competed on the second season of All Stars and initially finished in 8th place. She returned to the competition after winning re-entry with Alyssa Edwards and placed 6th overall.
Morgan McMichaels and Shangela will be competing on the upcoming third season of All Stars.
The 12 queens arrive and start to size up their competition. Early on in the episode, they discover that some of the queens met one another prior to being cast: Sahara and Shangela, Raven and Morgan, and Nicole and Sonique. After meeting RuPaul for the first time, the queens are pushed into a photo shoot with photographer Mike Ruiz for a Gone with the Wind inspired photo shoot involving the girls straddling a cannon and a high speed fan blowing in their faces.
The first challenge consists of 12 window treatments with different style curtains, courtesy of Smith + Noble. Each queen has to choose one and make an outfit made entirely of the curtains. Raven is allowed to select her curtains first as a reward for having the best photo.
The girls are given a mini-challenge where they 're split into teams of two (with Mystique working alone, as there 's an odd number of girls) and asked to give a RuPaul doll a "bad girl '' makeover. RuPaul selects Sahara and Pandora as the winners, and they 're made group leaders for the next challenge.
For the main challenge, the contestants will be split into two teams and create a burlesque performance for a Hollywood nightclub to "Tranny Chaser '' by RuPaul.
The girls enter the workroom to discover a long table, where most of the girls speculate that they will have to eat something. They 're asked to play a game that RuPaul calls "Chicken, or What? '', in which they participate in a blind taste test of three foods. They have to guess if what they ate was chicken or some other fried food ("what? ''). Mystique and Morgan are declared the winners. They become captains and have to form their teams for the main challenge.
The main challenge tasked the two groups with creating a commercial for Disco Extra Greasy Shortening. Mystique 's team creating a commercial for fish fillets, and Morgan 's team creating a commercial for fried chicken. After the leaders have cast what parts their teammates would play, and after everyone has memorized most of their lines, RuPaul reveals a twist: the queens need to swap scripts.
The contestants are given a mini challenge called "The Queen is Right, '' where the girls are shown drag essential items and asked to bid on how much they believe the item is worth. The contestant who comes closest to the actual price wins. Raven wins the challenge, and she is rewarded by being allowed a one time call home. The queens are then asked to impersonate celebrities as part of a Match Game homage, called "Snatch Game. ''
The contestants are given a mini challenge to decorate a white box using provided supplies and an item borrowed from another queen, which Raven wins. RuPaul then announces the main challenge of creating a wedding dress by altering weddings dresses provided to them. As an additional twist, the queens will be shooting wedding portraits using not only their girl drag, but their best guy drag as well by posing as both bride and groom for the portraits. Raven gets first pick of her wedding dress to alter, and then gets to pick the order the rest of the girls pick their dresses out in as well.
The girls arrive to RuPaul giving them a mini challenge in which they must style a wig, giving it a glam rock makeover. Pandora is declared winner. RuPaul reveals the remaining contestants a very special and unique challenge. They must create a rocker chick outfit and perform live vocals to a rock and roll cover to RuPaul 's Ladyboy.
The remaining girls are given a mini challenge where they "read '' (insult) the other contestants. Jujubee wins the mini challenge, and RuPaul then gives the girls their main challenge for the week. Each contestant is to create an autobiography book cover and title that represents their own personal stories about how doing drag has impacted their lives.
As an additional challenge, the girls field questions via a satellite interview, where they must not only present their autobiography, but also promote a new Absolut alcoholic beverage.
This week 's challenges focused entirely on age. For the mini challenge, the girls had to match all 12 of this season 's contestants to their baby pictures, including their own. The main challenge consisted of the girls taking older gay men and transforming them into their drag mothers for the runway. The contestants were also expected to perform a lip - synch with their mothers to RuPaul 's song "Main Event. '' Tatianna got to pick who each girl would be teamed up with as her reward for winning the mini-challenge.
This week 's challenges focussed on creating polished looks for different events. For their mini-challenge, the queens had to style and accessorize identical dresses without cutting or gluing them. Tyra is the winner, and she is placed in charge of choreographing an opening number for The Diva Awards, where the queens must put together three looks for three different Diva Award ceremonies: the Teen Diva Awards, where the queens must dress like teen idols, the Diva DC Press Awards, where the queens must pull out executive realness looks, and the Diva Hollywood Extravaganza Awards, where the queens are expected to wear their most glamorous looks.
Highlights and outtakes from the second season 's first nine episodes. RuPaul reveals some never - before - seen, behind the scenes moments including the queens impersonating each other, the contestants ' family relationships and the unseen moments on the main stage. This is followed by a fast - forward flashback recap of the entire season, followed by an up close and personal look at the final 3.
Merle and Santino arrive to tell the last three queens about their final challenge - dressing in their best 80s outfits and shooting the music video for RuPaul 's next single: "Jealous of My Boogie. '' They will work with guests who include reality star Robert Verdi, who will help the girls with fashion, make - up artist Mathu Anderson, who will direct the video and choreographer Ryan Heffington, who will coach them in a small fight sequence a la Dynasty.
During the shoot, each girl is given a certain script, where they confront RuPaul and get slapped.
Season 2 cast reunite to talk about their journey and The Miss Congeniality Award Winner is announced as Pandora Boxx, winning in a landslide. The queens all dance together for the last time.
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who sang the song when a man loves a woman | When a Man Loves a Woman (song) - wikipedia
"When a Man Loves a Woman '' is a song written by Calvin Lewis and Andrew Wright and first recorded by Percy Sledge in 1966 at Norala Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama. It made number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B singles charts. Singer and actress Bette Midler recorded the song 14 years later and had a Top 40 hit with her version in 1980. In 1991, Michael Bolton recorded the song and his version peaked at number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 chart and the Billboard Adult Contemporary Singles chart.
The song was initially recorded by Percy Sledge at Rick Hall 's FAME Studios at Muscle Shoals, before being re-recorded at the nearby Norala Studios owned by Quin Ivy. The sidemen for the recording included Spooner Oldham, Farfisa organ; Marlin Greene, guitar; Albert "Junior '' Lowe, double bass and Roger Hawkins, drums. Andrew Wright and Calvin Lewis did not play on the record. Rick Hall arranged a distribution deal with Atlantic Records, but Jerry Wexler asked that the song be re-recorded because the horns were out of tune. According to musician David Hood, "They went back in the studio and changed the horns, got different horn players to play on it. But then the tapes got mixed up and Atlantic put out their original version. So that 's the hit. ''
Released by Atlantic Records in April 1966, Sledge 's recording reached number one on both the Billboard Hot 100 and R&B singles charts, becoming the first number 1 hit recorded in Muscle Shoals. It is also one of seven number 1 hits to debut on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 100. The single was also a top ten hit in the UK reaching number four on its initial release and ultimately peaking at number two in 1987 on the UK Singles Chart after it was featured in a Levi 's Jeans commercial. The Percy Sledge version is listed 53rd in Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. Also in 1987, it was reissued in the US to promote the soundtrack album for Oliver Stone 's film Platoon.
The precise authorship of the song has been disputed. Calvin Lewis and Andrew Wright were members of the Esquires, a band in Sheffield, Alabama fronted by singer Percy Sledge. According to Wright, "We were set to play a Friday night dance, and we were practicing... I was messing around on the organ when this riff came up out of nowhere. There was no one in the club but us. I told Calvin to go home and write some words. '' The next night, they rehearsed the emerging song with Sledge, changed it around, and soon afterwards auditioned the song for local businessman and radio DJ Quin Ivy. He liked the song, but suggested that some of the words be changed to give a more positive message. Wright said that "we kept some of the phrases, worked on it for several weeks, and spent quite a bit of time in the studio. ''
Although the writing of the song is credited to Lewis and Wright, Sledge later claimed that he should have received a co-writing credit. In one story, Sledge said that one night he was upset over a broken relationship, and asked Lewis and Wright to play a slow blues over which he improvised lyrics describing his emotions; Quin Ivy was at the show and asked the band to refine the lyrics so that it could be recorded. Sledge claimed that he allowed Lewis and Wright to take the writing credits because they gave him the opportunity "to sing his heart out ''.
In another interview, Sledge said:
"When I wrote the song at first, it was called ' Why Did You Leave Me Baby. ' And I changed it from that to ' When a Man Loves a Woman. ' I just reversed it. Quin told me that if I was to write some lyrics around that melody and the expression I 'd put into ' Why Did You Leave Me Baby, ' he believed it would 've been a hit record. He was one of the top disc jockeys at that time. Sure enough, he asked me if I had any lyrics for that. He said, ' That 's it! Write a story around that title! What a song that would be with that feeling you had! ' It was a song that was meant to be. It was n't just what I had done; it was the musicians, the producer, the background singers, the right time. ''
"When a Man Loves a Woman '' was recorded by singer Michael Bolton in 1991 for his album Time, Love & Tenderness. His version of the song reached number one on the U.S. pop and adult contemporary singles charts. Bolton also received a Grammy Award for this song. This version has the distinction of being the last number one song to chart on the old Billboard Hot 100 charting system which relied on sales and airplay reports before switching over to Soundscan.
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what size sd card does the new 3ds xl come with | Nintendo 3DS - wikipedia
The Nintendo 3DS is a handheld game console produced by Nintendo. It is capable of displaying stereoscopic 3D effects without the use of 3D glasses or additional accessories. Nintendo announced the console in March 2010 and officially unveiled it at E3 2010 on June 15, 2010. The console succeeds the Nintendo DS, featuring backward compatibility with older Nintendo DS video games. Its primary competitor is the PlayStation Vita from Sony.
The handheld offers new features such as the StreetPass and SpotPass tag modes, powered by Nintendo Network; augmented reality, using its 3D cameras; and Virtual Console, which allows owners to download and play games originally released on older video game systems. It is also pre-loaded with various applications including these: an online distribution store called Nintendo eShop, a social networking service called Miiverse; an Internet Browser; the Netflix, Hulu Plus and YouTube streaming video services; Nintendo Video; a messaging application called Swapnote (known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia); and Mii Maker.
The Nintendo 3DS was first released in Japan on February 26, 2011, and worldwide beginning in March 2011. Less than six months later on July 28, 2011, Nintendo announced a significant price reduction from US $249 to US $169 amid disappointing launch sales. The company offered ten free Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten free Game Boy Advance games from the Nintendo eShop to consumers who bought the system at the original launch price. This strategy was considered a major success, and the console has gone on to become one of Nintendo 's most successfully sold handheld consoles in the first two years of its release. As of March 31, 2018, the Nintendo 3DS family of systems combined have sold 72.53 million units. Several redesigns have been made since; the Nintendo 3DS XL, a larger model, first released in Japan and Europe in July 2012, featuring a 90 % larger screen. An "entry - level '' version of the console, the Nintendo 2DS, with a fixed "slate '' form factor and lacking autostereoscopic (3D) functionality, was released in Western markets in October 2013. The New Nintendo 3DS features a more powerful CPU, a second analog stick called the C - Stick, additional buttons, an improved camera, and other changes, and was first released in Japan in October 2014.
Nintendo began experimenting with stereoscopic 3D video game technology in the 1980s. The Famicom 3D System, an accessory consisting of liquid crystal shutter glasses, was Nintendo 's first product that enabled stereoscopic 3D effects. Although very few titles were released, Nintendo helped design one -- called Famicom Grand Prix II: 3D Hot Rally -- which was co-developed by Nintendo and HAL Laboratory and released in 1988. The Famicom 3D System failed to garner market interest and was never released outside Japan.
Despite the limited success, Nintendo would press ahead with 3D development into the 1990s. Gunpei Yokoi, creator of the Game Boy handheld device and popular Metroid video game, developed a new 3D device for Nintendo called the Virtual Boy. It was a portable table - top system consisting of goggles and a controller that used a spinning disc to achieve full stereoscopic monochrome 3D. Released in 1995, the Virtual Boy sold fewer than a million units, spawning only 22 compatible game titles, and was widely considered to be a commercial failure. Shigeru Miyamoto, known for his work on popular game franchises such as Mario and The Legend of Zelda, commented in a 2011 interview that he felt conflicted about Yokoi 's decision to use wire - frame models for 3D and suggested that the product may not have been marketed correctly. The failure of the Virtual Boy left many at Nintendo doubting the viability of 3D gaming. Despite this, Nintendo continued to investigate the incorporation of 3D technology into other products.
The GameCube, released in 2001, is another 3D - capable system. With an LCD attachment, it could display true stereoscopic 3D, though only the launch title Luigi 's Mansion was ever designed to utilize it. Due to the expensive nature of the requisite peripheral technology at the time, the GameCube 's 3D functionality was never marketed to the public. Nintendo later experimented with a 3D LCD during development of the Game Boy Advance SP, but the idea was shelved after it failed to achieve satisfactory results. Another attempt was made in preparation for a virtual navigation guide to be used on the Nintendo DS at Shigureden, an interactive museum in Japan. Nintendo president Hiroshi Yamauchi encouraged additional 3D research in an effort to use the technology in the exhibition. Although the project fell short, Nintendo was able to collect valuable research on liquid crystal which would later aid in the development of the Nintendo 3DS.
Speculation on the development of a successor to the Nintendo DS began in late 2009. At the time, Nintendo controlled as much as 68.3 percent of the handheld gaming market. In October 2009, tech tabloid Bright Side of News reported that Nvidia, a graphics processing unit (GPU) developer that recently made headway with its Tegra System - on - Chip processors, had been selected by Nintendo to develop hardware for their next generation portable game console. Later that month, speaking about the future for Nintendo 's portable consoles, company president Satoru Iwata mentioned that while mobile broadband connectivity via subscription "does n't fit Nintendo customers '', he was interested in exploring options like Amazon 's Whispernet found on the Amazon Kindle which provides free wireless connectivity to its customers for the sole purpose of browsing and purchasing content from the Kindle Store.
Nintendo has expressed interest in motion - sensing capabilities since the development of the original Nintendo DS, and an alleged comment by Satoru Iwata from a 2010 interview with Asahi Shimbun implied that the successor to the Nintendo DS would incorporate a motion sensor. The claim led to a minor dispute between the publication and Nintendo over its accuracy. In February 2010, video gaming website Computer and Video Games reported that a select "handful '' of Japanese developers were in possession of software development kits for the Nintendo DS successor, with The Pokémon Company given special priority. According to their insider at an unspecified third - party development studio, the hardware features a "tilt '' function that is similar to that of the iPhone, "but does a lot more ''.
On March 23, 2010, Nintendo officially announced the Nintendo 3DS handheld console, successor to the Nintendo DS family. According to industry analysts, the timing of Nintendo 's original announcement, which had drawn attention away from the launch of the company 's still - new Nintendo DSi XL handheld, was likely intended to preempt impending news leaks about the product by the Japanese press. In April 2010, a picture of a possible development build of the internal components of the 3DS was released as part of a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) filing by Mitsumi. An analysis of the image showed that it was likely genuine as it featured components known to be used in the Nintendo DS line along with features of the 3DS that had not been announced like a 5: 3 top screen and a control nub similar to those used in Sony 's PlayStation Portable systems.
In June 2010, video gaming website IGN reported that according to "several developers who have experienced 3DS in its current form, '' the system possesses processing power that "far exceed (s) the Nintendo Wii '' and with 3D shaders, they could make games that "look close to current generation visuals on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 ''. IGN also cited "several developer sources '' as saying that the system does not use the Nvidia Tegra mobile chipset.
The system was officially revealed at Nintendo 's conference at E3 2010 on June 15, 2010. The first game revealed was Kid Icarus: Uprising, with several other titles from third parties also announced, including Square Enix with Kingdom Hearts and Final Fantasy, Konami with Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater 3D, Warner Bros. Interactive with a Batman title, Ubisoft with Assassin 's Creed: Lost Legacy, Capcom with Resident Evil Revelations and Super Street Fighter IV: 3D Edition, and Activision with DJ Hero. Other Nintendo titles were later revealed after the conference, such as Mario Kart 7, Animal Crossing: New Leaf, and remakes of Star Fox 64 and The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time. Nintendo also demoed 3D trailers for DreamWorks ' How to Train Your Dragon, Warner Bros ' Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole, and Disney 's film Tangled on the 3DS. The 3DS design shown at E3 was almost final, but subject to minor changes.
On September 29, 2010, Nintendo announced the release date of the Nintendo 3DS in Japan to be on February 26, 2011. Furthermore, several additional features were announced: the inclusion of a Mii Maker (similar to the Mii Channel on the Wii), Virtual Console (including Game Boy and Game Boy Color), 3D Classics, a cradle for recharging the system 's battery, multitasking, several included augmented reality games, an included 2 GB SD card, and stored game data, as well as the final names for the 3DS tag modes, StreetPass and SpotPass collectively. The colors available at launch were revealed to be Aqua Blue and Cosmos Black, and the launch price in Japan was revealed to be ¥ 25,000. The final physical design was also revealed at this event.
On January 19, 2011, Nintendo held two simultaneous press conferences in Amsterdam and New York City, where it revealed all of the features of the Nintendo 3DS. In North America, the release date was confirmed as March 27, 2011 with a retail price of $249.99. In Europe, the release date was announced as March 25, 2011, though Nintendo said that pricing would be up to retailers. Most retailers have priced the handheld between £ 219.99 and £ 229.99, though some retailers, such as Amazon, lowered the price following Sony 's announcement of the PSP 's successor on January 26, 2011, with some retailers pricing the handheld at around £ 200 in February.
In February 2011, Nintendo held four hands - on events in the UK named "Believe Your Eyes ''. February 5 and 6 saw simultaneous events in London and Manchester, while the 12th and 13th saw events in Glasgow and Bristol. Invitations to the events were offered first to Club Nintendo members, then later to members of the public via an online registration form. Guests watched two brief performances and trailers, then were given time to play a selection of games on 3DS devices. Attendees were then allowed into a second room, containing further games to play (mainly augmented reality - based) and in - device videos. In March, Nintendo held a few events in Australia at selected Westfield stores for people to try out the console, with a number of demos available.
The Nintendo 3DS launched in Japan on February 26, 2011, priced at ¥ 25,000. On March 25, 2011, the system launched in Europe, with pricing set by individual retailers. On March 27, 2011 the Nintendo 3DS launched in North America, priced at US $249.99. On March 31, 2011, the system launched in Australia and New Zealand, priced at A $349.95. The system originally launched in all regions in both Aqua Blue and Cosmo Black color variations.
On July 28, 2011, Nintendo announced the Nintendo 3DS would be getting a price cut of almost a third of the console 's original price, from $249.99 to $169.99 in North America, 25,000 ¥ to 15,000 ¥ in Japan, and $349.95 to $249.95 in Australia. Although in Europe, pricing is up to retailers, the system also received a substantial price cut. In an effort to compensate those who had paid the original price, the company introduced the Nintendo 3DS Ambassador Program, through which existing 3DS owners were eligible (conditional that they must have accessed the Nintendo eShop at least once prior to August 21) to download ten Nintendo Entertainment System games and ten Game Boy Advance games at no extra cost. Nintendo further stated that the NES Ambassador titles would see future release to the general public on the Nintendo eShop, while there were no plans to make the Game Boy Advance Ambassador titles available. The ten NES games were released in North America on August 31 and in Europe on September 1, 2011. These include: Balloon Fight, Donkey Kong Jr., Ice Climber, Metroid, NES Open Tournament Golf, Super Mario Bros., The Legend of Zelda, Wrecking Crew, Yoshi (North America) / Mario & Yoshi (Europe & Australia) and Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. The ten Game Boy Advance games were released in North America on December 16, 2011. These include: F - Zero: Maximum Velocity, Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones, Kirby & The Amazing Mirror, Mario Kart: Super Circuit, Mario vs. Donkey Kong, Metroid Fusion, Super Mario Advance 3: Yoshi 's Island, The Legend of Zelda: The Minish Cap, Wario Land 4 and WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames!
On April 28, 2012, the Nintendo 3DS launched in South Korea, in Cosmos Black, Misty Pink and Cobalt Blue color variations. On September 28, 2012, the system launched in two other regions, Hong Kong and Taiwan, in Cerulean Blue and Shimmer Pink.
Rumors of a larger model of the Nintendo 3DS being in production appeared during June 2012, when Japanese publication Nikkei wrote an article stating that the system was initially scheduled to be unveiled at E3 2012. However, Nintendo responded that these rumors were false and that the article was "entire speculation '', but refrained from further commenting on the subject. Finally, on June 21, 2012, the system was announced during a Nintendo Direct presentation. Featuring 90 % larger screens than the original Nintendo 3DS, the system was set to launch on all major regions during the middle of the year.
The Nintendo 3DS XL (Nintendo 3DS LL in Japan) was released on July 28, 2012 in Japan, priced at ¥ 18,900, and was available in Silver + Black, Red + Black and White color variations. In Europe, the system launched on the same day but in Silver + Black, Blue + Black and Red + Black color variations. On August 19, the Nintendo 3DS XL launched in North America, priced at US $ 199.99, and available in Red + Black and Blue + Black. On August 23, 2012, Australia and New Zealand saw the launch of the new handheld, priced at AU $ 249.95, and available in the same color variations as in Europe, Silver + Black, Blue + Black and Red + Black. The launch of the Nintendo 3DS XL coincided with the release of New Super Mario Bros. 2, the first Nintendo 3DS game to be available in both retail and downloadable versions.
On September 20, 2012, the Nintendo 3DS XL launched in South Korea, in Silver + Black, Red + Black and White color variations. On September 28, 2012 the system launched in two other regions, Hong Kong and Taiwan, in Blue + Black and White color variations. In December 2012, Nintendo Chinese distribution partner, iQue, launched the iQue 3DS XL in three special editions, one featuring a Mario decal while the other two feature both Mario and Luigi.
Nintendo officially announced their next home console, the Nintendo Switch, in October 2016 and with worldwide release in March 2017. The Switch is primarily marketed as a home video game console, but features a Console unit that can be taken on - the - go and be used similar to a mobile gaming device or a handheld system. While the Switch has displaced the Wii U as Nintendo 's primary home console in terms of production and distribution, Nintendo executives have affirmed that the company will continue to support the 3DS through more first - party and third - party titles in the immediate future. Fils - Aimé assured that the 3DS "has a long life in front of it '', and it and the Switch are meant to co-exist in Nintendo 's view, while Kimishima considered the 3DS as an entry - level product for younger players. In June 2017, Fils - Aimé said they would be supporting Nintendo 3DS beyond 2018.
The console has custom components codeveloped by the Nintendo Research & Engineering Department and other manufacturers, all combined into a unified system on chip. The main processor (CPU) is an ARM11 MPCore - based dual - core processor manufactured at 45 nm. One processor core is dedicated to games and applications, while the other core is exclusive to the operating system, enabling multitasking and background tasks. These tasks are handled seamlessly in the background during gameplay or while the system is in sleep mode. The system also contains a single - core ARM9 processor, enabling backward compatibility with Nintendo DS games. The graphics processor (GPU) is developed by Digital Media Professionals, and consists of a semi-custom PICA200 processor.
The system contains a total of 128 MB of system memory consisting of two 64 MB (512 Mb) FCRAM chips developed by Fujitsu, with a maximum bandwidth of 3.2 GB / s. However, 32 MB is reserved for the operating system and unavailable to games. Additionally, the system contains 6 MB of VRAM. The console also contains a dedicated hardware audio DSP module capable of outputting mono, stereo or pseudo-surround sound through either its two speakers or headphone jack.
The Nintendo 3DS contains two separate screens. The top screen is a 15: 9 (5: 3) autostereoscopic LCD screen with a display resolution of 800 × 240 pixels (400 × 240 pixels per eye, WQVGA). On the original Nintendo 3DS, the screen measures 3.53 in (90 mm), while on the 3DS XL it measures 4.88 in (124 mm). It is autostereoscopic; it uses a parallax barrier to produce a three - dimensional effect without requiring special glasses. There is a 3D Depth Slider next to the screen for adjusting the 3D effect or turning it off altogether. The bottom screen is a 4: 3 resistive touchscreen with a display resolution of 320 × 240 pixels (QVGA). On the original Nintendo 3DS, the screen measures 77 mm (3.02 in), while on the 3DS XL it measures 106 mm (4.18 in).
The system features three camera sensors: two cameras on the outside of the device, capable of taking 3D photos and capturing 3D video; and one camera facing the user positioned above the top screen. All camera sensors have a maximum resolution of 640 × 480 pixels (0.3 megapixels, VGA) with one - point focus and can only achieve digital zoom. There is also a microphone in the bottom of the system.
The system includes 1 GB of internal flash memory manufactured by Toshiba, but it is mostly used by the operating system and its pre-installed applications. The system 's memory can be expanded via an SD memory card slot, which supports SD and SDHC memory cards. All Nintendo 3DS systems come packaged with a 2 GB SD card while Nintendo 3DS XL systems include a 4 GB SDHC card. The system uses 2.4 GHz 802.11 b / g wireless network connectivity with enhanced WPA2 security. There is also an infrared port on the back of the console, which allows the system to connect with certain peripherals such as the Circle Pad Pro and the amiibo reader / writer.
The Nintendo 3DS comes with a 1300 mAh, 3.7 V lithium ion battery. Its longevity fluctuates between 3 and 5 hours while playing Nintendo 3DS games and between 5 and 8 hours while playing Nintendo DS games, depending on brightness, volume and wireless settings. The Nintendo 3DS XL however, comes with a 1750 mAh, 3.7 V lithium - ion battery capable of lasting between 3.5 and 6.5 hours playing 3DS games and 6 to 10 hours playing DS games. While the original 3DS weighs approximately 230 grams (8.1 oz), the larger XL version weighs approximately 336 grams (11.9 oz). When opened, the original 3DS is 134 mm (5.3 in) wide, 74 mm (2.9 in) broad, and 21 mm (0.83 in) thick. The XL version however, is 156 mm (6.1 in) wide, 93 mm (3.7 in) broad, and 22 mm (0.87 in) thick. The 3DS also come with a telescoping stylus, extendable to up to 100 mm (3.9 in) long, while the 3DS XL come with a regular 93 mm (3.7 in) stylus.
All systems in the Nintendo 3DS family use the same AC adapter used with the Nintendo DSi and Nintendo DSi XL. In order to reduce production costs, certain console bundles, such as Japanese and European releases of the Nintendo 3DS XL and the New Nintendo 3DS, are not bundled with an AC adapter, requiring players to either use one from an older system they may own or purchase one separately. Along with plugging the adapter directly into the system, the standard Nintendo 3DS comes with a charging cradle, which players place their system into to charge. Charging cradles for the Nintendo 3DS XL and New Nintendo 3DS systems are sold separately from their respective systems, and there is no cradle for the Nintendo 2DS.
The Nintendo 3DS input controls include the following: a round nub analog input called the Circle Pad, a D - pad, four face buttons (A, B, X, Y), bumper buttons (L, R), a HOME button, START and SELECT buttons, and a POWER button. It also features a dedicated volume slider and a wireless switch, which turns on or off wireless communications. The touchscreen can be interacted with either the user 's finger or a stylus bundled with the handheld. There is also a six - axis motion sensor, which includes a 3 - axis accelerometer and a 3 - axis gyroscope. Through the Circle Pad Pro accessory the system has access to a second Circle Pad and trigger buttons (ZL, ZR).
The Nintendo 3DS Game Card is a media format used to physically distribute video games for Nintendo 3DS systems. Despite looking near - identical to its predecessor, the Nintendo DS Game Card, there is a small tab jutting out on the side of the card, preventing 3DS game cards from being inserted into a Nintendo DS. These game cards can hold up to either 1 GB, 2 GB or 4 GB of game data depending on the game, which is 2, 4 and 8 times more storage, respectively, than the biggest Nintendo DS Game Card 's capacity (512 MB). Some sources claim that an 8 GB version could be produced should a game ever require it.
The Circle Pad Pro (Slide Pad Expansion / 専用 拡張 スライド パッド in Japan) is an accessory / add - on which connects to a Nintendo 3DS system through infrared adding support for a second Circle Pad, a substitute R button input (as the original one becomes difficult to reach), and an extra set of trigger buttons (ZL / ZR). The device was first released in Japan on December 10, 2011, coinciding with the release of Monster Hunter 3G in the region. It was subsequently released in Europe on January 27, 2012, in Australia on February 2, 2012, and in North America on February 7, 2012, coinciding with the release of Resident Evil: Revelations in those regions.
Images of the device first appeared in September 2011 in Famitsu The first titles confirmed to compatible with the add - on were Monster Hunter 3G, Resident Evil Revelations, Ace Combat 3D Cross Rumble (Japanese version only), Metal Gear Solid: Snake Eater 3D, Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance and Shin Sangoku Musou VS.
The Nintendo 3DS XL version of the device, called the Circle Pad Pro XL, was released in Japan on November 15, 2012, Europe on March 22, 2013, and North America on April 17, 2013.
The C - Stick and ZL / ZR buttons on the New Nintendo 3DS are backward compatible with Circle Pad Pro-compatible titles.
The Nintendo 3DS family currently has five models available. Apart from the regular - sized Nintendo 3DS, the Nintendo 3DS XL is a larger model of the console which was released on July 28, 2012, and features 90 % larger screens than the original Nintendo 3DS. The Nintendo 2DS is a complete redesign of the handheld which was released on October 12, 2013, and is described as an "entry level '' version of the 3DS. This console, while still capable of playing Nintendo DS and 3DS games, removes the 3D functionality and changes the form factor to a fixed, "slate '' design. The New Nintendo 3DS, which also has an XL variant, adds additional controls and improved functionality, and will be able to play certain games not compatible with previous models.
The Nintendo 2DS (abbreviated to 2DS) was announced on August 28, 2013, as a new entry - level model of the Nintendo 3DS family. While its hardware and software are relatively similar to the Nintendo 3DS (and still offers compatibility with Nintendo DS and 3DS games), it lacks the 3DS 's signature 3D screen, does not have internal stereo speakers (only using a mono speaker), and uses a slate - like form factor as opposed to the clamshell design used by its Nintendo DS and 3DS predecessors. The Nintendo 2DS was released in North America and Europe on October 12, 2013, coinciding with the launch of Pokémon X & Y and is being sold alongside the Nintendo 3DS and 3DS XL at a relatively lower price point.
As a cheaper model of the Nintendo 3DS family, that still plays Nintendo DS and 3DS games, the Nintendo 2DS is seen as a market strategy to broaden the overall Nintendo handheld gaming market. As such, the 2DS is a handheld console targeted at a different audience than that of the regular Nintendo 3DS models, particularly younger users. Despite concerns from critics who felt that the company was trying to de-emphasize the 3D functionality by releasing the 2DS, Nintendo maintains that 3D is still part of their future plans.
The New Nintendo 3DS and New Nintendo 3DS XL (known as New Nintendo 3DS LL in Japan) are updated revisions of the 3DS and 3DS XL that were first unveiled during the Japanese Nintendo Direct presentation on August 29, 2014. The new models feature a processor with more cores, face tracking for improved 3D viewing angles, additional ZL / ZR shoulder buttons and a new "C - Stick '' pointing stick that are comparable to and backward compatible with games that support the Circle Pad Pro, colored face buttons inspired by those of Super NES controllers, automatic brightness adjustment, microSD storage, larger batteries, and integrated near - field communications support for use with Amiibo products. The regular - sized New Nintendo 3DS also has slightly larger screens than the prior model, and a suite of interchangeable faceplates.
As with its predecessors, the New Nintendo 3DS is compatible with existing DS and 3DS titles. Some software titles, such as Xenoblade Chronicles 3D and Super Nintendo Entertainment System games released for Virtual Console, are specifically optimized for the device and its upgraded processor and are incompatible with earlier 3DS and 2DS models.
The systems were released in Japan on October 11, 2014, in Australia and New Zealand on November 21, 2014, and at retail in Europe and North America on February 13, 2015. Only the XL version was made available in North America at launch, though the smaller model was later released in a series of limited edition bundles.
On April 27, 2017, Nintendo unveiled the New Nintendo 2DS XL (known as New Nintendo 2DS LL in Japan), which was released in North America and Europe on July 28, 2017 and Japan on July 29, 2017. The system is a variation of the New Nintendo 3DS line, featuring the additional hardware features and software compatibility of the New Nintendo 3DS, albeit without the stereoscopic 3D functionality, and a newly designed foldable screen. No announcements have been made on a non-XL variant of the system.
The Home Menu (stylized as HOME Menu) is a graphical user interface similar to the Nintendo DSi Menu and Wii U Menu for Nintendo 3DS systems. It is used to launch software stored on Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS Game Cards, applications installed on a SD card and DSiWare titles installed in the system 's internal memory. Application icons are set in a customizable grid navigable on the lower screen. On the upper screen, a special 3D animated logo is displayed for each individual app, as well as system information such as wireless signal strength, date and time, and battery life. Using the Home button, users can suspend the current software that is running and bring up the Home Menu, allowing the user to launch certain multitasking applications, such as the Internet Browser and Miiverse.
Similarly to the Nintendo DSi, the menu has updateable firmware. On April 25, 2012, a system update brought the introduction of a folder system, which allows users to put applications inside folders. On June 20, 2013, a system update brought the introduction of the Save Data Backup feature, which allows the user to back up save data from downloadable Nintendo 3DS software and most Virtual Console games. An update was released on October 30, 2014 to enable players to download custom themes for the Home Menu, based on various Nintendo titles.
Nintendo 3DS Camera is a built - in photo and video recorder with an integrated media gallery and photo editing functionality. The app uses the system 's two front - facing cameras to take 3D photos, and the user - facing camera to take regular 2D photos. All photographs are taken at a resolution of 640 x 480 px (VGA), or 0.3 megapixels. There are various options and filters available when taking photos or recording video. There is also a Low - Light option, which is useful when taking photos and recording video in low lighting conditions.
On December 7, 2011, a system update added the ability to record 3D video along special recording options, such as the ability to make stop motion animations. All recording modes only allow a single video to be up to 10 minutes long.
Nintendo 3DS Sound is a built - in music player and sound recorder. Supported filename extensions include MP3 audio with. mp3 and AAC audio with. mp4,. m4a, or. 3GP. Audio files can be played from an SD card, with visualizations displayed on the upper screen. Music can be played while the console is closed, using the system 's headphone jack. A set of sound manipulation options are available, as well as several audio filters. Ten - second voice recordings can be also be recorded and edited. These can then be shared throughout other applications such as Swapnote. There is also a StreetPass function built - into the app, where users exchange song data to make a compatibility chart between them.
The Nintendo 3DS is capable of suspending an application and run one of six multitasking applications. Once a game or application is running, the user can press the Home button to suspend it and temporarily open the Home Menu. It is then possible to open another specially designed multitasking application built into the system without closing the currently suspended software. Attempting to open a game or application while another is already running will result in a warning prompt. These multitasking applications include:
Nintendo eShop is the Nintendo 3DS 's online software distribution service. The eShop provides downloadable retail and download - only Nintendo 3DS titles, Virtual Console titles, and various applications and videos. It also allows users to purchase downloadable content (DLC) and automatically download patches for both physical and downloadable games. All content obtained from Nintendo eShop is attached to a Nintendo Network ID but can only be used in one system. Background downloading is possible via SpotPass, while playing games or in sleep mode. Up to ten downloads can be queued at a time and their status can be checked on the Home Menu. The Nintendo eShop supports simple user software reviews. Users can submit a review with "stars '' ranging from one to five, representing its quality in a crescent order, and categorize software by whether it is suitable for hardcore or more casual players. User reviews can only be submitted after using the software for at least one hour.
Miiverse (portmanteau of "Mii '' and "Universe '') was an integrated social networking service, which allowed players to interact and share their gaming experiences through their personal Mii characters. It was originally launched on Wii U and was launched on the Nintendo 3DS on December 11, 2013 via a firmware update. Its functionality was similar to the Wii U version albeit without the private messaging feature, and requires a Nintendo Network ID.
Miiverse allows users to seamlessly share accomplishments, comments, hand written notes, and game screenshots with other players on various communities specific to their games and applications. It is possible to access Wii U communities on the Nintendo 3DS and vice versa. It is also possible to access Miiverse on every internet enabled smartphone, tablet and PC. The service is moderated through software filtering as well as a human resource team in order to ensure that the content shared by users is appropriate and that no spoilers are shared. It is also possible to post screenshots from certain games to social networking websites such as Twitter, Tumblr and / or Facebook via the Nintendo 3DS Image Share service.
On the 7th November 2017, the Miiverse servers closed down for the 3DS and the Wii U.
The Nintendo 3DS 's internet browser was released via a firmware update on June 6, 2011 in North America and June 7, 2011 in Europe and Japan. It functions as a multitasking system application and can be used while another application is suspended in the background. The browser contains a text wrap option to automatically wrap text to the width of the screen at different zoom levels, and is mainly controlled with the stylus or the Circle Pad and the D - pad to cycle through links on the page. The browser supports HTML, CSS, JavaScript and some HTML5 elements but does not support Flash, video or music. It can also download and show 3D images with the. mpo file extension and allows users to save images on an SD card. Additionally the browser supports JPEG and MPO image uploads from the system 's photo gallery. The user can also choose between the Google and the Yahoo! search engines, and can also create bookmarks. The 3DS also shipped with the Nintendo Zone Viewer. The Nintendo Zone Viewer was a 3D enabled browser that was developed by Nintendo to support location based Nintendo Zone interaction.
Nintendo Video launched in Australia, Europe, and Japan on July 13, 2011, and in North America on July 21, 2011, along with a tutorial video. The service periodically updates its video content availability through SpotPass, automatically adding and deleting content from the console. Up to four videos can be available through the app at the same time. Nintendo Video content include: established series such as Oscar 's Oasis and Shaun the Sheep (with fifteen exclusive episodes); original series such as Dinosaur Office and BearShark by CollegeHumor; short films; movie trailers; and sports videos by Redbull and BSkyB. The Nintendo Video app had since gone defunct in the Japanese, European and Oceania regions by April 2014, and in North America by July 2015. In North America at least, the "Nintendo Video '' name continues to exist a permanent Nintendo eShop category for all hosted videos that previously featured on the former app, as well as potential new content. The permanently hosted online "Nintendo Video '' eShop videos can be viewed on - demand at any time without additional costs.
The Netflix streaming video service was released in North America on July 14, 2011. Netflix users are able to pause streaming video on the Nintendo 3DS and resume it on other Netflix - enabled devices. Only 2D content is available through the service. Nintendo announced on October 21, 2011, that Hulu Plus would be released on the Nintendo 3DS by the end of the year. On February 16, 2012, following the debut of Hulu on the Wii, Nintendo reiterated the announcement this time claiming it would be available on the 3DS sometime in 2012. Finally, on August 6, 2013, the Hulu application became available in Japan and on October 17, 2013, the Hulu Plus application was launched in North America, along with a one - week free trial. On November 29, 2013, the YouTube application was released for the Nintendo 3DS.
The SpotPass TV service launched in Japan on June 19, 2011. The service was a joint service between Nihon TV and Fuji TV that brought free 3D video content to Nintendo 3DS users in Japan. Types of content included programming teaching the user how to do magic tricks, Japanese idol sumo wrestling, sports, 3D dating, among others. The service was terminated on June 20, 2012, a year after its inception. An Eurosport app launched in Europe and Australia on December 15, 2011, and worked similarly to the Nintendo Video app. It featured weekly episodes of Watts Zap and other compilation videos containing Eurosport content. The service was terminated on December 31, 2012, a year after its inception.
Swapnote (known as Nintendo Letter Box in Europe and Australia) is a messaging application for the Nintendo 3DS. Swapnote was released on December 21, 2011 in Japan and on December 22 in Europe, Australia and North America, via the Nintendo eShop. The application is free and is pre-installed on newer systems. It allows users to send hand - written / drawn messages to registered friends via SpotPass either or other users via StreetPass. The app also allows users to freely embed pictures and sounds into their messages.
On October 31, 2013, Nintendo abruptly suspended the Swapnote / Nintendo Letter Box SpotPass functionality after discovering minors were sharing Friend Codes with strangers who had exploited the messaging service to allegedly exchange pornographic imagery.
Mii Maker is a system application that allows users to create Mii characters through either a selection of facial and body features, such as the nose, mouth, eyes, hair, among other, or by taking a photo using the system 's cameras and auto - generate a personal Mii. Mii characters can also be added and shared by reading special QR codes with one of the cameras. It is also possible to import Mii characters from a Wii or a Wii U system. However, Mii created on Nintendo 3DS systems can not be exported back to a Wii due to the addition of character parts in Mii Maker not present on the Wii 's Mii Channel. This restriction, however, is not applied when exporting a Mii from a Nintendo 3DS to a Wii U system.
Activity Log is a system application that tracks game - play and keeps a record of which games have been played and for how long, as well as physical activity, such as counting every step taken while carrying a Nintendo 3DS using its built in pedometer. The feature encourages walking every day with the system in order to earn Play Coins, at a maximum of 10 each day at a rate of one per 100 steps, to a total of 300 coins. Play Coins can then be used with compatible games and applications to acquire special content and a variety of other benefits.
Other network features of the Nintendo 3DS include the Nintendo Network, SpotPass and StreetPass, and StreetPass Mii Plaza is a StreetPass application which comes pre-installed on every Nintendo 3DS system, while Nintendo Zone Viewer is a built - in application that detects and makes use of certified SpotPass hotspots (discontinued service).
Retail copies of games are supplied on proprietary cartridges called Nintendo 3DS Game Cards, which are packaged in keep cases with simple instructions. In Europe, the boxes have a triangle at the bottom corner of the paper sleeve - insert side. The triangle is color - coded to identify the region for which the title is intended and which manual languages are included. Unlike with previous Nintendo consoles, the complete software manual is only available digitally via the system 's Home Menu. Software published by Nintendo and by some third parties come packaged with come with Club Nintendo points, which can be redeemed for special rewards. Retail and download - only games are also available for download in the Nintendo eShop. All Nintendo 3DS consoles are region locked (software purchased in a region can be only played on that region 's hardware).
A total of 335.10 million Nintendo 3DS games have been sold worldwide as of June 30, 2017, with 34 titles surpassing the million - unit mark. The most successful game, Pokémon X and Y, has sold approximately 16.11 million units worldwide.
The Nintendo 3DS launched in Japan with 8 games, in North America with 15 games and in Europe with 14 games. An additional thirty games were announced for release during the system 's "launch window '', which includes the three months after the system 's launch date.
AR Games is a compilation of several augmented reality mini-games and simple tools, which is pre-installed on every Nintendo 3DS, along with 6 paper cards that interact with certain games. Five of the six cards have a picture of a character on them, consisting of Mario, Link, Kirby, Pikmin, and Samus. The sixth one is a question mark box from the Super Mario Bros. series. Nintendo has also published downloadable versions of this card in larger sizes. By scanning the cards, real time graphics are augmented onto live footage. It is also possible to take 3D photos of Nintendo characters, using any to all 6 AR Cards, as well as their Miis.
Some AR cards are also compatible with other Nintendo 3DS games including Nintendogs + Cats, Kid Icarus: Uprising, Pokédex 3D Pro, Freakyforms: Your Creations, Alive! and Tetris: Axis.
Face Raiders is another augmented reality application pre-installed on every Nintendo 3DS system. In order to start playing, the user must take pictures of peoples ' faces. These faces then turn into enemies and attack the player, who must shoot them using the system 's gyroscope. The background of the game is the rear camera 's viewpoint. As people walk by in the background, the game takes their pictures from their faces, also adding them as enemies. It is also possible to collect faces from the system 's image gallery, which is searched automatically for faces.
There are other Nintendo 3DS applications that similarly use the system 's AR capabilities, such as Pokémon Dream Radar and Spirit Camera: The Cursed Memoir.
Download Play allows users to play local multiplayer games with other Nintendo 3DS systems using only one Game Card. Players must have their systems within wireless range (up to approximately 65 feet) of each other for the guest system to download the necessary data from the host system. Download Play on Nintendo 3DS systems is also backward compatible, meaning that it is also available for Nintendo DS games. Unlike Download Play on Nintendo DS, game data, once downloaded to the guest system, is stored on the system 's SD card, no longer requiring a re-download for a future game session. Nintendo 3DS games can only transfer a maximum of 32 MB of data to other systems while in download play. Other forms of local multiplayer modes require each player to own the software that is currently being used.
The Virtual Console service allows Nintendo 3DS owners to download and play games originally released for the Game Boy, Game Boy Color, Sega Game Gear, Nintendo Entertainment System, and exclusively for New Nintendo 3DS models, Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Virtual Console games are distributed over broadband Internet via the Nintendo eShop, and are saved to a removable SD card. Once downloaded, Virtual Console games can be accessed from the Home Menu as individual apps. The service was launched on June 6 in North America and June 7, 2011 in Japan and Europe as part of a system update.
Nintendo and Sega also launched the 3D Classics series, a selection of enhanced retro games for the Nintendo 3DS featuring updated stereoscopic graphics.
In addition to its own software, the Nintendo 3DS is backward compatible with most Nintendo DS and Nintendo DSi software. Like the DSi, the Nintendo 3DS is incompatible with DS software that requires the use of the Game Boy Advance port. Nintendo DS and DSi software can not be played with 3D visuals on the 3DS. The original DS display resolutions are displayed in a scaled and stretched fashion due to the increased resolution of the 3DS 's screens. If the user holds down the START or SELECT buttons upon launching Nintendo DS software, the emulated screens will be displayed in Nintendo DS 's native resolution, albeit smaller with black borders. On the Nintendo 3DS XL, this method yields a viewing size for DS games similar to their native sizes (due to the larger screen size of the XL), unlike on the original 3DS models, where the games appear to be shrunk.
The Louvre Museum in Paris contracted Nintendo to create a 3DS - based audiovisual visitor guide. The guide contains over 30 hours of audio and over 1,000 photographs of artwork and the museum itself, including 3D views, and also provides navigation thanks to differential GPS transmitters installed within the museum. 3DS XLs pre-loaded with the guide are available for hire at the museum, and the software can also be purchased from the Nintendo eShop. Unlike most 3DS titles, the guide is not region locked.
The Nintendo 3DS hardware has received very positive reviews. IGN called its hardware design a "natural evolution of the Nintendo DSi system. '' CNET praised the device 's 3D effect, while IGN called it "impressively sharp and clean '', and impressively superior to its predecessors, although it was noted that the 3D effect only worked if the system was held at the right distance and angle. A common complaint was the 3DS 's battery life; Engadget reported to get 3 hours of battery life from the system, while IGN reported 2 to 4.5 hours of play.
The Nintendo 3DS XL was very well received at launch. Reviewers generally recommended the console to new buyers of the Nintendo 3DS family, although not so much to current owners of a Nintendo 3DS. Kotaku mentioned it as "possibly the best portable gaming device ever... (and) a well - designed machine... '' and that "it plays great games '' while The Verge called it "the best portable gaming buy around right now. '' The Nintendo 3DS XL improves upon the battery life of the original 3DS. Kotaku claimed that the Nintendo 3DS XL 's battery "lasts a cross-country flight. ''. Sam Byford of The Verge noted that the larger top screen makes more obvious problems with aliasing and low - resolution textures. He did, however, say that the 3D felt more immersive: "Where the 3DS felt like peering through a peephole into another world, the XL is almost like stepping through a door. '' On the other hand, Destructoid said the 3D effect on the XL was more subtle than on its predecessor. The Verge spoke positively of the build quality and design choices, saying the console improved on the original. A Destructoid reviewer said the 3DS XL was easier to use than the regular Nintendo 3DS, mainly due to his large hands. The Verge noted lowered sound quality from the original, the result of smaller speakers. Both The Verge and Gizmodo complained of low - quality cameras.
As of March 31, 2017, Nintendo reports 66.12 million units have been shipped worldwide, of which 21.63 million were shipped to Japan, 20.11 million were shipped to the Americas, and 18.05 million were shipped to other territories including Europe.
Nintendo has publicly stated that the 3D mode of the Nintendo 3DS is not intended for use by children ages six and younger, citing possible harm to their vision. Nintendo suggests that younger players use the device 's 2D mode instead, although the American Optometric Association has assured parents that 3D gaming in moderation would not be harmful for children. Additionally, the 3DS may help in screening children before the age of 6 who have depth related vision problems according to Dr. Michael Duenas, associate director for health sciences and policy for the American Optometric Association, and Dr. Joe Ellis, the president of the optometrists ' association. However, Dr. David Hunter, a pediatric ophthalmologist affiliated with the American Academy of Ophthalmology believes that it is largely speculative whether a child who has problems perceiving depth in real life would react to a 3DS in any way that parents would recognize as indicating any problems with depth perception. Nintendo 's vague warning, that, "there is a possibility that 3 - D images which send different images to the left and right eye could affect the development of vision in small children, '' was not specifically backed up by any scientific evidence, leading Duenas to believe it is motivated by preventing possible liability rather than safeguarding against realistic harm.
Nintendo has stated that a parental control involving a PIN will allow parents to disable autostereoscopic effects. Playing games in 3D has been suspected of causing headaches among some gamers. The dizziness experienced by some users may be explained similarly to the headaches that watchers of 3D movies have similarly experienced, which is believed to be due to confusion caused by a lack of visual cues that humans use to perceive depth in their everyday environment.
Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils - Aimé partially cited these concerns as one of the influences of the Nintendo 2DS, an entry - level version of the Nintendo 3DS systems lacking 3D functionality.
In 2011, 58 - year - old former Sony employee Seijiro Tomita sued Nintendo for infringing a patent on the 3D screen that obviates the need for 3D glasses. On March 13, 2013, a United States federal jury ordered Nintendo to pay him US $30.2 million in damages. However, on August 7, 2013, that amount was reduced by 50 % to US $15.1 million because the initial figure was, according to Judge Jed Rakoff, a federal judge, "intrinsically excessive '' and "unsupported by the evidence presented at trial. '' He added that when the suit was originally filed in 2011 the 3DS was not profitable. Nintendo appealed unsuccessfully. On December 11, 2013, it was decided by Judge Rakoff that Nintendo pay 1.82 % of the wholesale price of each unit sold to Tomita.
On July 17, 2015, Nintendo won a patent suit filed against eight of its handheld consoles, including the 3DS. The suit was originally filed by the Quintal Research Group after it secured a patent for a "computerized information retrieval system '' in 2008.
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who played the female cop in scouts guide to the zombie apocalypse | Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse - wikipedia
Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse is a 2015 American zombie horror comedy film directed by Christopher B. Landon and written by Landon, Carrie Evans, Emi Mochizuki and Lona Williams. The film stars Tye Sheridan, Logan Miller, Joey Morgan, Sarah Dumont and David Koechner. The film was released on October 30, 2015 by Paramount Pictures.
Three high school sophomores, Ben (Sheridan), Carter (Miller), and Augie (Morgan), are trying to recruit new members for their Scout group, led by their Scout Leader Rogers (Koechner). While Augie has always been happy about being a Scout, Ben and Carter have second thoughts. Carter tries convincing Ben to quit but he ca n't as Augie is about to get his Condor Patch. Their conversation of quitting is cut short when Ben accidentally hits a deer. They manage to get help from Carter 's sister, Kendall, and her friends. Ben, who 's had a crush on Kendall, gets some advice from her and they all see that the dead deer has vanished. Before they leave, the two are invited to the "Secret Seniors Party '' and Carter is given the address. When they go to get alcohol for the party, they meet Denise, a cocktail waitress that works at a strip club. She and Ben hit it off and she agrees to buy the alcohol for them. The two then meet up with Augie in the woods so they can set up their campsite. That night, still concerned about the disappearance of Scout Leader Rogers, the trio talk about how great their friendship has been before heading to sleep. Before the night is out, Carter wakes Ben so they can attend the party. Augie catches up, however, and is disappointed by their choice. The two drive into town to find that the bouncer for the strip club is no longer there and they sneak in. The two are immediately attacked by a zombie bouncer and stripper before being saved by a shotgun wielding Denise. Augie goes to Scout Leader Rogers ' house to find him, only to be attacked by Scout Leader Rogers as a zombie. Augie manages to deter him, and flee the scene.
Ben, Carter, and Denise go to the police station to discover that the town has been evacuated, before they are chased by a zombie horde into a holding cell. They wait for hours when the zombies hear music from outside and leave. Augie, seeing Ben 's car, runs in and unlocks the cell, freeing them. They all escape and make their way down the freeway. After walking for a bit, the four are picked up by Corporal Reeves. They drive to the party to see if anyone is evacuated, only to find that the address that was sent to Carter was fake. The group starts to argue, but Reeves was bitten prior to meeting them and has now turned into a zombie. Denise kills him and they try to get a signal on his radio. They hear information about bombing the town and start panicking. Carter then remembers his sister 's diary has the party information in it. The four take the vehicle and drive to Carter 's house. Once there, they manage to get the diary. But, more zombies arrive, and proceed to chase after the trio. They manage to escape using a trampoline to get to the now zombified neighbor, Ms. Fielder 's house. From there, they take her car and head off down the road. The four find a dirt bike down the road and Denise takes it so she can get the military. Now left by themselves, Ben, Carter, and Augie weapon up at a hardware store and head to the party.
The zombies find the party, and proceed to attack the partygoers, until the trio turns up, armed with weapons and they proceed to kill the zombies. Once they run out of ammo, they lock themselves in the building and the zombies follow them upstairs. Ben and Carter barricade the door when Augie reveals that he 's built a bomb that was hidden in Ben 's backpack. He manages to light the fuse when the zombies burst in and the three escape through a garbage chute just as it explodes, killing all the zombies. Denise and the military arrive at the scene, setting up medical tents and helping the survivors while the Scouts reconcile their friendship and Ben and Kendall kiss.
Prior to this film Christopher Landon worked on three movies in the Paranormal Activity series and enjoyed the chance to do something more lighthearted. He noted the comparisons in the script to various 80s movies stating "When I read the first script, I was like, ' Wow, I can actually make a gory R - rated version of The Goonies and Gremlins or even Monster Squad ' '' At the same time Landon noted that he wanted the film to not be a complete throwback and wanted to modernize the genre some, a task he compared to a similar issue with Disturbia in trying to mordernize a Hitchcockian thriller.
Although initially set for a March 13 2015 date, it was eventually pushed back to October 30 2015. k
Principal photography began on May 8, 2014 in Los Angeles.
In July 2015, Paramount announced that it had struck a deal with AMC Entertainment and Cineplex Entertainment to make Scouts Guide and Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension available digitally, 17 days after they dropped below 300 theaters, as part of a larger experiment, and asked other theaters to join in. In return, Paramount would share an undisclosed portion of proceeds of the VOD revenues. Per industry sources, Paramount gave participating exhibitors an estimated 2 - 4 % share of the studio 's digital revenue made between the time the film dropped below 300 theaters and 90 days after its opening date. Participants in Paramount 's formula include AMC, Canada 's Cineplex, National Amusements, and Alamo Drafthouse. But many circuits, including Regal Cinema, Cinemark, and Carmike, rejected Paramount 's offer to release in VOD. This meant that both films would only go out in roughly 1,350 North American theaters when opening on October 23 and 30 -- compared to 2,883 theaters for Paranormal Activity: The Marked Ones and well north of 3,000 theaters for each of the previous three PA installments. The impetus for Paramount 's experimentation with this approach, with these two - younger demographic genre movies -- which many have deemed box office failures -- is the theatrical failure of MGM 's Hot Tub Time Machine 2. Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, said: "There is no question that we are going to do less theatrically, but I believe we will make it up digitally. This is about the long - term health of the business, so there is not this long period of time when a consumer ca n't watch a movie. ''
Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse grossed $3.7 million in North America and $12.4 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $16.1 million, against a budget of $15 million.
The film opened on October 30, 2015, alongside Burnt and Our Brand Is Crisis. The film was initially projected to gross $2 -- 4 million from 1,509 theaters in its opening weekend but ended up grossing $1.8 million, finishing 12th at the box office.
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 44 % based on 92 reviews, and an average rating of 4.8 / 10. The site 's consensus reads, "Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse fails to live up to its intriguingly wacky title, instead delivering yet another zombie comedy - thriller with a tired T&A twist. '' On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 32 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews ''. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B -- '', on an A+ to F scale.
Katie Rife from The A.V. Club gave the film a C − grade, commenting: "If Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse is the future, maybe the world should end. '' Tim Janson from the SciFi Movie Page rated the film 41 % out of 100 %, saying: "This zombie comedy is short on laughs. ''
The film was released on December 8, 2015 onto Digital HD and On Demand, and on January 5, 2016 on DVD and Blu - ray.
In an interview, stars Miller, Morgan, and Dumont stated if the film is a box office hit, there could be potential sequels.
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how many episodes for games of thrones season 7 | Game of Thrones (season 7) - Wikipedia
The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017. Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven. Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series. The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss.
The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show 's main plotlines, featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters, Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa, and the army of the dead breaching the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and entering the Seven Kingdoms.
HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show 's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.
Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper.
The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear.
Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D.B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor 's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first - time Game of Thrones director, with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons. Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season.
Depending upon the release of George R.R. Martin 's forthcoming The Winds of Winter, the seventh season may comprise original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series. According to previous reports, some of the show 's sixth season had consisted of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin.
Filming began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, and ended in February 2017. In an interview with the showrunners, it was announced that the filming of the seventh season would be delayed until later in the year due to necessary weather conditions for filming. The showrunners stated "We 're starting a bit later because, you know, at the end of this season, winter is here, and that means that sunny weather does n't really serve our purposes any more. We kind of pushed everything down the line so we could get some grim, gray weather even in the sunnier places that we shoot. ''
Girona, Spain did not return as one of the filming locations. Girona stood in for Braavos and parts of King 's Landing. It was later announced that the seventh season would film in Northern Ireland, Spain and Iceland, with filming in Northern Ireland beginning in August 2016. The series filmed in the Spanish cities Seville, Cáceres, Almodóvar del Río, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo. Spanish sources announced that the series would be filming the seventh season on Muriola Beach in Barrika, Las Atarazanas, the Royal Dockyards of Seville and at the shores of San Juan de Gaztelugatxe, an islet belonging to the city of Bermeo. The series returned to film at The Dark Hedges in Stranocum, which was previously used as the Kingsroad in the second season. Some scenes were filmed in Iceland. Filming also occurred in Dubrovnik, Croatia, which is used for location of King 's Landing. The scene where Arya was reunited with Nymeria was filmed in Alberta, Canada.
Deadline reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season. It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons.
On August 31, 2016, Entertainment Weekly reported that Jim Broadbent had been cast for the seventh season in a "significant '' role. It was announced that the role of Dickon Tarly has been recast, with Tom Hopper replacing Freddie Stroma, who had previously played the role in "Blood of My Blood ''. The seventh season sees the return of Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris, who did not appear in the sixth season, Ben Hawkey as Hot Pie, who last appeared in the fourth season, and Joe Dempsie as Gendry, who last appeared in the third season and maintains his status as starring cast member. Members of the British indie pop band Bastille were reported to have filmed cameo appearances. British singer - songwriter Ed Sheeran also makes a cameo appearance in the season. Guitarist / vocalist of American heavy metal band Mastodon, Brent Hinds, has also revealed he would have a cameo appearance. This is Hinds ' second cameo in the series, following his appearance (along with bandmates Brann Dailor and Bill Kelliher) in the fifth season.
On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show 's sixth season. According to an interview with co-creators David Benioff and D.B. Weiss, the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were "down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We 're heading into the final lap. '' Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show 's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes. Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show 's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said "It 's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule. '' HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule. Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16. According to a report by Entertainment Weekly, the seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes. The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes -- around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively. The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth - season finale, "The Winds of Winter '', which ran 69 minutes.
Ramin Djawadi returned as the composer of the show for the seventh season.
On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews ''. On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 96 % approval rating from 37 critics with an average rating of 8.2 out of 10, and a 93 % average episode score, with the site 's consensus reading "After a year - long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones. ''
The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network 's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show 's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase. In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platform.
^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available, so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead.
The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. While in some countries, it aired the day after its first release.
On July 23, 2016, a teaser production trailer was released by HBO at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con. The trailer mostly consisted of voice overs, and shots of crew members creating sets and props. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video released by HBO highlighting its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.
On March 1, 2017, HBO and Game of Thrones teamed up with Major League Baseball (MLB) for a cross-promotional partnership. At least 19 individual teams participate with this promotion. On March 8, 2017, HBO released the first promotional poster for the season ahead of the SXSW Festival in Austin, Texas, which teases the battle of "ice vs. fire ''. Showrunners Benioff and Weiss also spoke at the event, along with fellow cast members Sophie Turner and Maisie Williams.
On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer. On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister. On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season. On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season. On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King. The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017. The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours. The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017. The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017.
The season was released on Blu - ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017.
The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired. On August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO 's international network partners. The leaked copy has the "for internal viewing only '' watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data. However, "this was not related to this episode leak '', according to The Verge. On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on - demand viewing for one hour before being removed.
Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times.
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how was the island-hopping strategy used to fight the japanese in the pacific | Leapfrogging (strategy) - wikipedia
Leapfrogging, also known as island hopping, was a military strategy employed by the Allies in the Pacific War against Japan and the Axis powers during World War II. The idea was to bypass heavily fortified Japanese positions and instead concentrate the limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan.
By the late 19th century, the U.S. had several interests in the western Pacific to defend; namely, access to the Chinese market, and its colonies -- the Philippines and Guam -- which the U.S. had gained as a result of the Spanish -- American War (1898). After Japan 's victories in the Sino - Japanese War (1894 -- 95) and in the Russo - Japanese War of 1904, the U.S. began to regard Japan as a potential threat to its interests in the western Pacific. This antagonism was intensified by Japan 's objections to an attempt to annex Hawaii to the U.S. (1893) and by Japan 's objections to discrimination against Japanese immigrants both in Hawaii (1897) -- on this occasion, Japan sent the cruiser Naniwa to Honolulu, Hawaii -- and in California (1906, 1913). As a result, the U.S. Navy began to draft, as early as 1897, war plans against Japan, which were eventually code - named "War Plan Orange ''. The war plan of 1911, which was drafted under Rear Admiral Raymond P. Rodgers, included an island - hopping strategy for approaching Japan.
After World War I, the Versailles Treaty gave Japan a mandate over former German colonies in the western Pacific; specifically, the Mariana, Marshall, and Caroline Islands. If these islands were fortified, Japan could, in principle, deny the U.S. access to its interests in the western Pacific. Therefore, in 1921, Major Earl Hancock Ellis of the U.S. Marine Corps drafted "Plan 712, Advanced Base Operations in Micronesia, '' a plan for war against Japan which updated War Plan Orange by incorporating modern military technology (submarines, aircraft, etc.) and which again included an island - hopping strategy. Shortly afterwards, a British reporter on naval affairs, Hector Charles Bywater, publicized the prospect of a Japanese - American war in his books Seapower in the Pacific (1921) and The Great Pacific War (1925), which detailed an island - hopping strategy. The books were read not only by Americans but by senior officers of the Japanese Imperial Navy, who used "island - hopping '' in their successful southeast Asia offensives in 1941 and 1942.
This strategy was possible in part because the Allies used submarine and air attacks to blockade and isolate Japanese bases, weakening their garrisons and reducing the Japanese ability to resupply and reinforce them. Thus troops on islands which had been bypassed, such as the major base at Rabaul, were useless to the Japanese war effort and left to "wither on the vine ''. General Douglas MacArthur greatly supported this strategy in his effort to regain the Philippines from Japanese occupation. This strategy began to be implemented in late 1943 in Operation Cartwheel. While MacArthur claimed to have invented the strategy, it initially came out of the Navy.
Leapfrogging would allow the United States forces to reach Japan quickly and not expend the time, manpower, and supplies to capture every Japanese - held island on the way. It would give the Allies the advantage of surprise and keep the Japanese off balance. The overall leapfrogging strategy would involve two prongs. A force led by Admiral Chester Nimitz, with a smaller land force and larger fleet, would advance north towards the island and capture the Gilbert and Marshall Islands and the Marianas, going generally in the direction of the Bonin Islands. The southern prong, led by General MacArthur and with larger land forces, would take the Solomons, New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, advancing toward the Philippines.
The principle of leapfrogging was not always followed in the Pacific. When MacArthur moved south to attack Mindanao after capturing the northern Philippines, and when he instigated the reconquest of portions of Borneo, he violated the "basic tenets '' of island hopping. In the first case, this may have been motivated by MacArthur 's promise to return to the people of the Philippines as soon as possible.
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an accumulation of salts due to evaporation of irrigation water is called | Soil salinity - wikipedia
Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil; the process of increasing the salt content is known as salinization. Salts occur naturally within soils and water. Salination can be caused by natural processes such as mineral weathering or by the gradual withdrawal of an ocean. It can also come about through artificial processes such as irrigation.
Salts are a natural component in soils and water. The ions responsible for salination are: Na, K, Ca, Mg and Cl. As the Na (sodium) predominates, soils can become sodic. Sodic soils present particular challenges because they tend to have very poor structure which limits or prevents water infiltration and drainage.
Over long periods of time, as soil minerals weather and release salts, these salts are flushed or leached out of the soil by drainage water in areas with sufficient precipitation. In addition to mineral weathering, salts are also deposited via dust and precipitation. In dry regions salts may accumulate, leading to naturally saline soils. This is the case, for example, in large parts of Australia. Human practices can increase the salinity of soils by the addition of salts in irrigation water. Proper irrigation management can prevent salt accumulation by providing adequate drainage water to leach added salts from the soil. Disrupting drainage patterns that provide leaching can also result in salt accumulations. An example of this occurred in Egypt in 1970 when the Aswan High Dam was built. The change in the level of ground water before the construction had enabled soil erosion, which led to high concentration of salts in the water table. After the construction, the continuous high level of the water table led to the salination of the arable land.
Salinity in drylands can occur when the water table is between two and three metres from the surface of the soil. The salts from the groundwater are raised by capillary action to the surface of the soil. This occurs when groundwater is saline (which is true in many areas), and is favored by land use practices allowing more rainwater to enter the aquifer than it could accommodate. For example, the clearing of trees for agriculture is a major reason for dryland salinity in some areas, since deep rooting of trees has been replaced by shallow rooting of annual crops.
Salinity from irrigation can occur over time wherever irrigation occurs, since almost all water (even natural rainfall) contains some dissolved salts. When the plants use the water, the salts are left behind in the soil and eventually begin to accumulate. Since soil salinity makes it more difficult for plants to absorb soil moisture, these salts must be leached out of the plant root zone by applying additional water. This water in excess of plant needs is called the leaching fraction. Salination from irrigation water is also greatly increased by poor drainage and use of saline water for irrigating agricultural crops.
Salinity in urban areas often results from the combination of irrigation and groundwater processes. Irrigation is also now common in cities (gardens and recreation areas).
The consequences of salinity are
Salinity is an important land degradation problem. Soil salinity can be reduced by leaching soluble salts out of soil with excess irrigation water. Soil salinity control involves watertable control and flushing in combination with tile drainage or another form of subsurface drainage. A comprehensive treatment of soil salinity is available from the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
High levels of soil salinity can be tolerated if salt - tolerant plants are grown. Sensitive crops lose their vigor already in slightly saline soils, most crops are negatively affected by (moderately) saline soils, and only salinity - resistant crops thrive in severely saline soils. The University of Wyoming and the Government of Alberta report data on the salt tolerance of plants.
Field data in irrigated lands, under farmers ' conditions, are scarce, especially in developing countries. However, some on - farm surveys have been made in Egypt, India, and Pakistan. Some examples are shown in the following gallery, with crops arranged from sensitive to very tolerant..
Fig. 1. Berseem (clover), cultivated in Egypt 's Nile Delta, is a salt - sensitive crop and tolerates an ECe value up to 2.4 dS / m, whereafter yields start to decline.
Fig. 2. Wheat grown in Sampla, Haryana, India, is slightly sensitive, tolerating an ECe value of 4.9 dS / m.
Fig. 3. The field measurements in wheat fields in Gohana, Haryana, India, showed a higher tolerance level of ECe = 7.1 dS / m. (The Egyptian wheat, not shown here, exhibited a tolerance point of 7.8 dS / m).
Fig. 4. The cotton grown in the Nile Delta can be called salt - tolerant, with a critical ECe value of 8.0 dS / m. However, due to scarcity of data beyond 8 dS / m, the maximum tolerance level can not be precisely determined and may actually be higher than that.
Fig. 5. Sorghum from Khairpur, Pakistan, is quite tolerant; it grows well up to ECe = 10.5 dS / m.
Fig. 6. Cotton from Khairpur, Pakistan, is very tolerant; it grows well up to ECe = 15.5 dS / m.
From the FAO / UNESCO Soil Map of the World the following salinised areas can be derived.
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muddy waters is associated with which subgenre of the blues | Muddy Waters - wikipedia
McKinley Morganfield (April 4, 1913 -- April 30, 1983), known professionally as Muddy Waters, was an American blues musician who is often cited as the "father of modern Chicago blues ''.
Muddy Waters grew up on Stovall Plantation near Clarksdale, Mississippi, and by age 17 was playing the guitar and the harmonica, emulating the local blues artists Son House and Robert Johnson. He was recorded in Mississippi by Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress in 1941. In 1943, he moved to Chicago to become a full - time professional musician. In 1946, he recorded his first records for Columbia Records and then for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess.
In the early 1950s, Muddy Waters and his band -- Little Walter Jacobs on harmonica, Jimmy Rogers on guitar, Elgin Evans on drums and Otis Spann on piano -- recorded several blues classics, some with the bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon. These songs included "Hoochie Coochie Man '', "I Just Want to Make Love to You '' and "I 'm Ready ''. In 1958, he traveled to England, laying the foundations of the resurgence of interest in the blues there. His performance at the Newport Jazz Festival in 1960 was recorded and released as his first live album, At Newport 1960.
Muddy Waters ' influence was tremendous, not just on blues and rhythm and blues but on rock and roll, hard rock, folk music, jazz, and country music. His use of amplification is often cited as the link between Delta blues and rock and roll.
Muddy Waters ' birthplace and date are not conclusively known. He stated that he was born in Rolling Fork, Mississippi, in 1915, but it is believed to be more likely that he was born in Jug 's Corner, in neighboring Issaquena County, in 1913. Recent research has uncovered documentation showing that in the 1930s and 1940s, before his rise to fame, the year of his birth was reported as 1913 on his marriage license, recording notes, and musicians ' union card. A 1955 interview in the Chicago Defender is the earliest in which he stated 1915 as the year of his birth, and he continued to say this in interviews from that point onward. The 1920 census lists him as five years old as of March 6, 1920, suggesting that his birth year may have been 1914. The Social Security Death Index, relying on the Social Security card application submitted after his move to Chicago in the mid-1940s, lists him as being born April 4, 1913. His gravestone gives his birth year as 1915.
His grandmother, Della Grant, raised him after his mother died shortly after his birth. Grant gave him the nickname "Muddy '' at an early age because he loved to play in the muddy water of nearby Deer Creek. "Waters '' was added years later, as he began to play harmonica and perform locally in his early teens. The remains of the cabin on Stovall Plantation where he lived in his youth are now at the Delta Blues Museum in Clarksdale, Mississippi.
He had his first introduction to music in church: "I used to belong to church. I was a good Baptist, singing in the church. So I got all of my good moaning and trembling going on for me right out of church, '' he recalled. By the time he was 17, he had purchased his first guitar. "I sold the last horse that we had. Made about fifteen dollars for him, gave my grandmother seven dollars and fifty cents, I kept seven - fifty and paid about two - fifty for that guitar. It was a Stella. The people ordered them from Sears - Roebuck in Chicago. '' He started playing his songs in joints near his hometown, mostly on a plantation owned by Colonel William Howard Stovall.
In August 1941, Alan Lomax went to Stovall, Mississippi, on behalf of the Library of Congress to record various country blues musicians. "He brought his stuff down and recorded me right in my house, '' Muddy recalled for Rolling Stone magazine, "and when he played back the first song I sounded just like anybody 's records. Man, you do n't know how I felt that Saturday afternoon when I heard that voice and it was my own voice. Later on he sent me two copies of the pressing and a check for twenty bucks, and I carried that record up to the corner and put it on the jukebox. Just played it and played it and said, ' I can do it, I can do it. ' '' Lomax came back in July 1942 to record him again. Both sessions were eventually released by Testament Records as Down on Stovall 's Plantation. The complete recordings were reissued by Chess Records on CD as Muddy Waters: The Complete Plantation Recordings. The Historic 1941 -- 42 Library of Congress Field Recordings in 1993 and remastered in 1997.
In 1943, Muddy Waters headed to Chicago with the hope of becoming a full - time professional musician. He lived with a relative for a short period while driving a truck and working in a factory by day and performing at night. Big Bill Broonzy, then one of the leading bluesmen in Chicago, had Muddy Waters open his shows in the rowdy clubs where Broonzy played. This gave Muddy Waters the opportunity to play in front of a large audience. In 1944, he bought his first electric guitar and then formed his first electric combo. He felt obliged to electrify his sound in Chicago because, he said, "When I went into the clubs, the first thing I wanted was an amplifier. Could n't nobody hear you with an acoustic. '' His sound reflected the optimism of postwar African Americans. Willie Dixon said that "There was quite a few people around singing the blues but most of them was singing all sad blues. Muddy was giving his blues a little pep. ''
Three years later, in 1946, he recorded some songs for Mayo Williams at Columbia Records, with an old - fashioned combo consisting of clarinet, saxophone and piano; they were released a year later with Ivan Ballen 's Philadelphia - based 20th Century label, billed as James "Sweet Lucy '' Carter and his Orchestra - Muddy Waters ' name was not mentioned on the label. Later that year, he began recording for Aristocrat Records, a newly formed label run by the brothers Leonard and Phil Chess. In 1947, he played guitar with Sunnyland Slim on piano on the cuts "Gypsy Woman '' and "Little Anna Mae ''. These were also shelved, but in 1948, "I Ca n't Be Satisfied '' and "I Feel Like Going Home '' became hits, and his popularity in clubs began to take off. Soon after, Aristocrat changed its name to Chess Records. Muddy Waters 's signature tune "Rollin ' Stone '' also became a hit that year.
Initially, the Chess brothers would not allow Muddy Waters to use his working band in the recording studio; instead, he was provided with a backing bass by Ernest "Big '' Crawford or by musicians assembled specifically for the recording session, including "Baby Face '' Leroy Foster and Johnny Jones. Gradually, Chess relented, and by September 1953 he was recording with one of the most acclaimed blues groups in history: Little Walter Jacobs on harmonica, Jimmy Rogers on guitar, Elga Edmonds (also known as Elgin Evans) on drums, and Otis Spann on piano. The band recorded a series of blues classics during the early 1950s, some with the help of the bassist and songwriter Willie Dixon, including "Hoochie Coochie Man '', "I Just Want to Make Love to You '', and "I 'm Ready ''.
Along with his former harmonica player Little Walter Jacobs and recent southern transplant Howlin ' Wolf, Muddy Waters reigned over the early 1950s Chicago blues scene, his band becoming a proving ground for some of the city 's best blues talent. Little Walter continued a collaborative relationship long after he left Muddy Waters 's band in 1952, appearing on most of the band 's classic recordings in the 1950s. Muddy Waters developed a long - running, generally good - natured rivalry with Wolf. The success of his ensemble paved the way for others in his group to make their own solo careers. In 1952, Little Walter left when his single "Juke '' became a hit, and in 1955, Rogers quit to work exclusively with his own band, which had been a sideline until that time.
During the mid-1950s, Muddy Waters ' singles were frequently on Billboard magazine 's various Rhythm & Blues charts including "Sugar Sweet '' in 1955 and "Trouble No More '', "Forty Days and Forty Nights '', and "Do n't Go No Farther '' in 1956. 1956 also saw the release of one of his best - known numbers, "Got My Mojo Working '', although it did not appear on the charts. However, by the late 1950s, his singles success had come to an end, with only "Close to You '' reaching the chart in 1958. Also in 1958, Chess released Muddy Waters ' first album, The Best of Muddy Waters, which collected twelve of his singles up to 1956.
Muddy toured England with Spann in 1958, where they were backed by local Dixieland - style or "trad jazz '' musicians, including members of Chris Barber 's band. At the time, English audiences had only been exposed to acoustic folk blues, as performed by artists such as Sonny Terry, Brownie McGhee, and Big Bill Broonzy. Both the musicians and audiences were unprepared for Muddy Waters ' performance, which included his electric slide guitar playing. He recalled:
They thought I was a Big Bill Broonzy (but) I was n't. I had my amplifier and Spann and I was going to do a Chicago thing. We opened up in Leeds, England. I was definitely too loud for them. The next morning we were in the headlines of the paper, ' Screaming Guitar and Howling Piano '.
Although his performances alienated the old guard, some younger musicians, including Alexis Korner and Cyril Davies from Barber 's band, were inspired to go in the more modern, electric blues direction. Korner and Davies ' own groups included musicians who would later form the Rolling Stones (named after Muddy 's 1950 hit "Rollin ' Stone ''), Cream, and the original Fleetwood Mac.
In the 1960s, Muddy Waters ' performances continued to introduce a new generation to Chicago blues. At the Newport Jazz Festival, he recorded one of the first live blues albums, At Newport 1960, and his performance of "Got My Mojo Working '' was nominated for a Grammy award. In September 1963, in Chess ' attempt to connect with folk music audiences, Muddy Waters recorded Folk Singer, which replaced his trademark electric guitar sound with an acoustic band, including a then - unknown Buddy Guy on acoustic guitar. Folk Singer was not a commercial success, but it was lauded by critics, and in 2003 Rolling Stone magazine placed it at number 280 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In October 1963, Muddy Waters participated in the first of several annual European tours, organized as the American Folk Blues Festival, during which he also performed more acoustic - oriented numbers.
In 1967, he re-recorded several blues standards with Bo Diddley, Little Walter, and Howlin ' Wolf, which were marketed as Super Blues and The Super Super Blues Band albums in Chess ' attempt to reach a rock audience. In 1968, at the instigation of Marshall Chess, Muddy Waters recorded Electric Mud, an album intended to revive his career by backing him with Rotary Connection, a psychedelic soul band that Chess had put together. The album proved controversial; although it reached number 127 on the Billboard 200 album chart, it was scorned by many critics, and eventually disowned by Muddy himself:
That Electric Mud record I did, that one was dogshit. But when it first came out, it started selling like wild, and then they started sending them back. They said, "This ca n't be Muddy Waters with all this shit going on -- all this wow - wow and fuzztone ''.
Nonetheless, six months later Muddy Waters recorded a follow - up album, After the Rain, which had a similar sound and featured many of the same musicians.
Later in 1969, Muddy Waters recorded and released the album Fathers and Sons, which featured a return to his classic Chicago blues sound. Fathers and Sons had an all - star backing band that included Michael Bloomfield and Paul Butterfield, longtime fans whose desire to play with him was the impetus for the album. It was the most successful album of Muddy Waters ' career, reaching number 70 on the Billboard 200.
In 1971, a show at Mister Kelly 's, an upmarket Chicago nightclub, was recorded and released, signalling both Muddy 's return to form and the completion of his transfer to white audiences.
In 1972, he won his first Grammy Award, for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording for They Call Me Muddy Waters, a 1971 album of old, but previously unreleased recordings.
Later in 1972, he flew to England to record the album The London Muddy Waters Sessions. The album was a follow - up to the previous year 's The London Howlin ' Wolf Sessions. Both albums were the brainchild of Chess Records producer Norman Dayron, and were intended to showcase Chicago blues musicians playing with the younger British rock musicians whom they had inspired. Muddy Waters brought with him two American musicians, harmonica player Carey Bell and guitarist Sammy Lawhorn. The British and Irish musicians who played on the album included Rory Gallagher, Steve Winwood, Rick Grech, and Mitch Mitchell. Muddy Waters was dissatisfied by the results, due to the British musicians ' more rock - oriented sound. "These boys are top musicians, they can play with me, put the book before ' em and play it, you know, '' he told Guralnick. "But that ai n't what I need to sell my people, it ai n't the Muddy Waters sound. An ' if you change my sound, then you gon na change the whole man. '' He stated, "My blues look so simple, so easy to do, but it 's not. They say my blues is the hardest blues in the world to play. '' Nevertheless, the album won another Grammy, again for Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording.
He won another Grammy for his last LP on Chess Records: The Muddy Waters Woodstock Album, recorded in 1975 with his new guitarist Bob Margolin, Pinetop Perkins, Paul Butterfield, and Levon Helm and Garth Hudson of the Band.
From 1977 to 1981, blues musician Johnny Winter, who had idolized Waters since childhood, produced four albums of Waters, all on the Blue Sky Records label: the studio albums Hard Again (1977), I 'm Ready (1978) and King Bee (1981), and the live album Muddy "Mississippi '' Waters -- Live (1979). The albums were critical and commercial successes, with all but King Bee winning a Grammy. Hard Again has been especially praised by critics, who have tended to describe it as Waters ' comeback album.
In 1981, Muddy Waters was invited to perform at ChicagoFest, the city 's top outdoor music festival. He was joined onstage by Johnny Winter, and played classics like "Mannish Boy '', "Trouble No More '', and "Mojo Working '' to a new generation of fans. This historic performance was made available on DVD in 2009 by Shout! Factory. Later that year, he performed live with the Rolling Stones at the Checkerboard Lounge; a DVD version of the performance was released in 2012.
In 1982, declining health dramatically stopped his performance schedule. His last public performance took place when he sat in with Eric Clapton 's band at a concert in Florida in the summer of 1982.
Muddy Waters 's longtime wife, Geneva (a first cousin of R.L. Burnside), died of cancer on March 15, 1973. Gaining custody of some of his children, he moved them into his home, eventually buying a new house in Westmont, Illinois. Years later, he travelled to Florida and met his future wife, 19 - year - old Marva Jean Brooks, whom he nicknamed "Sunshine ''. Eric Clapton served as best man at their wedding in 1979.
His sons, Larry "Mud '' Morganfield and Big Bill Morganfield, are also blues singers and musicians. In 2017, another son, Joseph "Joe '' Morganfield, began publicly performing the blues, often with his brothers.
Muddy Waters died in his sleep from heart failure, at his home in Westmont, Illinois, on April 30, 1983. Throngs of blues musicians and fans attended his funeral at Restvale Cemetery in Alsip, Illinois, to pay tribute to one of the true originals of the art form. John P. Hammond told Guitar World magazine, "Muddy was a master of just the right notes. It was profound guitar playing, deep and simple... more country blues transposed to the electric guitar, the kind of playing that enhanced the lyrics, gave profundity to the words themselves. ''
Two years after his death, Chicago honored him by designating the one - block section between 900 and 1000 East 43rd Street near his former home on the south side "Honorary Muddy Waters Drive ''. The Chicago suburb of Westmont, where Muddy lived the last decade of his life, named a section of Cass Avenue near his home "Honorary Muddy Waters Way ''. Following his death, fellow blues musician B.B. King told Guitar World magazine, "It 's going to be years and years before most people realize how greatly he contributed to American music ''. A Mississippi Blues Trail marker has been placed in Clarksdale, Mississippi, by the Mississippi Blues Commission designating the site of Muddy Waters ' cabin. In June 2017, a massive mural in downtown Chicago was dedicated to him.
The Rolling Stones named themselves after his 1950 song "Rollin ' Stone '' (also known as "Catfish Blues '', which was covered by Jimi Hendrix). Rolling Stone magazine took its name from the same song. Hendrix recalled that "the first guitar player I was aware of was Muddy Waters. I first heard him as a little boy and it scared me to death ''. The band Cream covered "Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' on their 1966 debut album, Fresh Cream, as Eric Clapton was a big fan of Muddy Waters when he was growing up, and his music influenced Clapton 's music career. The song was also covered by Canned Heat at the Monterey Pop Festival and later adapted by Bob Dylan on his album Modern Times. One of Led Zeppelin 's biggest hits, "Whole Lotta Love '', is lyrically based on the Muddy Waters hit "You Need Love '', written by Willie Dixon. Dixon wrote some of Muddy Waters ' songs, including "I Just Want to Make Love to You '' (a big radio hit for Etta James, as well as the 1970s rock band Foghat), "Hoochie Coochie Man '', which the Allman Brothers Band covered (the song was also covered by Humble Pie, Steppenwolf, and Fear), "Trouble No More '' and "I 'm Ready ''. In 1993, Paul Rodgers released the album Muddy Water Blues: A Tribute to Muddy Waters, on which he covered a number of Muddy Waters songs, including "Louisiana Blues '', "Rollin ' Stone '', "Hoochie Coochie Man '' and "I 'm Ready '' in collaboration with a number of guitarists, including Gary Moore, Brian May and Jeff Beck.
Angus Young, of the rock group AC / DC, has cited Muddy Waters as one of his influences. The AC / DC song title "You Shook Me All Night Long '' came from lyrics of the Muddy Waters song "You Shook Me '', written by Willie Dixon and J.B. Lenoir. Earl Hooker first recorded it as an instrumental, which was then overdubbed with vocals by Muddy Waters in 1962. Led Zeppelin also covered it on their debut album.
Muddy Waters ' songs have been featured in long - time fan Martin Scorsese 's movies, including The Color of Money, Goodfellas, and Casino. Muddy Waters ' 1970s recording of his mid - ' 50s hit "Mannish Boy '' (also known as "I 'm a Man '') was used in the films Goodfellas, Better Off Dead, Risky Business, and the rockumentary The Last Waltz.
The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame listed four songs of Muddy Waters among the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll.
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when did the legal drinking age changed to 21 in texas | National minimum drinking age act - wikipedia
The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 (23 U.S.C. § 158) was passed by the United States Congress on July 17, 1984. It was a controversial bill that punished every state that allowed persons below 21 years to purchase and publicly possess alcoholic beverages by reducing its annual federal highway apportionment by 10 percent. The law was later amended, lowering the penalty to 8 percent from fiscal year 2012 and beyond.
Despite its name, this act did not outlaw the consumption of alcoholic beverages by those under 21 years of age, just its purchase. However, Alabama, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, and Vermont, and the District of Columbia extended the law into an outright ban. The minimum purchase and drinking ages is a state law, and most states still permit "underage '' consumption of alcohol in some circumstances. In some states, no restriction on private consumption is made, while in other states, consumption is only allowed in specific locations, in the presence of consenting and supervising family members, as in the states of Colorado, Maryland, Montana, New York, Texas, West Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. The act also does not seek to criminalize alcohol consumption during religious occasions (e.g. communion wines, Kiddush).
The act was expressly upheld as constitutional in 1987 by the United States Supreme Court in South Dakota v. Dole.
Legislation concerning the legal minimum drinking age in the United States can be traced back to the days of Prohibition. In 1920, the 18th amendment to the U.S. Constitution declared it illegal to manufacture, transport, or sell intoxicating liquors. This was repealed with the passing of the 21st Amendment in 1933, which was followed by the adoption of minimum legal drinking age policies in all states, with most states electing a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21. Between 1970 and 1975, 29 states lowered the MLDA from 21 to 18, 19, or 20. This was primarily due to the passing of the 26th Amendment, which lowered the required voting age from 21 to 18.
During the 1960s, both Congress and the state legislatures came under increasing pressure to lower the minimum voting age from 21 to 18. This was in large part due to the Vietnam War, in which many young men who were ineligible to vote (or legally drink) were conscripted to fight in the war, thus lacking any means to influence the people sending them off to risk their lives. "Old enough to fight, old enough to vote, '' was a common slogan used by proponents of lowering the voting age. The slogan traced its roots to World War II, when President Franklin D. Roosevelt lowered the military draft age to 18. With the lowering of the voting age to 18, the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) was similarly lowered under the notion that by being able to vote (and for males, be subject to being involuntarily drafted into the enlisted ranks of the military), one should also be able to legally consume alcoholic beverages.
However, these changes were soon followed by studies showing an increase in motor vehicle fatalities attributable to the decreased MLDA. In response to these findings, many states raised the minimum legal drinking age to 19 (and sometimes to 20 or 21). In 1984, the National Minimum Legal Drinking Act, written by Senator Frank Lautenberg (D - NJ) and influenced by Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), required all states to enforce a minimum legal drinking age of 21 or else risk losing 10 % of all federal highway construction funds.
As the MLDA was still left to the discretion of the state, the act did not violate the 21st amendment which reserved the right to regulate alcohol for all responsibilities not specifically appointed to the federal government to the states. However, as the act controlled the distribution of anywhere from $8 million to $99 million, depending on the size of the state, the act gave a strong incentive for states to change the drinking age to 21. By 1995, all 50 states, two permanently inhabited territories, and D.C. were in compliance, but Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands (and Guam until 2010) remained at 18 despite them losing 10 % of federal highway funding.
Professor of law Tim Jost noted that the Roberts Court ruling in NFIB v. Sebelius, though upholding South Dakota v. Dole, had serious implications for future laws that incentivize state action.
The Court expressly distinguished South Dakota v. Dole, the drinking age case, because only a small portion of highway funds were at risk... There will certainly be future litigation when other federal programs are changed and all of the funding for the existing program is at risk, however.
Constitutional lawyer Adam Winkler disagrees saying
The health care decision on Medicaid is likely to be limited to its facts... Where a state 's budget is truly dependent on federal dollars to survive, then conditional spending offers will be called into question. The health care decision does n't purport to call into question any previous conditional spending law. And its not likely to have much impact because there 's no clear majority opinion establishing new limits.
The Conservative Party of New York opposed the passage of the law in 1984. In 2001, according to the same article, New York State Assembly member Félix Ortiz introduced a bill that would lower the drinking age back to 18. He cited unfairness and difficulty with enforcement as his motivations.
In 1998, the National Youth Rights Association was founded, in part, to seek to lower the drinking age back to 18. In 2004, the president of Vermont 's Middlebury College, John McCardell, Jr. wrote in The New York Times that "the 21 - year - old drinking age is bad social policy and terrible law '' that has made the college drinking problem far worse. Groups that oppose the 21 minimum include Choose Responsibility, the Amethyst Initiative, and Students for Sensible Drug Policy.
Mothers Against Drunk Driving supports the 21 law and has been the main opponent to lowering it back to 18.
A key cluster of philosophical opposition to the minimum lies in the natural human need for education and experience; young adults do not receive the opportunity to educate themselves and drink responsibly before the age of 21. A related line of thought emphasizes the importance of individual rights and freedoms. Another cluster comes from pragmatism, emphasizing the reality that young people are unlikely to stop drinking, and point to statistics on underage drinking as a reason to institute a lower drinking age, which would provide the opportunity to help "young people learn to make healthy and responsible choices ''. Social environmental theories are also cited; making alcohol a forbidden fruit may encourage more dangerous drinking than would occur if the drinking age were lowered. With a lower drinking age, young people would have access to "publicly moderated drinking environments '', rather than "model their behavior after the excessive consumption typical of private student parties '', though the perception of excessive drinking on college campuses is often overstated.
When brewing magnate Pete Coors raised the drinking age as a campaign issue during the 2004 U.S. Senate race in Colorado, Republican leaders praised his stand on states ' rights but distanced themselves from apparent self - interest.
College campuses across the nation continue to struggle with issues of underage drinking, despite the nationwide MLDA of 21. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) took special interest in this issue, and compiled a list of recommendations for colleges to implement in order to combat underage drinking on campus. However, few schools have actually implemented these recommendations, and according to a recent study, most of the intervention programs currently in place on college campuses have proven ineffective. Underage drinking is nearly impossible to prevent on college campuses because access to alcoholic beverages is extremely easy.
Though it is not the only factor that contributes to student drinking, liquor 's contraband status seems to imbue it with mystique. As a result, use and abuse of liquor is seen as sophisticated and is expected.
Of the colleges surveyed, 98 % offered alcohol education programs to their students. Only 50 % of surveyed colleges offered intervention programs, 33 % coordinated efforts with the surrounding community to monitor illegal alcohol sales, 15 % confirmed that surrounding establishments offered responsible beverage service training, and 7 % restricted the number of alcohol outlets within the community. Special services for "problem drinkers '' were available at 67 % of the surveyed schools; 22 % of the schools referred problem drinkers to off - campus resources, and 11 % offered no intervention program whatsoever. 34 % of the surveyed schools were located in communities which actively instituted compliance checks, but 60 % of these checks occurred without university involvement. One fifth of surveyed schools were all together unaware of the NIAAA 's recommendations.
Many factors may explain colleges ' failure to implement the NIAAA 's recommendations to control underage drinking on campus: a lack of university funding, a lack of time, a perceived lack of authority or jurisdiction within the community, or even a lack of interest on the part of the university, many universities even see the program as a waste of resources. Whatever the reasons may be, a multitude of options are available should colleges choose to institute programs to decrease instances of underage drinking on campus. These options include, but are not limited to, alcohol education programs, social norms campaigns, substance - free housing, individual interventions, parental notification policies, disciplinary procedures for alcohol - related violations, and amnesty policies to protect the health and safety of students.
Multiple studies have concluded that increasing the MLDA to 21 resulted in a 19 % decrease in traffic fatalities. The MLDA of 21 saves the lives of as many as 1,000 young Americans every year. A 2014 review found that the under - 21 law has reduced "alcohol - related traffic crashes and alcohol consumption among youths '', as well as possibly protected youths from adverse health outcomes they might experience as adults, including "alcohol and other drug dependence, adverse birth outcomes, and suicide and homicide. '' A 2016 study suggests that a higher drinking age reduces "accidental injuries, alcohol overdoses, and injuries inflicted by others. ''
However, such research is also not without considerable controversy. Several studies, including a 2011 review, were found to cast doubt on the idea that raising the drinking age to 21 actually saved lives in the long run. For example, Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) found that when the federally coerced and non-coerced states were separated out, any lifesaving effect is no longer statistically or practically significant in the coerced states, and even in the voluntary - adopting states the effect does not seem to last beyond the first year or two. They also find that the 21 drinking age appears to have only a minor impact on teen drinking. There is also some evidence that traffic deaths were merely shifted from the 18 - 20 age group to the 21 - 24 age group rather than averted. Additionally, Canada, Australia, the UK, and several other nations saw similar or faster declines in traffic fatalities than the USA did since the early 1980s despite not raising their drinking ages to 21. Thus, the magnitude of any public health and safety benefits of the 21 drinking age, at least relative to a legal drinking age of 18, remains unclear.
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unincorporated areas within the county of los angeles | List of unincorporated communities in Los Angeles County, California - wikipedia
There are 76 unincorporated communities in Los Angeles County, California. The estimated population is 1,095,592, out of a total of 9,818,605 of the entire county.
Communities
(as of 2010 Census)
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