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skins supplement roster
(photo by Andy Lyons)
[Quick note for those who've noticed the lack of updates – we're in Germany this week. Bear with us and we'll be back in time to dive right into training camp coverage. Thanks.]
For the first time in team history, the Washington Redskins participated in the NFL's lesser known draft – selecting defensive end Jeremy Jarmon in the third round of the 2009 Supplemental Draft. Shortly after, Vinny Cerrato, the team's vice president/football operations spoke with reporters to explain the move.
On what he liked about Jeremy Jarmon:
"The number one thing is, when he applied to the supplemental and we got his name, (Director of Player Personnel) Scott [Campbell] first looked at him, then he called (Area Scout) Bill Baker. Bill, who was scouting that area, checked him out, you know, character and all that. That came back good. Then Scott watched him on film and liked him on film, Bill Baker liked him on film. Then Scott and I sat down and watched all his tape, and liked him on film. Then we went down to the workout, Scott, myself, and then (Defensive Line Coach) John Palermo was there too, and talked to all the coaches down there, talked to the trainer.
"The kid is an articulate kid, has already graduated in Political Science, he is only 21 years old, and, you know, he made a mistake taking the dietary substance. He went around the corner from the facility there, and got a dietetic. But, Scott and I and Palermo, we took him to dinner, spent like three hours with him that night liked his personality and thought he would fit in with our guys, thought he was a lot like our guys, personality-wise. Once we did that, we talked to (Owner) Dan [Snyder] and Jim Zorn after the workout and said we really liked this guy, and then the kid flew out that Saturday and had dinner with Dan and Jim Zorn in Aspen. Then they liked him a lot too, and then we all talked about it and said that we should do this. We knew that we would have to give a third round pick to get him, because we knew that we wouldn't get him if we put in a four because there were too many other teams."
On how he will fit in at defensive end:
"He will be a left defensive end. He was 6-3, 280 [lbs.], ran 4.79 [40-yard dash], 31 vertical, had a 10-inch hand, 33 7/8 arm, and he was a 28 Wonderlic. He only did 19 benches; he needs to get stronger in the upper body. He has a great lower body and needs to get stronger in the upper body."
On when and where the workout took place:
"It was July 8, in Lexington Kent., at the University of Kentucky."
On how much he will help right away:
"I wouldn't say he is a project. I think he will be able to help on special teams right away because he can run so well. And he is coming into a situation where he's got a chance to learn from two great veterans in Phillip and Renaldo. So there is no pressure on him, where he has to do it. What he has to do is come in and learn from Phillip and Renaldo is what he needs to do."
On Brian Orakpo's Progress, and what this changes:
"Orakpo is the exact same as what he was. This does not change anything with Brian."
On how the contract will work:
"He is the nineteenth pick of the third round. So that is what his slot will be and we get more rookie pool money tomorrow."
On Jarmon's suspension, and whether he spoke about it with the team:
"We talked to him about it, we talked to the trainers about it, and we talked to the coaches about it. The trainer knew the most about it, because he was the one involved in the whole thing. We talked to their NCAA guidance person at Kentucky, and he just went around the corner and bought it at one of those nutritional stores. And he went through spring ball. He went through all of spring ball with Kentucky. And then he was suspended, I think it was in June."
On Jeremy addressing what happened in a press conference after being suspended:
"I think it showed what type of kid he was. And that's the type of guy we want in our locker room. You know, the type of person he is, we thought he fit perfectly with our guys. He would fit well in a room with them."
On whether he was double-teamed a lot in college, and if that contributed to a lesser sack total in 2008 than 2007:
"I asked the coaches that, and they said, hey, we don't have a lot of stars here so when the other teams find out who they are, they try to take them out of the game. But actually, I watched 2007 film and then 2008, and I thought he was a much better player in 2008 than in 2007, so I think he has a good upside to him."
On any lingering issues with his shoulder:
"No, he missed two weeks at the end of the year. He had some tendonitis in his shoulder, but he went and got a physical with Jim Andrews and all that. We went through all the records with the trainer, Scott Campbell, and myself. He started lifting again right after. He missed two weeks; it was just the wear and tear of the season, and then he took two weeks off, and then he was cleared to go back lifting."
On bulking him up:
"The thing about it was, he played between 280 and 285, and then he has been in Nashville training with, I can't remember the group of people he was training with, but once he got suspended, he couldn't work out and stuff at Kentucky. He did it on his own, went and got these people and trained with them, and he was in good shape at the workout. I was impressed with the type of condition he was in, and I think the strength coaches and their coaches were quite impressed that he was at 280, and worked out the way he did. I think his weight, whether he plays at 280, 285, wherever he will be in a year, our strength coaches will put on good weight. As he gets stronger, he will get more lean mass and those type things. So he may be 285."
On whether any other teams drafted a player, or any other teams were involved with the draft:
"No, he was the only one drafted. But I know a lot of teams, talking with some of the other media people, and I know from talking with his agent, and I got a text from one team that was picking very, very high in the fourth, they thought they were going to get him."
On whether someone will be released to make room:
"When he signs. We've still got to release three guys. When we sign our three draft picks that haven't signed, we will be releasing three guys. You'll see that when we sign somebody, somebody's got to go."
On the importance of getting younger with Brian Orakpo, and now with Jeremy Jarmon:
"I thought that it was a situation where you get a chance to get a big defensive lineman, and he gets the chance to come in, learn from two veteran guys. He is 21 years old, and he has got the size. To me, in next year's draft, if he had gone through the combine and everything else, the guy probably goes in the second round, cause D-linemen always go high in the draft. So I think we got the chance to get a quality player at a quality price. I don't think we could have got him in the third, come next April. And this way, he is a year ahead. For our third-round pick next year, we are getting a year of his work already into it. When we would have made the pick, he has already had a whole season and part of an off season already."
On if this is the first time he has taken part in the Supplemental Draft with the Redskins?
"Yeah, first time, so we didn't know the whole process. I never did it is San Francisco, so it's a first. And we were just sitting there, and one o'clock was the first round, and it was 10 minutes and you email in, we're not interested. Second round – same thing, and then third round – 'we'll take him with our third.' Then we were waiting for the email back saying whether we got him or not."
HapHaszard
Have several lagers on me, not them little ones the 2 liter steins. | {
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RSU 10 budget approved by voters
By Marianne Hutchinson, Staff Writer
RUMFORD — Fewer than 30 people approved a $27.73 million budget for Regional School Unit 10 Wednesday evening.
An article for $4.51 million in additional local funds passed 23-5 by secret ballot.
Starting July 1, the district will operate with five fewer towns because Byron, Canton, Carthage, Dixfield and Peru voted last year to withdraw from RSU 10. Byron formed its own school system; the other four towns formed RSU 56.
RSU 10 now includes Rumford, Mexico, Roxbury, Hanover, Buckfield, Hartford, and Sumner.
Mexico Selectman Reggie Arsenault had numerous questions for the school board and asked for decreases in some articles, but to no avail. One of his requests was for a reduction of $100,000 for the $10.48 million, which includes salaries of teachers, educational technicians, substitute teachers and classroom materials.
"The reason why I'm asking for a decrease is every year when we cut our budget at the local level we get hammered on by the school board budget," he said. "We have senior citizens that are on the verge of losing their homes because taxes are getting higher and higher."
Chris Brennick of Rumford disputed the idea raised by Arsenault that students who play sports should "pay to play" in order to "lessen the burden on taxpayers. I strongly discourage the board from moving in that direction (in the future). I understand that we need to defray costs and be fiscally responsible but when you start having student athletes put money into the situation it totally changes the dynamics of the program and it dilutes the educational value that's there," Brennick said.
Arsenault also questioned why Superintendent Deborah Alden's salary was not renegotiated after the withdrawal of the five towns.
Director Charlie Maddaus of Sumner said, "We did have some discussion about the reduction in central office expense and we felt as though in this transition year we needed to keep the staff in place that we had.
"There were two positions that were cut, one assistant in transportation and another assistant in the business office," Maddaus said. "So, there was a reduction of 8 percent in the central office. The hard part of this is that all of the duties of the central office still need to be done without regard for the number of students and we felt as though with this transition year we needed to have the majority of the staff in place."
Alden added, "We started out and the tax impact was at 18.5 percent more than last year and we got down to 2.8 percent. We tried really hard to go below that as well. That equaled about $2.3 million that we had to bring out of the budget. We did cut some positions and we really left no stone unturned."
Approved budget expenditures are:
Regular instruction $10.48 million;
Special Education $5.6 million;
Career and Technical Education $1.25 million;
Other instruction $780,297;
Student and staff support $2.77 million;
System administration $727,532;
School administration $1.3 million;
Transportation and buses $1.94 million
Facilities maintenance $2.79 million;
Debt service and other commitments $20,078; and
All other expenditures $69,977.
The budget validation referendum is set for June 13 at polling stations in the seven district towns.
A vote on a $900,250 bond for the Mountain Valley High School roof repair will be held July 11 in the seven towns.
The next school board meeting is at 5:30 p.m. June 12 at Region 9 School of Applied Technology.
Mexico Selectman Reggie Arsenault, fourth from left, questioned the Regional School Unit 10 board about the 2017-18 budget during a districtwide budget vote at Mountain Valley High School in Rumford.
The Regional School Unit 10 board of directors took questions from voters during Wednesday night's meeting and budget vote at Mountain Valley High School in Rumford. Fewer than 30 voters passed the $27.73 million spending plan for 2017-18.
Organizing principles of the Blue Dog Coalition that Rep. Jared Golden co-chairs on Capitol Hill
Bates College alumnus Marshall Hatch Jr. talks community, leadership
Portland shaken over recent killings of homeless people
Sports on TV: Saturday, January 28, 2023
Plymouth State University names locals to dean's list | {
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Class 1A state track and field meet preview
Jeff Elliott
High School Track: Class 1A State Meet
When: Today, field events finals 1 p.m., running event finals 6:30 p.m.
Where: Showalter Field, Winter Park
Local teams competing: Girls - Providence, St. Johns Country Day, University Christian. Also, Chelsea Monds, Mandarin Christian; Chante Wilson, Hilliard, Heather Volk, St. Joseph; Bishop Snyder 4x100 relay team. Boys - Bishop Snyder. Also, James Draeland, Providence; Ryan Simpson, First Coast Christian; Matt Corrigan, St. Joseph.
Outlook: The St. Johns Country Day girls team appears to have the best chance among local teams to contend for a state title. The Spartans scored well at the regional meet, finishing second to Maclay with 98.5 points. SJCD has entries in six running events as well as two relay units. Eighth-grader Nikki Aiosa was first and third in the two hurdle events at regionals. Providence will send three individuals and two relay units to today's meet. Victoria Reiman is the best hope for an individual title after placing first in the discus throw in the regional meet. The 4x400 and 4x800 relay units both claimed runner-up regional honors and could also score well. In the boys meet, Draeland will be a contender for top honors in both hurdle events after claiming the 110- and 300-meter titles at the regional meet. Bishop Snyder's two relay units (4x100 and 4x400) along with pole vaulter Chris Dayao (second in the regionals) could score points for the Cardinals. | {
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Pavel Altschul (17. května 1900 Česká Skalice – 18. srpna 1944 Terezín) byl český novinář, fotograf a vydavatel.
Život a dílo
Ve 30. letech 20. století vydával ilustrovaný časopis Světozor, který se pod jeho vedením přetransformoval ze zábavného rodinného listu na týdeník věnovaný sociálním reportážím z období velké hospodářské krize, zprávám o nástupu nacismu v Německu i o moskevských stalinistických procesech. Orientoval se také na propagaci avantgardních uměleckých směrů.
Zahynul v roce 1944 v koncentračním táboře Terezín.
Externí odkazy
Holokaust.cz , Dr.Pavel Altschul
Čeští fotografové
Čeští novináři
Umělci z České Skalice
Narození 17. května
Narození v roce 1900
Narození v České Skalici
Úmrtí 18. srpna
Úmrtí v roce 1944
Úmrtí v koncentračním táboře Terezín
Muži
Oběti holokaustu | {
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This quilted blanket measures approx. 45"x55" and made with 100% cotton fabric, batting, and thread. With montotone colors on both front and back, the quilt gives clean and simple modern look.
Drape over a sofa for decoration or use as a lap quilt in any contemporary space. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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var assert = require('assert')
var mongoose = require('mongoose')
var request = require('request')
var util = require('util')
module.exports = function (createFn, setup, dismantle) {
var erm = require('../../lib/express-restify-mongoose')
var db = require('./setup')()
var testPort = 30023
var testUrl = 'http://localhost:' + testPort
var invalidId = 'invalid-id'
var randomId = mongoose.Types.ObjectId().toHexString()
describe('Delete documents', function () {
describe('findOneAndRemove: true', function () {
var app = createFn()
var server
var customer
beforeEach(function (done) {
setup(function (err) {
if (err) {
return done(err)
}
erm.serve(app, db.models.Customer, {
findOneAndRemove: true,
restify: app.isRestify
})
db.models.Customer.create([{
name: 'Bob'
}, {
name: 'John'
}, {
name: 'Mike'
}]).then(function (createdCustomers) {
customer = createdCustomers[0]
server = app.listen(testPort, done)
}, function (err) {
done(err)
})
})
})
afterEach(function (done) {
dismantle(app, server, done)
})
it('DELETE /Customers 204 - no id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers', testUrl)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 204 - created id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, customer._id)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 400 - invalid id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, invalidId)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 400)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 404 - random id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, randomId)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 404)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers?query={"name":"John"} 200 - exact match', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers', testUrl),
qs: {
query: JSON.stringify({
name: 'John'
})
},
json: true
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
db.models.Customer.find({}, function (err, customers) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(customers.length, 2)
customers.forEach(function (customer) {
assert.ok(customer.name !== 'John')
})
done()
})
})
})
})
describe('findOneAndRemove: false', function () {
var app = createFn()
var server
var customer
beforeEach(function (done) {
setup(function (err) {
if (err) {
return done(err)
}
erm.serve(app, db.models.Customer, {
findOneAndRemove: false,
restify: app.isRestify
})
db.models.Customer.create([{
name: 'Bob'
}, {
name: 'John'
}, {
name: 'Mike'
}]).then(function (createdCustomers) {
customer = createdCustomers[0]
server = app.listen(testPort, done)
}, function (err) {
done(err)
})
})
})
afterEach(function (done) {
dismantle(app, server, done)
})
it('DELETE /Customers 204 - no id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers', testUrl)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 204 - created id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, customer._id)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 400 - invalid id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, invalidId)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 400)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers/:id 404 - random id', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers/%s', testUrl, randomId)
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 404)
done()
})
})
it('DELETE /Customers?query={"name":"John"} 200 - exact match', function (done) {
request.del({
url: util.format('%s/api/v1/Customers', testUrl),
qs: {
query: JSON.stringify({
name: 'John'
})
},
json: true
}, function (err, res, body) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(res.statusCode, 204)
db.models.Customer.find({}, function (err, customers) {
assert.ok(!err)
assert.equal(customers.length, 2)
customers.forEach(function (customer) {
assert.ok(customer.name !== 'John')
})
done()
})
})
})
})
})
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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Lifeboat Foundation is Media Sponsor of 2010 Humanity+ Summit.
April 19, 2010 — With its growing resources, the Lifeboat Foundation has teamed with the Singularity Hub as Media Sponsors for the 2010 Humanity+ Summit. If you have suggestions on future events that it should sponsor, please contact the Lifeboat Foundation at [email protected] with the subject "Lifeboat Foundation Sponsorship".
The summer 2010 "Humanity+ @ Harvard — The Rise Of The Citizen Scientist" conference is being held, after the inaugural conference in Los Angeles in December 2009, on the East Coast, at Harvard University's prestigious Science Hall on June 12–13. Futurist, inventor, and author of the NYT bestselling book "The Singularity Is Near", Ray Kurzweil is going to be keynote speaker of the conference. Full information is at http://hplussummit.com.
Also speaking at the H+ Summit @ Harvard is Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical gerontologist based in Cambridge, UK, and is the Chief Science Officer of SENS Foundation, a California-based charity dedicated to combating the aging process. His talk, "Hype and anti-hype in academic biogerontology research: a call to action", will analyze the interplay of over-pessimistic and over-optimistic positions with regards of research and development of cures, and propose solutions to alleviate the negative effects of both.
Humanity+ Summit @ Harvard is an unmissable event for everyone who is interested in the evolution of the rapidly changing human condition, and the impact of accelerating technological change on the daily lives of individuals, and on our society as a whole. Tickets start at only $150, with an additional 50% discount for students registering with the coupon STUDENTDISCOUNT (valid student ID required at the time of admission).
With over 40 speakers, and 50 sessions in two jam packed days, the attendees, and the speakers will have many opportunities to interact, and discuss, complementing the conference with the necessary networking component.
New speakers will be announced in rapid succession, rounding out a schedule that is guaranteed to inform, intrigue, stimulate and provoke, in moving ahead our planetary understanding of the evolution of the human condition!
When you register, please use the URL http://www.eventbrite.com/event/648806598/friendsofhplus/4141206940 for tracking purposes. | {
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Q: Problem while deleting blank spaces of a column of a DataFrame in Pandas The .replace() method doesn't work during the process of replacing multiple blank spaces of a column while I'm creating an .xlsx file from a DataFrame in Pandas. I also tried .str.strip(), it deletes the blank spaces but it also deletes all the cells of the column. I also used regex=True into the .replace() method but it still doesn't work. Am I doing something wrong? here's the code I'm using: import pandas as pd
from openpyxl import Workbook
book = Workbook()
operacional_1100 = book.active
maestro = pd.read_excel("2021 Gastos Ortodontik.xlsx", sheet_name="MAESTRO TR")
df_ordenar = maestro.iloc[:, [0,1,2,3,4]]
df_ordenar2 = df_ordenar['Monto'].replace(' ', '')
escrito = pd.ExcelWriter('prueba.xlsx')
df_ordenar2.to_excel(escrito)
escrito.save()
A: You can use the following code to replace the spaces with empty strings:
df_ordenar2 = df_ordenar['Monto'].str.replace(" ", "")
A: If you replace " " (whitespace) with "" (empty string) you would definitely end up with a blank cell. So it's recommended to use NaN instead.
I tried creating a dummy dataset with white spaces and empty strings and doing the process below helped me to replace them with an NaN value.
I can make NaN values using the NumPy module.
df_dict = {"First": [" ", 2, 3, 4], "Second": [1, 2, "", 4]}
test_df = pd.DataFrame(df_dict)
for column in test_df.columns:
test_df[column].replace(to_replace = [" ", ""], value = numpy.nan, inplace = True)
test_df
| {
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You can now smell some of your fave Studio Ghibli films
By Alexis Calub
Studio Ghibli fans have a list of their fave films since diving into each one is a different experience. But have you ever wondered what some of the animated movies smell like? Donguri Closet launched a range of homeware essentials that are inspired by two of the Japanese animation studio's stories.
Through reed diffusers, you'll now get an idea of the scent behind Howl's Moving Castle and Castle in the Sky. The former's design shows Howl and Sophie on its packaging and it smells like a sweet blend of berries. Meanwhile, the latter features the characters Sheeta and Pazu and gives you an idea of how the fantasy land smells like fresh soap.
Apart from that, there will also be LED Aroma Gel Lights that are designed to make you feel the "warm light and scents" from the said films. There's an on and off button underneath the light and the heat it produces inside will warm the gel, which then releases the aroma into the space.
PR Times Japan
The diffusers and gel lights collection comes in the same fragrances. Howl's Moving Castle's fruity smell is said to be reminiscent of the fields seen in the movie during Howl and Sophie's travels. On the other hand, Castle in the Sky's scent is inspired by the scene where Pazu meets Sheeta for the first time.
Priced at ¥3,300 (approx. P1,466) and ¥3,520 (approx. P1,564), the Studio Ghibli diffusers and gel Lights are now available online and at Donguri Kyowakoku branches. Donguri is a Japanese store that creates and sells Ghibli products.
Banner: (L) PR Times Japan | (R) Castle in The Sky / Studio Ghibli | {
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At GE Healthcare, we understand the need for a comprehensive education module to enable continuous learning and development of healthcare professionals. That is why we have built world-class training programs that allow clinicians to deliver optimal care with ease and confidence.
Complete with extensive reading materials and hands-on training, our blended training module is designed to empower caregivers to lead with knowledge. | {
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Q: Create a Song List Algorithm I would like to create a program that will create randomized set lists for my band; however, I don't want the sets to be completely random. Some songs are better to start a set with, some songs are better to end on. Some songs require changing instruments so I would like to limit the number of switches. It's usually not a good idea to go from a fast song to a slow song, but slow to fast is preferred. We can't play for 180 minutes straight, so I would like to break up the gig into three sets of 50 minutes.
I can imagine the relationship of the songs as a fully-connected, directed graph, with each song as a node and the connections between them being a score representing how good one song would follow the previous, which lends itself to the traveling salesman. But, I don't want the shortest path, I want the best song transitions within a 50 minute set (each song has a duration and the total duration of all songs within the set list must not exceed 50 minutes), which sounds more like a knapsack problem.
Could someone help me out here? What algorithm should I research?
EDIT (MORE INFO):
I have already thought of a function to score a transition between two songs f(s,t) that produces an integer value between 0 and 100, with 100 being the better transition. I also thought about creating nodes for the start of the show ("START"), the end of the show ("END"), and breaks in between ("BREAK 1", "BREAK 2", etc). The function mentioned before can score a transition from "START" to another song or a song to "BREAK 1" to represent opening a set or closing a set given a particular song.
A: TSP might not be a very good description of this question. The reason being your not actually looking for the best set list, as you are simply looking for a number of good set lists.
That being said, your problem reminds me a lot of using particle filters for trying to locate where something is.
Tweaking the method a fair bit gives something like this:
*
*Randomly generate 100 set lists using weighted probability. It might be useful to have some of those picked by hand.
*Calculate the scores for each set list, then use those as weights to randomly select 10 set lists.
*For each of those set lists, randomly generate 10 songs using weighted probability. For example, you might use the score of the song as a weight to determine if should you change it or not (low relative score means more likely for the song to be changed).
*Repeat steps two and three as desired.
*Pick the current best, or randomly select one of the current 100.
I used an example of 100, but you can use pretty much any sample size under probably a million or so unless you got a lot of time to let it run. Just be careful of how many you select VS how many you generate from those selected. The number selected times the number generated should equal the number you originally started with.
Edit:
Not sure your familiar with weighted probability so I should probably summarize as it's rather important to the algorithm. Say you have songs A-C, with weights 1-3 respectively. One way to handle weighted probability is instead of randomly picking 100 elements from [A,B,C] (which is unweighted), you actually randomly pick 100 elements from [A,B,B,C,C,C]. Since the weight of C is 3x that of A, it is is 3x as likely to be picked.
Ideally, if you're using that method, you should keep the scores as integers, and they should be relatively low (so that the max length of the list to pick the elements from doesn't get too high). If you don't mind loss of precision (which for this case is probably fine), you can also normalize the probabilities and use that create a list that will be much more predictable in terms of how large it is. This can be done by summing the weights, then divide each by the sum, then multiply all of the results by a single number. So for example if you had weights of [1000,10000,100000] instead of 1-3, dividing each by the sum (111000) yields approximately [0.009,0.090,0.901], which times by say 100 (which gives a list size of about 100) and rounding to the nearest whole number gives: [1,9,90] Thus your list from which you randomly choose elements should contain exactly 1 A's, 9 B's and 90 C's. There's a chance that only A would be selected for re-sampling (step 3), but that's rather unlikely, although it would be problematic if it occurred. In which case, you'd probably have to re-run the program. There are ways you could get around that, but you'd end up losing a lot of the randomness of the algorithm.
Oh and adding on to 3) When changing a song, calculate the score for every song that could replace that song. Remove all songs that are of lower weight or perhaps just below some fraction of it's weight*, then use the scores as weights and randomly pick the new song that will replace it (which may actually be the same song if the score is rather high).
*This is optional, but probably not a bad idea to implement if you think it might be useful as you could just set it to below 0.0 * the weight.
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Marg Stubington, Music Director / Directrice musicale
About the Choir
Individual Concerts
Sponsors, 2018–2019 Season
Coffee Sales
Berry Sales
Riser Rentals
Other Donations
About the Canadian Centennial Choir
The Canadian Centennial Choir (CCC) is an amateur community concert choir of approximately 70 voices. It was established in 1967 to celebrate in song the centenary of Canadian Confederation. Through the efforts of dedicated founding members, the Choir was constituted in 1968 as a non-profit, charitable organization. Since 2013, the choir operates under the Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act (NFP Act).
The CCC is governed by a constitution and directed by an elected board. The Choir's annual general meeting is held annually; at that meeting, the members of the board are elected.
The Choir performs secular and sacred music with a particular focus on new and commissioned works composed or arranged by Canadians.
The Choir's operating revenue comes primarily from membership fees, fundraising activities, sponsorships, grants, and subscription and ticket sales.
Click on the titles below to hear CCC sing.
"In Song - How Can I Keep from Singing" (Laura Hawley)
"This Little Babe" (Benjamin Britten)
"Ave Maria" (Elise Letourneau)
Receive updates on our upcoming concerts and fundraising campaigns.
The Canadian Centennial Choir gratefully acknowledges the financial support of the City of Ottawa.
© 2018 Canadian Centennial Choir. All Rights Reserved. | {
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Journal Retracts Paper Linking "Swine Flu" Vaccine and Narcolepsy
The retraction represents a setback for those trying to explain a puzzling cluster of sudden-onset narcolepsy reported in 2010 in Europe
By Heidi Ledford, Nature News Blog on August 1, 2014
Originally posted on the Nature news blog.
A paper that once promised to help unravel a medical mystery — why some children developed narcolepsy after receiving an influenza vaccine — has been retracted.
Narcolepsy is a disorder that causes extreme sleepiness, sometimes inducing uncontrollable 'sleep attacks' that can strike at any time of day. In 2010, a puzzling cluster of sudden-onset narcolepsy cases was reported in Europe among children vaccinated with GlaxoSmithKline's Pandemrix flu vaccine against the H1N1 'swine flu' that had caused a pandemic in 2009.
On December 18, 2013, researchers reported a possible connection between the vaccine and narcolepsy. In a paper published in Science Translational Medicine, they showed that people with narcolepsy produce immune cells called T cells that recognize hypocretin, a neurotransmitter that regulates wakefulness. People with narcolepsy tend to have low levels of hypocretin in neurons that control wakefulness, and the results supported the notion that autoimmune responses could be destroying the neurotransmitter.
The authors, led by immunologist Elizabeth Mellins and narcolepsy researcher Emmanuel Mignot of the Stanford School of Medicine in Palo Alto, California, went on to demonstrate that pieces of a flu protein often used in vaccines stimulated immune cells that recognize hypocretin. This suggested a mechanism by which the vaccine could contribute to narcolepsy in some people.
But on July 31, the authors announced that they have been unable to repeat a key finding: that immune cells from people with narcolepsy respond to hypocretin more so than immune cells from people who do not have narcolepsy. "Because the validity of the conclusions reported in the study cannot be confirmed, we are retracting the article," the team wrote.
The retraction is a setback for a field struggling to find an answer. "We continue to believe that the original scientific hypothesis remains a valid one that needs to be further explored," said GlaxoSmithKline, a London-based pharmaceutical firm, in a statement. The company says that it is supporting research, including in its own labs, to explore the possible link between its vaccine and narcolepsy, and particularly to learn more about interactions between the vaccine and other risk factors in the people who developed the condition.
Those risk factors were a mystery even before the retraction. And although the paper suggested a possible link between flu vaccines and narcolepsy, it did not clarify why Pandemrix, in particular, would be problematic. The original study was also conducted in a relatively small number of people.
Given such small numbers, the retraction comes as little surprise, says immunologist Outi Vaarala of the Finland National Institute for Health and Welfare in Helsinki. Vaarala, who praises the authors for openly addressing the problems with their paper, also notes that the methods use to assay immune responses are difficult to reproduce, and says reviewers should demand that researchers repeat their experiments using multiple methods. "If you can show differences in T-cell reactivity between patients and controls when different read-outs are used," she says, "the findings are likely to be reliable."
This article is reproduced with permission and was first published on July 31, 2014.
Heidi Ledford
Heidi Ledford works for Nature magazine.
Moderna COVID Vaccine Becomes Second to Get U.S. Authorization
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Prime Numbers Scholar Wins 2014 MacArthur "Genius Grant"
2 hours ago — Eliene Augenbraun | {
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Scott McKenna
British Racing Driver
Driver Coaching
Ice Driver
Pole position and fighting finish for McKenna at Brands Hatch
by Dan Mason
Posted on 18th Nov 2020
BRDC Rising Star Scott McKenna grabbed a maiden Porsche Carrera Cup GB pole position and was unlucky not to round out his rookie season with more silverware in the final two rounds at Brands Hatch Indy circuit last weekend (14/15 November).
The North Yorkshire youngster travelled to Kent still in contention for the closely-fought Rookie Championship with two races to go, also hoping to add to his three podium finishes from earlier in the season.
The Redline Racing man was greeted with changeable conditions throughout the weekend, but showed strong top-four pace in testing as the track dried out to signal intent ahead of the main action over the weekend. That pace was converted in spectacular fashion on Saturday afternoon when McKenna set a hot lap in wet conditions good enough to grab pole position by 0.002s, in doing so becoming only the second driver all season to clinch the coveted top spot on the grid in qualifying.
With the advantage heading into the first of the weekend's two races, McKenna battled worsening conditions in an intense opening contest. Battling to hold the lead into turn one, McKenna lost the lead into Druids for the first time, but chased after the new leader on cold tyres.
Last year's Ginetta GT5 Challenge champion fell to third but showed his defensive skills to fend off rookie rival Lorcan Hanafin for many laps before the latter lost control and spun into the gravel, resulting in a safety car interruption. On the restart, McKenna settled into third place with a podium finish on the cards, but found himself closing on the tense lead fight between Harry King and Matty Graham.
Graham attacked on the wide line at Druids and as McKenna hugged the kerb to evade the battling duo, he and Graham made contact as the latter returned to the inside line, resulting in a puncture for McKenna and a spin for Graham in an unfortunate end to the lead dice. 16th place meant McKenna was forced to start from the back row of the grid for the drier second race the following afternoon, and he would be among three charging rookies looking to make up ground from the rear of the field.
From last place at the first corner, McKenna quickly found his feet and passed three cars in the opening two laps, soon making his way around the remaining Am Class competitors into 12th place. He then moved his 911 ahead of Esmee Hawkey and Ryan Ratcliffe and swiftly clawed onto the tail of Graham and Hanafin.
A safety car had closed the field up prior to that and gained McKenna another spot into eighth place, before a superb double overtaking move on the inside of Aaron Mason and Graham caught the battling pair unaware heading into Paddock Hill Bend to advance the BRDC Rising Star to sixth place on the road after a stellar drive. Sixth on the road, a track limits time penalty dropped McKenna to seventh but did not divert from the fact he gained 10 spots in the race – the most of anybody on the grid.
Despite flirting with further podiums, McKenna ended a fine rookie season on three podiums and sixth place in the overall championship standings, fourth of the rookies in a close and highly competitive maiden season in the one-make series.
Scott McKenna (#82 Redline Racing):
"I think we can all be proud with how we've done in out first season of Carrera Cup GB. We've been in the mix for a lot of it, we almost won at Knockhill and we've finished it with great pace and a pole position which sets us up for more positives in the near future.
"It's gutting what happened in race one; conditions were crazy, but we were sitting pretty and looking on for another podium – maybe even a win – until receiving contact from my team-mate at Druids which unfortunately left myself with a puncture sending me to the back of the race.
"What I can take away from the weekend is that I was the only other driver to take a pole position this season, which felt amazing and I'm proud to have achieved that for the team who have supported me all season, along with all my loyal sponsors that have allowed us to go racing in this unique season.
"I gave it everything in the second race and the car felt great all the way through. It just got faster and faster and I found my way through the traffic in some great battles. A good race to end on and more positions gained in a single race than any other driver in Carrera Cup this season. It's a shame fans weren't able to be there to see it in person."
Photos: Dan Bathie/Porsche GB
Tagged brands hatch, brdc, BRDC rising star, BTCC, Carrera Cup GB, mckenna, motorsport, porsche, Redline Racing, scott, TOCA
Prev Rookie Class Podium For Charging McKenna At Snetterton
Redline Racing
48B Earlsway
Teesside Industrial Estate
TS17 9JU
Rookie Class Podium For Charging McKenna At Snetterton
McKenna Fights Forward In Tight Silverstone Scraps
Rising Star McKenna Denied Podium In Thruxton Puncture-Fest
Success So Close For Scott In Scotland | {
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A business that specializes in rare party supplies has found itself an unusual niche.
USA TODAY's Savvy Small Business series takes a look at small businesses that are innovating in their industries and getting noticed. This week: HardToFindPartySupplies.com.
"We invest in paper plates"
Bummed that you can't find your favorite childhood TV show on a paper plate? Cry no more. There's still hope.
Jennifer Sherwood has a law degree and Adam Schlain has a finance degree, but the couple's real expertise lies in rare party supplies.
"Plates, cups, napkins, blowouts, banners, little mini tamborines, everything a kid needs for a birthday party," Sherwood says.
It's called HardToFindPartySupplies.com, based in Newport News, Va. As the name suggests, Sherwood and Schlain will give you a fighting chance to find a rare item that's no longer stocked at Target or Walmart.
"If a little girl wants Snow White, her mom wants to give her Snow White. But just try to find that in a store, you can't," Sherwood says. "Anything that is more than a year old just cannot be found anywhere."
Soccer moms, collectors and fans of everything from He-Man to Power Rangers, Disney Princesses to Finding Nemo, have plenty to choose from.
Sherwood and Schlain have stockpiled hundreds of thousands of paper plates and other obscure party items in the past 2½ years.
"Other people, they go out there and invest in the stock market," Sherwood says. "We invest in paper plates."
Because of an eye for rarity and the ability to buy in bulk, they can sell some items with a huge mark-up.
"For one product, we paid 5 to 10 cents an item for pieces and can sell it for 15 or 20 dollars," Schlain says. "We have gems, items that are extremely valuable, and the profit margin is really big on them."
Business is booming, all run online through the company website and eBay.
"Six months into the business, we were doing $6,000 in sales every month," Sherwood says. "Thirty months into the business, we are doing $40,000 in sales every month, and it just keeps growing."
HardToFindPartySupplies' eight employees ship more than 100 packages around the world every day.
"We started off with $20,000 worth of inventory in one bedroom," Sherwood recalls. "Then it took over the next bedroom, and the next bedroom, and the next bedroom. Floor to ceiling, 80% of our house was filled with party supplies."
Now, the business operates out of a 4,000-square-foot office warehouse that Sherwood and Schlain can navigate with ease, recalling exactly where the earliest edition of the Winnie the Pooh plates are.
Where do they get it? "All over the place," Sherwood and Schlain said in unison. The couple won't share secrets that could give competitors an advantage.
"Where we get it? That's probably what we are most protective of," Schlain says. "We don't want to encourage people to compete with us."
Schlain says he travels all over the country hoping to score big and rare. The latest jackpot was Little Bear, a product they expect will do very well.
"We have to go back to our childhood and think, 'What really evokes our emotions?' "Sherwood says. "If you have a child and you read them Little Bear and they fall in love, now they are two years old, and where are you going to find Little Bear party supplies?"
Other hot product lines include How to Train Your Dragon, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Disney's Little Einsteins, Blue's Clues, Harry Potter, Indiana Jones and Godzilla, many of which manufacturers don't make any more.
"Six months – that's the average amount of time a popular theme is on the shelves at major stores; after that, you just can't find them anywhere else," Sherwood says.
Hearing Sherwood talk about one variety of Snow White plates is like listening to a mother describe her youngster. This business is her child, she says.
"We are building an empire," Sherwood says. "This is our baby. This is our family's future."
How interested are you in starting a small business? | {
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Archives for posts with tag: Ed O'Ross
Best Thanksgiving Ever *1/2
So some guy named Shapiro made a Thanksgiving movie that serves as a showcase for drunkenness, interracial sex, projectile female ejaculatory fluid, and transgenderism? Imagine my shock. I would actually be surprised if there has ever been a worse cinematic Turkey Day offering than Best Thanksgiving Ever, which from the beginning feels more like a failed cable sitcom pilot than an actual movie. Jay Seals stars as Kevin, a sad sack who learns his girlfriend is cheating on him, and David Paulus plays his buddy Brad who tries to cheer him up by taking him out to drink and see strippers. Astoundingly, Eric Roberts and Ed O'Ross got talked into appearing in cameos in this kitchen fire.
A star and a half. Ideological Content Analysis indicates that Best Thanksgiving Ever is:
5. Anti-white, throwing in a gratuitous reference to how Europeans "stole" America from the Indians.
4. Anti-Christian. Sexually insatiable madwoman Margaret (Tate Hanyok) says grace before doing cocaine in Brad's bathroom, getting drunk on wine, and later putting on a sexual exhibition for Brad and Kevin. Jesus himself puts in a mocking appearance in a singles bar, looking like an over-the-hill, burned-out hippie. Thanksgiving, judging from this movie, is just a day when friends gather to eat turkey and watch the big sportsball game.
3. Pro-miscegenation, including the de rigueur publicity for African penis size in comparison with that of whites, and with one black character nicknamed "The Hammer" in reference to his endowment. Margaret also mentions having a black ex-boyfriend named Nehisi.
2. Pro-gay. Guests at Brad's Thanksgiving dinner include romantically committed homos Bruce (Jayden Lund) and Marc (Jordan Feldman), who perpetuate the gays-are-a-girl's-best-friend meme and also come across as comparatively normal in juxtaposition with the wacky Margaret and her boyfriend (Jason Whisman). Two other comic relief gays appear in a sequence set in a grocery store. Best Thanksgiving Ever also works to normalize transgenderism by featuring a post-op "woman" who is of course portrayed by an attractive female actress (Ashley Platz) instead of a man. Even Jesus appears to be tickled when Brad, unaware that the tranny is an old schoolmate with whom he used to play basketball, is tricked into leaving with it and is nearly seduced. Though refusing the mutilated individual's advances, Brad is careful to proclaim his acceptance of transgender orientation.
1.Anti-family. No children are in evidence among the households of the thirty-and-forty-something cast of characters, and non-procreative forms of sex – oral, anal, manual, and involving trannies – seem to be of primary interest to screenwriter Paulus. Mom, meanwhile, is just some obnoxious person who calls you when you're trying to concentrate on interracial porn.
Rainer Chlodwig von K.
Rainer is the author of the recently banned books Drugs, Jungles, and Jingoism and Protocols of the Elders of Zanuck: Psychological Warfare and Filth at the Movies – the DEFINITIVE Alt-Right statement on Hollywood!
Tags alcohol, anti-American, anti-Christian, anti-family, anti-religion, anti-white, Ashley Platz, basketball, Christianity, cinema, cocaine, comedy, criticism, critique, David Paulus, degeneracy, degenerate, Detroit, Ed O'Ross, Eric Roberts, film, gay, holiday, homosexuality, infidelity, Jason Whisman, Jay Seals, Jayden Lund, Jesus, Jordan Feldman, Michigan, miscegenation, movie review, movies, pro-gay, pro-miscegenation, procreation, religion, review, sex, sleaze, sports, strip club, stripper, Tate Hanyok, Thanksgiving, trans, transgender, trash
Bullet to the Head ****1/2
Action specialist Walter Hill has always had a fondness for hero odd couples, a formula the director exploited with memorably entertaining results in 48 Hrs., Red Heat, and Another 48 Hrs.; and now Hill returns to the genre in triumph with Bullet to the Head, the director's first feature film in many years, but a worthy addition to his impressive filmography and well worth the protracted wait.
Bullet to the Head is a near-perfect showcase for the haggard and frightening gravitas of over-the-hill Sylvester Stallone, who as cynical but likable hit man Jimmy "Bobo" Bonomo looks as chiseled, sleepy-eyed, and casually homicidal as ever, his voice so inhumanly deep and guttural that it sounds as if he has a football-sized phlegm wad and a few shell fragments lodged behind his chest. Veins protrude from his arms like earthworms writhing under the flesh of this man so old he seems just as likely to keel over dead from petrifaction as lash out and take off an enemy head.
But fortunately for action fans, Bobo makes it through the flick and takes out the trash in classic style, gunning for the gangsters and dirty cops who double-crossed him and killed his partner and teaming up for the purpose with D.C. detective Taylor Kwon (Sung Kang), whose own investigation of a fellow officer's murder has led him to Bobo's own New Orleans. Sung Kang packs about as much charisma as stale tofu, but his presence allows for politically incorrect fun-poking from Stallone along the sarcastic lines of, "Nice goin', Oddjob" and "Why don't you go read some fuckin' tea leaves?" The generational-technological gap between the two is also effective, recalling the dynamic between Bruce Willis and Justin Long in Live Free or Die Hard.
The culprits turn out to be high-rollers Robert Morel (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje), a cane-pimping African emigre with a knowledge of classical literature (of course!), and his sleazy associate Marcus Baptiste, played by Christian Slater, who seems to have transitioned gracefully enough from weaselly 80s alt-heartthrob roles to weaselly middle-aged bad guys. Bobo himself, meanwhile, is also being hunted by mercenary Keegan (Jason Momoa), a mean-eyed menace whose constant scowling is reminiscent of Ed O'Ross's turn in Red Heat.
Bullet to the Head makes a decent (if perhaps too-obvious) effort to give its story a bit of the spice and flavor of its New Orleans setting, and a sassy blues score by Steve Mazzaro sets the unpretty tone of the film, with Sarah Shahi furnishing skank appeal as Bobo's bastard tattoo artist daughter. But the main attraction here is always Sylvester Stallone. In addition to getting into a brutal Turkish bath fight, Stallone has a climactic, adrenaline-pumping axe duel with Momoa that earned the movie an extra half-star from this reviewer. Truly an experience to elicit affirmative Tim Allen chimp grunts from seasoned remote control warriors everywhere, Walter Hill's Bullet to the Head is aggressively recommended to proud dick owners only.
4.5 stars. Ideological Content Analysis indicates that Bullet to the Head is:
11. Sexist! One of Bobo's rules as a hit man is "no women, no children". A modern, sexually enlightened, and gender-blind gentleman would be just as eager to kill marked women as men. The climactic confrontation involves a damsel in distress.
10. Anti-Christian. A foul-mouthed, coke-and-booze-binging jerk (Holt McCallany) wears a crucifix. One of the villains is named Baptiste.
9. Anti-redneck. "I don't trust that redneck prick."
8. Pro-gay. Lesbians tango at a costume ball.
7. Anti-Slav. As in Pain and Gain, The Heat, and A Good Day to Die Hard, the Slavic woman is defined by sleaze.
6. Pro-torture. Sadism is an asset in interrogating a captive.
5. Drug-ambivalent. Bobo is a heavy drinker, but is no less effective for it. His daughter's mother is a dead junkie hooker. (see also no. 10)
4. Un-p.c. Bobo calls Kwon "Confucius", etc.
3. Multiculturalist/pro-miscegenation. Kwon hooks up with Bobo's daughter. New Orleans appears as a happy (albeit catastrophically corrupt) multiracial city, with blacks and whites mingling to hear some jazz.
2. Anti-police. Wooed by graft, cops become killers.
1. Anti-state/anti-cronyism. Motivating much of the killing is Morel's plan to knock down poor (presumably black) people's housing and throw up condominiums. "This goes way up, man. We're talkin' 'bout Washington."
Tags 48 Hrs, action, action movies, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Africa, After Dark Films, Another 48 Hrs, anti-Christian, anti-cronyism, anti-police, anti-redneck, anti-Slav, anti-state, Asians, autopsy, axe, bathhouse, blues, breasts, Bruce Willis, buddy cop, Bullet to the Head, Christian Slater, Christianity, cocaine, Confucius, corruption, crony capitalism, cronyism, Dark Castle Entertainment, daughter, detective, drug-ambivalent, Ed O'Ross, female nudity, hit man, hitman, Holt McCallany, Home Improvement, hostage, IM Global, Jason Momoa, jazz, Justin Long, kidnapping, lesbian, lesbianism, liquor, Live Free or Die Hard, Louisiana, masseuse, mercenaries, miscegenation, multiculturalism, multiculturalist, New Orleans, nudity, odd couple, police, political incorrectness, pro-gay, pro-miscegenation, pro-torture, racism, Red Heat, redneck, revenge, Sarah Shahi, Steve Mazzaro, Sung Kang, Sylvester Stallone, tattoo, Tim Allen, Turkish bath, un-p.c., vendetta, Walter Hill, Warner Bros, Washington D.C., yellow fever | {
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Planning, supervising and evaluating programs and policies about occupational health, safety and environmental conditions at workplace to ensure work conditions complying with labor code and environment health legislation.
Scheduling, implementing and evaluating occupational health, labor safety and environment improvement plan to eliminate danger risks and preventing labor accidents and ensure all conditions at workplace complying with labor safety and environment legislation.
Monitoring frequently the observance of occupational health, labor safety and fire prevention regulations at workplace.
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Preparing all necessary reports required by law and Management. | {
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type (
Backend interface {
Kick(req request.Kick) error
List(req request.List) ([]response.JsonWebToken, error)
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| {
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"Accurate information is lacking as to the effect of temperature and time of distillation on the relative proportions of zinc, lead and silver volatilized from complex ores, and while it is evident that the possibility of the commercial treatment of these complex ores has engaged the attention of metallurgists for years, it is one that will still bear investigation even on a small scale"--Statement of Problem, page 5.
© 1923 Ernest Sterling Wheeler, All rights reserved.
Wheeler, Ernest Sterling, "Effect of time and temperature on distillation of zinc-lead-silver complex sulphide concentrates" (1923). Masters Theses. 4766. | {
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IT'S ALL ABOUT COACHING! Listen to interviews with Karen and other coaches sharing advice, insights, techniques, resources, tools, and more, related to coaching and developing your coaching practice with ease and joy. You may also hear topics of discussion related to the Law of Attraction and other Spiritual practices... and much, much, more. Enjoy.
Please click on the title bar/link, to begin listening to this week's K-Cast. Or, if you prefer, right-click, and download to your computer for later listening! Thank you!
In this week's K-Cast I have a special holiday message I'd like to share with you. It's my favorite Christmas story. I hope you enjoy it.
In the spirit of self care, this will be our last K-Cast until after the holiday season. We will return with a new K-Cast on January 8, 2007.
Wishing you all a very joyous holiday season from myself, Kim Stacey and Kim Hamblin.
I love coaching new coaches who are developing their businesses! I have trained hundreds of coaches for four different coach training programs, and have experienced the joys and challenges of having my own coaching practice for the last five years. I work with coaches who are visionaries who want to make a significant contribution to the world. Using principles of spiritual intelligence and leading edge self-development techniques, I guide my clients to create their practices with ease and joy. | {
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Q: Android, How to call onCreate() explicitly from other method? I want to call onCreate(Bundle cicici); from other method then i am getting "NullPointerException", so please guide me how can i call the onCreate() from another method().
public void moreFriendsButtonClick(int id)
{
contentId= id;
onCreate(tempBundle);
}
Here i am passing int value, and
tempBundle=savedInstanceState;
and after that i am getting NullPointerException
A: you should create the bundle again. savedInstanceState is local to onCreate method.
try
Bundle tempBundle = new Bundle();
onCreate(tempBundle);
It should work.
A: This is what worked for me:
onCreate(new Bundle());
| {
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In this piece, Ruth explains why LGBT+ visibility is important and what affect positive representation can have on your mental health.
It is a basic human instinct to desire acceptance, this is something we all value to some extent or other. We want to belong and fit in, be that in our family or among our friends and colleagues, and especially in society as a whole. It matters how people view and think of us, and their perceptions of us can seriously affect our self-image. Certainly, when growing up and going through the school system, a lot of us feel the need to sandpaper ourselves down to fit the mould and get in with the popular crowd. Otherwise, you risk losing friends and being viewed as the outcast in your year.
And it is this feeling of being alone that can have a huge negative impact on your mental health.
When you constantly hear that you are an outcast, that you don't belong anywhere, and that who you are is somehow wrong, you begin to believe it and your self-esteem goes crashing through the floor. In a frantic attempt to be accepted, you go through the exhausting process of crushing down those parts of yourself that you think might result in your rejection.
As someone who grew up LGBT+, this was what I did for most of my childhood, and still do now when in some environments. It was internalising other people's homophobia that led to a serious decline in my mental health. And this is a common experience of a lot of LGBT+ people. Yes, we may have come forward hugely in terms of LGBT+ rights since the Stonewall riots of 1969 and the growth of the gay liberation movement that ensued. Yet society still shuns those who are LGBT+, particularly trans and genderqueer people, and homophobia and transphobia are prevalent in the workplace and our public institutions.
This has a huge effect on the mental health of LGBT+ people, and even how they interact with health services.
The statistics are, quite frankly, shocking. LGBT+ people are 3 times more likely to experience a mental health condition than cisgender straight people. Research done by Stonewall found that 52% of young LGBT+ people have self-harmed at some point in their lives. In one survey of LGBT+ people, over half of the respondents experienced discrimination based on their sexuality or gender identity when attempting to access healthcare, and nearly 30% of trans respondents had postponed or avoided medical care due to fear of discrimination.
Creating a society and environment that is positive, open, and caring is so key to people staying mentally healthy. And to do so, we must take a stand against the prejudice and rejection that LGBT+ people face today in our society.
A huge part of tackling this prejudice is LGBT+ representation and visibility.
The personal impact of visibility is huge. Seeing an LGBT+ MP, sportsperson or actor is so important; it provides you with a role model and can make you feel empowered in your identity. You feel a greater sense of belonging in society, and this can even aid people to come out, which can lift a huge weight off your shoulders. When I was facing homophobia and really struggling with being in the closet, seeing LGBT+ characters on my favourite TV show and LGBT+ people in Parliament really highlighted to me that, despite what I was hearing, my identity was nothing to be ashamed of.
Even just a small speck of positivity and pride in who you are can be something to hold onto and boost your mental health and self-esteem, however slightly.
LGBT+ representation and visibility can also have a transformative effect on society, helping to create that wider environment for LGBT+ people that is conducive to good mental health. The more that public figures talk about their experiences as an LGBT+ person, the less that our community seems taboo. It highlights that we are not some 'scandalous minority' but are just normal people. Instead of our community being put in a box on the fringes of acceptable society, visibility and representation can challenge this and bring being LGBT+ down to a base level.
This is such a vital and important concept to introduce into society.
This highlights that sexuality and gender identity are not a choice; it is okay and, in fact, normal to identify other than cisgender or heterosexual. And this is what challenges the divisive narrative that sets the LGBT+ community apart from the rest of society and breeds the distrust and prejudice that is so damaging to the mental health of LGBT+ people.
But representation is not good enough.
We need positive representation that does not promote or adhere to dangerous stereotypes that can in fact be more damaging to the LGBT+ community than silence.
Currently, there is a certain perception of LGBT+ people in movies and TV shows. We constantly see the stereotype of gay men being promiscuous and lesbians being manipulative misandrists. LGBT+ characters are frequently written as one-dimensional, with their sexuality or gender identity being their one defining characteristic. Lesbians in particular are portrayed as tragic figures, with a worrying trend of lesbian characters being killed off. Not only does this give society a horribly skewed picture of the LGBT+ community, which can feed into the prejudice that is already present, but it has a hugely negative influence on the way LGBT+ people perceive themselves. Media should be used to empower, not put LGBT+ people in boxes and reinforce the negative stereotypes placed on them by society. It is positive representation that builds up that pride in your identity that is so important to keeping mentally healthy.
So how can we as a society ensure that we see positive LGBT+ representation in the media?
Support both media created by LGBT+ people as well as media which has LGBT+ content. A keen market will mean that companies will be more likely to fund diverse media, and there will be more opportunities for LGBT+ stories to be told.
Call people out if they are presenting problematic stereotypes in their media, and if you are creating your own media, check your work to ensure that you are not inadvertently adding to the prejudice that the LGBT+ community faces.
Write your LGBT+ characters as multidimensional people, whose stories are so much bigger than a tragic coming out. Everyone is so much more complex and interesting than just their sexuality and gender identity.
Lastly, and arguably most importantly, empower LGBT+ people to join the media industry, to write, produce, direct and entertain. They have experienced the world through the eyes of an LGBT+ person, and know how they wish their stories to be told.
It is simply not good enough that on average an LGBT+ person is more likely to experience a period of poor mental health than a cisgender straight person.
But with visibility combined with the positive representation of LGBT+ people in the media, we can truly empower the LGBT+ community to be who they are without shame. Our voices and stories can tackle the prejudice inherent in society. Ultimately, by challenging the stereotypes and fighting division, this can help people become more accepting of the LGBT+ community, and encourage LGBT+ people to love and have pride in who they are, and thus create a positive, open, and caring society that is not only hugely beneficial to the mental health of LGBT+ people, but the mental health of all of us.
In this piece – Emily reflects on how running has helped her mental health, and what this latest roadblock means for her.
Endorphins make you happy. They can have a similar effect as morphine, reducing your perception of pain; however, unlike morphine, you cannot become dependent on endorphins. Nor can you become addicted.
So why do we repeat the activities that become tiresome and draining? That are painful and impossible?
Because once we've had the experience, we crave endorphin, the hormone that makes us happy.
I am a rollercoaster of countless attempts at becoming what I desire to be. Sometimes achieving, sometimes failing, but forever aiming to reach my goals. I am a creature of habit, but yet again, aren't we all? It doesn't take much for me to be absorbed into the Instagram fantasy of 'Women's Health' dreams. But nevertheless, a downward spiral of regret and hate which always follows an off track few days, is never far away.
Recently I have experienced a new challenge which has physically prevented me from training: injury.
Even though the injury is a very physical prevention, the mental hurdles which follow are just as challenging. I have been unable to maintain my half marathon training plan and haven't ran any distance in over a month. This challenge has come at the worst time, just two months before I run to raise money and awareness for something so close to my heart. It's been a challenging five weeks experiencing emotions of anger, sadness and frustration. I am still angry at myself, but I accept. Acceptance has come from moving the goalposts. My original idea of success was completing the distance in a certain time. After understanding healing takes time and is out of my control, I know this is no longer a reachable goal for me.
My challenge now lies with building my knee to be strong enough to withstand 13.1 miles of impact and my body to sustain this endurance without the training I had planned.
I have come to learn what my 'triggers' are which lead to my view of personal failure. I work well with routine. If I know I have time to exercise, or what I will be eating the next day, this often leaves little room for distraction. However, left to my own devices my decisions can lead to those I will later regret. I have become accustomed to 'self-help' mechanisms I have adapted into my life to help me stay on track. I record my food in 'my fitness pal' app to keep an eye on what I consume, I wear a Fitbit to log my exercise and no longer take my purse to work to prevent the 3pm binge. I find having a plan and an understanding of what my body and mind needs helps manage my motivation.
I am a tried and tested prototype of the affects activity and diet can have on the way you are and your outlook on every aspect in your life. I not only despise the way I look and feel when I don't have my diet and activity levels in my control, but I feel I lose myself. I no longer enjoy the things I enjoy. I lack motivation and a sense of care or purpose. I spend my days wishing for the new start to come the following morning. As soon as that day is 'broken' and I've failed my eating or exercise goals, I'm wishing for my next clean slate. The days become weeks and weeks, months. I no longer enjoy, I don't see the good in all. I don't appreciate.
When I am in control of my diet and exercise, I work, I am me.
I am a loving, caring person who sees the good in everything. I embrace my day and look forward to things. I enjoy the moment, not wishing for another chance to come. I take pleasure in my accomplishments and am proud of who I am.
The morale of the story is simple. I sound like a drink awareness advert mixed with a theory PE lesson. Eat and drink responsibly and move as much as you can. But putting this into practice can be the challenging part.
It is the challenging part.
For me, I know my way to a better, more positive, metal place. Balance. My life needs balance. Without balance I lose purpose and without purpose, I am not me. | {
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IDWID has been less busy of late. There are a few reasons for that. The first is, of course, the return of Battlestar Galactica reviews, which will be occupying much of my writing time for the next couple of months.
The second is that I'm in the process of buying a house, which, as you can imagine, takes up chunks of time here and there, especially since I'm shopping for things that will be going into that house shortly after I move in. Next week I begin the fun process of packing, followed the week after that with moving.
Consequently, I'm not putting a lot of thought into IDWID at the moment. If a blog topic pops into mind (one actually did yesterday, but I forgot what it was before I had a chance to write it), I might be motivated to write, but otherwise things might be a little quiet in my corner of the "blogosphere" (a term that CNN has endlessly adopted and which needs to be murdered).
That's okay, because I'm guessing most of you would rather see activity over on the Jammer's Reviews site than here, anyway.
Yeah, buying a house and moving in is a load of fun. Good luck. Don't freak when stuff breaks. It's gonna happen.
I hate packing. Try throwing everything that isn't fragile into a big heavy duty garbage bag, it makes the process a lot easier…at least until you get to your new place and have to sort through the bag.
OK, I will now return to my corner of… the blogosphere.
So we should look for the, "Sorry I haven't written anything," apologies over there for awhile?
When buying your new house make sure there are no nearby newspaper thiefs.
It's worth noting that the newspaper thief stopped swiping my paper sometime in February. It hasn't been a problem since. | {
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Rebecka Ahlberg Kärde, född 1991, är en svensk kritiker och översättare. Hon skriver kritik i Dagens Nyheter och FLM, och har tidigare varit vikarierande kulturredaktör på Arbetaren.
År 2018 tilldelades Kärde Svenska Akademiens kritikerpris. Senare samma år blev hon invald som en av fem externa ledamöter i Svenska Akademiens nya Nobelkommitté.
2021 fick Kärde Axel Liffner-stipendiet.
Hon är bosatt i Berlin, Tyskland.
Referenser
Kvinnor
Födda 1991
Levande personer
Svenska litteraturkritiker
Svenska filmkritiker | {
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Something, though uncertain what; a part more or less.
or so, a little, quite, fair, rather, vaguely, something, fairly, slightly, mildly, sensibly, more or less, to some extent, just about, enough, kind of, partly, slenderly, some, sort of, to a degree, passably, close to, roughly, pretty, like, a bit, around, about, approximately, sanely, clean, within reason, moderately, reasonably, slimly, kindly, relatively, evenhandedly, middling, jolly.
He arose stiff and somewhat chill, but the day promised to be a warm one, and a little exercise put a delightful heat through his body.
- "Raiding with Morgan", Byron A. Dunn.
Mrs. Johnson seemed to be in somewhat the same state of mind as I found myself.
- "The Melting of Molly", Maria Thompson Daviess.
" If I wait there alone," I finished somewhat hurriedly.
- "The Thing from the Lake", Eleanor M. Ingram. | {
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Hey guys, Lure releases in just 3 days! Here's an excerpt and the pre-order links if you want to make sure you have it as soon as it releases. Have a great weekend everyone!
Posted on February 13, 2015 by Alyssa Rose Ivy. | {
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Energy Considerations of Classical Electromagnetic Zero-Point Radiation and a Specific Probability Calculation in Stochastic Electrodynamics
MDPI — Atoms
Moddel, G.
Dmitriyeva, O.
zero-point energy
quantum vacuum
vacuum energy
detailed balance
casimir cavity
stochastic electrodynamics
Garret Moddel
Olga Dmitriyeva
Open Access This article is
re-usable
Atoms 2019, 7(2), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/atoms7020051
Extraction of Zero-Point Energy from the Vacuum: Assessment of Stochastic Electrodynamics-Based Approach as Compared to Other Methods
Garret Moddel * and Olga Dmitriyeva
Department of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0425, USA
Received: 16 February 2019 / Accepted: 17 May 2019 / Published: 23 May 2019
In research articles and patents several methods have been proposed for the extraction of zero-point energy from the vacuum. None of the proposals have been reliably demonstrated, yet they remain largely unchallenged. In this paper the underlying thermodynamics principles of equilibrium, detailed balance, and conservation laws are presented for zero-point energy extraction. The proposed methods are separated into three classes: nonlinear processing of the zero-point field, mechanical extraction using Casimir cavities, and the pumping of atoms through Casimir cavities. The first two approaches are shown to violate thermodynamics principles, and therefore appear not to be feasible, no matter how innovative their execution. The third approach, based upon stochastic electrodynamics, does not appear to violate these principles, but may face other obstacles. Initial experimental results are tantalizing but, given the lower than expected power output, inconclusive.
zero-point energy; quantum vacuum; vacuum energy; detailed balance; casimir cavity; stochastic electrodynamics
We present results from a set of experiments in which we attempted to extract quantum vacuum energy from a gas flow system based upon stochastic electrodynamics principles. To put this method in context we first outline other methods that have been proposed for harvesting this energy. The methods are divided into three classes, and the underlying principle of operation for each is assessed in terms of which would violate fundamental thermodynamics principles.
Physical effects resulting from zero-point energy (ZPE) are well established ([1], Chapter 3). This has led to several proposals and reviews discussing the extraction of ZPE to use as a power source [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. The ZPE extraction methods usually involve ZPE in the form of electromagnetic zero-point fields (ZPFs). The energy density of these ZPE vacuum fluctuations is ([1], p. 11):
ρ ( h ν ) = 8 π ν 2 c 3 ( h ν exp ( h ν / k T ) − 1 + h ν 2 ) ,
where ν is the frequency, and k is Boltzmann's constant. The first term in the large brackets describes Planck radiation from a black body at temperature T. At room temperature, at frequencies above 7 THz, the energy density is dominated by the second, temperature-independent term, which is due to zero-point energy. For high frequencies this energy density is large, but just how large depends upon the frequency at which the spectrum cuts off, a matter that is not yet resolved.
Two physical manifestations of the ZPF that will be discussed in this paper are zero-point noise fluctuations and the force between Casimir cavity plates. The available noise power in a resistance R per unit bandwidth is [10]
Δ V 2 4 R = h ν exp ( h ν / k T ) − 1 + h ν 2 ,
The first term on the right-hand side is the thermal noise, which is approximated at low frequencies by the familiar Johnson noise formula. The second term, usually called quantum noise, is due to zero-point fluctuations. This physical manifestation of the ZPF dominates the noise at low temperatures and high frequencies.
A second physical manifestation is evident with a Casimir cavity, which consists of two closely-spaced, parallel reflecting plates [11]. Because the tangential electric field is reduced (to zero for a perfect conductor) at the boundaries, limits are placed on the ZPF modes between the plates, and those modes having wavelengths longer than twice the gap spacing are suppressed to a degree determined by the plate reflectivity. This suppression is not imposed on the ZPF on the exterior side of the plats. The radiation pressure exerted on the exterior side of the plates is larger than on the interior, with the result that the plates are pushed together. The resulting attractive force between the plates is ([1], p. 58):
F ( d ) = π 2 ℏ c 240 d 4 ,
where d is the gap spacing. For this force to be measurable with the currently available experimental techniques, d must be less than 1 µm.
The benefits of tapping ZPE from the vacuum would be tremendous. Assuming even a conservative cutoff frequency in Equation (1), if just a small fraction of this energy were available for extraction, the vacuum could supply sufficient power to meet all of our needs for the foreseeable future. Cole and Puthoff [12] have shown that extracting energy from the vacuum would not, in principle, violate the second law of thermodynamics, but that is not equivalent to stating that extraction is feasible, nor do they attempt to describe how it could be accomplished. There is no verifiable evidence that any proposed method works [13], and there has been a continuing debate as to whether ZPE is fundamentally extractable [14].
In this article, we assess different methods that have been proposed to extract usable ZPE. We do not examine proposed methods to use ZPE forces as a means to enhance or catalyze the extraction of energy from other sources, such as chemical [15] or nuclear energy. We separate the different vacuum energy extraction approaches into three classes: nonlinear extraction, mechanical extraction, and pumping of gas. We analyze each to see if the underlying principles of operation are consistent with known equilibrium thermodynamics principles, and then draw conclusions about the feasibility of the ZPE extraction. Finally, we describe a method based on a stochastic electrodynamics picture of ZPE and present initial experimental results using the approach.
2.1. Nonlinear Processing of the Zero-Point Field
2.1.1. Rectification of Zero-Point Fluctuations in a Diode
Several suggested approaches to extracting energy from the vacuum involve nonlinear processing of the ZPF. One particular nonlinear process is electrical rectification, in which an alternating (AC) waveform is transformed into a direct (DC) one.
Valone [9] describes the electrical noise in resistors and diodes that results from zero-point fluctuations. He discusses the use of diodes to extract power from these ambient fluctuations, and compares this to diodes used for thermal energy conversion. For example, in thermophotovoltaics radiation from a heated emitter is converted to electricity. In Valone's case, however, the source is under ambient conditions. In support of Valone's approach, a straightforward analysis of diode rectification in the presence of thermal noise does appear to produce a rectified output from that noise unless a compensating current is added to the system [16]. Valone is particularly interested in the use of zero-bias diodes for zero-point energy harvesting, so as to rectify the ambient fluctuations without having to supply power in providing a voltage bias to the diodes.
This nonlinear extraction represents a sort of Maxwell's demon [17]. In 1871 Maxwell developed a thought experiment in which a tiny demon operates a trapdoor to separate gas in equilibrium into two compartments, one holding more energetic molecules and the other holding less energetic ones. Once separated, the resulting temperature difference could be used to do work. This is a sort of nonlinear processing, in which the system, consisting of the demon and the compartments, operates differently on a molecule depending upon its thermal energy. In the nearly fifteen decades since its creation, innovative variations on the original demon have been proposed and then found to be invalid. Despite the best efforts of Maxwell's demon and his scrutineers [18,19] there still is no corroborated experimental evidence for the demon's viability [20], and for the current analyses I will assume that he cannot assist us in extracting energy from a system in equilibrium.
In the absence of such a demon, thermal noise fluctuations cannot be extracted without the expenditure of additional energy, because such fluctuations are in a state of thermal equilibrium with their surroundings [21]. These thermal fluctuations are described by the first term on the right-hand side of Equation (2). In equilibrium, the second law of thermodynamics applies and no system can extract power continuously. All processes in such a system are thermodynamically reversible. A detailed balance description of the kinetics of such a situation was developed by Einstein to explain the relationship between the emission and absorption spectra of atoms [22], and discussed as a manifestation of equilibrium by Bridgman [23].
If the equilibrium is altered, for example by the addition of a non-equilibrium radiation field, then the detailed balance is replaced by a less restrictive steady state condition and it becomes possible to extract power. The difference between detailed balance and steady state is illustrated with the three-state system shown in Figure 1. Each arrow represents a unit of energy flux. In the steady-state case shown in Figure 1a, the total flux into any state equals the total flux out of it. Under equilibrium, however, a more restrictive detailed balance must be observed, in which the flux between any pair of states must be balanced. This is depicted in Figure 1b.
This concept of detailed balance can be applied to the extraction of thermal noise from a resistor at ambient (equilibrium) temperature. To optimally transfer power from a source, in this case the noisy resistor, to a load the load resistance should be adjusted to match that of the source. In that case, the load generates an equal noise power to that of the source, and an equal power is transferred from the load to the source as was transferred from the source to the load. Because of this detailed balance, no net power can be extracted from a noisy resistor.
To analyze the case of extracting energy from thermal noise fluctuations in a diode, consider the energy band diagram for a diode shown in Figure 2, where transitions among three different states are shown. For simplicity, five other pairs of transitions are not shown and are assumed to have negligible rates. (Not shown are (i) direct transitions between the p-type region valence band and the n-type region conduction band; (ii) transport of valence-band charge carriers (holes) through the junction region; (iii) generation and recombination in the n-type region; (iv) direct transitions between the n-type region valence band and the p-type region conduction band; and (v) generation and recombination in the junction region. A completely parallel set of processes could be added for these transitions, and would not change the physical principles involved, or the conclusions drawn.)
First consider the case of photovoltaic power generation. If the diode operates as a solar cell, light absorbed in the p-type region generates electron-hole pairs, promoting electrons to the conduction band at a rate g that depends upon the light intensity and other factors. The photogenerated electrons diffuse to the junction region, where the built-in electric field causes them to drift across the junction to the n-type region at rate d. The recombination rate, r, and the excitation rate, e, are also shown. Because g >> r and d >> e under solar illumination, i.e., the system is far from equilibrium, there is a net flow of electrons to the n-type region, where they are collected to provide power.
The diode would operate in much the same way for rectifying thermal fluctuations under equilibrium, except that now g would represent the thermal generation rate. In this case, however, the generation rate and drift rate across the junction would be much smaller than under solar illumination. Under thermal equilibrium and in the absence of a Maxwell's demon to influence one of the processes, a detailed balance is strictly observed, such that g = r and d = e. The second law of thermodynamics does not allow for power generation.
Valone's proposal [9] makes use of power generation in a diode from ZPE fluctuations described by the second term on the right-hand side of Equation (2). Whether this is feasible becomes a question of whether the zero-point energy in a diode is in a state of true equilibrium with its surroundings. It has been generally accepted that the "'vacuum' should be considered to be a state of thermal equilibrium at the temperature of T = 0" [12]. Recently, using the principle of maximal entropy, Dannon has shown explicitly that zero-point energy does, in fact, represent a state of thermodynamic equilibrium [24]. Therefore, it is clear that the detailed balance argument presented above for the case of thermal fluctuations also applies to ambient zero-point energy fluctuations, and a diode cannot rectify these fluctuations to obtain power.
2.1.2. Harvesting of Vacuum Fluctuations Using a Down-Converter and Antenna-Coupled Rectifier
A somewhat different approach to the nonlinear processing of the ZPF for extracting usable power would be to use an antenna, diode and battery. The radiation is received by the antenna, rectified by the diode, and the resulting DC power charges the battery. In the microwave engineering domain, this rectifying antenna is known as a rectenna [25]. Because of its ν3 dependence, shown in Equation (1), the ZPF power density at microwave frequencies is too low to provide practical power. Therefore, to obtain practical levels of power, a rectenna must operate at higher frequencies, such as those of visible light or even higher. There are diodes that operate at petahertz frequencies. One example is a graphene geometric diode [26] but the rectification power efficiency of optical rectennas at such high frequencies is generally low [27]. The first question about ZPF rectification is how it can be made practical. The second, and more important question here, is whether this is feasible from fundamental considerations. I address these in turn.
A method to extract ZPE is proposed in a 1996 patent by Mead and Nachamkin [4], which describes an invention to produce lower beat frequency from high-frequency ZPF to make it more practical to rectify. The invention includes resonant microscopic spheres that intercept ambient ZPF and build its intensity at their resonant frequency. The high-intensity oscillation induces interactions between two spheres of different size such that a lower beat-frequency radiation is emitted from them. This lower beat-frequency radiation is said to be then absorbed by an antenna and rectified to provide DC electrical power. (Note that the beat frequency is not frequency down-conversion, which requires a nonlinear mixer. The down-conversion occurs only after the signals encounter the diode, and so the antenna cannot actually pick up the short-wavelength ZPF, and the diode cannot rectify the high-frequency ZPF.) The invention is depicted in Figure 3.
Mead and Nachamkin's approach can be broken down into three steps:
Producing lower beat frequency radiation from the ambient ZPF;
Collecting the beat-frequency radiation at the diode by the antenna;
Rectification of the concentrated radiation by the diode.
Step (a) is a process akin to that performed by the diode described in the previous section, except that in the current case the ZPF produces an intermediate beat frequency whereas in the previous case the ZPF fluctuations in a diode were down-converted to DC. Therefore, this step operating with incoming radiation under equilibrium must observe a detailed balance of rates. Regarding steps (b) and (c), under equilibrium a source, antenna and load are in detailed balance, such that the power received by the antenna from the source and transferred to a load is equal to the power transmitted back to the source [28].
If steps (a) and (b) could provide a greater-than-equilibrium concentration of power to the diode, then the diode in step (c) would no longer be operating under equilibrium. When driven far from equilibrium the harvesting efficiency would be limited to the Carnot efficiency in a quantum heat engine, unless the extra energy somehow created some coherence [29]. However, as argued above, the concentration of power at the diode cannot occur under equilibrium. In summary, when applied to the harvesting of vacuum fluctuations each of the three steps in the ZPF down-converter system is subject to a detailed balance of rates, and therefore, the system cannot provide power.
2.1.3. Nonlinear Processing of Background Fields in Nature
If nonlinear processing of ZPFs were sufficient to extract energy, one would expect to see the consequences throughout nature. Naturally occurring nonlinear inorganic and organic materials would down-convert the ZPF, for example, to the infrared. The result would be constant warmth emanating from these nonlinear materials. Such down-conversion may exist, but through detailed balance there must be an equal flux of energy from the infrared to higher-frequency background ZPF.
For ZPFs to provide usable power, an additional element must be added beyond those providing nonlinear processing of ambient fields.
2.2. Mechanical Extraction Using Casimir Cavities
The attractive force between two closely spaced conducting, i.e., reflecting, plates of a Casimr cavity was predicted by Casimir in 1948 [11], and is given by Equation (3). This attractive force was later shown to apply also to closely spaced dielectric plates [30], and becomes repulsive under certain conditions [31]. The potential energy associated with the Casimir force is considered next as a source of extractable energy [5,6].
The simplest way to extract energy from Casimir cavities would be to release the closely spaced plates so that they could accelerate together. In this way, the potential energy of the plate separation would be converted to kinetic energy. When the plates hit each other, their kinetic energy would be turned into heat. The Casimir cavity potential would be extracted, albeit into high-entropy thermal energy. If this energy conversion could be carried out as a cyclic process, electrical power obtained from this heat would be subject to the limitations of the Carnot efficiency:
η max = T h − T c T h
where Th is the temperature of hot source and Tc is the temperature of the cold sink.
2.2.1. Energy Exchange between Casimir Plates and an Electrical Power Supply
In 1984, Forward described a different concept [2] for extracting energy from the mechanical motion of Casimir plates, one that maintains the low entropy of the Casimir cavity's potential energy through the extraction process. A coiled Casimir plate is shown in Figure 4. The attractive Casimir force between spaced-apart coils of the Casimir plates is nearly balanced by the injection of electric charge from an external power supply causing the plates to repel each other. As the plates move together due to the attractive Casimir force, they do work on the repulsive charge, resulting in a charge flow and transfer of energy to the power supply. In this way, the coming together of the Casimir plates provides usable energy, and maintains the low entropy of the original attractive potential energy. Forward made no attempt to show how this would provide continuous power, since once the plates came together all the available potential energy would be used up.
2.2.2. Cyclic Power Extraction from Casimir Cavity Oscillations
In Forward's concept, described in the previous section, energy is extracted from the Casimir force until the plates have come together, but continuous power extraction would require a cyclic process. In a series of publications, Pinto proposed an engine for the extraction of mechanical energy from Casimir cavities [6]. His concept makes use of switchable Casimir cavity mirrors. A schematic depiction of the process is shown in Figure 5. In step (a) the Casimir cavity plates are allowed to move together in response to their attraction, and the reduction in potential energy is extracted (for example, by the Forward method). In step (b) one of the plates is altered to change its reflectivity. Because of the altered state, the attractive Casimir force is reduced or reversed and the plates can then be separated using less energy than was extracted when they came together, as depicted in step (c). After they are separated, the plates are restored to their original state, and the cycle is repeated. Puthoff analyzed a system of switchable Casimir cavity mirrors and calculated the potential power that could be produced by Casimir plates as a function of vibration frequency and mass [32].
Pinto's approach cannot work if the Casimir force is conservative. If so, no matter what process were to be used in separating the plates, it would require at least as much energy as had been extracted by their coming together. For example, in step (b) shown in Figure 5, electrical charge might be drained from at least one of the plates to modify its reflective property. This would reduce the Casimir attraction and allow the plates to be pulled apart with minimal force, after which charge would be injected back into the plates to reestablish the Casimir attraction. For a conservative force, the minimum energy required for this draining and injecting back of the electrical charge is the energy that could be obtained from the attractive force of the plates moving together. Alternatively, exposing a plate to hydrogen may be used to change its reflectivity [33] and hence the attraction between plates. If the force is conservative then the hydrogenation/de-hydrogenation cycle would require at least as much energy as could be extracted from the Casimir-plate attraction, and the system cycle could not produce power. A similar situation to that of the Casimir force exists with standard electric forces, which clearly are conservative. The electric attraction induced by opposite charge on two capacitor plates cannot produce cyclic power.
In one analysis, a Carnot-like cycle was used to show that the Casimir force did not appear to be conservative [6], so that it would be possible to extract cyclic power. However, from an analysis of each of the steps in the cycle, Scandurra found that the Casimir force is conservative after all, consistent with the general consensus, and that the method cannot produce power in a continuous cycle [34]. In a recent publication, Pinto has supported this conclusion and its implications [35].
Generalizing from the conservative nature of the Casimir force, it appears that any attempt to obtain net power in a cyclic fashion from changing the spacing of Casimir cavity plates cannot work. In a different sort of mechanical extraction, it may be possible to use vacuum fluctuations as nanoscale hammers to heat surfaces [36], or even to account for the expansion of the Universe via parametric resonance [37].
2.3. Pumping Atoms through Casimir Cavities
2.3.1. Zero-Point Energy Ground State and Casimir Cavities
There is a fundamental difference between the equilibrium state for heat and for ZPE. It is well understood that one cannot make use of thermal fluctuations under equilibrium conditions. To use the heat, there must be a temperature difference to promote a heat flow to obtain work, as reflected in the Carnot efficiency of Equation (4). We cannot maintain a permanent temperature difference between a hot source and a cold sink in thermal contact with each other, without expending energy, of course.
Similarly, without differences in some characteristic of ZPE in one region as compared to another, it is difficult to understand what could drive a flow of ZPE to allow its extraction. If the ZPE represented the universal ground state, we could not make use of ZPE differences to do work. But the entropy and energy of ZPE are geometry dependent [38], and are a function of the boundary conditions [39]. In this way ZPE fluctuations differ fundamentally from thermal fluctuations. Inside a Casimir cavity the ZPF density is different than outside, a difference that is established as a result of the different boundary conditions inside and out. A particular state of thermal or chemical equilibrium can be characterized by a temperature or chemical potential, respectively. For an ideal Casimir cavity having perfectly reflecting surfaces it is possible to define a characteristic temperature that describes the state of equilibrium for zero-point energy and which depends only on cavity spacing [33]. In a real system, however, no such parameter exists because the state is determined by boundary conditions in addition to cavity spacing [40], such as the cavity reflectivity as a function of wavelength, spacing uniformity, and general shape.
The next approach to extracting power from vacuum fluctuations makes use of the step in the ZPE ground state at the entrance to Casimir cavities. According to stochastic electrodynamics (SED), the energy of classical electron orbits in atoms is determined by a balance of emission and absorption of vacuum energy [41,42]. By this view of the atom, electrons emit a continuous stream of Larmor radiation as a result of the acceleration they experience in their orbits. As the electrons release energy their orbits would spin down were it not for absorption of vacuum energy from the ZPF. This balancing of emission and absorption has been modeled and shown to yield the correct Bohr radius in hydrogen [43,44,45]. Accordingly, based on unpublished suggestions by B. Haisch and H.E. Puthoff, the orbital energies of atoms inside Casimir cavities should be shifted if the cavity spacing blocks the ZPF required to support a particular atomic orbital. However, under particular simplifying assumptions this shift is not predicted [46]. This reduction of orbital energy inside Casimir cavities is not associated with a reduced temperature, as the entire system is in thermal equilibrium. Unlike with the Lamb shift, the orbital energy is not just modified by the ZPF but is directly supported by it, and so the reduction in energy inside a Casimir cavity is expected to be much larger than the change in the Lamb shift as predicted by cavity quantum electrodynamics [47].
We do not attempt to assess whether SED is valid, which is well beyond the scope of this investigation, but rather simply make use of the implications of SED theory to develop of process for potential ZPE harvesting. Currently, only a semi-classical analysis using SED has been used to predict this shift of ground state orbital energies. Although much of SED theory has been applied successfully in producing results that are consistent with standard quantum mechanics [40,42,44], particularly with the inclusion of spin in the SED analysis [48], there have not been any reports to date in which this orbital energy shift has been replicated using quantum electrodynamics. An exploratory experiment to test for a shift in the molecular ground state of H2 gas flowing through a 1 µm Casimir cavity was carried out, but without a definitive result [49].
2.3.2. The Extraction Process
In a 2008 patent [8], Haisch and Moddel describe a method to extract power from vacuum fluctuations that makes use of this ground state reduction inside Casimir cavities. The process of atoms flowing into and out from Casimir cavities is depicted in Figure 6. In the upper part of the loop, gas is pumped first through a region surrounded by a radiation absorber, and then through a Casimir cavity. As the atoms enter the Casimir cavity, their orbitals spin down and release electromagnetic radiation, depicted by the outward pointing arrows, that is extracted by the absorber. On exiting the cavity at the top left, the ambient ZPF re-energizes the orbitals, depicted by the small inward pointing arrows. The gas then flows through a pump and is re-circulated through the system. The system functions like a heat pump, pumping energy from an external source to a local absorber. The amount of power produced in a small toaster-sized system producing roughly 1022 transitions into and out from Casimir cavities per second was estimated to be approximately 1 kW. The power required to pump the gas through the cavities was estimated to be well below 1 W [8].
Initial studies on energy emission from this system have been carried out [50]. We first examine the results and then discuss the thermodynamics issues that are related to the process.
2.3.3. Experimental Test of Radiant Emission Due to Gas Flow
For a working gas of xenon, a Casimir cavity spacing of approximately 0.1 µm is required to suppress the frequency for the outer orbital [8]. In an initial set of experiments cavities were formed using spaced-apart optical flats, but because of the narrow spacing required, even the thick optical flats bowed too much to provide sufficiently uniform spacing. More reliable cavities were formed from Whatman polycarbonate Nuclepore flexible membranes with pore sizes of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μm. To form metallic Casimir cavities gold was thermally evaporated at two angles onto the pore walls. The coverage was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) inspection, as shown in Figure 7.
Coated and uncoated membranes having a diameter of 25.4 mm were mounted into a holder and placed in an evacuated stainless-steel chamber. Gas flowed into the top of the membrane at a pressure of 1 to 10 Torr, and was pumped out below, with the pumping modulated at 0.5 Hz to facilitate lock-in detection of emission from the device. Above the device a pyroelectric detector measuring emission in the wavelength range of 0.6 to 5 µm was placed outside the chamber facing the device through an infrared-transparent ZrSe window. Additional experimental details are described in Ref. [49].
Four different gases (He, Ar, N2, and Xe) were used to test both coated and uncoated membranes. Emitted radiation from filters with a 0.2 μm pore size is shown in Figure 8.
Emission of radiation from all the membranes was clearly measured, with lower output from the gold-coated membranes than from the uncoated polycarbonate. To assess how the radiation was produced a series of tests was carried out.
2.3.4. Test of Frictional Heating as a Source for the Observed Radiation
We compared the radiated power from the filters with different pore diameters. In Figure 9 we show the signal measured for helium gas flowing through 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 µm pore diameter membranes. The highest signal was registered from the 0.1 µm filter. One possible explanation for why that diameter produced the largest signal is that the smaller sizes suppress ZPFs having frequencies that more closely match the atomic outer orbital frequencies, and hence, give rise to greater radiation from the ZPE. Alternatively, the smaller diameters produce a higher pressure drop and could give rise to more frictional heating, as discussed below.
To test for frictional heating, we examined whether the membrane might work as a passive element dissipating heat as a result of the pressure drop of gas flowing through it. Results for different gases flowing through 0.2 µm uncoated membrane are shown in Figure 10.
These results are in excellent agreement with the studies done by Roy and Raju on the gas flow through microchannels [51]. The pressure drop depends linearly on gas flow and the slope is different for different gases with xenon being the most resistive and helium being the least. If these frictional losses are what produce heating and the measured radiation, the power should depend quadratically on the gas flow. This would amplify the differences seen for the different gases, with xenon producing the largest heating and helium the smallest, as shown in Figure 11.
This trend in radiated power is the opposite of what was observed in the data of Figure 8, calling the frictional heating model into question. On the other hand, helium is more thermally conductive than xenon, and so if the signal measured in Figure 8 somehow involves thermal conduction—despite the fact that it is radiation and not conduction that is being measured—the greater thermal conductivity of helium may give rise to gas trend that was observed.
Another issue with the frictional heating model is that the measured power, shown in Figure 9, depends linearly rather than quadratically on the flow. This observation does not necessarily rule out frictional losses as a source for the measured radiation. The reason is that the system has more elements taking part in the process, with gas in the chamber transferring its energy to the walls. This might affect the power dependence on the flow and cause it to appear linear. The frictional heating does not appear to be the source for the measured signal both because the gas order is wrong and because the dependence on pressure is wrong. Still, it cannot be ruled out entirely.
2.3.5. Test of the Joule-Thomson Effect as a Source for the Observed Radiation
Another possible mechanism for the emission could be the Joule–Thomson effect [52]. To test for this, we replaced the membrane with a 12.5 μm thick Mylar film having a single hole 3 mm in diameter, far too large to give rise to any measurable ZPF effect. The results are shown in Figure 12. The phase measured by the lock-in amplifier was 180° off from the phase measured in the experiment with the nanopore membrane, indicating cooling. For xenon, argon, and nitrogen the Joule–Thompson coefficient is expected to produce cooling from expansion under the measurement conditions. We could clearly distinguish the heating we observed from flowing the gases through the Casimir cavities from this measured Joule–Thompson effect. This rules it out as a source for the observed radiation.
2.3.6. Turbulence as a Potential Source for the Observed Radiation
Turbulence is another possible heat source if the Reynolds number is sufficiently high, which would indicate that the flow is not dominated by viscosity [53]. In our experiment the rate at which the gas flowed through the nanopore cavities was below 2 cm/s, which results in a Reynolds number that is far below what would be required to cause turbulence at the exit. Furthermore, the viscosities of the gases used in the experiment have values that are very close to each other (Xe: 0.021 cP, Ar: 0.021 cP, N2: 0.0166 cP, He: 0.0186 cP). Even if turbulence somehow did produce radiation from the membrane it could not explain the differences in signal levels for the different gases.
2.3.7. Absorption/Adsorption as a Potential Source for the Observed Radiation
When a gas is brought into contact with a solid surface its molecules are either absorbed into the solid or adsorbed on the surface, both processes being exothermic. We tested whether this could be a source for the observed radiation. Adsorption is proportional to the surface area. We used three different pore size membranes, 0.1 μm, 0.2 μm and 0.4 μm, having surface areas of 9.4 cm2, 18 cm2 and 12.6 cm2, respectively. Signal from these different filters measured for a pressure of ~5 torr did not vary with surface area. Therefore, the absorption/adsorption model may be ruled out as a possible explanation for the observed radiation.
2.3.8. Expected Radiation Power
We can calculate the expected radiated power assuming that each atom releases 10% of its ground state orbital energy each time it enters a Casimir cavity, which would result in roughly 1 eV per transition [8]. For the flows we used that would result in the production of milliwatts of power. The measured power was below 1 µW for all the gases and samples. Assuming that roughly 20% of the emitted power was received by the detector facing the membrane, the measured power is three orders of magnitude smaller than expected. There could be multiple reasons for this discrepancy. An obvious one has to do with the pore shape, shown in Figure 7. It is far from uniform, so that only a small fraction of the gas atoms or molecules encountered Casimir cavities of the required dimensions. It is difficult to assess how much of a power deficit can be attributed to this, but it is clearly large. Another unknown has to do with the direction of the radiation. If there is radiation from the gas transitions, it may be directed to the walls of the Casimir cavity, causing them to heat up. In that case the radiation may be a secondary effect, with much of the power being lost to the environment by convection and conduction, and some radiation being outside the wavelength range of our detector.
If the power that was radiated does not come from ZPE, then it must come from the power supplied by pumping the gas through the cavities. Based on theory and experiments of gases flowing through nanopores [50] and consistent with the data and calculations of Figure 10 and Figure 11, the power required to pump gas through the Casimir cavities is more than three orders of magnitude lower than the expected power that could be harvested [8]. Therefore, from a simple gas flow perspective the harvested power does not come from the gas pump.
The SED model adds an additional factor. One might argue that because the ground state energy of the gas atoms in the Casimir cavity is lower than that outside, they would have to surmount a potential hill to exit the cavity. The power to do that would have to come from the pumping. By that argument the power emitted when the gas entered the cavity would all be supplied by the pump, and no ZPE would be harvested. There is a flaw in that argument, however. The power would not have to be supplied by the pump because it is supplied by the ambient ZPF that the atoms encounter when they exit the cavity—that is the whole point of the system. Furthermore, we do not know of a mechanism that could translate the spherically symmetric energy radiation from the molecules into a back-pressure. Still, we cannot totally rule out this potential hill argument.
In addition to these possible loss mechanisms, there are other unknowns because there are not yet a precise theory and simulations that would enable us to predict what the desired dimensions should be. Given the ambiguities it is not yet possible to know whether the measured power is consistent with ZPE being the source.
2.3.9. Deviations from Expected Results
The results deviated from what was expected in several ways.
The measured power is much lower than predicted, as described in the previous section. Some if not all this deviation can be attributed to inconsistent sizes and shapes of the nanopores.
Another unexpected result is that the uncoated polycarbonate membranes produced much more radiation than the gold-coated devices. It is expected that the metal-walled Casimir cavities are more effective than the dielectric-walled cavities in suppressing interior modes, although the latter does produce the Casimir effect [29] that are only slightly smaller [54]. A likely reason that more radiation was observed from the polycarbonate is that the emitted power heated the cavity walls and the emissivity of the polycarbonate walls and membrane is much greater than that of the gold.
We expected to see the greatest emission from the xenon atoms. Their outer orbital frequency corresponds to a wavelength (0.1 µm) that is suppressed in the 0.2 µm cavities (suppressed wavelength is ½ the cavity spacing). That suppressed wavelength is farthest from the wavelength corresponding to the helium orbital (0.05 µm). The opposite was observed. We do not know the reason for this, but it may have to do with more total energy being available from the helium atoms.
2.3.10. Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Putting aside the fact that radiation was observed, we consider whether there are fundamental constraints on the process. The first question is whether it conflicts with the conservative nature of the Casimir force. It does not because although Casimir plates are used, they do not move as part of the process. Therefore, this process differs from the mechanical process described in Section 2.2.2, which does make use of cyclic Casimir plate motion in an attempt to extract power from Casimir attraction.
Next comes the question as to whether there is a detailed balance that would render the process invalid. If the gas were stationary, then we would expect a detailed balance of radiation to exist between the atoms and their environment at the entrance and exit to the cavity. However, the gas is flowing and in such a dynamic situation could circumvent the requirement for detailed balance. A key issue here are the time scales involved. If the gas enters the Casimir cavity on a time scale that is much slower than the equilibration time, then the entire process occurs in quasi-equilibrium and detailed balance applies. In such a case, there would be no excess energy to shed, e.g., to the absorber shown in Figure 6, because the orbitals would remain in equilibrium with the vacuum ZPF at each instant of the process.
In summary, although the process does not overtly violate the second law, it is not clear whether equilibrium considerations render it incapable of providing harvestable energy.
2.3.11. Future Work to Investigate Gas Flow through Casimir Cavities
A study based on the same concept of harvesting energy from ground state reduction was carried out by Henriques [55]. To avoid the detailed balance described above and to improve the chances for observing orbital energy shifts he optically excited the atoms as they entered the Casimir cavity. He was not able to detect any emitted radiation, but the reason might have been due to poor sensitivity in the detector.
Our results are tantalizing but unfortunately inconclusive. The investigation could be improved in several ways. One is to obtain nanopores having a more consistent size and shape so that they provide uniform cavities of the desired dimensions. This would allow for a better assessment of how much power can be emitted, and whether the emitted power exceeds the pumping power. Another would be to image the radiation to determine the location of its source, and to measure its spectral dependence to determine whether it is thermal and if so at what temperature.
The tremendous energy density in the zero-point field (ZPF) makes it tempting to attempt tapping it for power. Furthermore, the fact that these vacuum fluctuations may be distinguished from thermal fluctuations and are not under the usual thermal equilibrium make it tempting to try to skirt second law of thermodynamics constraints. However, the ZPF is in a state of true equilibrium, and the constraints that apply to equilibrium systems apply to it. In particular, any attempt to use nonlinear processes, such as with a diode, cannot harvest energy from a system in equilibrium. Detailed balance arguments apply.
The force exhibited between opposing plates of a Casimir cavity have led to attempts to make use of the potential energy to obtain power. This cannot succeed because the Casimir force is conservative. In any attempt to obtain power by cycling Casimir cavity spacing the energy gained in one part of the cycle must be paid back in another.
Thermal fluctuations, usually thought of as an expression of Planck's law, and ZPE vacuum fluctuations, usually associated with the ground state of a quantum system, are most often treated if they were separate forms of energy. However, the zero-point energy (ZPE) density given in Equation (1) may be re-expressed in the form [56]:
ρ ( h ν ) = 4 π h ν 3 c 3 coth h ν 2 k T
The fact that these two seemingly separate concepts can be merged into a single formalism suggests that thermal and ZPE fluctuations are connected fundamentally. More rigorously, Planck's law can be seen as a consequence of ZPE [57], and is "inherited" from it [58]. In more than a century of theory and experimentation we have not been able to extract usable energy from thermal fluctuations, and it might seem that we are destined to find ourselves in a similar situation with attempts to extract usable energy from ZPE.
There is, however, a distinction that can be drawn between the two cases, which has to do with the nature of the ZPE equilibrium state. The equilibrium ZPE energy density is a function of the local geometry. Two thermal reservoirs at different temperatures that are in contact with each other cannot be in equilibrium; heat will flow from one to the other. Two ZPE reservoirs having different energy densities that are in contact with each other can, however, be in equilibrium. For example, a Casimir cavity can be in direct contact (open at its edges) with the free space surrounding it such that the ZPE density inside and outside the cavity are different without any net flow of energy between the two regions. Furthermore, extracting ZPE from the vacuum does not violate the second law of thermodynamics [12].
Our apparent lack of clear success in extracting energy from the vacuum thus far leads to two possible conclusions. Either fundamental constraints beyond what have been discussed here and the nature of ZPE preclude extraction, or it is feasible and we just need to find a suitable technology.
G.M. developed the analysis of the various zero-point energy harvesting methods. O.D. and G.M. conceived of and designed the experiment, and O.D. carried them out. G.M. wrote the paper.
This work was funded by HUB Lab, Coolescence, and DARPA under SPAWAR Grant No. N66001-06-1-2026.
Many thanks to B. Haisch and M.A. Mohamed for stimulating discussions about vacuum energy, R. Cantwell and M. McConnell for help with the experiments, and to S. Grover, B. Haisch, B.L. Katzman and J. Maclay for comments on the manuscript.
G.M. owns stock in a company founded to develop the gas-flow energy harvesting technology, Jovion Corporation, but plays no active role in the company. Besides that, the authors declare no conflict of interest. The funding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
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Figure 1. Illustration of detailed balance. In this three-state system each arrow represents one unit of energy flux. The system in (a) is in steady state, such that the total flux into each state equals the total flux out of it; In system (b) not only does the steady-state condition apply, but the more restrictive detailed balance also applies, in which the flux between each pair of states is balanced.
Figure 2. Diode energy band diagram. Shown are electron transitions between the conduction and valence bands in the p-type region, corresponding to generation rate g, and recombination rate r. Also shown are electron transitions between n-type and p-type conduction band states, corresponding to excitation rate e, and drift rate d. This diagram is used in the text to illustrate photovoltaic carrier collection, rectification of thermal fluctuations, and also rectification of zero-point energy fluctuations as proposed by Valone [9].
Figure 3. Mead and Nachamkin's invention [4] for producing a beat frequency from zero-point field radiation, and collecting, and rectifying it. The non-identical microscopic resonant spheres interact with ambient zero-point fields to produce radiation at a beat frequency. This radiation is absorbed in the loop antenna and rectified in the circuit.
Figure 4. Slinky-like coiled Casimir cavity, as conceptualized by Forward [2]. He used this device concept to demonstrate how one might convert the vacuum fluctuation potential energy from Casimir attraction to electrical energy. As the plates approach each other the repulsion of positive like-charges results in a current that charges up an external power supply.
Figure 5. Casimir cavity engine for the cyclic extraction of vacuum energy, similar to system proposed by Pinto [6]. In step (a) the Casimir plates move together in response to Casimir attraction, producing energy that is extracted; In step (b) the lower plate is altered to reduce its reflectivity and hence reduce the Casimir attraction; In step (c) the plates are pulled apart, using less energy than that which was obtained in step (a), and then the cycle is repeated.
Figure 6. System to pump energy continuously from the vacuum, as proposed by Haisch and Moddel [8]. As gas enters the Casimir cavity the electron orbitals of the gas atoms spin down in energy, emitting Larmour radiation, shown as small arrows pointing outwards. The radiant energy is absorbed and extracted. When the atoms exit the Casimir cavity, the atomic orbitals are recharged to their initial level by the ambient zero-point field, shown by the inward pointing small arrows. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [49].
Figure 7. SEM images of coated Nanopore polycarbonate membrane shown at two magnifications. In (a) the white line corresponds to a length of 2 μm, and in (b) to 0.1 μm. The figure is reprinted from Ref. [49].
Figure 8. Measured radiation emitted using N2, Ar, Xe and He gasses flowing through uncoated and gold coated polycarbonate filters having 0.2 μm pore size [49].
Figure 9. Effect of diameter on radiated power, as measured for He gas flowing through uncoated polycarbonate filters of 0.1 (blue diamonds), 0.2 (red squares), and 0.4 µm (greed triangles) pore diameter sizes.
Figure 10. Pressure drop verses gas flow through 0.2 µm uncoated filter for different gases.
Figure 11. Calculated power from frictional loss based upon pressure drop for each of the gases.
Figure 12. Test of Joule–Thomson effect. Emitted radiation was measured for N2, Ar, Xe and He gasses flowing through a Mylar film having a 3 mm diameter hole. The phase of the lock-in signal indicated a cooling effect.
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Home Watershed
MREAC's interest is in the Miramichi watershed and in the estuarine environment. This is a huge diverse area (~13,547 km²). The freshwater and estuarine environments are obvious divisions that have very different dynamics and biota.
Miramichi Estuary
The mouth of the Miramichi River is a drowned river valley. This term implies that sea level is (and has been) rising relative to the level of the land. The river mouth thus flooded or 'drowned' in salt water. From the channel that opens Miramichi Inner Bay into the Northumberland Strait to the head of tide at Quarryville is 71km. The estuary is thus strongly influenced by diurnal (twice daily) tidal cycles. This has created an extensive estuarine environment that is over 300 km² in area. The estuary is sheltered behind barrier islands that protect it from the full force of storm waves generated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Organic materials transported from land, freshwater, and saltwater environments are at the base of a food chain that sustains remarkable populations of marine plants and animals. This system supports a very valuable commercial fishery including several species of fish and shellfish. Many of the coastal communities are very dependent on the economic value provided through these resources. Most of the human population and industrial and commercial activities takes place on its edge. Many of MREAC's concerns are concentrated here in the Miramichi estuary.
Sheltered by the barrier islands, the estuary is a sediment trap, a nutrient trap, and a trap for undesirable impacts from land and water sources. DDT spraying in the 1950's and 60's had profound effects. A residue of this spray is, in part, resident today in the sediment deposits of the Miramichi Inner Bay. Heavy metals from decades of base metal mining on the Tomogonops River, and organochlorines from the pulp and paper mills at the head of the salt wedge, add to the problems entrapped in the sediment layer.
Freshwater Environment
The meander length of the Miramichi River is 250 km. This world renowned river drains almost one quarter of the province of New Brunswick.
The major tributaries comprising the Miramichi system are:
Northwest Miramichi
Southwest Miramichi
Little Southwest Miramichi
Dungarvon
Cains
North Sevogle
South Sevogle
Atlantic salmon and trout fishing have made the reputation of these freshwater rivers. An international clientele frequent the lodges and camps that dot these many branches.
Most of the area is uninhabited woodlands and much of it is harvested for wood products. In the north of the watershed, located on the smaller Tomogonops River, mineral resources such as zinc, copper, and lead were extracted. The facility was decommissioned in 2000.
Miramichi Watershed
Location: Northeast New Brunswick, Canada
Eco Regions: Maritime Lowlands, Chaleur Uplands and Northern New Brunswick Highlands
Length of River: Southwest Miramichi River is 250 km, stretching from Miramichi Bay to Boiestown, NB and Northwest Miramichi River is 122 km, when combined with the estuarine portion totals a length of 440 km.
Size of Watershed: ~13,547 km², 23% of New Brunswick's land mass, where ~300 km² is estuary and the remainder is freshwater
Depth of River: The inner channel averages 4 m in depth, where the navigation channel averages 6-10 m in depth
Tides: The diurnal estuary tides range from 0.2 - 1.2 m
Population: Approximately 57,000 people in the watershed, including 2,000 Aboriginals from 3 major First Nations Communities (2006 Census data)
Geology: Silurian and Ordovician rocks of the Miramichi Highlands, Carboniferous near the estuary shoreline and Sandstone found throughout the watershed
Common Fish: Atlantic Salmon, Brook Trout, Sea Lamprey, American Eel, Alewife, Blueback Herring, American Shad, Rainbow Smelt, Atlantic Tomcod, Striped Bass, Dace, Chubs Sticklebacks, Flounder (Sand, Smooth and Yellowtail), and Capelin
Crustacean/Shellfish: Lobster, Oysters, Mussels, Quahogs and Soft-shelled Clams
Wildlife: Black Bear, Moose, White-tailed Deer, Bobcat, Coyote, Fisher, Beaver, Muskrat, Weasel, Rabbit, Racoon, Skunk, Squirrel, Mink and River Otter
Resource Utilization: Mining, Forestry, Agriculture, Fisheries, Peat Extraction, Ecotourism, Recreation and Tourism | {
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When Martha Stettinius' mother became ill, Stettinius was forced to enter a world she would certainly never have entered voluntarily. Once inside, she learned much, about her relationship with her mother, her own compassion and willingness to help, and the impact the disease is having on her community.
When Stettinius lived through the events, she had to cope with the challenges and setbacks. When she turned the events into a memoir, Inside the Dementia Epidemic, she offers two important aspects of her experience — her journey as a caregiver and her journey as a writer. By reading the memoir closely and thinking about what I've read, I draw lessons from both aspects.
In my previous post, I proposed two practical ideas that are embedded inside the author's story of caring for her mother. Today, I describe two more healing notions. These philosophical points are apparent when I step back and consider the passion and effort that Martha Stettinius poured into this project. By turning her complex, often-painful experience into the shape of a memoir, she offers a path others can follow.
Before writing a memoir, my entire life was contained in the raw collection of my memories. The limitations of memory seemed so natural and normal, I didn't question them. However, after I learned about memoir writing, I began writing anecdotes and watched a narrative take shape on the page. Having embarked on this mission, I realized that memory provides a haphazard, emotionally inadequate way to understand my own past.
One reason why memories are inferior to writing can be found in the way our brains are constructed. In order to keep us safe, our brains are loaded with trigger points that set our teeth on edge as soon as an unpleasant memory comes into view. Another reason memories are inadequate is that they are stored in random order. When we remember our past, the sequence is jumbled and it's difficult to remember how one thing led to another. As a result of these two features of memory, we tend to see our past as a collage of emotionally-loaded snapshots.
A memoir writer extracts this raw material from its messy piles and through hours of craft converts it into a well-constructed story. Stories are the containers that humans have invented to help structure the past, and the future, into a coherent whole. By the time a memoir has been structured, revised and polished, these same events are seen as steps along a purposeful path.
Martha Stettinius applied this process to her own experience. She constructed a story from the events of caring for her mother. On the pages of her manuscript, she reveals the purposeful courage to support her mother. She becomes the hero of the journey rather than its victim. By transforming the mundane reality of caregiving for Alzheimer's into a Story, she offers us the image of a woman who discovers truths, overcomes difficulty, and finds love in the gritty spaces between challenges. By sharing the memoir with us, Stettinius elevates our imagination to that same hope that stories have been lifting us to since the beginning of time.
To care for her mother, Stettinius was forced to learn about the stages and treatment of the disease. She reached out to the caregiving community where she found support not only for her mother but for herself. With their help, she learned and grew, gradually becoming a sophisticated partner in her mother's care.
As the long, harsh journey continued, Martha Stettinius knew things she wished someone had told her when she started. She wanted to share this knowledge with others. This generous impulse required another round of learning. She would have to extend her expertise from caring for Alzheimer's to writing about it. This attempt became a journey in its own right. She had to improve her skills sufficiently to craft a readable book. By attempting to write a memoir, she would provide information as well as solace to those who entered the dementia epidemic.
The instinct to seek community through the act of storytelling lies at the heart of the Memoir Revolution. Memoir readers want to deeply understand how others have lived. However, they don't want to learn about someone who meandered through life. A good story has passion and forward motion. So every memoir author must go on the journey to shape their experience. In the publishable book, the protagonist moves purposefully through setbacks, carrying readers along to some goal.
The purposeful experience of the protagonist in a story follows the advice of psychologist Viktor Frankl. In his memoir Man's Search for Meaning, he observed that living with purpose makes the difference between life and death, health and disease. He said that to stay healthy all of us need to live for something greater than ourselves.
Every memoir author attempts to follow Viktor Frankl's advice, not once but twice. First they look back at life and highlight the purpose that drove them from the beginning of the book to the end. And second, they following the purpose of sharing this experience with the world.
The construction of this book demonstrates that by writing a memoir, each of us can transform life experience from a sequence of events into a purposeful story. Constructing the story lets us exert authorial control over the messy process of being human. Giving the story to others allows readers to see the world through our eyes. They can use stories as they see fit: to increase empathy, to create community, to learn information, and to increase collective wisdom. | {
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It is from an ad agency. I open it to find two Giant Test Tubes of personal lubricant from K-Y, one blue and one purple. No really, they're Giant. Together, they form K-Y's new Yours+Mine product. T he Giant Test Tubes scare me; I never was good at chemistry. I read the label. Yours+Mine provides "an invigorating sensation for him. A thrilling sensation for her. Put the two together and suddenly, everything's just right. Better than just right."
"Guess the gays are out of luck," the DNB notes wryly. The singletons are also a fringe target - all of K-Y's racy commercials feature married couples. BECAUSE K-Y LEADS TO FORNICATION, AND FORNICATION WILL MAKE HAIR GROW ON YOUR PALMS.
I won't go into the mechanics of Yours+Mine because this is a family blog, but the product isn't entirely without enjoyable sensations of the decidedly Mommy and Daddy type.
A week later, we're at a posh awards banquet.
This is when, as it happens, I decide to regale our table with the Tale of the Giant Test Tubes.
". . . so I open the package to find two Giant Test Tubes," I recount.
The DNB looks at me, horrified, as he realizes what I'm talking about - this the same man who has farted at dinner so many times I wear a gas mask to the table.
"Yours+Mine?!" two men exclaim simultaneously as the rest of the table perks up.
We spend the rest of dinner debating its relative merits.
And how, exactly, did you get on that mailing list? | {
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GALLERIES > BIRDS > GALLIFORMES > PHASIANIDAE > HILL PARTRIDGE [Arborophila torqueola]
The Hill Partridge (Arborophila torqueola) is a species of bird in the Phasianidae family. It is found in Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.
Males of the species have ornate patterns and markings, a combination of an orange crown and face set against a black head and streaked throat. Females lack the head markings but share the variegated wings and grey-streaked underparts of the male. Four subspecies have been identified on the basis of differences on the head markings on the male. The food of this species comprises seeds and various invertebrates, which it collects by scratching in leaf litter. The birds are mostly seen in pairs or small coveys of up to 10 individuals that may be made up of family groups.
The Hill partridge has a hen-like contact call that is constantly uttered when it is feeding. Indian populations breed between April and June, although earlier breeding has been recorded at lower altitudes. The average clutch size is 3-5 eggs but up to nine eggs have also been observed. Incubation times are unrecorded in wild birds but are reported to be 24 days for captive birds. The nest is shaped like a bowl, with a dome of glass when it is placed in a bank. The range spans over a narrow band from the western Himalayas to north Vietnam. The species is not globally threatened and is common in most parts of its range.
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All images and video © Copyright 2006-2021 Christopher Taylor, Content and maps by their respective owner. All rights reserved. | {
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1868: Thomas Griffin, gold commissioner
Add comment June 1st, 2020 Headsman
On this date in 1868, disgraced Australian gold commissioner Thomas Griffin was hanged for murdering two police escorts in the course of a robbery.
He was an Irish-born constable who parlayed decorated service in the Crimean War into emigration to Australia.
There he lodged himself in the policing ranks and by dint of energy and charm worked his way up by late 1863 to the administrative post of gold commissioner in the emerging gold rush boom town of Clermont, Queensland.
"During his four years' residence at Clermont, Griffin became widely known in the district," according to The Early History of Rockhampton by a working journalist who knew Griffin, J.T.S. Bird.
In addition to being physically a fine manly-looking fellow, he had a very suave and attractive manner, and readily gained the favour and friendship of those whom he desired to stand well with.* To those under him he was as a rule distant and overbearing, and was by no means well liked … Ostentation and vanity, with a fondness for display, were leading traits of his character, and were noticeable to all who knew him.
One index of his no means well-likedness was the community petition that deposed him from his post in September 1867. It seems that Griffin had formed a reputation as "despotic, arbitrary and partial," made himself a fixture of gambling dens, and had been investigated for embezzling mining revenues that he was supposed to hold in trust.
Demoted to a lower position in the same bureau in nearby Rockhampton, Griffin immediately vindicated his critics by arranging to accompany the next "gold escort" transporting valuables between Clermont and Rockhampton, along with troopers Patrick Cahill and John Power. En route, Griffin gunned the two men down by surprise on the Mackenzie River, making off with about £4000 in notes (not gold). He then unconvincingly presented himself back in Rockhampton as having separated naturally from the party, surprised as anyone that the other two hadn't returned. Although he participated in the initial search, he was arrested within days.
Bird has a lengthy narrative of the investigation and trial; one notable aspect was early forensic experimentation with shooting sheeps' skulls in an attempt to model the damage done by the gunshots received by the unfortunate guards — further to demonstrating that they were murdered execution-style at close range rather than shot from a distance as a wilderness brigand might do.
Suffice to say that no matter the spattering of ruminant brains, Griffin's foul reputation made his pretense of innocence completely untenable, even though he continued it all the way to the gallows.
After a prayer at the foot of the scaffold, Griffin stood up and Mr. Smith said:
I shall meet you at the judgment seat of God; you have but a few minutes to live, and in the sight of God who is to judge between us all, I ask you will you not acknowledge your guilt?
Griffin drew himself up and said in a resolute voice, "No!"
He went up the first of the scaffold steps two or three at a time, finishing the remainder with a firm step. Stepping on the drop, he came promptly to "attention." Griffin told the executioner [John Hutton] he had nothing to give him, but if he saw Mr. Brown he would give him something. The hangman then asked if Griffin had anything to confess.
Griffin replied in a firm voice: "No, I have nothing to confess!"
The white cap was placed in position, and Griffin, as though impatient at any delay, said: "Go on, I am ready!" The bolt was drawn, and death followed instantly.
Griffin had frequently told Dr. Salmond and others that he would die with calm firmness, and he was as good as his word.
His was the first of nine executions recorded at Rockhampton Gaol. A week after the hanging, Griffin's grave was robbed and his head stolen.
* One early indicator of the man's character was his seduction of a wealthy widow on the very ship he took to Australia. After quickly dissipating her fortune, he parted ways with her by publishing a fake death notice in the newspaper.
1661: James Guthrie, protester - 2019
1813: A Nez Perce thief, by the Pacific Fur Company - 2018
1660: Mary Dyer, Quaker - 2017
1970: Pedro Eugenio Aramburu, by the Montoneros - 2016
1946: Ion Antonescu - 2015
1942: Vladislav Vancura, "Marketa Lazarova" author - 2014
1936: Arnold Sodeman, Schoolgirl Strangler - 2013
1739: Michael Blodorn, "selvmordsmord" - 2012
1307: Fra Dolcino, Apostle - 2011
193: Didius Julianus, who bought the purple from the Praetorians - 2010
1453: Çandarli Halil Pasha, after the fall of Constantinople - 2009
1962: Adolf Eichmann - 2008
1803: Joseph Samuel survives three hangings
1853: Three for the McIvor Gold Escort attack
1803: Johannes Bückler, "Schinderhannes"
1846: William Westwood, aka Jackey Jackey
1880: Ned Kelly
1864: Three Idaho robbers, choked on gold
1807: John Holloway and Owen Haggerty, sworn away
Entry Filed under: 19th Century,Australia,Capital Punishment,Common Criminals,Crime,Death Penalty,Execution,Hanged,History,Murder,Occupation and Colonialism,Pelf,Theft
Tags: 1860s, 1868, clermont, gold, gold rush, police, rockhampton, thomas griffin
1665: Gabriel de Beaufort-Canillac vicomte la Mothe, during the Grands Jours of Auvergne
Add comment October 23rd, 2017 Headsman
As with Peter the Great a few decades later, the budding absolutist Louis XIV experienced a scarring breakdown in law and order in his youth that at times threatened his own person.
In the French case, this was the Fronde — meaning "sling", a weapon of choice for Parisian mobs — or rather the Frondes, successive insurrections in defense of feudal liberties launched against Louis's mother and regent, Queen Anne that consumed the 1648-1653 span.
(Among other things, Louis's experience during these disturbances of fleeing trouble spots in Paris, or cowering practically imprisoned behind palace walls, eventually resolved him to relocate his royal person away from the restive capital, to Versailles; his fear was more than vindicated by the fate of the 16th sovereign of his name at the hands of a different century's Parisian enragees.)
Upon the death of his mother's Richelieu figure (and literal Richelieu protege) Cardinal Mazarin, Louis took the state in hand in 1661 at age 22, determined to bring France to his elegant heel.
"You will assist me with your counsels when I ask for them," he directed stunned ministers who had been accustomed to doing a good deal of the day-to-day governing themselves. "I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command, or after having discussed them with me, or at least not until a secretary brings them to you on my behalf. And you Messieurs of state, I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport, without my command; to render account to me personally each day and favour no one."
L'etat c'est moi … he wasn't kidding about that.
Bold reforms followed pell-mell through the 1660s and beyond: of the army, the bureaucracy, industry, the tax system. The archetype absolutist, Louis meant to gather into his Leviathan all the little redoubts of cumbersome right and privilege strewn about from France's feudal antiquity, and above all to master the independence of his aristocrats and parlements.
One district in particular, the region of Auvergne, had in the chaotic 1650s descended into a minor dystopia ruled by avaricious and unprincipled officials gleefully abusing their control of the local judicial apparatus.
The investigations … revealed that quite a few judges lacked professional scruples and were of questionable moral character. Officers in the bailliages and senechaussees were aware of crimes but did nothing to prosecute them … registration of letters of remission could be bought "with ease." Officers extorted money from countless victims … At the bailliage of La Tour in Auvergne, officers made arbitrary seizures of oxen belonging to peasants … seized property for "salaries and vacations," forced minor girls to pay a price for marriage authorizations, and so on. Since all the officers in each of the lower courts were related to one another, "they all upheld one another so that it was impossible to obtain justice."
The clergy had fallen into disarray … committed kidnappings and assaults and lent their names to laymen so that they might enjoy an ecclesiastical benefice. And this is to say nothing of such "peccadilloes" as frequenting taverns, taking the name of the Lord in vain, keeping mistresses, and fathering children. Monasteries and even convents were rife with "libertinage." Their income was being squandered on banquets for visitors.
Gentilshommes had been using violent means to maintain their tyranny over the peasants. Forcible extortion of money was "the common offense of the gentilshommes of Auvergne," according to Dongois, clerk of the Grands Jours. The king's lieutenant in Bourbonnais, the marquis de Levis, was a counterfeiter who manufactured pistoles that were then circulated by his maitre d'hotel. Many gentilshommes exacted seigneurial dues beyond what they were entitled to, for watch, wine, oxen, supply and transport, and the use of seigneurial mills. They usurped such communal property as meadows, woods, and rights to gather firewood, collected money on every pretext, raised the cens without justification, and collected new dues. (Source
Practical princes see opportunity in such crises, in this case the opportunity to make common cause between the crown and the populace at the expense of of those gentilshommes. And so Louis decreed for Auvergne a Grands Jours, a sort of special visiting assize that could circumvent the incestuous area magistrates. From September 1665 to January 1666 the Grands Jours d'Auvergne processed more than 1,300 cases, meting out 692 convictions and 23 executions (although many sentences were executed in effigy). Six of those actually put to death were gentlemen.*
No noble crest attracted the inquisitors' attentions more urgently than the ancient family of Montboissier-Beaufort-Canillac whose patriarch,
Jacques-Timoleon, marquis de Canillac, age seventy-two, accompanied by a bodyguard of valets known as his "twelve Apostles," terrorized his fiefs and seigneuries from Clermont to Rouergue. All his close relatives were guilty of serious crimes or misdemeanors. His eldest son stole his neighbors' animals, besieged their homes, and murdered them. His next eldest son murdered a curate. Guillaume de Beaufort-Canillac had not only extorted money but also abducted and held captive a notary who had drawn up a document against him. Gabriel de Beaufort-Canillac, vicomte de La Mothe, had attempted to murder another gentilhomme …
Charges had been mounting against the Canillacs, and especially against the old marquis, for decades without any effect. (Same source)
They would continue without effect here for the cagey patriarch, who absented himself in time to suffer only a condemnation in absentia,** but his son Gabriel, the vicomte de la Mothe, was taken by surprise as one of the Grands Jours commission's very first acts and would distinguish himself its highest-ranking prey — on October 23rd, 1665, a mere four hours after his trial.
The charge against him was one of murder, under what was then considered extenuating circumstances. During the civil war [i.e., the Fronde] he had been commiss[i]oned by the great Conde to raise some regiments of cavalry, and had handed over some six thousand francs of the sum entrusted to him for this purpose, to his friend, D'Orsonette, who would neither furnish the troops nor refund the money. Conde, naturally enough, reproached the vicomte, who thereupon left his service, full of rancor against D'Orsonette. The quarrel grew fiercer as time passed on, until on an evil day the disputants met, each accompanied by a body of servants. M. de la Mothe's party was the most numerous. D'Orsonette and one of his men were wounded, and his falconer was slain. The facts were incontrovertible. A striking example was deemed essential, and despite the entreaties of his family, and a short delay occasioned by an effort to traverse the jurisdiction of the court, the accused was sentenced to death and executed within a month from the commencement of the assize. It affords a significant illustration of the condition of Auvergne to note that the prosecutor in this case and all his witnesses were far more guilty than the prisoner. The prosecutor was accused by his own father of having murdered his own brother, of being a parricide in intention, and of a hundred other crimes. The next principal witness had been condemned for perjury, and was an acknowledged forger. The others were either outlaws or convicts at the galleys. Against M. de la Mothe no other crime was alleged, and he was generally regarded as the most innocent member of his family. Public opinion held that he suffered for having joined the losing side in the civil war, and for bearing a powerful and deeply-hated name. (A different source)
* A full and colorful account of the affair awaits the Francophone reader in Esprit Flechier's Memoirs de Flechier sur les Grands-Jours d'Auvergne en 1665 (alternate link).
** It would be the second time in his rapacious career that Canillac pere was executed in effigy.
1721: John Trantum, 1/2 - 2020
1908: Joe James, in the crucible of the Springfield Race Riot - 2019
1685: Elizabeth Gaunt, for refuge - 2018
1828: Charles French, York printer - 2016
1668: Two men and a woman, too early for Samuel Pepys - 2015
1947: Gyorgy Donath, Hungarian anti-communist - 2014
1698: 350 Streltsy by the boyars' own hands - 2013
1865: George William Gordon, Jamaican politician - 2012
2003: Two Palestinian collaborators - 2011
1895: Not Almighty Voice - 2010
1971: Ion Rimaru, the Vampire of Bucharest - 2009
Feast Day of Boethius - 2008
1676: Marie-Madeleine-Marguerite d'Aubray, Marquise de Brinvilliers
1625: Not Helene Gillet, beheading survivor
1646: The effigy of Jean de Mourgues
1796: Lesurques, wrongly, and Couriol, rightly, for robbing the Lyons Mail
1679: The hot-blooded Lady Christian Nimmo
1673: The effigy of Charles Alexis dit Dessessards
1891: Michel Eyraud, bailiff-strangler
Entry Filed under: 17th Century,Beheaded,Capital Punishment,Crime,Death Penalty,Execution,France,History,Murder,Nobility,Pelf,Public Executions,Wrongful Executions
Tags: 1660s, 1665, auvergne, clermont, fronde, grands jours, louis xiv, october 23
1358: Guillaume Cale, leader of the Jacquerie
June 10th, 2008 Headsman
On this date in 1358, 14th-century France's most serious peasant uprising was crushed when its capable commander was lured into his enemies' power and torturously put to death in Clermont.
The Jacquerie (English Wikipedia entry | French) sprang from the fertile farmlands north of Paris. It had a hundred fathers, no one of them self-evidently the decisive cause but many in debatable combinations and proportions conspiring to render a perfect storm of catastrophe for the despised villeins who sweated out their masters' chivalrous living.
The Calamitous 14th Century, historian Barbara Tuchman subtitled her popular work on this period: France was buffeted by famine, the Black Death, and attendant social and economic shocks; the Hundred Years' War opened, laying the countryside waste at the hands of crossing armies, and then marauding mercenaries during the downtime between battles, and then "friendly" forces pillaging for sustenance and pressing peasants into uncompensated labor. In 1356, the English captured France's King John II at the Battle of Poitiers, opening a yawning gap in the country's political authority and undermining the mounted nobility's military prestige vis-a-vis the (smaller) yeoman army that had routed it.
We do not seem to have a certain record of what match was set to this tinderbox — the most suggestive proximate cause is a fresh tax for fortifying noble citadels in the area — but the conflagration singed the gentry's beard. Froissart, who wrote a few years after the fact and from a distinctly hostile standpoint, captured the aristocracy's view of rising:
[C]ertain people of the common villages, without any head or ruler, assembled together in Beauvoisin. In the beginning they passed not a hundred in number they said how the noblemen of the realm of France, knights and squires, shamed the realm, and that it should be a great wealth to destroy them all: and each of them said it was true, and said all with one voice: "Shame have he that cloth not his power to destroy all the gentlemen of the realm!"
Thus they gathered together without any other counsel, and without any armour saving with staves and knives, and so went to the house of a knight dwelling thereby, and brake up his house and slew the knight and the lady and all his children great and small and brent his house. … And so they did to divers other castles and good houses; and they multiplied so that they were a six thousand, and ever as they went forward they increased, for such like as they were fell ever to them, so that every gentleman fled from them and took their wives and children with them, and fled ten or twenty leagues off to be in surety, and left their house void and their goods therein. These mischievous people thus assembled without captain or armour robbed, brent and slew all gentlemen that they could lay hands on, and forced and ravished ladies and damosels, and did such shameful deeds that no human creature ought to think on any such, and he that did most mischief was most praised with them and greatest master. I dare not write the horrible deeds that they did to ladies and damosels; among other they slew a knight and after did put him on a broach and roasted him at the fire in the sight of the lady his wife and his children; and after the lady had been enforced and ravished with a ten or twelve, they made her perforce to eat of her husband and after made her to die an evil death and all her children.
Froissart's Chronicle is the most notable of the age and (calumniously) the most defining one on the event; it helped establish the word "jacquerie" as a synonym for bloodthirsty insurrection that would be pinned to countless riots and risings for centuries to come. Some other chronicles suggest more deliberate and purposeful (and less maniacal) organization by these original Jacques, and the trenchant "charge against these noble traitors, who have shirked on their duties to defend the kingdom, who desire to do nothing but devour the sustenance of the commoners." (Source)
Interestingly, and seemingly contrary to the obvious reading of a downtrodden underclass driven to desperation, more recent scholarship has pointed out that the rising broke out in the best farmland, seemingly among the wealthiest of the rural third estate — artisans, proprietors, petty bureaucrats and clergy.
Leadership fell to this day's victim, Guillaume Cale, also known by the folksy sobriquet "Jacques Bonhomme" (Goodman, or Goodfellow). A charismatic man of some fighting experience, he was able to marshal this mob into a creature of passable military capacity.
His short appearance on our stage also suggests a character of strategic vision not the less impressive for its failure to materialize.
Cale was a well-off farmer, like the backbone of his movement, and reached out to make common cause with the nearby Parisian bourgeoisie then in rebellious possession of their own city — a far more consequential challenge to authority that was soon to meet its own violent termination.
The terrorized nobility turned to Charles the Bad, King of Navarre at that time attempting to exploit the captivity of John II to hoist himself onto the throne of France. Even though Charles was also treating with the Parisian bourgeoisie in this endeavor, as Jonathan Sumption puts it in his authoritative The Hundred Years' War: "The opportunity to present himself as the leader of the united nobility of France was not to be missed."
Charles handled the rebels with efficiency, if not with honor. Tuchman relates:
[Charles of Navarre] invited Cale to parley, and upon this invitation from a king, Cale's common sense apparently deserted him. Considering himself an opponent in war to whom the laws of chivalry applied, he went to the parley without a guard, whereupon his royal and noble opponent had him seized and thrown into chains. The capture of their leader by such easy and contemptuous treachery* drained the Jacques' confidence and hope of success. When the nobles charged, the commoners succumbed … To consummate his victory, Charles of Navarre beheaded Guillaume Cale after reportedly crowning him, in wicked mockery, King of the Jacques with a circlet of red-hot iron.
The potentially tricky Battle of Mello turned into a butchery that shattered the Jacquerie, and relieved nobles gorged themselves for weeks to come on peasant blood — no less horribly than any depredation of the Jacquerie. "Our mortal foes, the English, would not have done what the nobles then did in our homeland," wrote another 14th century scribe, Jean de Venette. (Cited by Robert Knecht; some additional Venette commentary on the Jacquerie is here, in French.)
If Cale's decision to risk parley seems madness in retrospect, picture his situation. Sumption says the Jacquerie's bands were already beginning to dissipate; Cale himself was known and surely in line for execution — practically the preordained denouement of every medieval peasant uprising — if he were to throw in the towel peaceably. He had no way forward but forward, and even supposing that Cale-commanded peasant lines would have held at the battle that particular day, his forces had no military prospects beyond a few more weeks.
The Jacques needed something — an exit strategy, perhaps, with the opportunity to return to life pardoned of reprisal and guaranteed against the next onerous levy; or, a cemented part in the alliance of Navarre and the Parisian bourgeoisie. To get that something, Guillaume Cale had to throw the dice, and what better odds would he get than in a pavilion face to face with the man who might become king of France? Staying in the field at the head of his ill-armed peasant horde must have looked the more improbable gamble.
Cale's wager failed horribly this day, but from the luxurious vantage of centuries, the movement of people in those days shows the germ of an altogether more revolutionary future. Thierry's history of the Third Estate (available free at Google Books):
The destruction of the Jacques was followed almost immediately by the failure of the revolution of the bourgeoisie in Paris itself. Those two movements, different as they were, of the two great classes of the commonalty, terminated simultaneously — one to revive and carry all before it when its time should come; the other to leave nothing behind it but an odious name, and sad recollections.
The Tiers Etat, displaced from the dominant position which it had prematurely won, resumed its ordinary part of patient industry, less pretentious ambition, and slow but uninterrupted progress.
Update: Nice tangential follow-up from The Naked Philologist into a fantasy literature recommendation. Also see more about those jittery nobles.
* You're supposed to think this is okay because chivalric codes written by nobles say nobles don't have to keep oaths to commoners. Readers still appalled at Charles the Bad's bad faith: enjoy the Schadenfreude of his bad end.
1996: Huugjilt, wrongful execution - 2020
1566: Bartholome Tecia, Geneva sodomite - 2019
1697: The Paisley Witches - 2018
1863: Not Nathaniel Pruitt, reprieved deserter - 2017
2015: Aftab Bahadur Masih, "I just received my Black Warrant" - 2016
1822: Armand Valle, carbonari plotter - 2015
1902: Hirsh Lekert, Jewish assassin - 2014
1944: Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane - 2013
1896: Amelia Dyer, baby farmer - 2012
1876: Kenneth Brown, father of Edith Cowan - 2011
1692: Bridget Bishop, the first Salem witch hanging - 2010
1942: The village of Lidice, for the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich - 2009
1808: The Executions of the Third of May
1794: Georges Danton and his followers
1941: Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
1942: Avraham Stern, a strange bedfellow
401 B.C.E.: Clearchus of Sparta
1478: Pazzi Conspiracy attempted … and suppressed
1431: Joan of Arc
Entry Filed under: 14th Century,Beheaded,Capital Punishment,Cycle of Violence,Death Penalty,Execution,France,History,Language,No Formal Charge,Notable Participants,Popular Culture,Power,Public Executions,Revolutionaries,Soldiers,Summary Executions,Torture,Wartime Executions
Tags: 1350s, 1358, charles the bad, clermont, froissart, guillaume cale, hundred years war, jacquerie, june 10, peasant uprising, peasantry, tax revolts | {
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Who Can File for a Divorce in New York State?
INTRODUCTION: You may file for a divorce in New York either you or your spouse satisfies the residency requirements provided by New York law. I have provided answers to some frequently asked questions in cases where at least one of the spouses lives outside of New York. These answers are, of course, very general. You may contact me for a consultation so that I can answer your specific questions. I do ask, however, that you read over these questions and answers carefully before you contact my office so that we can focus on the specifics of your case at the consultation.
Q: I live overseas and my spouse lives in New York. Can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Yes, you can file for a divorce in New York if one of residency requirements is met. Generally, if your spouse has lived in New York for over a year, you may file for a divorce in New York regardless where you live.
Q: My spouse lives in a foreign country and I live in New York. Can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Yes, you can file for a divorce in New York if one of residency requirements is met. Generally, if you have lived in New York for over a year, you may file for a divorce in New York regardless where you live.
Q: My spouse and I both live abroad, can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Maybe. If New York is your domicile or your spouse's domicile, you may file for a divorce in New York although you are not physically present in New York. Whether New York is a person's domicile is governed by complex case law precedents. Generally, New York is a person's domicile if s/he maintains or owns a residence in New York, owns properties in New York, has New York voter registration, keeps bank accounts and credit cards accounts in New York, and has close family members, such as parents, children, grandparents, and siblings, living in New York. Some foreign countries do not allow foreign nationals to file for divorce in their courts. In that case, you can file for a divorce in New York if New York is your domicile.
Q: My spouse and I split time between New York and abroad, can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Yes, as long as you maintain a residence in New York.
Q: My spouse and I are not American citizens. We live in New York. Can we get a divorce in New York?
A: Yes. New York court will grant you a divorce judgment based on your residency in New York. However, if you still maintain close ties to your home country (or home countries), you should make sure that a New York divorce judgment is valid in your home country (home countries). Sometimes, a person's home country does not recognize or enforce a U.S. divorce judgment if both parties are that country's citizens. Some countries do not recognize a country's divorce judgment if the marriage was not registered in that country.
Q: My spouse is an American citizen, and I am not an American citizen. My spouse lives in New York, and I live in another country. Can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Yes. In many countries, the court's jurisdiction over a person's divorce is based on his/her nationality. The New York court's jurisdiction over one's marriage or divorce is based on a party's residency in New York. A person's nationality or immigration status is irrelevant in a divorce in New York.
Q: My spouse is not an American citizen and I am an American citizen. My spouse lives in a foreign country and I live in New York. Can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: Yes. In many countries, the court's jurisdiction over a person's divorce is based on his/her nationality. The New York court's jurisdiction over one's marriage or divorce is solely based on the parties' residency in New York. A person's nationality or immigration status is irrelevant in a divorce in New York.
Q: My spouse and I registered the marriage in New York. Neither my spouse nor I have lived in New York. Can I file for a divorce in New York?
A: No. If you registered your marriage in New York on your vacation or trip to New York but have never lived in New York, normally you cannot file for a divorce in New York. Some countries do not grant divorces to couples who registered their marriages in another country. If this is your situation, you may contact us for further advice. | {
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Olympic History
Vancouver 2010 Olympics
Sochi 2014 Olympics
Olympics Figure Skating
Summer Olympic Games
The first Winter Olympic games were held in 1924. Today they are held every four years, alternating with the Summer Olympics.
Where will the 2014 Winter Olympics be held?
The 2014 Winter Olympics will be held in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai, Russia, from the 7th February to the 23rd February 2014.
Sochi beat out the other contenders of Pyeonchang, South Korea (now the 2018 Winter Olympics Site) and Salzburg, Austria.
Sochi, Russia, was elected on July 4, 2007. This will be the first time that the Russian Federation will host the Winter Olympics; the Soviet Union hosted the 1980 Summer Games in Moscow.
How many gold medals did the United States women win at the winter Olympics in Japan?
There have been two winter Olympic games held in Japan. In the winter Olympics in Nagano in 1998, US women won four (4) gold medals. Three (3) individual gold medals and a team gold for the ice hockey. The total of gold medals won by Americans was six. US men won two (2). See the Related Link for "US medals at Nagano 1998" more more on the answer.
PyeongChang 2018 Olympics
Where are the 2018 Olympics taking place?
The 2018 Winter Olympics will be held in Pyeongchang, South Korea on February 9-25, 2018. It will be South Korea's first time hosting Winter Olympics, but second hosting overall Olympics (they hosted the 1988 Summer Olympics in capital Seoul).
Cities that put in a bid for the 2018 Winter Olympics were Munich (Germany), Pyeongchang (South Korea), and Annecy (France).
What winter sport do players us a broom to sweep ice as a part of the game?
Olympics Swimming
What are the smallest countries competing in the Olympic games?
I'm not sure which of these countries are actually participating in the olympics. I know the Vatican is not, but Barbados and Andorra are. Here are the twenty smallest countries in the world. Rank Country Total Area (sq km) 1 Vatican 0.44 2 Monaco 1.95 3 Nauru 21 4 Tuvalu 26 5 San Marino 61.2 6 Liechtenstein 160 7 Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 8 Maldives 300 9 Malta 316 10 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 11 Barbados 430 12 Antigua and Barbuda 442 13 Seychelles 455 14 Andorra 468 15 Bahrain 620 15 Saint Lucia 620 17 Singapore 647.5 18 Micronesia 702 19 Kiribati 717 20 Tonga 748
Where is 2013 special Olympic winter games?
Apparantly The people who organise it are trying to organise for the games to be held in London and use the facilities used by the 2012 athletes.
Where are the winter Olympics held this year?
In Vancouver, Canada
Whats all the events of both summer and winter Olympics?
SUMMER :
archery, athletics, badminton, baseball, boxing, canoeing (and Kyaking), cycling, diving, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, gymnastics, handball, judo, modern pentathlon, rowing, shooting, swimming, synchronized swimming, table tennis, taekwondo, tennis, track and field, triathlon, volleyball, water polo, weight lifting, wrestling.
29 in total.
WINTER :
alpine skiing, biathlon, bobsleigh, cross-country skiing, curling, figure skating, freestyle skiing, ice hockey, luge, Nordic combined, short-track speed skating, skeleton, ski jumping, snow boarding, speed skating.
. xXx
How many countries in the Southern Hemisphere have held the Winter Olympics?
What does a city need to do to apply to be chosen for the winter Olympics?
The only requirement i can think of is that it must snow in February.
Olympics Speed Skating
Apolo Ohno
Does apolo ohno have a girlfriend?
yes apolo ohno dose have a girlfriend her name is noi konesavanh
What color ski wax should you use in downhill ski racing?
You use ski wax in downhill ski racing right before a ski race. Ski wax can become expensive and it wears off quickly so it is really just used for race day. Plus, you end up scraping a bunch of it off before you even ski on it! Ski wax comes in different colors based on temperature. Swix ski wax is a well respected brand. The ski wax comes in small bars that looks like different colored soap. The color of the wax you use depends on the air temperature, snow consistency, and other weather conditions. Each ski wax brand should have a chart which you tell you which ski wax to use and when. It is important that you watch the weather to see what the temperature is going to be the day of the ski race. The ski wax bars come in temperature ranges. Sometimes you can mix different colors if the temperature is right on the border between two different temperature ranges. Or in some cases it may be colder in the morning and warmer in the afternoon. As far as colors go...here is what they recommend for Swix wax: HF4 Green, -10
How much did Canada spend on the Olympics in 2010?
19 billion dollars with the help of british and U.S tax funds
Why no winter olympic game in 1996?
Starting in 1994, the Winter Games and Summer Games were held two years apart instead of in the same year. The Winter Games were held in 1994 and the Summer Games were held in 1996.
Punctuation and Capitalization
Is Winter Olympics capitalized in a sentence?
because they are special events
What other cities have hosted 2010 Winter Olympics?
The only city hosting the 2010 Winter Olympics is Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
1968 winter Olympics gold medalist US?
Peggy Fleming, women's figure skating.
Does a nation ask to participate in the Olympics or is it invited?
At the closing of each Olympics, the host city passes the responsibility to the next host city (i.e. Athens will pass the Olympic flag to representives from Beijing). At this time, the president of the IOC will verbally invite the countries of the World to re-assemble in the new host city in four years time -Beijing, China. However a year before the games take place, the IOC formally invites all recognised National Olympic Committees (NOC) to take part in the Olympics.
In 1984 did nicky slater and Karen barber win a olympic medal?
No, they finished 6th in ice dancing at the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo.
What is the difference between the Winter Olympics and the Summer Olympics?
The Winter Olympics have competitions for sports that are considered 'cold weather sports' .... sports that can only be done on snow or ice. These sports include skiing, speed skating, and ski jumping. The Summer Olympics have competitions for sports that are considered 'warm weather sports'. These sports include athletics (track and field), marathon, and equestrian. There are Winter Olympics and Summer Olympics because you can play different sports in different seasons.
Who determines where the Olympics are held?
The Olympic Games are organized and governed by the International Olympic Commitee (IOC). It sets the general program, chooses the city where the games are to be held, and determines the standards of amateurism.
How many countries have the southern Hemisphere there Winter Olympics?
Where are the next Summer and Winter Olympics - after the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics?
The 2012 Summer Games are due to be held in London, England.
The 2014 Winter Games are scheduled to take place in Sochi, Russia.
What year did Norway hold the winter Olympics?
According to the IOC's official website, Norway held the 1994 Winter Olympics in 1994. The country has also held the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. This was the same year the Summer Olympics were in Helsinki, Finland.
Why were the ancient Olympic games held at Olympia?
They were held in Olympia because the athleticism of the games was a form of worship. So they built a temple to Zeus and a stadium at Olympia to host these games. (Note that it is on the opposite side of Greece, the southwest, from the similarly-named Mount Olympus, in NE Greece.)
As a festival to the god Zeus at his temple at Olympia in southern Greece.
Created By Savanah Goldner
How many 2006 Winter Olympic events did Austria compete in?
What year was the first winter Olympics held in the US?
Why do you have the summer and winter games every 4 years?
How many kilometers from Calgary Alberta to kelowna British Columbia?
What do they do in summer Olympics?
Who won the first gold medal at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary?
Will there be a winter Olympics in 2062?
How are participants selected for the winter Olympics? | {
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BC Extra 1
19:17 , Sep 15, 2017 | BC Week In Review | Financial News
Sophia Genetics raises $30M in series D
On Sept. 12, bioinformatics company Sophia Genetics S.A. (St. Sulpice, Switzerland) raised $30 million in a series D round led by Balderton Capital. Fellow new investor 360 Capital Partners and existing investors Invoke Capital and...
23:32 , Sep 14, 2017 | BioCentury | Finance
Tech attraction
Sophia Genetics S.A. aims to expand use of its genome analysis platform in the U.S. with the backing of tech VCs -- who believe the sequencing and diagnostics space is now mature enough for IT...
13:55 , Sep 13, 2017 | BC Extra | Financial News
Sophia Genetics adds $30 million
Bioinformatics company Sophia Genetics S.A. (St. Sulpice, Switzerland) raised $30 million in a series D round led by Balderton Capital. Fellow new investor 360 Capital Partners and existing investors Invoke Capital and Alychlo also participated.... | {
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The aim of this programme is to develop your career with an innovative MSc in Software Engineering and Database Technologies. This tailor-made programme will advance your knowledge of software development and database systems.
This wholly online course is particularly suited to people who are working or who have other daytime commitments.
already work in software or databases and would like to gain a recognised Masters qualification.
wish to convert to a career in Information and Communication Technology.
need to update their Information and Communication Technology development skills.
want to learn about information technology with a specific emphasis on software development and/or database technologies while gaining advanced research skills.
This programme uses continuous assessment and a final online examination at the end of each eight-week module. There is also a significant research thesis to complete during the second year.
This degree is open to honours degree graduates (Level 8) or Level 7 graduates with three or more years experience and to those otherwise satisfying the postgraduate entry requirements. An IELTS score of 6.5 or equivalent international qualification will be required, if applicable. See itonline.nuigalway.ie for details.
Information Technology, in general, and software/database design and development, in particular, are one of the success stories in the Irish economy. This course will equip you to participate in this vibrant, international industry. Since IT is crucial in every sector, many of our graduates also have used the course for career advancement and progression within their current employment field.
I was looking for a good solid qualification in the area of Information Technology to certify about 12 years of practical experience in the industry. I also wanted to broaden my expertise with a view to taking my next steps career-wise. The online MScSED provided a very structured, online learning environment which equipped me very well for a variety of roles. It got me interested in research, in new ways of working and in finding better ways to problem- solve. Learning to relate to remote colleagues and collaborate online effectively was key for me. This was invaluable a few years after the course, when an IT management role came up with GlaxoSmithKline in Sligo, which was exactly what I had in mind when I undertook my studies. With the MSc under my belt, I felt very comfortable working with remote teams and enjoyed working as part of the senior management team there. The course also opened up a deeper interest and opportunities for me in the education sector and I have since left the corporate world to lecture part-time at IT Sligo and to study for a PhD. | {
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ProCare is proud to offer a variety of equipment solutions for both Long-term Care (LTC) and Long-term Acute Care (LTAC).
Long-term care encompasses a variety of healthcare services that help meet the needs of individuals with chronic illnesses or who cannot care for themselves for long periods of time.
ProCare's part in the bigger LTC and LTAC picture is providing service providers with the tools they need to facilitate the best patient outcomes.
Long-term care is intended to promote independence while maximizing the quality of life of patients. We provide deliver and set up everywhere that LTC occurs: at home or in a variety of facilities.
Acute care is different in that it's for serious conditions requiring specialized long-term treatment. Our experienced team can offer guidance on the usage and maintenance of medical equipment and supplies to ensure that they are used to their maximum potential in treatment plans for both LTC and LTAC.
ProCare cleans and maintains equipment and devices above and beyond the industry standard. We have an established routine called for sanitizing and ensuring the highest quality in all of our long term care medical equipment: Patient Ready Certified™. ProCare sets the standard higher because your care matters. Our system helps your facility reduce liability associated with cross contamination, keeps your facility smelling clean, and ensures that your patients have the best possible outcomes. We maintain accurate equipment records compliant with state, federal, and regulatory requirements. If you need documentation for ProCare owned equipment during an audit, we have it ready for you.
We have an extensive selection of equipment with flexible options, including rental contracts and maintenance plans. Every equipment setup has end service training, and we take the time to always answer your questions and meet your unique needs.
Browse our catalog to see our full line of equipment. If you don't see what you're looking for, please contact us for further assistance. | {
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And three reasons to not give up hope.
Melania Trump: Hero of the People?
Amy Wilentz on the first lady, plus Katha Pollitt on the politics of motherhood, and Lee Saunders on unions after Janus.
Will 'Janus' Prove to Be the Fatal Blow That Unions Have Long Feared?
Or will it inspire the kind of militant unionism that could still resurrect the labor movement?
A judicial assault on unions and Justice Kennedy's retirement confirm that the makeup of the Supreme Court must be a central issue in every 2018 Senate contest.
The teachers in West Virginia, Oklahoma, and Kentucky show us that successful labor action can happen in any environment. | {
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Q: spring R2DBC query by enum type My PostgreSQL contains an enum like
create type my_type as enum('VAL1', 'VAL2')
in Spring boot app, it is represented by MyType.class enum
I'm trying to run a simple query using DatabasClient
client.exectute("select * from table where type = :type")...
As an error I'm getting:
ceptionFactory$PostgresqlBadGrammarException: operator does not exist: type = character varying
Casting type to my_type doesn't work (both with CAST and ::)
I've already registered a specific codec for MyType.class which works - querying all without conditions works with the relevant @ReadingConverter
A: Neither Spring Data R2DBC nor R2DBC Postgres can map your enum type to Postgres enum types.
You can still use Postgres enum types represented as strings if you properly cast the bind value/column value on retrieval in your SQL statement.
Example:
client.exectute("select type::text from table where type = :type::my_type")
| {
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Q: using C# language to create for iOS and Android I'm creating my app using Objective C and Xcode 6.1 for iOS app. However, if I want to port my app to Android I'd need to now recreate the code in Java. For next app to avoid recreating the entire app in Java, can I just use C# (sharp) Language for both iOS and Android without having to use Objective C/Swift/Java? My friend said I can, but how?
A:
can I just use C# (sharp) Language for both iOS and Android
Yes you can use XAMARIN and Mono
A: There are two way. You can write app for iOS or android with Csharp using Xamarin.Android or Xamarin.ios. With these tools you have to know how apps are written in Java or Objective C because the UI have to be written using same way (activity....) but in csharp.
Otherwise you can use Xamarin.forms, a library that help you to write in csharp cross platforms app. So you have a PCL project where you write the great part of your app, and iOS and android project used for very little piece of code (startup app, custom renderers...)
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Lightweight Jumper. Custom Printed Shirts On Demand. The T-Shirt Co Australia.
Adult unisex light weight ring-spun pre-shrunk french terry jumper.
1X1 rib capped neck and cuffs with spandex. Side seamed. Raglan sleeve. Allover cover seamed construction.
This lightweight jumper can be custom printed onto FRONT & BACK. | {
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A term borrowed from the world of surfing, Lovetuner Team Riders are light workers/ torch-bearers who share the mission of our product on a regular basis with people in their focal regions worldwide.
They are an international team of representatives that integrate the use of the Lovetuner into their life work and guide others in using this tool to surf the waves of the 528 Mhz frequency.
Team Riders stay connected with each other, and the ever-growing tuning community, through an established network that documents the range of experiences that reveal the collective impact of the Lovetuner on a more profound level.
Poonacha Machaiah
Poonacha Machaiah has over 20 years of global experience as a successful entrepreneur and business leader in Fortune 100 companies. He is passionate about conscious leadership and wellbeing and is pursuing his mission of "personal transformation and societal wellbeing" working alongside leading companies and industry thought leaders.
Poonacha is the co-founder of "Jiyo," a wellbeing platform that he created alongside internationally renowned physician and author Deepak Chopra M.D. He has co-founded 'Beyond Performance Sports', along with a team of global industry leaders who are continually exploring the boundaries of what is possible in sports performance. 'Deepak Chopra Innerspace', is a revolutionary new technology startup that he has co-founded that leverages "grounding" to reducing inflammation in both body and mind to restore whole health and wellbeing.
He is also the co-founder of the 'WeightLess Project', an international movement to address the lifestyle and nutrition-based challenges that plague our global communities.
Poonacha holds an MBA from the College of William and Mary and a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science and Engineering from the B.M.S. College of Engineering in Bangalore, India.
"The Lovetuner is a part of my daily routine and I also use it before meetings with my teams to get us centered and set intentions." – Poonacha Machaiah
Matt Montee
Dr. Matt Montee, adventurer, surfer, sportsman, and California native, is a practitioner of Functional Medicine. A graduate of Cornell University, Montee has a PhD in medical science with a focus on orthopedics and sports medicine.
Initially drawn to medicine as a way to "help fix his friends" recover after sports-related injuries, Dr. Montee has made helping others his lifelong cause. He's worked with Doctors Without Borders, Waves for Water, Surfing Doctors, Peruvian Health Outreach and the Wilderness Medical Society. Dr. Montee is the Director of Outreach for UCLA's National Institute of Cannabis & Endocannabinoid Research. He is certified in Foundation Training, the Wim Hof Method, and Advanced Cardiac Life Support. Dr. Montee treats the whole person.
"I take a holistic approach and I'm always looking for healing accessories to compliment my Functional Medicine practice. The Lovetuner is an wonderful tool in my doctor bag that I'm excited to share with the world." – Matt Montee
Chi Kim
Chi Kim is the CEO of Pure Edge, Inc. (PEI), a private operating foundation dedicated to providing educators and children free resources to find their quiet through breath and movement. She has served public schools and public agencies since 1990 as a teacher, principal and superintendent. Her core belief is in finding one's quiet to help bring clarity and purpose. Since joining PEI, the team has served over 30,000 educators across the US and its territories with simple strategies to reduce stress. In addition to free curricula and resources, PEI has share the elegant simplicity of the LOVETUNER to those who have dedicated themselves to serving our nation's youth.
"I love sharing this beautiful gift with others. The best part is observing the joy on people's faces as the tuner is revealed. When we tune as a community, the calm can be felt immediately and the silence that follows is serene. The power of breath, sound and silence…" – Chi Kim
As an actress, TV and radio host, spiritualist and mother, Marla is constantly striving to bring more light and love into the world around her.
Whether she's performing or sharing her music, meeting diplomats at the United Nations, or in churches, synagogues, and other places of worship around the world, her actions always stem from her love of God and humanity.
She's a true believer in the power of love to heal all. It is this innate awareness that makes Marla a natural advocate of the Lovetuner, using it to connect with others and help them to sense and experience this spiritual 528hz frequency level of love.
Christy Williamson
Dr. Christy Williamson is a Doctor of Clinical Nutrition, has a Master of Science in Human Nutrition, is a Certified Nutrition Specialist and is an adjunct faculty member at Maryland University of Integrative Health teaching Nutritional Genomics.
She is the owner and founder of the Nutritional Genomics Institute, OmicsDx, ZebraDx and SNPed. As a whole, NGI is a thriving multi-member, multi-state private practice based in Richmond, Virginia that focuses on functional nutritional as it relates to biochemical nuances within the genome, microbiome, epigenome, exposome and metabolome.
Her other interests include meditation, nature, balance and changing the world! Dr. Christy embraces the Lovetuner as not only a meditation instrument, but also as an adjunct neural retraining tool. Neural retraining is required to teach the brain and nervous system how to re-interpret inputs and stressors. Lovetuning calms the nervous system and helps to treat complex conditions such as dysautonomia.
"The Lovetuner is the carried peace throughout my day – I am so happy to share this wonderful gift of sound and love with my patients and the world." – Dr. Christy
Barnet Bain
Barnet Bain is a Canadian filmmaker, author, and educator. Select film credits include Milton's Secret based on the book by Eckhart Tolle, Oscar-winner What Dreams May Come, Emmy-Award nominee, Outstanding TV Movie, Homeless to Harvard, The Celestine Prophecy and The Lost and Found Family.
Barnet is a member of the Transformational Leadership Council and a founding member of the Association of Transformational Leaders. Barnet is an adjunct professor at Columbia University, Teachers College and a member of faculty at Esalen Institute and Kripalu Center. He is the author of the Book of Doing and Being: Rediscovering Creativity in Life, Love and Work, and The Third Story: Awakening the Love that Transforms.
"Lovetuner is my secret weapon. Remember the Love." – Barnet Bain
Anne Wolnik
Anne is a leadership management coach and a spiritual trainer. She developed a special technique to help people to get in touch with the higher sources and connect with their very own universal energy.
She has strong work ethics towards encouraging people to integrate the nature given rights of love, freedom and abundance in their daily lives & live happy, healthy and free by understanding that we are the creator of our own life. She is a medium for the universal energy Victory.
"The Lovetuner is a symbol of universal sound and light. To open our hearts and spread the love is the universal mission of mankind. The Lovetuner supports this mission and our ability of developing our consciousness and shift our energy into a higher level. The level of love and oneness. All is one and one is all." – Anne Wolnik
Ben Greenfield
Ben Greenfield is a biohacker, human body and brain performance coach, ex-bodybuilder, Ironman triathlete, professional Spartan athlete, anti-aging consultant, speaker and New York Times Bestseller Author.
With nearly two decades of experience working as a strength and conditioning coach, exercise physiologist and biomechanist, Ben is working in the field of maximizing performance, recovery, fat loss, digestion, brain, sleep and hormone optimization for CEO's, ultra-endurance competitors, and a wide variety of professional athletes, including poker champions, tennis players, motocross competitors, the NFL, the NHL, the UFC and more.
"After just a few days of using the Lovetuner, I felt my mind, body and spirit begin to transform and enter into an instant state of positive emotions and love every time I used the Lovetuner, even after just 30 seconds of use. This tiny little Lovetuner is amazing and I think everybody should own one!" – Ben Greenfield
Aaron Cameron
Aaron Cameron's vision for a state-of-the-art healing center sparked as a child, when he experienced life-changing events that inspired his journey to harness non-invasive modalities to help people tap into their own healing capabilities.
Long before he opened up his state-of-the-art healing center in Malibu California, Aaron was known as the "The Guy in the Garage," a name he earned after re-creating his own energy and light machines to promote healing patients in his garage. At this point in his life, he knew that self-healing was possible by removing blockages in the body, also known as dis-ease, through frequencies of sound and light within the quantum energy field, which he learned emits a universal field of conscious, informed, and intelligent energy that all human beings can tap into. Through word of mouth, Aaron's concept based on ancient wisdom was attracting people from all walks of life to his garage, where they underwent light and energy sessions, resulting in their own self-healing from ailments that pharmaceuticals, invasive treatments and other methods failed to remedy. By this time, Aaron's awareness of his life purpose solidified, inspiring him to create his own state-of-the-art healing center where he could share the wisdom of the ancients to help people with almost any type of ailment, including sports injuries, physical accidents and disease.
Q360 a center in Malibu that Aaron designed to foster optimal health in mind-body-spirit by using a holistic, noninvasive, nonmedical approach to harness a wide range of energy fields to help people accelerate and amplify their own healing capabilities. The center was built on his knowledge that any person with an ailment, at some level, is dealing with an imbalance in their energy system, and his devices are designed to bring people back to a state of balance so they will self-heal. He emphasizes to clients that none of his practitioners heal anyone – rather, they promote self-healing, which is fostered through the use of frequencies of sound and light, so their body will be in balance.
Looking back on his life so far, and all the serendipitous experiences he has gone through, Aaron believes he was given this knowledge for a reason – to raise consciousness for people to self-heal, while paying tribute to all the great minds that have found noninvasive ways to bring forth remedies and create a better road map to help people where they need to go.
"Everything is frequency. Lovetuner is one of my favorite go to stress relief programs that I use to be focused, calm and ready for every moment life brings."
– Aaron Cameron
Roland Kickinger
Roland's beliefs are that true beauty isn't simply about how you look on the outside. True beauty shines from the inside, from inner wellness, from maintaining a healthy and wholesome lifestyle and from inner peace and self-confidence.
Roland is a successful entrepreneur and has developed his own chain of health and nutrition centers and a wellness clinic that offers the first fully automated Irido diagnostic health evaluation.
Roland is also a former IFBB pro athlete, Mr. Universe and co-starred in the movie "Terminator Salvation" as the T-800 and portrait Arnold's life in "See Arnold Run" as well as other studio and independent film and tv projects.
"I remember the first time I used the Lovetuner and feeling immediately the vibration throughout my body. I felt extremely calm, centered and balanced. When life gets sometimes stressful the Lovetuner brings you right back to your balanced self. I use the Lovetuner at least 6 times a day and it became a part of my very structured daily routine. I love it." – Roland Kickinger
Ingrid Fitzi
Early on in my life I experienced healing from a severe illness through an Ayurveda Doctor who made me meditate every day, what helped tremendously in my healing process. I realized back then, that conscious breathing and clearing my thoughts through meditation helps me also to manage pain. This realization is the foundation of my extensive work as a psychotherapist and physiotherapist and later on in my work as a sexual therapist.
"The Lovetuner has not only made my work much easier, it supports the healing process in a magical way. No matter how old you are, with this beautiful piece of jewelry with healing qualities you tune into a positive, joyful vibration. The Lovetuner not only enriched my own life, but also the life of my patients - it's a gift and I don't do any therapy session without the Lovetuner." – Ingrid Fitzi
Jon Rasmussen
Jon brings over three decades of study, teaching, and work in the shamanic, technological, spiritual, philosophical, and healing arts. He has been able to produce deeply transformative results for individuals, partners, and organizations. His tracking and visionary skills are world-class, and he works with leaders in business, government, and the arts.
His miraculous gifts and calling came early in his life with seven near death experiences and opportunities to learn from the most powerful influencers across the globe. He also studied engineering and quantum physics and worked in high tech industries for over a decade. This bridge of the physical, mental, and spiritual worlds makes Jon's abilities unique across all fields.
Jon was initiated by powerful lineages of shamans, healers, and visionaries most notably of the high Andes mountains and Amazon rainforest. The most comprehensive combination of ancient and leading-edge healing, coaching, advisory, and visionary work that he brings has expanded the definition of the title Shaman.Jon's YouTube Channel and publications contain a wealth of useful information and wisdom.
"I use my Lovetuner as a perfect way to infuse my physical and energetic workspace and clients with the resonant vibration of the source of all healing and creation, Love itself, so that miracles become commonplace once again." – Jon Rasmussen
Natalie Stawsky
Natalie has been a student of yoga for more than 20 years. She has studied copiously with world-renowned teachers and has been living and practicing in Ashland, Oregon since 2009 where she owns Ashland Yoga Center.
Natalie aims to empower her students to actively participate in their own regeneration. It is to this end that she provides a positive environment that is encouraging, self-paced, and nonjudgmental. Her ability to put people at ease makes her classes fun and transformative.
Natalie is uplifting, unpretentious, and in possession of a contagious enthusiasm and humor. Her classes permeate with a refreshing lightheartedness and she is committed to promoting physical, emotional, and mental health through her sessions.
Natalie uses the Lovetuner in all of her yoga classes. In addition, she offers dedicated Lovetuner sessions with focus on breathing and sound healing.
Fernando is a professional surfer, paddle boarder, free diver and adventurer. Born on the paradise island of Fiji, while his parents have been sailing the world it was his destination that the ocean and the waves drive his passion.
After achieving a high level of success in short board competitions, Fernando discovered a new passion, stand up paddle boarding. In 2010 he began his professional career and soon became one of the world's best athletes in the SUP racing division. A waterman that found a lifestyle that fulfills his heart and uses the power of the 528hz frequency to align himself with the source. Fernando is a global ambassador for the Lovetuner movement.
"I think the Lovetuner is a great tool help us keep up the good energy and stay in a peaceful state of mind. For me, as an athlete, it is also a great practice for deep breathing. I see my improvement in lung capacity and concentration after tuning." – Fernando Stalla
Mona Therese
Mona Therese is trained in the linage of Krishnamacharya, and her main focus is on breathing, Hatha Vinyasa Yoga and meditation. Her fascination of the human being, not only physically, but also mentally and spiritually shines through in her teaching and her own self.
Her many years as a teacher of Yoga, and as a therapist of body work, massage, reflexology and reiki healing has given her a profound insight into the mind body connection. It is Mona's goal to inspire her students to find their inner being of strength, peace and compassion, thus allowing the student to water their own seeds towards "Self Realization." Through her own healing from cancer, Mona has gotten the insight and the knowledge of the power of thoughts, and how we can transform ourself through positive intentions and affirmations.
"Love is the keyword to my own practice and teaching, with the Lovetuner it has a voice. My heart loves when I speak it's language, the natural balance of my being is restored, we are one." – Mona Therese
Teresa began exploring yoga at the age of nineteen years old as a way to understand the sacred movement of breath ("prana") and body. Her studies in Dance, Meditation, Buddhism, Yogic Arts, World Cultures & Scuba Diving infuses her approach to teaching and living the "flow" that is yoga.
Under the generous guidance of her teacher, Shiva Rea M.A., Teresa is trained in Prana Vinyasa Flow™ and Yoga Trance Dance™. Her intuitive and fluid teaching style nurtures each student as they explore their bodies on the path of yoga. Teresa has also studied with Chuck Miller, Maty Ezraty, Bryan Kest, Gurmukh.
Teresa uses the Lovetuner in her own practice, classes and passionately shares this mindfulness tool with everyone around her.
She is a global ambassador for the Lovetuner and is based in Manila, Philippines.
Robin Clements
Robin Clements is Founder and Director of Baja Wellness in Los Cabos Mexico, Co-Creator and Instructor of BreathWave; a gentle and powerful approach to self healing through conscious breathing and sound healing.
As a Light Worker and Breath Guide, globally certified in several healing arts Robin travels the world sharing the gift of personal empowerment and a clear relationship with breath, facilitating the light of mutual love in celebration of life.
Robin is a global Ambassador of the Lovetuner.
Kim Steeb
The 528 Hertz frequency is one that is essential to the "musical mathematical matrix of creation." More than any sound previously discovered, the "LOVE frequency" resonates at the heart of everything. It connects your heart, your spiritual essence, to the spiraling reality of heaven and earth.
These core creative frequencies were used by ancient priests and healers in advanced civilizations to manifest miracles and produce blessings.
Rediscovered by the western world, the 528 Hz (vibration) meditation is a powerful and wonderful way of establishing the connection with the divine universal healing life force.
"This is why I use the Lovetuner in my personal daily meditation practice and incorporate the Lovetuner into my Yoga Classes and guided Meditations as a teacher." – Kim Steeb
Robert Patrick Winston
Robert's life has been a culmination of his passions, the visual and performing arts, politics and diplomacy.
Robert began his professional life in the U.S. Marine Corps specializing in communications, branching out to the U.S. Department of State focusing on Terrorism Counteraction and Diplomatic Security in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
As a filmmaker and artist, Robert sees the world around him as majestic and beautiful, with an infinite love for all the subjects he approaches.
Robert produces films on humanitarian and environmental topics. Robert focused on shining the spotlight on issues such as domestic violence and abuse in America and the environmental challenges our world is facing.
Robert is a Lovetuner Ambassador and Team Rider, and his focus on the power of love has been his driving force in his life. When he began using the Lovetuner tool, his life became even more serene, beautiful and harmonious. In todays information overload our society faces, stress is a natural factor.
"The Lovetuner is a brilliant tool to meditate with, and gives you calmness and a sense of self love so easily forgotten in our chaotic world." – Robert Patrick Winston
Grace Suh
Grace Suh, L.Ac., Dipl.O.M. is a celebrity acupuncturist based in Venice, California, nutritionist and the founder of BodyAsMedicine specializing in mind body medicine. Grace is a blogger for the Huffington Post and the creator of a global online fat loss program, GraceFatLossMethod, helping people finally feel free, confident, and in control of their lives without dieting or starving. Grace is a global ambassador of the Lovetuner.
Phil Somerville
Phil, a New Zealand born entrepreneur has been travelling the world and it's oceans starting from a very young age. Cruising the Islands of New Zealand, Polynesia and Fiji, among others was where his passion for the ocean was born. Boating travels aside, by the time he was 18 he had visited over 30 countries mostly by himself in search of adventure and true freedom. In his travels he has captured the hearts of many people through his open mind, caring demeanor and contagious smile.
Besides his entrepreneurial career, he was featured in several blockbuster films. Now he is in business with two global icons to help heal through proper nutrition. Based in Los Angeles he still shares the love for the ocean with friends and family on his sailing yacht in Marina Del Rey. Phil is a global ambassador for the Lovetuner movement.
"I feel truly blessed to have had such a life where I have really enjoyed my journeys and life lessons while rubbing shoulders with some of the most amazing souls on the planet, if there is one thing I am truly grateful for it's my good health. Life is so much better lived when in great health!
I love the Lovetuner simply because of what it does to me and all others that use it. We are all moving now at a much faster pace than we used to with technology, transport etc. so its very important to ground yourselves back to the right frequency to ensure balance happiness and good health.
This is a kind of maintenance program for your soul and your peace of mind. I believe this is a great start in the right direction as for me it always comes back to Freedom. Tuning puts me in this mode which to me is life transforming." – Phil Somerville
Stefanie Berg
Stefanie is a Holistic Health Fan and loves to help people finding fresh energy and braveness in their lives.
She managed large cooperate projects and is a digital marketing expert over more than 20 years.
Connecting to nature, listening to good vibrational sounds and creating new digital projects to share with the world are her passion.
As the founder of the first Online-Retreat for holistic health and life-energy, she reaches thousands of people and gives them opportunities how to make life easier, happier and fulfilled with pure life energy.
"For me the Lovetuner is the simplest and most powerful mindfulness tool to connect yourself to your inner power." – Stefanie Berg
Elaine has 28 years experience as an Intuitive healer, Channeler and Vitality Life Coach through which Elaine brings a wealth of experience in healing techniques and spiritual exploration to her work.
She works with spirit guides to receive guidance which she passes on to her clients, bringing healing energy and insight. She helps her clients to explore the origin of core issues or beliefs which have arisen from experiences in current as well as previous lives. Elaine integrates the Lovetuner in her daily routine and the work with her clients.
"I love the unification that the Lovetuner represents. It transcends sects, religion, cultures race and other differences. A true reminder of love." – Elaine Wong
Kat McGee
Kat has been an enthusiastic yoga practitioner for over a decade. She received her certification in Spiritual Lifestyle Counseling and Life Coaching through Restoring the Foundations and is registered with Yoga Alliance at the E-RYT 500 hour level. Kat's background encompasses numerous styles of yoga including Vinyasa Flow, Power Yoga, Yin Yoga, Restorative Yoga, Hot Power Fusion, Guided Meditation and Yoga for Cancer Survivors.
Kat spent a lot of time traveling throughout India studying the rich heritage of the yoga tradition, meditation and Ayurvedic nutrition. She completed her 500 Hour Yoga Teacher Certification with an emphasis in Yogic Lifestyle Coaching with Swami Vishvketu in Rishikesh, India. Kat currently resides in Los Angeles where she teaches yoga, Lovetuner classes, conducts corporate wellness classes, develops coaching programs and leads philosophy lectures for Yoga Alliance approved teacher trainings.
"I teach yoga because I want to share the gifts of this practice. I truly believe it is a path back to the creative freedom we were birthed out of. Yoga ignites our awareness and illuminates the truth of who we are and exactly where we are on our personal journey moment by precious moment. The Lovetuner with its healing power is essential in my work." – Kat McGee
Conny Lechner
The ultimate wisdom is to be fully aware and present. This is the highest bliss and highest joy, the mind resting within it. Going to this state without fear and expectations, being just who you are, bears the absolute freedom. At this point you completely surrender to your true nature – and love can be experienced in its purest form.
I am a RYT-500 Yoga Alliance certified Yoga teacher, Awareness coach and Dharma practitioner, based in Malibu, CA.
The heart of my work is freedom. My purpose is to help people to liberate themselves from their fears, concepts, and boundaries and to help them realize their potential.
Out of this understanding bliss arises naturally.
"In order to invite students to resonate with their essence and to help them to live in the very present moment I use the Lovetuner." – Conny Lechner
Symentha Heartt
Symentha Heartt has been bringing wellness to individuals for more than a decade as Yoga Teacher, Hypnotherapist, Chi Gong Instructor, Relationship Alchemist, Life Coach and Nutritionist. At the same time she and her family have pioneered the Hemp Food Industry in Canada, helping to empower people and raising their awareness through healthy nutrition and hemp. She is in the process of publishing her first book titled "Bringing Hemp Home" and is also a recording artist...in short she is a beautiful divine superwoman goddess...
For this multi dimensional woman the Lovetuner is a sacred instrument to tune into her Love Body allowing her to feel grounding source energy, so she can be in sacred heart service to humanity. She feels called to be working to empower woman, children & men to unite. This Love Alchemist sees her purpose in being a catalyst for LOVE expressing her service through workshops, seminars and retreats.
Lisa Pegram
Lisa Pegram is a writer, lyricist and personal chef who entertains and educates. Her meditation practice grounds her efforts to communicate through word, music and food. The Lovetuner has become an integral part of her personal creative process, providing a healing exercise that fuels her intention to connect with others through her compositions across discipline.
She also uses the Lovetuner in her signature workshops and retreats to build community between participants, establish a safe space for creative experimentation and explore the notion of tapping the universal life force in artistic endeavors. Leaving each person with a Lovetuner at the end of the session gives them a tangible tool they can use on their own terms to both recall and transcend the power of their initial shared experience. | {
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The Money Ways » Economy » Are Unions Good or Bad for the Economy?
Are unions good or bad for the economy? As with most economic topics, this question is heavily debated. Ask yourself, what is your opinion about unions? Most people have their minds made up on whether they are good or bad. I'm guessing that the people that like unions the most are people that are in a union themself. For all of those people that are not in a union, they probably lean slightly toward not liking unions.
Whatever your stance on unions, it pays to know the good and bad, or pros and cons of their effect on the economy. Let's look at what I believe are the pros and cons of unions.
Let's start by saying the advantages to a union are mainly to the members of such union. The main thing that a union does is establish a set of rules that regulate the employment of all of its members. The unions take the collective bargaining rights of their members and negotiate wages, benefits and create a hierarchy of how employees interact with the company or government entity that they work for.
Union workers earn more wages and benefits for the average union worker in the private sector totaled $37.85 per hour in September 2010, compared to $26.74 an hour for the typical non-union worker.
These figures were gathered by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. As you can see, for this particular union, workers earn 41.5% more than non-union workers in the same industry. That is a huge difference. While wages are higher, it's the negotiated benefits that make up a lot of the difference. I must also note that these figures are for 2010, which is after the major car manufacturers went bankrupt and negotiated much lower wages. Before that, union workers in the UAW were making almost twice that of non-union workers.
So, what impact does this have on the economy? First of all, higher wages go to the workers. These wages are then spent throughout the economy. That means that higher wages for union workers can lead to more spending and a more robust economy. Of course this is only part of the picture, but from what I can see it is the only thing that a union does to help the economy. I guess all of the jobs of the union leaders are also created, but that isn't that many. And where else does the money controlled by the unions go? Well, since benefits are a big part of the unions, there is a lot of money being paid to insurance companies and other benefit providers. Also, unions are one of the largest political contributors and lobbyists, sending billions of dollars to politicians. It can be argued that these contributions go to pay for such things as advertising and to other political uses. This in turn helps businesses like the media companies and even companies like Google, which is filled with political ads.
This brings us to the cons of what unions do for the economy. To start with, you should know about an economic principle called free markets. It states that the more free an economy is, the more efficient it will run and the more productive and competitive it will be. Of course, governements and unions are the opposite of free markets, as they levy extra expenses and burdens on the capitalist theory that make the markets less "free". While it's a fact that free markets work for many things, people can always make the case that some oversight is necessary. The question comes down to how much interference do unions add and what effect does that have on the economy?
For starters, the typical union has so many rules in place that control how employees are promoted. As far as what I've seen and read about, almost all unions are based on seniority. That means that if an employee has more tenure, that they get paid more than others. To me, this is one of the unions biggest disadvantages. That's because this methodology basically promotes complacency. After all, why would someone want to work harder if they aren't going to be rewarded for it? Also, it's hard for a company to be productive if the most productive people aren't getting promoted. After all, not all workers are equal, and they shouldn't be treated as if their skills were all the same. If an employee is better equipped to take on responsibility, and they add more value to the overall company, shouldn't they be promoted ahead of someone that is complacent and not nearly as productive, just because that person was hired first?
Another disadvantage of unions is actually the same as the advantage – the much higher pay. While being paid more is good for the employee in a fiscal sense. The fact that the same amount of money they are getting paid can pay for 1.5 non-union employees, it stands to reason that a company that utilizes union labor cannot afford to hire as many workers. What does this mean to the economy? It means that a non-union company has a huge advantage over a union company, in terms of cost and perhaps productivity (see above). While you can argue either side of this, the global economy doesn't really care where things are built anymore. That means that new contracts typically go to lower cost companies. Whether they're in China or the US, the lower your costs, the more business that you'll get.
Here in Wisconsin, this state is a union state. That means that unions are commonplace and that labor costs are higher than they would be without them. So what has this meant to our economy here? A local company called Sub Zero (they making the fridges and also Wolf ranges) recently decided to expand into dishwashers. The company decided that they couldn't make a competitive product with their current union labor agreement, so they asked their union to make some concessions for them to build the plant here and create new jobs. The union voted against the proposal. Now, Sub Zero is building a new plant in another state, a state that is a right to work state (opposite of a union state). Obviously, you can see the disadvantage that this has caused to our local economy. Besides, Sub Zero, Harley Davidson and Mercury Marine faced the same issues the past few years. Both nearly left the state, and hundreds of good companies that have been founded locally have relocated headquarters to more employment friendly states. I consider this to be a huge disadvantage. Others say that it is just another company trying to take advantage of its employees. And when the state stepped in and gave tax breaks to Harley and Mercury, people screamed that the government was subsidizing big business at the expense of the workers. However, I see the government as subsidizing the union workers.
So, Are Unions Good or Bad for the Economy?
As with any heated debate, this article isn't going to change any minds. And while I tried to write it somewhat objectively (at least trying to state both sides), it is obvious how I feel about them. Of course, just like most things, unions were started for good reasons and there are still plenty of unions that are good for both their employees and the economy. But like most things, the collaberation of all of the bargaining power into a few union leaders isn't a good thing. So, the answer may be that unions are both good and bad for the economy, but I would argue that they are bad. They are an inefficient use of capital – period! Before you get angry, realize that I answered whether or not they are good for the economy, not whether they are good or bad in themselves. After all, they help some people find much better lives than they would without them.
Do you have a strong opinion about unions? If so, please share your thoughts below.
In my opinion, having a union to get high pay is a good thing but in terms of promotion, the one deserving should be promoted, regardless of the age of an employee. Promotion should be based on performance and not seniority. Thus, having those promotion qualified to find a new job or stick with the rules.
Good discussion! I want to go for union for sure. Though you've mentioned several shortcomings of it but I think the extent of the unity is good enough for the employees so I prefer it's positiveness. Thanks for sharing your opinion in details.
It actually depends on each employee – on how they see a union will do for them. In my point of view, being in a union is a good thing. Take advantage of the benefits they can produce, add to it the fact that they can help you get the pay that you deserve.
IMO unions are bad news for this country. I agree with the employees because who wouldnt want a guaranteed pay raise/rate but look at what the unions have done with the NFL for example. Almost strong arming the NFL into giving in to their demands. Overall I think they are not a good idea.
It actually depends on each employee – on how they see a union will do for them.In my opinion, having a union to get high pay is a good thing but in terms of promotion,Overall I think they are not a good idea.
I am not so sure that unions are bad, they do present a unique situation for most companies. They do not have the ability to fire you without due cause.
I can say a union is better to have than not have and to need. It is like going to war with an unloaded gun.
I am sure some people will argue that unions kill jobs, but I differ I believe unions save jobs. They make it harder for an employer to make any decisions about your job without checking the laws.
Michael Belk recently posted..Energy drinks blamed for deaths.
I appreciate your article about unions, and although I found it to be insightful, unfortunately, becoming apathetic in today's society is easy. It seems like it doesn't really matter what the truth is, or what is good for us. No matter what we think, we are steam rolled over, and not listened to. The two party system leaves us with bad and worse. Really I almost don't vote because it won't make a difference after all, the President will just push his own agenda anyway. | {
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Thinking about downsizing? Trying to figure out what to do and where to go?
Come join us for our free downsizing seminar called Downsize your Home UPSIZE your Life. This seminar will both educate and inspire you with regard to what can seem like an overwhelming endeavor. Here from our panel of experts who will be speaking on real estate, financial planning, de-cluttering, consignment as well as developers offering some great downsizing options.
Seminars are sponsored by the Team Taylor Realty, Filmgo Sales, A Place for Everything and Silver Law.
Our next seminar is sponsored by RBC and Seylynn Village and is scheduled for Tuesday November 26th. Please PRE-REGISTER online or call 604-398-2170 to join us at Seylynn Village Presentation Centre, 600 Mountain Highway from 7:00 am to 8:30 pm in North Vancouver. Doors open @ 6:30 pm. | {
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def pad!(array, min_size, value = nil) #destructive
if array.length >= min_size
return array
else
while array.length < min_size
array << value
end
end
array
end
def pad(array, min_size, value = nil) #non-destructive
new_array= array.map{|x| x}
if new_array.length >= min_size
return new_array
else
while new_array.length < min_size
new_array << value
end
end
new_array
end
# 3. Refactored Solution
def pad!(array, min_size, value = nil) #destructive
if array.length >= min_size
return array
else
while array.length < min_size
array.push(value)
end
end
array
end
def pad(array, min_size, value = nil) #non-destructive
new_array= array.map{|x| x}
if new_array.length >= min_size
return new_array
else
while new_array.length < min_size
new_array << value
end
end
new_array
end
# 4. Reflection
=begin
Were you successful in breaking the problem down into small steps?
Yes we were able to do so by initially getting the logic part of our problem written down and working from there.
Once you had written your pseudocode, were you able to easily translate it into code? What difficulties and successes did you have?
The pseudocode helped us understand the logic involved in resolving the problem. We then broke it down by methods that are destructive
and non-destructive to define each method.
Was your initial solution successful at passing the tests? If so, why do you think that is? If not, what were the errors you encountered and what did you do to resolve them?
All but one! The non-destructive one initially failed because the returning value was the original array instead of a new one ( which is destructive). We set a new variable that
was equal to the original array but with the method .map ( which creates a new array). The rest passed the test without any issues.
When you refactored, did you find any existing methods in Ruby to clean up your code?
Our code looked pretty clean so finding something specific to clean it up was a bit hard due to the logic part of our problem. We managed to apply methods that are both destructive and non-destructive
The push method for the first method allows us to push a value directly to the original array and return that. The second, with .map, allows us to create a new array with the values we want.
How readable is your solution? Did you and your pair choose descriptive variable names?
I think it looks great. My pair was a big help and seemed to understand the problem very well so the variables are very clear and descriptive of whats required.
What is the difference between destructive and non-destructive methods in your own words?
Destructive would mean that you are directly manipulating the original array for example if you want a non-destructive array you would use .map to return a new array. But the use of .map! ( the ! symbol)
would imply that you want to influence the original array directly and return that instead.
=end
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Russia Just Officially Accused the US of Meddling in Its Upcoming Election
Written by Anti-Media Team
(ANTIMEDIA) Moscow — The Kremlin said Monday that a soon-to-be-released report by the U.S. Treasury Department — one that could lead to sanctions against Putin-linked oligarchs — is a "direct and obvious" attempt by the U.S. government to meddle in Russia's upcoming presidential election.
The report, expected as early as Monday, will detail the closeness of President Vladimir Putin to a list of Russian business and political figures. While not directly calling for sanctions against these individuals, the report will lay out how sanctions could be applied.
Whatever the outcome, Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov told reporters in a conference call Monday that the Treasury Department report represented an attempt by the U.S. the sway the Russian political process.
"We do think this is a direct and obvious attempt timed to coincide with the elections in order to influence them," Peskov said. "We do not agree with this and are convinced that there will be no influence."
As of now, Peskov said "the publication of this list" of Russian oligarchs "on its own doesn't mean anything" and that this "isn't the start of a new sanctions wave." He added that Moscow will react to U.S. actions as they come and with Russian businesses in mind:
"These actions will of course be analysed in Moscow so that our interests and the interests of our companies will in any case be maintained to the maximum."
Russia's upcoming presidential election is set to be held March 18, and Putin is widely expected to retain his power. Peskov told reporters Monday that he didn't see much standing in the Russian leader's way:
"It's unlikely that at this stage there is someone who is serious competition. Putin proved his undeniable leadership on multiple occasions and continues to do that."
News that the U.S. was producing a list of Putin-linked oligarchs has reportedly caused a flurry of activity in the Russian business and banking worlds. Sources told Bloomberg that some individuals were performing stress-tests to see how U.S. sanctions could harm their fortunes. Others are simply liquidating their holdings.
Sources within Russia's business elite told Reuters that the threat of being named a Putin ally has caused some in the wealthiest circles to distance themselves from the president. In the U.S., Russian business-types have reportedly approached former Treasury and State Department officials for help in staying off the list entirely. | {
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Noivado é o período de tempo transcorrido entre a promessa de casamento (matrimônio) feita entre duas pessoas e a celebração da boda. O noivado é uma relação que supõe um maior comprometimento que o namoro, pois estabelece a promessa de futuro casamento.
A festa de noivado (normalmente denominada apenas noivado) é a celebração que anuncia à sociedade que duas pessoas resolveram prometer-se em matrimônio.
Nos tempos mais recentes, a promessa formal de matrimônio é cada vez menos frequente, bem como as festas de noivado.
O tempo de noivado serve para os noivos acertarem os detalhes da festa e como viverão juntos (casa, endereço, móveis, etc).
A aliança de noivado é habitualmente utilizada na mão direita e posteriormente usada na mão esquerda no momento do casamento.
Atualmente, a joia símbolo desse momento é o anel de noivado. Um gesto mundialmente conhecido é quando o noivo se ajoelha para fazer o tão sonhado pedido.
A tradição vem da Idade Média, onde cavaleiros prestavam lealdade e respeito aos senhor feudal. Portanto, ao se ajoelhar para o pedido de casamento o futuro noivo promete lealdade e respeito a pedir a mão de sua futura noiva.
Bibliografia
MANZONI, Alessandro - Os noivos (novela histórica de 1821, um dos maiores clássicos da literatura italiana)
RODRIGUES, Irene - Dano moral em decorrência da ruptura de noivado. São Paulo, 1998(dissertação de mestrado na Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de São Paulo)
Relacionamentos interpessoais | {
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Das Craters of the Moon National Monument (seit dem Jahr 2000 auch Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve) ist ein Schutzgebiet vom Typ eines National Monuments im Zentrum der Ebene des Snake Rivers im US-Bundesstaat Idaho auf etwa 1750 m über dem Meer. Das Gebiet besteht aus großflächigen erkalteten Lavaströmen und einigen Schlackenkegeln. Die vulkanische Aktivität ruht, ist aber nicht erloschen. Der letzte Ausbruch im Craters-of-the-Moon-Gebiet liegt etwa 2000 Jahre zurück.
Die Craters of the Moon liegen in einer der abgelegensten Regionen der Vereinigten Staaten, wurden erst Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts näher erkundet und 1924 unter Schutz gestellt. Zuvor mehrfach geringfügig erweitert, wurde das Gebiet im Jahr 2000 auf die 13-fache Fläche ausgedehnt. Seitdem stehen das ganze Vulkanfeld einschließlich des Wapi-Felds im Süden und die angrenzenden Präriegebiete unter Naturschutz. Die Erweiterungsgebiete unterliegen dem geringeren Schutzstatus einer National Preserve, weshalb die Jagd weiterhin zulässig ist und die bestehenden Verträge über die Nutzung der öffentlichen Flächen durch Herden privater Rinder-Rancher in Kraft bleiben. Das Schutzgebiet wird gemeinsam durch den National Park Service und das Bureau of Land Management verwaltet, zwei Behörden unter dem Dach des US-Innenministeriums.
Der Name des Schutzgebietes stammt vom lebensfeindlichen Eindruck, den frühe Besucher hatten. Im Rahmen des Apollo-Programms nutzten Astronauten das Gebiet kurzzeitig zur Ausbildung.
Geologie
Das Craters-of-the-Moon-Gebiet liegt im Zentrum der vulkanisch geprägten Ebene des Snake Rivers, die sich durch den Süden Idahos zieht. Wie die gesamte Ebene fällt es leicht und gleichmäßig nach Süden ab. Die heutige Landschaft und ihr geologischer Untergrund wurden in drei charakteristischen Phasen geprägt.
Yellowstone-Hotspot
Der Untergrund der Ebene sind rhyolithischer Tuff und Gesteine aus verdichteter vulkanischer Asche. Sie entstanden durch einen Hotspot, der von einem Plume mit Magma aus dem Erdmantel gespeist wurde. Über diesen Plume verschiebt sich die Nordamerikanische Platte, eine der tektonischen Platten der Erdkruste, so dass die vulkanische Aktivität scheinbar von Südwest nach Nordost wandert. Der Hotspot liegt heute unter dem Yellowstone-Nationalpark und ist für die vulkanische Aktivität des Yellowstone-Supervulkans, seine Caldera, die Geysire und die sonstigen vulkanischen Erscheinungsformen des Nationalparks verantwortlich.
Das heutige Schutzgebiet befand sich vor rund 11 Millionen Jahren über dem Hotspot. Das aus dem Erdmantel aufsteigende Magma schmolz Granitgestein der Erdkruste. Dabei wölbte sich die Erdoberfläche auf. Bei einer weiteren Steigerung der Energie kam es zur katastrophalen Eruption und der geschmolzene Granit wurde in Form von Rhyolith ausgeworfen. Dabei entstanden eine Caldera und großflächige Tuff- und Aschenschichten. Mit der scheinbaren Wanderung verschob sich der Ort der nächsten Eruption. Für die Snake River Plain sind 142 massive Eruptionen nachgewiesen, dazu kommen hunderte mittlere und kleinere. Die Calderen überlappen sich typischerweise. Auf diese Weise wurden rhyolitische Lava und die Aschen ausgestoßen, die heute den tiefen Untergrund der Snake River Plain prägen. In der Erdkruste, in einer Tiefe von mindestens 10 km hinterließen die Schmelzvorgänge des Hotspots eine rund 10–15 km dicke Schicht aus basaltischer Schlacke, die bis heute weitgehend in geschmolzenem Zustand ist. Sie liefert seither die Energie für die vulkanische Aktivität in der Region. Die Oberfläche sank nach dem Abkühlen ab, es kam zu einer Senkung, die den Zugweg der Nordamerikanischen Platte über den Hotspot hinweg markiert: die Tiefebene der Snake River Plain.
Basaltische Eruptionen
Vor rund sechs Millionen Jahren begann im westlichen Nordamerika ein tektonischer Prozess, der zu einer Dehnung der Erdkruste führte, die eine Vielzahl weitgehend paralleler, grob in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufender Grabenbrüche zur Folge hatte. Damals entstand die Basin-and-Range-Region mit ihren parallelen Graben-und-Horst-Strukturen, die von Mexiko im Süden bis im Norden gerade noch nach Idaho reicht. Im Süden des heutigen Idahos wirkten die Kräfte auf die abgesunkenen Schichten aus eruptivem Gestein auf dem Zugweg des Hotspots. Hier führte die Dehnung der Kruste zu einer Vielzahl von Dehnungsbrüchen in Nordwest-Südost-Orientierung. Der größte der parallelen Dehnungsbrüche liegt im Zentrum der Ebene, hat eine Länge von rund 80 km bei etwa 2,5 km Breite und wird als Great Rift (of Idaho) bezeichnet. Nach anderen Interpretationen entstand der Great Rift unter dem Druck aufsteigender Lava aus dem Reservoir, das durch Belastung von oben plastisch verformt wurde und dabei Risse erzeugte.
Im Great Rift, wie in den anderen Brüchen in der Snake River Plain, stieg basaltisches Magma in Dykes auf und trat in Form von Spaltenvulkanen, Schlackenkegeln und flachen Schildvulkanen an der Oberfläche aus. Im Zeitraum von vor rund 6 Millionen Jahren bis vor etwa 15.000 Jahren entstanden gewaltige Lavaströme, die mehrere bis zu 1200 m dicke Schichten im Zentrum der Snake River Plain bildeten, in die vereinzelt Schichten aus Sedimentgestein eingelagert sind. Sie bedecken etwa 95 % der Ebene.
Jüngste Aktivitäten
Die bisher letzte Phase vulkanischer Aktivität im Crater of the Moon Gebiet begann vor etwa 15.000 Jahren. Am Great Rift traten drei und weiteren Brüchen fünf weitere junge Lavafelder aus. Die drei Felder des Great Rift, Craters of the Moon, Kings Bowl und Wapi, liegen innerhalb des Schutzgebietes. Es ist nach dem Craters-of-the-Moon-Feld benannt, das das größte Lavafeld in der Snake River Plain und zugleich in den Continental United States ist, das weit überwiegend aus dem Holozän, also den letzten 10.000 Jahren stammt. Es ist aus über 60 einzelnen Lavaströmen zusammengesetzt, die sich gegenseitig überlappen. Rund 30 km³ basaltische Lava traten in acht eruptiven Perioden aus und bedecken eine zusammengesetzte Fläche von rund 1600 km².
Rund 80 % der Lavafelder bestehen aus der gering viskosen Pāhoehoe-Lava. In erstarrter Form ist sie durch glatte Oberflächen und runde Formen gekennzeichnet, die vereinzelt einen blauen oder grünen Glanz annehmen können. Sie wird durch lange Flüsse gespeist, die beim Auslaufen und Erkalten hohle Lavaröhren hinterlassen können, langgestreckte Höhlen in und unter den Lavaflüssen. Fünf Lava-Röhren können im Gebiet begangen werden. Den Rest der Lavafelder macht die unregelmäßige Aa-Lava aus. Sie hat eine scharfkantige Oberfläche, die aus einzelnen Brocken von unter einem bis zu wenigen Zentimetern Größe zusammengesetzt ist. Ihre Gestalt ist teilweise wellenförmig mit bis zu 3 m hohen Berg- und Talstrukturen. Ihre Grenzen sind in der Regel durch eine steile Front gekennzeichnet.
Geochemisch bestehen die basaltischen Lavaflüsse im Craters-of-the-Moon-Feld aus olivinischem Tholeiit. Sie sind besonders reich an Eisen, Phosphor, Titan und Alkalimetallen
Bei den Eruptionen wurden außer den Lavaströmen rund 25 Schlackenkegel aufgeworfen, die häufig durch mehrere naheliegende Schlote entstanden, so dass sich die Kegel überlappen oder vollkommen ineinander liegen. Außerdem wurden vulkanische Bomben verschiedener Typen und Größen ausgestoßen. Die ausströmende Lava bildete mehrere flache Schildvulkane, darunter das Wapi-Feld, das aus nur einer Eruption entstanden ist.
Die jüngsten Erscheinungen sind kleinere Lavaströme im Norden des Craters-of-the-Moon-Feld. Darunter ist der North Crater Flow, der auf ein Alter von etwa 2000 Jahren datiert wurde. Auch wenn die vulkanische Aktivität im Craters-of-the-Moon-Gebiet seither ruht, ist sie nicht erloschen.
Ökosysteme
Das Gebiet der Craters of the Moon liegt im Bereich der Östlichen Snake-River-Basalt-Ebene. Das Klima ist semi-arid, kontinental mit heißen, trockenen Sommern und kalten Wintern. Die Böden sind jung, soweit vorhanden ist die Humusauflage gering. Zu unterscheiden sind drei Bodentypen: die jungen Lavafelder, Flächen älterer Lavaströme, in denen bereits eine Bodenbildung stattgefunden hat, sowie Böden auf äolischen, durch Wind verfrachteten Sedimenten aus Sand und Löss. Spezifisch für das Schutzgebiet – und untypisch für die Region – ist das kleinräumige Mosaik der Lebensräume. Mehrere hundert Kipukas, mittelgroße und kleine Inseln von verwitterten Böden, sind in jüngere Lava-Flüsse eingelagert und bilden jeweils abgeschlossene Ökosysteme.
Die jungen Lavaflächen sind zumeist ohne jede Vegetation. Vereinzelt stehen Büschel von Federgräsern. In Spalten und Rissen wachsen diverse Arten, die extreme Trockenheit ertragen. Darunter sind die Bartfaden-Art Penstemon deustus, die Flammenblume Phlox hoodii, das Sperrkrautgewächs Aliciella leptomeria und Fingerkräuter. An den Vulkankegeln und einigen Hügelflanken gibt es lokal genug Wasser für montane Busch- und Waldgesellschaften. Hier wachsen Wacholder, die Amerikanische Zitterpappel und die Nevada-Zirbel-Kiefer (Pinus flexilis).
Auf verwitterten Lavafeldern ist die typische Pflanzengesellschaft eine Wüsten-Beifuß-Steppe. Der namensgebende Wüsten-Beifuß bildet großflächig niedriges Gebüsch, ansonsten ist der Boden locker mit Gräsern der Prärie bedeckt. Die häufigste Grasart ist das Blaubüschel-Weizengras (Agropyron spicatum – auch: Pseudoroegnaria spicata), das in Büscheln wächst. Daneben kommen verschiedene Federgräser und Indianisches Reisgras (Oryzopsis hymenoides) vor. Purshia tridentata ist ein häufiger Strauch. Die Dach-Trespe tritt als Neophyt auf.
Die gleichen Pflanzengesellschaften bedecken auch die Böden außerhalb der Lavafelder. Die Vegetation ist dichter, weshalb die Flächen zur extensiven Weidenutzung mit Rindern dienen. Die Prärien im Zentrum und Süden des Gebietes sind durch historische und anhaltende Beweidung stark gestört.
Die Tierwelt ist geprägt durch die große Trockenheit und die extremen Sommertemperaturen. Verschiedene Tiere passen sich durch eine nächtliche Lebensweise an. Darunter fallen Taschenratten, Stinktier, Rotfuchs, Rotluchs, Puma, mehrere Fledermausarten, Nachtschwalben, Eulen und die meisten Kleinnager. Den Tagesrand nutzen Maultierhirsch, Kojote, Baumstachler und Baumwollschwanzkaninchen sowie viele Singvögel. Tagesaktiv sind Erdhörnchen, Streifenhörnchen, Murmeltiere sowie Eidechsen, Schlangen, Adler und Bussarde. In den Lavaröhren leben einige Käferarten, die endemisch für das Gebiet sind.
Geschichte
Ursprünglich war die Snake-River-Ebene dünn von Shoshonen besiedelt. Die Lavafelder und die anderen vulkanischen Strukturen des Great Rifts waren jedoch lebensfeindlich und wurden nicht dauerhaft genutzt. An einer Lavaröhre, die heute als Indian Tunnel bezeichnet wird, wurden Steine künstlich um die Tunnelöffnung angeordnet.
Die Lewis-und-Clark-Expedition von 1805/6 brachte die ersten Weißen ins heutige Idaho, sie passierten das Gebiet aber nördlich vom heutigen Schutzgebiet. In den 1830er Jahren wurde das Snake-River-Gebiet von Trappern und Pelzhändlern der britischen Hudson's Bay Company besucht. Auch sie kamen wohl nie in das heutige Schutzgebiet. 1833 erkundete der US-Offizier Benjamin Bonneville den Snake River und Teile der Ebene. Der erste nachweisliche Aufenthalt eines Weißen im heutigen Schutzgebiet fand 1852 statt. John Jeffrey erkundete eine nördliche Abkürzung für die Siedler-Trecks auf dem Oregon Trail, um die weiten Schleifen des Snake Rivers zu umgehen. Seine Route führte durch den äußersten Nordwesten des heutigen National Monuments. Sie wurde in den ersten Jahren nur sporadisch genutzt, gewann aber 1862 an Bedeutung, als Schoschonen und Bannock-Indianer sich auf der Hauptroute am Snake River gegen die in ihr Land eindringenden Weißen wehrten. Um den Indianern zu entgehen, wurde der größte Siedlerzug auf dem Oregon-Trail aller Zeiten mit 338 Wagen und 1095 Menschen von Tim Goodale über die nördliche Route geführt, die ab da als Goodale's Cutoff bezeichnet und bevorzugt wurde.
1901 fand die erste Begehung des Gebietes durch einen Geologen der US Geological Survey statt. Harold Stearns, Geologe der USGS, besuchte das Gebiet 1921 und 1923 und verfasste eine erste Beschreibung, die 1924 in der Geographical Review veröffentlicht wurde. Der National Park Service forderte bei ihm ein Gutachten an, das die Gebietsstrukturen und geeignete Grenzen eines möglichen National Monuments enthalten sollte. 1920 waren Robert W. Limbert und sein Nachbar W. L. Cole, naturkundlich begeisterte Laien aus Boise, in 17 Tagen durch das Great-Rift-Gebiet gewandert. Sie erkundeten als erste die Region in voller Länge und beschrieben die vielfältigen vulkanischen Strukturen. Limbert veröffentlichte 1924 einen Bericht über die Expedition im populären Magazin National Geographic unter dem Titel "Among the 'Craters of the Moon'". Er schlug vor, das Gebiet als Nationalpark auszuweisen, und schickte sein Skizzenbuch mit Fotos und weiteren Notizen an Präsident Calvin Coolidge. Aufgrund des vorliegenden Gutachtens für den National Park Service und der öffentlichen Bekanntheit des Gebietes nach dem Erscheinen des National-Geographic-Artikels nutzte Coolidge die Ermächtigung des Antiquity Acts und widmete das Gebiet als National Monument.
In den ersten Jahrzehnten war das Schutzgebiet nur wenig ausgebaut. In Vorbereitung auf das 50. Jubiläum des National Park Services wurde Mitte der 1950er Jahre das Mission-66-Programm aufgelegt, bei dem rund eine Milliarde Dollar in die Nationalparks und sonstigen Schutzgebiete des Bundes investiert wurden. Auch Craters of the Moon bekam ab 1956 ein neues Besucherzentrum, einen Campingplatz, eine im Kreis durch das Schutzgebiet geführte Straße und weitere Einrichtungen zur Natur- und Kulturinterpretation und Besucherbetreuung.
1969 erkundeten Teams des Apollo-Programms geologisch besondere Regionen im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten. Die Astronauten Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell, Eugene Cernan und Joe Engle kamen unter anderem in das Crater-of-the-Moon-Gebiet und lernten die fachmännische Identifizierung und Beschreibung von vulkanischem Gestein, wie es auf dem Mond zu erwarten war.
1970 widmete der Kongress der Vereinigten Staaten den Großteil des National Monuments zusätzlich als Wilderness Area, die strengste Klasse von Naturschutzgebieten in den USA. Es war die erste offiziell geschützte Wildnis in einem Gebiet des National Park Service.
In den 1980er Jahren betrieben lokale Tourismus-Unternehmer und die Politik des Staates Idaho die Umwidmung des National Monuments in einen Nationalpark. Sie erhofften sich davon eine stärkere Anziehungskraft für den Tourismus der Region. Idaho hat als einziger Bundesstaat im Westen der Vereinigten Staaten keinen Nationalpark innerhalb seiner Grenzen, wenn man von einem schmalen Streifen am Rand des Yellowstone-Nationalparks absieht. Der National Park Service lehnte die Aufwertung ab: Das Gebiet habe mit dem Vulkanismus nur einen Typ von natürlichen Erscheinungsformen und sei daher nicht als Nationalpark geeignet. Der Status als National Monument sei angemessen. Anfang der 1990er Jahre wurde eine vermittelnde Position erarbeitet, nach der es bei der Ausweisung als National Monument bleiben solle, aber das Gebiet großräumig erweitert werden könne.
Im Jahr 2000 wurde das Schutzgebiet um die gesamten Lavafelder des Great-Rift-Gebietes erweitert und benachbarte Prärieflächen unter der Verwaltung des Bureau of Land Management hinzugenommen. Das Schutzgebiet unter den Namen Crater of the Moon National Monument and Preserve umfasst jetzt fast 2900 km² und alle vulkanischen Erscheinungen der Region.
Das Schutzgebiet heute
Der erschlossene Bereich des Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve liegt im Norden des Gesamtgebietes am US-Highway US-20, der hier gebündelt mit US-26 und US-93 verläuft. Vom Highway zweigt eine Stichstraße zum Besucherzentrum ab, sie führt weiter zum kleinen Campingplatz und einer als Einbahnstraße ausgewiesenen, etwa 11 km langen Schleife, die durch den Norden des wichtigsten Lavafeldes führt. Die Autoroute windet sich um mehrere Vulkankegel, von ihr zweigen wiederum Stichstraßen ab, die zu ausgewiesenen kurzen Wanderwegen führen.
Am meisten begangen sind der North Crater Flow Trail am Besucherzentrum, der in die Charakteristika einer Lavalandschaft einführt, der Devils Orchard Trail, auf dem Besucher die langsame Besiedlung der Lavalandschaft mit Pioniervegetation erkunden können, und der Caves Trail, der zu den Eingängen von vier für Besucher zugängliche und eine einsehbare Lavaröhren führt. Der Indian Tunnel kann ohne weitere Ausrüstung in der vollen Länge von knapp 250 m begangen werden, die anderen erfordern Höhlenausstattung mit mehreren unabhängigen Lichtquellen und die Bereitschaft zum Kriechen durch schmale Eingänge. Außerdem gibt es zwei ausgewiesene Wanderwege, die aus dem erschlossenen Teil des Gebietes in die Wildnisregion führen. Im Sommerhalbjahr werden von den Rangern täglich geführte Wanderungen und Vorträge angeboten. Im Winter ist die Straßenschleife für Autos gesperrt und als Skilanglauf-Loipe geöffnet. Führungen auf Schneeschuhen finden an den Wochenenden statt.
Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve ist mit deutlich über 200.000 Besuchern im Jahr das wichtigste touristische Ziel in der dünn besiedelten Region. Es ist jedoch typischerweise nur ein Abstecher für Besucher anderer Ziele im weiteren Umfeld und wird nur von rund 20 % der Besucher gezielt angesteuert. Die anderen kommen aus anderem Grund nach Idaho oder durchqueren die Region nur und nutzen das Schutzgebiet als Zwischenstopp.
Nahezu alle Besucher beschränken sich auf den erschlossenen Bereich im Norden, der aber nur den kleinsten Teil des Schutzgebietes ausmacht. Er liegt im ursprünglichen National Monument, das eine Fläche von etwa 216 km² hat. Seit der Erweiterung im Jahr 2000 erstreckt sich das Gebiet nach Süden bis auf fast die gesamte Breite der Snake River Plain. Damals kamen rund 1600 km² unter der Verwaltung des National Park Service als National Preserve hinzu. Hierbei handelt es sich nahezu ausschließlich um Lavafelder. Weitere rund 1000 km² stehen unter der Verwaltung des Bureau of Land Management und wurden ebenfalls 2000 dem Schutzgebiet zugeschlagen. Sie sind Steppe und die bestehende Weidenutzung durch Rinderherden privater Rancher wurde bei der Schutzgebietsausweisung beibehalten. Im Hinterland gibt es einige wenige unbefestigte Straßen und Pisten in den Steppenanteilen, auf den Lavafeldern kann man sich nur zu Fuß bewegen.
Literatur
Kathleen M. Haller; Spencer H. Wood: Geological field trips in southern Idaho, eastern Oregon, and northern Nevada. Boise, Idaho, Boise State University, 2004, ISBN 978-0-9753738-0-4
Weblinks
Bureau of Land Management: Craters of the Moon National Monument (offizielle Seite) (englisch)
Einzelnachweise
Geographie (Idaho)
National Monument (Vereinigte Staaten)
National Preserve (Vereinigte Staaten)
Schlacken- und Aschenkegel
Vulkangebiet
Blaine County (Idaho)
Power County
Minidoka County
Lincoln County (Idaho)
Butte County (Idaho)
Schutzgebiet der IUCN-Kategorie III
Vulkanismus in den Vereinigten Staaten
Geologie Amerikas
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Nordamerika | {
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As a family owned and operated company, we have a strong sense of urgency to empower our communities with energy independence.
We are passionately driven to create reliable solar energy systems that will secure and protect our families now and for years to come.
David Willis is the founder and owner of Point Zero Energy, a solar energy company located in Southern Idaho. With a degree in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, David has always had an exceptional ability for creating, building, and optimizing energy systems. He combined his natural talent in engineering with his passion for solar energy when he began designing, manufacturing, and installing solar energy systems more than 15 years ago.
Through his manufacturing of alternative energy systems, he discovered how critical efficiency and quality are in creating a reliable energy system. Through this process he discovered his passion for helping others become energy independent and founded Point Zero Energy.
An innovative solar energy company, Point Zero Energy specializes in providing high efficiency solar energy systems for residential homes and commercial businesses. We pride ourselves in our ability to think outside the box to create efficient and reliable solar energy systems that will secure and protect our families now and for years to come. | {
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Added on July 27, 2018 by Oliver Chapman.
We're enjoying the combination of glorious weather and great progress on site in Ardrishaig, where the slab and sea wall are now complete. The site's location on the edge of Loch Gilp means that flood resistance has been a key consideration in our design, with changes in materials above and below a datum that will run through the building. | {
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Sports Round Up - Autumn 1
Our sports teams have been playing well this term in their various fixtures.
We have had a very busy half term with 17 matches completed by the start of the half term break. In the County Cup the Year 10 team is through to the Quarter Final- congratulations! The other teams either progressed well or are still to play over the coming weeks.
In the Football league the Year 7 team don't begin their fixtures until their league starts in March but the Year 8 team have had a great start with 100% success so far and notably a win of 5 – 0 over Amersham earlier this month. Particular commendations go to Kia Thomas and Harry White for their great goals.
The Year 9 team have had a great start to the league with 2 wins from 2 and especially a 4 – 1 win over Misbourne. The player of the match was Aaron Frewin for his scoring, possession and overall performance.
The Year 10 team have had a mixed start to the league. Their best result so far was the 4 – 1 win over John Colet earlier this month in the County Cup and particular congratulations go to Taylor Massey for scoring 7 goals in 5 school fixtures! That's at least one goal in every match this season so far.
The Year 11 team have also had a mixture of wins and losses this season so far. Felix Fox deserves a special mention for working hard as the Captain both on and off the pitch. Well done.
In Netball many of the teams have been promoted to tougher leagues this season after a hugely successful time last year. The Year 7 team has been expanded to 2 teams this season and will start their fixtures after half term now they have had time to gel as a team. Well done girls for your commitment to the sport.
The Year 8 team has had a win and a loss so far but have more fixtures and hopefully more successes to come. Well done to Sophie Taverner for receiving the player of the match awards and to Emma Jones for being chosen to play up for Year 9 and doing a fantastic job.
The Year 9 team has only had one tough fixture against Dr Challoner's so far so are working hard for more success this week and after half term. Congratulations to Amy Vojkovic who was chosen as the player of that match.
The Year 10 and 11 teams have done really well and are undefeated so far! Congratulations to Captain Lucy Holloway for doing a fantastic job and also achieving player of the match twice. Further congratulations to Ellie Gallagher for being selected as the Year 10 player of the match and to Maddie Copping for working so hard as the Year 10 Captain.
Sports Person of the Month
The PE Department has also selected the first Sports Person of the Month for the new school year. September's recipient is a student in Year 8 who has been working incredibly well in both their PE lessons and on the Football pitch.
For this level of commitment and success the September Sports Person of the Month is awarded to:
Bobby Pusey | {
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package six.ca.androidadvanced.threads.christmas.plugin;
/**
* Created by songzhw on 2016-07-03
*/
public abstract class Plugin {
public abstract String execute();
public abstract void onDestroy();
}
| {
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Do We Need More or a Different Kind of Civic Education? (Washington Examiner) March 4, 2021
Civic education in America could use help from almost any quarter.
That bears note because, with major funding from the federal government and deep engagement by 300 scholars, practitioners, and other experts, a new civic education road map was released this week. "Educating for American Democracy" seeks to help states, school districts, and schools "build a new foundation" for civic education by guiding the development of new civic education curriculum across the land.
The most recent National Assessment of Educational Progress test scores tell us that only 24% of eighth graders are proficient or better in civics, with a pitiful 15% proficient in U.S. history. Only one-third could pass the basic citizenship test given to immigrants. But is a new curricular road map what we most need to right the ship?
Moreover, are academics the best ones to design the map? A road map could be anything from a one-page foldout to a 300-page book. Likewise, there are significant disagreements about civic education. Some, myself included, believe civic education is itself in reasonably good health but needs much greater emphasis and priority. Others believe that approach is old-fashioned, that we need to move away from civic knowledge to civic action as a way to engage and teach the young.
There are also those who think almost everything about the history and civics we teach is wrong. The founding of our country must be changed, they say, from 1776 to the coming of slaves and to the formation of the colonies in 1619. Ethnic studies, including condemnations of capitalism, should be the order of the day. Statues, murals, and names of flawed historical figures should be removed in this new Left version of civic education.
In order to be effective, then, a road map has to be something one could reasonably expect to follow. Unfortunately, this new road map is more like the several-hundred-pager than it is a one-page foldout. It incorporates seven themes, followed by five design challenges, and includes countless key concepts, questions, and recommendations. Your average teacher or state legislator is more likely to be overwhelmed than guided. Scholars have their own agendas when they design a road map. Not content just to do more civic education, they seek to improve democracy using civic education as a tool. Our democracy is in "grave danger," the report says, plagued by inequities, civic dysfunction, polarization, and even violence. It calls on us to "build a new foundation."
We misdiagnose the problem. It's not that we don't know what works; it's that we aren't doing enough of it.
Consider that we spend only 5 cents per student per year on civic education and $54 on science, technology, engineering, and math education. Fewer than 10 states require as much as a year of civic education in high school, and some do not require any. Civics has all but been pushed out of elementary and middle school curricula altogether.
Here's a thought: Rather than doing something completely different, we need to do more civics education, period.
David Davenport is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution and a senior fellow at the Ashbrook Center. He is the author of a recent report: "Commonsense Solutions To Our Civics Crisis."
https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/do-we-need-more-or-a-different-kind-of-civic-education | {
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The Backstreet Project: Menace of the Death Queen Collectors Edition
(Stan Lee, 2006)
™ and © Stan Lee Media
Since the time when rocker Alice Cooper appeared in a Marvel comic book, if not earlier, there has been a link between popular music and the comic book medium. So it's not surprising that at the height of the popularity of musical group The Backstreet Boys, this comic came out that re-imagined the boy band as a team of super-heroes, protecting the Earth from fearsome aliens planning a large-scale invasion. Nothing else really needs to be said, beyond the fact that fortunately, it's fictional, since the Backstreet Boys didn't even last very long as a musical group.
This magazine-sized title is co-created by Stan Lee and band-member Nick Carter, written with cheesy humor that starts inadvertently right from the premise and drawn in a manga-inspired style by Ruben Martinez.
— Andy Richardson
Jump to issue: 1
No copies available Vol. 1 # 1 Stan Lee, Nick Carter, Bryce Zabel Ruben Martinez | {
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package adexchangebuyer2 // import "google.golang.org/api/adexchangebuyer2/v2beta1"
import (
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"errors"
"fmt"
context "golang.org/x/net/context"
ctxhttp "golang.org/x/net/context/ctxhttp"
gensupport "google.golang.org/api/gensupport"
googleapi "google.golang.org/api/googleapi"
"io"
"net/http"
"net/url"
"strconv"
"strings"
)
// Always reference these packages, just in case the auto-generated code
// below doesn't.
var _ = bytes.NewBuffer
var _ = strconv.Itoa
var _ = fmt.Sprintf
var _ = json.NewDecoder
var _ = io.Copy
var _ = url.Parse
var _ = gensupport.MarshalJSON
var _ = googleapi.Version
var _ = errors.New
var _ = strings.Replace
var _ = context.Canceled
var _ = ctxhttp.Do
const apiId = "adexchangebuyer2:v2beta1"
const apiName = "adexchangebuyer2"
const apiVersion = "v2beta1"
const basePath = "https://adexchangebuyer.googleapis.com/"
// OAuth2 scopes used by this API.
const (
// Manage your Ad Exchange buyer account configuration
AdexchangeBuyerScope = "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
)
func New(client *http.Client) (*Service, error) {
if client == nil {
return nil, errors.New("client is nil")
}
s := &Service{client: client, BasePath: basePath}
s.Accounts = NewAccountsService(s)
return s, nil
}
type Service struct {
client *http.Client
BasePath string // API endpoint base URL
UserAgent string // optional additional User-Agent fragment
GoogleClientHeaderElement string // client header fragment, for Google use only
Accounts *AccountsService
}
func (s *Service) userAgent() string {
if s.UserAgent == "" {
return googleapi.UserAgent
}
return googleapi.UserAgent + " " + s.UserAgent
}
func (s *Service) clientHeader() string {
return gensupport.GoogleClientHeader("20170210", s.GoogleClientHeaderElement)
}
func NewAccountsService(s *Service) *AccountsService {
rs := &AccountsService{s: s}
rs.Clients = NewAccountsClientsService(s)
rs.Creatives = NewAccountsCreativesService(s)
return rs
}
type AccountsService struct {
s *Service
Clients *AccountsClientsService
Creatives *AccountsCreativesService
}
func NewAccountsClientsService(s *Service) *AccountsClientsService {
rs := &AccountsClientsService{s: s}
rs.Invitations = NewAccountsClientsInvitationsService(s)
rs.Users = NewAccountsClientsUsersService(s)
return rs
}
type AccountsClientsService struct {
s *Service
Invitations *AccountsClientsInvitationsService
Users *AccountsClientsUsersService
}
func NewAccountsClientsInvitationsService(s *Service) *AccountsClientsInvitationsService {
rs := &AccountsClientsInvitationsService{s: s}
return rs
}
type AccountsClientsInvitationsService struct {
s *Service
}
func NewAccountsClientsUsersService(s *Service) *AccountsClientsUsersService {
rs := &AccountsClientsUsersService{s: s}
return rs
}
type AccountsClientsUsersService struct {
s *Service
}
func NewAccountsCreativesService(s *Service) *AccountsCreativesService {
rs := &AccountsCreativesService{s: s}
rs.DealAssociations = NewAccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService(s)
return rs
}
type AccountsCreativesService struct {
s *Service
DealAssociations *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService
}
func NewAccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService(s *Service) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService {
rs := &AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService{s: s}
return rs
}
type AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService struct {
s *Service
}
// AddDealAssociationRequest: A request for associating a deal and a
// creative.
type AddDealAssociationRequest struct {
// Association: The association between a creative and a deal that
// should be added.
Association *CreativeDealAssociation `json:"association,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Association") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Association") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *AddDealAssociationRequest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod AddDealAssociationRequest
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// AppContext: @OutputOnly The app type the restriction applies to for
// mobile device.
type AppContext struct {
// AppTypes: The app types this restriction applies to.
//
// Possible values:
// "NATIVE" - Native app context.
// "WEB" - Mobile web app context.
AppTypes []string `json:"appTypes,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AppTypes") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AppTypes") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *AppContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod AppContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// AuctionContext: @OutputOnly The auction type the restriction applies
// to.
type AuctionContext struct {
// AuctionTypes: The auction types this restriction applies to.
//
// Possible values:
// "OPEN_AUCTION" - The restriction applies to open auction.
// "DIRECT_DEALS" - The restriction applies to direct deals.
AuctionTypes []string `json:"auctionTypes,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AuctionTypes") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AuctionTypes") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *AuctionContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod AuctionContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Client: A client resource represents a client buyer—an
// agency,
// a brand, or an advertiser customer of the sponsor buyer.
// Users associated with the client buyer have restricted access to
// the Ad Exchange Marketplace and certain other sections
// of the Ad Exchange Buyer UI based on the role
// granted to the client buyer.
// All fields are required unless otherwise specified.
type Client struct {
// ClientAccountId: The globally-unique numerical ID of the client.
// The value of this field is ignored in create and update operations.
ClientAccountId int64 `json:"clientAccountId,omitempty,string"`
// ClientName: Name used to represent this client to publishers.
// You may have multiple clients that map to the same entity,
// but for each client the combination of `clientName` and entity
// must be unique.
// You can specify this field as empty.
ClientName string `json:"clientName,omitempty"`
// EntityId: Numerical identifier of the client entity.
// The entity can be an advertiser, a brand, or an agency.
// This identifier is unique among all the entities with the same
// type.
//
// A list of all known advertisers with their identifiers is available
// in
// the
// [advertisers.txt](https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb-dictionar
// ies/advertisers.txt)
// file.
//
// A list of all known brands with their identifiers is available in
// the
// [brands.txt](https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb-dictionaries/b
// rands.txt)
// file.
//
// A list of all known agencies with their identifiers is available in
// the
// [agencies.txt](https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb-dictionaries
// /agencies.txt)
// file.
EntityId int64 `json:"entityId,omitempty,string"`
// EntityName: The name of the entity. This field is automatically
// fetched based on
// the type and ID.
// The value of this field is ignored in create and update operations.
EntityName string `json:"entityName,omitempty"`
// EntityType: The type of the client entity: `ADVERTISER`, `BRAND`, or
// `AGENCY`.
//
// Possible values:
// "ENTITY_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED" - A placeholder for an undefined client
// entity type. Should not be used.
// "ADVERTISER" - An advertiser.
// "BRAND" - A brand.
// "AGENCY" - An advertising agency.
EntityType string `json:"entityType,omitempty"`
// Role: The role which is assigned to the client buyer. Each role
// implies a set of
// permissions granted to the client. Must be one of
// `CLIENT_DEAL_VIEWER`,
// `CLIENT_DEAL_NEGOTIATOR` or `CLIENT_DEAL_APPROVER`.
//
// Possible values:
// "CLIENT_ROLE_UNSPECIFIED" - A placeholder for an undefined client
// role.
// "CLIENT_DEAL_VIEWER" - Users associated with this client can see
// publisher deal offers
// in the Marketplace.
// They can neither negotiate proposals nor approve deals.
// If this client is visible to publishers, they can send deal
// proposals
// to this client.
// "CLIENT_DEAL_NEGOTIATOR" - Users associated with this client can
// respond to deal proposals
// sent to them by publishers. They can also initiate deal proposals
// of their own.
// "CLIENT_DEAL_APPROVER" - Users associated with this client can
// approve eligible deals
// on your behalf. Some deals may still explicitly require
// publisher
// finalization. If this role is not selected, the sponsor buyer
// will need to manually approve each of their deals.
Role string `json:"role,omitempty"`
// Status: The status of the client buyer.
//
// Possible values:
// "CLIENT_STATUS_UNSPECIFIED" - A placeholder for an undefined client
// status.
// "DISABLED" - A client that is currently disabled.
// "ACTIVE" - A client that is currently active.
Status string `json:"status,omitempty"`
// VisibleToSeller: Whether the client buyer will be visible to sellers.
VisibleToSeller bool `json:"visibleToSeller,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// include in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields
// with empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field
// with an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the
// server as null. It is an error if a field in this list has a
// non-empty value. This may be used to include null fields in Patch
// requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Client) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Client
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ClientUser: A client user is created under a client buyer and has
// restricted access to
// the Ad Exchange Marketplace and certain other sections
// of the Ad Exchange Buyer UI based on the role
// granted to the associated client buyer.
//
// The only way a new client user can be created is via accepting
// an
// email invitation
// (see the
// accounts.clients.invitations.create
// method).
//
// All fields are required unless otherwise specified.
type ClientUser struct {
// ClientAccountId: Numerical account ID of the client buyer
// with which the user is associated; the
// buyer must be a client of the current sponsor buyer.
// The value of this field is ignored in an update operation.
ClientAccountId int64 `json:"clientAccountId,omitempty,string"`
// Email: User's email address. The value of this field
// is ignored in an update operation.
Email string `json:"email,omitempty"`
// Status: The status of the client user.
//
// Possible values:
// "USER_STATUS_UNSPECIFIED" - A placeholder for an undefined user
// status.
// "PENDING" - A user who was already created but hasn't accepted the
// invitation yet.
// "ACTIVE" - A user that is currently active.
// "DISABLED" - A user that is currently disabled.
Status string `json:"status,omitempty"`
// UserId: The unique numerical ID of the client user
// that has accepted an invitation.
// The value of this field is ignored in an update operation.
UserId int64 `json:"userId,omitempty,string"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// include in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields
// with empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field
// with an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the
// server as null. It is an error if a field in this list has a
// non-empty value. This may be used to include null fields in Patch
// requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ClientUser) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ClientUser
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ClientUserInvitation: An invitation for a new client user to get
// access to the Ad Exchange
// Buyer UI.
// All fields are required unless otherwise specified.
type ClientUserInvitation struct {
// ClientAccountId: Numerical account ID of the client buyer
// that the invited user is associated with.
// The value of this field is ignored in create operations.
ClientAccountId int64 `json:"clientAccountId,omitempty,string"`
// Email: The email address to which the invitation is sent.
// Email
// addresses should be unique among all client users under each
// sponsor
// buyer.
Email string `json:"email,omitempty"`
// InvitationId: The unique numerical ID of the invitation that is sent
// to the user.
// The value of this field is ignored in create operations.
InvitationId int64 `json:"invitationId,omitempty,string"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "ClientAccountId") to
// include in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields
// with empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field
// with an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the
// server as null. It is an error if a field in this list has a
// non-empty value. This may be used to include null fields in Patch
// requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ClientUserInvitation) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ClientUserInvitation
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Correction: @OutputOnly Shows any corrections that were applied to
// this creative.
type Correction struct {
// Contexts: The contexts for the correction.
Contexts []*ServingContext `json:"contexts,omitempty"`
// Details: Additional details about what was corrected.
Details []string `json:"details,omitempty"`
// Type: The type of correction that was applied to the creative.
//
// Possible values:
// "CORRECTION_TYPE_UNSPECIFIED" - The correction type is unknown.
// Refer to the details for more information.
// "VENDOR_IDS_ADDED" - The ad's declared vendors did not match the
// vendors that were detected.
// The detected vendors were added.
// "SSL_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED" - The ad had the SSL attribute declared but
// was not SSL-compliant.
// The SSL attribute was removed.
// "FLASH_FREE_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED" - The ad was declared as Flash-free
// but contained Flash, so the Flash-free
// attribute was removed.
// "FLASH_FREE_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - The ad was not declared as
// Flash-free but it did not reference any flash
// content, so the Flash-free attribute was added.
// "REQUIRED_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - The ad did not declare a required
// creative attribute.
// The attribute was added.
// "REQUIRED_VENDOR_ADDED" - The ad did not declare a required
// technology vendor.
// The technology vendor was added.
// "SSL_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - The ad did not declare the SSL attribute
// but was SSL-compliant, so the
// SSL attribute was added.
// "IN_BANNER_VIDEO_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - Properties consistent with
// In-banner video were found, so an
// In-Banner Video attribute was added.
// "MRAID_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - The ad makes calls to the MRAID API so
// the MRAID attribute was added.
// "FLASH_ATTRIBUTE_REMOVED" - The ad unnecessarily declared the Flash
// attribute, so the Flash attribute
// was removed.
// "VIDEO_IN_SNIPPET_ATTRIBUTE_ADDED" - The ad contains video content.
Type string `json:"type,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Contexts") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Contexts") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Correction) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Correction
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Creative: A creative and its classification data.
type Creative struct {
// AccountId: The account that this creative belongs to.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
AccountId string `json:"accountId,omitempty"`
// AdChoicesDestinationUrl: The link to AdChoices destination page.
AdChoicesDestinationUrl string `json:"adChoicesDestinationUrl,omitempty"`
// AdvertiserName: The name of the company being advertised in the
// creative.
AdvertiserName string `json:"advertiserName,omitempty"`
// AgencyId: The agency ID for this creative.
AgencyId int64 `json:"agencyId,omitempty,string"`
// ApiUpdateTime: @OutputOnly The last update timestamp of the creative
// via API.
ApiUpdateTime string `json:"apiUpdateTime,omitempty"`
// Attributes: All attributes for the ads that may be shown from this
// creative.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
//
// Possible values:
// "ATTRIBUTE_UNSPECIFIED" - Do not use. This is a placeholder value
// only.
// "IS_TAGGED" - The creative is tagged.
// "IS_COOKIE_TARGETED" - The creative is cookie targeted.
// "IS_USER_INTEREST_TARGETED" - The creative is user interest
// targeted.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_NONE" - The creative does not expand.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_UP" - The creative expands up.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_DOWN" - The creative expands down.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_LEFT" - The creative expands left.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_RIGHT" - The creative expands right.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_UP_LEFT" - The creative expands up and left.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_UP_RIGHT" - The creative expands up and right.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_DOWN_LEFT" - The creative expands down and
// left.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_DOWN_RIGHT" - The creative expands down and
// right.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_UP_OR_DOWN" - The creative expands up or down.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_LEFT_OR_RIGHT" - The creative expands left or
// right.
// "EXPANDING_DIRECTION_ANY_DIAGONAL" - The creative expands on any
// diagonal.
// "EXPANDING_ACTION_ROLLOVER_TO_EXPAND" - The creative expands when
// rolled over.
// "INSTREAM_VAST_VIDEO_TYPE_VPAID_FLASH" - The instream vast video
// type is vpaid flash.
// "RICH_MEDIA_CAPABILITY_TYPE_MRAID" - The creative is MRAID
// "RICH_MEDIA_CAPABILITY_TYPE_SSL" - The creative is SSL.
// "RICH_MEDIA_CAPABILITY_TYPE_INTERSTITIAL" - The creative is an
// interstitial.
// "NATIVE_ELIGIBILITY_ELIGIBLE" - The creative is eligible for
// native.
// "NATIVE_ELIGIBILITY_NOT_ELIGIBLE" - The creative is not eligible
// for native.
// "RENDERING_SIZELESS_ADX" - The creative can dynamically resize to
// fill a variety of slot sizes.
Attributes []string `json:"attributes,omitempty"`
// ClickThroughUrls: The set of destination URLs for the creative.
ClickThroughUrls []string `json:"clickThroughUrls,omitempty"`
// Corrections: @OutputOnly Shows any corrections that were applied to
// this creative.
Corrections []*Correction `json:"corrections,omitempty"`
// CreativeId: The buyer-defined creative ID of this creative.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
CreativeId string `json:"creativeId,omitempty"`
// DealsStatus: @OutputOnly The top-level deals status of this
// creative.
// If disapproved, an entry for 'auctionType=DIRECT_DEALS' (or 'ALL')
// in
// serving_restrictions will also exist. Note
// that this may be nuanced with other contextual restrictions, in which
// case,
// it may be preferable to read from serving_restrictions directly.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
//
// Possible values:
// "STATUS_UNSPECIFIED" - The status is unknown.
// "NOT_CHECKED" - The creative has not been checked.
// "CONDITIONALLY_APPROVED" - The creative has been conditionally
// approved.
// See serving_restrictions for details.
// "APPROVED" - The creative has been approved.
// "DISAPPROVED" - The creative has been disapproved.
DealsStatus string `json:"dealsStatus,omitempty"`
// DetectedAdvertiserIds: @OutputOnly Detected advertiser IDs, if any.
DetectedAdvertiserIds googleapi.Int64s `json:"detectedAdvertiserIds,omitempty"`
// DetectedDomains: @OutputOnly
// The detected domains for this creative.
DetectedDomains []string `json:"detectedDomains,omitempty"`
// DetectedLanguages: @OutputOnly
// The detected languages for this creative. The order is arbitrary. The
// codes
// are 2 or 5 characters and are documented
// at
// https://developers.google.com/adwords/api/docs/appendix/languagecod
// es.
DetectedLanguages []string `json:"detectedLanguages,omitempty"`
// DetectedProductCategories: @OutputOnly Detected product categories,
// if any.
// See the ad-product-categories.txt file in the technical
// documentation
// for a list of IDs.
DetectedProductCategories []int64 `json:"detectedProductCategories,omitempty"`
// DetectedSensitiveCategories: @OutputOnly Detected sensitive
// categories, if any.
// See the ad-sensitive-categories.txt file in the technical
// documentation for
// a list of IDs. You should use these IDs along with
// the
// excluded-sensitive-category field in the bid request to filter your
// bids.
DetectedSensitiveCategories []int64 `json:"detectedSensitiveCategories,omitempty"`
// FilteringStats: @OutputOnly The filtering stats for this creative.
FilteringStats *FilteringStats `json:"filteringStats,omitempty"`
// Html: An HTML creative.
Html *HtmlContent `json:"html,omitempty"`
// ImpressionTrackingUrls: The set of URLs to be called to record an
// impression.
ImpressionTrackingUrls []string `json:"impressionTrackingUrls,omitempty"`
// Native: A native creative.
Native *NativeContent `json:"native,omitempty"`
// OpenAuctionStatus: @OutputOnly The top-level open auction status of
// this creative.
// If disapproved, an entry for 'auctionType = OPEN_AUCTION' (or 'ALL')
// in
// serving_restrictions will also exist. Note
// that this may be nuanced with other contextual restrictions, in which
// case,
// it may be preferable to read from serving_restrictions directly.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
//
// Possible values:
// "STATUS_UNSPECIFIED" - The status is unknown.
// "NOT_CHECKED" - The creative has not been checked.
// "CONDITIONALLY_APPROVED" - The creative has been conditionally
// approved.
// See serving_restrictions for details.
// "APPROVED" - The creative has been approved.
// "DISAPPROVED" - The creative has been disapproved.
OpenAuctionStatus string `json:"openAuctionStatus,omitempty"`
// RestrictedCategories: All restricted categories for the ads that may
// be shown from this creative.
//
// Possible values:
// "NO_RESTRICTED_CATEGORIES" - The ad has no restricted categories
// "ALCOHOL" - The alcohol restricted category.
RestrictedCategories []string `json:"restrictedCategories,omitempty"`
// ServingRestrictions: @OutputOnly The granular status of this ad in
// specific contexts.
// A context here relates to where something ultimately serves (for
// example,
// a physical location, a platform, an HTTPS vs HTTP request, or the
// type
// of auction).
ServingRestrictions []*ServingRestriction `json:"servingRestrictions,omitempty"`
// VendorIds: All vendor IDs for the ads that may be shown from this
// creative.
// See
// https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb-dictionaries/vendors.txt
// for possible values.
VendorIds []int64 `json:"vendorIds,omitempty"`
// Version: @OutputOnly The version of this creative.
Version int64 `json:"version,omitempty"`
// Video: A video creative.
Video *VideoContent `json:"video,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AccountId") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AccountId") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Creative) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Creative
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// CreativeDealAssociation: The association between a creative and a
// deal.
type CreativeDealAssociation struct {
// AccountId: The account the creative belongs to.
AccountId string `json:"accountId,omitempty"`
// CreativeId: The ID of the creative associated with the deal.
CreativeId string `json:"creativeId,omitempty"`
// DealsId: The externalDealId for the deal associated with the
// creative.
DealsId string `json:"dealsId,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AccountId") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AccountId") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *CreativeDealAssociation) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod CreativeDealAssociation
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Date: Represents a whole calendar date, e.g. date of birth. The time
// of day and
// time zone are either specified elsewhere or are not significant. The
// date
// is relative to the Proleptic Gregorian Calendar. The day may be 0
// to
// represent a year and month where the day is not significant, e.g.
// credit card
// expiration date. The year may be 0 to represent a month and day
// independent
// of year, e.g. anniversary date. Related types are
// google.type.TimeOfDay
// and `google.protobuf.Timestamp`.
type Date struct {
// Day: Day of month. Must be from 1 to 31 and valid for the year and
// month, or 0
// if specifying a year/month where the day is not significant.
Day int64 `json:"day,omitempty"`
// Month: Month of year. Must be from 1 to 12.
Month int64 `json:"month,omitempty"`
// Year: Year of date. Must be from 1 to 9999, or 0 if specifying a date
// without
// a year.
Year int64 `json:"year,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Day") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Day") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Date) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Date
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Disapproval: @OutputOnly The reason and details for a disapproval.
type Disapproval struct {
// Details: Additional details about the reason for disapproval.
Details []string `json:"details,omitempty"`
// Reason: The categorized reason for disapproval.
//
// Possible values:
// "LENGTH_OF_IMAGE_ANIMATION" - The length of the image animation is
// longer than allowed.
// "BROKEN_URL" - The click through URL doesn't work properly.
// "MEDIA_NOT_FUNCTIONAL" - Something is wrong with the creative
// itself.
// "INVALID_FOURTH_PARTY_CALL" - The ad makes a fourth party call to
// an unapproved vendor.
// "INCORRECT_REMARKETING_DECLARATION" - The ad targets consumers
// using remarketing lists and/or collects
// data for subsequent use in retargeting, but does not correctly
// declare
// that use.
// "LANDING_PAGE_ERROR" - Clicking on the ad leads to an error page.
// "AD_SIZE_DOES_NOT_MATCH_AD_SLOT" - The ad size when rendered does
// not match the declaration.
// "NO_BORDER" - Ads with a white background require a border, which
// was missing.
// "FOURTH_PARTY_BROWSER_COOKIES" - The creative attempts to set
// cookies from a fourth party that is not
// certified.
// "LSO_OBJECTS" - The creative sets an LSO object.
// "BLANK_CREATIVE" - The ad serves a blank.
// "DESTINATION_URLS_UNDECLARED" - The ad uses rotation, but not all
// destination URLs were declared.
// "PROBLEM_WITH_CLICK_MACRO" - There is a problem with the way the
// click macro is used.
// "INCORRECT_AD_TECHNOLOGY_DECLARATION" - The ad technology
// declaration is not accurate.
// "INCORRECT_DESTINATION_URL_DECLARATION" - The actual destination
// URL does not match the declared destination URL.
// "EXPANDABLE_INCORRECT_DIRECTION" - The declared expanding direction
// does not match the actual direction.
// "EXPANDABLE_DIRECTION_NOT_SUPPORTED" - The ad does not expand in a
// supported direction.
// "EXPANDABLE_INVALID_VENDOR" - The ad uses an expandable vendor that
// is not supported.
// "EXPANDABLE_FUNCTIONALITY" - There was an issue with the expandable
// ad.
// "VIDEO_INVALID_VENDOR" - The ad uses a video vendor that is not
// supported.
// "VIDEO_UNSUPPORTED_LENGTH" - The length of the video ad is not
// supported.
// "VIDEO_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT" - The format of the video ad is not
// supported.
// "VIDEO_FUNCTIONALITY" - There was an issue with the video ad.
// "LANDING_PAGE_DISABLED" - The landing page does not conform to Ad
// Exchange policy.
// "MALWARE_SUSPECTED" - The ad or the landing page may contain
// malware.
// "ADULT_IMAGE_OR_VIDEO" - The ad contains adult images or video
// content.
// "INACCURATE_AD_TEXT" - The ad contains text that is unclear or
// inaccurate.
// "COUNTERFEIT_DESIGNER_GOODS" - The ad promotes counterfeit designer
// goods.
// "POP_UP" - The ad causes a popup window to appear.
// "INVALID_RTB_PROTOCOL_USAGE" - The creative does not follow
// policies set for the RTB protocol.
// "RAW_IP_ADDRESS_IN_SNIPPET" - The ad contains a URL that uses a
// numeric IP address for the domain.
// "UNACCEPTABLE_CONTENT_SOFTWARE" - The ad or landing page contains
// unacceptable content because it initiated
// a software or executable download.
// "UNAUTHORIZED_COOKIE_ON_GOOGLE_DOMAIN" - The ad set an unauthorized
// cookie on a Google domain.
// "UNDECLARED_FLASH_OBJECTS" - Flash content found when no flash was
// declared.
// "INVALID_SSL_DECLARATION" - SSL support declared but not working
// correctly.
// "DIRECT_DOWNLOAD_IN_AD" - Rich Media - Direct Download in Ad (ex.
// PDF download).
// "MAXIMUM_DOWNLOAD_SIZE_EXCEEDED" - Maximum download size exceeded.
// "DESTINATION_URL_SITE_NOT_CRAWLABLE" - Bad Destination URL: Site
// Not Crawlable.
// "BAD_URL_LEGAL_DISAPPROVAL" - Bad URL: Legal disapproval.
// "PHARMA_GAMBLING_ALCOHOL_NOT_ALLOWED" - Pharmaceuticals, Gambling,
// Alcohol not allowed and at least one was
// detected.
// "DYNAMIC_DNS_AT_DESTINATION_URL" - Dynamic DNS at Destination URL.
// "POOR_IMAGE_OR_VIDEO_QUALITY" - Poor Image / Video Quality.
// "UNACCEPTABLE_IMAGE_CONTENT" - For example, Image Trick to Click.
// "INCORRECT_IMAGE_LAYOUT" - Incorrect Image Layout.
// "IRRELEVANT_IMAGE_OR_VIDEO" - Irrelevant Image / Video.
// "DESTINATION_SITE_DOES_NOT_ALLOW_GOING_BACK" - Broken back button.
// "MISLEADING_CLAIMS_IN_AD" - Misleading/Inaccurate claims in ads.
// "RESTRICTED_PRODUCTS" - Restricted Products.
// "UNACCEPTABLE_CONTENT" - Unacceptable content. For example,
// malware.
// "AUTOMATED_AD_CLICKING" - The ad automatically redirects to the
// destination site without a click,
// or reports a click when none were made.
// "INVALID_URL_PROTOCOL" - The ad uses URL protocols that do not
// exist or are not allowed on AdX.
// "UNDECLARED_RESTRICTED_CONTENT" - Restricted content (for example,
// alcohol) was found in the ad but not
// declared.
// "INVALID_REMARKETING_LIST_USAGE" - Violation of the remarketing
// list policy.
// "DESTINATION_SITE_NOT_CRAWLABLE_ROBOTS_TXT" - The destination
// site's robot.txt file prevents it from being crawled.
// "CLICK_TO_DOWNLOAD_NOT_AN_APP" - Click to download must link to an
// app.
// "INACCURATE_REVIEW_EXTENSION" - A review extension must be an
// accurate review.
// "SEXUALLY_EXPLICIT_CONTENT" - Sexually explicit content.
// "GAINING_AN_UNFAIR_ADVANTAGE" - The ad tries to gain an unfair
// traffic advantage.
// "GAMING_THE_GOOGLE_NETWORK" - The ad tries to circumvent Google's
// advertising systems.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_KNIVES" - The ad promotes dangerous knives.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_EXPLOSIVES" - The ad promotes explosives.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_GUNS" - The ad promotes guns & parts.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_DRUGS" - The ad promotes recreational
// drugs/services & related equipment.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_TOBACCO" - The ad promotes tobacco
// products/services & related equipment.
// "DANGEROUS_PRODUCTS_WEAPONS" - The ad promotes weapons.
// "UNCLEAR_OR_IRRELEVANT_AD" - The ad is unclear or irrelevant to the
// destination site.
// "PROFESSIONAL_STANDARDS" - The ad does not meet professional
// standards.
// "DYSFUNCTIONAL_PROMOTION" - The promotion is unnecessarily
// difficult to navigate.
// "INVALID_INTEREST_BASED_AD" - Violation of Google's policy for
// interest-based ads.
// "MISUSE_OF_PERSONAL_INFORMATION" - Misuse of personal information.
// "OMISSION_OF_RELEVANT_INFORMATION" - Omission of relevant
// information.
// "UNAVAILABLE_PROMOTIONS" - Unavailable promotions.
// "MISLEADING_PROMOTIONS" - Misleading or unrealistic promotions.
// "INAPPROPRIATE_CONTENT" - Offensive or inappropriate content.
// "SENSITIVE_EVENTS" - Capitalizing on sensitive events.
// "SHOCKING_CONTENT" - Shocking content.
// "ENABLING_DISHONEST_BEHAVIOR" - Products & Services that enable
// dishonest behavior.
// "TECHNICAL_REQUIREMENTS" - The ad does not meet technical
// requirements.
// "RESTRICTED_POLITICAL_CONTENT" - Restricted political content.
// "UNSUPPORTED_CONTENT" - Unsupported content.
// "INVALID_BIDDING_METHOD" - Invalid bidding method.
// "VIDEO_TOO_LONG" - Video length exceeds limits.
// "VIOLATES_JAPANESE_PHARMACY_LAW" - Unacceptable content: Japanese
// healthcare.
// "UNACCREDITED_PET_PHARMACY" - Online pharmacy ID required.
// "ABORTION" - Unacceptable content: Abortion.
// "CONTRACEPTIVES" - Unacceptable content: Birth control.
// "NEED_CERTIFICATES_TO_ADVERTISE_IN_CHINA" - Restricted in China.
// "KCDSP_REGISTRATION" - Unacceptable content: Korean healthcare.
// "NOT_FAMILY_SAFE" - Non-family safe or adult content.
// "CLINICAL_TRIAL_RECRUITMENT" - Clinical trial recruitment.
// "MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_HTTP_CALLS_EXCEEDED" - Maximum number of HTTP
// calls exceeded.
// "MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_COOKIES_EXCEEDED" - Maximum number of cookies
// exceeded.
// "PERSONAL_LOANS" - Financial service ad does not adhere to
// specifications.
// "UNSUPPORTED_FLASH_CONTENT" - Flash content was found in an
// unsupported context.
Reason string `json:"reason,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Details") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Details") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Disapproval) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Disapproval
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Empty: A generic empty message that you can re-use to avoid defining
// duplicated
// empty messages in your APIs. A typical example is to use it as the
// request
// or the response type of an API method. For instance:
//
// service Foo {
// rpc Bar(google.protobuf.Empty) returns
// (google.protobuf.Empty);
// }
//
// The JSON representation for `Empty` is empty JSON object `{}`.
type Empty struct {
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
}
// FilteringStats: @OutputOnly Filtering reasons for this creative
// during a period of a single
// day (from midnight to midnight Pacific).
type FilteringStats struct {
// Date: The day during which the data was collected.
// The data is collected from 00:00:00 to 23:59:59 PT.
// During switches from PST to PDT and back, the day may
// contain 23 or 25 hours of data instead of the usual 24.
Date *Date `json:"date,omitempty"`
// Reasons: The set of filtering reasons for this date.
Reasons []*Reason `json:"reasons,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Date") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Date") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *FilteringStats) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod FilteringStats
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// HtmlContent: HTML content for a creative.
type HtmlContent struct {
// Height: The height of the HTML snippet in pixels.
Height int64 `json:"height,omitempty"`
// Snippet: The HTML snippet that displays the ad when inserted in the
// web page.
Snippet string `json:"snippet,omitempty"`
// Width: The width of the HTML snippet in pixels.
Width int64 `json:"width,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Height") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Height") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *HtmlContent) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod HtmlContent
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Image: An image resource. You may provide a larger image than was
// requested,
// so long as the aspect ratio is preserved.
type Image struct {
// Height: Image height in pixels.
Height int64 `json:"height,omitempty"`
// Url: The URL of the image.
Url string `json:"url,omitempty"`
// Width: Image width in pixels.
Width int64 `json:"width,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Height") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Height") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Image) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Image
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
type ListClientUserInvitationsResponse struct {
// Invitations: The returned list of client users.
Invitations []*ClientUserInvitation `json:"invitations,omitempty"`
// NextPageToken: A token to retrieve the next page of results.
// Pass this value in
// the
// ListClientUserInvitationsRequest.pageToken
// field in the subsequent call to the
// clients.invitations.list
// method to retrieve the next
// page of results.
NextPageToken string `json:"nextPageToken,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Invitations") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Invitations") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ListClientUserInvitationsResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ListClientUserInvitationsResponse
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
type ListClientUsersResponse struct {
// NextPageToken: A token to retrieve the next page of results.
// Pass this value in the
// ListClientUsersRequest.pageToken
// field in the subsequent call to the
// clients.invitations.list
// method to retrieve the next
// page of results.
NextPageToken string `json:"nextPageToken,omitempty"`
// Users: The returned list of client users.
Users []*ClientUser `json:"users,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "NextPageToken") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "NextPageToken") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ListClientUsersResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ListClientUsersResponse
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
type ListClientsResponse struct {
// Clients: The returned list of clients.
Clients []*Client `json:"clients,omitempty"`
// NextPageToken: A token to retrieve the next page of results.
// Pass this value in the
// ListClientsRequest.pageToken
// field in the subsequent call to the
// accounts.clients.list method
// to retrieve the next page of results.
NextPageToken string `json:"nextPageToken,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Clients") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Clients") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ListClientsResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ListClientsResponse
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ListCreativesResponse: A response for listing creatives.
type ListCreativesResponse struct {
// Creatives: The list of creatives.
Creatives []*Creative `json:"creatives,omitempty"`
// NextPageToken: A token to retrieve the next page of results.
// Pass this value in the
// ListCreativesRequest.page_token
// field in the subsequent call to `ListCreatives` method to retrieve
// the next
// page of results.
NextPageToken string `json:"nextPageToken,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Creatives") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Creatives") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ListCreativesResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ListCreativesResponse
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ListDealAssociationsResponse: A response for listing creative and
// deal associations
type ListDealAssociationsResponse struct {
// Associations: The list of associations.
Associations []*CreativeDealAssociation `json:"associations,omitempty"`
// NextPageToken: A token to retrieve the next page of results.
// Pass this value in the
// ListDealAssociationsRequest.page_token
// field in the subsequent call to 'ListDealAssociation' method to
// retrieve
// the next page of results.
NextPageToken string `json:"nextPageToken,omitempty"`
// ServerResponse contains the HTTP response code and headers from the
// server.
googleapi.ServerResponse `json:"-"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Associations") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Associations") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ListDealAssociationsResponse) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ListDealAssociationsResponse
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// LocationContext: @OutputOnly The Geo criteria the restriction applies
// to.
type LocationContext struct {
// GeoCriteriaIds: IDs representing the geo location for this
// context.
// Please refer to
// the
// [geo-table.csv](https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb-dictionarie
// s/geo-table.csv)
// file for different geo criteria IDs.
GeoCriteriaIds []int64 `json:"geoCriteriaIds,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "GeoCriteriaIds") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "GeoCriteriaIds") to
// include in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields
// with empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field
// with an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the
// server as null. It is an error if a field in this list has a
// non-empty value. This may be used to include null fields in Patch
// requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *LocationContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod LocationContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// NativeContent: Native content for a creative.
type NativeContent struct {
// AdvertiserName: The name of the advertiser or sponsor, to be
// displayed in the ad creative.
AdvertiserName string `json:"advertiserName,omitempty"`
// AppIcon: The app icon, for app download ads.
AppIcon *Image `json:"appIcon,omitempty"`
// Body: A long description of the ad.
Body string `json:"body,omitempty"`
// CallToAction: A label for the button that the user is supposed to
// click.
CallToAction string `json:"callToAction,omitempty"`
// ClickLinkUrl: The URL that the browser/SDK will load when the user
// clicks the ad.
ClickLinkUrl string `json:"clickLinkUrl,omitempty"`
// ClickTrackingUrl: The URL to use for click tracking.
ClickTrackingUrl string `json:"clickTrackingUrl,omitempty"`
// Headline: A short title for the ad.
Headline string `json:"headline,omitempty"`
// Image: A large image.
Image *Image `json:"image,omitempty"`
// Logo: A smaller image, for the advertiser's logo.
Logo *Image `json:"logo,omitempty"`
// PriceDisplayText: The price of the promoted app including currency
// info.
PriceDisplayText string `json:"priceDisplayText,omitempty"`
// StarRating: The app rating in the app store. Must be in the range
// [0-5].
StarRating float64 `json:"starRating,omitempty"`
// StoreUrl: The URL to the app store to purchase/download the promoted
// app.
StoreUrl string `json:"storeUrl,omitempty"`
// VideoUrl: The URL to fetch a native video ad.
VideoUrl string `json:"videoUrl,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AdvertiserName") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "AdvertiserName") to
// include in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields
// with empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field
// with an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the
// server as null. It is an error if a field in this list has a
// non-empty value. This may be used to include null fields in Patch
// requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *NativeContent) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod NativeContent
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
func (s *NativeContent) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
type noMethod NativeContent
var s1 struct {
StarRating gensupport.JSONFloat64 `json:"starRating"`
*noMethod
}
s1.noMethod = (*noMethod)(s)
if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &s1); err != nil {
return err
}
s.StarRating = float64(s1.StarRating)
return nil
}
// PlatformContext: @OutputOnly The type of platform the restriction
// applies to.
type PlatformContext struct {
// Platforms: The platforms this restriction applies to.
//
// Possible values:
// "DESKTOP" - Desktop platform.
// "ANDROID" - Android platform.
// "IOS" - iOS platform.
Platforms []string `json:"platforms,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Platforms") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Platforms") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *PlatformContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod PlatformContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// Reason: A specific filtering status and how many times it occurred.
type Reason struct {
// Count: The number of times the creative was filtered for the status.
// The
// count is aggregated across all publishers on the exchange.
Count int64 `json:"count,omitempty,string"`
// Status: The filtering status code. Please refer to
// the
// [creative-status-codes.txt](https://storage.googleapis.com/adx-rtb
// -dictionaries/creative-status-codes.txt)
// file for different statuses.
Status int64 `json:"status,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Count") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Count") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *Reason) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod Reason
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// RemoveDealAssociationRequest: A request for removing the association
// between a deal and a creative.
type RemoveDealAssociationRequest struct {
// Association: The association between a creative and a deal that
// should be removed.
Association *CreativeDealAssociation `json:"association,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Association") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Association") to include
// in API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with
// an empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *RemoveDealAssociationRequest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod RemoveDealAssociationRequest
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// SecurityContext: @OutputOnly A security context.
type SecurityContext struct {
// Securities: The security types in this context.
//
// Possible values:
// "INSECURE" - Matches impressions that require insecure
// compatibility.
// "SSL" - Matches impressions that require SSL compatibility.
Securities []string `json:"securities,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Securities") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Securities") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *SecurityContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod SecurityContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ServingContext: The serving context for this restriction.
type ServingContext struct {
// All: Matches all contexts.
//
// Possible values:
// "SIMPLE_CONTEXT" - A simple context.
All string `json:"all,omitempty"`
// AppType: Matches impressions for a particular app type.
AppType *AppContext `json:"appType,omitempty"`
// AuctionType: Matches impressions for a particular auction type.
AuctionType *AuctionContext `json:"auctionType,omitempty"`
// Location: Matches impressions coming from users *or* publishers in a
// specific
// location.
Location *LocationContext `json:"location,omitempty"`
// Platform: Matches impressions coming from a particular platform.
Platform *PlatformContext `json:"platform,omitempty"`
// SecurityType: Matches impressions for a particular security type.
SecurityType *SecurityContext `json:"securityType,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "All") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "All") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ServingContext) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ServingContext
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// ServingRestriction: @OutputOnly A representation of the status of an
// ad in a
// specific context. A context here relates to where something
// ultimately serves
// (for example, a user or publisher geo, a platform, an HTTPS vs HTTP
// request,
// or the type of auction).
type ServingRestriction struct {
// Contexts: The contexts for the restriction.
Contexts []*ServingContext `json:"contexts,omitempty"`
// DisapprovalReasons: Any disapprovals bound to this restriction.
// Only present if status=DISAPPROVED.
// Can be used to filter the response of the
// creatives.list
// method.
DisapprovalReasons []*Disapproval `json:"disapprovalReasons,omitempty"`
// Status: The status of the creative in this context (for example, it
// has been
// explicitly disapproved or is pending review).
//
// Possible values:
// "STATUS_UNSPECIFIED" - The status is not known.
// "DISAPPROVAL" - The ad was disapproved in this context.
// "PENDING_REVIEW" - The ad is pending review in this context.
Status string `json:"status,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Contexts") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Contexts") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *ServingRestriction) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod ServingRestriction
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// StopWatchingCreativeRequest: A request for stopping notifications for
// changes to creative Status.
type StopWatchingCreativeRequest struct {
}
// VideoContent: Video content for a creative.
type VideoContent struct {
// VideoUrl: The URL to fetch a video ad.
VideoUrl string `json:"videoUrl,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "VideoUrl") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "VideoUrl") to include in
// API requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *VideoContent) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod VideoContent
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// WatchCreativeRequest: A request for watching changes to creative
// Status.
type WatchCreativeRequest struct {
// Topic: The Pub/Sub topic to publish notifications to.
// This topic must already exist and must give permission
// to
// [email protected] to write to the topic.
// This should be the full resource name
// in
// "projects/{project_id}/topics/{topic_id}" format.
Topic string `json:"topic,omitempty"`
// ForceSendFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Topic") to
// unconditionally include in API requests. By default, fields with
// empty values are omitted from API requests. However, any non-pointer,
// non-interface field appearing in ForceSendFields will be sent to the
// server regardless of whether the field is empty or not. This may be
// used to include empty fields in Patch requests.
ForceSendFields []string `json:"-"`
// NullFields is a list of field names (e.g. "Topic") to include in API
// requests with the JSON null value. By default, fields with empty
// values are omitted from API requests. However, any field with an
// empty value appearing in NullFields will be sent to the server as
// null. It is an error if a field in this list has a non-empty value.
// This may be used to include null fields in Patch requests.
NullFields []string `json:"-"`
}
func (s *WatchCreativeRequest) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
type noMethod WatchCreativeRequest
raw := noMethod(*s)
return gensupport.MarshalJSON(raw, s.ForceSendFields, s.NullFields)
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.create":
type AccountsClientsCreateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
client *Client
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Create: Creates a new client buyer.
func (r *AccountsClientsService) Create(accountId int64, client *Client) *AccountsClientsCreateCall {
c := &AccountsClientsCreateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.client = client
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsCreateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsCreateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsCreateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsCreateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsCreateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsCreateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.client)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.create" call.
// Exactly one of *Client or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Client.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsCreateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Client, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Client{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Creates a new client buyer.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.create",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Unique numerical account ID for the buyer of which the client buyer\nis a customer; the sponsor buyer to create a client for. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "Client"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Client"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.get":
type AccountsClientsGetCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Get: Gets a client buyer with a given client account ID.
func (r *AccountsClientsService) Get(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64) *AccountsClientsGetCall {
c := &AccountsClientsGetCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsGetCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsGetCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsGetCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.get" call.
// Exactly one of *Client or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Client.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsGetCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Client, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Client{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Gets a client buyer with a given client account ID.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.get",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer to retrieve. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Client"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.list":
type AccountsClientsListCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// List: Lists all the clients for the current sponsor buyer.
func (r *AccountsClientsService) List(accountId int64) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c := &AccountsClientsListCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
return c
}
// PageSize sets the optional parameter "pageSize": Requested page size.
// The server may return fewer clients than requested.
// If unspecified, the server will pick an appropriate default.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) PageSize(pageSize int64) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageSize", fmt.Sprint(pageSize))
return c
}
// PageToken sets the optional parameter "pageToken": A token
// identifying a page of results the server should return.
// Typically, this is the value
// of
// ListClientsResponse.nextPageToken
// returned from the previous call to the
// accounts.clients.list method.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) PageToken(pageToken string) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsListCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.list" call.
// Exactly one of *ListClientsResponse or error will be non-nil. Any
// non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ListClientsResponse.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was
// returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ListClientsResponse, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ListClientsResponse{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Lists all the clients for the current sponsor buyer.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.list",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Unique numerical account ID of the sponsor buyer to list the clients for.",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "pageSize": {
// "description": "Requested page size. The server may return fewer clients than requested.\nIf unspecified, the server will pick an appropriate default.",
// "format": "int32",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "integer"
// },
// "pageToken": {
// "description": "A token identifying a page of results the server should return.\nTypically, this is the value of\nListClientsResponse.nextPageToken\nreturned from the previous call to the\naccounts.clients.list method.",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ListClientsResponse"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// Pages invokes f for each page of results.
// A non-nil error returned from f will halt the iteration.
// The provided context supersedes any context provided to the Context method.
func (c *AccountsClientsListCall) Pages(ctx context.Context, f func(*ListClientsResponse) error) error {
c.ctx_ = ctx
defer c.PageToken(c.urlParams_.Get("pageToken")) // reset paging to original point
for {
x, err := c.Do()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := f(x); err != nil {
return err
}
if x.NextPageToken == "" {
return nil
}
c.PageToken(x.NextPageToken)
}
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.update":
type AccountsClientsUpdateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
client *Client
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Update: Updates an existing client buyer.
func (r *AccountsClientsService) Update(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64, client *Client) *AccountsClientsUpdateCall {
c := &AccountsClientsUpdateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
c.client = client
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsUpdateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsUpdateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsUpdateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsUpdateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsUpdateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsUpdateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.client)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.update" call.
// Exactly one of *Client or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Client.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsUpdateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Client, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Client{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Updates an existing client buyer.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}",
// "httpMethod": "PUT",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.update",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Unique numerical account ID for the buyer of which the client buyer\nis a customer; the sponsor buyer to update a client for. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Unique numerical account ID of the client to update. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "Client"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Client"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.create":
type AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
clientuserinvitation *ClientUserInvitation
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Create: Creates and sends out an email invitation to access
// an Ad Exchange client buyer account.
func (r *AccountsClientsInvitationsService) Create(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64, clientuserinvitation *ClientUserInvitation) *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall {
c := &AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
c.clientuserinvitation = clientuserinvitation
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.clientuserinvitation)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.create" call.
// Exactly one of *ClientUserInvitation or error will be non-nil. Any
// non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ClientUserInvitation.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was
// returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsCreateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ClientUserInvitation, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ClientUserInvitation{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Creates and sends out an email invitation to access\nan Ad Exchange client buyer account.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.create",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer that the user\nshould be associated with. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "ClientUserInvitation"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ClientUserInvitation"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.get":
type AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
invitationId int64
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Get: Retrieves an existing client user invitation.
func (r *AccountsClientsInvitationsService) Get(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64, invitationId int64) *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall {
c := &AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
c.invitationId = invitationId
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations/{invitationId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
"invitationId": strconv.FormatInt(c.invitationId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.get" call.
// Exactly one of *ClientUserInvitation or error will be non-nil. Any
// non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ClientUserInvitation.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was
// returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsGetCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ClientUserInvitation, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ClientUserInvitation{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Retrieves an existing client user invitation.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations/{invitationId}",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.get",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId",
// "invitationId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer that the user invitation\nto be retrieved is associated with. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "invitationId": {
// "description": "Numerical identifier of the user invitation to retrieve. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations/{invitationId}",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ClientUserInvitation"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.list":
type AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId string
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// List: Lists all the client users invitations for a client
// with a given account ID.
func (r *AccountsClientsInvitationsService) List(accountId int64, clientAccountId string) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c := &AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
return c
}
// PageSize sets the optional parameter "pageSize": Requested page size.
// Server may return fewer clients than requested.
// If unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) PageSize(pageSize int64) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageSize", fmt.Sprint(pageSize))
return c
}
// PageToken sets the optional parameter "pageToken": A token
// identifying a page of results the server should return.
// Typically, this is the value
// of
// ListClientUserInvitationsResponse.nextPageToken
// returned from the previous call to
// the
// clients.invitations.list
// method.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) PageToken(pageToken string) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": c.clientAccountId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.list" call.
// Exactly one of *ListClientUserInvitationsResponse or error will be
// non-nil. Any non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in
// either *ListClientUserInvitationsResponse.ServerResponse.Header or
// (if a response was returned at all) in
// error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check
// whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified was
// returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ListClientUserInvitationsResponse, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ListClientUserInvitationsResponse{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Lists all the client users invitations for a client\nwith a given account ID.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.invitations.list",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer to list invitations for.\n(required)\nYou must either specify a string representation of a\nnumerical account identifier or the `-` character\nto list all the invitations for all the clients\nof a given sponsor buyer.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "pageSize": {
// "description": "Requested page size. Server may return fewer clients than requested.\nIf unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.",
// "format": "int32",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "integer"
// },
// "pageToken": {
// "description": "A token identifying a page of results the server should return.\nTypically, this is the value of\nListClientUserInvitationsResponse.nextPageToken\nreturned from the previous call to the\nclients.invitations.list\nmethod.",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/invitations",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ListClientUserInvitationsResponse"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// Pages invokes f for each page of results.
// A non-nil error returned from f will halt the iteration.
// The provided context supersedes any context provided to the Context method.
func (c *AccountsClientsInvitationsListCall) Pages(ctx context.Context, f func(*ListClientUserInvitationsResponse) error) error {
c.ctx_ = ctx
defer c.PageToken(c.urlParams_.Get("pageToken")) // reset paging to original point
for {
x, err := c.Do()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := f(x); err != nil {
return err
}
if x.NextPageToken == "" {
return nil
}
c.PageToken(x.NextPageToken)
}
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.get":
type AccountsClientsUsersGetCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
userId int64
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Get: Retrieves an existing client user.
func (r *AccountsClientsUsersService) Get(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64, userId int64) *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall {
c := &AccountsClientsUsersGetCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
c.userId = userId
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
"userId": strconv.FormatInt(c.userId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.get" call.
// Exactly one of *ClientUser or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx
// status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ClientUser.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at
// all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified
// to check whether the returned error was because
// http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersGetCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ClientUser, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ClientUser{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Retrieves an existing client user.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.get",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId",
// "userId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer\nthat the user to be retrieved is associated with. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "userId": {
// "description": "Numerical identifier of the user to retrieve. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ClientUser"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.list":
type AccountsClientsUsersListCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId string
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// List: Lists all the known client users for a specified
// sponsor buyer account ID.
func (r *AccountsClientsUsersService) List(accountId int64, clientAccountId string) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c := &AccountsClientsUsersListCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
return c
}
// PageSize sets the optional parameter "pageSize": Requested page size.
// The server may return fewer clients than requested.
// If unspecified, the server will pick an appropriate default.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) PageSize(pageSize int64) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageSize", fmt.Sprint(pageSize))
return c
}
// PageToken sets the optional parameter "pageToken": A token
// identifying a page of results the server should return.
// Typically, this is the value
// of
// ListClientUsersResponse.nextPageToken
// returned from the previous call to the
// accounts.clients.users.list method.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) PageToken(pageToken string) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsUsersListCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": c.clientAccountId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.list" call.
// Exactly one of *ListClientUsersResponse or error will be non-nil. Any
// non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ListClientUsersResponse.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was
// returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ListClientUsersResponse, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ListClientUsersResponse{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Lists all the known client users for a specified\nsponsor buyer account ID.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.list",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the sponsor buyer of the client to list users for.\n(required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "The account ID of the client buyer to list users for. (required)\nYou must specify either a string representation of a\nnumerical account identifier or the `-` character\nto list all the client users for all the clients\nof a given sponsor buyer.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "pageSize": {
// "description": "Requested page size. The server may return fewer clients than requested.\nIf unspecified, the server will pick an appropriate default.",
// "format": "int32",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "integer"
// },
// "pageToken": {
// "description": "A token identifying a page of results the server should return.\nTypically, this is the value of\nListClientUsersResponse.nextPageToken\nreturned from the previous call to the\naccounts.clients.users.list method.",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ListClientUsersResponse"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// Pages invokes f for each page of results.
// A non-nil error returned from f will halt the iteration.
// The provided context supersedes any context provided to the Context method.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersListCall) Pages(ctx context.Context, f func(*ListClientUsersResponse) error) error {
c.ctx_ = ctx
defer c.PageToken(c.urlParams_.Get("pageToken")) // reset paging to original point
for {
x, err := c.Do()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := f(x); err != nil {
return err
}
if x.NextPageToken == "" {
return nil
}
c.PageToken(x.NextPageToken)
}
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.update":
type AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId int64
clientAccountId int64
userId int64
clientuser *ClientUser
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Update: Updates an existing client user.
// Only the user status can be changed on update.
func (r *AccountsClientsUsersService) Update(accountId int64, clientAccountId int64, userId int64, clientuser *ClientUser) *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall {
c := &AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.clientAccountId = clientAccountId
c.userId = userId
c.clientuser = clientuser
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.clientuser)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.accountId, 10),
"clientAccountId": strconv.FormatInt(c.clientAccountId, 10),
"userId": strconv.FormatInt(c.userId, 10),
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.update" call.
// Exactly one of *ClientUser or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx
// status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ClientUser.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at
// all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified
// to check whether the returned error was because
// http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsClientsUsersUpdateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ClientUser, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ClientUser{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Updates an existing client user.\nOnly the user status can be changed on update.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}",
// "httpMethod": "PUT",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.clients.users.update",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "clientAccountId",
// "userId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client's sponsor buyer. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "clientAccountId": {
// "description": "Numerical account ID of the client buyer that the user to be retrieved\nis associated with. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "userId": {
// "description": "Numerical identifier of the user to retrieve. (required)",
// "format": "int64",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/clients/{clientAccountId}/users/{userId}",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "ClientUser"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ClientUser"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.create":
type AccountsCreativesCreateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creative *Creative
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Create: Creates a creative.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) Create(accountId string, creative *Creative) *AccountsCreativesCreateCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesCreateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creative = creative
return c
}
// DuplicateIdMode sets the optional parameter "duplicateIdMode":
// Indicates if multiple creatives can share an ID or not. Default
// is
// NO_DUPLICATES (one ID per creative).
//
// Possible values:
// "NO_DUPLICATES"
// "FORCE_ENABLE_DUPLICATE_IDS"
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) DuplicateIdMode(duplicateIdMode string) *AccountsCreativesCreateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("duplicateIdMode", duplicateIdMode)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesCreateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesCreateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.creative)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.create" call.
// Exactly one of *Creative or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Creative.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at
// all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified
// to check whether the returned error was because
// http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesCreateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Creative, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Creative{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Creates a creative.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.create",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account that this creative belongs to.\nCan be used to filter the response of the\ncreatives.list\nmethod.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "duplicateIdMode": {
// "description": "Indicates if multiple creatives can share an ID or not. Default is\nNO_DUPLICATES (one ID per creative).",
// "enum": [
// "NO_DUPLICATES",
// "FORCE_ENABLE_DUPLICATE_IDS"
// ],
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "Creative"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Creative"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.get":
type AccountsCreativesGetCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Get: Gets a creative.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) Get(accountId string, creativeId string) *AccountsCreativesGetCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesGetCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesGetCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsCreativesGetCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesGetCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.get" call.
// Exactly one of *Creative or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Creative.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at
// all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified
// to check whether the returned error was because
// http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesGetCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Creative, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Creative{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Gets a creative.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.get",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account the creative belongs to.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The ID of the creative to retrieve.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Creative"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.list":
type AccountsCreativesListCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// List: Lists creatives.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) List(accountId string) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesListCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
return c
}
// PageSize sets the optional parameter "pageSize": Requested page size.
// The server may return fewer creatives than requested
// (due to timeout constraint) even if more are available via another
// call.
// If unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.
// Acceptable values are 1 to 1000, inclusive.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) PageSize(pageSize int64) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageSize", fmt.Sprint(pageSize))
return c
}
// PageToken sets the optional parameter "pageToken": A token
// identifying a page of results the server should return.
// Typically, this is the value
// of
// ListCreativesResponse.next_page_token
// returned from the previous call to 'ListCreatives' method.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) PageToken(pageToken string) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
return c
}
// Query sets the optional parameter "query": An optional query string
// to filter creatives. If no filter is specified,
// all active creatives will be returned.
// Supported queries
// are:
// <ul>
// <li>accountId=<i>account_id_string</i>
// <li>creativeId=<i>cre
// ative_id_string</i>
// <li>dealsStatus: {approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,
// not_checked}
// <li>openAuctionStatus: {approved, conditionally_approved,
// disapproved,
// not_checked}
// <li>attribute: {a numeric attribute from the list of
// attributes}
// <li>disapprovalReason: {a reason from
// DisapprovalReason
// </ul>
// Example: 'accountId=12345 AND (dealsStatus:disapproved AND
// disapprovalReason:unacceptable_content) OR attribute:47'
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Query(query string) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("query", query)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesListCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.list" call.
// Exactly one of *ListCreativesResponse or error will be non-nil. Any
// non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *ListCreativesResponse.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was
// returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ListCreativesResponse, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ListCreativesResponse{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Lists creatives.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.list",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account to list the creatives from.\nSpecify \"-\" to list all creatives the current user has access to.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "pageSize": {
// "description": "Requested page size. The server may return fewer creatives than requested\n(due to timeout constraint) even if more are available via another call.\nIf unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.\nAcceptable values are 1 to 1000, inclusive.",
// "format": "int32",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "integer"
// },
// "pageToken": {
// "description": "A token identifying a page of results the server should return.\nTypically, this is the value of\nListCreativesResponse.next_page_token\nreturned from the previous call to 'ListCreatives' method.",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// },
// "query": {
// "description": "An optional query string to filter creatives. If no filter is specified,\nall active creatives will be returned.\nSupported queries are:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eaccountId=\u003ci\u003eaccount_id_string\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecreativeId=\u003ci\u003ecreative_id_string\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edealsStatus: {approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,\n not_checked}\n\u003cli\u003eopenAuctionStatus: {approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,\n not_checked}\n\u003cli\u003eattribute: {a numeric attribute from the list of attributes}\n\u003cli\u003edisapprovalReason: {a reason from DisapprovalReason\n\u003c/ul\u003e\nExample: 'accountId=12345 AND (dealsStatus:disapproved AND disapprovalReason:unacceptable_content) OR attribute:47'",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ListCreativesResponse"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// Pages invokes f for each page of results.
// A non-nil error returned from f will halt the iteration.
// The provided context supersedes any context provided to the Context method.
func (c *AccountsCreativesListCall) Pages(ctx context.Context, f func(*ListCreativesResponse) error) error {
c.ctx_ = ctx
defer c.PageToken(c.urlParams_.Get("pageToken")) // reset paging to original point
for {
x, err := c.Do()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := f(x); err != nil {
return err
}
if x.NextPageToken == "" {
return nil
}
c.PageToken(x.NextPageToken)
}
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.stopWatching":
type AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
stopwatchingcreativerequest *StopWatchingCreativeRequest
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// StopWatching: Stops watching a creative. Will stop push notifications
// being sent to the
// topics when the creative changes status.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) StopWatching(accountId string, creativeId string, stopwatchingcreativerequest *StopWatchingCreativeRequest) *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
c.stopwatchingcreativerequest = stopwatchingcreativerequest
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.stopwatchingcreativerequest)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:stopWatching")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.stopWatching" call.
// Exactly one of *Empty or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Empty.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesStopWatchingCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Empty, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Empty{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Stops watching a creative. Will stop push notifications being sent to the\ntopics when the creative changes status.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:stopWatching",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.stopWatching",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account of the creative to stop notifications for.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The creative ID of the creative to stop notifications for.\nSpecify \"-\" to specify stopping account level notifications.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:stopWatching",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "StopWatchingCreativeRequest"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Empty"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.update":
type AccountsCreativesUpdateCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
creative *Creative
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Update: Updates a creative.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) Update(accountId string, creativeId string, creative *Creative) *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesUpdateCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
c.creative = creative
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.creative)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("PUT", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.update" call.
// Exactly one of *Creative or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Creative.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at
// all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified
// to check whether the returned error was because
// http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesUpdateCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Creative, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Creative{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Updates a creative.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}",
// "httpMethod": "PUT",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.update",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account that this creative belongs to.\nCan be used to filter the response of the\ncreatives.list\nmethod.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The buyer-defined creative ID of this creative.\nCan be used to filter the response of the\ncreatives.list\nmethod.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "Creative"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Creative"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.watch":
type AccountsCreativesWatchCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
watchcreativerequest *WatchCreativeRequest
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Watch: Watches a creative. Will result in push notifications being
// sent to the
// topic when the creative changes status.
func (r *AccountsCreativesService) Watch(accountId string, creativeId string, watchcreativerequest *WatchCreativeRequest) *AccountsCreativesWatchCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesWatchCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
c.watchcreativerequest = watchcreativerequest
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesWatchCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesWatchCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesWatchCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesWatchCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesWatchCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesWatchCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.watchcreativerequest)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:watch")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.watch" call.
// Exactly one of *Empty or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Empty.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesWatchCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Empty, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Empty{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Watches a creative. Will result in push notifications being sent to the\ntopic when the creative changes status.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:watch",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.watch",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account of the creative to watch.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The creative ID to watch for status changes.\nSpecify \"-\" to watch all creatives under the above account.\nIf both creative-level and account-level notifications are\nsent, only a single notification will be sent to the\ncreative-level notification topic.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}:watch",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "WatchCreativeRequest"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Empty"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.add":
type AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
adddealassociationrequest *AddDealAssociationRequest
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Add: Associate an existing deal with a creative.
func (r *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService) Add(accountId string, creativeId string, adddealassociationrequest *AddDealAssociationRequest) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
c.adddealassociationrequest = adddealassociationrequest
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.adddealassociationrequest)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:add")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.add" call.
// Exactly one of *Empty or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Empty.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsAddCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Empty, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Empty{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Associate an existing deal with a creative.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:add",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.add",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account the creative belongs to.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The ID of the creative associated with the deal.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:add",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "AddDealAssociationRequest"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Empty"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.list":
type AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ifNoneMatch_ string
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// List: List all creative-deal associations.
func (r *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService) List(accountId string, creativeId string) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
return c
}
// PageSize sets the optional parameter "pageSize": Requested page size.
// Server may return fewer associations than requested.
// If unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) PageSize(pageSize int64) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageSize", fmt.Sprint(pageSize))
return c
}
// PageToken sets the optional parameter "pageToken": A token
// identifying a page of results the server should return.
// Typically, this is the value
// of
// ListDealAssociationsResponse.next_page_token
// returned from the previous call to 'ListDealAssociations' method.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) PageToken(pageToken string) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("pageToken", pageToken)
return c
}
// Query sets the optional parameter "query": An optional query string
// to filter deal associations. If no filter is
// specified, all associations will be returned.
// Supported queries
// are:
// <ul>
// <li>accountId=<i>account_id_string</i>
// <li>creativeId=<i>cre
// ative_id_string</i>
// <li>dealsId=<i>deals_id_string</i>
// <li>dealsStatus
// :{approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,
// not_checked}
// <li>openAuctionStatus:{approved, conditionally_approved,
// disapproved,
// not_checked}
// </ul>
// Example: 'dealsId=12345 AND dealsStatus:disapproved'
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Query(query string) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("query", query)
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// IfNoneMatch sets the optional parameter which makes the operation
// fail if the object's ETag matches the given value. This is useful for
// getting updates only after the object has changed since the last
// request. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the response
// error from Do is the result of In-None-Match.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) IfNoneMatch(entityTag string) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.ifNoneMatch_ = entityTag
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
if c.ifNoneMatch_ != "" {
reqHeaders.Set("If-None-Match", c.ifNoneMatch_)
}
var body io.Reader = nil
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("GET", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.list" call.
// Exactly one of *ListDealAssociationsResponse or error will be
// non-nil. Any non-2xx status code is an error. Response headers are in
// either *ListDealAssociationsResponse.ServerResponse.Header or (if a
// response was returned at all) in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use
// googleapi.IsNotModified to check whether the returned error was
// because http.StatusNotModified was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*ListDealAssociationsResponse, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &ListDealAssociationsResponse{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "List all creative-deal associations.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations",
// "httpMethod": "GET",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.list",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account to list the associations from.\nSpecify \"-\" to list all creatives the current user has access to.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The creative ID to list the associations from.\nSpecify \"-\" to list all creatives under the above account.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "pageSize": {
// "description": "Requested page size. Server may return fewer associations than requested.\nIf unspecified, server will pick an appropriate default.",
// "format": "int32",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "integer"
// },
// "pageToken": {
// "description": "A token identifying a page of results the server should return.\nTypically, this is the value of\nListDealAssociationsResponse.next_page_token\nreturned from the previous call to 'ListDealAssociations' method.",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// },
// "query": {
// "description": "An optional query string to filter deal associations. If no filter is\nspecified, all associations will be returned.\nSupported queries are:\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eaccountId=\u003ci\u003eaccount_id_string\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ecreativeId=\u003ci\u003ecreative_id_string\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edealsId=\u003ci\u003edeals_id_string\u003c/i\u003e\n\u003cli\u003edealsStatus:{approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,\n not_checked}\n\u003cli\u003eopenAuctionStatus:{approved, conditionally_approved, disapproved,\n not_checked}\n\u003c/ul\u003e\nExample: 'dealsId=12345 AND dealsStatus:disapproved'",
// "location": "query",
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations",
// "response": {
// "$ref": "ListDealAssociationsResponse"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
// Pages invokes f for each page of results.
// A non-nil error returned from f will halt the iteration.
// The provided context supersedes any context provided to the Context method.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsListCall) Pages(ctx context.Context, f func(*ListDealAssociationsResponse) error) error {
c.ctx_ = ctx
defer c.PageToken(c.urlParams_.Get("pageToken")) // reset paging to original point
for {
x, err := c.Do()
if err != nil {
return err
}
if err := f(x); err != nil {
return err
}
if x.NextPageToken == "" {
return nil
}
c.PageToken(x.NextPageToken)
}
}
// method id "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.remove":
type AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall struct {
s *Service
accountId string
creativeId string
removedealassociationrequest *RemoveDealAssociationRequest
urlParams_ gensupport.URLParams
ctx_ context.Context
header_ http.Header
}
// Remove: Remove the association between a deal and a creative.
func (r *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsService) Remove(accountId string, creativeId string, removedealassociationrequest *RemoveDealAssociationRequest) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall {
c := &AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall{s: r.s, urlParams_: make(gensupport.URLParams)}
c.accountId = accountId
c.creativeId = creativeId
c.removedealassociationrequest = removedealassociationrequest
return c
}
// Fields allows partial responses to be retrieved. See
// https://developers.google.com/gdata/docs/2.0/basics#PartialResponse
// for more information.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall) Fields(s ...googleapi.Field) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall {
c.urlParams_.Set("fields", googleapi.CombineFields(s))
return c
}
// Context sets the context to be used in this call's Do method. Any
// pending HTTP request will be aborted if the provided context is
// canceled.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall) Context(ctx context.Context) *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall {
c.ctx_ = ctx
return c
}
// Header returns an http.Header that can be modified by the caller to
// add HTTP headers to the request.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall) Header() http.Header {
if c.header_ == nil {
c.header_ = make(http.Header)
}
return c.header_
}
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall) doRequest(alt string) (*http.Response, error) {
reqHeaders := make(http.Header)
for k, v := range c.header_ {
reqHeaders[k] = v
}
reqHeaders.Set("User-Agent", c.s.userAgent())
reqHeaders.Set("x-goog-api-client", c.s.clientHeader())
var body io.Reader = nil
body, err := googleapi.WithoutDataWrapper.JSONReader(c.removedealassociationrequest)
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
reqHeaders.Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
c.urlParams_.Set("alt", alt)
urls := googleapi.ResolveRelative(c.s.BasePath, "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:remove")
urls += "?" + c.urlParams_.Encode()
req, _ := http.NewRequest("POST", urls, body)
req.Header = reqHeaders
googleapi.Expand(req.URL, map[string]string{
"accountId": c.accountId,
"creativeId": c.creativeId,
})
return gensupport.SendRequest(c.ctx_, c.s.client, req)
}
// Do executes the "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.remove" call.
// Exactly one of *Empty or error will be non-nil. Any non-2xx status
// code is an error. Response headers are in either
// *Empty.ServerResponse.Header or (if a response was returned at all)
// in error.(*googleapi.Error).Header. Use googleapi.IsNotModified to
// check whether the returned error was because http.StatusNotModified
// was returned.
func (c *AccountsCreativesDealAssociationsRemoveCall) Do(opts ...googleapi.CallOption) (*Empty, error) {
gensupport.SetOptions(c.urlParams_, opts...)
res, err := c.doRequest("json")
if res != nil && res.StatusCode == http.StatusNotModified {
if res.Body != nil {
res.Body.Close()
}
return nil, &googleapi.Error{
Code: res.StatusCode,
Header: res.Header,
}
}
if err != nil {
return nil, err
}
defer googleapi.CloseBody(res)
if err := googleapi.CheckResponse(res); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
ret := &Empty{
ServerResponse: googleapi.ServerResponse{
Header: res.Header,
HTTPStatusCode: res.StatusCode,
},
}
target := &ret
if err := json.NewDecoder(res.Body).Decode(target); err != nil {
return nil, err
}
return ret, nil
// {
// "description": "Remove the association between a deal and a creative.",
// "flatPath": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:remove",
// "httpMethod": "POST",
// "id": "adexchangebuyer2.accounts.creatives.dealAssociations.remove",
// "parameterOrder": [
// "accountId",
// "creativeId"
// ],
// "parameters": {
// "accountId": {
// "description": "The account the creative belongs to.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// },
// "creativeId": {
// "description": "The ID of the creative associated with the deal.",
// "location": "path",
// "required": true,
// "type": "string"
// }
// },
// "path": "v2beta1/accounts/{accountId}/creatives/{creativeId}/dealAssociations:remove",
// "request": {
// "$ref": "RemoveDealAssociationRequest"
// },
// "response": {
// "$ref": "Empty"
// },
// "scopes": [
// "https://www.googleapis.com/auth/adexchange.buyer"
// ]
// }
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
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A little brown bird on a white branch, on the upper left, fixedly looks at its beloved sweetheart gliding on the other side of the blue sky, while the humpy quince tries, as it can, to shine brightly (Oh what a conceited grumbler!) like a zenithal sun!
It's Thanksgiving Day here in the U.S. so it's a very appropriate time to thank you for the almost-daily dose of beauty.
It looks good no matter where it came from.
Love those "Vermeer" colors. I, too, am thankful for your paintings that you share with us, Julian. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Why not enjoy a tour of Normandy's typical villages on a Solex motorised bicycle?
Set off on your own adventure along the roads of the Pays d'Auge on your Solex bike. Landscapes dotted with orchards and Normande cows, Beaumont-en-Auge, Reux, Pierrefitte-en-Auge... unveil their picturesque secrets.
An original idea for a surprise hen or stag party for your best friend, in Normandy. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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ONA USFSP is a student chapter of the Online News Association, a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting digital journalists. We explore issues related to the creation and consumption of online news. We do this through member-driven projects, events, research and discussion.
Current project committees explore video storytelling, social media and other topics related to online news. Future committees will explores with the Crow's Nest, USFSP's student paper, and Neighborhood News Bureau, a community journalism initiative.
Lorien Mattiacci and Vanya Iliev greeted prospective club members at the spring 2016 USFSP Get on Board Day.
ONA USFSP is an open, inclusive organization, and all active USFSP students can join via PeteSync. Interested students can also join the national chapter of ONA, which includes membership in ONA Tampa Bay. | {
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Trump asks Erdogan for immediate ceasefire, imposes sanctions on Turkish officials - Daily News Egypt
Politics Trump asks Erdogan for immediate ceasefire, imposes sanctions on Turkish officials
Trump asks Erdogan for immediate ceasefire, imposes sanctions on Turkish officials
Syrian government troops enter north-eastern Syria under deal with Kurds
Fatma Lotfi October 16, 2019 Comments Off on Trump asks Erdogan for immediate ceasefire, imposes sanctions on Turkish officials
US President Donald Trump has ordered to immediately halt the trade negotiation with Turkey and to impose sanctions on former and current officials of the Turkish government over its incursion into north-eastern Syria.
Trump also phoned Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and asked him for an immediate ceasefire according to Vice-President Mike Pence.
Meanwhile, the US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin also announced sanctions on Turkey's Defence, Energy, and Interior ministers.
In a lengthy statement posted on Twitter, Trump said that his executive order will enable the US to "impose powerful additional sanctions on those who may be involved in serious human rights abuses, obstructing a ceasefire, preventing displaced persons from returning home, forcibly repatriating refugees, or threatening the peace, security, or stability in Syria."
Trump also ordered to increase the tariffs on Turkish steel up to 50%.
The US President said that the US will "aggressively use economic sanctions to target those who enable, facilitate, and finance these heinous acts in Syria."
Trump's order followed his decree to withdraw US troops from Syria's northern border with Turkey, clearing the way for Turkey to launch its military offensive on US-allied Kurdish forces.
Turkey's incursion came after a phone call between Trump and Erdoğan last week. The White House said that Turkey would move forward with its "long-planned operations into northern Syria."
Trump's move to pullback US troops from north-eastern Syria has drawn intensive criticism inside and outside.
The US President kept complaining that the US repeatedly asked European countries to take back the Islamic State (ISIS) prisoners that belong to them, but they rejected.
"I offered ISIS prisoners to the European countries from where they came and was rejected on numerous occasions. They probably figured that the US would bear the tremendous cost as always," Trump tweeted on Monday.
More than 12 thousand ISIS fighters from Syrian, Iraq, and many foreign nationals have been held in northern Syria and guarded by Kurdish led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), in addition to ISIS affiliated families of women and children who have been held in outlawed detentions.
The Kurdish fighters have been key allies for the US in its fight against the ISIS.
Under a deal between the Kurdish fighters and Syrian government forces reached on Sunday, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad's troops have entered several key towns across north-eastern Syria including Tabqa, the outskirts of Raqqa, the town of Manbij, and Ain Issa, according to Syrian state media. Kurds said that they made the deal to fend off the Turkish invasion.
Since Turkey began its incursion into northern Syria last week, dozens of Kurdish fighters and civilians, including women and children, were killed, while at least 160,000 have been displaced according to the UN.
Turkey's military offensive aims to push the SDF from the border region and to establish a "safe zone" for the return of Syrian refugees.
Clashes continue between Kurdish fighters and Turkish troops as Turkey entered the outskirts of Ras Al-Ain.
More than 700 ISIS-affiliated relatives escaped during the last few days according to Kurdish officials who accused Turkey of bombarding prisons that hold ISIS fighters.
The Human Rights Watch warned European countries on Tuesday about the transfer of ISIS fighters from prisons in north-eastern Syria to Iraq, amid reports of some countries seeking to move them across borders.
Topics: Recep Tayyip Erdogan Trump Turkey
Fatma Lotfi
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https://wwww.dailynewssegypt.com/2019/10/16/trump-asks-erdogan-for-immediate-ceasefire-imposes-sanctions-on-turkish-officials/
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Seong An Textile to increase its investments in Egypt to $60m next year: CEO | {
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Detailed below is the inspection and repair process followed by Abbey's highly skilled and qualified engineers to ensure the customer receives the highest quality product.
A thorough inspection and assessment of the unit is carried out in line with the manufacturers recommendations before strip down commences.
The unit is then completely stripped down and all components are checked and inspected for wear/damage.
A physical examination of all load bearing areas is carried out. Any defects are rectified where applicable.
Cylinder bodies and rods are examined for any defects and replaced if necessary.
All bearings - Hydraulic Seals and Hydraulic Hoses are replaced where applicable.
The attachment is then prepared for a quality repaint by firstly removing the existing paint, degreasing, then applying two coats of high quality industrial paint to give a durable and excellent looking finish.
The unit is then subjected to stringent hydraulic pressure testing/ load testing in line with the manufacturers recommendations.
All attachments sold by Abbey are prepared to the highest standards within the industry and offer a quality cost effective alternative to new equipment.
The equipment is prepared in line with the manufacturer's recommendations.
© 2009-2017 Abbey Attachments Ltd. Specialists in Lift Truck Attachments. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Ascogaster flaviceps är en stekelart som beskrevs av William Harris Ashmead 1889. Ascogaster flaviceps ingår i släktet Ascogaster och familjen bracksteklar. Inga underarter finns listade.
Källor
Bracksteklar
flaviceps | {
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These are $4,400 street price else where..!
L@@K at this Fret Board.. KILLER. Plays Like Butter, Neck is BIG Fat V Profile. Hand Rolled Frets. Dead On Correct Nitro Custom Color..Faded to look the part!
You NEVER Seen a 1956 Super Relic in Aged Desert Sand..with Unreal Relic Job..... Like This Baby!
Neck Shape - 57 Stlye Full "V" | {
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Monitoring, analysis and optimization of energy, in any form (electrical, thermal, hydraulic) is the key to obtaining economic and environmental benefits. Thanks to the mcf88 products it is possible to acquire the different physical quantities and intervene on the processes with simplicity and accuracy.
Today's energy manager needs tools to monitor the energy flow of a particular user or plant. By analyzing the data collected by appropriate sensors it is possible to know the nature of the user and then apply rules that lead to an economic benefit. The advantage is even greater if we want to monitor a series of users also located in different locations distributed in the territory, like a chain of shops.
Energy analysis can also be done in the opposite direction, for example by monitoring a photovoltaic plant park, and then analyzing the performance of each sub system. | {
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Using a limo service to get to the airport or to take you home after you arrive from the airport is always a great idea. For example, it offers you the convenience of traveling in luxury as you embark on your business journey or luxury trip. You also get to benefit from the comfort and safety that comes with having your own private means of transport to and from the airport. Unfortunately, choosing the best limo service in the city is a daunting task because many of them exist. However, you should only choose our Toronto Airport Limo because we are the best in the business. Here is why.
First, Toronto Airport Limo provides you with the finest chauffeurs in the business. Traveling around the world, Canada, or just in Ontario can be a grueling experience. You need someone to great you at the airport while a smile. You also require somebody who will assist you will your luggage without fussing about it and most importantly, you deserve a person who will get you to your destination on time. Our chauffeurs can do all of these things for you and more. Their training is superb especially when it comes to customer service. You will cherish every moment of the ride and our support team is always ready and willing to help you if you need them.
If you are looking for the best cars in the business, then Toronto Airport Limo will not disappoint you. Nothing can be as disheartening as a limo breakdown on your way to and from the airport. You may miss your flight if you are going somewhere and doing so could cost you a business deal. You may also fail to be there in time for a special event such as your friend's graduation party or wedding. We understand how important your trips can be and we do everything in our power to make sure that you do not suffer from unnecessary delays. One way of doing that is by ensuring that our vehicles are in the best condition possible so that mechanical problems are extremely rare.
Toronto Airport Limo also has an unblemished record of accomplishment when it comes to safety and security. Once you hire a limo service, then that limo is your personal space until you get to your destination. It should be as safe as your home or private car can be. That means that your limo driver should be a trustworthy person. We always vet our chauffeurs before hiring them making sure that we have a higher standard of scrutiny than most other limo services do. You will identify your chauffeur easily because of the information we share with you. Call Toronto Pearson Airport Limo Services.
If you are visiting Toronto by air and you want an executive reception, hiring a limo is the best option. There are several limo services around the area, and they offer high-quality services. The Toronto Airport Limo services are dedicated to those that have some special events. If you are in Toronto for business purposes, these are the type of services that you would want to hire. The chauffeurs are well trained and are professionals in what they do. They help you get to where you want in the shortest time possible. You will also enjoy the executive services at affordable prices. Though that will depend on the company that you choose.
The events and occasions that are covered by the limo companies will vary from one to another. The most common service offered by the Toronto Airport Limo company is the airport transfer. This is where you are picked from the airport, upon your arrival. You will then be driven in the executive vehicle to your hotel or wherever you are going. That doesn't end there. You will also be picked from the hostel and be dropped at the airport, still in the limo. Other events covered include weddings, proms, sports events, music concerts, business tours, among others. There are no limitations in the range of services available.
The chauffeurs of these executive vehicles have been trained to drive the limos with professionalism and excellence. They will help you get to your destination on time and in the executive manner possible. They know how to drive at a rational pace and in a way that you can enjoy the view of the city. You don't have to worry about waiting for the limo to pick you at the airport. Instead, the chauffeur will be ready waiting for you to arrive and pick you as soon as you get there. Even at the events and occasions, they will be there to take you to the venue in time.
When you want to hire a Toronto Airport Limo service, you will want to be keen only to go or a reputable company. You might want to ask around and book ahead of time. If you wish to get to Toronto by air, ensure that you make all the planning and confirmation ahead of time. This will help you enjoy your time in Toronto. You should also consider choosing a company that is affordable enough. The costs of the services should match the quality. Do not go for any company that pushes you to hire them. Also, ensure that you understand the rules and regulations offered by the company, before signing the contract. For wedding limo services please contact Toronto Wedding Limo Services. | {
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If you find yourself struggling to complete tasks in your workspace or always sit there considering the 'what-if's', then this infographic is perfect for you! Ensuring that your workplace runs as smoothly and efficiently as possible, especially in a warehouse, is extremely important to increase productivity and lessen the risk of things going wrong.
This infographic has been created by the warehouse management system software specialists PeopleVox, who explore the idea of a superhero workforce.
This is probably one of the most obvious choices. Nick Fury founded the avengers, which proves that he is not afraid of a bit of risk. He is willing to make difficult decisions and is clearly a born leader. With all these factors combined, it seems silly not to hire Nick Fury as the director of the company.
Supervising the director of the company would be Hawkeye. He always knows what's going on around him and doesn't let things get past him easily. Hawkeye makes the perfect trustworthy companion, fit for the role of a supervisor.
If you need a friendly voice of the business, then Wolverine is your guy. His ability to deal with situations in a calm and reassuring manner makes Wolverine the perfect candidate for customer service. Allocating a superhero to customer service is a tough one; if one foot is stepped out of line then all sorts of commotion could happen. Wolverine is far less likely to react in a harsh manner and let his power get the better of him.
With over 10 job roles and superheroes mentioned on this infographic, the chances of being able to relate are very high. A superhero workforce truly is a workforce like no other.
Any facts, figures or references stated here are made by the author & don't reflect the endorsement of iU at all times unless otherwise drafted by official staff at iU. This article was first published here on 16th August 2017. | {
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hoakley December 23, 2020 Macs, Technology
Can a Content Caching Server compensate for lost standalone updates?
So far, there have been two updates to macOS Big Sur 11: 11.0.1 may seem irrelevant, as that was the version released for Intel Macs on 12 November, but was an important update for those with the first M1 Macs, which shipped with 11.0; 11.1 was released just over a month later on 14 December. We can expect 11.2, which is already in beta, early in the New Year, and the usual succession of updates through 2021.
As it stands, Apple hasn't been releasing standalone update packages for Big Sur which you can download to update multiple Macs or generate any minor version when you wish. We don't know yet whether Apple will restart that service, or (if our voice is heard) when it might do so. Some have suggested that there are now solutions which are as good if not better, of which the favourite is the macOS Content Caching Server. This article looks at how you might use that instead of relying on those missing update packages.
Originally, Apple's Content Caching Server came as part of Mac OS X Server, a costly option unless you bought – as I did – an Xserve. Running as one of several network services on an Xserve or other dedicated Mac server, it was valuable, but expensive for smaller networks or individual users with multiple Macs. When Apple dismantled its Server product, the Content Caching Server was transferred to the client version of macOS, as one of the unsung features of High Sierra.
It's designed to be simple to use, and fully functional on a Mac which is used for other purposes too. Setting it up is easy, but more advanced administration requires use of the command line, either to set unexposed preferences, or through its command tool AssetCacheManagerUtil. An introduction to those is provided here, and there are more details in the man page for that tool.
The server works best on a Mac which has computing power to spare, good local network and Internet connections, suitable free storage for cached data, and which is running as much of the time as possible. That said, users run it on older Mac minis alongside other services, and even on laptops. To get best value from it, though, you should ensure that it has ample storage for its cache.
My Content Caching Service is running on my production Mac, a base specification iMac Pro, which runs all the time, has System sleep disabled, and I happen to have 1 TB of storage available externally which is now set aside for caching.
If you're configuring a single server on a simple local network, there aren't too many options to worry about. I chose to cache all content, which includes that in iCloud such as Photos libraries, but as my other systems each have their own connection to my router, I'm not sharing the Internet connection as well.
Click on the Options button to set the cache location and its size.
Tabs are made available if you hold the Option key before clicking the Options button, which then becomes Advanced Options. This lets you set up clients, as well as other servers functioning as peers or parents, on more extensive networks.
The next time that each of your Macs starts up and connects to your local network, it will then automatically use that Content Caching Server to obtain updates, App Store apps, other content, and iCloud files. That's all there is to it.
When a client uses Software Update, the App Store, iCloud, and related services, those connections are made through your server. For example, if you opt to install a macOS update from your MacBook Air, instead of requesting that direct from Apple's servers, your local server is asked instead.
If the local server already has a copy of that item in its cache, it will be delivered very rapidly without any of the constraints of your Internet connection. So long as your server can keep items in its cache, they'll be supplied as fast as local network connections permit. If the local server doesn't have the item requested, it downloads it and streams that item to the client, keeping a copy in its cache.
This spares you multiple downloads. If you have four Macs, each of which needs to be updated to macOS 11.1, the server only downloads a single copy of the update, and serves it to each of those four Macs, resulting in significant economy.
There are several important details to bear in mind. This doesn't allow a client to install an update more than once. If something goes wrong and the first attempt to install that update causes problems, there's no repeat button: if that Mac thinks the update has been applied, you can't force your server to offer it again to that client.
Neither, it appears, is there any way of extracting a standalone installer from the updates cached locally. They're stored in folders named with UUIDs, referenced by an SQLite database – not easy for you to manipulate, and quite opaque.
Of course you can still extract items which are themselves standalone, such as macOS installer apps, using the normal process on a client. To obtain the current Big Sur installer app, locate it in the App Store and get it from there. That opens the Software Update pane, which connects to your server and – provided that has already been cached by the server – a few minutes later the 12.2 GB installer app will be saved to your Applications folder, from where you can make a copy for safe keeping.
Because Big Sur updates don't come as standalone packages, that scheme doesn't work for current macOS updaters. They must be installed in the usual way, through the Software Update pane, so the Content Caching Server isn't a method of obtaining traditional 'delta' or Combo updates.
How you could use Content Caching
There are many different use cases for standalone installer packages. Here I consider just four which I'm most familiar with.
Reinstalling an update: if you suffer problems after installing a macOS update, one of the traditional remedies is to reinstall that update, or, if that fails to fix it, to install its Combo updater. In theory, for items included in Big Sur's SSV this should no longer be necessary, as each successful update must exactly match Apple's blueprint for the updated system, or its seal will be invalid. However, that doesn't cover system files which are installed on the Data volume, including Safari.
As I've explained above, Software Update won't offer an already-installed update, so the only way to address this is to obtain the full installer app for each version of macOS, and keep that. The Content Caching Service makes this easier to perform on multiple Macs, but the full installer still has to be downloaded once, which it wouldn't be in older versions of macOS.
Installing Combo updates as a panacea: this is a well-established procedure which may appear unscientific but has a good track record, even in recent versions of macOS. It's similar to the need to reinstall an update, but using only a Combo updater to refresh as much of the system without reinstalling the whole of macOS. Where Macs may be running older minor releases of macOS, this requires you to keep a copy of each full installer app, and to reinstall the whole of that version of macOS. The server merely makes it easier to obtain more than one copy of the installer app.
Reinstalling Safari or another part of the system which isn't stored on the SSV: in the past, Apple has provided separate and standalone installer packages for some versions of Safari, but has discontinued that too. The only way to reinstall any particular version of Safari in Big Sur is to install the whole of that version of macOS using its installer app. Content Caching provides no shortcut for that.
Create any version of macOS: previously, developers, security researchers, and others have kept a copy of the initial major release of macOS, from which they can generate any subsequent minor version by installing that followed by the relevant Combo update. In the absence of the latter, the only way to achieve this is to keep a copy of the installer app for every minor release. Again, this isn't helped particularly by the Content Caching Server.
Although the Content Caching Server is very useful for many users, and merits serious consideration by anyone with more than one Mac, it doesn't address any of the use cases which have been put forward for the continuation of standalone software update installers. That said, I'm going to leave mine running to save me having to download multiple updates to Big Sur.
I'm very grateful to Antonio for starting this discussion, and for making me better informed on the benefits of this service.
Posted in Macs, Technology and tagged App Store, Big Sur, Content Caching, iCloud, macOS, macOS 11, Software Update, softwareupdate, update. Bookmark the permalink.
EcleX on December 23, 2020 at 8:11 am
Thanks. I guess that besides content catching, another approach is to manually save updaters-installers in a local disk (like an external one, that can be moved from one Mac to another, including off-site ones like work or home), for further reference and use.
macOS updates and upgrades are downloaded into a temporary folder hidden inside the booting disk, but once finished they show inside the "Applications" folder with "macOS…" or "Installer…" names, from where they can be copied to other place, preventing automatic deletion by macOS once installed in such Mac. But where are stored the other updaters-installers while downloading and once downloaded?
hoakley on December 23, 2020 at 10:25 am
The purpose in looking at this, as I have explained, is that Apple hasn't released standalone update packages for Big Sur. Currently, the only way of keeping what you need to create any version of macOS 11 is the full installer app, at around 12.2 GB each time. You can try copying what Software Update downloads to perform an update, but that is unusable – it's not a package which can be installed by the Installer app, so it's useless.
rfog on December 23, 2020 at 8:45 am
From your words, it seems iCloud Drive files are cached as well? Because I have a serious issue each time iCloud Drive breaks and need to re-create all my folder status from iCloud.
It needs about 4 days to have my Mac up and running with all my files (I sent an email to you a couple of weeks ago about this).
Thank you. Yes, although this isn't performed in any accessible way. I don't know whether it would help you, and I'm puzzled why your iCloud Drive should keep breaking like that.
I will enable this Content Caching and see if it helps in my iCloud issue.
It is a known issue because there are some people complaining in Apple Forums and was a reported issue for 11.1 version but, as Apple needed to release it because Fitness and other new stuff, they did ignoring user complains and bugs. I'm very dissatisfied with Apple, they are starting to do worst practices from others, like release dates. At Microsoft, software is released when Marketing says does not matter if it is usable or not –A sample is the dual screen Android cr*p.
Btw, it is not amount of files, because it failed when I only had about 4 GB of files instead of my current 600 GB with more than 1M files.
Ah, forgot to say: thank you for this website, for your software and for all, even painting stuff!!!
I wish you success.
Ralph on December 23, 2020 at 10:42 am
I just wanted to add that while it is indeed possible to go fishing for binaries at /Library/Application\ Support/Apple/AssetCache/Data on the Caching Server (find the right file and rename it), it is inconvenient to the point of being impractical. I have not looked into this further, but if this could be scriptable it sure would make an admins life a little easier. Of course I understand why it is this way.
What is even more annoying imo is that Apple prevents the caching service to even start in a VM (tested in VMware Fusion).
hoakley on December 23, 2020 at 4:31 pm
Unfortunately, that doesn't help with Big Sur updates, so if anyone thinks they might be able to recover an installer package from the cache, they're going to waste a great deal of time. The only bits of Big Sur which can be served usefully are its full installers – which you can download from the Content Caching Server easily anyway.
Ivan on December 23, 2020 at 10:55 am
Honestly, I can't remember now and can't find any confirmation, just relying on my memory which is not the best way, BUT… I remember when Apple TimeCapsule was released and if I remember correct (see the disclaimer above :-), Apple promised that it will give an option of having Updaters stored on HDD of TimeCapsule with further installation on all devices on that Wi-Fi network without need to re-download it again and seems like it never being implemented.
PS: AirPrint never seen the daylight in the shape and form as it was promised (any network printer being available without special capabilities on the printer side, printer OEMs obviously had a heavy push on Apple…)
Thank you. I think you're referring to this server, which previously had to be paid for as part of Mac OS X Server, but which is now bundled free within macOS.
As for AirPrint, the problem isn't with macOS, whose AirPrint support seems excellent and knows no bounds. It's the fact that printers too have to support AirPrint, as with any other protocol. Some vendors like HP are very good, and I think have made all their printers with AirPrint support for over ten years now. Other vendors don't seem to have heard if it, which is frustrating.
Javier Gallardo on December 23, 2020 at 5:57 pm
(Yes: AirPrint is half-baked. One would suppose that any printer wired to a mac could print via AirPrint, but it's not the case. I can print from other mac in the net via printer/sharing, but no AirPrint. An iOS device can't print to a mac's printer. The solution had to come from third party developers. I use "Printopia" in my mac; works flawlessly for every device in the net and completes AirPrint idea).
Michael Tsai - Blog - No More Downloadable macOS Updates on December 24, 2020 at 6:15 pm
[…] Howard Oakley: […]
murdocdv on February 11, 2021 at 4:57 pm
I have Content Caching Server on but I've always been confused on if it requires a user to be logged in to work. Anyone figure out if it does?
hoakley on February 11, 2021 at 6:49 pm
That's a very good question which I need to look at, and will do in the next few days. In the meantime, you can check this yourself.
With your caching server in 'logged out' mode, start up a client Mac. Give it a minute or two to settle, and type in Terminal
AssetCacheLocatorUtil
It should then tell you whether that Mac is connected to the caching server or not.
I have the iMac that has Content Caching enabled, iMac logged in as a user that didn't setup Content Caching, and using default power management…yet my MacBook Pro doesn't appear to find it, even with a reboot.
What does AssetCacheLocatorUtil report?
Did a little more testing…original account that setup content caching does not need to be logged in. I did leave another account logged in just because that's the machine primary user. In my original test, clear the machine was sleeping and seems not woken up for a Content Cache ping. For Content Cache to work then, the machine can't sleep, only the screen. That's disappointing since I expected "Wake for Network Access" to be used; I assumed it could be used for that.
At first, "No content caches to test." when machine was definitely sleeping, logs are so long, just netting it out.
With machine alive but admin user not logged in, "This computer is able to reach all of the above content caches."
There was a point in the middle where "Some of the content caches found are unhealthy. Clients use only healthy content caches." after I'd logged in as Admin and increased the disk space, but rebooted my test MacBook Pro seemed to either give it enough time to get sorted or fixed the issue.
A History of Rome in Paintings: 20 The Capitoline Hill and Tarpeian Rock
The Faerie Queene 19: Defeat and slavery | {
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Replacement needle indicator for deore shifter?
How to remove stripped crank?
Which headset does this need?
Campy 10sp front derailleur - 8sp chain = Problems?
How do I bust rust?
TREK 4300 crank play. How to dissassemble, replace or adjust bearings?
Is this the correct rotor?
RD indexing adjustment - can't get it right.
Cartridge BB--torque it down, or snug it up??
Is is safe to buy Shimano parts off Ebay?
Help? 1985 honda 200s carb?
Easy: Does ANYONE just sell cranks?
Add an in-line adjuster on the FD or not.
32-spoke front wheel for touring?
Building a new bike from frame & fork.
More rise = more length?
Right tube size for my tire?
Drill A TT for Internal Cables?
Happy stem discovery--it pays to snoop.
Campy 8 & 10 speed compatibility?
Can I Build a Bike?
Tools: buy a set or get each seperate?
From Sora 8 to 105 10 - need suggestions!
Interested in parts washer ideas from members who clean their parts off the bike.
Busted hanger. Single speed conversion? | {
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It was, however, Patrick McCulloch who appears to have enjoyed the greatest benefits of long-term Balliol loyalty and English military service. Patrick was in receipt of an English pension by March 1338 and remained loyal throughout the 1340s.
This Sir Patrick, the first known owner of Myrton, first appeared in the records in 1338, when he received an English grant of £20 yearly. Again, in 1341, the English Treasurer received a Royal warrant to arrange suitable sustenance for Sir Patrick.
He served with two armiger men-at-arms in the garrison of Berwick from June 1340 to July 1341. Between 1341 and 1342, he received three payments for 'his good and loyal service' and for 'remaining in the king's peace.
Between 1343 and 1347 he served with English forces in the duchy for at least sixteen months, for which he and his two armigers received regular payment.
On 6 March 1346/7, Sir Patrick was sent to the north on the King's service, and may have fought at Durham. With him went his two Sons, Patrick and John. A third son, Christopher McCulloch, is also recorded.
After the Battle of Durham, Gilbert was sent north in the King's service. With him went Sir Patrick McCulloch, Knight of Scotland, who received 2s. a day, and his son, Patrick, the younger, valet, of Scotland, who got 40/- for expenses.
THE first McCulloch owner of Myretoun was Sir Patrick, who first appeared in the English records in 1338, and disappeared from them on his return to Scotland in 1363. For upwards of a century thereafter there are virtually no records of the family.
Patrick's ongoing service in English pay appears also to have acted as a stimulus for other members of the McCulloch kin network to follow his example, accounting for a possible seven members of the family present in English service over the period 1343-47. Thomas and Michael McCulloch petitioned Edward III at the same time as Patrick (25 April 1344) over arrears of their wages of 12d a day for military service already performed.30 Gilbert McCulloch was in receipt of English wages of 12d a day in February 1343 and was still in English service in the border region in 1347. And a compilation of the names of those Scots recorded serving the English crown in a military capacity, in August 1341, June 1342 and in 1347, also includes those of: John son of Gilbert McCulloch; possibly another John; Patrick son of Patrick McCulloch; John son of Patrick; and Michael McCulloch, perhaps the same individual who petitioned Edward III in 1344. This, then, would appear to represent the service of a major south-west Scottish kindred, not simply individual members adopting Balliol/English allegiance. | {
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Plan Commission & Zoning Board of Appeals
The Plan Commission is a seven member commission of resident volunteers who are appointed by the Mayor and approved by the City Council. The Commission oversees the preparation and implementation of the City's Comprehensive Plan through review of development applications. The Commission conducts Public Hearings for proposed amendments to the Zoning Code , Conditional Uses and Zoning Map Amendments. It also reviews subdivisions of land through the City's Subdivision regulations. The City of Batavia Community Development Staff provide technical support for the Plan Commission.
Plan Commission Review
The Plan Commission makes recommendations to the City Council's Committee of the Whole. Any development proposal that involves a change to the City Code or any proposal that is required to have a review under the Zoning Code, Title 10 of the Batavia Municipal Code, must come before the Commission. It is the responsibility of the Commission to thoroughly review these proposals and to make recommendation to the City Council's Committee of the Whole. The Commission holds public hearings to take public comment on developments and revisions to the Zoning Code and Comprehensive Plan.
The Commission reviews and makes recommendations to the City Council on Zoning Map amendments (rezonings), conditional uses (sometimes known as special uses in other communities), and planned developments. These require the Commission to conduct public hearings, with notice given to adjacent property owners, as well as publication of a legal notice in a local newspaper (the Daily Herald). Annexations, when a property owner asks the City to expand its municipal boundary to bring his/her property into the City limits, are reviewed by the Plan Commission. The City Council must approve all annexation requests, and it must hold a public hearing on any annexation application that includes an agreement with the property owner specifying details of the annexation.
The Commission also reviews preliminary subdivision plats and applications for Design Review. These do not require formal public hearings but are conducted at open public meetings. Decisions of the Plan Commission on these matters are final unless appealed to the City Council. Some development proposals involve 2 or more applications that may be reviewed concurrently.
The members of the Plan Commission also serve as the City's Zoning Board of Appeals (ZBA). The ZBA hears applications for relief from strict application of the Zoning Code (called variances) and appeals from decisions of administrative staff regarding zoning matters.
The Plan Commission holds open meetings on the 1st and 3rd Wednesday of each month at 7 p.m. in the Council Chambers of Batavia City Hall, The ZBA may also meet at the same time, or may hold special meetings to review variances and appeals. See the Agenda Center to see current or past meeting agendas. Agendas are also posted at City Hall. Plans of proposed projects currently under review are displayed in the hallway outside the Council Chambers. Meeting minutes are generally available after the next Commission meeting.
Sarah Harms
Joan Joseph
Thomas Gosselin, Chair of the Plan Commission & Zoning Board of Appeals
Tom LaLonde, Vice-Chair of the Plan Commission & Zoning Board of Appeals
Sue Peterson
Plan Commission & Zoning Board of Appeals Bylaws
Plan Commission Bylaws (PDF)
Zoning Board of Appeals Bylaws (PDF)
Plan Commission & Zoning Board of Appeals Meeting
City Services Committee
Township & Countryside Fire Protection District | {
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/* $OpenBSD: ec_oct.c,v 1.5 2017/01/29 17:49:23 beck Exp $ */
/*
* Originally written by Bodo Moeller for the OpenSSL project.
*/
/* ====================================================================
* Copyright (c) 1998-2003 The OpenSSL Project. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
* are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
* notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
* the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
* distribution.
*
* 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this
* software must display the following acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit. (http://www.openssl.org/)"
*
* 4. The names "OpenSSL Toolkit" and "OpenSSL Project" must not be used to
* endorse or promote products derived from this software without
* prior written permission. For written permission, please contact
* [email protected].
*
* 5. Products derived from this software may not be called "OpenSSL"
* nor may "OpenSSL" appear in their names without prior written
* permission of the OpenSSL Project.
*
* 6. Redistributions of any form whatsoever must retain the following
* acknowledgment:
* "This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project
* for use in the OpenSSL Toolkit (http://www.openssl.org/)"
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE OpenSSL PROJECT ``AS IS'' AND ANY
* EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE OpenSSL PROJECT OR
* ITS CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
* SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
* NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
* LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
* HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT,
* STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
* ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED
* OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
* ====================================================================
*
* This product includes cryptographic software written by Eric Young
* ([email protected]). This product includes software written by Tim
* Hudson ([email protected]).
*
*/
/* ====================================================================
* Copyright 2002 Sun Microsystems, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
* Binary polynomial ECC support in OpenSSL originally developed by
* SUN MICROSYSTEMS, INC., and contributed to the OpenSSL project.
*/
#include <string.h>
#include <openssl/opensslconf.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/opensslv.h>
#include "ec_lcl.h"
int
EC_POINT_set_compressed_coordinates_GFp(const EC_GROUP * group, EC_POINT * point,
const BIGNUM * x, int y_bit, BN_CTX * ctx)
{
if (group->meth->point_set_compressed_coordinates == 0
&& !(group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT)) {
ECerror(ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth != point->meth) {
ECerror(EC_R_INCOMPATIBLE_OBJECTS);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT) {
if (group->meth->field_type == NID_X9_62_prime_field)
return ec_GFp_simple_set_compressed_coordinates(
group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
else
#ifdef OPENSSL_NO_EC2M
{
ECerror(EC_R_GF2M_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return 0;
}
#else
return ec_GF2m_simple_set_compressed_coordinates(
group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
#endif
}
return group->meth->point_set_compressed_coordinates(group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
}
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_EC2M
int
EC_POINT_set_compressed_coordinates_GF2m(const EC_GROUP * group, EC_POINT * point,
const BIGNUM * x, int y_bit, BN_CTX * ctx)
{
if (group->meth->point_set_compressed_coordinates == 0
&& !(group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT)) {
ECerror(ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth != point->meth) {
ECerror(EC_R_INCOMPATIBLE_OBJECTS);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT) {
if (group->meth->field_type == NID_X9_62_prime_field)
return ec_GFp_simple_set_compressed_coordinates(
group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
else
return ec_GF2m_simple_set_compressed_coordinates(
group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
}
return group->meth->point_set_compressed_coordinates(group, point, x, y_bit, ctx);
}
#endif
size_t
EC_POINT_point2oct(const EC_GROUP *group, const EC_POINT *point,
point_conversion_form_t form,
unsigned char *buf, size_t len, BN_CTX *ctx)
{
if (group->meth->point2oct == 0
&& !(group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT)) {
ECerror(ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth != point->meth) {
ECerror(EC_R_INCOMPATIBLE_OBJECTS);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT) {
if (group->meth->field_type == NID_X9_62_prime_field)
return ec_GFp_simple_point2oct(group, point,
form, buf, len, ctx);
else
#ifdef OPENSSL_NO_EC2M
{
ECerror(EC_R_GF2M_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return 0;
}
#else
return ec_GF2m_simple_point2oct(group, point,
form, buf, len, ctx);
#endif
}
return group->meth->point2oct(group, point, form, buf, len, ctx);
}
int
EC_POINT_oct2point(const EC_GROUP *group, EC_POINT *point,
const unsigned char *buf, size_t len, BN_CTX *ctx)
{
if (group->meth->oct2point == 0 &&
!(group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT)) {
ECerror(ERR_R_SHOULD_NOT_HAVE_BEEN_CALLED);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth != point->meth) {
ECerror(EC_R_INCOMPATIBLE_OBJECTS);
return 0;
}
if (group->meth->flags & EC_FLAGS_DEFAULT_OCT) {
if (group->meth->field_type == NID_X9_62_prime_field)
return ec_GFp_simple_oct2point(group, point,
buf, len, ctx);
else
#ifdef OPENSSL_NO_EC2M
{
ECerror(EC_R_GF2M_NOT_SUPPORTED);
return 0;
}
#else
return ec_GF2m_simple_oct2point(group, point,
buf, len, ctx);
#endif
}
return group->meth->oct2point(group, point, buf, len, ctx);
}
| {
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If given a choice, would you choose to be rich or poor? It sounds like a no brainer right? Solomon asks the question "For who knows what is good for a man in life?" Ecclesiastes 6:12. Is it better to be wealthy/poor, healthy/sick, successful/a failure? In Proverbs 30:8-9 Agur requests to be neither rich or poor, "Give me neither poverty nor riches. Lest I be full and deny You, and say 'who is the Lord?' Or lest I be poor and steal and profane the name of my God."
The Bible has only promises and comfort for the poor, but many warnings to those striving to be rich. Solomon who was also very, very rich said again in Ecclesiastes 5:10, "He who loves silver will not be satisfied with silver; nor he who loves abundance, with increase." He was probably the richest man ever and he tells us it does not satisfy. Look at how many stories we've heard about how the rich and famous are miserable, or how big lottery winners end up broke and broken. Jesus states that it is harder for a rich man to enter into heaven, than a camel to go through the eye of a needle, (Matthew 19:23 and 24). Jesus also said to the Laodiceans "Because you say I am rich, have become wealthy, and have need of nothing - and do not know that you are wretched, miserable, poor, blind and naked," (Revelations 3:17).
It's OK to be rich, there are many rich men in the Bible. Abraham, Job and others. Money is not the problem, it's the love of money and when you put your trust in money thats the problem. 1 Timothy 6:9-10 "But those who desire to be rich fall into temptation and a snare, and into many foolish and harmful lusts which drown men in destruction and perdition. For the love of money is a root of all kinds of evil, for which some have strayed from the faith in their greediness and pierced themselves through with many sorrows".
Enough about being rich. If given the choice between healthy and sick, which would you choose? Another no brainer right? Or how about successful or a failure? Has anyone ever been driven to prayer because they were healthy or successful? Seemingly bad things happen. I got into a serious motorcycle accident at age 17. Seemed pretty bad at the time, but kept me out of Vietnam which could have ended my life on earth. At the time guys were getting drafted left and right. Or like Joseph getting sold to slavers by his loving brothers and he tumbled down and down until he was a powerful ruler in Egypt.
It all boils down to being content with where God has you and what you have. "Let your conduct be without covetousness; be content with such things as you have." Hebrews 13:5 In Philippians 4:11 Paul says "Be content in whatever state you are in," (that includes Nevada) Jesus tells us not to worry about anything, just seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness and He will take care of all the rest. Matthew 6:25-34 Lay up your treasures in heaven not here on earth, really, there is NOTHING worth storing up here on earth anyway. Pastor Tim covered Romans 8 last Sunday. All things do work together for the good for those walking in faith. verse 28 I know it does not seem like it at times but it ALWAYS does. | {
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Gil Tayar @ ReactNext 22 - Typed JavaScript? For real?
ReactNext 2022 www.react-next.com Israel's Annual React & React-Native conference
Powered by EventHandler ----------------------------------------- Typed JavaScript? For real? The "types as comments" proposal and what it's all about: A major earthquake has hit TC39, the JavaScript standards committee. A proposal for adding types to JavaScript has just landed in the committee, and has been approved for Stage 1. What is this proposal all about? How did it come to be? What is the motivation behind it? What are its pros and cons? Why are some people excited about it, some wary, some angry, and some afraid? As one of the writers of this proposal, I will delve into the details of the proposal, and try to answer all the questions above.
----------------------------------------- Gil Tayar: 35 years of experience have not dulled the fascination Gil Tayar has with software development. His passion is distributed systems and figuring out how to scale development to big teams. Extreme modularity and testing are the main tools in his toolbelt, using them to combat the code spaghetti monster at companies like Wix, Applitools, and at his current job as software architect at Roundforest.
In his private life, he is a dad to two lovely kids (and a cat), an avid reader of Science Fiction, (he counts Samuel Delany, Robert Silverberg, and Robert Heinlein as favorites) and a passionate film buff. (Stanley Kubrick, Lars Von Trier, David Cronenberg, anybody?)
Unfortunately for him, he hasn't answered the big question of his life—what's better, static or dynamic languages? But he's working on it.
----------------------------------------- #javascript #reactjs #programming #software #development #softwaredevelopment
First of all, movie buff who knows the reference. Come on. I love the smell of NPM in the morning. Oh, God. You're so young. Look it up. Okay. What are the three biggest trends in JavaScript in the last ten years? That's my opinion. Modern UI frameworks react view, angular, stuff like that. JavaScript tooling. I hate JavaScript tooling, but we need it. Transpires bundlers, linters minifiers. Right? And the most important one for this talk is TypeScript. TypeScript has been conquering the UI world, the front end world. And this talk is about a formal proposal. A formal proposal for enhancing JavaScript that forever will change how we view number three, impact number two significantly, and will probably do a lot for number one. This is a proposal for TC 39 that would change JavaScript development forever. A proposal for adding types to JavaScript. Right. Okay. Hi, I'm Gilsey R. I'm old all the way back to the know what ms. Dos is like ned before me. I'm an individual computer. I love it. But at this age I can't say I'm a software developer, so I say I'm a software architect. I am currently an architect at Round Forest. Obviously, we are hiring. I am also a member of the group that is writing this proposal. This is a dream for me. I mean, I always wanted less tooling. I always wanted to remove transpilers. And suddenly becoming a part of the group that is trying to remove at least TypeScript transpiling is for me a dream come true. Joining people like Daniel Olsen Vossel from Microsoft, little Dan and Rob Palmer. These are giants. TC 39. And joining them and writing and co authoring. This proposal was for me a dream come true. And as I said, I was the original author, with guidance from Little Dan. The opinions are absolutely mine. They are not necessarily of all the members of the proposal. A lot of members, we have different opinions on some stuff. These opinions are mine, so please take them with a grain of salt. They're definitely not my employers. And I was asked by the TypeScript team to add the last one. I do not speak on behalf of the TypeScript team. Okay. Also, the proposal is officially part of TC 39, which is the JavaScript Standardization Committee. It will get heavily shaped by the whole process, so it will probably not look like what I'm showing. It will probably heavily change. So no guarantees here. And this talk will be about the proposal. Where was it proposed, what is it and why? And the important thing is why I get what Kimchi Dot was talking about. The where TC 39? What is TC 39? Where it was proposed? TC 39 is a committee for the standardization of general purpose cross platform vendor neutral programming language actscript. And why is it not called JavaScript? It's tanked to a company called Oracle. And then before that, Son, who holds trademark for JavaScript but equalscript JavaScript same. Basically, all the new features you get in JavaScript are standardized by TC 39. The process is very transparent. They have meeting notes, everything really amazing. I'm probably one of the few that reads meeting notes religiously, but if you want to this is the GitHub repo. Each year comes a new version of JavaScript. JavaScript echoes script 2022 just came out, by the way, and it gives things like add and includes an async await and top level awaits and things like that. That is what TC 39 standardized. And it's a process. It goes through stages. So Stage zero is where I want to propose this to TC 39. We just write the spec, or we just write a proposal. Stage One is where they meet. They meet every two months, I think, and discuss the proposal. And if they say interesting, then it gets to Stage One. Stage one is just interesting. They're not obliged to accept it. Stage two, we start writing the spec, like, really into the details. And if they accept it, then it's at Stage Two, where they say, okay, this is good, this looks interesting. Let's iron out stuff. Stage Three is waiting for implementation. All the little details have been ironed out, and now at least two runtime. Two JavaScript sometimes have to implement it. Usually chrome v eight and others safari and firefox they all have JavaScript contents. They implemented. At least two need to be implemented, and if everything is fine, it gets to Stage four. Sometimes things roll back. I think the most interesting was annotations, like at something it was at stage three, went back to Stage two, went back to Stage one, goes blah, blah, blah. It's doing a journey. Okay, that's TC 39, and that's where we are at. What is the proposal? The Type sanitation proposal was proposed on March, march 31. That's basically April, and obviously it wasn't proposed on April 1 because people would have thought it was a joke. Really, it's immense. And it was accepted incredibly, and it's accepted to Stage One. So the committee expected to devote time to examining the problem space. Okay, so it's acceptance of the problem space, not specifically the solution. Okay, let's talk about the proposal. Let's give a brief draft and then we'll go into the details later. But let's see what it is. This is JavaScript code. Everybody knows add AEB, return A plus B. Very simple function. And this is the same code with type annotations. This is what the proposal says. This proposal says that this code will run in JavaScript without any transportation whatsoever. This is the type annotations. Everybody knows what the syntax is, right? What is it? Type. There we go. Will this pass? Okay, there's add to. So it should be added into places. So I'm passing a string and I'm passing a boolean, and it's supposed to be accepting numbers. Will this pass? Yes, it does not. Type annotations will be ignored by JavaScript. They will not be processed from the JavaScript runtimes point of view. Those are comments. The original proposal, by the way, was called types as comments. That was the original proposal. Let's give types, but have the JavaScript runtime treat them as types. We'll talk about the while later, but just accept it as it is. Thus these are also legal annotations type annotations. Is this TypeScript? No, but from the JavaScript runtime point of view this is fine. Okay? The TypeScript annotations here are fine. From that point of view, the JavaScript runtime will ignore it. Obviously TypeScript will say, well, there's an error here, and Flow and other type systems will say there's an error here, but from JavaScript point of view it's fine. So basically what we're doing is we're carving out a space in the JavaScript syntax where we're saying this part just ignore it. It's for types, just totally ignore it. You don't care what's in there. More type annotation spaces we've seen like parameters and the type annotations on parameters more are things happening after the type type something equals JavaScript will ignore it. That's about it. So we're basically defining a type annotation syntax based the JavaScript runtime will ignore, interestingly enough. Well, obviously it by chance corresponds to the same areas that TypeScript and Flow have for their type systems. So basically 90%, 95% of TypeScript programs will run in JavaScript. Assuming this proposal is accepted. I will stop saying assuming if this proposal is accepted, okay, it may not ever be accepted, but let's assume for this talk that it is. So if this proposal is accepted, then TypeScript programs, most of them, and we'll talk about the exceptions later, will just run without any transportation. And obviously we didn't choose those type syntax annotation spaces by chance. They were chosen because we looked at TypeScript, we looked at Flow and we looked at Hegel, which is another type system, and chose them according to those three and probably others. But this is not TypeScript, this is legal JavaScript. If this proposal is accepted. Okay, fine by JavaScript. Not fine by TypeScript, not fine by Flow, but fine by JavaScript. Wait, you're asking yourself why add type annotations if they are ignored? I mean, what's the point? And the answer is this is react. I dehydrate a lot because TypeScript and Flow third party type triggers like TypeScript and Flow will not ignore them. They will read the code and based on that, show errors. Okay, so we still have TypeScript showing the errors and having the errors, but JavaScript one time will ignore them. Okay, so the proposal, the summary, like first draft, we'll talk about the details later is the proposal reserves a syntax space for type annotations which are ignored by JavaScript, which are ignored by the type runtime, but are assumed to be checked by TypeScript, flow and other type systems. And by chance, not really by chance, correspond to the same places in TypeScript and flow that they already have for type annotations. Okay? We announced the proposal on March 9 before we submitted it and the Internet exploded. I mean, I've never seen a proposal for TC 39 get this much recognition and lots of finely and yes and all that. Obviously, this being the Internet, there was a lot of criticism. Most of it okay, good criticism. Not things we didn't think about, obviously, but good criticism. And some of it was like really ugly because Internet. But I will be talking about the criticism here. A lot of this will be talking about the why and answering those critics. Which brings us to the why. Why add types at all? This is not a trivial feature. I mean, adding type annotations syntax space for JavaScript is not trivial. It's not at or includes for string, right? It's not simple. So for a feature of this size, the benefit to all of us has to be substantial. And I give two graphs as an answer. This is beautiful. This was given after we proposed. Somebody sent me this. Look at that. This is pull requests in GitHub, March 2022. All of them by grouped by language. Obviously JavaScript and TypeScript are like most of them because we rule. No, seriously. But most of us are there. And look at this. If we look at JavaScript and type script as JavaScript, and I tend to look at it this way, then almost half of the PRS of the pull requests that we all are creating and open source and other projects are TypeScript today. That's amazing. Not JavaScript TypeScript. The JavaScript community and this is like Proof is using TypeScript heavily for its code. This is not like some idea of mine or an opinion. This is based on data and facts. Type allocations are used in the field and have probably proven their value. If they haven't proven value, we wouldn't be using it. State of JavaScript 2020 what do you feel is currently missing from JavaScript? Static typing is like by far the biggest. It gets less than 2021. Don't know what why, but it's still number one. So people want static typing. A large part of the community wants static typing. So is it worth the complexity? Well, yeah, if almost half of the PRS are using type annotations, then I say yes, it's worth it. Three more reasons not to add types to JavaScript types are difficult for beginners, types increase the payload and web apps. And I don't like types. Types are shite. Types are difficult for beginners to grab. It's a valid criticism if you start from JavaScript. Adding and making beginners understand types is actually difficult. But if you start from type annotations, type script or flow, then explain. I mean, my daughter, she's 15 years old. She is, God forbid, learning Java as her first language. I am so sorry for that. I have failed as a father. But she gets it. Believe it or not. She understands type, so it's not that bad. And somebody wrote on Twitter, sorry. In one of the GitHub issues, someone learning to program for the first time in the first place and long hours trying to install the various tools required. So if transportation is needed, some of those tools will go away. And new programmers searching, for example, code. Today new programmers are likely to find TypeScript code and they copy paste it into the console. And does it work? No, but if this proposal accepts it, it will. In other words, we want it or not. Type scripts are part of it and we need to get beginners to understand it. Types increase payload in apps. I don't get that. Okay, so does increase payload in web apps, so that's comments, comments increased payload in web apps. That's not true because we have Minifiers, right? We have minifiers to compress our code and minifiers can remove all the type annotations. Not a problem. I don't like types of ship. I know. I was there. I moved from Java to JavaScript and I thought the problem in Java was types. That's wrong. When I started using TypeScript, I thought the types are really nice, the problem is Java, but really it's not about me. But by the way, I was known as a TypeScript denier in the JavaScript Israeli community. But it's not about me. It's not about you as an individual. It's about the community. And the community wants types. You can see that in the graphs. They just want it. Okay, I've convinced you we as a community want type annotations, but we already have TypeScript. Why do we need to extend JavaScript? Why not just continue using Tooling? TypeScript is Tooling or flow is Tooling. Why not continue I have three answers philosophical, programmatical and political. Let's talk about the philosophical answer. We have forgotten. You've never known your roots in scripting and you've gotten like started from react, right? Most of you, but me and Norm won't probably remember that JavaScript was already a very simple language rooted in scripting, like Perl and Python. Okay, we have forgotten our roots in scripting code the code, press F five to refresh the page and boom, it works. We've forgotten we need so much tooling today. We have become addicted to tooling. And that saddens me very much because I like simplicity. We cannot not use it anymore. Juniors developers don't understand this tooling. They don't understand type transportation and bundlers and all that build steps. They just don't understand it. Senior developers don't understand it. I can barely understand it. Okay, so a lot of you are using tools and don't really know what's happening under the hood. It's not your fault. It's very complex. It is our fault for getting into this whole mess. But it's fine. I mean, there were good reasons for that, but we need to unremove them. We need to remove those reasons slowly. TypeScript tooling is a big part of the problem from my point of view. The other philosophical one is there's a rift in the timespace continuum, not just in the JavaScript community. We're coding in one language, TypeScript, a lot of us, but running in another language, JavaScript. I mean, no other language has that probably yes, but mostly no. There's a growing risk and there's a lot of the TypeScript yes, TypeScript no. And we need to mend that risk. We need to get back together and have the code be one language programmatic answer TypeScript is everywhere. Any tooling that we have, remix, Webpack, Es, Build, whatever, minifiers, all need to understand TypeScript because they want to deal with TypeScript natively. So these tools unfortunately need to evolve with TypeScript. Anytime TypeScript changes, they change their code. And that is bad because they don't really want to understand TypeScript, they don't want to understand TypeScript, they just want to ignore the parts of the types. And this proposal simplifies the tool trendously because they will have one way of ignoring it past, present and future. And we're done with that problem and most tools will become simplified and not need to follow TypeScript. And the political answer, this is where it gets TC 39 should be the arena for type systems. Should be arena where we talk about type systems and they're placed in JavaScript and not defer it to other places where stuff can happen. It's always a balancing act and we'll talk about that later. But TC 39 should be part of the process of defining what types are. Okay, so we want types, we got it as part of the language, but this will not enable us to standardize types in the future. A lot of people got that and got that immediately and they're very smart, which is because it is true once JavaScript ignores types that's it. TypeScript always has to be sorry, JavaScript always has to be backwards compatible. So once we ignore types and as part of JavaScript, that's it, we can't unagnore them back again because some old code old will stop working. True? Yes. But I believe that when the need arises, we will find a way. Let's put types in and then like a few years later say, okay, we want to standardize types and we want to look like this. We will find a way. TC 39 will find a way. What exactly it is, I don't know, but obviously there is and then those are wow, type one people, why stop it, ignoring them? Okay, as long as we're doing Types, let's do them all the way. Fully embrace TypeScript syntax, build a type system of our own, do runtime checking, optimize performance based on types, all good and valid criticisms. Okay, so why not fully embrace TypeScript? Let's go all the way. And this is very important. I mean, everybody is using TypeScript. It's the de facto standard, why not use it? Okay, TypeScript is developed by Microsoft. Okay, Microsoft are also part of the standardization of this proposal, by the way, and from my point of view is amazing. But TypeScript itself is developed by Microsoft. They're not done innovating. They're still creating versions with more, more and and more type stuff in it, which makes it better and better and better. Innovation will be hampered if we stop here, if we freeze here, stop. That will stop innovation. TC 39 is much, much slower at doing stuff and that just will kill the evolvement of TypeScript. If we do TypeScript, that will monopolize TypeScript, but there are other type systems out there. Flow is great, hegel and probably others, okay? If we do not standardize, we end the monopoly and let other type systems flourish. And maybe there will be other things that are better than TypeScript. TypeScript is huge standardizing. It will probably take ten years, 15 years. It will never end. So even if we wanted to, it's not something that will probably happen. Okay? So why not build a type system of our own? And there are two camps here. Let's make it simpler and let's make it cleaner. Oh TypeScript is too complicated. I have the master of this sitting here. Where are you? Dan Shapir well, TypeScript is complicated for a reason. TypeScript and Flow, they're complicated for a reason. JavaScript patterns are complex. We want this code below to show a syntax error. We pick an object and ask it for only the fields A and B to be there and then dot C. That should be an error. This is very difficult to define in a type system. That is why TypeScript is complex. A simpler type system will just not be as useful as TypeScript today. If we define it, people will not use it. They'll continue using TypeScript. Well TypeScript is too complicated. It's like a cleaner Haskell or Camel reason type systems that are really simple, they are okay, well, not Haskell, but they are mostly simple cleaner and have the whole power of TypeScript. So why not do that? And the answer is they're cleaner because they were built for cleaner languages, not for JavaScript. JavaScript is dirty. I mean, it's how much? 95? 25, 27 years? Not something that we can put a clean type system on, so why not? Okay, so that's why we can't build a type system around or use TypeScript. Why not? Well, let's go all the way. Let's do runtime checking. Why stop there? Okay, TypeScript? Well, first of all, this TypeScript do runtime checking. When you write TypeScript, does it do runtime checking? No, because when transporting, it erases the types. So today you're using TypeScript and you're not doing runtime checking, which is fine if you think about it. Haskell, Java, all typesafe languages, C plus plus mostly types A for us. They do all the types of at compile time. They don't do almost any runtime type checking. Almost. So all the languages don't do runtime type checking. Having said that TC 39 suggested maybe for parts of the proposal, doing some level of runtime checking. We're looking at it and the last one is let's optimize based on types. If I know that foo ad is getting two numbers, then I can make ad the function ad be much faster. There's a whole thread by Matthias Binans, I hope I'm saying the right. He's one of the VA developers. He knows performance, he knows JavaScript runtimes. He said this is not going to work, not going to happen. And he has a whole thread on Twitter on that. Please read it's. Very technical, very good. To summarize well, white types, they complicate the language because the community wants it. We've seen the graphs, types are good, but why not continue with TypeScript tooling? Let's stop the tooling addiction. Please mend the rift between JavaScript and TypeScript. Stop tooling being typed to TypeScript evolution and TC 39 should be part of defining what types in JavaScript are and standard. Okay, so let's do type plantations, but let's embrace TypeScript all the way now it's just too big and we need to continue evolving, build our own type system. No, because it's very complicated and if we try to make it clean, it won't work. For JavaScript, check runtime, go to Twitter thread on why it won't work. Oh, sorry. Optimize using types, go to the Twitter thread on why it won't work and check runtime. Well, no languages does run time checking. Okay, so we've dealt with the criticism, valid criticism. Let's start with the what? What exactly is the proposal? And as I said, this will undergo considerable change. This is just the first draft. I don't know what the end result is. Let's go like piece by piece where type annotation syntax faces what will be ignored by the JavaScript runtime. As we've seen functions, we have the type annotations for the variables and for the return value. But this is important because okay, justice needs to ignore the type annotation, right? How? How does it know where the type annotation ends? This is interesting, and what we've come up with is an interesting one. If you think about comments, how does the JavaScript know when our comment starts? EasyStar, right? How does it know when it ends? Easy. Star slash. Okay, comments, but what about syntax sensation space? Does it look for the comma? That's one option. But what if the type annotation itself includes commas? For example, this type annotation pair number comma number has a comma in it. So what do we do? The answer is interesting. What we thought of it may change. We look for the comma. Well, generally. But if we see braces or curly braces, or parentheses or square brackets, if we see one of those parentheses, we start counting pairs. So we balance the pairs and ignore whatever inside. So once JavaScript sees that less than it will ignore anything until the larger and obviously it will count less. Than so the parentheses will match. That is how we believe type annotations should be ignored by the JavaScript runtime and this will allow continued evolution of the type annotations without breaking JavaScript compatibility. Because anything there we can do whatever we want. TypeScript continue to evolve, flow can continue to evolve. We can have other type systems like Hegel and others that will probably flourish once this proposal if this proposal is accepted. So this will not hamper them because they just have to follow this rule. But some TypeScript and Flow type will not pass this rule. Let's ignore where. So what do we do? We change the TypeScript code and add parentheses between any type in TypeScript. I tried that. Okay, you add parentheses around it and it's valid. So some TypeScript code will need to be changed for this proposal. So we just add parenthesis. This is probably going to be a code mod or anything like Microsoft and Facebook. Meta will write a code mod that will change your code to be valid for this proposal. Okay, so we saw that variables obviously will be type annotated to define what their types are. Types type something equals something both in TypeScript and Flow and Hego. This is valid and this is the typeanotic space that will be ignored by JavaScript. Interface never like that. Why not just have types type equals but whatever. So interface the name and curly braces whatever is inside will be ignored. Class properties annotated generics obviously very important. We can't have a modern type system today without Generics. So the singing there will be supported importing and Exporting types. This is supported by TypeScript and Flow using export type and type inside will be totally ignored by JavaScript. But there are some problematic type annotations. Let's talk about them. Casting TypeScript and Flow have different casting syntaxes. TypeScript uses as type and Flow uses this parentheses in column. We need to figure it out. Except both. Except one. Whatever. We need to figure it out. Generic function is invocation this is valid TypeScript. Unfortunately it's not valid JavaScript because JavaScript thank you. It will say do something less than number, larger than whatever. Okay, so this in JavaScript will be treated as less than larger than and TypeScript knows it. They know that this is a problem. They have accepted that this is a problem and they have a suggestion like add the two column thingy over here. So they are suggesting to change TypeScript to conform to something that DC 39 can accept. And this is great, these parameters, it collides with another proposal. So this is up in the Air declarations. Theoretically they're not in TypeScript files, they're only in DPS files. But some people think that they should be in JavaScript. We don't know. Function overload we don't know what to do with those functions without bodies. How do we deal with that? We don't know. We need to think about it. Abstract Classes adding abstract before do we want runtime semantics for that? We don't know. Member modifiers that it's smack in the middle of the syntax, no curly braces, no collar, no nothing like public. What do we do? We accept these words, these keywords? We don't know. One suggestion was adding sigil. So percent public percent rate only is like everything with percent will be ignored. This will modify TypeScript and flow a little bit, but they're open to the suggestion. TypeScript subject will not be in the spec. Enums namespaces and parameter properties will not be in the spec. Why? Because those are the only features in TypeScript that don't just erase the types, they generate JavaScript, they generate code. And that is not good. Even Microsoft today has no new features in TypeScript that generate code. Okay? All of it is type erasure. So they're willing to do that. By the way, if I remember correctly a recommendation by type script stop using these definitely namespaces. I'm not using them. They will not be considered for the proposal and JSX, well, it's not part of TypeScript I really want, it part of the standard but definitely not in scope for this proposal. The consequences if this proposal lands no more transportation of TypeScript and flow with real browser ESM and we can finally remove all tooling. We'll still be checked by third party type checkers slow convergence of incompatible TypeScript flow to the new syntax tooling will become much simpler and other type systems will be experimented with. But it will take time, years until this proposal and if this proposal ends but it will be worth the wait, I think. Thank you very much. | {
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Looking for a smaller class C without giving up all the features you love? Then the Orion 21RS is for you! At only 24 feet, this coach still has room to sleep up to 6 people! Back up monitor, led lighting throughout, roller bearing metal drawer guides, and much more! | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Ian Dunt
Adam Bienkov
Even Jeremy Corbyn's ex-wife can't save Owen Smith's campaign
As ballots close, supporters of Owen Smith have all but conceded defeat
By Adam Bienkov Wednesday, 21 September 2016 11:08 AM Follow AdamBienkov
Owen Smith received a last minute endorsement this morning from a rather unlikely source: Jeremy Corbyn's ex-wife.
Jane Chapman told BBC 5 Live that she was backing Smith in the race to be Labour leader because she was "saddened and upset" by the state of the Labour party. She criticised her former husband's lack of leadership skills and said she had decided to back the "younger, more media savvy and flexible" candidate. She added that while she still feels nostalgic for her time with Corbyn, "The thing about Jeremy is he hasn't changed much... Are the politics of the 1970s relevant for the 21st century?"
Great to have the support of Labour stalwart Jane Chapman https://t.co/LcungxpdHa
— Owen Smith 2016 (@owensmith2016) September 21, 2016
While Chapman's comments mark an embarrassing end to Corbyn's campaign they are unlikely to make even the slightest difference to the final result. With ballots officially closed this lunchtime few still believe that Smith will emerge as the winner.
Sign contract by the end of September to save VAT on solar panel installation
DUP opposes repealing Northern Ireland's blasphemy laws while all other parties come out in favour
Save lives, safer roads, lower the drink-drive limit
This wasn't always the case. Throughout the summer Smith and his supporters briefed that private polling and canvas returns showed the race was "neck and neck," and "on a knife edge". Members of the "Saving Labour" campaign sought to persuade members that despite the polls, rallies and CLP nominations all suggesting a Corbyn victory, this was in reality anything but a forgone conclusion.
That pretence has now largely evaporated. There is widespread acceptance within all parts of the Labour party that Corbyn will be announced as the winner on Saturday, by a comfortable if not hefty margin. After months of intense debate about 'purges' of members, high court cases and rule changes, Labour is likely to emerge in exactly the same state it was before the leadership race began.
Jeremy Corbyn telling Owen Smith to be quiet is my new jam #VictoriaLIVE https://t.co/GCLCo4PnRw
— Adam Bienkov (@AdamBienkov) August 17, 2016
Even Smith himself appears to have all but conceded defeat. In an open letter last night he told his supporters that "I regret the state we are in but I don't regret being the one to say it". Written in the style of a concession speech, Smith insists he is proud of the "positive programme" he put forward to members but adds that: "These ideas will remain as relevant after this contest as they have been during this contest."
This doesn't read like a message from a candidate who believes they're heading for victory. pic.twitter.com/dzns2KKLO4
— Adam Bienkov (@AdamBienkov) September 20, 2016
While Smith's ideas may live on, Smith himself is unlikely to live on in members' minds as the great leader the party never had. Whatever else his qualities may be, he never managed to elicit a huge deal of passionate support from members. Allegations of sexism and a tendency for gaffes both conspired to prevent Smith's campaign ever getting properly off the ground. Indeed his comments at times seemed to be actively designed to sabotage any attempt to win over those who might otherwise have wavered in their support for Corbyn. After months of campaigning, most of those still backing Smith appear to do so more out of antipathy towards Corbyn than any obvious great enthusiasm for his rival.
While the result may be a foregone conclusion, the scale of Corbyn's victory is not. John McDonnell today suggested the Labour leader would be unlikely to win on the same scale as last year due to attempts to suppress new members from voting. Whether or not this is merely expectations management remains to be seen. However, the one poll we have seen during this contest suggested Corbyn was on course to win a broadly similar victory to the one he managed last year. In many ways this is unsurprising. If there's one thing Labour should have realised by now it is that if you ask the same question twice, you almost always get the same answer.
labour leadership 2016
owen smith | {
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Irmgard Smits (Heerlen, juli 1954) is een Nederlandse schrijfster van jeugdliteratuur.
Zij schreef bij uitgeverij West-Friesland Witte Raven jeugdpockets voor lezers van 10 tot 14. Haar eerste boek verscheen in 1966 toen zij pas twaalf jaar oud was. Door dat opmerkelijke feit werd zij beroemd als 'Nederlands jongste schrijfster', verscheen op radio en televisie en in verschillende dag- en weekbladen werden artikelen over haar geschreven.
Haar debuut Blijf lachen Irmgard is gebaseerd op haar eigen ervaringen als TBC-patiënt in sanatorium Hornerheide in Horn. Daarna schreef ze nog zeven boekjes in de Irmgard-reeks en twee in de Babs-reeks. Smits is na haar schrijverscarrière gaan werken als operatieassistent.
Bibliografie
1966 Blijf lachen Irmgard (Witte Raven JM 219)
1967 Spektakel rond Irmgard (Witte Raven JM 227)
1968 Irmgard: een meisje als jij (Witte Raven JM 248)
1969 Irmgards grote kleine wereld (Witte Raven JM 265)
1970 Irmgard schrijft door! (Witte Raven JM 283)
1971 Babs (Witte Raven JM 300)
1972 Nog meer over Irmgard (Witte Raven JM 316)
1973 Irmgard en de dolfijnen (Witte Raven JM 322)
1973 Die bovenste beste Babs (Witte Raven JM 328)
1974 Irmgards examenjaar (Witte Raven JM 344)
Externe link
interview met Irmgard Smits, september 2005
Nederlands schrijver
Nederlands kinderboekenschrijver | {
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Bryn Terry - Consultant | Strategic Partnerships, Inc.
Experienced in the government, nonprofit and private sectors, SPI Consultant Bryn Terry is sought out often by SPI consulting teams seeking to take advantage of her wide-ranging knowledge and expertise for clients. Skilled at research and analysis, communications, grant writing, data collection, procurement policies and database manipulation, Bryn creates immeasurable value for SPI client teams.
Most recently, Bryn served in the office of a member of the Texas House of Representatives where she interacted with legislative and agency staff regarding legislation, budget and policy issues. She also interacted with constituents, government affairs representatives and organizations with competing interests. It allowed her to perfect her skills at consensus building and finding workable solutions to satisfy all parties.
Bryn holds a bachelor's degree in psychology from Rhodes College in Memphis, Tenn. | {
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Female whale sharks at Ningaloo Marine Park are being electronically tagged to discover their migratory pathways.
Whale shark principal investigator Dr Mark Meekan's work is being funded by the Western Australian Marine Science Institution, the Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS), Apache Energy, CSIRO and the National Oceanographic Administration from the United States.
He said only one in eight whale sharks passing through Ningaloo was female.
"About 80 per cent of the sharks at Ningaloo are juvenile males so Ningaloo Marine Park may be a nursery," he said.
He has taken photographs of hundreds of whale sharks and tagged 55 with satellite tags but is none the wiser about where the females go.
Dr Meekan said there were real population differences across the Indian Ocean.
"Part of our study this year will be to use new techniques to study these genetic differences and discover more about the movements of whale sharks.
"We know that many of the animals show site fidelity, returning to Ningaloo over a period of decades," said.
"Their migratory patterns show that after leaving Ningaloo they head north to Java, Timor and Sumatra in Indonesia, and possibly further afield before returning to Ningaloo."
He said photographic tagging of each whale shark's scars and patterns showed that there were no matches in locations spread across the Indian Ocean. It could mean there was no movement or that there were not enough images in the data base to record the rare occurrence of sharks travelling between aggregations.
"We compared our photo libraries with photo libraries at Christmas Island, the Maldives, Mozambique and the Seychelles but had no photographic matches of our whale sharks with theirs," he said.
"We know that there is some mortality because of fishing in South East Asian nations."
He said one of the best Australian conservation initiatives would be to provide Indonesian villages with whale shark ecotourism businesses.
"Even if we only had one village doing it, it would show that there is a sustainable income from whale sharks that is worth far more than the few cents a kilo they receive when they catch a shark and sell it," he said.
Marine science experts will gather in Exmouth next week for the third annual Ningaloo Research Symposium.
The two-day event, titled Ningaloo into the Future: Integrating science into management, will be held on May 26 and 27.
Twenty-four scientists from the Ningaloo Research Program, which is the largest integrated coral reef study in the Indian Ocean, will present their latest findings. | {
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Mainly sunny to start, then a few afternoon clouds. High near 55F. Winds NW at 5 to 10 mph..
Cloudy skies with periods of light rain late. Low near 40F. Winds light and variable. Chance of rain 80%.
VT Industries announces $24 million expansion in Rome
By Doug Walker [email protected]
Doug Walker
VT Industries, a manufacturer of countertops and commercial doors, revealed plans Monday for a $24 million expansion of its manufacturing operations in Rome.
Officials with the company appeared before the Rome-Floyd County Development Authority in October, less than a month after talks about the project first started.
Corporate executives with VT Industries visited Rome the week prior to the Wings Over North Georgia Air Show in late October to nail down plans for the expansion.
Rome-Floyd County Development Authority President Missy Kendrick said her office began discussions with VT officials on Sept. 28, so the decision to go forward with the project occurred very quickly.
"I think it was relatively quick because of market demand," Kendrick said. "They needed to make the decision quickly in order to start to ramp things up."
The Iowa-based manufacturer is a leading producer of architectural wood doors, post-formed laminate countertops, butcher block countertops and additional surfacing products. The business will be adding another 39,000 square feet of production space.
"One of our core values at VT Industries is a commitment to innovation to support our customers in the surfaces industry," said Director of Operations Ryan Miller in a press release. "We strive to provide opportunities to our team members and are excited to create an additional 40-plus jobs in Northwest Georgia."
Founded in 1956, the company's presence in Floyd County began when they opened a small facility on Ga. 140 in 1990. It moved to its current, much larger, location at 1351 Redmond Circle in 2000, Miller said.
The new addition will be built on the south side of the existing structure, in the direction of the former Zartic Foods building.
In 2011, VT Industries was named the Home Depot Partner of the Year. Since then, the company has made at least five strategic acquisitions, including Capitoline Products of Rome in 2015.
Currently employing 126 people in Rome, the company expects that, once the expansion is complete, they will up that number to 170 workers.
The new jobs are expected to include machinery operators, technicians and additional management level personnel. Miller said the addition of those new employees will take place over the course of the next 18 months.
"The decision by VT Industries to expand in Georgia is a testament to the pro-business environment, unmatched workforce, and robust logistics infrastructure that have made us the No. 1 state for business for eight consecutive years," said Gov. Brian Kemp in a news release. "I want to thank VT Industries for their commitment to innovation and creating opportunities for hardworking Georgians in Floyd County."
Monday's announcement is the latest in a series of significant existing industries expansions in Rome over the last two years. Rome-Floyd County Development Authority members will meet Tuesday to approve the bond financing package for VT Industries.
"This is an exciting announcement for VTI and we are proud that they continue to grow in Rome and Floyd County," said Development Authority Chairman Jimmy Byars.
Follow Doug Walker
Flower And Ornamental Plants Market Research 2020-2024 | COVID-19 Market Analysis for the New Normal | Technavio
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration Accepts for Priority Review Application for Opdivo® (nivolumab) Combined with Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment in Metastatic Gastric Cancer, Gastroesophageal Junction Cancer and Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
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CoreSite Announces Tax Treatment of 2020 Distributions | {
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All the designs from Nutcase helmet that you love like Fly Boy, Spirits in the Sky, Pink Lemonade, Cherry Blossom, Totally Rad, Rainbow Dots. Plus the Nutcase helmet range for kids - Little Nutty helmets - and Baby Nutty helmets for babies. Choose from our all-time favourites like Flutterby, Cake Pops, Purple Panda, Dart Frogs, Ahoy, Bumblebee and Radio Wave. | {
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import _ from "lodash";
import {initialiseData} from "../../../common/index";
import {CORE_API} from "../../../common/services/core-api-utils";
import {mkSelectionOptions} from "../../../common/selector-utils";
import {hierarchyQueryScope} from "../../../common/services/enums/hierarchy-query-scope";
import {entityLifecycleStatus} from "../../../common/services/enums/entity-lifecycle-status";
import template from "./app-group-overview.html";
const bindings = {
parentEntityRef: "<",
filters: "<"
};
const initialState = {
editable: false,
filters: {},
isSubscribed: false,
};
function determineSubscriptionStatus(isOwner = false, isSubscriber = false) {
if (isOwner) {
// we don't want owners to 'abandon' their app groups
return "NOT_APPLICABLE";
} else {
return isSubscriber ? "SUBSCRIBED" : "UNSUBSCRIBED";
}
}
function controller($q, serviceBroker, userService) {
const vm = initialiseData(this, initialState);
const reloadPermissionsEtc = () => {
const containsCurrentUser = (otherUsers) => _
.chain(otherUsers)
.map("userId")
.includes(vm.user.userName)
.value();
const isOwner = containsCurrentUser(vm.owners);
const isSubscriber = containsCurrentUser(vm.members);
vm.subscriptionStatus = determineSubscriptionStatus(isOwner, isSubscriber);
vm.editable = isOwner;
};
const loadAll = () => {
const selector = mkSelectionOptions(
vm.parentEntityRef,
hierarchyQueryScope.EXACT.key,
[entityLifecycleStatus.ACTIVE.key],
vm.filters);
const userPromise = userService
.whoami()
.then(u => vm.user = u);
const groupPromise = serviceBroker
.loadViewData(
CORE_API.AppGroupStore.getById,
[ vm.parentEntityRef.id ])
.then(r => {
vm.appGroup = r.data.appGroup;
vm.members = r.data.members;
vm.owners = _.filter(vm.members, { role: "OWNER" });
});
$q.all([userPromise, groupPromise])
.then(() => {
reloadPermissionsEtc();
});
serviceBroker
.loadViewData(
CORE_API.LogicalFlowStore.calculateStats,
[ selector ])
.then(r => vm.flowStats = r.data);
serviceBroker
.loadViewData(
CORE_API.ApplicationStore.findBySelector,
[ selector ])
.then(r => vm.applications = r.data);
vm.onSubscribe = () => {
serviceBroker
.execute(
CORE_API.AppGroupStore.subscribe,
[vm.parentEntityRef.id])
.then(r => vm.subscriptionStatus = "SUBSCRIBED");
};
vm.onUnsubscribe = () => {
serviceBroker
.execute(
CORE_API.AppGroupStore.unsubscribe,
[vm.parentEntityRef.id])
.then(() => vm.subscriptionStatus = "UNSUBSCRIBED");
};
};
vm.$onInit = () => {
loadAll();
};
vm.$onChanges = (changes) => {
if(changes.filters) {
loadAll();
}
};
}
controller.$inject = [
"$q",
"ServiceBroker",
"UserService"
];
const component = {
controller,
template,
bindings
};
export default {
component,
id: "waltzAppGroupOverview"
}
| {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaGithub"
} | 3,279 | [
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Generally speaking, your age doesn't make you a special case in terms of what you need to do to become an actor or even a voice actor. My site's advice and suggestions apply equally to you. My site's advice and suggestions apply equally to you.... drama just isn't your thing. maybe if you tried singing or dancing, or find your hidden talent, because face it, you can't act. if you want to be on tv, become a comedian or tv presenter.
3) Learn Acting and the Actor's Language One of the most daunting parts of film directing is directing actors. I know of a handful of people among my circle of friends who thought they really wanted be film directors, until they had their chance at directing… and they hated it. how to cook pre made lasagna Many aspiring actors dream of a career in Hollywood. While it is a dream, it could become a reality with time, training, dedication, passion, and patience.
The rates that actors get paid can vary from company to company, because many of the big production companies have signed an agreement with the actors' union SAG-AFTRA, but that doesn't mean that they all signed to pay the same rates. Each company can negotiate separately what those rates are. how to become site access clearwed Research what it takes to become a film producer. Learn about the education requirements, job outlook and salary information to find out if this is the career for you. Schools offering Learn about the education requirements, job outlook and salary information to find out if this is the career for you.
For example, a role may require learning how to sing or dance, or an actor may have to learn to speak with an accent or to play a musical instrument or sport. Many aspiring actors begin by participating in school plays or local theater productions. | {
"redpajama_set_name": "RedPajamaC4"
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Lyubov is an amazingly skilled artist. I've had lashes done at leading lash bars in Yorkville and they don't compare. The set is beautifully and skillfully placed. She had given me sets that look natural so no one will ever know or striking for that cat eye drama. Best part is that they last at least three weeks despite how careless I am with them. Lyubov is super sweet and charming too. | {
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"Smiling woman carrying shopping bags" is a stock image by Westend61. It's available in the following resolutions: 1065 x 1600px, 1730 x 2600px, 3726 x 5600px. The minimum price for an image is 149$. Image in the highest quality is 3726 x 5600px, 300 dpi, and costs 549$. | {
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Don't take our word for it, check out what others have to say about our knives.
I met Kieth @ Kuvhima Safari's in South Africa and purchased a knife from him. This has been my number one knife ever since! Excellent handle and case!
I have bought for of your knives, two for myself, one for my dad and one for my brother. I am in the process of buying one for my direct supervisor, one for my Director and one for my girlfriends daughter! I think, I have come down with a disease and I need to see medical help for knife addiction! To be honest, all your knives are built with the best material and most of all pride! They are all works of art and I love them and so do my family, friends and colleagues!!!!!
I purchased one of Keith's knives three years ago and when I bought it I thought that I might have spent too much. Man was I wrong. I am a professional hunting guide by trade and I have probably gutted out up to 800 animals with this one Hill Country Texas Knife. On one occassion I accidentally cut through an animal and cut down onto the concrete below, I thought that I ruined my knife. I thought that I would have to buy a new one. I went ahead and sharpend the knife and to my surprise the knife still had an edge on it after cutting into concrete! Not only are his knives good, the sheath that comes with his knives are very tough. It is hard to find knives that come with tough leather sheaths that dont fall apart from using them every day. Keith Ritchard makes an excellent knife and they are worth every penny.
You do some outstanding work. I have always been impressed by custom knifework, but yours look superior to most. That green giraffe bone is to die for.
We, at Summit Outdoors, Inc. in Fort Worth have purchased six of Keith's knives over the last few years. Each individual knife is an individual work of art and craftsmanship. In addition, they have held up extremely well in the field. We are proud to recommend them.
Just picked up a stag horn @ NRA Banquet in Lafayette, Louisiana. Very nice piece. | {
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I have a SAFC installed in my S4, and im about to finish my 6 port turbo. I have 4 550cc injectors im planning on using, and im sure that the SAFC would be able to control them, but in case i decide to go with bigger injectors in the future. What is the max injector that the SAFC can successfully control?
Nvm found ou the answer.
Quick Reply: Maximum injectors for SAFC?? | {
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Se Neighborhood School of Excellence is a public elementary school located in Indianapolis, IN in the Se Neighborhood School of Excellence School District. It enrolls 479 students in grades 1st through 12th. Se Neighborhood School of Excellence is the 459th largest public school in Indiana and the 23,975th largest nationally. It has 18.5 students to every teacher.
The form below lets you find Se Neighborhood School of Excellence alumni info and Se Neighborhood School of Excellence students.
Out of 1,124 ranked schools in Indiana, Se Neighborhood School of Excellence is ranked 121st for total students on lunch assistance.
The percentage of Se Neighborhood School of Excellence students on free and reduced lunch assistance (89.8%) is significantly higher than the state average of 51.1%. This may indicate that the area has a higher level of poverty than the state average. | {
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Published 04/25/2019 02:57:33 pm at 04/25/2019 02:57:33 pm in Fixing Cracks In Concrete Walls.
fixing cracks in concrete walls leaking cracks in concrete walls can lead to mold growth repair cracks in concrete foundation walls.
fixing cracks in concrete walls,repair cracks in concrete basement walls,fixing cracks in concrete basement walls,how to repair cracks in concrete foundation walls,how to repair cracks in concrete block walls,repair cracks in concrete foundation walls,how to fix cracks in concrete walls,fixing cracks in basement concrete block walls,how do you fix cracks in concrete walls,how to fix cracks in concrete basement walls,how to fix cracks in concrete block walls. | {
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Extraction process of ginger Pinellia and its anti-proliferative and proapoptotic activities on human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells.
Banxia, also known as sanyebanxia, banyuelian, sanbutiao, dibadou, shoutian, shuiyu and yangyan, is the dried tuber of Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. in the genus Pinellia of the family Araceae, which was originally recorded in the Shen Nong's Herbal Classic. It is pungent, warm, toxic, and enters the spleen, stomach and lung meridians, with dampness-eliminating, phlegm-reducing, adverse qilowering, vomiting-arresting, lump-dissolving and massdissipating effects. Major active constituent of Pinellia tubers is volatile oil; besides, it also contains alkaloids that have similar pharmacological actions to coniine and nicotine, and substances with similar skin irritating effect to protoanemonin [1, 13, 10].
Traditional pharmacological actions of Pinellia ternata include dampness elimination, phlegm reduction, adverse qi lowering, vomiting arrest, lump dissolution and mass dissipation; as well as external treatment of acute mastitis, acute & chronic suppurative otitis media and other diseases. Due to differences in extraction technology, medication regimen and compatibility, Pinellia ternata may exhibit different pharmacological effects. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that Pinellia ternata also has anti-tumor [14, 3, 11] anti-fertility, hypolipidemic, hepatoprotective and coronary heart disease curing [4, 7].
Crude Pinellia ternata is toxic, which may cause vomiting and even death in severe cases. Extraction of Pinellia ternata with a variety of materials can effectively weaken and eliminate its toxicity. In the thousands of years of clinical application history of Pinellia ternata, in order to fully exert its clear clinical efficacy while reducing toxic side effects, numerous physicians and scholars have made extensive attempts to explore the extraction technology of Pinellia ternata from various perspectives, so as to achieve the best attenuated synergistic effect. This study optimizes the extraction process of ginger Pinellia, and studies its anti-gastric cancer effect.
751G UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Shanghai Analytical Instrument Factory); CO-150 CO2 incubator (NBS, USA); inverted fluorescent microscope (OLYMPUS, Japan); FACSAria Flow Cytometer (BD, USA); ELX 800 microplate reader (BioTEK, USA).
Pinellia ternata and licorice were purchased from Bozhou medicine market, which were identified as the dried tubers of Araceae plant Pinellia ternata (Thunb.) Breit. and the roots and rhizomes of Leguminosae plant Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., respectively. Alum was purchased from a pharmacy. Quality of the three drugs was all in line with the current Chinese Pharmacopoeia requirements. RPMI 1640 was product of Gibco; FBS was product of Hangzhou Shijiqing Bioengineering Materials Company; and MTT, DMSO and PI were products of Nanjing Keygen Biotech Company. Human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells were purchased from China Medical University.
Nine aliquots of 200 g of uniformly sized Pinellia ternata were soaked separately in water (with level 3 cm higher than Pinellia ternata) until completely moist, then taken out, shaken to remove surface water, and set aside for orthogonal experiment.
During the extraction of Pinellia ternata, licorice concentrating volume, lime water addition and extraction temperature had comparatively great influences on the extraction efficiency. On the basis of single factor design, orthogonal experiment was conducted according to L9(3)3 array selecting the above three factors by determining the monoammonium glycyrrhizinate content in each extract using UV spectrophotometry and HPLC as the index, as shown in Table 1.
Orthogonal experiment showed that during the extraction of ginger Pinellia, the degrees of influence of factors on ginger Pinellia extraction efficiency were: B>A>C, i.e. lime water addition>licorice concentrating volume>extraction temperature in descending order. Based on the orthogonal results and range analysis, optimal extraction process of ginger Pinellia was identified as: A3B3C3, i.e., licorice concentrating volume of 300 ml, lime water addition of 80, and extraction temperature of 50°C, as shown in Table 2.
Gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells were seeded in culture flasks with RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, penicillin (100 mL/L) and streptomycin (1 mg/ml), cultured statically in a 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator, and digested and passaged with 0.25% trypsin. Cells passaged three times were used in the experiment.
After trypsinization for 2 min, exponential phase cells were prepared into a 5 × 104 cells/ml cell suspension, seeded in 96-well plates at 180 μl per well, cultured for 24 h, and then added with different concentrations (1g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L) of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts. Five replicate wells were set up for each concentration. Meanwhile, control group was added with an equivalent volume of culture medium. After culturing in 5% CO2 incubator for additional 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, 30 μl of MTT solution (5g/L) was added to each well on the third day, and the cultivation was continued for 4 more h. Then supernatant was discarded, each well was added with 150 μl of DMSO, and shaken for 10 min. Absorbance of each well was measured at 490 nm with microplate reader, and inhibition rate was calculated for cells in each group.
Inhibition rate = (A value of negative control group - A value of treatment group) / A value of negative control group × 100%.
MTT assay results showed that different doses of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts (1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L) could all inhibit the proliferation of SGC7901 cells after acting for 24 ~ 72 h. Moreover, the anti-proliferative effect of the ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts became increasingly evident with the increase of drug concentration and prolongation of incubation time. At test doses, cell viability declined continuously with increasing dose; and at the same concentration, cell viability declined continuously over time. In particular, after 72 h of drug intervention, SGC7901 cell inhibition rate reached 88.6% in the high dose group, which was statistically different from the control group, as shown Figure 1.
Logarithmic phase SGC-7901 cells were trypsinized, prepared into a 5 × 104 cell suspension, and cultured under 37°C, 5% CO2 and saturated humidity conditions for 24 h. Then cells were collected, and added with different concentrations (1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L) of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts and treated for 72 h. Five replicate wells were set up for each group. Next, cells were collected, prepared into single cell suspension, and centrifuged at 2,000 r/min for 5 min. Afterwards, supernatant was discarded, and the remaining cells were washed 3 times with PBS, and fixed in 70% precooled ethanol at 4°C for 12 h, then washed with PBS twice, and PI stained in an ice bath for 30 min. Finally, changes in the cell cycle after drug intervention were analyzed by flow cytometry.
Flow cytometry results revealed that the ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts had very significant effects on cell cycle distribution of SGC-7901 cells. Compared with the control group, with the increasing concentration of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts, the proportion of S phase SGC-7901 cells increased from 18.46% in the control group to 36.35%, while the proportion of G2/ M phase cells decreased significantly from 29.27% in the control group to 11.93%. This suggests that the ethanol extracts of ginger Pinellia can arrest SGC-7901 cells in S phase. Compared with the control group, G2/M phase cells decreased, while the percentage of S phase cells increased, presenting a marked time-dose-response relationship, as shown Table 3.
Logarithmic phase SGC-7901 cells were seeded in 6-well plates at 5 × 104/ml for growth on slides. Well growing, rapidly dividing, morphologically normal cells without cytoplasmic granules were collected, and cultured with medium containing ginger Pinellia ethanol extract (concentration of 3 g/L) for 24 h, then observed under an inverted microscope.
At high magnification, after culturing with medium containing ginger Pinellia ethanol extract (concentration of 3 g/L) for 24 h, the SGC-7901 cells in the control group: were grown firmly adherent, which were bright, clear, refractive and fully stretched, with intact membrane and uniform cytoplasmic distribution. In comparison, cells in the ginger Pinellia ethanol extract groups: were rounded, with unclear boundary. Secretory granules increased, cellular refraction decreased, and cellular glycogen lowered. Organelle swelling and liquefaction degeneration of cytoplasm were present. In addition, mitochondria decreased, with only residual organelle fragments visible.
Traditional Chinese medicine Pinellia ternata, as an antiemetic, plays an important role in clinical practice in China .
In the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition, four extract varieties of Pinellia ternata are included, they are: unprocessed Pinellia, liquorice processed Pinellia, ginger processed Pinellia, and alum processed Pinellia. Extraction procedure of ginger processed Pinellia is as follows: soak clean Pinellia ternata in water until completely moist, then remove; decoct ginger slices, add alum and Pinellia ternata and boil out, then remove and air dry, or air dry half and dry; or slice and dry .
In this study, the degrees of influence of licorice concentrating volume, lime water addition and extraction temperature on ginger Pinellia extraction efficiency are given full consideration. The influence of each level of each factor on ginger Pinellia extraction efficiency is determined through orthogonal experiment. The experimental results show that the degrees of influence of factors on ginger Pinellia extraction results are lime water addition>licorice concentrating volume>extraction temperature in descending order. Based on the orthogonal results and range analysis, the optimal extraction process of ginger Pinellia is identified as licorice concentrating volume of 300 ml, lime water addition of 80, and extraction temperature of 50°C. In addition to the toxicity to mucous membranes, Pinellia ternata mainly acts on organs of liver, intestines and kidneys; besides, it also has strong toxicity and teratogenicity to embryos. After extraction, Pinellia ternata's mucous membrane irritating effect decreases significantly, which has thus gained broader clinical application.
Cell cycle refers to the process of cell proliferation in which cells produce colonies that resemble themselves through division. The period from the beginning of one cell division to the beginning of the next is called a cell cycle, which is divided into four phases: G1 phase, the phase before DNA synthesis; S phase, DNA synthesis phase; G2 phase, the phase after DNA synthesis; and M phase, mitotic phase . According to modern oncology studies, an increasing number of tumors cause excessive cell growth and reproduction by unbalancing the cell cycle, thereby resulting in dissimilation [5, 8, 9].
In the experiment on anti-proliferative activity of ginger Pinellia on SGC7901 cells, different doses of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts (1 g/L, 2 g/L, 3 g/L) can all inhibit the proliferation of SGC7901 cells after acting for 24 ~ 72 h. Moreover, the anti-proliferative effect becomes increasingly evident with the increase of drug concentration and prolongation of incubation time. At test doses, cell viability declines continuously with increasing dose.
In addition, ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts also have very significant effects on cell cycle distribution of SGC-7901 cells. Compared with the control group, with the increasing concentration of ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts, the proportion of S phase SGC-7901 cells increases from 18.46% in the control group to 36.35%, while the proportion of G2/M phase cells decreases significantly from 29.27% in the control group to 11.93%. This suggests that the ethanol extracts of ginger Pinellia can arrest SGC- 7901 cells in S phase. Clearly, ginger Pinellia ethanol extracts can achieve the therapeutic goal of suppressing tumor activity by affecting cell cycle progression.
Cao LJ, Han C, Wang SH. A study on extraction process of Pinelliaternata. Tianjin Pharmacy 2011; 23: 56-57.
Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2010 edition Vol. I: 111-112.
Fitzgerald TL, Bradley CJ, Dahman B, Zervos EE. Gastrointestinal Malignancies: When Does Race Matter. Am CollSurg 2009; 209: 645-652.
GUI MW, WEI PK, LU Y. Effects of XiaotanSanjie Decoction-containing serum on proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer cells MKN-45. Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine 2010; 8: 250-255.
Hartwell LH, Kastan MB. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994; 266: 1821-1824.
Mao ZC, Peng ZS. Progress on research of Pinelliaternata. Jiangxi Science2002; 20: 42-46.
Mijatovic T, Jungwirth U, Heffeter P, Hoda MAR, Dornetshuber R, Kiss R, Berger W. The Na+/K+-ATPase is the Achilles Heel of multi-drug-resistant cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 282: 30-34.
Ngeow J, Tan IB, Choo SP. Targeted therapies in the treatment of gastric cancer. Asia Pac J ClinOncol 2011; 7: 224-235.
Sherr CJ. Cancer cell cycle. Science1996; 274: 1672-1677.
Tsuburaya A, Hayashi T, Arai T,Asaka M. Current status of treatment for elderly patients with gastric cancer. GanTo Kagaku Ryoho 2010; 37: 2817-2822.
Williams GH, Stoeber K. The cell cycle and cancer. J Pathol 2012; 226: 352-355.
Xu JK, Zhang TL, Yi GQ, Xu Y, Wu HH, Pei YH. Isolation and structure elucidation of chemical constituents from Pinelliaternata. Journal of Shenyang Pharmaceutical University 2010; 27: 429-434.
Xu XY. Clinical observation on treating Chroniccervistis by Banxia. Chinese Journal of the Practical Chinese with Modern Medicine2001; 1: 22-25. | {
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Regular maintenance of lawn mower can go a long way towards enhancing the performance of the equipment, especially with the difficult conditions landscapers face and the long hours spent mowing in the field. Doing simple tasks such as reading operator's manual, oiling parts, changing oil and keeping your machine clean, can greatly help boost up its performance. Below are top 12 lawn mower maintenance tips that boost up performance.
Read the operator's manual to understand the criteria of adding gasoline and oil into your machine. When retiring the mower for the season, consider using a fuel stabilizer to prevent water and gasoline from separating. A stabilizer helps oil stay in good condition until you start using the machine the following season.
Leaving your equipment outside even overnight can lead to premature wear. The machine is likely to corrode, which eventually leads to rusting. Always dry up the machine to remove all the traces of water before storing.
Maintaining tire pressure is vital for prolonging the lifespan of your lawn mower. Always check the tire pressure before using the machine.
When grass clipping accumulates under the deck, the residue formed is difficult remove unless it is chiseled out. You should clean the deck regularly to prevent this particular problem.
Always keep monitoring the oil level. Check whether there is any floating debris or contaminated oil. Old oil should be drained and replaced with clean one.
Dirty or clogged air filter makes the machine not to work properly. It also leads to gas not burning efficiently. Most of the lawn mowers have foam or paper air filters, which are easily accessed. So, replace them if need be.
Spark plug is crucial in the functioning of your machine. This part is easy and inexpensive to replace. Consider changing it every year to ensure easy start of your mower.
Mower blades encounter a lot of barriers, such as rocks, large branches and other hidden objects. If the blade is dull, it will only be ripping or tearing grass instead of cutting. So, you should consider sharpening it for an efficient job. You can do it yourself using a metal file or take to a lawn mower repair shop for proper sharpening.
Specialists say that old gasoline can make the machine not to start. So, consider draining it all and replacing with fresh one in the spring.
Greasing is vital. Oiling prevents metallic parts from rubbing against each other. When there is friction, the machine encounters extreme wear.
If your mower produces strange sound while in use, know automatically there is a problem. Thus, consider calling an expert.
An expert will inspect your machine thoroughly and identify problems, if any. The professional will be able to replace air filters and spark plugs to ensure the machine runs smoothly.
Most of the problems with lawn mowers can be prevented by simply following the guidelines in the operator's manual. There, you will learn what you should do and should not do. Regular maintenance checks, which include replacing oil and air filters as specified in the operator's manual, can keep your machine working in good condition. | {
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Q: youtube-api-v3-search вместе с discord.js У меня есть музыкальный дискорд бот, который должен искать видео на ютуб по команде
*add <link or key-words>
*add + ссылка - работает
А при попытке искать видео, с помощью youtube-api-v3-search выдает ошибку:
Calling `ytdl.getInfo` with a callback will be removed in a near future release. Use async/await.
/home/adrian/node_modules/ytdl-core/lib/util.js:261
throw Error(`No video id found: ${link}`);
^
Error: No video id found: test
at Object.exports.getURLVideoID.link [as getURLVideoID] (/home/adrian/node_modules/ytdl-core/lib/util.js:261:11)
at Object.exports.getVideoID.str [as getVideoID] (/home/adrian/node_modules/ytdl-core/lib/util.js:285:20)
at Object.exports.(anonymous function) [as getInfo] (/home/adrian/node_modules/ytdl-core/lib/info.js:320:19)
at Function.exports.(anonymous function) [as getInfo] (/home/adrian/node_modules/ytdl-core/lib/info.js:316:29)
at Object.add (/home/adrian/Projects/SDC-56-3/bot.js:34:6)
at Client.client.on.msg (/home/adrian/Projects/SDC-56-3/bot.js:20:177)
at Client.emit (events.js:198:13)
at MessageCreateAction.handle (/home/adrian/node_modules/discord.js/src/client/actions/MessageCreate.js:31:14)
at Object.module.exports [as MESSAGE_CREATE] (/home/adrian/node_modules/discord.js/src/client/websocket/handlers/MESSAGE_CREATE.js:4:32)
at WebSocketManager.handlePacket (/home/adrian/node_modules/discord.js/src/client/websocket/WebSocketManager.js:384:31)
Код:
'add': (msg) => {
let url = msg.content.split(' ')[1];
if (url == '' || url === undefined) return msg.channel.send(`Необходимо добавить ссылку на YouTube видео или ID после ${config.prefix}add`);
yt.getInfo(url, (err, info) => {
if (err) {
// Сообщение после команды *add
var args = msg.content.slice(config.prefix.length).trim().split(" ");
args.splice(0, 2);
var mesg = args.join(" ");
// Помещаем запрос в параметр для поиска
var options = {
q: mesg,
part: 'snippet',
type: 'video'
};
// Сам поиск
searchYoutube(config.youtube_api_key, options, function (err, result) {
if (err) {
console.log(err + " |-------|-------| " + JSON.stringify(info));
} else {
url = result.items[0].id.videoId;
yt.getInfo(url, (err, info) => {
if (!err) {
if (!queue.hasOwnProperty(msg.guild.id)) queue[msg.guild.id] = {}, queue[msg.guild.id].playing = false, queue[msg.guild.id].songs = [];
queue[msg.guild.id].songs.push({url: url, title: info.title, requester: msg.author.username});
msg.channel.send("Добавлено в очередь: ```"+info.title+"```");
}
});
}
});
} else {
if (!queue.hasOwnProperty(msg.guild.id)) queue[msg.guild.id] = {}, queue[msg.guild.id].playing = false, queue[msg.guild.id].songs = [];
queue[msg.guild.id].songs.push({url: url, title: info.title, requester: msg.author.username});
msg.channel.send("Добавлено в очередь: ```"+info.title+"```");
}
});
}
Что пошло не так?
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According to several e-mails, since Jackson had converted to Islam, his life was very different than before. He often looked uncomfortable in different places. Maybe people are overly worried that the Islam religion will spread among the King of Pop's followers.
Looking at his life and the peace of mind that his brother (Jermaine) had after embracing Islam, MJ had created an uproar at a press conference in 1989.
"I have seen Islam in my brother, I have read books about Islam and one day I want to feel the calmness and peace of Islam"
Since then, disasters came one by one. MJ was accused of allegedly molesting a child, and others. MJ had to live like a refugee in England. So we can see that many are indeed not happy with this singer. The day before MJ's death said was the day before MJ was to deliver songs from the "Islamic" religion in his first reality show.
Here are the results of the autopsy performed on Michael Jackson's body.
The singer was actually staying bone or skin and bones, and there was no food in his stomach but pills.
Thighs, hips, and shoulders contained needle punctures which was believed to be narcotic painkillers. The injection was given three times a day and had been going on for many years.
There also appeared to be the possibility of 13 cosmetic operations.
MJ had a height of 5 feet 10 inches (178.8 cm) and passed away with a "very lean" which is about 53 kg.
He reportedly did not have hair anymore. When he died, he was wearing a wig and hair on his scalp are low.
The scalp above his left ear was completely bald and had scars. Possibility the wound is due to an accident in 1984 when Michael Jackson's hair was on fire while filming an ad for Pepsi.
At the funeral it was also found that he had a broken rib, and it was probably due to his chest crushed from when people were trying to help prevent him from having a heart attack.
There are four injections contains in MJ's body. There is a possibility that the injection containing adrenaline was injected directly into the heart. Three injections penetrated the heart wall and caused damage. One other injection missed and even hit his ribs.
There was a bruise on Michael Jackson's knee and the two bones broken. The autopsies did not succeed in finding out the cause of the wound.
There were wounds from sharp objects on his back which is a sign that he had just fallen.
The "King of pop music" also had a face full of plastic surgery.
The post-mortem also found excessive doses of Demerol and Methadone that disabled MJ's body. "Xanax" was also found in very high doses greater than the maximum permitted dose.
Meanwhile, the effect of Fentanyl, Vicodin, Valium, and Ambien doses were found, and Propofol in low doses. The results of the toxicology or poison inspection will determine the direction of the police investigation over the death of Michael Jackson. From where and from whom all of these drugs were supplied to Michael Jackson? Did Michael Jackson really know all of his medications? Hmm, a question mark.
Many people think based on this autopsy, Michael Jackson's death was a homicide. Someone should be responsible for the his death. Although the person was not found, they will receive punishment in the afterlife. | {
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Q: Flatten an array of objects containing key\values Say I have the follow array of objects storing a single key\value pair:
var someArray = [
{foo: 1},
{bar: 2}
];
I would like to flatten this array into a single object, where each key from the original objects become a property of the new single object like so:
someObject = {
foo: 1,
bar: 2
}
I will always have unique keys, and only ever one key\value pairing.
I know if I loop over the array in a foreach, then I can only access the index and value of the item, e.g.
0: {foo: 1}
I want to be able to loop over, and when accessing the item read the key and value separately so I can append onto my new object.
I feel like lodash should be able to help here, but I'm struggling to find whic of their methods could help.
Can someone point me in the right direction?
Thanks
A: No need for lodash here you can just use Object.assign() and spread syntax.
var someArray = [
{foo: 1},
{bar: 2}
];
var obj = Object.assign({}, ...someArray)
console.log(obj)
You can also use apply instead of spread syntax
var obj = Object.assign.apply({}, someArray)
var someArray = [
{foo: 1},
{bar: 2}
];
var obj = Object.assign.apply({}, someArray)
console.log(obj)
A: You could iterate and use Object.assign to get a new object with all properties.
var someArray = [{ foo: 1 }, { bar: 2 }],
result = someArray.reduce(function (r, a) {
return Object.assign(r, a);
}, {});
console.log(result);
A: This can be done quickly using reduce and Object assign:
var someArray = [
{foo: 1},
{bar: 2}
];
var result = someArray.reduce((acc, obj) => Object.assign(acc, obj), {})
console.log(result)
.as-console-wrapper { max-height: 100% !important; top: 0; }
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The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London
The work The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Boston University Libraries. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.
The Resource The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London
Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London
Stock, Richard, 1569?-1626
Funeral sermons
Funeral sermons -- Early works to 1800
Harington of Exton, John Harington, Baron, 1592-1614
Sermons, English
Sermons, English -- 17th century
Citation location within source
STC (2nd ed.)
.U58
patent document
Context of The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London
The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London, (electronic resource)
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Data Citation of the Work The churches lamentation for the losse of the godly : Deliuered in a sermon, at the funerals of that truly noble and hopefull yong gentleman, Iohn Lord Harington, baron of Exton, knight of the noble Order of the Bath, and his Maiesties lieutenant of the county of Rutland, at Exton in Rutland, the last day of March 1614. Together with a patterne of piety, and the power of godlinesse expressed in his life and death, who yielded to nature the 27. of February 1613 when hee wanted two moneths of twenty two yeeres. By Richard Stocke, pastor of Alhollowes-Breadstreet in London | {
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As millions of Americans continue to struggle with the financial burden of debt, more and more consumers are looking to credit counseling to find a real way out of debt. Credit counseling allows consumers to consolidate debt into one low monthly payment, regardless of their credit scores. With reduced interest rates on their unsecured debts, consumers can reduce debt quickly – often getting out of debt in just five to seven years, instead of the few decades it would take using traditional payment methods.
One of the main benefits of credit counseling is the fact that it allows a consumer to consolidate debt even if they have bad credit. Most consolidation options require you to have good credit in order to qualify at the right interest rate. By contrast, your credit scores are not a factor for enrolling in a debt management program through a credit counseling agency. Since the credit counselor negotiates with creditors and acts on your behalf, your credit scores are not a factor in getting approved for the program.
Although this make a debt management program a more accessible debt consolidation options versus other debt solutions for a wider range of consumers, it also leads other consumers to be concerned over the affect credit counseling will have on their credit scores moving forward. If your credit scores have not yet been affected by your financial hardship and are still high, you may have a concern that a debt management program will negatively impact your credit rating.
In truth, there is no credit penalty for paying your debts back on the adjusted payment schedule you get with a debt management program. In the U.S. credit system, creditors do not penalize you for paying debts on a different schedule – as long as you pay back everything you owe. As a result, as long as you make the payments to the program on time, you can use a debt management program through a credit counseling agency without incurring any credit penalty.
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Connie Solidad has been writing about finances and debt consolidation for years. She's an expert in the industry and writes about credit counseling and debt management options. When Connie is not working, she loves playing with her two dogs in Tampa, Florida. To learn more about debt consolidation counseling refer to ConsolidatedCredit.org. | {
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On Wednesday morning in Dubai, entrants for the $12 million Dubai World Cup (G1) and its rich undercard were at Meydan Racecourse on the main track, a few hours before the post position draw. In stark contrast with earlier in the week, rain fell during training hours with temperatures in the mid 70's. The races will be run Saturday evening (Saturday morning in North America), with the World Cup going to post at 9:40pm local time (1:40pm ET). In North America the full card will be broadcast live on TVG in the U.S. and HPI-TV in Canada. In addition, NBC Sports Network's show will start at 12:30pm.
Here are photos and comments for 15 horses that were out Wednesday morning. Please click the smaller photos to see a larger version.
Audible (Dubai World Cup) galloped twice around under Amelia Green. "He's one of these horses where it's difficult to get a handle on in the race and he can fool you in the mornings," said Jack Wolf of Starlight Racing, which co-owns Audible along with China Horse Club, WinStar Farm, Head of Plains Partners. "In the Pegasus, even though he had a little run at the end, I think he took the worst part of the track. Hopefully we can draw a line through the Pegasus and hope that he shows up. He really is a durable, hard-working horse."
Dolkong (Dubai World Cup) cantered Wednesday morning under regular work rider Lizzie Stubbington. Connections continue to be upbeat about the 5-year-old's chances of returning home with some prize-money. "We're really happy with how he is. He's relaxed, but he's in top shape," trainer Simon Foster said. "He will have a swim before he goes back to his stable. Might just swim tomorrow and do something light on the training track on Friday. We have done everything we can do with him and he has responded every time. It would be great if he draws a good gate later this morning."
Gunnevera (Dubai World Cup) had another leg stretch around the dirt track this morning and trainer Antonio Sano's son and assistant Alex said: "He went half a lap jogging the opposite way and then did a lap and a half again - the first lap he did in a slow gallop then finished the final half in an open gallop style. "My father was here this morning (wearing gray vest) to supervise the training, he arrived last night from Miami. He's very happy to see how the horse is performing and that he travelled well. He has a lot of confidence in this year's race."
KT Brave (Dubai World Cup) was out first thing on the dirt track this morning and clocked his final breeze in preparation for the race, going 5f in 59.6, finishing up with an 11.3 final 1/8 under exercise rider Yosuke Fusano. "Upon his arrival in Dubai, he was tense and did not eat well, but once he started to settle himself into his surroundings then his appetite came back. I breezed today as planned," said his trainer Haruki Sugiwaya, "His regular jockey (Yuichi Fukunaga, who will not ride him in Dubai due an engagement in Japan) has told me the dirt at Meydan will likely suit him. Based on his gallop this morning, he seems to cope with the surface well and I can agree with Yuichi. He can race on the pace or off, so hopefully he gets a good draw and gets to runs his race."
Pavel (Dubai World Cup) came onto the dirt track at 5:00 a.m, where he first walked behind the stalls and then went for a jog. Leandro Mora, Doug O'Neill's assistant, was positively beaming when he said: "I was very happy that he went out and jogged. It was a test, as he worked the day before yesterday and actually this morning it made my day as I was very happy with what I saw. I'm very pleased with it. I put Pavel through the stalls, which is just a routine. I mean, he has been through them already last year, so he knows them."
Seeking the Soul (Dubai World Cup) came out for an easy gallop under regular rider Pedro Velez and maintained the same routine he has had since arriving March 20. "He's had a lot of good days since he got here and today (Wednesday) was just another one of them," trainer Dallas Stewart said. "It got nice and cool right before he trained and he looked like he really enjoyed it. He's hitting the ground good. His attitude is great. He walked back to the barn looking happy with what he's doing."
Imperial Hint (Golden Shaheen) galloped on Wednesday. "He's great," trainer Luis Carvajal Jr. said. "So far everything couldn't be better. It's been great since the day we got here. You always get nervous shipping, but I couldn't be happier."
Promises Fulfilled (Golden Shaheen) emerged shortly after 7:00 a.m. under exercise rider Heather Smullen and galloped over the Meydan dirt track two days after putting in his final serious work in advance of the Golden Shaheen. "He was moving well and came back sharp," Smullen said. Trained by Dale Romans and owned by Robert Baron, Promises Fulfilled has thrived since cutting back to sprint distances following an off-the-board effort in the 2018 Kentucky Derby (G1). The chestnut colt won three of his last four starts of his sophomore campaign, including a victory in the H. Allen Jerkens Stakes (G1) at Saratoga last August 25. When he won the Phoenix Stakes (G2) at Keeneland in October, he became the only member of last year's 3-year-old male dirt division to defeat older horses in a graded stakes.
Derma Louvre (UAE Derby) worked 4f in 57.0, final furlong in 12.0 on Tuesday, and came out for a jog on Wednesday. "He has settled into the new surroundings well and is an imposing horse even though he is still just a 3-year-old. I worked him this morning and my impression was the dirt should suit him, because he was able to move easily over it without issue," trainer Hirofumi Toda said. "It was a bit dark first thing this morning and there were lots of media around the turns, but he was luckily able to focus on training. I won't work him too much during the week as we prepped him well in Japan before arrival. We will just be maintaining his condition and stretching his legs."
Good Curry (Godolphin Mile) galloped Wednesday. Trainer Bayram Kocakaya said, "He hadn't run for a long time before he came to Meydan and he was a bit fresh. He finished fourth and after that race we worked him a bit more and then he finished second in the Group 3, but it was a record race. The winner was great. Now he is going to step up again. It will be even stronger. We will try. We are happy with him. He was drawn 10, which is OK. He is ridden by the champion jockey in Turkey who knows him well."
Ibn Malik (Godolphin Mile) comes here off a 7th place finish in the Burj Nahaar (G3) the main local prep for the Godolphin Mile. He drew post 7 and will have Tadhg O'Shea in the irons for trainer Musabbeh al Mheiri.
True Timber (Godolphin Mile) took to the Meydan dirt track after 7:00 a.m. for a light gallop under exercise rider Robert Massey. Assistant trainer Neal McLaughlin said, "He's settled in really well. He had a great flight over and is full of energy and eating well. The first day or two we were in the quarantine, he was ready to get out and do something. He did a gallop of about a mile and a half (2400m), just a slow canter. We're happy with the draw (three) and I think it will suit us well. There's some speed in the race, and I think we'll be stalking from a good position."
Platinum Warrior (Dubai Gold Cup) galloped Wednesday under exercise rider Javier Mesa. Trainer John Sadler said by phone from Santa Anita, "It's impossible for me to get there. Due to scheduling changes here at Santa Anita, I'm now running five horses in stakes races here this coming weekend and I've got another four in stakes the following weekend. My understanding is that he's scheduled to come back to America after the race. Hopefully, he'll be in the Breeders' Cup Turf here at Santa Anita. He's a group winner in Europe and so far he's shown himself to be a good horse."
Al Zahir (Kahayla Classic) drew the rail for Saturday's Kahayla Classic. Jim Crowley gets the call for trainer Ali Rashid Al Rayhi. He comes here off a 4th place finish in the Emirates Championship (G1) at Abu Dhabi on March 15.
Tallaab Al Khalediah (Kahayla Classic), defending champion of the Kahayla Classic, drew post 12. Jockey Juan Ospina will be in the irons for trainer Muosa Almasaodi. | {
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This is my first time on your blog. It looks great! Keep up the good work!
Hello! I teach in an International language school in San Francisco. We are one of the only industries around who aren't struggling in this recession. The students come from all over Europe and Asia, and as their home economies bounce all over the place the demand for English continue to climb. Great ESL blog- thanks!
Thanks for this interesting post. So far, I'll have to agree that when it comes to English learning here in Quebec, Canada, it's still pretty much in demand and seemingly recession proof...we'll see. | {
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Tell Me Thy Name – Part the Third
January 3, 2021 by Sam Matteson
Down the Rabbit Hole of Genetic Genealogy
I came to this investigation of my ancestors as a complete novice in the areas of genealogy and genetics. Now after a few months of study and effort, I am better informed—although still not an expert. Fortunately, there are services available to help which are at the same time accessible and powerful. The two that I have most successfully employed are 23andMe.com and Ancestry.com. These applications are complementary and provide slightly different information at a modest price (approximately $100 for the basic DNA analysis).
The former (23andMe) is focused primarily on health and general ancestral origins with only a few tools for genealogical research. Nevertheless, I was able to identify common ancestors with many individuals with their gracious help. In particular, I was able to identify specific genetic markers that suggest an Estimated Recent Shared Ancestor (ERSAs) among various subgroups of the nearly 1500 individuals (in each application) with whom I share significant lengths of DNA. Likewise using Ancestry.com, I identified relatives near and distant whose existence has helped answer genealogical questions that have been mysteries for decades. But more about that later. First I must provide a simple primer on the essentials of genetic science for a general audience. If readers are already familiar with the topic he or she may wish to skip ahead to the subsequent sections. But they will miss the fun of what I have learned in recent days.
Electron micrograph of human chromosomes. Photo borrowed from https://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~frist/PLNT3140/index.html University of Manitoba, PLNT 3140 Introductory Cytogenetics – 2020 ; Authors: Dr. B. Fristensky and N. Brie
How We Become Who We Are
I, like most folk, came to the topic of genetics with a vague appreciation that the "blueprint" of how to assemble a human is stored in the genetic molecule DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid). What I did not appreciate is how this very long double helical molecule (approximately two meters long if unraveled) is managed and stuffed into a tiny cell by the machinery of life. I learned that the DNA of humans is divided into 46 separate bundles bound up in 23 pairs. These pieces are the chromosomes. In the micrograph above we can see the image of some chromosomes. They are of different lengths and are "diploid," that is, they exist in pairs that are held together at a point on their length so that they resemble microscopic "exes."
Humans are eukaryotic creatures; that is, all their DNA is lumped in pieces of various length inside the nuclei of their cells. More specifically, the nuclei of human cells contain 22 so-called autosomal chromosome pairs (numbered 1 to 22), and one pair of sex chromatids (designated X and Y and normally paired XX in females or XY in males). In the process of producing offspring, the gametes—the sperm and ovum—combine to pass on DNA derived from the parents. The 22 autosomal chromosomes and the sex chromosome are thus a 50%-50% combination of DNA derived from Mom and from Dad.
The process must be a little more complicated than this, of course, or there would be an accumulation of genetic material in each successive generation. In a process called meiosis, the chromosome pairs split in half before the formation of each "haploid" gamete, containing half the number of chromosomes of the normal cell. Thus, only half of the genetic material from each parent is inserted, respectively, into the sperm or ovum and then passed down to the next generation in the fertilized zygote. Problem solved.
But wait, there's more—of course. Prior to meiosis the paired chromatids (that originated in the generation of the grandparents, the respective parents of mother and father) have undergone a mixing process called recombination by crossover. While the autosomal chromatids are still joined by a bundle of fibers called the centromere, the chromosomes in Mom and in Dad, prior to conception and prior to meiosis, can do some microscopic genetic acrobatics and flip to the other half so that when the chromosome ultimately splits into two halves, the genetic information becomes a mixture of the previous generation.
Ultimately the fertilized zygote will inherit half of its DNA from father and half from mother. Therefore, in the foregoing marvelous mechanism of biological engineering a mixture of traits inherited by our parents from their parents (our grandparents) gets passed on to us in a fleshly lottery. Because of the random sorting we share about (but rarely exactly) 25% of our DNA with each of our four grandparents and 50% of our parental DNA. On average the contribution to our genetic identity from each ancestor is diluted by a factor about ½ in each generation. This kind of delightful combinatorics arithmetic delights my physicist's mind but leaves most folk cold. Considering a graphic representation (see figure 2) however may help communicate the beauty of this reality.
A schematic presentation of the 'cloud of ancestors' who contribute to our identity by descent. In each antecedent generation the number of ancestors is doubled. Each person has 2 parents with 50% DNA from each, 4 grandparents with approximately 25% inherited from each the next circle. Great grandparents number 8 and contribute approximately 12% each to our genetic identity. We derive from the 16 Great-great (2x great) grandparents who contribute approximately 6% to our individual genetic uniqueness.
Suffice it to say that we can estimate (with increasing uncertainty the more distant the relation) the relatedness of two individuals just from the amount of DNA that they share (See a plot of the experimentally determined fraction of shared DNA in unique segments as derived from the Shared CM Project, https://dnapainter.com/tools/sharedcmv4. Check out a detailed explanation at https://www.familysearch.org/blog/en/centimorgan-chart-understanding-dna/ ). The fewer the generations since we have a common ERSA (Estimated Recent Shared Ancestor) the greater will be (on average) the amount of our shared DNA.
A logarithmic plot of the experimentally-determined fraction of the unique 6800 cM (or 7400 cM in some analyses) segments of DNA that are shared between related individuals. (A cM or centiMorgan is a measure of the length of shared DNA.). The Degree of Relatedness is computed by counting up a family tree to the ERSA (Estimated Recent Shared Ancestor) and then down to the relative. If there are two common ancestors the degree is reduced by one. Thus, half third cousins (who share a single 2x great-grandparent) have a degree of relatedness of 8, four generations each to the ERSA. These half third cousins (½ -3C), on average, share about 0.7% or about 48 cM of their DNA. The amount can vary, however, from zero to over twice that amount.
I should point out that all humans share 99.9% of the same DNA, that is, we are 1000 times more alike than we are different. In contrast consider that our most closely related primate cousins, chimpanzees and bonobos, each share only 98.7% of the base pair sequences (the amino acids abbreviated ATGC, for adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine) found in humans, albeit the apes have 24 chromosome pairs, one more than humans. Even though we humans differ by such a minuscule fraction of the 3 billion base pairs in our personal genome, 30 million disparate bases pairs are sufficient to distinguish us and make us genetically uniquely individual.
A Little Practice in Genetic Genealogy
Population geneticists have identified DNA sequences that are characteristic of various people groups. These sequences permit classification of human DNA sample by what are called "haplogroups" and allow an admixture analysis. For example, I descend—via my paternal line running through Henry Matteson (1642) who immigrated to Rhode Island in about 1666—from a gentleman who lived in Europe about 10,000 years ago. The web site 23andMe informs me that one in about 140 of their male subscribers have this haplotype, namely R-L48.
Despite the relative commonality of this haplotype, I discovered a male relative whose surname differed from that shared by me and my brother (who also bears the R-L48 haplotype). Documentary genealogical research revealed, however, that my genetic cousin's great grandfather changed his name during the Civil War from Tobias S. Matteson to the name of a disabled comrade of his Pennsylvania regiment, possibly to avoid being conscripted a second time after his discharge due to wounds. Tracing his pedigree back further uncovered that indeed my cousin is a descendant of the very same 7x great grandfather the patriarch Henry Matteson, called "The Immigrant." Our families diverged about 360 years ago, but was exposed by a persistent genetic marker.
The combination of genetics and documentary genealogy is a powerful duo. In the interim since I last posted I have also helped my future son-in-law find the identity of his birth parents. While treasuring his deceased but beloved adoptive parents, he hoped to learn more about his physical heritage that he could share with his own biological children. In a relatively straightforward and surprisingly rapid investigation, I identified one of his DNA matches as a half-brother. Moreover, my son-in-law shared DNA with other descendants of a woman whose maiden name appeared on his birth record. By good fortune, another close match with a half-niece suggested the identity of his biological father. Using the method of genetic "triangulation" in which one identifies the individuals who share DNA segments with two other individuals we were able to build up a detailed family tree many generations deep. The code in Ancestry.com then matches up potential cousins from their crowd-shared family trees. In the process I was able to identify scores of living relatives and help him and his children connect with his previously unknown family. It was "straightforward" because the relationships were close. In contrast, in the case of our Miley investigation only third or fourth cousins who are independently descended from the mysterious 2x Great Grandfather Miley remain alive after about 180 years. We anticipate that we will share about 0.5% – 0.7% DNA with any surviving cousins.
The first issue we chose to address was the veracity of the family story that a "Miley" was James Marion Moates' father. Of course, Rachel appears in the 1850 census next door to the Noah Moates family in Eucheanna, Florida and is listed as "Rachel Miley," Head of Household. So the documentary evidence proves that she claimed Mr. Miley as her spouse, although no known record of a marriage exists. Originally, I submitted my sputum sample to 23andMe as did my brother and sister. Within a few months we had over a thousand DNA matches. Among those there were three whose last name was "Miley." I contacted these individuals and with their help reconstructed their family trees back through sons of Robert David Miley (1762) and Elizabeth Goodman (1761) of Barnwell County, South Carolina. The closest relative of these was a descendant of William Goodman Miley (1812), an Alabama pioneer planter who lived down the road from the Moates clan in the period 1840-1847. The DNA match was consistent with a third cousin relationship, the sharing of a 2x great grandfather. Further genetic triangulation identified individuals who appear to share William Goodman Miley as an ERSA, consistent with his position as a 2x great grandfather of me and my siblings. What is more, over time I was able to identify over 100 other individuals who share Miley DNA who are not descended from the Moates line.
Therefore, the DNA evidence is compelling that my Great-great granddaddy is indeed a Miley-Goodman, a son of Robert and Elizabeth.
23andMe Miley Segment
What I learned from 23andMe was that I had inherited (presumably from my mother) a rather long segment of DNA on my 12th Chromosome that is shared by many descendants of Robert Miley (1762). In the figure below we see the segments shared by me and my siblings with a descendant of William Goodman Miley. One should note that my brother does not share the Chromosome 12 marker. In the genetic lottery he did not inherit this part of my grandfather's Miley segment. This observation suggests that this present day and generation are our last best chance of solving the mystery of the Miley. Before the last few years accessible DNA analyses were unavailable. Moreover, the amount of DNA also becomes diluted in each successive generation and the difficulty of identifying relatives becomes more problematic. So the time is ripe for this study.
A partial map of the shared genealogically relevant DNA between a descendant TM (half third cousin one removed) of William Goodman Miley, her 2x great grandfather and me (Sam) and my siblings (Cindy and Dale). Note that we all share a short segment of chromosome 9 but my sister and I only have a marker on chromosome 12.
Not wanting to stake such a definitive claim on only one single DNA test, I also submitted a sample to AncestryDNA.com. The results were consistent with the 23andMe data. Among my matches were those of my aunt, my mother's sister, granddaughter of James Marion Moates. Using the family tree builder in Ancestry.com I was able to confirm that nearly 200 DNA-matched individuals are descended from Robert Miley and Elizabeth Goodman and are thus third to fourth cousins. Over twenty of the cousins are directly descended from William Goodman Miley. In the next figure a so-called ancestry.com "Thruline" graphic shows seven of the children of Robert Miley (1762) and the number of identified matches in each line.
Therefore, the genetic genealogical results are unequivocal: I am descended from Robert Miley (as is my Aunt Ann Rowley). What is more, it is highly likely that my great grandfather is indeed William Goodman Miley.
Curiously, I have found no match in my DNA with any descendant of Samuel Miley or Robert Z, Miley, two contemporaries and neighbors of Rachel Moates Miley. While it is possible that the segment(s) that I (and my siblings) inherited from our mother's Moates family was not inherited any of Sam or Bob Miley's offspring, it strains credibility.
Pedigree chart for the author, highlighting his identity by descent from Robert Miley (1762)
The DNA evidence is conclusive that the father of James Marion (Miley) Moates was a son of Robert Miley (1762) and was probably William Goodman Miley (1802).
In the next post we will pull together all the evidence to make a compelling case that William is my ancestor and we will attempt to reconstruct the events surrounding Grandfather Jim's birth. Stay tuned.
Tell Me Thy Name
October 14, 2020 by Sam Matteson
Part The Second: Setting the Stage
The narrative that has captivated my imagination is not only the story of two people, namely Rachel Moates (1823) and an as-yet-unverified partner reputed to bear the surname "Miley," but also it is a saga about family. Actually, it is a tale of two families: the Moates tribe and the Miley Clan. The stage for this drama is a swath of farm land near the often-shifting border between Pike County to the south and east and southern Montgomery County, far from any major city such as Montgomery or Troy. It was the 1840s, less than a decade after my European-American ancestors had dispossessed and evicted the indigenous Muscogee Creek people, removing most of them from the landscape to reservations west of the Mississippi River. Today, like those days of nearly two centuries ago, the landscape was a woodland with fields hacked out that grew subsistence gardens and cash crops of cotton. Transportation was crude, either on horseback, by wagon or buggy, or by "shank's mare," that is, on foot. Thus, a trip of eight miles was an investment of about half a day for the round trip at an average speed of four miles per hours. Therefore, longer trips such as 20-50 miles required overnight lodging or a trail camp before returning. Thus the sections of land of Little Sandy Creek area is the stage for the interaction between the Moates and the Miley families and between Rachel Moates (1823) and Mr. Miley.
1853 Alabama and Georgia map with southern Montgomery County and northern Pike County encircled in red where our story unfolds.
The Moates Clan
Into this wildness the Moates family, led by Noah Moates (1793) and his father William Moates (1760), ventured with their families, immigrating from South Carolina where their Scottish parents had landed in the new world in the century before. [In this narrative I will identify the various characters in this history with their name followed by the year of their birth, since names were frequently recycled in a family, generation upon generation. By this device I hope to minimize one potential pitfall of personal history, anachronistically scrambled genealogies.] William's (1760) forbears had sailed to the Royal Colony of the Carolinas with hundreds of thousands of other Scots, fleeing the British oppression of the Scots following the collapse of the Jacobite rebellion of "forty-five." Subsequently, escaping the ever-more crowded early 19th century Carolinas, William (1760) pushed westward, ultimately settling a half-quarter section (about 80 acres) in the Sandy Creek area in 1828. Over the next seven years the Moates clan, notably Noah, along with his kinsmen from South Carolina, son, William C. Moates (1815), and John T. "Motes" (1796), added to this homestead to build a contiguous enclave comprising the southern three fourths of Township 13 Range 20 Section 6.
Page 207 of the Land Receipt Book for Montgomery County, Alabama recording the receipt of $105.41 cash (equivalent to about $3,125 in 2020 dollars with a current land appraisal of approximately $184,000) from Noah "Moats" for the Southern ½ of the Northeast Quarter of Section Number 6 Township No 13 Range 20 dated January 1, 1833. Also appearing is the record of the purchase of the adjacent 80 acres (the N½ of the NE Quarter) by Mr. Armstrong Mitchell later in the month.
Much of that original property is owned today by the descendant of one of the near neighbors, the Massingill family, who owned the NE quarter of NE quarter of section 6 and other nearby holdings by 1850. Below is an aerial photograph of the land with the boundaries of the Moates holdings superimposed. Note that there remain tantalizing clearings among the hardwood trees where houses may have stood in the antebellum age.
The identity of the neighbors who held contiguous homestead allows us to locate with more precision where the family lived in the various census lists by comparing the names of the neighbors and the locations of their homesteads. It also gives a sense of the immediate community. A Township consisted of thirty sections each a square one mile by one mile, so that these neighbors in the section were a short walk away if one had a practical need or a desire for
Correspondence between modern parcel owned by JRB Holdings LLC and original homestead of Moates enclave. The small creek is known as Little Sandy Creek. It appears in the 1848 land survey.
company. Looking at contemporaneous land surveys (see below) gives me a strange sense of immediacy that dry facts cannot convey. For example, I note with an inward satisfaction that the tract of US Highway 231 (The Troy Highway) follows the same path cutting diagonally across section 6 as did the dirt road that is documented in the 1848 survey. Many field borders still align with the ancient borders of quarter sections.
Noah (1793) had a younger brother, younger by a decade, Jonathan (1803) who also relocated from South Carolina to the Alabama frontier (in the mid-1820s) soon after the state of Alabama was organized in 1819. He married Miss Urquhart, the daughter of one of the Moates' Sandy Creek neighbors. Jonathan settled forty-five miles east in Barbour County between the
1848 Land Survey of Township 13 Range 20. Note the cleared fields, the track of the "Troy Road" and Sandy Creek.
forks of the Choctawhatchee River, about 13 miles east of the Pea River. At that time settlers in Barbour County were still vulnerable to Indian attack, which may explain why Jonathan volunteered for the Alabama militia to fight in the Second Creek War of 1836-37. The conflict terminated at the Battle of Hodby Bridge on the Pea River just a few miles from his farm where the Muscogee Creek insurrectionists were decimated.
The Miley Brothers
The Miley family also held lands in the area in the 1840s. Three brothers had moved to the Alabama frontier after the final subjugation of the Muscogee Confederation in the area in the victory of the European-Americans in the Second Creek War. Three sons of Robert Miley (1762), of South Carolina— elder brother Samuel Miley (1792), William Goodman Miley (1802), and younger brother Robert Z. Miley (1815)—all of whom were born in Barnwell County, South Carolina to Robert (1762) and his first wife Mary Goodman Miley—acquired property in the area, Samuel and William near each other in Montgomery County and Robert a few miles away in Pike County. Later they were joined in Dale/Coffee (the latter county organized in 1841) and Covington County by their half-brother Andrew Barnwell Miley (1818) where William also held a forty acre aliquot of a section near Elba, Alabama. The Miley brothers purchased land near one another and the Moates enclave. Below is an aerial view of the larger area (Google Earth) near the Montgomery County/Pike County border. Several important landmarks are labelled. Notably you will find the farms of Samuel (1792), William G. (1802) and Robert (1815) with the dates of purchase in parentheses in the figure. Other prominent landmarks to notice are Pisgah Primitive Baptist Church founded in 1842. A handsome historical marker stands outside the 1931 structure interpreting the site. It reads in part:
Constituted on August 27, 1842 on this site with six charter members including Moses and Sarah Rushton, Susannah Rushton, William and Emily Miley, and James Gardner. First structure built of logs by master carpenter Jesse Yon on land given by Moses Rushton, who moved to Montgomery County from Orangeburg District S.C.
Thus, William (1802) and his wife "Emily" Emmaline Oentz (aka "Owens") apparently resided in the Sandy Creek area in about 1842. Also note the identification of Briar Hill, Alabama which may have been mis-recalled or misheard to be "Briarville," a place name unknown in the state. The historic Urquhart family cemetery is the final resting place of several of the Urquhart tribe, some in unmarked graves. Perhaps the body of Jonathan's first wife lies beneath the trees there.
The major landmarks in the Miley-Moates incident of 1840. The Moates property is located on the west side of US 231/ AL53 about 27 miles north of Troy near the Athey Rd exit (MM 101) now owned by the Massingill family.
One addition area is relevant to our story. It is metaphorically speaking the "wings" of the stage of our drama. William Goodman Miley (1802) purchased a forty acre tract in what was then Dale County in 1841 (the year the county was established), after appearing in the fifth decennial population census in 1840. His neighbors William Luker and Adam Hardy who both owned homestead near the Miley Coffee County "Elba Place" also appear in the census as nearby households, and therefore confirm his residence near the county seat of Elba. Moreover, the Bethany Primitive Baptist Church in which church records both brother and sister Miley appear. In addition, Andrew (1818) was briefly moderator of the congregation in the 1850s before settling in the Andalusia, Alabama area as long-time pastor of the Bethel Primitive Baptist Church in Babbie, Alabama near Adalusia.
A larger view of the region where our story transpires shows the location of the "Outparcel" of William G. Miley (1802) and family where he was in residence in 1840, the location of Bethany and Bethel Primitive Baptist Churches, and the home of Andrew Miley (1818) and various neighbors.
Now the stage is set. The players are in place. A Miley 2x great grandfather is a possibility for me and my two siblings. In fact, there are many possibilities: Samuel (1792), William Goodman (1802), Robert (1815), or Andrew (1818)—all Mileys. In addition, we must not rule out prematurely other male members of the Miley family, such as eldest sons. But these four are the prime suspects, if indeed the family lore is accurate as far as it goes. Thus, the region was thick with Mileys, as "ticks on a hound" as the saying goes. For progress in resolving this mystery we must turn to other evidence, namely DNA autosomal genetic statistics and a forensic style inquiry that considers means, motive, opportunity, and any other circumstantial evidence. In this way we can identify who is the most likely candidate for our anonymous ancestor and then we will be better equipped to imagine the scenario of James Marion Miley Moates' (1843) nativity. The mystery lies before us. Indeed, quoting Sir Arthur William Conan Doyle's most famous of detectives created in the 1880s we can say, "Let us waste no more time. 'The game is afoot!'"
August 30, 2020 by Sam Matteson
A Historical Inquiry into the Life of James Marion Moates
Part the First
As I walk down the hallway in my Brother Dale's house, a pair of pictures in ornate Victorian frames captures my attention. I examine the Ambrotype of a man. The face that gazes back at me is that of a young groom who at age 23 has already seen much suffering and hardship. As I learn from the notes typed by my mother and affixed to the rear of the frames, this is James Marion (Miley) Moates, my great grandfather. He does not smile, perhaps because of the customary formality of the 1866 wedding portrait, or perhaps it might be more than that. He had seen too much. He was born 3 November 1843 under dubious circumstances. His mother claimed the name "Miley," as documented by the 1850 census of Walton County, Florida, where he is listed as "James Miley," living with his mother Rachel, the head of the household. They appear in the enumeration adjacent to the family next door, the Noah Moates clan. Apparently she went by "Miley" even though there has never been any evidence of a legal marriage nor a legitimate spouse.
James Marion (Miley) Moates and Ruth Ann Dew at their wedding 1866
So who was his father? That has been a mystery for generations in the Moates family. Family stories are generous, suggesting that she was abandoned by an abusive husband. But I wonder. At the same time, I am intrigued. I must also agree with the declaration of my eldest daughter that "somehow knowing more about my ancestor tells me more about who I am." I am possessed by an overwhelming desire to learn more. I suspect that he was born a bastard child of an illicit union with an unknown Miley. "In 'the old days' if children were born outside of marriage their legal surname was that of their mother, not their father" according to professional genealogists. (http://braswellgenealogy.blogspot.com/2007/10/bastardy-bonds.html) Illegitimate births were so common that "Bastardy Bonds" were issued routinely as an early form of child support.
But how can I be sure? Are we really related to the Miley tribe? We do not want to impugn anyone's reputation—even centuries late—without adequate evidence. James Marion later took the name of his grandfather Noah Moates, a respected farmer and Justice of the Peace, repudiating his father Miley. We in my family treasure a document that is a penmanship practice that reads, copied out several times in lovely nineteenth century script, "Tell me thy name and tell me now, James Marion Moates." Indeed, he is listed in the 1860 census in his grandfather's household as "James Jr. Moates, age 16, son, born Alabama."
The clues of his journey are subtle and sometimes misleading. For example, James wears the uniform of a confederate soldier in the portrait, but it must be an affection borrowed for the occasion, since it is a new dress frock coat of a sergeant showing no wear. Jim Moates never ascended above the rank of private in his less-than-illustrious military career, and the sartorially splendid attire in the wedding portrait exceeded—by far—anything he ever owned. He was a typical volunteer: an untrained and sometimes undisciplined private soldier, owing more allegiance to family that to "The Cause." Indeed, he and Uncle Francis Marion Miley were both reported AWOL, then as deserters. Their unauthorized leave occurred when Grandpa Noah's Brother Jonathan Moates, a man in his fifties who had also enlisted with the younger men in the 1st Florida Infantry (Confederate Army), lay mortally ill in hospital in Chattanooga. He ultimately died on 22 December 1862 after months of being listed "Absent, sick" on the muster rolls. "Noah Moates, bro."—according to the muster cards—claimed his body in the early spring. Subsequently, Junior and Uncle Frank must have accompanied Grandfather Noah in carrying their Uncle's body home to Euchee Anna, Walton County, Florida, a three hundred and fifty mile journey. "Uncle Jon-A" (as I imagine his affectionate nickname) was a tragic figure. He had fought in the Second Creek war in 1837 and had not originally declared his intention to join up due to his age, but ultimately did so, perhaps in part to look after Noah's "boys." He was recently divorced from his second wife and living with his brother's family in 1860. The irony is stark that the old soldier was felled by illness (dysentery and measles were epidemic among the rebel troops) rather than in combat. The two infantrymen did finally return from their desertion and did rejoin their units without any apparent disciplinary action, just in time to participate in the ill-fated battle of Missionary Ridge, Tennessee. Calamity piled atop disaster. On the slopes of the ridge James Marion broke his leg during the battle on November 25, 1863. (Curiously, the next day was the first official federal observation of Thanksgiving Day according to President Lincoln's decree. I wonder if the fact was of any import to Jim, even though he surely was thankful to be alive and to have survived without losing his limb, since the removal of a limb was the most common surgical procedure in battlefield hospitals according to historians of such things. He evaded capture, however, unlike his namesake uncle and comrade-in-arms Francis Marion Moates, who—after capture—was shipped to Louisville, Kentucky and then on to Rock Island, Maryland where he was released after "taking the pledge" of allegiance to the Union and after volunteering for duty on the frontier, a commitment he apparently never fulfilled.
Meanwhile, after several months of convalescence James recovered in time to fight in the battles of Franklin and Nashville, Tennessee where he also was ultimately captured in December 1864, yet another incidence of hardship. In a strange cycle of history, I and my children now reside near where his military career ended. Later in life Jim would recount that he was "captured at Nashville and held under guard for five months," that is, until the end of hostilities. Time and time again I have passed the spot along Harding Pike where young James (He was 21 year old at the time.) was apprehended. Reports of the battle that broke the back of the Confederate Army of Tennessee are gory and devastating. Ultimately, James returned to Euchee Anna, near modern Defuniak Springs, Florida and began or resumed courting Miss Ruth Ann Dew, preacher Thomas Spencer Dew's daughter. But he surely carried memories of death and defeat with him. Nevertheles, within a year after returning they were married and posed for the photographs that captured my attention. (See the gallery above.)
But the questions keep coming: Where was he born? From time to time J. M. Moates would answer alternatively "Montgomery County" or "Pike County, Alabama" when he was asked his birthplace. In one census of veterans he reported the site of his nativity as "Briarville, Alabama." There has never been a Briarville in Alabama. However, a Briar Hill in Pike County is still identified by a place name on maps; it is located near (less than 15 miles from) the several aliquots of land in Section 6, Township 13, Range 20 in Montgomery County east of Ramah that his grandfather and other kinsmen had purchased beginning in about 1825, nearly twenty years before his birth. We can put this mis-identification off to a faulty childhood memory, since he departed Alabama at age of four, or to the surveyor's mishearing. In the next post I will explore how we can deduce the precise location of his infancy and toddlerhood.
We will also examine in the next post the identity of four Miley men who are potential candidates for Rachel Moates' partner. These individuals are all the sons of Robert Miley (1762) and his wives Mary Goodman and Elizabeth Smoak of South Carolina. It is no spoiler to name these men: Samuel Miley (1790), William Goodman Miley (1802) and Robert Z. (or G.) Miley (1816), sons of Robert and Mary Goodman. In addition, Andrew Barnwell Miley (1818) son of the union of Robert and Elizabeth S. Miley lived in the neighboring county and we should not dismiss him without examination. I will adopt the practice of adding the year of the individual's birth after his name as a means of helping identify the player, since often family names are shared and recycled in succeeding generations. In this investigation, I have run upon the difficulties common to genealogical research, struggles that plague every inquiry. These stumbling blocks range from misspellings of names and faulty transcriptions of manuscript, as for example in "Robert Z." being confused with "Robert G." to illogical mistakes of prior genealogical researchers, such as confusing a daughter in a census list with a wife. Reconstructing family trees sometimes requires guess work and deduction, but hopefully not fabrication. We are indeed "connecting the dots" of often sparely available information. Nevertheless, there are facts that drive the conclusions.
But in addition, we have at our disposal a tool unavailable to prior generations, namely, DNA and genetic tracing. I and my two siblings submitted samples to 23andMe™ for DNA testing. Our DNA was compared with the thousands of genomes stored in their data base. They have discovered at this writing 1425 genetic data matches. These are my DNA cousins. Among those are 198 who share DNA segments with me and known descendants of the Miley family of Robert Miley (1762) of Barnwell County, South Carolina. So, "Yes, Virginia," we are cousins to the Mileys. As an assurance of the conclusion, however, I have submitted a sample to AncestryDNA™ for independent testing and am awaiting the results. In a subsequent post we will examine the details of the analysis of our genetic linkage to the Miley clan that includes determining the heritage of individuals who share Miley genetic markers and in recruiting known Miley descendants to submit samples for DNA analysis. Lest the reader grow too impatient allow me to disclose that the early indications are that the descendants of James Marion Moates are also descendants of the Robert Miley and Mary Goodman family.
In a final post we will assemble all the evidence in the style of a criminal investigation. The case will examine the means, motive, opportunity, any exculpatory or incriminating evidence as well as a theory of the "crime" for all the potential "suspects." Hopefully a single individual will emerge whom the evidence implicates. Thus, while not an air-tight case, we will be able with some confidence to establish his identity.
As Sherlock Holmes famously stated "We must fall back upon the old axiom that when all other contingencies fail, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth."
A Map of Africa (part 2)
February 14, 2017 by Sam Matteson
I began the decade regarding Colonialism with modestly high regard, but I grew uneasy about what little I heard about Africa and its colonial history.
Meanwhile, in English class, Mrs. Thelma Vanderweiss (not her real name) subjected us to a regimen of daily reading of verse in the sincere hope that "culture" would take root in our juvenile minds. We read and committed to memory sections of "Annabell Lee" by the tintinnabulating poet Edgar Allen Poe and other "classics" of nineteenth century American literature. She furthermore inflicted upon us one of her favorite "modern" compositions, Vachel Lindsay's "The Congo." Mrs. Vanderwiess , a tiny woman with a tyrannical air, was the whitest woman that I ever met. Her skin was pale, her pallor accentuated by her fashionably powdered cheeks. She was, indeed, fair skinned from her high forehead to her diminutive feet, but I intend more than that; her air epitomized to me the aristocratic pretension that I thought Mobile's white society espoused. She always wore large diamond rings on her fingers, white pearls and a demur dress or business suit; and black pumps after Labor Day. She seemed perpetually offended that she must attempt to instruct such uncultivated pupils as we. She rarely smiled in my presence. I recall how she drilled the class daily in the recitation of "The Congo" for weeks. It was to be the centerpiece of a school-wide assembly. The sound of her more than her image haunts me still; it is her pointed-toe shoe stomping the rhythm on the worn pine floors of the now razed Robert E. Lee High School building where we were holding classes. "Stomp—THEN I SAW THE CONGO—stomp—CREEPING THROUGH THE BLACK—stomp— . . . . Do you feel the beat? All together now! Stomp— CUTTING THROUGH THE FOREST—stomp— WITH A GOLDEN TRACK—stomp. . . . That's it! You're getting it!"
Vachel Lindsay source: Unknown-Modern American Poetry website, Public Domain, commons.wikimedia.org
The rhythm was exciting and, despite my aversion to the manner of Mrs. Vanderweiss, I fell in love with the power and music of the poetry. Lindsay's rhythms were intoxicating. There was jazz in the meter. I suspect that the poet was sympathetic to the plight of the inhabitants of the Congo, but his voice was not the voice of a black man even though it had the power of the beat of the human heart. His verse was a minstrel voice dressed up in black-face chanting a white man's song. It was only pretending to be in the Style Africaine. Even a young teen such as I could discern the patronizing and denigrating tone of the poem entitled "The Congo, A Study of the Negro Race" with stanzas named "Their Basic Savagery," and "Their Irrepressible High Spirits," and "The Hope of their Religion." I was embarrassed but could not explain why when we chanted lines like, "Fat black bucks in a wine-barrel room," and "A good old negro in the slums of the town/ Preached at a sister for her velvet gown…." I did not know any Africans nor did I really know any "colored people" in my town, and thus, I had no way to test my misgivings. But something seemed odd to me about the characterizations and words I was chanting.
I might have marveled then, as I do now, if I had known of the African community around the corner. In a curious and ignored twist of history a transplanted African village existed for a century less than ten miles from where our map hung in my school room. I might have felt more connected to Africa and to history if I had known of Africatown. As it happened, in 1860, in the year before Alabama's secession from the union and the subsequent "War between the States," a swaggering Mobile ship builder, Captain Timothy Meaker, bragged that, although the importation of slaves had been illegal in the United States since 1808 and had been declared a capital offense equivalent to piracy in 1820, he had built a sloop fast enough to out run any Yankee gunboat. He could defy the jack-leg Feds and meddling abolitionists. He made good on his boast when he handed the Clotilde over to a Captain William Foster of Maine for the purpose of acquiring a cargo of humans.
Foster had no difficulty in securing the "merchandize." The Dahomey tribesmen who resided in what is present day Benin happily sold their Tarkbar captives to the captain for $100 per head. Unfortunately for Meaker, when the Clotilde reached Mobile, the Federal troops were waiting. He sailed the sloop up the Mobile River, herded most of his human cargo onto a barge, and shipped them to Montgomery. Then he ran the ship aground and burned it. Later the thirty-two Africans that he had reserved for his own use were cut loose and settled on his property, freed presumably to avoid his being caught red-handed. When the war broke out, the displaced African nucleus was joined by others who had escaped their captivity up state. Together, they established a discrete community with a distinctly African culture just three miles from downtown Mobile. Known locally as
Abache' and Cudjoe Kazoola Lewis at Africatown. Mobile, Alabama in the 1910s. Source: Emma Langdon Roche, Histroic Sketches of the South (Knickerboker Press, 1914) Public Domain
"Africatown," it persisted until World War II as an identifiable community. This was the last instance in US history of the importation of slaves into North America. It seemed so long ago, but the last survivor of the Clotilde "passed" only thirteen years before I was born. Meaker was apprehended but was never convicted, the Civil War intervening. African history happened next door and I never knew it. Perhaps those who taught me did not know it either, or perhaps they ignored it since they thought it irrelevant. I realize now that I really knew nothing about Africa or Africans until I met Duke Badejogbin in college.
Duke was a Nigerian. He was a Yoruba. He was my brother in Christ. When we met in my second year of college, I began to learn something of what was Africa. He was one of the first missionaries from the Nigerian Baptist Convention to the country of Sierra Leon, more than a thousand miles up the coast of West Africa.
"I realized that I needed more education if I were to minister to the people the way our Father wanted me to," he said, pronouncing "education" with a precision that inspired in me a new appreciation for the word. "But when I wrote to the mission board to ask to return home, they cut us off completely. There was no more support. We were marooned without enough money to buy food or a ticket for the boat home. We sold everything we had, down to the pans as small as this," he showed me the pink palm of his left hand as he made a slicing motion at his wrist with his right. "But God is good. He brought us home and now He has brought me here to study."
I learned from Duke how he had reluctantly left his children and pregnant wife in the care of his family and ventured to the United States. I agonized with him and prayed with him when word came of the coup back home and how Elizabeth, his wife, had fled with their children to the bush. Then I rejoiced with him when he learned of the birth of his son Ayo and at the news of their safety. Soon Elizabeth and Ayo joined him while the older children remained with his parents.
Yoruba Ceremony Nigeria. Source: heartmendersmagazine.blogspot,com
He taught me rudimentary elements of his Yoruba culture, how his family name was a badge of honor signifying that his ancestor was the friend and advisor of the tribal ruler who danced the Jogbin dance with the chief, how his family did actually live in a mud hut with a thatched roof and no door. Thus, I learned of the custom of clapping your hands at the doorway instead of knocking on the nonexistent panel. He taught me that sanitized running water, air conditioning, electricity and automobiles that effortlessly rode on paved streets were luxuries that I took for granted without thinking. It was no stereotyped lie; many Nigerians did not enjoy these amenities. I found nothing to belittle him about. Instead, I admired this short wiry man, his courage and resilience.
From Duke, I heard of Schweitzer's philosophy and ethic: that all life was sacred and we must exercise a grand reverence for life. When a visitor was about to swat a mosquito, the Nobel laureate is reported to have cautioned, "Take thought! Remember that you are a guest in this country." One Sunday afternoon, my fiancé and I were visiting Duke and Elizabeth in their apartment on Second Street near the black church that was sponsoring their stay in Waco. Suddenly, Duke pulled off his slipper and flung it across the room. I turned just in time to see a cockroach skitter behind a bookcase. I asked him, "What would Dr. Schweitzer say?" He replied sheepishly, "That is philosophy. This is different. I must think about Ayo now." Then he smiled. His look reminded me of what he had told me, "Ayo means 'joy'. As Isaac means 'laughter' because Sarah and Abraham laughed when he was born, so we called our son 'Ayo' because he brought joy to Elizabeth's and to my heart." At that moment we were not Yoruba and Alabamian, Nigerian and American; we were brothers. I began better to understand Africa. The inhabitants of the continent were people as we are, grown from a different soil but of the same seed, cherishing a different history and culture but with the same needs and longings.
A curious word "stereotype." We use a stereoscope to see things in the round. We listen to stereophonic music to be immersed in the sound. In stereo we better understand the reality of a thing and it seems more "solid." But when we harbor a stereotype of a person or place, we substitute a counterfeit death-rigored lie for the living, breathing reality. I have grown to distrust statements like "All _____ are _____."
I still despair sometimes. We cling so jealously to our tribalism and distrust of others not of our clan. "We belong to the European tribe, the Anglo-Irish clan, the Italian family, the French enclave, the Cherokee Nation," I think I hear us mutter. "They" are the Africans or the Indians; they are the Whites or the Hispanics, the Asians or the Arabian; they are all a different tribe.
I hear African voices, "We are Tarkbar; they are Dahomey. They killed our ancestors; they sold us to Captain Foster of the tribe of Maine who was just the agent of Captain Timothy Meaker of the clan of Alabama. . . . We are 'Kikuyu;' we are Muingiki, the second Mau Mau; death to the European exploiters."
I worry that the tyranny of the tribe survives too strong in our breast. Yet, opposing the rule of the clan, of the tribe, of the race, opposing "us or them" stands the Family of Man. It affirms that we are one species, one humanity. It is not "us or them," rather, it is only "us," or it is nothing.
Earthrise: a view of the earth from the moon NASA photo
The real shape of the Earth is a sphere, and its net of latitude and longitude begins in the Atlantic Ocean near the mouth of the Congo. This is an appropriate convention of geography. "Appropriate," I call it because anthropologists tell us that humanity—Adam and his bride—began their pilgrimage somewhere in east Africa. Thus, there is ultimately "home." Thus the proper map of Africa and of its place in the world would show it at the center of our view of a globe. On the other hand, anywhere could be the center, for this planet is round. In spherical geometry one place is as good as another. What is more, when we look at it aright, we see that the coast of Africa is the complement of North and South America; West Africa fits neatly into the Gulf of Mexico, while the Gulf of Guinea cups Brazil comfortably. This remarkable fact exists because once, as children are now taught, the whole of all the land was one great Pangean continent. Later the waters and our history came between us, but the Earth still has no edge, no real border—no border at all, except that which we have drawn between us and the others—except of course for the great oceans and the rivers, like the Congo that yet spills blue across the map and into the sea of our imaginations.
Posted in Sassafras Tea and Fried Oysters, Uncategorized | Tagged Africa, Mobile, poetry, race, school | Leave a Comment »
February 3, 2017 by Sam Matteson
As we grow, we draw our own maps of the world as we imagine it, gathering cartographic "facts" wherever we can, from what we are told and from what we see for ourselves on the journey. At the end of the middle decade of the twentieth century—just as you might turn a calendar page or flip over a map leaf to discover hidden notes scribbled underneath—I turned over too. In 1960 I began to understand for the first time that most issues of life and history are more subtle than they would have you believe who perennially view the world only in black and white and explain it all by a simple and comfortable paradigm and in a rigid stereotype. The world is not peopled by identical copies of even a few types that are easily characterized as "good" or "evil."
As I turned the calendar page to 1960, I began to suspect, as well, that ignorance was never an impediment to opinion, and uninformed opinion—no matter how emphatically affirmed or taught, or perhaps especially when it is chanted—is ignorance most blatant, most diabolical. Moreover, ignorance is often chained in the darkness of its own shadow out back while prejudice hawks out front with midway barker shouts of "Hey! Rube!" but it is actually counterfeited knowledge and bogus light within. I ultimately concluded that we do well to stand in humility before continents of human experience that are dimly known to us and reserve our judgment of those we do not understand.
A map of Africa ca. 1960 source: http://www.timemaps.com
The decade that began when I entered the second year of junior high school was one of world-wide political upheaval. Colonialism and Imperialism, that had flourished for centuries, were rapidly dying in a convulsion of nationalism. No object better represents that turmoil in my memory than a giant map of the continent of Africa that hung on the wall of my social studies and geography classroom. I entered eighth grade with an eager expectation of exploring Africa, at least from an ancient wooden school desk, if not from an armchair. I, like Joseph Conrad's Marlowe, had "a passion for maps . . . I would put my finger on [a place] and say, 'When I grow up I will go there.'" In my imagination I already had been there. I put out my finger and traced the boundaries of Africa, of its coastline, of its rivers, of its colorful countries.
In profile the continent reminded me of the brow ridge of a skull—somehow human—like that of a brooding silver back gorilla or of a millions-of-years-old Zinjanthropus, like that which Louis Leakey had just reported in National Geographic, the Atlas Mountains marking the hairline, the Gulf of Guinea the empty eye socket. Or perhaps the shape was more like a Neolithic axe, a war club, wielded by a gigantic unseen hand submerged in the Indian Ocean. "It looks like a question mark," I decided at last, albeit a crudely drawn question mark, limned in blue by the Congo and the Nile, and punctuated by Madagascar. Africa was a stage of eleven and a half million square miles, a macabre circus for a tragedy of European colonies to play that comprised a cast of hundreds of tongues and thousands of tribes and clans, millions of people and a drama of global exploitation. It had been explored, "discovered" by Europeans of the last century. I had heard of the great explorers: David Livingstone and Henry Stanley, especially the latter who famously, nonchalantly posed the inane query after a grueling search for the famous physician, "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" There was, of course, a contemporary adventurer-missionary, even if he were a bit elderly by then: Dr. Albert Schweitzer
Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) source:wikipedia
—physician, theologian, virtuoso organist, Nobel laureate, and humanitarian. We knew after his capturing the Nobel Peace Prize that this "Reverencer of Life" had returned from France to somewhere in the heart of equatorial Africa—we were not quite sure where—to serve the medical and spiritual needs of his black "junior brothers." He was universally lionized in Europe, the United States, and Africa for his unselfish service to—in the European mindset—the hopeless and childlike natives of the "Dark Continent." He was regarded as a champion of the "colored races" even though he publicly supported the oppressive French Colonial Government of Equatorial Africa and regarded the indigenous population as inferior to the civilized European "race."
We thought we knew Africa because we visited its jungles for half an hour every Saturday morning in the adventures of "Ramar of the Jungle" and in the film adventures of Tarzan the Ape Man. I presumed that the entire continent was a dense tangle of vegetation crawling with snakes and crocodiles, ringing with the howl of monkeys and pocked with treacherous pools of quicksand. In many ways the images suggested to me that Africa was very much like my back yard, my woods, and my swamp. Yet the human inhabitants of this alien world were both like and unlike those I saw in my country.
In the cinemagraphic jungle that I visited each Saturday, Jon Hal, also known by his other stage names of Charles Locher and Lloyd Crane, portrayed the intrepid Doctor Tom Reynolds in black and white reruns from the 1952 and '53 seasons. Ramar, whose name we understood to mean "Great White Medicine Man," ever wearing a pith helmet, epaulet shirt, Bermuda shorts, and a stoic demeanor, weekly battled evil white poachers and thieves, as well as black "jungle native" voodoo witch doctors. He, like the real doctor Schweitzer, took care of his "child-like" patients with a benevolent patronage that demonstrated unequivocally the superiority of the European civilization to the savage "native" culture. Every show could be counted on for a leopard-skin-clad woman, some quicksand, or cuts of stock African wildlife photography—slithering snakes or snorting hippos.
The good doctor was assisted in his exploits in many episodes by his comical retainer and guide Willy-Willy played by Nick Stewart, a black actor who had given voice to the character "Lightnin'" on the Amos 'n Andy radio show. He was also the voice of B'rer Rabbit in Disney's Song of the South. It seems oddly ironic that Stewart would reach a measure of notoriety portraying such comically subservient and stereotyped roles, then spend the remainder of his career directing the Ebony Showcase Theater in Los Angeles where African-American actors performed serious drama and grand theater. But much that I saw in popular culture regarding Africa, I now know, was a contradictory mixture of truth and fabrication, but that is the nature of entertainment.
Ramar and Willy-Willy did not actually move about the jungle, rather they performed their
Left to Right: Nick Stewart (as Wiily-Willy), Juanita Moore , and Jon Hall (Ramar) in episode "Savage Challenge" source: it.wp.com/thebiggame hunter.com
exploits on a sound stage in downtown Hollywood, California. Neither, to my knowledge, ever got within a thousand miles of the jungles. The animal scenes were spliced in from "spec" shorts shot on location by freelance adventurers. My more critical adult eye can discern today the different sources as obvious, but for us, the children, the television took us in reality to darkest Africa. Every child was sure he knew the sounds of the jungle: "Bwana, listen to the drums. I hear the drums . . ." and then a piercing "koo-koo-koo-kaw-kaw-kaw," actually the song of the Kookaburra bird. Unfortunately, the bird never existed in the wilds of the African bush, residing as it does in Australia. Its sound was appropriated because it sounded "jungle-like" to an inventive sound engineer. Curiously, truth and fiction melded everywhere. Ramar, as well as Tarzan, was often called "Bwana," a legitimate Swahili word meaning "Lord," or "Sir" or just plain "Mister." Yet this appellation was often coupled to the interjection "Ungawa!" The latter word is a fabrication reputed to have been the brainchild of screenwriter Cyril Hume, who was inspired by the sound of the answer to the question "Where is Paramount Studio?" The answer: "On Gower"—Boulevard, that is. Much of what I thought I knew of Africa was like that: a cauldron of dark ignorance containing much speculation, some fabrication, and a few craven lies, but with a pinch of truth just to make the brew palatable.
The map of Africa that hung on the classroom wall became an object of infinite irritation. The multicolor rotogravure print of the "dark continent" was a continent of frustration to me and others who were trying to learn the political geography of the vast continent. The inconsiderate Africans had begun, in earnest, the practice that they would continue for the rest of the century: continually changing the names; redrawing the boundaries of their countries; declaring their independence here; building a new nation there. It was all too chaotic for a junior geographer to master. Nothing seemed to be as tidy any more as the beautiful poster of colonial Africa would suggest. If the nineteenth century had seemed a sweeping romantic symphony of discovery, then my century resounded with the melded syncopation of jungle drums and bar room jazz. In a futile attempt at making sense of the splintering African political landscape, my teacher placed beside the brooding map a tack board headed: "Current Events." She awarded points for every relevant article we clipped from newspapers and magazines like the Mobile Press Register or Newsweek or Life. As we entered the class room we would glance up to the board by the map. "What is the name of the Congo, today?" I heard more than once.
Indeed, the names of the countries began to change that year, as did the geopolitical realities within the former colonies. In particular, the Belgian Congo disappeared from the map and was replaced by the Republic of the Congo, or was it called the Congo-Brazzaville? No, wait. What about Katanga? Was it a separate nation? Was Kenya still a British colony or did it go independent over the weekend? What about Nigeria?
"At least, they haven't changed the rivers," I whispered to myself and to anyone standing nearby as I ran my finger up the Nile from Lake Victoria. Then I followed the blue, tortured track of the Congo west from the savannah near Lake Tanganyika below the heights of the Mitumba Mountains, crossing the equator twice before disgorging into the Atlantic Ocean. This was then and is today Africa's most powerful river and, only after the Amazon, the second most voluminous cataract in the world.
River Congo, Africa source:africa-facts.org
If I had picked up a copy of Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, I would have agreed with Marlowe, "There was in it a mighty river that you could see on the map resembling an immense snake uncoiled, with its head in the sea, its body at rest curving afar over a vast country and its tail lost in the depths of the land." But Conrad's masterpiece was not on our approved reading list, nor even in the school library. Neither was Twain's King Leopold's Soliloquy readily available. We learned simply in our social studies text that King Leopold of Belgium had ruled the Free State of the Congo after the United States and thirteen European nations had met in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century and had agreed to permit him to become the protector and overseer of a territory larger than pre-world war Germany. If we had read Twain's scathing pamphlet as we can now via the Internet, we would have been scandalized at the atrocities perpetrated against the people of equatorial Africa—atrocities that rival in brutality those committed by the Nazis during the Holocaust.
Particularly savage was the practice of severing the right hand of Congolese men, women, and children as punishment for failing to meet the quota of the rubber tax. They were required to feed the army that terrorized them. If they failed to cooperate, they were slaughtered wholesale. Twain's final words on Leopold are a bitter epitaph that he hoped would soon be appropriated for use: "Here under this gilded tomb lies rotting the body of one the smell of whose name will still offend the nostrils of men ages and ages [hence]." When I learned of the exploitation, murder, cannibalism, and abject slavery that Leopold's agents practiced on the hapless inhabitants of the Congo basin, much of it brokered initially by Henry Stanley, I thought that, if I were Congolese, I would forever despise Europeans and hate the white race implicitly and always mistrust anyone not of my tribe.
I was told nothing about the "unpleasantries" of the genocide for which Leopold was culpable. The similarities to the exploitation of Kenya by the British should have been plain, but we were preoccupied with news of other atrocities. The seven-year-long state of emergency in Kenya ended that year. To our great relief, the Mau Mau Uprising was over. The Mau Mau or the Muingi were primarily of the Kikuyu tribe of Kenya. What made the Mau Mau seem so horrific and frightening was the "oath." It was a magic ritual in which the blood of an exsanguinated goat was blended with that of the adjurer who, standing before a fearsome idol of the old god Ngai, and the mingled flow was sprinkled over banana leaves and raw earth, recited a vow of obedience to the movement and an eternal, lethal hatred of the British. Refusal to take the oath meant instant and fatal reprisal by the Mau Mau. Consequently, it has been estimated that over half the indigenous population of Kenya had taken the oath by the end of the insurrection. Oaths are not taken lightly in Kikuyu culture, and, despite the criminalization of the oath as a capital offense by the colonial government, the populace had little choice but to comply if forced to swear allegiance to the rebels.
Based on the lurid newspaper accounts, we imagined wild-eyed, dread-lock coiffed, machete-wielding butchers running amok from Kilimanjaro to Nairobi, slaughtering whites wherever they met them. In actuality only thirty-two Europeans were killed by the insurrectionists in the seven year revolt, while 11,500 "Mau Maus" perished at the hands of the British often without trial; one thousand of them were hanged. The colonial government's practice of mutilation of the corpses by amputation of the right hand ("for finger print identification" was the official explanation) is bizarrely reminiscent of the Congo a half century before.
Posted in Sassafras Tea and Fried Oysters, Uncategorized | Tagged Africa, knowledge, National Black History Month, school | Leave a Comment »
Ma Bertie's Religion
May 8, 2016 by Sam Matteson
Ma Bertie Moates (family photo)
Some would say I got religion early. Some might even claim that I inherited it from Dad's family, all the way back to Henry Matteson in the sixteen hundreds. It is true that Henry was a follower of Roger Williams and a non-conformist believer who was run out of Massachusetts Bay Colony for his Baptist beliefs. And it is true that there have been Baptists and Congregationalists in my father's family for generations since then. But I do not make any claim to prestige because of Henry's presence in America in the seventeenth century, that he lived on this continent earlier rather than later, since everyone has to be somewhere and everybody has ancestors as ancient as Henry, even if they do not know of them by name. Nor do I lay claim to any piety by association, not even from my saintly maternal grandmother Ma Bertie.
Rather, I think that there is a deep-seated need in every human to look up. Awe is an emotion that is appropriate to man. I felt it early when I looked out on the endless water of the Gulf of Mexico reaching from my feet, halfway to the heavens. Then, I knew that I must always swim only in the shallow end and marvel, at a distance, at the secrets of the deeps. I sensed God was at work in the mighty and marvelous things I saw. I knew God in the simplicity of a child's trust. The message I heard was plain: the Maker of all that is knew my address, knew who I was and loved me anyway. We called Him "Father."
My first memories of church are of singing. I see myself sitting beside the piano in a white oak chair. The handle of the piano is as high as my left ear. Brother Mac, the choir director, is trying patiently to help his music makers to learn the melody of a simple song that we will sing in big church just before Christmas. It is Dauphin Way Baptist Church. Mother is waiting for me in the parking lot while I practice; then it's home to our house in Birdville.
I knew the Jesus script well. He was a baby in December; by spring he was grown and the story grew gorier. There were rumors of an unjust execution and the death of a perfect man who was, somehow, God inside. Because God loved me, he took my place and my punishment. But the full import of that was lost on me. I knew too little of guilt and no shame at all to feel a need for God's forgiveness. But I knew God, not just things about Him. And who could know God and not love Him? I talked to Him, silently most often but out loud when I was otherwise alone. And He talked to me. Not in audible words but in impression and in peace.
Once, when I was six and after I had been very ill, and I was sure I would die with my father far away in Puerto Rico, I longed for my Daddy's sure hand gripping mine. Years later, my mother told me what I had said and done. I asked her, "Momma, when is Daddy coming home?"
To this she responded—exasperated and beat down by three sick children and a husband gone forever on TDY, "Temporary Duty," that nevertheless seemed eternal –"Only God knows."
"I'll ask him, then." I agreed.
I left the house on Flamingo Drive and walked down the gray sidewalk between the gray clapboard-sided apartments to the gray and empty wading pool in the common field. The structure was a square "fort" with a foot and a half high wall, twenty by twenty. It was my special place, a place that was my thinking place, a special place where I talked to God. In half an hour or so I returned and said to my Mother, "Daddy's coming home. I talked to God. Daddy is coming home." I pronounced it with such conviction that she was shaken. She called Brookley Field's operations to see if indeed there was a chance. But they reported that a hurricane was bearing down on Puerto Rico, and they doubted that anything would be leaving the airfields down there. Mother was worried my faith would be shaken. I was unconcerned.
That night Mother received a long-distance call from my father. He would be arriving at 3:00 a.m. She woke me. "Daddy just called. He is on his way home. Let's meet him at the airport." I was happy but not surprised. I remember seeing my Dad descending the stairs from the Convair turboprop, he sporting a red goatee. He was home. He had flown out on one of the last planes to leave Puerto Rico before the storm hit. He had flown out on a plane whose propellers he had serviced. His was a faith in his own work. Mine was a faith that must of necessity lie in something greater than me. As a child, however, I felt my premonition unremarkable, but it was not the last time I had such an adventure. Only sometimes the answer was not what I wanted or expected.
Convair turboprop similar to that the author's father returned from Puerto Rico. Phosot credit: http://www.goodall.com.au
My Grandmother, Ma Bertie, had a quiet faith that did not shout or boast of its strength. Hers was like the rocks that lie at the edge of the sea whose strength is hidden deep beneath the surface and is only revealed when the storms crash against them, and they are unshaken. This was her faith. I have sat beside her at the harmonium, the pump organ, and listened to her sing in a high reedy soprano the melodies of the faith from the Sacred Harp Hymnal. The mystic shapes of the notes were like the gamut of her life. Married as a naive teenager to a straight and strong young man who was a good man at heart but was a lover of strong drink, she, nevertheless, stood faithful. The notes sharpened as she learned of the struggle of rearing a family at the turn of the century. During the Great Depression, like other Americans singing the blues in a minor key, she took solace in the hope of her faith despite the privations and the loss of their farm. She was not perfect, this granddaughter of the circuit riding Pastor Thomas Dew, but she was genuine and strong. When I knew her, she was already over seventy and had weathered many storms. She seemed the epitome of resolute faith.
I recall sitting beside her in the Assembly of God church where she attended in Panama City. I was a little frightened by the commotion that swirled around her when all prayed aloud. She held a man's handkerchief twisted in her left hand and whispered softly, "Sweet Jesus! Yes, Lord!" with her eyes clinched shut. I knew that she asked God for more than she spoke aloud. I was troubled by those who "spoke in tongues." One sister in particular shouted out at every meeting what sounded to me to be exactly the same babble every time she spoke. Pastor Riddings translated her declaration for the congregation without hesitation. It was always something on point with his sermon. But I did not mind as much the show of their worship when I thought of how they loved "Sister Bertie." They loved her in warm appreciation and practical ways. They loved Pa, too, even though he did not attend. Perhaps the whole affair was lost on him due to his deafness. I suppose it was to him like the distant incoherent roar of the sea, like the ecstatic tongues that never get translated.
It is told of my Ma Bertie that when a prayer meeting was called at the church to petition the Almighty for rain to end the drought, she was the only one to come to meeting with an umbrella under her arm. Such was her faith.
Ma Bertie's favorable hymn was "Victory in Jesus." The affirmation of the words was like the steel bands of a stave barrel; she held together because of what she believed. When she ultimately died of stomach cancer that followed throat cancer, all brought on by years of dipping snuff, she faced it bravely. The scale was returning to "Do." She hummed the broken melodies of the hymns of faith with the little strength of her failing body. But she was unafraid and was hopeful of an ultimate victory in Jesus.
The author's mother, in one of her most common poses: sewing. (family photo)
I have shared that faith for much of my life. I sat in the pew at Hollinger's Island Baptist Church, realizing that there was something between God and me that I had to get straight. I saw that Jesus had paid the debt of my willfulness and disobedience. My "sin," Pastor Rusk called it, was getting in the way of my life-long friendship with God. I told Mother after the service that when Brother Rusk told us to give our hearts to Jesus, I wanted to go to the front of the church, take out my heart and lay it on the altar. She arranged for me to visit with the Pastor. He quizzed me and declared that I was old enough and understood enough to make my own commitment. I was nine years old.
I was "dunked" on November 5, 1956. The baptismal pool was deep, and the water was cold. The deacons had put a cinder block in the bottom for me to stand on, but I had to swim from the step to Brother Rusk. "In the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost…" under the water; "rise to walk in the newness of life!" I rose from the water shivering, but happy. I was proud to show outside what had happened inside of me.
My subsequent adventures in the faith have been much like that icy pool of water. Much of the time I cannot touch bottom and the water chills my soul; occasionally, I do get a toe touch of solid ground, but just for a moment. Nevertheless, I am rarely afraid, since I grip a strong hand of One who has been here before me, just as I did that November night.
I have examined that faith repeatedly over the years. Every time I found that it was indeed real and reasonable. It may have been the faith of my fathers, it may have first belonged to Ma Bertie, then to my mother, but it is also mine.
Some would say I got religion early. I say that I found God none too soon. I found Him for myself and have been making sure of it ever since. What I discovered in my search is that He does not hide when you really look for Him, and you will recognize Him instantly when you meet Him, even if you never saw Him before in your life.
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A Pocket Memory
March 14, 2016 by Sam Matteson
Rain. Photo Credit: dehayf5MHWL7.cloudfront.net
The rain is beating against the window glazing with tiny, crystal-ball hands. You can see your entire world reflected there if you look hard and long enough, only small and coiled up inside a minuscule globe. Billowing sheets are down there hopscotching their round foot prints across the parking lot like some ghost of a lost tropical storm were puzzled to find herself in my neighborhood and she does not know where to turn next. I start when I realize that I have been staring so long out the office window. The light is failing; night is coming and I can begin to see myself, there in the window—like the portrait of a ghost, too, a framed specter sprinting through the gray hissing gauntlet. Strange it seems to me, but when the light it is that rose and gray just before sunset or when some twist of the quotidian ordinary pricks loose some fragment of a memory or the smallest piece of a memory of a feeling that it flings up against the inside of my head or the backside of my eyes, I will wander off into a melancholy place. That is where I am, now, and there I find my grandfather, Pa—Theodore Noah Webster Moates.
Pocket Contents
I do not recall not knowing him or when I first realized that this rock of a man was my ancestor and I, his progeny. Yet my recollections are really few, much like the contents of a small boy's pockets: in my right front I find a marble, a pebble, a penny from 1947, the year of my birth; in the left, a jack knife with one of the grips missing—lost playing mumbly peg, and two bent rusting nails, one square, one round. I lay the contents of my pocket memory on the sill beneath the window that never has opened before and I see a Mount Rushmore-ian figure. I see his towering head with its craggy nose and high domed brow.
I did not think of his beginning until he died. He seemed always to have been there, an ancient sun baked creature speaking slowly, wisely, steadily even as his calloused carpenter's hands oscillated tremulously with "the palsy." He smelled of cigarettes—"I'd walk a mile for a Camel"—an exotic, dark tobacco aroma that hung on his clothes like an invisible mantle of virility. And there was also that faint, strange sweet yeasty smell that was both the comfort and the curse of another Noah after the legendary flood.
Theodore Noah Webster Moates ca.June 1969 Panama City Florida Photo credit: the author, his grandson
Pa was one of the oldest human beings that I knew as a child, though I doubted even then that he had been acquainted with the ark builder, even though my grandfather was builder too. I suspected they had more in common than I could understand, but I realize now that I did not really know him well, despite our times of tales on the screened porch, tales of the days before paved roads in Florida, when the Moates family traveled by buckboard wagon two days to visit Aunt Sadie. I can see the pair of white sandy tracks of the trail when Pa speaks. He smiles when he recounts how in a sudden thunderstorm they find shelter in an abandoned smokehouse—all that remained of a farm stead build before the war—the War Between the States, that is. Settling back in his aluminum lawn chair, my grandfather paints a dark and mysterious still life study with his drawled words, a picture of close, black restless sleep in the ancient building, smelling of age and decay and hams. Suddenly he leans forward, grabs my hand, and blurts out: "I snapped to when I felt something awful wet and hairy slam in my face."
"What was it?" I demand breathlessly.
"Well, I couldn't rightly say." He is stalling. "Until the next flash of light'n showed up some wild goats go a-runnin' out the door that was a-bangin' in the wind. They was as sceerd as we was, I reckon."
We both laugh—I in my child's high rattle, he in his deep rumble that sounds like the breakers of the gulf that slam against the shore. Pa's chuckle is powerful like thunder itself that makes you shake, laughing or not, in spite of yourself.
Amazing Camellias!
I see him now walking after the rain among his camellia bushes, and I remember the mischief in his eye. Pa had found a mail order catalog that advertised growth hormone. With a vial of the magic elixir he treats each bud of every plant in his garden. He even secretly applies it one twilight evening to the camellias of his friend and neighbor, as well, across the sandy street. Weeks later she brags to Pa about how green is her thumb. Pa only chuckles mysteriously and never lets slip the truth of his evening rounds. Now it makes me smile that for fifty years she never figured out what she had done that miraculous year to make such beautiful and grand blossoms.
There is so much that I do not know or have forgot. I feel it all slipping away like the sand of a castle on the beach as the surf flings foaming salt water higher on the shore when the tide moves in. I can cling to the few grains that volunteered on the back of my hand, but why did I not grab up whole handfuls and stuff them into my pockets? But that I had been wiser than the child I was! Pa, I am now a grandfather myself. Now I wish I could know you; now perhaps I could understand. But all I have is remembrances and faded photographs.
I can no more relive the past than I can return the rain to the sky. I can only treasure the memories I hold in my pocket and, on occasional rainy days and in rare quiet moments take them out and amble among them. This I will do and Pa, you will be remembered and loved again.
Beach after the rain, before night. Empty. Photo credit: the author
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The Sometime Mesmerist
March 4, 2016 by Sam Matteson
"This young woman is in urgent need of the assistance of Franz Anton Mesmer!"
–Franz Anton Mesmer
"I doubt that this will end well," Sammy thought but did not say. Silently the high school mesmerist instructed himself: "It is essential that you project a confident demeanor to your subject," reciting the admonition he had read in the paperback book where he had learned the essentials of hypnotism. The members of his high school choir crowded the hotel room near the All-State festival site and now leaned in, curious, to see Sammy put their classmate "under."
In his hotel session, Sam began by following faithfully the patter he had learned off by heart. He had already used it successfully several times before with various subjects, to his surprise and delight. How amazing it was he concluded—to think that he, a naïve teen, could exert such control over another's mind! But more than power drew him to this art; what a novel exploit into a dark world it presented! Sam felt the utter joy he imagined he shared with the first man to receive fire from the hand of Prometheus.
"Linda, fix your vision on this charm," he had suggested as he held up the glinting bangle in a darkened room. And just as he had done before with other subjects, he continued in a practiced calm and confident voice, "You are getting sleepy. Your eye lids are growing heavy. Sooooo, heavy. You can hardly keep them open. It's okay to let them close." Linda had complied. "Relax. Just relax. Now imagine you see the charm. Do you see it, Linda?"
"Yes," the slight brunette replied.
"Good. Imagine that it is moving away from you. Concentrate on the charm as it moves slowly away. See the charm and listen only to the sound of my voice, only to the sound of my voice, as it moves away into the darkness. You can see it shining and you can hear my voice. That is all you can see and hear," Sam recited in his most reassuring intonation.
Aunt Mary Benefited
Sammy remembered even now, how—at his mother's insistence—he had "put Aunt Mary under." The strange request came because of Mary's terrible headache pain, and because of his mother's desperation and kindness. She was aware, as well, of her son's psychological adventures and, although wary and cautionary, she exhibited an indulgent tolerance of his latest exploration. The ritual proceeded flawlessly with his aunt. She progressed rapidly through the several stages of hypnosis. At last, the young hypnotist suggested that she relax, beginning with her toes then progressing upward. When he commanded her scalp to relax, his eyes widened in astonishment. He looked at his mother's face. She saw it too. Her mouth was open in amazement. The hair on Mary's head seemed to become a thing alive, crawling backward as the muscles in her scalp did indeed unclench, relieving the immediate cause of her tension headache.
After a minute of relaxation and post hypnotic suggestion that she would awaken refreshed as from a good nap, feeling no pain, her headache gone, Sam began the count down. "I will count backward. As I do, you will begin to wake up and you will awaken refreshed and alert. Three, you are beginning to awaken. Two, you are becoming aware of the world around you. One, you are waking up." He snapped his fingers. "You are fully awake. . . . Aunt Mary, How do you feel?" he inquired.
"I feel fine. My headache's gone! A good nap always makes you feel better," she replied with a smile.
"That went well," Sam thought to himself.
"Thank you, Sammy, dear," his grateful aunt continued.
"You're very welcome. Glad I could help," the proud teenager pronounced. Inwardly, however, he shuddered with the excitement of a power to help another, a power that he had never known before, that also mingled with a concealed trepidation of what evil that power was capable of wreaking.
Back in the hotel room, Linda had passed the usual tests of the stages of suggestion: relaxation, obedience to simple suggestions, flinch suppression when pricked with a sharp pin. But she had not done well in the enhanced memory test that was the object of Sam's experiment. Ever the would-be scientist, he concluded that at least in some people hypnotic suggestion does not enhance memory skills.
Post Hypnotic Suggestions?
Sam momentarily considered giving a post-hypnotic suggestion to Linda, has he had done several times before. Once to amuse her friends he had suggested to Jan, a subject with a distinctive and infectious laugh, that when someone used the word "peanuts" in conversation she would find it the most hilarious thing she had ever heard and she would laugh until she cried. But when she heard the word "popcorn," she would feel such sadness that it would also make her cry. Sam decided that he must have an escape word, lest the emotional yo-yo go on forever. "When you hear the word 'crackerjacks' the post hypnotic suggestion will terminate, and you will return to normal. These words will be just words. Do you understand? If you understand, nod your head." Jan obeyed.
When Sam had counted down. "Three, two, one. You're awake!" Jan had complied. The small group of observers quizzed her about her experience. She had no awareness that she had been hypnotized. When someone mentioned the word "peanuts" she became "tickled" as she called it. Laughing uproariously, even to the point of embarrassment. She could not restrain her mirth, until another person pronounced the word "popcorn," at which Jan's demeanor instantly transformed to the mask of tragedy and she began to weep. The group of friends played with her emotions, jerking her back and forth from joy to sadness and back again, a few more times before Sam took pity on an exhausted Jan and used the terminal safe word. Sam began to doubt inwardly that it was a good thing to have such power in his inexpert hands, although it was a heady emotion to experience. Perhaps he was uneasy partly because of a lingering feeling of guilt for the abuse to which he had subjected Jan.
But Linda presented a very different scenario. She had not responded to his call to wake up after his count down. She had remained still, her eyes closed.
"What do I do, now?" Sam asked himself. "Don't panic," he counseled himself. He resolved to try again.
"Linda! I am going to count backward from ten this time. At each stage you will become more and more awake." Then he began the count down. The room was hot with the breath of twenty teenagers. Their faces formed a horizon that made Sammy feel trapped. Many looked on concerned. Some wore curious looks. A few smiled broadly. Sam could feel each second ticking by as he labored to bring this catatonic mind back to reality.
When he reached zero this second time and snapped his fingers, Linda remained unmoved, her eyes closed. She did not wake up! Sam's heart pounded in his chest. "What if she never awakens?" he thought. Instead, he improvised, "Take her back to her room and put her on her bed. She will awake in a few hours naturally."
At this, Linda opened her eyes wide and looked into Sammy's stunned face. She winked and laughed out loud. Her grinning confederates among the onlookers immediately bent double in glee. Everyone in the room finally realized that the sometime mesmerist had been pranked. Everybody laughed in relief, including Sammy, the mark.
A Narrow Escape?
Despite his embarrassment, Sammy did not feel humiliated. He laughed along with everyone else at his pretension and he forgave his clever classmates' good natured con of a fake somnambulist. Instead, his anxiety was lifted and replaced with a vague but definite sense of relief. He had secretly feared his infatuation with his newly acquired hypnotic skills. Sammy imagined himself like a child playing with a box of matches who inadvertently sets fire to his neighbor's house. The hoax only heightened this terror that Sammy had hidden beneath a mask of bravado and faked sophistication. Ultimately, he decided to suspend his experiments in the wilderness of the mind, since he felt that he had escaped a disaster, but might not be so fortunate next time. He resolved never to forget what happened, however, even if he would puzzle—forever—over all that it meant and what calamities he might have been spared.
Photo credit: changingmydestiny.wordpress.com
Posted in Branching Out | Tagged adolescence, Alabama, hypnotism, psychology | 4 Comments »
St. Nikolas of Myra, the prototype of Santa Claus is revered throughout the world. Photo credit: the author.
I am, at times and by spells, a true believer. From my earliest memories until the age of eight I was indeed a true believer. Until an embarrassingly advanced age, I trusted implicitly, without question, what I was told—especially by my elders and by older children. As a child, I believed devoutly in Santa Claus, flying reindeer, and the North Pole workshop. Fortunately, I rarely heard tales of witches and goblins or trolls in my bedtime stories, or I would assuredly have been terrified by an absolute faith in those horrific fantasies, as well.
I began first to appropriate the Clausian mythology almost osmotically. The grand elf appeared soon after Thanksgiving in all the shops and stores of the city. He—or his surrogate as I learned when I inquired—even held court in the big department store downtown in Mobile, Alabama. I accepted as believable the explanations of the only-approximately-polar attire of Gayfer Department Store Santas: shoe covers to simulate boots and false cotton whiskers. Santa's "helpers" were in abundant attendance, too, characters who supposedly reported their conversations to the jolly elf, His Great Redness, himself. I found it an inescapable and seductive prospect that my deepest desires could be granted by a benevolent, generous old elf in a red suit if I but let him in on my secret wish by whatever means available. Thus, I was compelled to believe. Just to be sure he got the message, I also wrote to him in block letters on a Big Chief pad of blue-lined paper addressed to "Mr. S. Claus, North Pole." I told of my longing for an impossibly expensive bicycle. So trusting of his intent and benevolence was I that it did not occur to me that his clandestine nightly visit should have been slightly threatening. That he annually persisted in his recidivistic practice of committing a class-C-misdemeanor of global breaking and entering on the evening of 24 December was of no concern at all.
The Gospel According to Clement Moore
I found "The Night Before Christmas" a wondrously compelling tale, which my faithful father and mother read to me, my sister, and my brother every Christmas Eve. Flying reindeer! Imagine the sight! Reindeer, themselves, were exotic enough for a swamp-rat like me to comprehend, but flying reindeer? I had seen flying squirrels and flying bats as well as millions of birds on the wing. But I had never seen a Lapland reindeer at all and certainly not a flying one. But who was I to question the veracity of such accounts of air-borne sleighs, accounts that were documented in sacred print and attested to by radio reports of his progress across the globe? Had I not even once received a telegram from the North Pole encouraging my "nice-ness"?
I was just a child of eight. I was discovering daily other wonders previously unknown to me that were being revealed to my wondering eyes in books and in the tales my science teacher told. I was learning that my imagination did not limit the range of what is Reality. Thus, I chose to hope and suspended any doubt. To doubt might make it impossible to acquire the bike that I so wanted. And thus I waited. I suppressed my guilt at my mercenary faith.
Christmas 1955 was approaching. I was growing anxious. How would Santa fit my bike into his small sled or down a chimney? How did he enter our house that had no chimney? And would he be able to find me when we were visiting at my Aunt Vivian and Uncle "Doc's" house in Columbus, Georgia?
"No doubts!" I reminded myself, but I fretted anyway. When I shared my concerns at supper the week before Christmas, my parents remarked that surely Santa could find me since he kept up with such things routinely, and anyway, perhaps he might bring a special gift as a special pre-Christmas delivery before we left on the trip. The next night again we sat at supper.
Before dessert my parents stopped, looked at each other. "Did you hear that? I thought I heard sleigh bells." Mother declared.
Dad suggested, "Sammy, why don't you go look in the living room, and tell us what you find?"
I complied and was overjoyed to discover a bicycle, shiny and new, sitting in the middle of the floor. No tag or bow was necessary; I knew for whom it was, and I knew who had brought it—a surreptitious, hasty reindeer aviator.
After several minutes of exaltation, I rushed outside to tell Pete and Dean Cooper, my boyhood neighbors and pals, of the miraculous appearing of my great gift. They were likewise pleased for me, as real friends should be. They even assisted me in searching for reindeer prints in the dirt. I found several suspicious marks that were evidence enough that I had been, indeed, visited minutes before by Saint Nick himself and by his flying herd.
Part of every Christmas eve at the author's house was a review of The Night Before Christmas. Sammy, Dad, Cindy Lou, and Baby Dale absorb the gripping poem ca. 1954. Photo credit: Matteson family snapshot scanned by Cindy (Matteson) King.
But I secretly wondered. I had heard the smug pronouncements of the second-grade Santa-agnostics. I half-worried that I was the victim of a conspiracy, a hoax, a grand deception. But I kept quiet about my growing doubt as we traveled to Columbus, Georgia for a family Christmas.
I looked on Aunt Vivian and Uncle Doc as aristocrats. Uncle Doc Jordan—"Jur-den" as it was pronounced in the proper vernacular of western Georgia—was a respected urologist. He always wore a bow tie that, amazingly, was not a clip-on, but rather the real thing. He reminded me of the many illustrations of Saint Nicolas that I had seen: short, silver haired, balding and a little stout, with "smoke circling his head like a wreath." Only "Doc" was somewhat strange; he smoked cigarettes held in a Dunhill black lacquer cigarette holder that with his glasses evoked the mystique of FDR. Uncle Doc spoke earthily with a gravelly drawl but always in a charming and sophisticated manner. Once he examined his sister-in-law Ruth, who was suffering from a bladder ailment. He gleefully reported to the family that he had found a Green Stamp adhering to her derriere, probably due to a wayward saving stamp that had fallen into her dresser drawer. "Sister, do you always give Green Stamps to your customers?" He snickered as he recounted his question to the adults. I did not fully comprehend his meaning at the time. He only gave me a sly wink and a nod.
Aunt Vivian was a giant woman who towered over her physician husband. They had met professionally years before when she worked as an LVN, but now she managed their large household and two rowdy boys. Hers was an elegant table that often baffled me. I tasted politely the strangely pale spread that they called "butter." "Give me my yellow oleo margarine-butter, thank you!" I thought but did not say. There were also casseroles concocted of exotic substances like egg plant that looked like no egg or plant that I had ever seen before and that my child's palate did not appreciate. But the dark golden candied yams with white punctuations of melted marshmallow I devoured. I wondered between bites if the strange and fancy foods that their dark skinned cook prepared and passed to their gray haired maid in her starched gray uniform, who served it on silver trays, was what made my aunt and uncle seem so sophisticated.
The Jordans lived in a large multi-story red brick house that accommodated all of the assembled family for the holiday. I was assigned a guest bed situated at the top of the grand staircase that led up from the living room out of sight of the festive room but only barely out of earshot. Christmas Eve finally came and the other children and I were at last dispatched to bed. But sleep did not come soon to me. I worried that if I lost my saintly faith the magic of Christmas Eve would vanish as well. Simultaneously, I wanted to see for myself the mystic elf materialize in the room below, but dreaded the unthinkable truth. Late in the evening the house grew quiet except for suspicious noises that drifted up from below. I struggled not to listen too closely, wondering if it were Santa or some other individual "making Christmas." I had seen unusual lumps under a quilt in the trunk of our car when my father had put in the suitcases earlier. I ached with doubt, not wanting my myth to die, but not willing to live ignorant and foolish, a child forever.
In the early morning as the sun slipped through the crack in the blinds and poked me in the eye. I awoke. I lay in bed awake. I did not give in to the compulsion to run downstairs until I heard my name being called, "Sammy! It's Christmas!" Sammy required no second call. The living room was beautiful. Everywhere there were brightly packaged gifts for everyone. I recognized some of the wrapping paper from trips to the market. "Did Mrs. Claus shop at Delchamps too?" I secretly wondered. The cookies and milk that we had left for Santa were gone. A note lay in their place. It read, "THANKS, SANTA," written in a hand that reminded me of my mother's block script. Like too much sugar in a cold glass of iced tea, my doubts crystallized and precipitated into apostasy with this last teaspoon of evidence.
A Fall from Santa's Grace
Sometime during Christmas Day I silently decided that I would not believe any more, despite the risks. Santa Claus dissolved in my mind. The myth died in me. I did not speak of it, but I slipped into unbelief. I returned to Mobile less a child of wonder than when I had departed.
At sixteen, those same feelings of unease returned. I began to question whether the stories that I had heard in church and during weekly squirming hours at Sunday School—tales that the adults and older children around me loved and believed so devoutly—were only childish myths like stories of the great polar benefactor, too. How does one know the truth, if indeed there is a Truth?
The same aching faith-storms I knew in my long Georgia-Christmas night rose up again in my mind as viciously as the meteorological gales that lashed Bayfront Road. I began to think about what I had heard and to review and examine what I thought I knew. I learned from credible historians that Jesus was indeed real; he was not a made-up character, a mere excuse for Christmas retail. The records of his life, the Gospels, while controversial in their origins, were not invented in the middle ages nor was the Bible "written by Shakespeare" as one ignorant and arrogant self-styled atheist high school acquaintance claimed, even if the English translation I was reading was filled with a hundred pages of "thee" and "thou" and "Yea! Verily . . ."
I learned that Saint Nicholas was also a person, a bishop of third century Asia Minor, who had such a generous heart that he did many deeds of kindness in secret. His bones can still be visited in the village of Bari in southern Italy. Yet, how had a real person, one who acted in real time and space been so transformed into a mythical elf? Even more troubling was the thought that, perhaps over two millennia, the real Rabbi Jeshua had been corrupted into a Christ myth. I had to know. I dug deeper, fearfully at first. I began to consider the major religions of the world. I examined the major philosophies of the ages. I thought about the evidence for and against the proposition of God and of the Christian God, in particular. In my search I was helped by conversations with my wise and kind pastor, Brother Mahlon Thomason. (We in the 1950s South always called our pastor and deacons, "Brother" in a reverential tone.) He never seemed to be shocked at any proposition that I brought to his attention, nor did he ever tell me I was wrong. Rather he simply asked me questions that often began, "Have you considered . . . ?" I felt safe to talk to him about what was troubling me. I began to feel that I need not fear to examine my doubts or to face the truth, whatever it was.
A Transforming Story
In my deliberations—the deliberations of a jury of one—I became convinced that I could get a sense of who this Joshua (another transliteration of the common first century name Jesus) really was. I concluded that he is and had been a transforming personality to everyone who met him, in person, or in the witness of the New Testament, down through the centuries. Even Nicholas of Myrna, the original Saint Nick, was changed when he met the Christ of the Bible. His character had been transformed by his faith and he was never the same afterward. I, too, had met God in my own experience, not just as a myth or in a story, but in my own life and I had been existentially changed forever by that encounter. The track of my life took a turn when at age nine I committed what I was and would become to him. While the storm of doubt and self-questioning raged, I had an anchor: I did not just know about God; I felt that I actually knew God Himself. I had never really met Santa Claus, even though impersonators had tried to delude me with tangible fakes. Conversely, I really knew this very God by intangible, but nevertheless real encounters. What I concluded was that there was evidence, and that it made sense. I became a believer again, not a believer in a fairy tale told to a child, but rather a convinced mature believer who is persuaded by evidence and reasonable argument. In the decades that followed, even as I pursued my calling as a natural scientist, that persuasion became even more compelling. The physical universe appeared to me to be ancient but not eternal. No means was found by which it could have created itself. Moreover, mankind was not inevitable on this planet. That we are, indeed as is all we encounter, a wonder, a providential grace. The more I learned, the more beautiful I found the universe to be. Indeed, it is good. And what of the human condition? I saw the image of God imprinted in me as well as in each person I met. Yet we are ever striving souls that struggle to have our own way, preternaturally estranged from that glorious promise, potentially holy but more often horrific.
Now, I see all of creation in the light of the story of a loving God rescuing His wayward children through a redeeming Christ. The heavens are indeed telling the glory of God, the story of a real event that occurred in history and of a life that was lived in the first century of this current era. That story proclaimed that there is hope for humanity, but only in redemption.
It is a truism that not all we think we see is real. We sometimes find what we are looking for, despite the evidence to the contrary. Thus, I have been on my guard to critique my persuasions since my youth. Conversely, not all we cannot see is unreal. In the end the evidence of what is actual must decide the issue for us. We must only have the courage to look at the facts as squarely as we can and take what we find for what it is. Then we must risk all that we are—or that we have—to live by that knowledge and walk about in that light. Then and only then—my experience prompts me to believe—have we the right of claiming ourselves honestly to be true believers.
Does knowing that the beauty of the rainbow arises proximally from the dispersive refraction of sunlight through droplets of water reduce any of its glory or obscure its ultimate meaning? Photo credit: the author.
Posted in Sassafras Tea and Fried Oysters | Tagged Bible, childhood, Santa Claus, Science and Faith, St. Nicholas | Leave a Comment »
January 23, 2016 by Sam Matteson
Marti Gras frightened Sammy Gene beyond all reason. Masks are de rigeur for the carnival. Photo Credit: Emily Naser-Hall @ http://www.axs.com
Mardi Gras, Fat Tuesday, (February 9 this year) used to scare the begeebers out of me. This disconcerting emotion has been more than a small embarrassment to me ever since I was a street urchin in Mobile, the American birthplace of the annual pre-Lenten bacchanalia. New Orleans claims center stage for debauchery in the public imagination but the even more venerable festival of banality that surged into the streets of Mobile with its ancient mystic pedigree always wagged its own seductive finger in my direction with an inveigling invitation to small sins and temporarily half-wicked pleasures, and this frightened me unreasonably.
As a child these excesses ran only to clandestine candy before dinner. The masked revelers on Government Street in their Bourbon-inspired generosity strew the crowds along the curbs with salt-water taffy, butterscotch and moon pies, unsteadily sowing seeds of venality. There was, I was sure, some reason that the passengers on the floats that glided down the Mobile streets were masked. Why they were disguised I was not certain, but I was suspicious in any case. Nevertheless it was only candy they were dispensing, but, on the other hand, it was sufficient to rob a child of his modest appetite for his vegetables and for his common life. Who wants green beans when such sweet delights are an option? Who will be satisfied with everyday when offered long nights of green and purple and gold-spangled parties and balls? Who can resist the temptations to excess when the oh-so-tasty comes unbidden with no apparent cost? Halloween and Mardi Gras share both the same subtly diabolical mystery and the enticing lure of candy. This Lolla-of-the-floats, who always got what she wanted, wanted me, and so made me feel uneasy, even somehow threatened.
The Symbols of Life
Life is full of symbols. Many of them are exceedingly powerful. Mardi Gras was a basket full of symbolism. The masks hid the public identity of the otherwise respectable citizens of Mobile society to avoid the consequences of societal opprobrium for shattered decorum and uninhibited insobriety. I wondered if the mask, paradoxically, revealed the true face of the men and women in the spangled costumes. Something about the secret societies, the "Crewes" that paraded and produced lavish balls where guests were admitted by invitation only and only when properly attired; then as now, gowns must reach the floor, and tuxedos are de rigeur. And masks, one must wear a mask, for identities are hidden this week.
There seems something slightly irrational to me about the idea that before one enters into a month and ten days of asceticism leading up to Easter, a period designed to cleanse the soul, one must pollute it well with all that one will forego during the fast. I was troubled, even though it all seemed like harmless silliness that Joe Cain, reputed to be the origin of the term, "Raising Cain," began in 1866; then he appropriated the alter ego of Chief Slacabamorinico and led the revival of the parades of the mystic societies that the Cowbellion de Ranken Society had begun but left off when the South was subjugated in "the War." The allure of the mystics never abated from their origin in 1703 until the present, even if the parades were intermittent that ran down Church Street and back up Government, lit by the torches they called Les Flambeaux, flares that were carried by dark bearers hired for the occasion. Mother and Dad tried to assure that our experience was wholesome, but they ever feared that we would be lost in the crowds or injured in the crush at the curb. Mother's apprehensions were confirmed one night when Dale, my brother, was separated from the family for a few anxious minutes.
The flaring light, the loud bands that both delighted with brassy music and shook your stomach with the pounding of the bass drum, and the mad crush of children and adults screaming "Throw me something!" worked a voodoo that was at once intoxicating and revolting. And unspoken, too, there danced the specter of alcoholism that had plagued the men of Mother's family for generations. Drunkenness was an unpleasant sight that was blatantly and unrepentantly on display to our innocent eyes even if the maskers were unidentified.
Serious Folly
Of the scores of parading societies that trooped down the street in Mardi Gras, the Knights of Revelry most impressed me. Annually the floats would change with a new theme to inspire their creation, but just as each Crewe displayed one immutable society float, KoR presented their Jester-and-Death tableau. The symbol of their society was a broken column reminiscent of the hundreds that stood before defunct and abandoned plantation houses that were strewn across reconstruction Alabama. Around the ruined graciousness of the neo-colonial column danced two figures. A pied jester, known to all as "Folly," armed only with a golden inflated pig's bladder sparred with a skeleton carrying a formidable scythe; they identified him as "Death." In all of the scenes that passed by me, Folly always seemed to have the upper hand. How this symbol spoke to me of Mobile and Mardi Gras! Her citizens have faced and continue to endure destruction and disappointment time and again from wars and hurricane, from societal upheaval and cultural conflict, and from economic or personal reversals, but something in the Mobilian character has made us laugh at our loss and continue to celebrate life, even taunting Death. Twain, while not a Southerner himself, might have approved since he is reputed to have said, "Ah, well, I am a great and sublime fool. But then I am God's fool, and all His works must be contemplated with respect."
Flambeaux illuminated the night time parades when Sammy was a child in Mobile as they still do today in New Orleans. Photo credit: anerdsguidetoneworleans.wordpress.com
Beyond the Flambeaux
I did regard the comic life-size emblem with respect. Nevertheless, the image haunted me. For a time, I dreamed of the harlequin who danced with its pig's bladder. In my dream I lay safe beneath the house and peered out into a frightening world obscured in darkness, save for the jester illuminated in the flaring light of the Flambeaux. When he danced far away I looked on only with curiosity, but when he drew near, my heart raced with anxiousness and desperation. Freud said that sometimes a dream is only a dream, but I sense I understand what my psyche was telling me. Folly may be alluring but there is, indeed, reason to be on my guard. Neither Death nor Life is as playful as he or she is portrayed in a Mardi Gras parade. This disturbs me still. Whenever I look again upon the revelry, I worry what else lurks in the dark beyond the light of the Flambeaux. Ash Wednesday follows hard on every Fat Tuesday.
Folly leads the Knights of Revelry Photo credit: blog.al.com
Posted in Beach Spring | Tagged Alabama, childhood, Mardi Gras, Mobile | 1 Comment »
Connie Nichols Report–WFAA
Meet the Prof
My Ministry Minute | {
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