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every one of the thirty eight states to its foundation political are no doubt always to be dreaded as eat temporary social evils and those who pass through them are regarded as for future generations bat must not on th account be condemned as conceived and bom of evil as many seem to think who owe the blessings they now enjoy to the their forefathers accomplished a cry of law and order is raised on all such occasions by men who regard only artificial laws established perhaps by a power in by gone ages and entirely disregard or overlook the tact that there is a law and as the the german m of stars in heaven and existing i ith the universe itself namely the law of nature if this law be in the world it and itself and often too j violent and formidable all the elements the law inherent in the moral world follows a like course and although its voice may for a time be muffled and smothered it will at last with tones of thunder break forth and call out law and order to this law and order is true a nation s social and political organization must be in perfect accordance with its peculiar character and that state of development which it has reached in the course of the destiny of man the forms of a state and its laws must be the natural of the people s spirit and genius and its human development and they must grow out of these but cannot and must not be by an wilful power the gradual changes in all bodies of nature follow according to inherent laws and the external forms accommodate themselves to the development of the living principle which is under them if we try to check this natural growth the will itself and either death or will be the consequence when a nation has its existing political and social forms or if the existing suitable and fitting forms are and changed the living spirit working beneath them will its right and try to restore itself this effort we call a revolution and as such we do not only deem it but and demanded by the law of god there are some however who would condemn the resort to force imder any circumstances and maintain that love and forbearance are the only weapons that should ever be undoubtedly they ought to rule and control all hearts all class es and all nations but it is also true that where these do not prevail there they ought to be established the field must be prepared to receive costly seed that it may root and bear fruit the great founder of the kingdom of peace and love laid down his life for the law of and every one who will be his true must be willing to do the same when the object is to and divine laws the most scrupulous will the of self defence by force when life and limb are and should the same privilege be denied when a people s life and existence are at stake the german of march the question whether the revolution which has broken out in germany and is still going on is desirable and necessary on the ground we have before claimed and pronounced as reasonable and just it is our purpose to answer bj a brief statement of the political condition of this country and this principally by facts so that every one may draw his own conclusion and form an answer to the above question himself but we must plead in the beginning the of our space for a perfect statement of so vast a subject since the general in germany is at present one germany one empire as of old and a constitutional representative government we shall begin with giving a brief of what germany was in former times when it was yet called an empire and when it was at least a state we shall then proceed to state what the political condition was after the dissolution of the empire and conclude with giving the plan of the projected union of the new empire now in process of being established the old empire may be said to have existed at least from the time of in the year till francis ii in was the first who renewed the title of caesar or emperor when he roman emperor in the year by pope iii at rome he connected with this the claim of universal over all and it was long considered as attached to the of rome it was therefore given to the oldest son of louis the pious as king of italy and was afterwards bestowed upon charles the bald and other italian princes until i in for ever united the imperial crown with the german royal dignity however until i the of roman emperor was given only to those german kings who were crowned by the pope otherwise they had only the tide of roman king after had called himself for the first time roman emperor the german kings took this title without having been in rome the last german king who was crowned in italy was charles v among the the german crown was hereditary but after their it became and the german kings were chosen by all the princes of the empire until in the middle of the century the right was confined to certain princes this distinctly appears in at the election of emperor richard of the german revolution of the princes were those of and as the first and of the empire and those of the for a time with and of and the other princes still demanded the right of in the election but the princes succeeded in maintaining their exclusive privilege until charles iv in confirmed it by the called the golden bull the required for the imperial dignity were to be of legitimate birth	37
a german at least eighteen years old of high nobility at least a count and in later times an prince not a clergyman and not an when a person of such had elected he had to sign the so called or compact drawn up by the princes which began however first when proposed his afterwards charles v he was crowned as german king at la and in later times at or and for the most part at on the by upon him the imperial namely the golden crown gilt golden globe the sword of and that of st the gilt spurs the and other robes at he received an iron crown and was finally crowned at rome by the pope this last ceremony ceased as we have said with i the college of princes remained the same seven in number till the peace of except that after king had been in did not exercise her right and was not admitted again into the college till when the v of the was his right and dignity were transferred to but at the peace of it was that an eighth dignity and vote should be d for the on condition that in case of the of the line the vote should fall again to the and the eighth should be in a ninth dignity was created by i who made an but it was not admitted into the college till after a long resistance on the part of the estates of the empire when in the line became extinct and its lands fell again to the the ceased according to the previous agreement and hence there were again but eight the german of march the had privileges which the other estates of the empire did not possess beside their exclusive right of the emperor they had royal honors but not the title majesty they were not subject to the of the imperial and courts their lands were and they held their without they were called according to the golden bull the seven pillars and lights of the holy empire they could advice even when it was not called for and could recommend matters to the emperor as of particular through addresses and finally they had the right to draw up the of election of which we shall make mention the of was arch by the peace at m the left bank of the was to france and important alterations became necessary particularly since only the hereditary princes could receive from the german empire on the th of july the imperial was called at and through russia and france a plan of was proposed bv which only one prince the of with the title of prince and first of the empire and three new princes to wit of and and afterwards also and the new arch were admitted into the college this took place on the nd of august thus there were now ten princes in by the peace of and received the royal but still continued to be parts of the german empire but on the th of july at paris the was established whereupon the and broke off their connection with the old german union when the french declared at the diet at that napoleon no longer a german empire and that he had taken the tide of protector of the francis ii on the august laid down the crown as german emperor and discharged all princes and states from their further and duties to him as emperor of germany and thus the complete independent of all tiie different was formally declared the constitution of the german empire which thus ended may be said to have been principally based upon five imperial the german revolution of laws to wit tiie bull of the permanent peace of the land of the imperial beginning with charles y the religious peace of and the peace of in the import of these or laws we will now briefly state the golden bull is the imperial law which charles ly issued in at the diet at after it had been discussed bj the states it contained in thirty chapters rules regarding the princes and their privileges and particularly those of the king of and of the imperial election and of the and and of the cities whose further increase of power at the expense of princes and sovereigns charles wished to the permanent peace of the land was the law made and in by by which all and personal revenge were under a fine of two thousand marks in gold the estates were to every year to maintain the peace and punish against it at the same time an imperial court of justice was established the judges of which were chosen by the estates and the emperor before whom subjects might enter complaints their princes the of election was the articles of agreement which the princes drew up on the election of an emperor and which the emperor before entering upon his office swore to the first was by the when i proposed his charles v as emperor for every newly elected emperor a special was drawn up called but the main points remained the same they were that the emperor should take care of the church and the pope protect the empire give the proper protection to the and other princes and leave them in their possessions and rights that he should undertake nothing without the consent of the diet enter into no compact without the of tiie same support the police and commerce impose no new taxes keep m proper order the and neither sell nor pledge any part of the empire keep the of the peace of in force reside in germany if not suffer foreign powers to in matters of on preserve the peace of the land and the independence of the and the imperial arrangements c by this means the princes secured to themselves the german of march power of forcing	37
from the emperor favorable to their own independent sway the religious peace at was concluded at the imperial diet held at this in the import of this compact between the and catholic princes was that the should full exercise of their religion and remain in possession of all the estates each sovereign should have the right to establish a prevailing religion of state but should allow his subjects of a faith to religious should be settled in a manner and should not extend to and have power over the faith and divine worship of the the church was however still excluded and this compact included only the church at the peace of the church was also received this compact the peace of of established besides the of religious the independent of the individual german states which made the imperial power into a mere shadow each prince ob the right to make war conclude peace and with foreign nations and thus the bond of the united empire was in fact rent asunder though the imperial title continued to linger for a century and a half the of now commenced each prince sought only his own independence in his own territory regardless of the welfare of the whole nation and even of his own subjects the freedom of trade and was checked as each petty state was surrounded with a barrier of duties and to supply the wants of the expensive the of the industrious subjects were and taken to useless and ridiculous pride in courts armies and foreign the laws of the empire were made at the imperial which consisted of the estates of the realm and these were divided into and estates to the former belonged the and and the grand master of the orders and that of st john to the latter the princes counts and the free imperial cities at first the emperor appeared in person at the but afterwards by a who was a prince of tho empire the of as of the m the german revolution of pre was president of the diet to whom the of the estates and foreign presented their the business was in three first that of the princes in which collected die second that of princes which was divided into the and benches the of and sat on a cross bench the counts of the empire had in this college no individual but were divided into four benches namely of the and of which each bench gave but one vote and likewise the of the realm as and were divided into two benches namely the and and had two the was exercised alternately by the of and the of third that of the free imperial cities which was divided into two benches the and the city where the diet sat had the honor of the and each city had one vote generally the majority of controlled all matters except in religious and those concerning the individual estates each of the passed its resolutions separately and then sought by conference to in the three this done the resolution thus passed was called and laid before the emperor for and if it received his approbation it became a law and was called an of the empire and the publication of all the passed at a diet was called the emperor might refuse this in whole or in part but he could not alter the import of the nor supply the needful assent of any one college the ha been signed they were published and sent to the imperial courts for the usual business of the diet was to pass and interpret laws to conclude war and p ace to make and and other similar business the last imperial diet was opened by lu in the j ear at and closed the th of may t called the l t because the other diet opened in in till the of the empire and was the german of march closed without the of any laws the laws passed at this last diet related to the appointment of judges to the imperial court and the forms of it was a proceeding on the part of the german diet that it presented in one hundred and one the forms under which justice might be demanded in the highest court of the empire in matters where the value in dispute exceeded four hundred and laid down the forms of appeal from courts of the imperial states but left single lords and to exercise over thieves and of religion and dispose of their lives without appeal or opposition the son and successor of being of a weak mind and feeble character allowed the members of the empire to establish completely their independent the idea of the century which had begun to carry out in france and louis xiv had adopted namely that ot giving to the ruling sovereign or his chosen minister exclusively all power of government was now likewise carried out in all the states of germany emperor at his election in had been obliged by the princes to swear to a which that the estates should not assume the disposition of taxes to the of their sovereigns and that they should not refuse for the support of and as in the last recess of the diet and if they should on that account make at the imperial courts they should be refused a hearing and ordered to obey their sovereigns that the princes and the other estates should be permitted to and enter into that the princes should be allowed with the assistance of neighbouring states to maintain their rights against their own subjects and to force them to obedience and finally that although complaints and suits arising in consequence of this of their subjects should be decided with all speed nevertheless the princes should not be compelled to obey the issued by the imperial and courts at the instance of subjects thus the	37
estates and the subjects were entirely barred from the protection of the supreme power of the empire moreover at the diet called in on account of the war with the the emperor for the first time did not appear to open it in person but sent a to represent him he afterwards permitted the princes who could not come to the german revolution of an agreement to leave the diet and send in their stead the diet formerly an assembly of all the princes now became a of who could act only after with their princes upon each question under discussion the consequent in business made the of the diet permanent and it continued in till the final dissolution of the empire in the emperor also permitted each imperial estate to raise the expenses for these from their subjects and thus he confirmed the of the diet the principal subjects discussed were the so called religious complaints arising from the relations of the different religious parties through the above in the to which agreed the princes had become independent of the of taxes by their estates and subjects and thus ihey could easily break through all which the estates laid upon them the of and set the example to the others in entirely with the of the estates within instead of all the estates together they at first only to perform the same duties which the assembled representatives had performed before and these became at last permanent or were without any ceremony it would lead us too far to go into a particular statement of ihe of all existing rights and laws which the princes committed in their respective the which some of them were guilty of seem almost incredible we will only refer to the of a william of and a charles of as proof that we do not give too harsh a name to their base thus things went on till on the the political atmosphere gave birth to a violent storm which shook all europe to its centre the dawn of a new age broke on the world the age of the rights of the people and of their sovereign will the age when it was to be received as a truth that the rulers are made for the people and not the people for the rulers and that the people shall have a voice in deciding on their own welfare the princes saw the mighty spirit rising firom the deep which threatened their existence they ru ed one and all to or it in its cradle but it embodied itself in one mighty giant the the german revolution of march of who now like a tempest swept over the earth all shattered the and tore the of kings and princes no earthly hand could approach and touch him and he fell by the hand which him the of heaven alone hurled him from his station and even then he rose a second time like another when he touched his mother earth and stood forth in his native strength his spirit knew no submission and could not feel that it was only an instrument by the over ruling power by which he was a second time not to rise again having fulfilled his mission the princes then began to breathe freely once more and recover from the fright and dismay which had struck to their hearts in gazing on the awful which had passed before their eyes they could not but see in it a messenger sent bv a higher power to reveal and teach solemn truth although they were pleased with the absolute sovereign sway which the king of kings had to crush the wild demon of the people s rule yet they could not forget that he was a son of the revolution a man risen from the people who had destroyed the vague yet sacred of the divine rights of kings dimly floating round their sovereign as such he was but the representative of the evil spirit which had broken forth on the therefore he was banished to a desolate isle in the ocean there to linger out his crushed existence among the mighty waters his only companions however this bitter lesson made a deep impression upon the minds of the princes and filled them with a passing spirit of repentance and a desire to mend their evil ways the rulers who had stood foremost in the alliance against napoleon were the emperor alexander of russia emperor francis of and king william iii of all three had passed through the bitter ordeal of and in the hours of sorrow had found in religion that consolation which they had vainly sought in earthly glory and power they now looked upon their high from a religious point of view from alexander the most but also the of the three the great idea proceeded of establishing a european alliance which should have for its basis the mild love breathing doctrines of christianity and not the narrow policy of success this alliance was called by some from admiration and the german revolution of bj others from a spirit of derision the holy alliance it was signed by the three at paris on the th of september they declared to the whole world their pious resolution both in the administration of their own kingdom and in relation to other to take for their guide only the commands of the christian religion the of justice christian love and peace the three pledged themselves according to the words of the scripture which demand that all men should regard each other as brothers to remain united and to aid each other like brothers on all occasions and to show themselves to their subjects and armies as fathers and to cause the same feeling of brotherhood to their subjects and the states governed by them russia and should in future be only three branches of one and the same christian people	37
who acknowledge as their only ruler to whom all power is given all the princes of europe were invited to join in this excepting the and the pope for first time in the history of the world the mighty of the earth had pronounced in a solemn compact the principle that all christian europe should unite in one alliance in which the highest law for princes and subjects should be love and kindness if it had been possible to carry out this plan the golden age of which poets speak and common mortals dream would have been realized but in their belief that they wished only what was good and just they had reserved the highest and final decision of all to their own personal feeling which both with high and low is influenced by accidental circumstances and wliich cannot therefore be a safe guide in the intricate management of public affairs the supreme rule of personal feeling was in reality nothing else but absolute unlimited power whatever religious cloak the piety of the authors wished to throw over it they therefore restored the tyranny against which they had called upon their people to draw the sword freedom was the ana battle cry which inspired the people of all classes to break the foreign yoke and it was the princes themselves who raised this word of enchantment which all hearts the young and the old high and low to what degree disinterested love filled the hearts of the german princes and influenced their conduct towards the people over whom they were now to resume control their immediate showed and in a manner which left no the german of march of the actual spirit which guided them we see this distinctly even in the attempt to give shape again to the fragments of the old empire after the first victory over napoleon the princes of the states assembled at to take into consideration the new order of things which was to succeed the broken empire of foreign power by an article in the treaty of paris it had been decided that the states of germany shall be independent and shall be united by a tie in of thb thirty eight out of three hundred and fifty sovereign states that once existed all the rest having been absorbed in these met together but most contradictory views and claims were brought forward some demanded that every thing should bo placed again as it existed before the dissolution of the empire and if possible at the time of the peace of these views were entertained by the smaller and princes but neither nor felt inclined to accept the imperial dignity from which they could promise themselves no advantages under existing circumstances they entertained the plan of all parts that once belonged to the empire into one whole which without interfering with the internal government should form a solid union against all foreign states the new created by napoleon and and also the grand of made the most resolute resistance to any thing that might in the least disturb their independence it might have been long before harmony would have been established if the sudden of napoleon upon his return from had not driven them to a speedy conclusion instead of establishing a state they contented themselves with forming a of states which was based upon the entire equality of all the members and had for its object only the preservation of internal and external security the compact was concluded on the th of june eight days before the battle of alliance its principal provisions are as follows the sovereign princes and the free cities of germany including the emperor of and the kings of and the the two former for all their possessions formerly belonging to the german empire the king of for and the king of the for the grand of enter into a perpetual which shall be called the german i the german of the design of it is the preservation of the external and internal security of and the independence and of the german states all members of the have as such equal rights the all bind themselves to keep the compact the affairs of the union shall be by a diet at which all members through their have single partly in all at tiie diet each member has the right to make proposals and the president is bound to bring them up for consultation within a given time in cases regarding the making or of laws of the of resolutions concerning the compact itself the and generally useful arrangements the diet forms itself into a in which in regard to the difference in size of the individual states tiie following distribution of is agreed upon six have five three and the rest only one which make in all afterwards the assembly is in constant but may for four months at most the seat of the diet is at on the and is fixed for st the first duty of the diet shall be the making of laws of the and the arrangement regarding its foreign military and internal relations the following sections that all the members of the should protect both the whole of germany and each state against any that in case of war no one member should enter into separate with the enemy that each state should retain the right of making with other nations provided they did not tend to prejudice the safety of the or of its members and thai the members should not make war against each other but submit their to the section provided in all the states a representative constitution shall be established and the section to the subjects of all the states the t of acquiring real estate in any one of them and of from one state into another without paying a tax on their property and uniform	37
regarding the liberty of the press and the security of authors and against the german of march tliis was as appears only the act of the princes of germany for the support of their own so independence but not the act of the people forming themselves into one nation it was only after great exertions on the part of that the article was ed which made it incumbent on all the states to introduce a representative form of government and another article which liberty of the press no provision was made to enable the people of the individual states to obtain against their rulers if they should be deprived of their rights nor were the rights of the people in the least defined or the principles laid down on which the representative form of government should be established all this was left to the sovereign will of each prince several states however pro at once to with the article of the compact and gave such as they were also showed the best intentions at first and made tions to give to its people a general representative form cl government on the nd of may there appeared an of the king that provincial should be constituted out of which a general diet should bo chosen of this we shall have occasion to speak more at large hereafter the government with prince as at tiie head of the state favored at first the free political development in germany soon after the peace at under the protection of the amiable and gifted queen and the baron yon an association had been formed called the league of virtue to which besides the princes of the house the most distinguished men belonged as and others the openly declared object of the society was the moral and mental culture of its members whilst it in secret pursued the plan to prepare their native country germany for and elevation from its disgraceful humiliation and oppression at the demand of the emperor of the french this league was but it continued to exist in secret and spread far beyond the boundaries of as long as the enemy was near at hand all onward movements in proceeded in the spirit of this league but when peace was established there were not wanting those who saw or pretended to see in this league tendencies dangerous to the state or rather to the absolute principle and endeavoured to represent them as such to the king and to the german of x the world in general the expectations of the young generation who had in large numbers drawn the sword in their country s cause were naturally and justly in of an internal political of the german people and this spirit prevailed particularly among the young men at the many of whom had fought for freedom in the battles against the common enemy the of the three of the gave occasion for a large of students from the different parts of the country at the to this festival on the th of october this being the day of the victory over foreign the day was celebrated in the spirit which filled every heart namely enthusiasm the of the german nation the impression which this made upon all young germany was deep and but the and their thought that the devil who appeared to three hundred years ago at this same place had risen again and was at work in addition to this it happened that a mr von known to the english public by his dramatic works made himself particularly by his writings the generous enthusiastic spirit of the young and being in the pay and employ of the russian government he represented to the same the spirit prevailing in germany as most dangerous to the existing a young man a student at charles sand a great for the of his country formed the idea that intended to betray germany to russia and he felt himself called upon to remove this russian spy at all his resolution was soon taken the enemy fell by his dagger this act together with what had preceded was sufficient to bring the princes to definite and measures and the acts which now followed year after year and which have been continued till the year took their date from prince the of who had long looked upon the onward movement of the people in different states with fear and dread as opposed to his system of preserving the existing state of things now deemed it high time to use effective means to check this spirit of the age already in the year previous the bad expressed regarding the execution of the article the following view of his government it no vi the german revolution of march in existence it therefore must be executed that is there shall and must exist in all german states representative and they must therefore be introduced where they do not now exist it lies in the nature of a promise which is not bound to a certain time that the fulfilment of it must be had as soon and as well as possible but the wisdom of the government and the interest of the subjects require that the best of things should be attained under the given then he went on to say that requisite time must be given to the to bring about the proper result the also had in a previous on the th of february expressed himself in a similar way saying that his government would now soon establish the provincial so that the essential part of the of the nd of may would be carried out that it would then proceed in the way of experiment and first establish what the welfare of the individual provinces required and then see what could be done for a common bond which should unite all provinces these showed distinctly that neither of these great powers would be led into so great	37
a departure from the absolute system as to bind its hands by a representative constitution and at the same time it became evident that they would not scruple to their promises and by the most paltry and prince after the mentioned called a meeting of the ministers of all the principal states for the purpose of together to determine in what manner the left in the act of the of should be filled up and at the same time to decide upon measures to meet the danger of the moment the result of these was the so called resolutions at which were published on the th of september at they were as follows that the states should at the next in the spirit of the principle and the preservation of the give their views on a proper interpretation and explanation of the article of the act of that until definite be established should be introduced for the purpose of carrying out and watching over the measures and resolutions necessary for the internal safety according to the second section the german of that should immediately be taken for a thorough reform of schools and that for the necessary over all matters of the press and for the purpose of preventing the abuse of it a order should be generally introduced in regard to newspapers and that a central committee should be appointed for the express purpose of the discovered in several states the of stated in opening the that the most measures must be taken to suppress the of minds in germany that one of the principal causes of the excitement was the of the article of the act of promising a representative form of government to the individual states that it was true that this promise had been ven but neither the time had been fixed nor the form in which it should be done that nothing else had been understood by representative states but what had always been understood by it in germany and that he was far from understanding by it a kind of government by the people according to foreign patterns that therefore no should be granted in the different states until the diet had given an interpretation of the article which must be based upon the principle that a wrong idea was abroad in regard to the extent of power and duties of the that its object was its own self preservation and that of the states and in this respect it was the highest body the of the diet therefore which related to the internal and external safety of the whole the independence and of the individual members of the league and the of the existing order must have a general binding force and the execution of them must not be checked by separate and by the laws of a single state in accordance with the resolutions and in the spirit of the sentiments expressed by the the following measures were adopted a committee of five members was appointed who should watch over the execution of the of the diet in case the should meet with resistance on the part of the subjects of any state and its own government should not be able to enforce them the diet should enforce them by military power and the the german of diet should on the number of troops and the states which should furnish them the same should take place in case the government itself should refuse to carry out the in order to control the spirit which had shown itself in the a of each state was to be appointed at each university who should watch over the the spirit of the professors in their lectures and give them a direction for ring the objects of the state all were to remove for ever from public instruction every teacher who should abuse his influence over the minds of the youth by spreading principles the public peace and safety and such a teacher should be excluded from admission to any other institution in any other state all secret and associations of students in ties especially that of the should be strictly suppressed and every individual taking part in any such should be excluded from holding any public office to carry out the last resolution a court of seven was appointed to at to carry on the regarding the as they were called all local authorities were ordered to deliver over to this committee the respective legal papers of and at the same time to pursue diligently all traces leading to new discoveries at the same time extraordinary power was given to this committee to make throughout all the german states and to have the arrested persons brought to where a safe was provided for them the total of all legal rights which was effected through these measures is so evident that it need not be dwelt upon at the of absolute independence in regard to its internal affairs was to each state but here was established a most arbitrary which could arrest any individual in any state and on mere suspicion drag him from his native state before its bar and try him according to its own wish and pleasure history has no other example where a league was formed by so many absolute sovereigns for the special purpose of their own absolute sway within their own over their subjects there exists no pretence of any apology for such measures as these it cannot be said that they were for the purpose of the revolution of law and order for the very measures themselves were a gross breach of the existing laws and moreover this very august body which deserves better the name of a conspiracy and band of and which thought itself entitled to interfere with the internal of the individual states when their own safety was concerned declared itself utterly to interfere in behalf of subjects when sacred rights were most abused by	37
by this august body resolved to settle only political questions for which special purpose they were what these political questions were the following articles show sufficiently sections and read thus the of internal peace and order in the states belongs to their respective alone but by virtue of the obligation of the members to lend mutual assistance the of all may take place for the preservation and restoration of quiet in case of open revolt or dangerous movements in several states on part of the subjects and if any government should in the spring of there had appeared two of in tbe or north sea and had captured almost in sight of the german coast tbe ships of and of and two the german of be in case of a revolt from asking front the the same shall interfere of its own accord sections and provide that the whole power of state must remain united in the sovereign who could be bound by a representative constitution only in the exercise of certain rights but not be limited by the same in the fulfilment of his obligations and that where the publication of transactions was allowed the bounds of free speech must not be either in nor in the printed publication so that the peace of the individual state or that of the whole of might be most measures were also adopted to keep the press within perfect control and to prevent the voice of the oppressed from making itself heard in accordance with the resolutions at a law was issued on the th of september to be in force for five years but which was renewed in its provisions were as follows all writings and all other writings of less than twenty sheets must be subjected to a previous and the single states are responsible in this respect one to the other and to the whole the diet is entitled of its own accord to writings and the editor of a suppressed newspaper or other shall not be admitted to the of any other similar paper for the next five years complaints of the abuse of the press in other states shall be in states where the writings were printed in regard to writings of more than twenty sheets it is left to the individual whether they will introduce a or leave them to the of the police and under a legal on the same but it is required that in works of over twenty sheets the name of the and if the work be a the name of the editor must be inserted and that all the books which do not bear the names mentioned shall be and not be sold in any state in consequence of this law a number of newspapers and were suppressed afterwards the diet directed its attention also to greater works and to the attempts of some in neighbouring countries to spread in political writings of a passionate import the were requested to give notice of those writings the and of which were deemed necessary because their contents were dangerous to the state cat the of of writings in the states were handed in and were now likewise issued by the diet matters at length came to such a pass that not only all the books published by certain but also all the writings of certain that had not yet been published were the law of the diet of july th all political writings which were published in the german language out of the states a special permission had been obtained from the the of june th made it incumbent upon the to take in regard to the publication of the transactions in representative bodies that the bounds of free discussion should not be and attacks upon the diet should be prevented a later of april th the publication of any news regarding in german representative bodies in newspapers and from other than the official sources appointed for them the independent position of the princes was now fortified to their hearts content and if it was not no one was to blame but themselves since the people were not even allowed to present to the diet each one now at his own paternal board the blessings of an almost absolute government to the subjects of his land over whom he had been called to rule by the grace of god their representatives were in constant at but for what purpose and to what use it would be difficult to say if one prince was recommended on account of his general and another for the art of doing the least possible work in the greatest possible time this dignified body would undoubtedly accept both the people lived on quietly and if it be true that those states are governed best of which history has least to record the german states may be said to have enjoyed this position the revolution of france in found in deep repose however the of the cock awoke the people somewhat from their we have no space to the various movements that took place in different states the princes became startled at this new and daring spirit of reform which showed itself among their subjects and the result was the issue of six new dated june th which are the crowning piece of their fabric the speak for themselves and we give here the document itself rather than offer any remarks or indulge in or over the rights and trampled under foot the german of since a german sovereign can be bound bj a to the with the estates in the exercise of certain rights he not only may bat must reject any petition which is in conflict with the same if the representative attempt to make the of taxes dependent upon obtaining other wishes such proceedings are to be among revolt and resistance to the government as in the twenty fifth and twenty sixth sections a committee shall be	37
appointed at the diet to watch over the transactions of the representatives in the individual states and to inform the diet of all and resolutions conflicting with the rights of the diet has the exclusive right of its own laws and the new measures in regard to the press we have already mentioned here we must leave the proceedings of the of german princes some idea at least may be formed of the political condition of germany as regards its union into one nation and the freedom of the people if we should go into the particular which the subjects in each particular state had to endure volumes would be required to set them forth we think it however necessary to take more particular notice of one individual state because it is more generally known abroad and a certain reputation for its administration in some of its internal we mean in regard to it need only be stated that there the principles of were carried out to the fullest extent and reigned with a vigor and energy which give history no chance of any acts or events of the existence of life within the body we will therefore pass over this state entirely and turn our eyes to the other where some life and energy were shown to exist both on the part of the government and the people the fact that the king of on the rd of february issued a patent which was intended to be the lo g promised constitution and by which the states general were called together to in one body at has been alleged by some no doubt from ignorance of the actual state of things as a proof of the development of political rights in germany being one of the greatest states of the counting inhabitants of whom belong to the so far from this being the case we think it serves as an additional proof that all established law was disregarded and pro the german revolution of claimed as the basis and principle of government a short allusion to this first assembly of states general in may be of interest to see whether the german people had a legitimate cause to resort to a revolution and demand law and order it was as early as the nd of may that the late king of issued a decree declaring that a of the people should be formed and that for this purpose provincial should be restored in those provinces where they had formerly existed and should be where they had not existed that of these provincial a general assembly of representatives should be chosen to meet at and the power of these representatives should extend to the deliberation on all subjects of which concern the ri ts of person and property of citizens including without delay a committee should be appointed consisting of intelligent and citizens of the provinces whose duty it should be first to the provincial the general diet of the to frame a constitution this committee met on the st of september following but all that resulted from it was the decree of the th of june concerning the establishment of provincial q he king at the same time reserved to himself the decision when the calling together of the states general should be necessary and how they should be formed ut of the provincial estates this law provided first that the possession of real should be the of the members that to them should be submitted for deliberation all of laws which concern the province alone secondly so long as there existed no general diet of estates of such general laws which relate to alterations of rights regarding persons and property and taxes in so far as they concern the province should be laid before them for deliberation and complaints which relate to the especial welfare and interest of the province should be received and examined by the king who would then give his determination concerning them it was also provided that desirable changes in these special laws should be had only upon consulting t e provincial it must be borne in mind however that these provincial had no power but had merely to give their opinion on the proposed laws which the crown should lay before them the crown could nevertheless issue such laws as it pleased the german of march previous to this another decree or law had been bearing date the th of january concerning the administration of the state debts which stated we declare this account of the state debts for ever closed over and above the sums therein stated no of state debt or any other document concerning the state d t shall be issued if the state should in future be obliged for its preservation or for the of the general good to take up a new loan then this can be done only with the and under the of the future assembly of the states general by this same decree a board of administration of state debts was consisting of four persons and it was established that the members thereof should in future be by the assembly of the states general and the board of administration of state debts should be obliged to give a yearly account to the future diet of the states general and until the meeting of the states general a tion consisting of the magistrate and the board of administration should yearly after the account had been rendered take into safe keeping the documents of state debts and take measures for the separate and safe deposit of the same these were the three principal or laws issued by the late king william iii granted of his own free will and absolute sovereign power which continued and was to the present incumbent of the throne thirty two years had the subjects of this kingdom waited patiently for the fulfilment of the law of and that of the article	37
of the act of finally on the third of february the hope of the people so long deferred was to be realized and expectation was at the highest though the seven years reign of the present king allowed no one to expect the most liberal of but the people were stunned and when the letters patent of the king were made public after stating in the that it had ever been his anxious care to develop the relations of the estates of the kingdom and that it was one of the problems laid by god upon him to solve and that in doing so he had had a aim namely to the rights the dignity and the power of the crown inherited from his ancestors and to his but at the same time to grant to the estates that which the af in rights and the peculiar relations of the kingdom he in respect whereof continuing to build on the laws given by my royal neither particularly on the respecting the national debt of the th of january and on the law respecting the formation of provincial of the th of june we decree as follows l as often as the wants of the state may require either fresh or the introduction of new taxes or the increase of them we will call together around us the provincial of the kingdom in a united diet in order first to call into play that of the provided by the respecting the national debt and second to assure us of their consent ii we will call together at times a committee of the united diet iii to the united diet and as its representative to the committee of the united diet we a in reference to the counsel of the diet in matters of the same was assigned to the provincial by the law of the of the diet in paying the interest on and in the state debts provided by law of th in far as such business is not confided to the of the diet for the national debt c the right of petition upon internal affairs that are not merely provincial this now was the great work the result of thirty two years deliberation and this deliberation would have been protracted still longer if the crown had not been sadly in want of money and no banker was willing to engage a loan without the consent of the states general according to the law of this royal decree cannot possibly be called a constitution nor did the royal author consider it as such as he himself declared in his royal speech delivered at the opening of the diet on the th of nay he distinctly declared that the absolute power should be by him and and in accordance with this the people have no rights whatsoever except those granted by the crown but in the present instance the king recognized not even former laws issued by his but to himself the right o such interpretation to past laws and carry out such thereof and as much thereof as he saw fit and proper the royal speech is a fit on the letters patent by some the german of march called a constitution and as such must be noticed here it occupied in nine large pages of which we will give here a few passages from which it will appear that this document stands prominent among all royal speeches of europe for insolence and foul the royal orator speaks for instance as follows i feel myself impelled to make the solemn declaration that no power on earth shall ever succeed in me to change the natural relation between the prince and the people which is especially with us so powerful through its living truth into a conventional and constitutional one and that i shall never allow a written piece of paper to force itself like a second so speak between our lord god in heaven and this country in order to ride us by its and by them to supply the old sacred loyalty it has been s pleasure to make great through the sword through the sword of war and through the sword of the spirit but surely not through that of the spirit of the age but through that of the spirit of order and i proclaim it gentlemen as in the camp without the greatest pressing danger and greatest folly only one will is allowed to command so the of this land if it shall not instantly fall from its height can only be guided by one will and if the king of should commit an outrage by demanding from his subjects the obedience of a slave he would surely commit a far greater outrage if he should not demand from them that which is the crown of the free man obedience for the sake of and conscience you gentlemen are german states in the old established meaning of the word that is above all and essentially and of your proper rights and of the rights of the states whose confidence has sent the greater part of you here beside this you have to exercise the rights which the crown has granted you moreover you are to give to the crown the which it asks from you finally you have the liberty of laying before the throne but only after mature examination e tions and complaints taken your sphere of action and from your range of vision these are the rights and these the duties of german states and this is your glorious calling but it ia not your calling to represent opinions and to make the opinions of the and of tlie age this is thoroughly un german and be the of sides for the welfare of the whole for it leads to with the crown which is to according to the law of god and of the land and according to its	37
own free but must not and cannot rule according to the of if shall not soon become an empty sound in europe the speech had the effect of at once the liberal members of the different provinces the representatives from the provinces of and who already before had desired to declare themselves and thus throw to the government the now wanted to leave directly the more practical however them from doing so by stating that a calm perseverance and an actual beginning of the fight would be both better and than leaving the field before the battle they now agreed to move an address as an answer to the speech from the throne although the order of business prescribed by the king had not mentioned such a this motion was accordingly made and carried without any resistance on the part of the royal the minister of the interior the idea and plan was to express in this address a of all the rights which the previous laws particularly those of and which we have stated at large before had given to the states and which this new law establishing the present general diet had broken and they wished to stand on a legal ground solely which they now saw breaking from underneath them and threatening the overthrow of all existing social and political order they that since the laws and royal of june th and january th were pretended to have been carried out and fulfilled by calling together a general diet of the kingdom this diet of the states general had acquired and now possessed all the rights founded upon and given in those laws namely that the law of made it the duty of the department or board of administration of the state debts to give an account to the assembly of the states general and that thereby this stated return of the general diet was that this same law the and of the general diet not only in regard to for which the whole property of the state was to be g ven as security or which served for purposes of peace but also in regard to new loan which the state should bo obliged to take up for its preservation or the promotion of general welfare the of further they declared that the of state debts was essentially dependent upon an accurate knowledge of the financial condition of the state and upon the condition of the property of the state by reason of which the of the diet in the disposition of the which goes beyond the articles of the law of formed a part of its rights further that the law of that so long as no general diet of the states should take place the of general laws should be laid before the but that by the actual constitution and establishment of the general diet this had naturally expired so that now the general diet must be consulted in regard to all general laws which contemplated changes concerning the rights of persons and property and concerning taxes and that this legal right could not be upon the nor upon the assembly of the united as in this new law of february these were the rights which were claimed as rights based upon laws in existence before the new decree and they were maintained by able of whom we will only name as the most prominent and of tlie province and von of men on whom at this present moment the depends for his sole support and safety the sentiments and principles of the crown had already been plainly expressed by the king in his speech and through the letter patent itself but they were now openly stated again and defended by the servants and and followers of the crown and thus an open and declaration was made in face of the whole world that the millions of people of the kingdom had no rights and could not a legal ground for any rights but that they depended solely upon the grace and absolute will of their sovereign and king all the arguments which they could oppose to the able of the of law and order the liberal representatives were but variations or a decided repetition of the theme in the king s speech that as heir to an crown he knew himself to be perfectly free from any obligation in regard to things that had not been carried out and that no power on earth would succeed in him to change the relation between the prince and the people into a conventional and constitutional one the ministers of justice and the of european reputation standing at the the of head of the school in law argued in this same manner nay the former said quite that the contest about the legal point was of no use since the question here was about the interpretation of laws on the or of which not the assembly but the king had to decide and that he had already decided and hence the of had been disposed of the words pro were never more strictly applied it was asserted that the ground taken in the address to the king that the states had certain rights flowing from laws could not be maintained because it was not in harmony with the principle of absolute and unlimited power in the crown that the present king was not bound by the laws of his but could interpret them as he liked or could them at pleasure and this present decree of february was given from the king s own free will and grace as a boon which the could withdraw when he pleased the states therefore could not demand any rights or reserve to themselves any rights based upon previous laws all that they could do was to ask his majesty to give them certain laws an to this effect was adopted and thus the liberal party for law	37
and order defeated it must be understood however that the two houses were in joint a protest or of rights the rights by former laws and by tiie new decree was then presented signed by one hundred and thirty eight hers to bo inserted in the record of the house but the refused to receive and record it mention must be made of a petition which came under touching the freedom of ous belief and the relation of religion to political rights according to the peace of three religious parties were recognized namely the catholic the and the the of the two latter was established in under the name of church a special church was introduced in in and more or less the a decree of compelled all churches not united to adopt the bat many resisted and in consequence the present king in allowed those old as they are to constitute nevertheless the king s design from the beginning of his reign had been to establish the so called christian state no vi the german revolution of march which means that christianity as a system shall be recognized as the highest principle and be carried out bj the government applying it to civil laws and other relations of state so that only christians shall have full rights bat one could not stop here the state could recognize only those parties as christians who to the christian system approved by the head of the state and the from this state christian church were only on conditions but had not the usual political rights in other states was in this respect and in the of the government went so far as to the german from holding a solemn funeral service sought also in an way to enforce her christian church upon her subjects in filling important offices the government often looked more upon the christianity than the capacity of the it once happened that a representative was rejected on account of hia german catholic faith a petition was now introduced and passed by both houses the king to alter the law in so far that the of and representatives should no longer depend upon their connection with one of the christian churches but that all who profess to belong to the christian religion should have the right of this petition however together with three others thou presented by a majority of two thirds of both chambers was entirely ignored by the king a proceeding unheard of before as the ordinary mode had been for the king either to reject a petition or to promise to consider it he could not have manifested more strongly his contempt for the estates and relation to the crown our space does not allow us to enter further into the proceedings of this first united diet of we hope that it will appear from the brief statement we have given above that the very act for which the king of was abroad was a gross and of law and the rights of the people and at the same time that the of law and order and the people s rights used their utmost exertions to and secure rights in a manner years before similar of liberty had sprung up in all the different states and particularly in the grand of where such as had fought for the people s the german of cause without weariness and had long ago prepared for a general of rights which the beginning of the year has heard repeated from all the thirty eight states of germany at once and it must not be thought that it was only the outbreak in france which made these claims spring up suddenly and by accident as a proof of this we will only refer to the fact that it was as early as the fifth of february last that in the second chamber in a petition to the duke was moved that he would take proper steps to a representation of the german states at the diet in for the purpose of creating a uniform german and national institutions a newspaper the published at the same time ten from which asked for the restoration of the liberty of the press and freedom of religion a general of the people that the military should be sworn upon the constitution and the schools changed into general schools of the people for a code of police laws and the transfer of the power of punishment for police to the regular courts for regarding the and checking the of landed property in the hands of for the establishment of trial by jury a representation of the people at the diet and the of capital punishment we these demands for the purpose of showing that the wishes of the people were of a decided character before the revolution had broken out in france this event was however the external impulse which concentrated the courage of the people and enabled them to speak with authority the apparently sudden of fifty men from different states in germany who stood forth at once as an committee to call together a general of representatives from the whole of germany and thus to effect a national union of the german people had been prepared for years before and now only stood prominent to public view when the curtain could with safety be drawn aside after the disgraceful humiliation of germany as one nation which had been effected by her princes during two centuries and after she had sunk to the lowest degree of through the high treason of the princes who entered into a league under the protection of napoleon against their common native country it was the years and which saw once more a feeling of and patriotism in the german breast and all the people of the different states unite to the german of shake off the foreign yoke the deeds which ihe enthusiasm of united then for ever	37
remain stamped upon the page of her history in bold relief but the treachery of the princes was displayed again in the formation of the new the political of the people at large had not yet been sufficiently to e them feel this deception so as to resort at to proper means for their liberty and union there were but few men who stood forth to combat the internal foe and the spirit of liberty and national union burned with noble enthusiasm only in the hearts of the young men at the who united in that much persecuted association the the states were again separate bodies and the in each had to struggle against the hands of their princes to save and establish in some measure the political rights of their fellow citizens the french revolution of awoke again the national feeling that had fallen asleep and the desire for a national union led to some popular which attempted to accomplish their object by force but were soon suppressed an assembly or union of or representatives of the people of the different states was not thought of then because they were too much taken up with the battles in their own individual states and moreover such an attempt would have at once been regarded as high treason and the individuals would have been subjected to imprisonment and even death it was however natural that the general oppression and persecution of the in the different states should bring them together at last to consult together and try to act according to some the noble hearted men of were also the in this attempt at establishing a union it was in the year that upon the invitation of von and several distinguished men of and came together at in the subsequent years of representatives of different states and a few other worthy men were held every year either at the of von or at or somewhere else the number every year and in the latter years almost every state found itself represented yet the number never exceeded fifty these were neither secret nor public but resembled more a free social gathering the members from speaking of them in newspapers in order not to provoke the german revolution of in those times was directed against men who took the most legal of steps and at the same time no secret was made of them which might have been fatal to them in case of a the advantage which these produced is evident the men from the different states became acquainted exchanged ideas agreed on steps for the future and perhaps on to be moved in the different german chambers it was not till the of that the assembly which was held at gave a report of their proceedings in the public papers as the age had somewhat advanced and in consequence danger was less imminent after the events in france in february no intelligent person could doubt of the danger which threatened and at the same time that this was the best opportunity to obtain freedom and union for germany in order to ward off the dangers from abroad and protect the country a more powerful and central of the whole people was than that which the german afforded to procure such a central point was the problem of the german people the demand for a german parliament from in had already in a great part of germany and nothing was more natural than that those men who had attended the above mentioned annual should take the first steps to call into existence a german national representation there was not time enough to call all together from the parts and wait for their therefore those nearest at hand were invited the men of again issued this invitation to those known to them from their former meetings and to a few other men of like sentiments to on the fifth of march at on this day fifty one men almost all representatives in their respective states from and came together there to consult on the most pressing measures necessary for their common country they were of opinion that the restoration and defence of the freedom union independence and the honor of the german nation must be sought to be accomplished by a of all the german and that the sad experience regarding the of the diet at had shaken all confidence in the same so that an application to it would call forth the bitterest feeling in all citizens since this same body which now b the german revolution of march a flattering call to the people it had put forth such a call on the third of march to stand by their princes had heretofore strictly forbidden all of the people to the same thej were of opinion that the german nation must not interfere with the political a of another nation and that there must be a national assembly of representatives chosen according to the number of the people and that as soon as possible a larger assembly of men worthy of confidence must be called together from all the german states to consult together and with the government in order to establish this national assembly a committee of seven was appointed to call the preliminary national and make the necessary preparations for its meeting this committee sent an invitation to all past and present members of the different chambers of representatives in all german lands east and west and of course included and to some other distinguished men sharing the public confidence who were not representatives to on the st of march at about five hundred and fifty men came together in consequence of this call and professor the celebrated of was chosen president a programme of the subjects of discussion had been prepared by the committee of seven it contained the following to have a chief of the german union with ministers a from the individual states a house of	37
the people on the basis of one representative for every competent power of the union and the individual states to give up to the central government their rights on the following points a a national army with foreign states c a system of commerce laws duties measures ports by r and rail roads harmony of civil and criminal and a court a national assembly on the above established by the supported by men of confidence a permanent committee chosen by this present assembly to effect the meeting of the national assembly if thb assembly should not within four weeks then this present assembly should meet again on the the revolution of third and fourth of may the committee might in case of need call the assembly before then a committee of fifty was chosen to with the of princes to effect the election of the assembly this met and opened its on the st of may and on the th of june chose a of the future empire which choice fell upon john of a special committee of seventeen had also a constitution which was laid before the assembly and is at this moment the subject of deliberation the principal features of their projected constitution are different from any thing that germany has had before although the idea of restoring the old empire and union under it has been the general yet we find the new sketch entirely different from the one we ha e before given of the old empire and very properly so ah the present states are to form ne state with an hereditary chief called emperor at the head of the government the independence of the different german states which constitute the is maintained but is limited so far as the unity of germany demands it this consists partly in this that some special affairs of state shall come under the exclusive dominion of the imperial power and in part that certain rights and certain institutions are to the people the rights and duties of the government are essentially the same which are reserved for our american government and those of the emperor are the same with our president except that his person is and but his ministers are responsible and all from him must be by at least one minister the diet or of the empire is to consist of two chambers the number of the upper chamber is to be two hundred members consisting of the princes or their from each of the four free towns and of the empire being men deserving well of their country to be chosen for twelve years in such a manner one third of them are renewed every four years the right of election is to be divided among the different states in proportion to their population in those states which only one he is to be appointed by the and so in the four free towns in those states which more than one one half shall be appointed by the the german of bodies hie other bj the respective the of the empire are to be natives of the states which them and must have attained their the lower chamber shall consist of of tiie people chosen for six years one third to be renewed every two years one is to be returned for every souls every independent citizen who is of age with the exception of those under condemnation for crime is an those who have attained their year are eligible no matter to what state of germany they belong the elected need no sanction from tiie government each member of the diet represents all germany and shall not be bound by each chamber is to have the ri t of proposing laws and the ministers the of the empire is first to pass through the lower chamber the result of the vote of this latter can only be rejected in by the upper chamber who cannot change any separate article the diet is to meet and the emperor may call an extra he may also the same but new must then take place fifteen days after the dissolution if this is not done the former diet shall meet three months after its dissolution the of the two chambers are to be public a court of of the empire consisting of twenty one members is also to be they shall be appointed for life in part by the emperor and in part by the lower chamber the of this court is mainly the same with that of our supreme court of the united states but it is to have more extensive powers namely in regard to on the order of succession or the required capacity to govern in the different states in regard to by private individuals against princes and against states in regard to between l e government of a state and its on the of the interpretation given to the constitution of the state in all cases where justice has been refused or thrown in the way in regard to against the ministers of the empire or against the ministers of particular states the rights of the german people to them are in substance a popular representation with a deliberate voice regarding le and taxes and the re of the ministers a free constitution based on an independent administration in tke german f the of and public in the courts of justice with trial by jury for all criminal and political the execution throughout the whole of the of the sentences rendered by the german equality of all classes as regards the charges of the state and of the and to office the establishment of a national guard the right of unlimited right of petition the right of appealing to the diet against the acts of any after having appealed in vain to the established authorities and to one of the chambers the freedom of the press from all privileges and caution money	37
much less the the merchant and would therefore soon cling to the new state of things with that peculiar patriotism of their own which would make them soon forget that once they had to pay their taxes into the treasury of a government called or by some other name on the part of the people of the states then we apprehend less difficulty but as regards their present rulers we believe that this difficulty can be removed only by removing them as long as they are left in their hereditary dignity and even if their powers be crippled for a time ihey will use every exertion to recover what they have lost in the same way as their ancestors knew how to and secure to themselves this power under the old empire we therefore do not look forward to a solid and powerful union of the german of the whole of germany all the districts of are made as many little in substance and in spirit if not in name we say districts and not states because these are now constituted of provinces or parts of territory which have been patched together when at the end of wars the princes divided and distributed the spoils the time when this desirable result will be effected we do not deem already close at hand for we fear that the people will yet have to pass through repeated struggles before their victory will be entirely accomplished even after a complete overthrow of the absolute power there remain still formidable obstacles to be overcome the force of habit and custom deep rooted in the older generations interests and property founded upon the old order of things and fears of the persons in and a superior social position and more than all the ignorance and of the masses in political self government all these and many other difficulties will yet for a generation prevent the troubled waters of the social and political life in germany from finding a level and flowing calmly in their new channels it is the generations chiefly who will enjoy the fruits and blessings of the present struggles and changes and appreciate the sacrifices their fathers have at the altar of their country we do not find it strange therefore if many a one in the bitterness of the present trials calls out in the words of hamlet the time is out of joint cursed spite that ever i was bom to set it right since writing the foregoing remarks the events which have taken place in and furnish a sad proof how well founded our fears were of a movement on the part of the sovereigns of these two states what and reliance could be placed upon men whose words and acts had always been in direct opposition to what they professed it was this well founded suspicion which induced the liberal party of the left often called red by the english tory press and others of a like spirit m derision of their warm zeal for the good cause in the national assembly at and in the at and to insist upon more vigorous measures to the means of arbitrary tyranny from the hands of the princes it was with this view that the assembly at ths german of a on the ninth of and of september which upon the minister of war to issue an order to the army commanding particularly the officers to to the present constitutional state of things and to refrain from and actions the king resisted this order but the assembly insisted upon its being executed from this time a crisis was preparing the king could find no to support his treachery until he at last resorted to those very men who had been his ardent before the revolution he full well knew that if his military were taken from him all hope of the execution of us plans was lost through them he has succeeded at least for a time in breaking through all law and order again the assembly has been dissolved and a constitution has been published of his own free will and absolute power might is right is the principle from which this new law flows if the scales should now turn no one can complain if the might of the people should exercise a right over the person of the king shared a similar fate before but her monarch has now chosen to withdraw from the scene and has the fate of his to the strong hands of a youth of eighteen who comes forward and his faithful subjects of his paternal good will the national assembly at continue in and prove by their timid and weak action in regard to all these momentous and movements that they are surprised and overcome by these unexpected proceedings and that a guilty conscience tells them how blind and deaf they have been to the of the much abused left side of their body we can only hope that the people will profit by this sad experience and that if in the next bloody conflict they are victorious they will remove the causes of reaction and disturbance of law and order so that may begin to enjoy the fruits of liberty and self government although the assembly at has now finished the of the projected constitution for united germany the most important part remains yet to be accomplished namely to carry out its provisions whoever may chosen the head of the union which far exists only on paper and whatever he may bear whether emperor or protector his best exertions will always encounter the obstacle of the of the the of other princes has already entirely withdrawn firom the projected union and will itself as before and the influence and the name of seem to that is german proper the resistance and of the three powers r and may however yet the ambitious designs of the king of	37
for the wandering that is of america by the about the year a named was unexpectedly driven on to the shores of and within a year or two and without any concert with another named took shelter there under similar circumstances now lies at a rough calculation about six hundred miles to the westward of yet within sixty years after its discovery the population seems to have reached about its present number namely principally by direct from at time this was so great that the fair haired fearing a of his kingdom forbade any one to leave it without permission under penalty of a fine of five of silver more than forty years before one had already discovered the cliffs off the east coast of about two hundred miles to the westward of towards the end of the tenth century the red established a colony in it is true in most or all of these instances the had been driven out of their course by storms yet they must have been somewhere in the neighbourhood of the shores on which they were driven and the facility with which the passage direct to and afterwards to was made shows that voyages of such extent were already familiar to them now if we consider that in these voyages they did not merely coast along the shore where there might be a chance of shelter in case of need like the but pushed boldly out into the restless north atlantic in their boats without even the aid of the compass we must acknowledge that for pure daring the exploits of these sailors are even yet this habit of making long voyages is shown also in many provisions of the ancient code the gray goose which was reduced to writing from ancient tradition in the be of the twelfth century in a special chapter of naval affairs provisions are made for taking the testimony of witnesses about to depart in the floating fir a for harbor duties for general average in case of concerning the mutual ri ts and duties of and of sailors and of tenants m common of ships among other things every who kept any servants was bound to assist once a year with all his except his shepherd in or up any vessel like the inhabitants of the new england coast discovery of by the march the of the land affording no scope for their energetic disposition they became of necessity a the particular which forms the subject of the works at the head of this article is probably no novelty to any of our readers yet as it has been by influential writers and as those who have admitted the authority of the account have drawn some conclusions from it which we shall feel obliged to we place before them nearly entire the more important documents in this case the perusal must we think produce the conviction of their in the mind of any person the above alluded to is not indeed of much importance since it is not shared we believe by any writer qualified to pronounce a critical opinion on the matter it rests no doubt on a vague notion of the of so extensive a voyage having been made at that early period and with such imperfect means but a moment s consideration of the facts above stated will show how such a notion is the had already been for more than a century in the habit of making voyages direct from to if not direct to since wc hear of in the colony from at all events they could have touched only at the colony on the west coast of consisted at that time of above one and thirty farms probably it had already reached its most state now the distance across strait even at its mouth is only about the same as from to but if we take it somewhat to the southward of which we know the ancient reached and even went further north it is not more than two hundred miles evidently belongs much more to the new world than to the old and if we take into consideration the current flowing out of strait along the coast the of winds in those regions and above all the fact that the to had occasion to run so far to the westward in order to reach that colony whereas there was before nothing to attract them to in that direction it was much more probable a that some of them missing the point of cape farewell or driven off to sea in their northern of s bay should h tlie coast of than that they should have discovered it would be singular indeed if these bold ad of by the nor whose as said even in his time seemed to be the ocean bad missed the discovery of an extensive continent comparatively close at band such are the in this position of things the internal evidence of the documents themselves would seem as we said to convince any person of the of the facts they assert it may be interesting besides to have in convenient compass the earliest fragment of history relating to this country and this may at the same time as an illustration of what was said concerning the sea talent of the and as a specimen of their exploits the following are taken from the and the the piece about the red and the piece about the which are presented here nearly entire these pieces are fragments which have been into a life of king the are of the end of the th century but the style and other evidences show them to bo copies from much older ones it seems that among a large number of who accompanied the red who was the first to make a voyage to after its discovery by was one whose son a merchant had been in the habit of passing every other winter	37
at home with his father and then sailing again on distant voyages that same summer or came with his ship to in the spring of which his father had sailed from the island these tidings seemed to and he would not his ship then asked his sailors what he meant to do he answered that he meant to hold to his wont and winter with his father and i will bear for if jou will follow me thither all said they would do as he wished then said they will think our voyage since none of us has been in the sea yet they bore out to sea as soon as they were and sailed three days till the land was sunk then the fair wind fell off and there arose north winds and and they knew not whither they and so it went for many days that they saw the sun and could then get their bearings then they hoisted sail and sailed that day before they saw land and they with themselves what land that might be but said he or namely ready as we lay a ship is hound for london of america by the march it could not be thej asked bim whether he would sail to the land or not this is mj to sail nigh to the land said lie and so they did and soon saw that the land was without and wooded and small heights on the land and they left the land to and let the foot of the sail look towards after that they sailed two days before they saw another land they asked if thought this was he said he thought it no more than the first for the are very huge as they say in they soon the land and saw it was land and overgrown with wood then the fair wind fell then the sailors said that it seemed prudent to them to land there but would not they thought they needed both wood and water of neither are you in want said but he got some hard speeches for that from his sailors he bade them sail and so they did and they turned the bows from the land and sailed out to sea with a west wind three days and saw a third land but that land was high and covered with they asked then if would put ashore there but he said he would not for this land seems to me not very promising they did not lower their sails but held on along this land and saw that it was an island but they turned the stern to the land and sailed with the same fair wind but the wind rose and bade them sail and not to carry more than their ship and tackle would bear they sailed now four days then saw they land the fourth then they asked whether he thought that was or not answered that is to what is said to me of and we will put ashore so they did and landed under a certain ness cape at evening of the day and there was a boat at the and there lived the father of on this ness and from him has the ness taken its name and is since called now to his father and gave up sailing and was with his father whilst lived and afterwards lived there after hb father the red the leader of the colony was still looked upon as its head and once having paid him a visit and being well received the conversation fell upon his adventures and his discoveries of unknown lands ah thought had shown very little curiosity in not making further there was much talk about voyages of discovery and the eldest of s three sons resolved to see this newly discovered country accordingly ho paid a visit bought his vessel of him and engaged a crew ok l tu i land of america by the he now to persuade father to accompany him and after some trouble succeeded but the old man on tiie way to the vessel fell from his horse and his foot thereupon he said it is not fated that i should discover more countries than those we now and we can now no longer fare all together so he returned home but his companions thirty five in all set sail a d first they found the land which had found last then sailed they to the land and cast anchor and put off a boat and went ashore and aw there no grass were over all the higher parts but it was like a plain of rock from the to the sea and it seemed to them that the land was good for nothing then said we have not done about this land like not to go upon it now i will give a name to the land and call it flat stone land then they went to their ship ai er that they sailed into the sea and found another land sailed up to it and cast anchor then put off a boat and went ashore this land was flat and covered with wood and broad white sands wherever they went and the shore was low then said from its make shall a name be given to this land and it shall be called wood land then they went quickly down to the vessel now they sailed thence into the sea with a wind and were out two days before they saw land and they sailed to land and came to an island that lay north of the land and they went on to it and looked about them in good weather and found that dew lay upon the grass and that happened that they put their hands in the dew and brought it to their mouths and they thought they had never known any thing so sweet as that was	37
then they went to their ship and sailed into that sound that lay between the island and a ness which went northward from the land and then westward past the ness there were great at ebb tide and their vessel stood up and it was far to see from the ship to the sea but they were so curious to fare to the land that they could not bear to bide till the sea came under their ship and ran ashore where a river flows out from a lake but when the sea came under their ship then took they the boat and rowed to the ship and took it up into the river and then into the lake and there cast anchor and bore from the ship their skin and made there afterwards they took counsel to stay there that winter and made there great houses there was no of salmon in the rivers and lakes and larger salmon than they had before seen probably the so called honey dew a sweet substance deposited on hy certain insects which often of and flies to rose bushes by them of america by the js hm m m there was the land so good as it seemed to them that no cattle would want for the winter there came no frost in the winter and little did the grass fall off there and night were more equal there than in or the sun had there and on the shortest day but when thej had ended their house building then said to his companions now let our company be divided into two parts and the land and one half of the people shall be at the house at home but the other half shall ken the land and fare not further than that they may come home at evening and they shall not separate now so they did one time changed about so that he went with them one day and the next was at home at the house was a man and stout most noble to see a wise man and moderate in all things the lucky found men on a at sea one evening it chanced that a man was wanting of their people and this was the f took this very ill for had been long with his parents and loved much in his childhood now his people sharply and made ready to fare forth to seek him and twelve men with him but when they had gone a little way there came to meet them and was joyfully received found at once that his old friend was somewhat out of his mind he was bustling and unsteady eyed in face little and in growth bat a man of skill in all arts then said to him why thou so late my and separated from the party he talked at first a long while in german and rolled many ways his eyes and twisted his face but they skilled not what he said he said then in after a time i went not very far but i have great news to tell i have found vines and grapes can that be true my surely it is true he for i was up where there is no want of vines or grapes then tliey slept for the night but in the morning said to his sailors now we shall have two each day we will either gather grapes or vines and fell trees so there will be a cargo for my ship and that was the counsel taken it is said that their long boat was filled with grapes now was a cargo for the ship and when spring came they got ready and sailed off and gave a name to the land after its sort and was a m the of sunrise in the of on the first day of winter th was the period fixed hi the laws as the end of the natural namely p m p these therefore were two great periods of the day and are not to be taken too t that is the german of america by the called it wine land they sailed afterwards into the sea and had a fair wind until they saw and the under the then a man took the word and said to why thou the ship so close to the wind answered i look to my and to something more and what see ye remarkable they said they saw nothing that seemed remarkable i know not said whether i see a ship or a rock now they looked and said it was a rock but he saw further than they and saw men on the rock now we must bite into the wind said so that we may near them if they are in need of our aid and it is needful to help them but if so be it that they are not disposed all the strength is on our side and not on theirs now they came close to the rock and their sail and cast anchor and put out another little boat which they had with them then asked who rode before them who was their leader he said he was named and that he was a of kin but what is thy name told his name art thou son of the lied of said he said it was bo now will i said bid you all to my ship and as many of the goods as the ship will carry they were thankful for the chance and sailed to with the cargo until they came to and then the ship afterwards bade to stay with him and also his wife and three other men and got lodgings for the other sailors both s and his own fellows took fifteen men from the rock after that he was called the lucky was now both well to do and honored that winter	37
there came a great sickness among s people and carried off and many of his people this winter died also the red now there was a great talk about s voyage and his brother thought the land had been too little then said to thou shalt go with my ship brother if thou wilt to but i want that the ship should go first after the wood that had on the rock and was done to now made ready for this voyage with thirty men with the counsel of his brother then they fitted out their ship and bore out to sea a d and there is nothing told of their voyage before they came to to s and they laid up their ship and dwelt in peace there that winter and caught fish for their meat but in the spring said they would get ready their ship and send their long boat and some men with it along to the westward of the land and explore it during the summer the land seemed to them fair and discovery of america hy the march and narrow between the woods and the sea and of white sand there were many islands and great they found neither man s abode nor beasts but on an island to the westward they found a corn shed of wood more works of men they found not and they went back and came to s in the fall but the next summer eastward with the merchant ship and to the northward here a heavy storm arose as they were passing one of two and drove them up there and broke the under the ship and they dwelt there long and mended their ship then said to his companions now will i that we raise up here the on the ness and call it and so they did that they sailed thence and to the eastward and into the mouths of the that were nearest to them and to a that stretched out this was all covered with wood here they brought the ship into harbour and a bridge on to the land and went ashore with all his company he said then here it is fair and here would i like to raise my dwelling they went then to the ship and saw upon the sands within the three heights and they went thither and saw there three skin boats and three men under each then they divided their people and laid hands on them all except one that got off with his boat they killed these eight and went then back to the and looked about them there and saw in the some heights and thought they were dwellings af er that there came a on them so great that they could not keep awake and all then came a call above them so that they all awoke thus said the call awake and all thy company if thou wilt keep thy life and fare thou to thy ship and all thy men and fare from the land of the then came from within the innumerable skin boats and made toward them said then we will set up our battle and guard ourselves the best we can but fight little against them so they did and the shot at them for a while but then each as fast as he could then asked his men if any of them was hurt they said they were not hurt i have got a hurt under the arm said he for an arrow flew between the and the shield under my arm and here is the arrow and that will be death now i counsel that ye make ready as quickly as may e to return but ye shall bear me to the which i thought the place to build it may be it was a true word i spoke that i should dwell there for a time there ye shall bury me and set crosses at my head and feet and call it henceforth was then but the red had died before christianity came thither now died but they did every thing according as he had said and then went and found their companions and told each other the news they had to of america by the tell and lived there that winter and gathered grapes and vines for the ship then in the spring thej made ready to sail for and came with their ship to and bad great tidings to tell to in the meanwhile s third son had married the widow of the whom had rescued from the rock when the news of his brother s death arrived resolved to go after s dead body in order to give it a christian burial accordingly he set off but after driving about the whole summer he was obliged to put in at the western settlement of where they remained that winter here and of his men died of a and returned to at the eastern settlement this summer a rich named fin came to and stayed at s house where he fell in love with and her there being still a great talk about was persuaded to undertake a voyage thither which he did taking with him his wife and a company of sixty men and five women a d this agreement made and his that they should have even handed all that they should get in the way of goods they had with them all sorts of cattle ns they thought to settle there if they might begged for his house in but he said he would lend him the house but not give it then they bore out to sea with the ship and came to s hale and whole and landed there their cattle there soon came into their hands a great and good prize for a whale was driven ashore both great and good then they went to cut up the	37
whale and had no of food the cattle went up into the country and it soon happened that the male cattle became wild and they had with them a bull had wood and brought to the ship and had the wood piled on the cliff to dry they had all the good things of the country both of and of all sorts of game and other things after the first winter came the summer then they saw appear the and there came from out the wood a great number of men near by were their neat cattle and the bull took to at and roared loudly the were frightened and ran off with their bundles these were and skins and wares of all kinds and they turned towards s and wanted to get into the house but had the doors guarded neither party understood the other s language then the took down their bags and opened them of america hy the offered them for sale and wanted above all to have weapons for them but forbade them to sell weapons he took this plan he bade the women bring out their stuff for them and so soon as they saw this would have that and nothing else now this was the way the they bore off their wares in their but and his companions had their bags and skin wares and so they parted now is this to say that had posts driven strongly round about his and made all complete at this time the wife of bore a man child and he was called in the beginning of the next winter the came to them again and were many more than before and they had the same wares as before then said to the women now bring forth tlie same food that was most liked before and no other and when they saw it they cast their bundles in over the fence but one of them being killed by one of s men they all tied in haste and left their garments and wares behind now i think we need a good counsel said for i think they will come for the third time in anger and with many men now we must do this ten men must go out on to that ness and show themselves there but another party must go into the wood and a place clear for our neat cattle when the foe shall come from the wood and we must take the bull and let him go before us but thus it was with the place where they thought to meet that a lake was on one side and the wood on the other now it was done as had said now came the to the place where had thought should be the battle and now there was a battle and many of the fell there was one large and handsome man among the and thought he might be their leader now one of the had taken up an axe and looked at it awhile and struck at one of his fellows and hit him whereupon he fell dead then the large man took the axe and looked at it awhile and threw it into the sea as far as he could but after that they fled to the wood each as fast as he could and thus ended the strife and his companions were there all that winter but in the spring said he would stay there no longer and would fare to now they made ready for the voyage and bare thence goods namely vines and grapes and skin wares now they sailed into the sea and came whole with their ship to and were there that winter the next year a daughter of the red pe two who had lately arrived in to undertake an expedition to with her any thing of milk l of america hy the and her husband they departed accordingly in two ships and reached s without difficulty but in the course of the winter who appears to have been a woman of the most savage temper stirred up quarrels between the two ships companies and finally having with her party fallen upon the by night tied them hand and foot and killed them all this horrid deed seems to have caused a to further visits to the spot where it was then as dr remarks the adventurous spirit of the received a check at the introduction of christianity which had now spread throughout as well as whether christianity had any thing to do with it or not certain it is that a change was manifested in the character about this time that they seem to have lost some of their old vigor and restless spirit this is shown also in the fact that about this time submitted to st of the way to seems to have been forgotten so that when the first bishop of went in the year to seek it out o he seems to have been unsuccessful at least nothing further is said about the voyage after this there occur in various of the annals records of the finding of new land land to the westward of but no definite mention of until the year when some sailors arrived in from who said they had visited the disturbed state of the and the bad policy of their rulers interrupted by degrees all with these distant colonies all trading to to and the other distant provinces without a special royal license was forbidden and some merchants who were driven to in a storm in the year were on their return for breach of this law f in the year the last bishop of was appointed and is known to have there in a letter from pope v to the of and in the year the of the est that this term land may have been the origin of the name of discovered by	37
in there was at this time some between england and this conjecture if well founded would tend to show that was at that tune considered as the of the t and the islands cab p no vi of america hy speaks of the destruction of the greater part of the of and of their churches c by heathen foreigners from the neighbouring coast about thirty before already in the year or according to some the western settlement had been entirely waste and the inhabitants killed by the probably the eastern settlement the same indeed there is a current to this among the of the present day in the against trading to was removed and ships sent thither but they were by the ice from approaching the eastern coast where the eastern settlement was supposed to be and on the coast only were found and they so barbarous and ferocious that all thoughts of intercourse were abandoned until when the heroic missionary persuaded the king of to establish a colony there has been maintained ever since and now numbers some six thousand inhabitants such is in brief the chronicle of the on this side of the atlantic but besides these special accounts notices of the discovery of occur in many of the historical documents of the north among others in the and the two of the most among them f ah these notices exist in known to be older some of them several hundred years older than s discovery to reject their evidence therefore we must suppose a universal and most unaccountable delusion and a account of imaginary regions corresponding in all with an existing reality it is true some of the accounts are mixed with fable and all of them must be received with cautious criticism one of them the we have passed over altogether although it has been considered except by dr as one of the most important documents but it seems evidently a later of the account of s given in the and printed above t for instance cap to the good with and there with the c see also s and adam of the discovery of where ei and com grew wild discovery of america by the it has the same but filled up various additional incidents some of them perhaps genuine traditions of the voyage others evidently and others again belonging to other voyages various incidents simply in the ancient account are here heightened by fanciful or supernatural features for example in the account of the death of at which is imported hither doubtless as an effective incident the arrow is shot by a and the heroism of his simple announcement of his is sought to be heightened by the exclamation on drawing out the arrow fat are my it is a good land we have come to but little good will come to us of it a very clap trap sort of speech and moreover taken at second hand the speech of the poet at the battle of other incidents are in a similar manner thus the when attacked suddenly sink into the earth the whale they find on their first arrival being sent in consequence of prayers to proves poisonous an addition evidently belonging to an epoch when christianity was firmly established and not the early times when was still respectable although on the decline so also his connection the red must be and when he falls from his horse attributes it to his having performed a heathen whereas we know from the older account that he died a pagan then it is often inconsistent with itself thus in the commencement it says the red had two sons and but afterwards the third many other are brought forward by in his introduction to show that this is of later origin and in fact a family chronicle of the descendants of whose exploits are related and to flatter his posterity and into which various scattered stories as that of the death of are introduced in order to increase the interest at the end of the are of the descendants of ending with brand the bishop and the bishop who were in power in in the latter part of the twelfth century these being probably the latest descendants at the time the was written down but the continues the list to h cap discovery of america by the nor the judge and the and who lived at the beginning of the century this therefore is to be received with great caution though it a number of additional particulars which bear the marks of probability and may very naturally have been handed down by family tradition the which the of the and mr after them think sufficient ground for presenting us with maps of the southern and middle united states as far as the valley under the name of it or great ireland or white man s land we with dr in this great ireland or white man s land according to these accounts was six days voyage westward from ireland and was inhabited by persons riding on horses and speaking the irish language it appears then past doubt that some part of the coast of north america was visited by the long before the next question is what part it was the former opinion that of and others was in favor of or the of the ai and their faithful mr endeavour to show however partly from independent evidence and partly from the descriptions given in the accounts themselves that it was much further south to mr the countries discovered by were long island island and is s island is and the place where he built his mount hope bay cape harbour and even point and point have each assigned to it a name even dr in general enough in this case shows unusual of faith now it is no doubt true that the features of the country noticed by the correspond often	37
very strikingly with points on the new england coast yet before any conclusions are founded upon such it should be shown that the descriptions given will not fit equally well any other region thus for instance it is very true that vines and grapes occur about mount hope bay but so they do in of america by the and canada it is true that or and trees are common on the coast of island but so they are also on the west of neither can the frequent occurrence of sand and be said to distinguish the sound from parts of the gulf of st in short there is not one of the supposed indications of this particular locality which as far as we know can be said to particularly any one region of the coast between and new york except one or two which we shall notice as making decidedly against their in the first place the fact being admitted that the did actually reach this country it is most natural unless the contrary be shown to suppose that their was confined to the neighbourhood of the point first reached the coast between and long island sound is a particularly rough and dangerous one beset with rocks and rendered more perilous by strong currents and lashed by the full swing of the atlantic all the knowledge and skill of the present day are to prevent frequent it is to be remembered also that the in exploring an unknown coast would not steer the shortest course from one point to another nor at random into the ocean but would follow the of the shores and thus probably double the distance to be passed over for instance if they kept outside of they would not steer across to but return to the straits of isle nearly where they started from if they passed inside they would be likely to ascend the st for some distance before finding it was a river the large so numerous on this coast as the bay of the bay of and others would be all these things are needful to be kept in mind in order to form a just notion of what is in fact implied by the voyages supposed we do not intend to go into a minute examination of uie or of the probable distance but roughly estimated it cannot be less than two thousand miles from the northern coast of to bay following the larger of the coast from a fortnight to three weeks must have been consumed in such a voyage at the least and any account of it could not fail to notice the deep wind s i discovery of america by the march and of the coast or of islands and now we maintain that nothing of the kind appears in these they are evidently plain sailing of a few days only it is only by the most violent that the ancient geography can be made to fit the let us look for a moment at the accounts themselves in the first place sailing for struck the american coast at an unknown point which however was overgrown with wood it might have been or southern hence he sailed northward two days finding the land still then turning away from the land he sailed three days and came to an icy and island perhaps one of the islands at the mouth of s strait then he bore away from the land again four days and arrived in next sailing for the new reached the spot which last visited and named it thence he proceeded to the wooded country which he called the number of days not given f it seems most natural to assume that this was the most part of the coast covered with forest namely the southern part of or the part of which was formerly covered with a dense forest of large trees j it may have been a more southern point but the burden of proof is on those who maintain this hence he goes in two days to in returning nothing is said about his voyage which would hardly have been the case had he gone to the southward of the gulf of st next comes who finds without and after his death his return without their leader and yet no incidents of the voyage are mentioned v there is an as to the meaning of this word b in his the to the and and in most of his in the between a space of twelve and a space of hours but afterwards in a note p says he has since come to the conclusion that the words are sometimes an instance from the and he thinks such is the case throughout these accounts for this change of opinion he gives no reasons the single above but to be on the safe side we have translated throughout in accordance with his suggestion t in the it is said to be two days i p in captain relation concerning the coast of he the woods are full of lai pines and other trees for ship building in s he found good grass land jt i p of america by the in like manner and and her companions all sail to and back without any remarks made on the of the route one or two voyages are made in which no part of the continent is reached but we do not hear of any one who had ever reached any part of the continent failing to find or tiie slightest difficulty now it is to be observed that the gulf of st the coast into two quite different regions having the coast under their lee the might well hit that somewhere to the northward of the region of forest that is somewhere in for this is evidently only a general expression for the northern barren regions to coast along there until they recognized the given	37
by their would also be not very difficult and with the accounts but the moment we get beyond the straits of isle the case is entirely changed we come then to an intricate and dangerous which we cannot suppose the traditions of a nation of sailors should have passed over in silence nor could the requisite distance have been accomplished in the time stated even if we assume according to the entirely conclusion of the that is and suppose the intervening regions by without remark yet it is to be remembered that from cape the extremity of to cape in a direct course is seventy and if we coast round the bay of and follow the of the shore as with the would of course have done the distance will be nearly doubled add to this the distance to mount hope bay and we shall have not far from two hundred or six hundred miles which according to the average day s sailing of the given by the and namely one hundred and eight to one hundred and twenty miles would have been five or six days voyage whereas accomplished it in two at most nor finally is it conceivable that one after the other should have found so easily the haven or returned with so little apparent difficulty the direct evidence therefore fail entirely various circumstances however touching the appearance and productions of the country as mentioned in the have been brought forward in support of the of hy the in question most of these are disposed of some of them are as the discovery of in the when true they do not prove any thing since they apply as well to the re on about the gulf of st as to our own coast some of them do not apply to either of these regions such are the of the winter without frost or snow and affording feed to cat tie throughout the winter the of some writers that snow falls indeed in new england but never remains long on the ground c c we need not tell our readers are entirely and there is no reason to suppose that the climate has ever been than at present within the historical era the story is a mere exaggeration natural enough from the contrast with the winter climate of and but no more probable as to the state of island than as to the islands of the gulf of st something has been attempted to be made of the names and mount hope which occur on our coast it is supposed may have come from a cape or point but any one at all familiar with the indian names in this part of the country will notice the of sound to many well known names of such as n and a hundred others the very name of our state is of this kind as to mount hope which is sought to be connected with the name in the it was remarked by a critic some time ago that the indian word was not hope but and the was not made by the but by the indians it is probably the same word as on long island and there is a mount hope or in orange county new york another in the neighbourhood of one in one in one in virginia and no less than three in besides these however two pieces of evidence have been as showing the presence of the in bay one of these are the on the rock and others in that neighbourhood the other the remark made in the that the sun on the shortest day was above the horizon nine hours rising at and setting at this the have reckoned would make the latitude that of point being and this they think all things taken into em of america by the is near in oar opinion it is altogether too near and we would ask what or other means the had to tell the time of day so exactly at home in and probably in thej had their day marks objects in the landscape which they had learned to mark the son s place by but here of course they had no help of the kind it was a mere guess and however accurately they be supposed to have guessed they may very well have half an hour in their estimate but half an hour morning and night will give us a shortest day of eight hours and this brings us to about the latitude of the straits of isle as to the rock the strong resemblance of the whole and more especially of the square shouldered figure on the right to the paintings on robes c long ago excited the suspicions of those acquainted with the of our indian tribes and since the publication of messrs ancient monuments of the valley f the to say the least of it are decidedly in favor of the indian n of these these gentlemen give representations and descriptions of six rocks on the river in virginia and notices of various others in other parts of the country all bearing a strong general resemblance to the rock the represented are men animals of various kinds and their tracks and moreover lines circles c such as we see in the rock in one instance in particular fig two figures represented on the left hand lower comer of the stone instantly remind one of the figures occupying a similar position in the supposed inscription on another occurs a very distinct capital p fig which would make quite as good a ta p as that which in the other case has been so interpreted these rocks have been partly covered with earth and are thus less than the rocks but they need only to have some of the connecting lines to make letters and out of the figures of men and animals and it may be remarked that	37
independent historical works which have found a wide circle of readers in the new world and the old his works have been translated into all the tongues of europe we think which claim to be languages of literature they have won for the author a brilliant renown which few men attain to in their lifetime few even after their death no american author has received such distinction from abroad the most eminent learned societies of europe have honored themselves by writing his name among their own distinguished he has helped strengthen the common bond of all civilized nations by writing books which all nations can read yet while he has received this attention and gained this renown he has not found hitherto a philosophical critic to investigate his works carefully confess the merits which are there to point out the defects if such there be and coolly announce the value of these writings mr has found on either continent he has found also one critic who adds to national the spirit of a in literature whose stand point of criticism is the church of a man who the lofty calling of a critic by the of a literary the article we refer to would have disgraced any journal which pretended to common we often find articles in the minor journals of america written in a little and narrow spirit but remember nothing of the kind so hide as the paper we speak of in the london no art we have waited long for some one free from national prejudice to come with enlarged views of the duty of a historian having suitable acquaintance of mr a an march the philosophy of history a competent knowledge of the subjects to be treated of and enough of the spirit of and carefully examine these works in all the light of modem philosophy we have waited in and now conscious of our own defects knowing that every above hinted may easily be denied us we address ourselves to the work the department of history does not belong to our special study it is therefore as a that we shall speak not to pronounce the high cathedral judgment of a professor in that craft the history literature and general development of the spanish nation fall still less within the special range of the writer of this article we are students of history only in common with all men who love liberal studies and pursue history only in the pauses from other toils however the remarkable phenomena offered by the spanish nation in the and sixteenth centuries long ago attracted our attention and study still it is with reluctance we approach our task had any of the able men whose business it more is himself and applied to the work we would have held our peace but in the silence of such we feel constrained to before we proceed to examine the works of mr let a word be said of the office and duty of an historian to indicate the stand point whence his books are to be looked upon the writer of annals or of is to record events in the order in which they occur he is not an historian but a not an but a or of history it does not necessarily belong to his calling to elaborate his materials into a regular and complete work of art which shall fully and represent the life of the nation he describes the is to give an idea of his hero complete in all its parts and perfect in each to show how the world and the age with their manifold influences acted on the man and he on his age and the world and what they produced it is one thing to write the or annals of a man and a matter quite to write his life mr has collected many of sir walter scott laboriously written annals but the life of sir walter he has by no means written in telling what his hero suffered did and was and how all was brought to pass the must be a critic also and tell what his hero ought to have been and have done hence comes the deeper interest and the more in of mr as m character of a true biography may entertain but a biography must instruct the of a nation or a man works mainly in an way and his own character appears only in the selection or of events to record in referring events to causes or in consequences from causes supposed to be in action there is little which is personal in his work on the other hand the personality of the continually appears the s character or the s does not report itself in the oak or of saint peter s while the genius of the you as you gaze upon his colossal work now as the less cannot of itself comprehend the greater so a cannot directly and of himself comprehend a man nobler than himself all the in the world would be to write the life of a single eagle it is easy for a great man to understand the little man impossible to be directly comprehended thereby it is not hard to understand the position of a city the mutual relation of its parts when we look down from a high tower now while this is so by the advance of mankind in a few it comes to pass that a man of but common abilities having the culture of his age may stand on a higher platform than the man of genius occupied a short time before in this way the biography of a great man which none of his could undertake because he so far them soon becomes possible to men of marked ability and in time to men of ordinary powers of comprehension at this day it would not be very difficult to find men competent to write the	37
life of alexander or of yet by no means so easy to find one who could do justice to napoleon lord bacon was right in leaving his name and memory to foreign nations and to mine own countrymen after some time be passed over we are far from thinking lord bacon so great as many men esteem him but at his death there was no man among his own countrymen or in foreign nations meet to be his judge the followers of collected only a few scanty of the man and they who have since undertaken his life are proofs that the world has not caught up with his thoughts nor its foremost men risen high enough to examine to and to judge a spirit so but after all no advance of mankind no culture however nice and extensive will ever enable a or a to write the life of a or even a it no y character of mr as an march would be hard even now to find a man in d or out of it competent to give us the biography of even if he had all that annals and might furnish now an historian is to a nation what a is to a man he is not a bare to the of a nation and his reader with a mere of events however great and brilliantly colored events which have a connection of time and place but no meaning coming from no recognized cause and leading to no conclusion he is to give us the nation s life its outer life in the civil military and commercial transactions its inner life in the thought and feeling of the people if the historian undertake the entire of a nation that has completed its career of existence then he must describe the country as it was when the people first appeared to take possession thereof and point out e successive changes which they e therein the position of the country its natural features its waters mountains plains its soil climate and productions all are important elements which help the character of the nation the historian is to tell of the n of the people of their rise their decline their fall and end to show how they acted on the world and the world on them what was given and received the causes which advanced or the nation are to be sought and their action explained he is to inquire what sentiments and ideas in the nation whence they came from without the people or from within how they got organized and with what result hence not merely are the civil and military transactions to be looked after but the philosophy which in the nation is to be ascertained and of the laws and religion the historian is to describe the condition of the people the state of commerce and the arts both the useful and the beautiful to inform us of the means of internal communication of the intercourse with other nations military commercial literary or religious he must tell of the social state of the people the relation of the to the soil the relation of class to class it is important to know how the of the state are raised how the taxes are on person or property directly or indirectly in what manner they are collected and how a particular tax affects the of the people the writer of a nation s life must look at the whole people not merely at any one class noble or and of mr an most ve the net result of their entire action so that at the end of his book we can say this people had such sentiments and ideas which led to this and the other deeds and institutions which have been attended by such and such results they added this or that to the general achievement of tiie human race now in the history of each nation there are some men in whom the spirit of the nation seems to either because they are more the nation than the nation is itself or because by their eminent power they the tion to take the form of these individuals such men are to be distinctly studied and carefully for while the nation s genius they are an of its history la a first survey we know a nation best by its great men as a country by its mountains and its plains its waters and its shores by its great characters still while these eminent men are to be put in the of the picture the class is by no means to be neglected in the family of man there are elder and younger brothers it is a poor history which either class a few facts from the every day life of the merchant the slave the peasant the are often worth more as signs of the times than a chapter which relates the of a though these are not to be overlooked it is well to know what songs the peasant sung what prayers he prayed what food he ate what tools he wrought with what tax he how he stood connected with the soil how he was brought to war and what weapons armed him for the fight it is not very important to know whether general commanded on the right or the left whether he charged or whether he rode a bright chestnut horse or a gray nor whether he got dismounted by the breaking of his saddle or the stumbling of his beast but it is important to know whether the soldiers were well or ill and whether they came voluntarily to the war and fought in with a will or were brought to the conflict against their own consent not much caring which side was victorious in telling what has been the historian is also to tell what ought	37
in letters and to hold possession of history by perpetual history was aristocratic rank alone was respected and it was thought there were but a few hundred persons in the world worth writing of or caring for the mass were thought only the sand on which the mighty walked and useful only for that end their lives were vulgar lives their blood was blood and their deaths were vulgar deaths of late years a very different spirit has appeared slowly has it arisen very slow but it is real and visible the spirit of humanity this itself in a respect for rules but they must be laws of nature rules of justice and truth and in respect for all mankind arms yield not to the gown only but to the frock and the smith with his hand destructive soldiers to an seat and they begin with shame to take the lower place not always to be allowed them this spirit of humanity appears in where we will not now follow it but it appears also in literature therein is the is broken the at an end the elder sons are not neglected but the younger brothers are also brought into notice in history as in trade the course is open to talent history is becoming the life of the people is looked after men write of the ground whereon the mi ty walk while the the and the which are the monuments of kings are carefully sought after men look also for the songs the legends the which are the of the people stamped with their image and and in these find materials for the biography of a nation the manners and customs of the great mass of of mr oi m men are now and civil and transactions are thought no longer the one thing most to record this spirit of humanity the charm in the writings of die greatest of the age they write in the interest of mankind the absence of this spirit is a sad defect in the writings of mr himself a giant he writes history in the interest only of giants since this change has taken place a new demand is made of an historian of our times we have a right to insist that he shall give us the philosophy of history and report the sons thereof as well as record the facts he must share the spirit of humanity which begins to the age he must not write in the interest of a class but of mankind in the interest of natural right and justice sometimes however a man may be excused for lacking the philosophy of history no one could expect it of a if a russian were to write the history of france it would be easy to forgive him if he wrote in the interest of but when a man of new england to write a history there is less excuse if his book should be wanting in philosophy and in humanity less merit if it abound mr has selected for his theme one of the most important periods of history from the middle of the to the middle of the sixteenth century the three greatest events of modem times took place during that period the art of was invented america discovered the was begun it was a period of life and various activity in not easily understood at this day the revival of letters was going forward the classic models of greece and rome were studied anew the revival also of art da michael were their miracles of artistic skill science began anew new ideas seemed to dawn upon mankind modem literature received a fresh impulse the new thought reported itself m all of life was improved commerce extended a new world was discovered and by the hope of gold or driven by discontent and restless love of change impelled by desire of new things or constrained by conscience the old world rose and poured itself on a new mr mn and with new ideas to found than the old in europe a revolution with me of an pillars of authority were shaken the rose against his lord the great were losing their power the great kings their authority institutions with the of the ground and fell to rise no more it was the age of of and of of and of john and and lived in that time the ninety five were posted on the church door the was writ ten there were and tiie great captain cardinal and two great works mark this period one the establishment of national unity of action in the great of europe tiie king conquering the other the great of mind and conscience against arbitrary power in the school the state the church an which no of scholars no armies and no of and of could prevent or long hinder from its work writing of this age mr takes for his chief theme one of the most prominent nations of the world spain however was never prominent for thought no idea welcomed by other nations was ever bom or in her lap she has no great philosopher not one who has made a mark on the world no great poet known to all nations not a single orator or political she has been mother to few great names in science art or literature in commerce and long before spain england and holland at a later date have far out travelled her even in arms save the brief shed by the great captain spain has not been surely not as france england and even the low countries but her portion is an important one between the and the at the time in question her population was great perhaps nearly twice that of england and she played an important part in the affairs of europe while england had little to	37
account of stock this mr in his introduction vol i but he fails to render an adequate account of the condition of and and of course it is not easy for the reader to appreciate the changes that subsequently were made therein to be a little more specific his account of the condition of the law is meagre and inadequate the history of the reform and of laws poor and hardly intelligible part i ch vi and though he returns upon the theme in the general account of the administration of and part ii ch xxvi still it is not well and done what he says of the of and that of does not give one a clear idea of the actual m and power of those bodies he does not tell us by whom and how the members were chosen to their office how long they held it and on what condition the reader wonders at the of this important portion of the work especially when such materials lay ready before his hands after all we find a more complete and intelligible account of the constitution of the laws and of the administration of justice in the brief chapter of mr s work than in this elaborate nay the work of mr written for the cabinet written apparently in haste and not always in good temper gives a far better account of that matter than mr this is a serious defect and one not to be anticipated in an historian who in this country to describe to us the ancient administration of a foreign ut ri pr fm of m which treats of the of justice and of the roman law a chapter which made a new era in the study of the subject itself and for some one to guide him in this difficult and crooked path with the exception of the code of the the and the works of spanish law or treating thereof are in but few hands and de la can be but little known in england or america for information the general scholar must here depend on the historian considering the important place that spanish has held the wide reach of the spanish dominion on both it was particularly needful to have in this work a clear thorough and of this subject li speaking of the of the kingdom mr does not inform us how it was collected nor from what sources i and ii and part i ch vi we are told that the king had his royal tiiat on some occasions one fifth of the spoils of war belonged to him and it appears that a certain proportion of the proceeds of the mines was his but there is no or account of the true he tells us that money by her real estate and her personal property part i ch xiv it appears accidentally that two of the formed a part of the royal income part ii ch i p we are told that the increased thirty fold during this administration part ii ch xxvi p it is mentioned as a proof of sagacity in the ruler and of the welfare of the people but we are not told whence they were derived and it appears tiiat in the single city of paid nearly one sixth of the whole in a note he tells us that the bulk of the crown came from the and the the latter was an odious tax of ten per cent on all articles bought sold or transferred mr tells us it was but how or for what he does not say part ii ch xxvi p mr says near a tenth this is j a or error the whole amount is given in the as of which paid aa of mt pre cm d m figure largely in history of spain bat it is in tain that we ask of mr how the armies were and on what principle the modem or the how they were equipped paid fed he often dwells upon battles telling us who commanded on the right or the left can describe at length the of and the between and but he nowhere gives us a description of the military of the realm and nowhere relates the general plan of a campaign this also is a serious defect in any history especially in that of a nation of the century a period of transition he does not inform us of the state of industry trade and commerce or touch except incidentally upon the effect of the laws yet during this reign the laws industry in all its forms to a great degree soon after the discovery of america spain forbade the of gold and silver and as don says our industry would have died from of money if the of the laws established in this matter had not been sufficient for its ruin at a later date it was forbidden to even the raw material of silk and wool spain says m the latest on the political economy of that country that we have seen is the country of all europe where the and most cruel experiments have been made at the expense of industry which has almost always been treated as a foe managed to the death d instead of being protected by the government and regarded as a thing capable of rather than a productive element were laid not only on intercourse with foreign nations but on the traffic between province and province and a tax sometimes an enormous one the was collected from the sale of all articles whatever members of the legal and military profession says m affected the most profound contempt for every form of industry any man who exercised a trade was disgraced for life a noble who ventured to work lost his privilege of nobility and brought his family to shame no town accepted an	37
for its the of says never admitted to their assembly a who came from the class you would think you were reading and when you find in the writers and even in the laws of spain those haughty expressions of contempt for the men who bow their faces towards the earth and stoop to the or tend a loom i of mr om an mr does not notice the ci the people except in terms the most general and yet great changes were taking place at that time in the condition of the laboring class he does not even tell us what relation the bore to the soil how they held it by what for what time what relation they bore to the and the knights in mr says there was no mr gives us no explanation of the fact and does not mention the fact itself in a portion of the passed out of the condition of calls them others de to that of freedom by paying an annual tax to their former owner or to entire freedom by the payment of a sum twenty times as large this was an important event in the civil history of mr barely relates the fact from other sources we have learned we know not how truly that no was allowed in the of that only were eligible to certain offices there and no were in all this history there are no pictures from the lives of the humble yet a glimpse into the cottage of a peasant or even at the of spain in the century would be instructive and help a stranger to understand the nation much is said indeed of the class of the and of the clergy but we find it from this history alone to form a complete idea of their position in the kingdom of their relation to one another to the people or the crown of the number of the clergy of their education their character their connection with the or the people of their general influence he has to tell us he pays little regard to the progress of society to advances made in the comforts of life in the means of from place to place now and then it is said that the roads were in bad order and so a march was delayed even at this day the means of internal communication are so poor the roads so few and that some provinces lie in a state of almost entire says m more than one province of spain could be mentioned which is more inaccessible than the greater part of our most advanced portions in africa and differ as much as russia and germany and the inhabitants of do not undertake the journey to so often as the french that to a philosophical wants information on all these of mr a m and ike general reader has no authority but histories like this it cannot be said that mr feared to his work with such details and make his volumes too numerous or big he has space to spare for frivolous details he can describe the afforded by the royal pair in the camp before in can tell us that the queen herself rode a chestnut mule seated on a saddle chair with gold and silver that the were of a crimson color and the of satin were curiously wrought with letters of gold that the wore a skirt of fine velvet over others of a scarlet of the and a black hat trimmed with gold and that the king was dressed in a crimson with or breeches of yellow satin over his shoulders was thrown a or of rich and a of the same material concealed his by his side close he wore a and beneath his bonnet his hair was confined by a cap or of the finest stuff was mounted on a noble war horse of a bright chestnut color part i ch xi p et the account of the is eminently unsatisfactory no adequate motive is assigned for it no sufficient cause it stands in this book as a thing with consequences enough and bad enough but no cause you know not why it came mr treats fairly we do not remember a line in these volumes which seems dictated by anti catholic he has no sympathy with the he looks on it with manly aversion but he treats the subject with little ability not showing how the worked the church and the state and life in its most sacred sources who made the for what purpose was its machinery set a going what effect did it have on the whole nation these are questions which it was mr s business to answer but which as we think he has failed to answer brought it to pass there is little doubt but it gained and the title of catholic but our historian does not like to lay the blame on them they are the heroes of his story may indeed be blamed it were difficult in this century to write and not blame him but must not be for this her heroism is to be the spirit of chivalry in our author is too strong for the spirit of humanity he thinks of mr a an march may have had for the bat only religious motives for its establishment in part i ch vn p certainly there was a great blame somewhere it falls not on the people who had neither the ability nor the will to establish it nor on the aristocracy of and rich men they had much to lose and little to gain it was always hateful to them the priests no doubt were in favor of the but they could not have introduced it nay could have had little influence in bringing it about if the crown had opposed it and were no slaves to the	37
they knew how to favor the interests of the church when it served their turn but no forehead was more brazen no hand more iron than theirs to and put down any insolence of power did not favor the old of she the power of the priests nay that of the pope and easily seized from him what other had long clutched at in vain she allowed no appeals to him part i ch p ch xv p part ii ch xxvi the of tended to the power of the clergy and of the pope within limits than before and are the very parties to be blamed for the if so enlightened above their age the more to be blamed if cool headed and far sighted they deserve more reproach if were so religious as it is then the censure is to be pronounced against her it was only thirty six years before the that she introduced the to it is idle to lay the blame on part i ch vii p et al we profess no great veneration for this genuine son of saint but let him answer for his own sins not his master s we cannot but think history is unjust in painting so soft and fair while her general is in the colors and she with all her intelligence charity and piety puts the necks of the people into his hands and were not fools to be by a priest however cunning it seems to us that the must be set down to their account and should cover them both with shame that as james the second is to be blamed for and the bloody so are and for and the mr admits the most obvious and thereof but has not the heart to trace the evil of mr pre em a an to its it is the fashion of writers to dwell with delight on every fault committed by the masses of men what eloquent have we heard on the horrid crimes of the old french revolution horrid crimes they were and let them be but when the writers come to done by the masters of mankind they have no voice to such both proceed from the same that might is right may be wrong in the numbers who suffered by the perhaps there were not burned alive at the stake and who suffered other suppose there were but half that number nay a tenth part still it is enough to cover any monarch in europe since the twelfth century with shame grant that projected the scheme the fact that allowed it to be executed shows that she was of soul akin to her infamous peter the and deserves the sharp censure of every just historian we come next to speak of the and jews at the time of and there were in spain two distinct tribes of men on the one side were the descendants of the one of the new nations who had appeared in history not many centuries before and united with the existing population of spain as the had formerly united with the they found there on the other side were two nations descended as it is said from the of numerous tribes of asia the and the jews both of these nations had been for centuries for their civilization they had long dwelt on the same soil with the and if we may believe the tale few families of the nobility were quite free from all or all hebrew taint a philosophical historian would find an attractive theme in the meeting of nations so in origin language manners and religion as the of the east and the west it would be curious to trace the effects of their union to learn what the and the had brought to and what they established there how much had been gained by this mingling of races which as some think is a perpetual condition of national progress the jews were not they are commonly superior to the class they mingle with in all countries the were amongst the most enlightened nations of europe they had done much to promote the common arts the higher no vi of mr as an march arts of beauty they had practised and the arts with skill and science for unlike the they were not ashamed of work they had science and letters on their hearth had kept e sacred fire snatched from the altar of the before their temple went to the ground and still fed and watched its flame m some ages almost alone the of that fire the english reader familiar with s account of the race a chapter not without its faults but which even now must still be looks for something not inferior in this where the equally demands it but he looks in the chapter which treats of the spanish art i ch though not without merit is hardly of a place in a history written in this age of the world after the two chief of spain were practically united into one it was not to be expected that the catholic sovereigns would allow so fair a portion of the to remain in the hands of the they had only been there on and seem never to have recovered from their terrible defeat in spanish sovereigns with the spirit of that age would wish to subdue the christians the and when such feelings exist an occasion for war is not long to seek the conquest of a rich kingdom like that of with a high civilization is an of much importance the of a whole people in modem times though still meditated by men whom the chances of an election bring to the top of society in republican america is an unusual thing and in this case it was barbarous not less than unusual mr does justice to the industry intelligence skill and general civilization	37
of the while he points out defects and in their institutions with no undue severity he has yet just and beautiful things to say of them but he over the injustice shown towards them and the sympathy of the reader for the suffering nation by the remark that they had long since reached their utmost limit of advancement as a people that during the latter period of their existence they appear to have in a state of and luxurious indulgence which would seem to argue that when causes of external excitement were withdrawn the inherent vices of their social institutions had them from the further production of excellence then he puts the blame if blame there be on providence and of mr a an in impotent condition it was wisely ordered that their territory should be occupied by a people whose religion and more liberal form of government qualified them for advancing still higher the interests of humanity part i ch xv p et mr elsewhere speaks with manly and becoming indignation of the conduct of who burnt the elegant of the yet he has not censure enough it seems to us for the barbarous which drove the into or exile the of the jews is treated of in the same spirit the blame is laid in part on the priests on and in part on the spirit of the age both were bad enough no doubt but if and as represented were before their age in and the latter far in advance of its on we see not how they can be from blame it is the duty of an historian to measure men by the general standard of times certainly we are not to expect the morals of the nineteenth century from one who lived in the ninth but it is also the historian s duty to that spirit and when a superior man rises he must not be judged merely by the low standard of his age but the absolute standard of all ages such a judgment we seldom find in this work many acts of these princes show that they were short sighted allowing s zeal for the church which is abundantly proved it must yet be confessed that she possessed its worst qualities and cruelty in what might be called the heroic degree cared little for any interest but his own we doubt after all if it was love of the church which the and the jews and it was a love yet more vulgar namely love of plunder he hit the nail on the head who declared that numbers of jews were richer than christians the je rs displayed their usual firmness in refusing to pretend to be converted but their resolution to to the faith of their fathers and their conscience meets with but scanty praise from our author living under institutions formed by religious though he calls it an extraordinary act of self devotion mr s defence of does honor to his head or heart but is in harmony with the general tone of the history the catholic sovereign thus struck a deadly blow at the industry of the nation the had almost created in spain they had founded the most of mr a an march that of silk wool leather and of tempered steel thej were ingenious and excellent artists since that time foreigners have the national prejudice against manual work it was the and the who the manufacture of of goods and of work in wood and more recently the english and french have engaged there in the manufacture of linen cotton and mixed goods in the time of louis xiv more than seventy five thousand had gone to settle in spain mr s account of the literature of spain has been much admired not wholly without reason the chapters part i ch xxx and xx which treat of the literature were certainly needed for the completeness of the work every body knows how much mr adds to the value of his histories by his laborious examination of the literature science and art of the nations he describes to know a nation s deeds we must understand its thoughts it will be necessary says mr in order to complete the view of the internal administration of and to show its operation on the intellectual culture of the nation it is particularly deserving of note in the present reign which stimulated the active development of the national energies in every department of science and which forms a leading epoch in the ornamental literature of the country the present and following chapter will embrace the mental progress of the kingdom through the whole of s reign in order to exhibit as far as possible its entire results part i ch xix p et the education of was neglected in her youth and at a mature age she undertook to supply her defects and studied with such success says one of her that in less than a year her admirable genius enabled her to obtain so good a knowledge of the latin tongue that she could understand without much difficulty what was written or spoken in it she took pains with the education of her own children and those of the nobility she invited peter martyr and to aid in the nobility which they readily did mr the names of several who engaged in the pursuit of letters no says was accounted noble who held science in men of distinguished birth mr pre as an were eager we are told to lead the way m science lords also of illustrious rank lent their influence to the cause of good letters one lady called la instructed the queen in the roman tongue another on the latin ck at and a third on at yet spite of all this royal zeal this feminine and noble attention to letters mr that little progress was made in the poetic	37
art since the beginning of the century one cause thereof he finds in the of the language which certainly had not become more rude during the progress of so much and and another in the direction to utility manifested in this active reign which led such as had leisure for intellectual pursuits to cultivate science rather than abandon themselves to the mere of the imagination p let us look at this subject a little more in detail and see what opportunities spain had for intellectual culture what use she made of them what results were and how mr has described the mental progress of the nation the as we have twice said before were for some time the most enlightened nation in the world they cultivated arts the useful and the elegant with singular success they diligently studied and they pursued literature and have left behind them numerous of their zeal if not of their genius there was a time when the great classic masters of science were almost forgotten by the christians but carefully studied and held in honor by the of men of other nations sought instruction in their schools or sa at the feet of their or studied and ti their works by means of their vicinity to the the had an excellent opportunity to cultivate science and letters but they made little use of those advantages robert and daniel of afterwards ii and others learned from the masters but there were few or no of any eminence who took to study the thought of their neighbours it seems to us that mr a good deal the literary tendency of the under and it is true at that time a great movement of thought went on in the rest of europe the capture of drove the greek scholars from their ancient home the press diffused the the ancient laws the old of mr as an march spreading new thought rapidly and wide literature and philosophy were studied with great vigor this new movement appeared in italy in in germany and france even in england but in spain we find few and traces thereof mr for the fact that studies were brought in the course of a few years in spain to so flourishing a condition as might not only excite the admiration but serve as a model to the most cultivated nations of europe p but it deserves to be remembered that made this statement in a letter to a spanish professor at the university of and besides his praise on the religion as much as on tiie learning of the country in a former letter he had said that the study of literature had been neglected in germany to such a degree that men would not take learning if for nothing nobody was willing to hear the professors who were supported at the public charge but elsewhere knows how to say that in germany their schools of learning were numerous as the towns but this is of small importance it is certain that and did something to promote the literary culture of their people yet it had not been wholly neglected before the university of was certainly old in life of us that the roman general founded a school there and some one says that was a professor we suppose on that foundation may the story the university of was founded in that of in or about hat time that of in though some place it earlier and some much later had been founded at and in the century this statement may read well on paper but it is plain that had done little to the nation otherwise cardinal had never celebrated that da fe with the queen we are told encouraged the introduction of into spain and caused many of the works of her own su to be printed at her own charge that she a from and allowed foreign books to be imported free of duty but more than twenty years elapsed after the discovery of the art before we hear of a single press in the kingdom and during the whole of the century we cannot find that four hundred character of mr as an were printed in all spun while during that period the press of had sent forth five hundred and that of six hundred and eighty three that of paris seven hundred and fifty seven borne nine hundred and fifty three three thousand one hundred and the little city of alone had published more than the whole kingdom of about fifteen thousand were printed in the last thirty years of that century the character of the works printed in spain is significant first of all comes a collection of songs in honor of the virgin setting forth the miraculous conception it is true a translation of the bible into the dialect was printed at in but during the century we do not find that a single edition of the or of the civil law was printed in all spain though no less than ninety eight of the latin bible came forth from the presses of europe mr to describe the mental progress of the nation to accomplish this the historian must tell us the result of what was done in law in the study of the the national and the law for all three have been important elements in the development of the spanish nation what was done in in including and and in general literature now mr in this examination passes entirely over the first three and his labor wholly upon the last it is true he treats of the alteration of the laws in his last chapter but in a brief and unsatisfactory style yet he had before told us that the attention of men was directed to science and it is elsewhere asserted that much was done in this reign for the and of the laws it would	37
be interesting to the mere reader and highly important to the student who wishes to understand the mental progress of spain to know how much the law was studied how much the law and what were made thereby in the national institutions themselves by whom and with what effect after all that has been written of late years it would not be difficult not impossible to do this the publication of for the first time in twenty years after the accession of to the throne was an important event the legal labors of de deserved some notice the celebrated mare which has had so important an character cf mr as an march on the laws of europe and america and first got printed during this reign certainly required some notice even in a brief sketch of the intellectual history of that reign in all catholic countries the study of the law is of great importance but during the century though more than forty thereof got printed in other parts of europe we do not find one in in science including the and all of the spanish did yet circumstances were uncommonly favorable the conquest of put them in possession of the of the which were destined only to the flames under the guidance of they discovered new lands and had ample opportunities to study the geography and of countries so to the but was done it is true with his national prejudices to mention some names that are illustrious in medicine but and da the and the rest that he may be celebrated throughout all spain and even in la we think they are but little known elsewhere in the of and the spanish accomplished nothing wo thy of mention in and there are no spanish names before the sixteenth century few even then philosophy which once prevailed so widely in the west of europe seems not to have found a footing in the in the tenth century went to spain to learn philosophy of the in the communicated its doctrines to the world in the twelfth and of bath called the of michael scott and others filled europe with of authors but spain did nothing in the have but one work to show of any note which dates from the period in question the was a great work but to achieve that nothing was needed but great wealth and the labors of a few learned and men the wealth was abundant and flowed at the cardinal s command the treasures of the and of all the of europe were freely offered the of the jews in spain were at command the services of accomplished scholars could easily be pre m bought learned there were in the of europe for bread of the nine men who were engaged in this undertaking one was a greek and three were jews of coarse converted jews artists came from germany to cast the types for the mr the difficulty of the undertaking the scholars could be had the borrowed or bought indeed so poorly was the matter conducted that some purchased at great cost came too late for mr says there were no types in spain if indeed in any part of europe in the oriental character but only three were needed in tiie the roman greek and the hebrew the two first were common enough in spain and in various parts of europe before the end of the century no less than thirty nine had been printed of the whole or a part of the hebrew bible the is indeed a valuable work but at this day few men will contend that in the old testament it has a text better than the edition at or that the new testament is better than that of indeed we hazard nothing in saying that a single scholar and a private man often in want of money did more t promote the study of the and the revival of letters than cardinal and all spain put together and never burnt up a library of because they were not all these matters except the mr passes over with few words in his sketch of the mental progress of spain in her golden age while france germany italy and england made rapid strides in their mental progress spain did little little in law little in science in little but mr writes in a pleasing style about another tion of the literature of spain which is after all her most characteristic production in letters her and the drama the is the most production of the spanish muse the of are unlike those of england of scotland and of germany in many respects yet bear the same relation to the genius of the people they grew up in the wild soil of the no royal or hand was needed to foster them beautiful thej are the wild flowers of the field but under the eye of they began to and no new plants came up so fair and fragrant as the old why not the life of the people was trodden down by the of the of mr as an march whom had sent to his work the was rude mr that not found a rude speech in scotland but the verses he sung in will live longer than the well filed lines of pope of language not the genius of of mr had small space to note the alteration of laws the change of social systems or the progress of civilization in spain but he has some twenty pages to bestow upon the drama and gives us an analysis of the of or and spending four pages upon such a work a philosophical reader would consent to spare all mention of and even de if in the place which they but there had been an account of tlie real thought manners and life of the nation far	37
be it from us to of the time and space allotted to the popular literature of spain the chapters are the best of the work but one with that delightful growth that the historian made no better use of his materials to the life and sentiments of the people mr the ex of queen the character of was so that it admits of no defence shall it be said the age was distinguished for fraud double dealing and it affords no good defence for it was in these very qualities that surpassed his age he was a king a treacherous ally a master whom no servant could trust a husband in the life of queen and false to her memory after her death few will deny that he had some ability and some knowledge of though we think his powers and political foresight have been somewhat the great men of the realm he used as his servants but when they acquired renown he endeavoured to ruin them cast them off neglected and covered with his treatment of or of would have been a disgrace to any prince in he was no friend to the nobility and quite as little the friend of his people he did not favor commerce or the arts no nor letters and science his zeal for religion appears chiefly in the of the and the jews had some natural to the establishment of slavery in america but had none mr who is not blind to his faults says truly his cf mr as an si was spirit of the circle of his views mi t be more or less expanded but self was the steady centre mr but it seems to us for the purpose of making a contrast with quite as much as in reference to the laws of morality the effects of his character on the institutions of his country and the welfare of his people he does not point out in a manner worthy of an historian let us turn to her character he sa s was all and deep devotion to the interest of the people vol iii p all the petty of state policy and pursuing the noblest ends by the noblest means stands above her age she was for every thing that concerned the welfare of her people this is high praise but laying aside the rules of chivalry let us look in the spirit of humanity the great political work of this reign was the establishment of national unity of action spain had been divided into many the separate provinces of each had been united by a feeble tie the power of the king was resisted and diminished by the authority of the great and thus the nation was distracted and its power weakened under these sovereigns the different were formed into one the several provinces were closely united the great were and brought into dependence upon the throne and thus national unity of action established by the might of a great central power to accomplish this work the first to be done after the marriage of and was to the power of the the same problem was getting solved in other countries at the same time in some countries as the lost power the cities with their gained it the the in short the people in one form or another got an increase of political power but in spain it was not so as power from the it fell into the hands of the king the people only gained domestic tranquillity not practical political power or the recognition of their rights and were both jealous of the once when wanted the of to declare her daughter their future sovereign and they refused she exclaimed it would be better to reduce the country by arms at once than endure this insolence of the part ii oh ii p after s death for a long w o m a a i f time neglected to the vol m p once he a from the pope him to his engagement with the p note in the first two years of her reign called tl meetings of the of the popular branch alone ihe motive was plain she wanted to reduce tiie power of the and the were the appropriate tool after this work was done the became rare she made the take the place of the to the great of popular liberty but in the foolish either by the court or stimulated by tiie spanish desire of that the right of representation was extended too far both and were averse to meetings of the in oftener than absolutely necessary and both took care on such occasions to have their own agents near the to influence their proceedings part ii ch xxvi p note and to make the understand that they had not so much power as they fancied if had all the qualities which mr and others also to her the result must have been different we will not deny that did much for the nation much to establish tranquillity much to promote the security of property and person the first thing mentioned by don the restoration of the from its condition if taken alone was highly important she elevated men of worth to high stations though they were men of mean birth doubtless this was done in part to show the that she could dispense with them in places which they had long still she knew how to distinguish between the accidents and the substance of a man and chose her accordingly her management of the of the church displayed no little skill and much energy she kept the church from the of the pope a task not so difficult as it would have been a century or two before for tiie power was visibly on the still on the whole we must confess that she did to the character of the clergy or	37
tiie people did she encourage letters and establish presses few great works were published in spain the lives of in honor of the virgin books of sacred offices and against jews and and the works of such were the books of mr m m mai whidi the printed and in the century the works of were the most important works issued from the press of in that century did she encourage science it bore no fruits which the nation has to gather from the spanish tree poetry little was brought to pass which could rival the best works of former days in with the exception of the and the publication of the bible in the dialect certainly a surprising event in that age little was done nothing worthy of note under a hand so and under the eye of the which had established what could a effect it must be confessed that did not foster the greatest interests of the nation the publication of which had the force of law so frequent in her reign shows plainly enough her desire to rule without the advice of the people whose constitution she thereby it matters not that they purport to be made at the demand of the at the request of cities or of prominent men even in america we could find here and there a man in the of the united states who would recommend a powerful president to do the same perhaps a city or even a state to advise it those were the passing bell of popular freedom even if they did not as mr us on the principles of criminal law or affect the transfer of property they not less the liberty of the of foolish as it was in other respects was right in against those mr several causes which contributed to increase the royal power at the expense of the people the control of the military and orders the and large the fortified places the rights of tiie increase of power over the the acquisition of territory in italy and the discovery of a new continent but he the one cause which gave force to all these the selfish disposition that counted political power as a right which the monarch might use for her own advantage not a trust which she must administer by the rules of justice and for the good of all her subjects this was the cause which the people after it had broken their noble to pieces the rights of the people were continually in the and the representatives of the cities complained that the people were without arms mr thinks this of mr m an a proof that they were in a fortunate condition not remembering that in such an age an armed people was what the constitution is to america what the british parliament and acknowledged law are to england the one great barrier against the of the crown she found the people with an odious tax imposed for a temporary and continued through the of the and ie tyranny of the crown had conscientious scruples about this tax but continued it were established by this queen who is represented as so before her time goods must not be in foreign vessels when a spanish bottom could be had no vessel must be sold to a foreigner even horses were not allowed to be gold and silver must not be sent out of spain on pain of death yet when she forbade the thereof by her commercial policy by laws she forbade their use at home there are four things which will long continue as the monuments of her reign the establishment of the for the torture and murder of her subjects the of the jews and the the of the indians in america and the establishment of negro slavery there with this we leave her and her memory to speak on the general form and style of this work it is no part of our plan to the account of and military transactions but so far as we have examined his authorities mr is remarkably accurate some errors will always escape the vigilance of an author in this case they are rare and unimportant the whole work is divided into three portions an introduction a history of the domestic policy of and part i and a history of their foreign policy their discoveries and part ii the main division is a good one the division into chapters is judicious and the chapters well arranged in separate chapters the author treats of various so as not to the reader but we notice several defects in the matter and style of the work there is no description of the large towns no account of their history the growth or decline of their population of their relation to the villages and of the political tendencies of their inhabitants a brief description of and of and would be of great value to one who wished to understand the age the materials for this are not wanting of mr a an again his portraits of men are not good they often lack distinctness and specific character we have a right to demand a careful analysis of the character of such men as and an historian never does his duty completely until he gives us a picture of each man of the times he describes portraits of men ike and the of and of and of of those times and of the other eminent foreigners who come upon the stage ought to have a place m a work like this the author does not present himself to his readers as a philosopher who knows man and therefore has an a knowledge of men nor does he appear as a man of the world who knows men by a wide practical acquaintance with them in consequence of this defect the reader finds neither the careful judgment of the	37
philosopher nor the practical judgment of the man of af both of these defects appear frequently in this work for example in his general review of the administration of and which is not written in the spirit of the or the spirit of the philosopher but of an amiable gentleman of letters filled with the spirit of chivalry the book philosophy to a degree exceeding belief the author seems to know nothing of the philosophy of history and little even of political economy he events in their order of time with considerable skill but the causes of the events their place in the general history of the race or their influence in special on the welfare of the nation he does not appreciate he tells the fact for the fact s sake hence there are no pages in the book perhaps no sentences which the reader turns back to read a second time to see if the thought be true here are the facts of history without the thought which belongs to the facts it would be to find a history in the english language of any note so entirely destitute of philosophy accordingly the work is dull and the reading thereof tiresome and not profitable thus lacking philosophy and having more of the spirit of chivalry than of humanity it is impossible that he should write in the interest of mankind or judge men and their deeds by justice by the law of the universe after long and patient study of his special theme mr writes with the average sense of mankind with their average of mr pre u m much of his the of a trading town is readily accepted by hie average of men and popular with them but he writes as one with little sympathy for mankind and seems to think that spain belonged to and that their power was a and not a trust and they not for the which they exercised over their subjects the style of the work is and easily intelligible the language the figures of speech the logic and the are commonplace like the judgment of the author they indicate no and do not bear the stamp of his character there is a certain about them but it is not the of mr only of the class of well bred men hb which usually mark the man are commonplace and poor rarely original or beautiful here are some examples to spread like to act like desperate to run like so many deer to extend like an army of to be like a garden he calls the sex not a very elegant or agreeable title there is a slight tendency to excess in his use of sometimes he an opinion which he does not assert the truth in his style there is little to attract nothing to nothing even to o he is never seldom extravagant never ill natured if he finds an author in error he takes no pleasure in pointing out the mistake everywhere he the marks of a well bred of letters this is more than can be of the we have alluded to before after long study of this work we take leave of the author with an abiding impression of a careful scholar and laborious an amiable man who respects the feelings of his fellows and would pass gently over their a courteous and accomplished gentleman who after long toil has unexpectedly found that toil with money and with honors and wears the honors with the same modesty in which they have been won poetry v the of a long h hon pastoral by arthur ix is a new english poem which we heartily recommend to all classes of readers it is an account of one of oxford reading parties which at the of a long tion are made up by a with five or six who wish to bring up of study or to for examination and honors and who themselves with their guide to some romantic spot in wales or scotland where are good bathing and shooting read six hours a day and kill the other eighteen in sport smoking and sleep the poem is as and as the party and so joyful a picture of college life and manners with such good strokes of revenge on the old and the logical that one wonders this ground has not been broken up before six young men have read three weeks with their and after joining in a country dinner and a dance in a bam four of them decide to give up books for three weeks and make a tour in the leaving the other two partners with the in the cottage to their or morning bath six hours and mutton at seven the portraits of the young party are briefly but adam the the hope arthur who from his thirty feet is the glory of and philip the hero of the poem the radical poet in this excursion falls in love with the golden haired at the farm of and is left behind by his returning fellows the poet follows his hero into the mountains here in here in anon in in and wherever the restless philip brooding on his passion would i were dead i keep saying that so i could go and her whilst the anxiously and his companions more are on this adventure of their comrade a letter arrives at the cottage from hope who travelled with philip announcing that philip and have parted and no poetry march that philip is staying at castle in attendance on the beautiful lady maria in an earnest letter to his friend the philip explains himself and the sweep of speculation to which his new life at the castle gives occasion is in a truly modern spirit and embarrassing one can see to the of great is the mirth of the oxford party at this new phase of	37
the ardent philip but it is suddenly checked again by a new letter from philip to adam him to come immediately to the or hut of na to bring him counsel and sanction since he has finally found rest and home in the heart of we are now introduced to the right hitherto pursued in vain under deceiving and are made with adam the to in philip s final choice the story leads naturally into a bold discussion of the most serious questions that up at this very hour in london paris and boston and whilst are met and honestly and even profoundly treated the dialogue charms us by perfect good breeding and animal spirits we shall not say that the rapid and bold execution has the finish and the intimate music we demand in modem poetry but the subject matter is so solid and the figures so real and that the poem is justified and would be good in spite of much execution than we here find yet the poem has great literary merits the author has a true eye for nature and expresses himself through the images the has a singular charm half comic in the piece and there is a wealth of expression a power of description and of portrait painting which our best even the which with all our envy of its beauty in latin and in greek we think not to the genius of english poetry is here in place to the humor of college conversation we take almost at hazard a specimen of these and describing a day at the cottage so in the cottage with adam the pupils five together duly remained and read and looked no more for philip philip at shooting and dancing with lady maria breakfast at eight and now for brief september daylight luncheon at two and dinner at seven or even later five full hours between for the and the and the mountain so in the joy of their life and glory of shooting so they read and the pupils five with adam oxford poetry what if shower came frequent and chill from the westward what if on with yellow leaves the blade the delicate frequent and thick lay at the chilly bead of duly in still and daily whatever the weather bathed in the rain and the frost and the mist with the glory of hope thither also at times of cold and of possible careless unconscious would or e er they departed come in a heavy his trunk come under coat over brief those legs displaying all from the shirt to the the natural man revealing duly there they bathed and daily the twain or the there where of mornings was custom where over a ledge of granite into a granite descended the torrent beautiful very to gaze in ere plunging beautiful also perfect as picture as vision that comes to the through the great granite the forest and and mountain purple with the mountain the level stream in beautiful seen by in intervals of dressing mom mom for themselves too seeming not as spectators accepted into it as truly parts of it as are the in the field lying there by the so they bathed they read they in and forest far amid pines to the they shadow far up the long long to the and the beyond it deep under huge red cliffs a secret and oft by the or the perchance racing home for the eight o clock mutton so they bathed and read and in there in the joy of their life and glory of shooting bathed and read and and looked no more for philip a more musical passage follows the arrival of adam at the ten more days did adam with philip abide at the change house ten more nights they met they walked with father and daughter ten more nights and night by night more distant away were philip and she happy ten days most happy and otherwise than thought of fortunate visit of adam companion and friend to david happy ten days be ye fruitful of happiness pass o er them slowly poetry march like of the prophet be multiplied to ages pass slowly o er them ye days of october ye soft misty mornings long dusky pass slowly and thou great term time of oxford awful with lectures and books and little goes and great goes till but the sweet bud be perfect and retire for the lovers yea for the sweet love of lovers even to pass o er them slowly ye hours be with them ye loves and graces we have just received a new collection of poems by mr published in one volume with a collection of poems by thomas under the name of from mr s part in the book we select the following lines of his on the mountain in the in the shaded secret i have seen thee i have met thee in the soft hours of night in darkness silent sweet i beheld thee i was with thee i was thine and thou mine when i gazed in palace chambers when i trod the rustic dance earthly maids were fair to look on earthly maidens hearts were kind fair to look on fair to love but the life the life to me t was the death the death to them in the of a curious cruel world at a touch a breath they fade they and die yea the change to and the tints to brown and the softness unto and the unto let alone and leave to bloom pass aside nor make to die in the on the mountain thou art mine and i am thine mr s verses in appear to be of an earlier date than his pastoral and by no means to promise the vigor of sense and of humor which abound in that poem short and notices art vi short and	37
notices history of the philosophy of mind embracing the opinions of all writers on mental science from the earliest period to the present time bj robert esq vo and london there are two modes says mr of writing a history of philosophy the one is to authors under general heads in with a principle of resemblance or among their respective opinions the other is to follow the order of time and give a distinct and personal outline of every philosopher s views in the precise order in which them the former mode mr b thinks likely to create confusion and to be an inconvenience to young students on the philosophy of mind ought not to observation and instruction but to follow them for these and other reasons i have adopted the order of time as nearly as the nature of the subject would admit leaving the reader except in some few special cases to select and writers according to his own opinions and judgment this work is arranged upon a plan somewhat particular it is almost exclusively confined to mental science i am not acquainted with any publication precisely of the same kind with the exception of s to the every reader knows that on the continent religion morals and politics as well as are comprehended under the general term in england however we have commonly kept these topics apart from each other allowing each to rest upon its own basis and this i consider a better plan upon the whole by way of illustration of this latter view we quote the following from the introduction philosophy is a comprehensive term and in its fullest extent embraces every thing which a man can know and feel philosophers are however like other workmen obliged to divide their labors in order to more successful and efficient execution and accordingly we find that from the first dawn of any thing like science and literature all knowledge has been under three leading divisions namely a knowledge of external bodies of mental faculties or powers and of moral duties and obligations these will we think sufficiently indicate mr r s position very evidently nothing like a philosophy of mind properly so called is undertaken by him or to be expected at his hands to give a correct notion of what his aim really is this part of his title page should be stricken out and the whole should read opinion of robert esq on the short and notices march of all writers c opinions are all he treats of and his opinion all he has to offer but here we will borrow from mr l p a saying of that seems to the point says he are the individual opinions of men and leaving out the as the converse of the proposition namely that the individual opinions of men are however it may be in the liberal churches of the day in the church of philosophy is an a science that ends in is a contradiction in terms for science begins where opinion ends one inconvenience of this method is that if we undertake to relate opinions it is difficult to know where to stop we cannot all the opinions that have ever been held by men and if we undertake to select the more important who is to determine which are more and which less important his own opinion is dear to every one and the opinions of the like minded but this does not prove that they are of any value to the public at large supposing mr had undertaken in his history to all the crazy fancies of the he might have made a rare curiosity shop but the bearing upon science would have been at best a very one the result of such a must naturally as in the work before us in an attempt to give a little of every thing we have here accounts of about six hundred and thirty writers according to our reckoning besides of and hasty allusions to a host of others of these to judge by ourselves the very s of a large proportion will be new to the mass even of readers of writings another uncertainty besides the list to be admitted is how much to say about each mr s means are limited whole number of pages exclusive of notes and is about this divided by the number of writers will give a less than three pages to each and you cannot very well say any thing about a man in less than half a page then a little is on this plan with no guide but opinion strict is not to be expected all these things taken together the reader will guess that some of the august names of philosophy come off rather gets but three pages eleven and are barely touched upon while the lady mary runs at large in a spacious common eight pages square even a tolerable of the opinions of any distinguished man is hardly to be found in these volumes indeed under the circumstances could not be looked for as for criticism this is of course out of the question since is established or acknowledged in its stead we have general remarks of a personal nature on the character and and disposition of the men thus is for his want of enthusiasm feeling and patriotism his himself after an unsuccessful love affair by a devotion to philosophy and a life of retirement and meditation shows his coldness and c c on the other hand alfred the great probably from his interesting character has the advantage of by five pages having found so much fault with this work we are bound to say that it much liberality good feeling and industrious it is in one respect the most extensive work of the kind that we know of it include writers of all times and all european nations with notices of some and of in the united states	37
as therefore though by no means complete it has its value besides the regular matter there are of mr s on the faculties of the mind on the influence of language on the sublime and beautiful the natural history of the human species its typical forms and illustrated by thirty nine colored plates with portrait and by lieutenant colonel smith mo this book has suffered from the ambition of the to get a great deal into a very small compass the consequence is a mass of information on a variety of topics and of great extent so scanty in general views or application of the facts stated and in every way so cramped and so to say short breathed as to be spoiled for the general reader and on the other hand altogether too hasty and for the scholar on a topic so recent as this cannot be admitted unless properly in the work before us there are very few authorities and those often so loosely as to give the impression that a general recollection is trusted to it is difficult therefore to pronounce an opinion with regard to its accuracy in matters of fact we notice many statements on what are usually considered very doubtful points thus the of a former continent between america and asia at best an entirely unsettled matter is laid down as an admitted fact other statements seem to have still less foundation as for instance that in the northern portion of the united states there still remain rude of very long vessels with numerous particularly on tide short notices march in of which we at least hear for the first time it is impossible to say what proof the colonel may have obtained perhaps only yesterday of these and innumerable the like matters even where he all foregoing authorities but it is quite out of the question to expect that such statements will be received as correct without at least more from the want of or hint as to what is expected to be proved from the great want of method and a frequent obscurity of style it is by no means easy to make out in all cases the views intended to be maintained in general they seem to be these that the human race is not a single species but a composed of three or normal types that these from a very early period have been to a considerable extent yet taken largely are distinguished in their distribution not less than they are the tropical type with the and the american the or type with the or and the sub the bearded or type with the and the typical this original is kept up by an instinctive between the various stocks yet they are by a necessity of nature as the condition of progress producing the stems p war and slavery seem to have been and still are the great elements perhaps the only direct agents to produce of the typical stocks without which no permanent progress in the path of true civilization is made and p individual between the typical races not only tend to the superior development of form and capacity in the offspring but the same tendency continues to operate between different tribes the constant crossing of with blood upon a basis being perhaps a principal cause of the early civilization of southern and western europe and tlie stationary character chiefly observed in the races being a result of the want of the same acting cause the first chapter is occupied with an examination of the changes of the earth s surface since the commencement of the present system to appearance partly with the view of the difficulty of for the population of countries now separate by the same stock and partly with the declared purpose of establishing man s with the latter period of the great era the fact that human bones are found in company with remains of extinct animals is we believe beyond question so far as that goes besides the instances given by our author in his second chapter which is devoted to the subject we may mention that numerous fragments of human and bones together arrow heads aad other have lately been found associated with bones of the in it is understood that the locality is in a fair way to be thoroughly examined and the subject by one in every respect qualified for the task the next chapter is upon the question of the unity of the human race but the first part of it is so written that after considerable study we are utterly at a loss to detect in it what the colonel s real opinion is but from other passages it is clearly as above stated next he treats of certain forms among others of the tribes of this continent here he recent of sir r to the point which dr also that some of these tribes had naturally this shape of skull which as he well remarks appears to have had a commanding influence in the ideal divine of the human head for the depression of forehead and is found by many tribes in both the southern and western the rest of the volume is taken up with a detailed examination of the various races in which will be found a great deal of information doubtless in many cases original but exceedingly confused and stated in such a way as to be deprived of much of its value its use is accordingly that of suggestion rather than direct the hints are very excellent for instance that about the necessity of crossing among the different races as the condition of progress but it remains only a hint it is like listening to the conversation of a well informed person who is endeavouring to tell in half an hour what he knows would take him half a day to tell and whom you cannot interrupt by a question as	37
to the colonel s theory of the of the human race as this respects a question which if not the most interesting is at present the most vexed in the whole field of the question of the physical unity of the human race we desire to say a few words upon this point the case seems to stand thus in the fact of numerous of distribution is there is no animal whatever that is to be found in every part f the world among animals there is no species we believe common to the southern middle or temperate regions of the old world and the new more than this every country is into numerous the species of whidi confine themselves to their own often very narrow limits and this evidently by no physical but by a natural instinct the various species of birds and fishes for example each its own region and use their of only to resist all removal beyond their fixed limits every part of the globe has its peculiar animals and plants and besides there are certain continental peculiarities and and march higher still characters the new and the old world but this according to space is combined with regular in between the of the same varying in from the north pole southward thus the region of each of the three northern has many species which are common to all three and many others that strikingly resemble each other as we go southward the number of identical species each species is confined within limits and the become less and less close in regular as we approach the south pole the of the of the continent are entirely now if we look at the distribution of the various races of mankind over the world we find a precisely similar arrangement in the north we have everywhere races closely resembling each other perhaps in some cases identical as the of the islands and the who are said to speak of the same language here we find the same or allied tribes stretching entirely across the continent as we go towards the south we find a constantly with tribes of corresponding position in other and on the different sides of the same continent thus in this we come immediately to a of tribes the of the west coast although having some general characters in common with our more eastern indians are strikingly different from them at the same time they present with tribes of corresponding the indians of are said to resemble the the more northern tribes the nations c but in south america these gradually lose themselves when we come to the southern of the we have in the comparison of corresponding tribes the extremes of between any of the savage races of men the are the largest of mankind with straight hair and remarkably robust forms the are tall but their limbs their hair neither straight nor but namely and in some tribes standing up to a great height from the head finally the are small or of middle stature some of them only four feet high and their consists of of very crisp wool then the general difference of character between the animal kingdom as a whole in the old world and the new is found also to a certain extent in the races of men the races who form an exception also in there is with all the of tribes a common character of the in a who was in this city last year the hair was in bard twisted and in shape so much that on a section the were as to short and the only point thus far examined among all the american tribes the general laws of distribution therefore in the present state of the world hold good as well of the savage races of mankind as of animals then they have held good from the beginning and it is necessary to suppose that the various typical races among savages have originated as a general rule where they are now found unless the contrary be shown those who contend for the physical unity of the human race have contented themselves with showing forms between the various races and certain physical and mental peculiarities which they have in common whence they the possibility that the present may be the result of external circumstances but if this be granted the burden of proof is still on them to show that it is so as it seems to us not only physical evidence but the reason of the thing is against them differences of race consist in on all sides from a normal standard these they contend have been produced by the influence of climate and various outward circumstances but in the first place it is among savages and in proportion to the want of civilization that these exist nations in proportion to their civilization resemble each other it is only the absence of civilization that any extensive effect of outward influences the civilized man them in a word the civilized man and not the savage is the typical man but to suppose that from an originally civilized state mankind by external influences to the savage is contrary to reason and experience the course of nature is not from the perfect to the imperfect from the highly developed to the less developed but the reverse the ti is what makes man man is not his body but his mind it is in the mental condition that the secret of external condition or of any change in it is to be sought what is really meant by the warm opposition to a separation of species its source and strength is an instinctive feeling of a profound unity and brotherhood among men all distinctions however vast to appearance as mere degrees more or less of the same nature and an utter separation from the brutes not even lessened by the nearest approach in outward resemblance or	37
even in apparent intelligence this unity and this separation we also feel as thoroughly as any but it is a spiritual and not a physical one its true ground is the possibility of a spiritual nature this in the highest remains in part a possibility only it is not less a possibility to the lowest this is the great fact which the of the human being as such it is not affected by any conceivable degree of or degradation for it is a distinction not in degree but in kind no race has ever been found so low as not to recognize a superior being this may short md march sometimes seem not yery important that the savage should fall down before a bunch of rags at the top of a stick does not seem to argue great dignity of nature but what possessed him to do it what want or desire did he thereby gratify very evidently in order to dream of a higher he must have recognized the lower himself he must be conscious of his own existence this is the great step consciousness is the gate by which we pass out of the animal kingdom into higher regions henceforth all spiritual and are present in possibility the soul has recognized itself and an infinite horizon is spread before it thus those who contend for the physical unity of man are right in what they mean but they do not say and do not know what they mean it is necessary to distinguish between these notions for they are altogether and a of them must of course make mischief thus for instance it were much to be desired that against slavery who occasionally wander into the field of would stick to this great point and not lose themselves in trying to the the hand the like arm and leg and what of all that is he not a man if he is all these things may be or not they are totally insignificant this is our tower of strength and if we this we are delivered over to the enemy that man so far as he is an animal should be governed by the same laws as the animals seems to be self evident that these laws however should be modified in his case is not less natural he has an animal nature but this is a comparatively insignificant part of him we should expect therefore that the sharp distinctions of species would be less marked and less persistent the ideal animal the perfect horse or dog is that in which the specific traits are the most developed in which the species is distinct for this is the character of the animals to express distinctly some special character in man the ideal of development on the contrary is a point where all differences of race disappear since it is physical characteristic of man to unite all the animal organs in a central harmony in these views we are by no means sure that we should not have colonel smith on our side if he would but speak out for some obscure of his seem to look that way but his as he states it all he rests it on but does not carry this out if there are three races it is the highest that there are not more we hope he will take time some day to write out fully what he means we may observe in parting that the thirty four colored plates many of which are original are well executed and satisfactory although small and the a bu in a series of lectures by m j m d professor of to the university of translated by a f s s c with five colored plates and thirteen wood london h vo is one of the most distinguished living of germany as we have understood however he was bred a lawyer and came to science at a somewhat advanced age he seems to have early attached himself to the philosophical or anti philosophical doctrines of of and to have his quarrel with the who in the early part of the century had their head quarters there this quarrel appears to have in his mind into a general hostility to all philosophy if indeed the doctrines do not of themselves amount to that more than half of the first volume of his his principal work hitherto is occupied with the bitterest against the na and in the work before us where one expect him to respect the ground of society we find him still in the most humor and ready to keep the lists against all comers science in germany or until the new there has occupied similar ground to politics among us as it is the most generally interesting topic and forms the battle field in that war of words that here itself on questions of state this into science the and spirit of the is thus not quite so extraordinary or in so bad taste as it would be here but as before remarked the old against individuals has in the present book extended into a hatred of philosophy in general his mission professor thinks p is to labor at this of nature and i took occasion in my former lecture to point out how the forms of the world of plants themselves so vividly on the nature how their mysterious and silent and workings formed before the eye of the instructed into processes which take place on and in an invisible the vegetable cell doubtless altogether safe from spiritual influences and again that we may define the purpose of all investigation of natural science as an attempt to show that the whole world around us is bound by laws the however on this scheme must be confessed to be as yet very partially instructed for himself in plants and animals the forms become so varied and so that a basis is out of	37
the question of course for they cannot be so as short and march to be brought under the laws of mere dead matter they are living realities and not yet says he there lies in man an necessity never in his contemplation of the world to allow of accident which would leave him and hopeless in the presence of the forces of nature to which he is subject truly if he were so subject but this he is not unless he be a plant or an animal and then he probably will not trouble himself much about the matter nothing can be than these of the impossibility of accident or in nature it is argued being perfect can make no mistake and undertake nothing beyond his powers but let us turn this pious argument round nothing surely is perfect except then if nothing but what is he can create nothing but himself that is to say there is no creation or see in another aspect to what this exaltation of nature leads p he who lets his free glance over the earth s ball and looks at large over the play of active forces laughs at the digging dragging bustling panting ant hill which we call humanity and which with all its imagined wisdom is not able to alter the slightest working of the laws which the tyrant nature has prescribed to her slaves can any thing be more preposterous than this setting of material forces of size and weight above the spiritual one fancies the transformed companions of might have talked thus if the conversation fell on scientific subjects now this of nature is just as repulsive to common sense as it is to philosophy it is simply the product of the abstract understanding thus we find our author just as much averse to s doctrines his of the plant which seems generally admitted by as to the and their in spite of all his talents and learning therefore and a lively way that the attention he is incapable of producing a truly popular book nevertheless this is a and instructive volume from the facts he gives though not from the use he makes of them we copy for the benefit of our readers some detached bits without regard to or order since these do not much affect their value even in the work itself it was discovered by that the vine will no longer its fruit where the mean temperature of the year is higher than eighty four degrees and on the contrary the date will not where the temperature sinks below eighty four degrees conditions exactly meet in and the jews when they took possession of this country found the date and the together now had the temperature of the earth either risen or fallen in the least since that time one of these plants must either and have disappeared from or become there which however is not the case when it is considered that almost a century is required to form a of vegetable mould nine indies thick by the most luxuriant vegetation of the that this to it into coal must be compressed into a twenty seventh part of its thickness an conception may be formed of the duration of that period since the imposed of coal in england for instance have a thickness of forty four feet and correspond therefore to a period of time almost years and without the conscious of man a certain number of plants attach themselves to the lord of creation and follow him he goes it is more than probable that the different great families of nations may be distinguished through this circumstance and from the weeds which have firmly attached themselves to their may with some certainty be determined whether or or or indians c formerly built their huts on any spot the north american savage significantly calls our or road weed major the footstep of the and a common species of still marks the former abode of the in an old chinese legend a pious who in his and prayers had often been overtaken by sleep so that his eyelids had closed in holy wrath against the weakness of the cast them ofi and threw them on the ground but a god caused a tea to spring out of them the leaves of which exhibit the form of an bordered with lashes and possess the gift of sleep an acre of land planted with requires more than five million pounds of water in the four summer months an acre planted with as much as six or seven millions of pounds from accurate it appears that streams carry away in some cases four of all the water from the atmosphere and indeed it would seem fully the whole but assuming that only one half is thus carried away and the rest made available to the plants this even in england will give us less than twelve hundred thousand pounds per acre the watery of the atmosphere must therefore be brought to the plant in some other way and this happens through the property of absorbing the moisture of the atmosphere which is possessed by most of the of the soil no substance possesses this property in so high a degree as short and march labor and other capital the of each secured and the wrongs of both or an ea of the cause why few are wealthy and many poor and the of a system which without the of property will give to labor its just by author of the evil and the remedy new york vol vo mb is a merchant of new who has retired from active business and now himself to studying the philosophy of the work referred to in the title page contained a remarkable exhibition of the evils of our present scheme the present work sets forth the same thoughts in a new form and applied to other examples the book contains	37
an introduction and two parts in the introduction mr very briefly his terms and states his design part i treats of the principles of distribution the several chapters relate to value to money as the medium of distribution to a rate of interest which the amount to be distributed to the and the to the system in this part of his work he explains at length the evils of the present system and his opinions by striking examples money he says is the measure of all hence as the nation the length of the yard and the capacity of the must it the value of money this can only be done by fixing the rate of interest and in doing that the nation what proportion of a s shall go to the and what remain in his own hands money is valuable in proportion to its power to value by interest a dollar which can be for twelve per cent interest is worth twice as much as one that can be for but six per cent as much as a railroad stock which will bring in twelve per cent is worth twice as much as me that brings in six per cent p the right to fix the value of money is as much reserved by the government as the right to fix the length of the yard or the weight of the pound aod ae of its value is a thousand times more important to the people than the of the length of the yard stick or the weight of p money is not for it is the standard measure of all the common laws of will not apply to money he thus states the effect of a high rate of interest there arc but two purposes to which the yearly produce of labor can be applied one is the payment of the yearly rent or on the capital employed and the other is the payment of labor k pay to capital as use or interest for the year their whole the as a short and work merely for a and the capital takes the for his ear s toil food clothing and shelter only and these perhaps of the poorest kind while the lives in luxury the number of his bonds and or with his income land or houses to let which will in succeeding years take a s greater sum from the law of interest or per on aa much the rent or use of all property and consequently the of labor as the law of the descent of water if on money be too high a few owners of capital will inevitably the wealth or of the many no body of men can by labor resistance to by the law of interest more than they can labor alter the effect of the law of the evil is aad the remedy must bo money on or invested in property is doubled in a length of time according to the rate of interest when this rate is too high it requires the principal to be doubled in so short a time that the is compelled to give all his as interest or rent on the capital whereas justice requires that he should pay for its use only a per and himself retain the chief of his labor the following illustration calculating property to or double al certain of yearly per in the same manner as money will exhibit the various results to from various of interest a a and c are young men who have just come of age c is heir to while a and b are without capital c with a and b to build a house which shall cost on a lot for which he paid the house and lot together are worth c this property to a and b and charges them seven per cent upon its cost clear of taxes and the interest is once a quarter a rate of interest of seven per cent per paid will a sum e to the principal or invested in property in ten years in this period a and b are compelled to buy lot build upon it another as good a house and pay tne lot and house to c for the use of the house they occupy in twenty years if a and b retain the use of the house and its rents they must pay c three houses in thirty years they must pay him seven houses in forty years fifteen houses in years thirty one houses in sixty years six three houses and in seventy years one hundred and twenty seven houses in seventy years all these are built by a and b and paid to c for the use or as the on the one that he to them hie one hundred and twenty seven lots which a and b earn the money to buy cost and the buildings cost an equal amount making together which sum is paid to c for seventy years rent of one and lot worth at the of the lease the original house must be returned to its owner as well as the rent if instead of invested in the house and lot the were on interest at seven per cent and die interest were collected and re the money would in a given period precisely the same amount as the property now suppose interest to be at three per cent per and a and b to build the and pay c three per cent on its cost of this is instead of a year and at this rate the interest on money collected and re requires nearly twenty four years to a sum equal to the principal therefore in twenty four years a and b would give c another house and in seventy two years seven houses instead of one and twenty seven which they are compelled to do at seven per cent	37
interest the of building the houses is neither increased by a high rate nor diminished by a low rate of interest the ten thousand most wealthy men in the united states are probably worth on an average at least in the the annual interest on this sum at six per cent would be it these men should sell their property and invest the proceeds in bonds and no vi and notices march bearing six per cent interest per and remote from the they impose a on the productive industry of the nation which would it for ages it is doubtful whether the people would ever be able to pay and satisfy the interest and principal of the debt they would pay of their yearly without receiving any equivalent and without the labor of the or ie property would bo useless and if the owners received any benefit from it they would be obliged to remain and cultivate it themselves should laws be such that ten thousand wealthy men leaving their country could impose such a burden upon the millions left behind if interest were reduced to one per cent and the ten thousand men should sell their property leaving uie proceeds on at one per cent this nation would pay them interest and this would be quite enough for to pay for the use of p suppose when virginia was settled in england had sold to the first tne whole of the united states for and had taken a lor this sum covering the whole property instead of paying the interest at seven per cent the agree to take up their bonds at the end of every six months and add in the interest allow the and the interest to remain until and then become due although the prosperity of the nation has far surpassed that of an other yet its property of every description would not pay the debt the interest would double the principal in ten years and one month in one hundred years and ten months the debt would amount to and in two hundred and one years and eight months to add forty years and four months to and the sum would amount to p he says that less than one twentieth of the population owns more than one half of the property of the whole land if they have done more than one half of the needful productive work of hands or head this is right if not wrong this unjust distribution comes from high of interest in the whole of the real and personal estate in the state of new york was and in it had increased to in the ten years the people of the state added to their wealth equal to a year or a over one and four per cent a year on the capital employed p if the people had the state of a foreign nation and at the end of every six months wc had taken up our obligations and added in the six months interest at the end of the ten years we should have added to the principal over we should have owed the foreign nation in interest or rent a sum seven times greater than all that we earned above our own support if we earned only more than our own support how could we return the property to its owners and pay them of rent or seven times more than our labor would produce yet the laws of the state fixing the interest at seven per cent a equal to this upon in of capital p the debts yearly contracted in the state by of land c amount to several hundred millions of dollars and two three or four hundred bear interest must not the payment of so great an amount of interest by the wealth of the state in the hands of a few and continue more and more to we might as well expect by labor to dam up the mouths of the of our continent so that they could not empty into the ocean as to expect by labor to contend successfully against the power of capital even at two and a half per cent interest and much less against six or seven per cent an interest of even two and a half per cent per on capital would as certainly break down pro and and the wealth in of capital as the waters of the rivers would certainly break down the and force their waters and the into the ocean p if all men are by nature free and equal why has reversed the order of nature so as to secure the greatest possible it is not in the power of man to continue a more effectual method of property in a few hands than by high of interest this method works ly and securely because it consent as it if civilization re as its basis that property should descend from father to son it not require that should do its utmost to ma the ties arising from this right of inheritance these only exist because the whole body of are obliged to pay an price for the yearly rent of every description of property j and why are they obliged to pay this price because the rent is by the interest on money the standard of value to which no individual nor class of individuals can offer successful resistance in consequence of our higher of interest the property of the united states is in the hands of a few men much more rapidly than in older countries this will continue until the of interest are reduced below the obtained in older countries p high of interest have been and are the cause of tne poverty of in all nations p the income of the of english government is earned b the in the mines and the and	37
by the and various workmen in the cities but the bond comes in direct contact with none of these his income is paid by the government which it from every branch of industry in the country by grievous the laws of the government respecting money as much compel the producing classes to toil for the as the laws of the southern states the slave to work for his master mr shows reasons enough why there are many poor and few rich but be to point out a remedy he that the nation should found an institution called the national safety fund which shall issue paper money and loan it at one per cent a year taking real property for security and shall also receive money on deposit and pay the same interest the work is striking and in many respects is original the its memorable characters and events by hunt st paul s to st james with forty five london vo vol l and vol il viii and this work is written in the agreeable style which all the works of the author it contains a good deal of curious information and is a valuable hand book for the visitor of the great commercial metropolis of the world the changes in the outward aspect of london from the days of king to queen victoria are nicely the changes of manners short and law nd are also upon the men who have lived in london during the many centuries of its existence pass before the reader s eye and pleasant stories are related of some of them still the work is not so interesting or valuable as one might reasonably expect from the subject or the author he seems to have been resolved to make a book and has done so mr s account of london though brief is far more satisfactory of the german and h languages indicating the of every word containing several hundred german c sec from the works of and others in two parts part l german and english part u english and german by j g c x new york in one vo xvi and the german english portion of this work is more valuable than any that we have before seen the english part is taken from the london edition of dr without alteration we only wish it had been from the last edition of dr this dictionary of mr affords all that an american or english scholar will ordinarily want for reading the and appears to be as complete a manual as s is for the latin or mr s for the greek language by vol mo and this is a pleasant collection of popular stories legends and ihe like some of them have been taken from the mouths of the people and never before printed others are tolerably well known we ve a translation of the first in the book which is by the editor himself once there was a time when there were no little stories and it was a sad time for the children for the fairest of t rt mi wm in a and there were two of a king who were playing together in their father s stately garden the garden was full of majestic flowers its walks were with various colored stones and golden sand and glittered in with the sparkling dew on the flower beds in the garden there were cool with waters fountains rushing high up towards fair marble statues and lovely banks to lie on and go to sleep gold and silver fish swam in the the most beautiful birds fluttered about in great gilt and other birds and flew about in the open air their songs with clear sweet voices but the two children had au this and saw it every day and so they were tired of the glitter of the stones of the sweet smell of the flowers of the leaping waters of the fish that were so dumb and of the birds whose songs they not understand the children sat down silent together and were sad they had all that a child could wish costly handsome clothes pleasant food and drinks and every day they could play in the beautiful garden they were sad they knew not why nor what was wanting one day the queen their mother came to them a tall handsome woman with mild and agreeable features and she took it to heart because her children were so sober and only smiled upon her in a melancholy way instead of running to meet her with a shout she was disturbed because her children were not happy as children should be and can for they know no cares and the heaven of childhood is for the most part without clouds the queen seated herself beside her children the one a boy and the other a girl and one of her round white arms about each of them said in a tone what do you want mj dear children dear mother said the boy we do n t know what we are so sad said the girl it is so beautiful here in the garden and you have all heart could wish why are you not happy said the queen and a tear came into her eye out of which a kindly soul was wont to laugh what we have does not give us joy enough said the girl and the boy added we want something and know not what the mother was troubled and silent and thought what can the children wish for to make them happy besides the fine garden these handsome clothes abundance of and agreeable food and drink but she could not find out what it was they thought of oh that i were myself again a child said she to herself with a gentle sigh then i could soon know what ti ould make	37
my children happy but i have too far from the land of my youth where the gold birds fly through the trees of paradise short and those birds that have no feet they are never and need no earthly rest oh that such a bird would come and bring my what will make them happy and lo as the queen was wishing for it suddenly there hovered over her in the blue sky a wonderful bird a splendor shot out rom it like the flame of gold and the glitter of precious stones it came nearer and nearer the queen saw it and the children who cried ah ah i and for very astonishment could find no other words the bird was very lovely to look upon as fl ring lower and lower it sank down so and shining with a almost dazzling the eyes and yet them it was so beautiful that the queen and the children shuddered with joy as they felt the waving of its wings but before they anticipated it the wonderful bird had alighted in the lap of the queen mother looked at the children with eyes like the gentle eyes of a child and yet there was something in its eyes which the children did not understand something strange that made you shudder so they did not venture to touch the bird but they saw that this strange and beautiful creature under its and glittering feathers had some of a deep black which could not be seen at a distance but the children had barely so much time to look at this fair and wonderful bird as it has taken to tell of it before this bird of paradise without feet rose and often higher and higher till it seemed only a colored feather floating in the sky then only a streak of gold and then it disappeared but until then they all looked at it with amazement but oh wonderful when they looked down again how were they astonished anew in the mother s lap lay a golden egg which the bird had left there oh how it glittered so green gold and golden blue like the most precious stones and mother of pearl the children both exclaimed with one mouth ah the beautiful egg but the mother smiled gratefully that this must be the precious thing yet lacking for her children s happiness the egg in its shell glittering with magic colors must contain the which would assure the children of that contentment which is denied to the old and would quiet their anxiety and childish trouble but the children could not be weary with looking at the beautiful egg and in that forget the bird who brought it at first they did not venture to touch it but at length the girl laid one of the tips of her rosy little fingers upon it and suddenly called out while her innocent face flushed with purple the egg is warm then the boy also carefully tapped it with his finger to see if she had spoken the truth at last the mother laid her delicate hand on the precious egg and what followed the shell broke in two and a creature came forth wonderful to behold it bad of new wings bat was not a bird nor a butterfly nor a bee nor a and yet it was something only not to be described it was the child s delight with colored wings glittering with many hues itself a child the child of that marvellous the story these children of a king are mankind in their paradise of youth and nature was the beautiful tender mother by her wish she had brought down for them that wonderful bird which has such elegant gold feathers and also some that are very dark and in her lap it laid the golden egg of story list op new received sermons sermons delivered in the chapel of wn by francis president of tlie boston tin and the married life being that of translated from the german of by mrs j k from the london edition boston and cambridge mo and essays and sketches by w i hate the stars with tears to send a power unto me boston mo and and other poems by william gates boston mo and the and other poems by william boston mo it and the oriental bath a poem with a brief outline of the more important parts of and instructions in the use of the bath with additional of bell and by c b proprietor of the oriental street k i non providence mo the vision of su by james cambridge mo rational or the idea and the law of all intelligence by p d d professor of christian in the of yo important doctrines of the true christian religion explained and from vulgar errors c c being a series of lectures delivered at the new church in cross street garden london by the rev s noble c c with an introduction by george bush new york vo xvi and golden gems for the christian selected from the writings of john with a of the author by rev joseph boston mo man shall not live by bread alone a sermon preached in th by t w minister of the first religious society nd edition mo f new march from mar g smith s in the of bay boston mo a letter to the president of college by a member of the boston yo on the science of history followed by an boston mo xii and for the people or of practical drawn from the book of wisdom by e l author of the of the boston mo xii and from the writings of james with a sketch of his life and character printed for private circulation boston mo xl and poems by william bacon cambridge mo y and	37
to our country s glory a discourse before his n c c by john pierce d d c c boston vo merry mount a romance of the colony boston and cambridge james co mo and von david vo der und der von d f vo der throne der der von david vo des band iii i b il s review no vii june i the london journal ann e paris am it is by no means the purpose of this article to enter into an e and penetrating criticism of the details of its object is not nearly so difficult of execution it simply to consider how far the phenomena of do really deserve the serious investigation of science to convey to such readers as may not yet have attended to the subject even as a literary appearance some vivid concerning the sorts of things asserted by authors to pronounce a short certainly not an and if possible a just scientific judgment regarding the general character of the statements of the science and to bring the fact of the mere sleep or trance into harmony with the system of nature so far as that system seems to be understood it is well known to the students of modem british literature that samuel the inspired charity boy of charles lamb a poet of deep going insight and most musical expression in youth a well read and original in manhood an divine in old age and altogether one of the most of modem spirits bestowed a great deal of study on the subject now ap it is duly recorded in a note to s life of that after having considered the question in all the aspects in which it had then been presented and that during the course of nine years he could not decide either for or against the wo r tim s rf m iy if i if t ac e i ol if as s if if ms if t i if die aa ef s i y e in if aa ie if he e sir if ol ie die j i m of is ring of die r ud md aa be to die of die hia w ai die m aa i h d to k to aa af of die n to la die of die i ed c able to die of a g ami lot e je the j a and co be or sen oa f to n i rt m die of a c tke ia the is oar mast be of coarse die mt of to and a s as was in so a of or or die of die die le of me ia great aad or a g die of die tears he has the of been before me f hare traced it bare collected a mass of in french german and and from die of the hare an of eye aa de and o rs of or medical and i remain where i was and where the first perusal of s work had left me aa inch or forward and after the a of this most spacious of modem to the epithet to him by thomas de neither bring himself to accept nor suffer himself to reject the statements of the higher of and in this dim recess yet he was a scholar to ve a judgment in so complicated a he had with almost every science one after the other like the illustrious ana not let them go without leaving their blessings behind them he was a good as well as familiar with all the points of view from which the higher phenomena of humanity can be contemplated his late on the idea of indeed the most singular with the details of natural history and and it is that unspeakable familiarity which consists not in remembering scientific things by but in knowing them by heart above all he was a truly great master in or the science whose laws are the rules of scientific discovery for one may venture to express the that the to the our present hero the greatest english writer on method since francis bacon published us and his nor needs any body be ashamed to profess himself to speak with ridicule or indifference of a vast fabric of statements before which a sage so good so learned so penetrating so catholic and so candid as was obliged to pause in anxious doubt after nine long years of this example however contains another and a very different lesson what a contrast does this present to the easy of the majority of a divine there a physician and here a man of science are seen eagerly embracing the doctrine and the of the of without any thing worthy of the name of investigation but they the and the doctrine appear to pass at once into easy with this or that of their own the of the new at a dance that is unconsciously though essentially and therefore is true or very easily proved to be so the soon that are all under the rule of like to like and therefore they are the of is delighted to the of june notice that the trance is an emphatic illustration of ihe of things and there is no mistake about it far be it from us however to that tiie scheme of the universe and are nothing but the of the visionary nay we the mighty spirits who are represented and by these of their potent lives with a kind and a degree of reverence which can be shared only by the st the and the of the world but there are men about the of the church and the school in all ages in and by whom things the most sacred the meet beautiful d the most important for their truth are degraded into and and	37
it is of such characters alone that we have dared to speak with some severity in the present paragraph nor is such for the formation of a candid scientific judgment concerning new is one of the most sacred duties of the scholar and the student but what shall be said of the levity with which so many of the have the cause of we have known such light hearted after having sped their of ridicule at some or hall of a morning attend a lecture in the evening an no sooner have they seen a fellow in some attitude upon the platform or heard his head played upon like an instrument or wondered at his and in vain towards a heap of money the audience has laid upon the table for his reward if he can reach it than they have hastened home with exultation in the character of what they call in then there follows a crowd of the most experiments without a plan and without a result without an and without an aim every other chair in a hundred drawing rooms is ed by a subject and every other by an more passive still in reality for he is only one of fifty in the breath of a paltry popular delirium the young soon proceed of course like in the play to talk an infinite deal of nothing more than any man in all and the city is not long of with the frivolous of the new science so in where angels fear to tread i to rise however to and thoughts more easily the of with the venerable name of it is a significant t ice of that the celebrated a man of of the most laborious habits of study of singular of thought and the most remarkable system of his age has not only considered but accepted the science the people of are becoming aware that has shown himself in his life of to be the most formidable opponent that has ever the popular christianity of europe and america that singular work has a many of the best in the world to their very foundations and moved many of the best hearts to their most sacred depths now one may reject the of the history and the present phenomena of christianity in the world as it is in the wonderful performance at present referred to but nobody can himself to the fact that one of its very strongest points especially for the saxon mind in the use the author is able to make of his reception of the higher phenomena of it is an and rather than a one but not the less important in a practical point of view on that account if it be true that the paltry conscious of to day can make water taste like any wine he chooses to his subject guests and if demands the consequent possibility of making water look smell and touch like any such wine so as to become veritable wine so far as the spell bound are concerned what is to become of the miracle at the marriage in of if the do actually heal diseases without material means or with only such as a little clay lifted from the ground and tempered with if they can see the earth and look on their if they can the future in ever so limited a range if they ever become so intimately with such as are put in communion with them that they share the memories of their victims and read off all that they have suffered and done if they behold visions of the dead and the if the can become to them at his will in fine if they sometimes rise superior to the force of gravity itself and ascend into the bosom of the air who shall courage to deny that the of old and new testament life may possibly if not probably have been a manifold and normal the of tion of noble native to by the specific of every other nation than the peculiar people of god and among awakened into full activity in their highest men and ties the morbid and impotent struggle of which towards development has been actually going on in almost every age and country and can be witnessed by the curious in nearly eve district of the world to morrow or the next day in a word which are destined to add a new to life with their completed m those happy in which the race shall be drawing near its first or goal it is true that all the things in this long sentence cannot be attributed to any one author either or and they are neither to be nor at present they have been brought together in this instance solely for the purpose of setting forth the f importance of a thorough investigation of the science of whether the inquiry is to end in the the or the critical tion of its nor is this importance not deeply felt in quarters where the of the p q christianity is a thing of far greater moment than it is with us w of perhaps the greatest of the ms now belonging to the school of has not become convinced of the general truth of animal but he has actually proceeded to and write upon it in his own way in order to and do the positions of such as on the other there is tiie case of professor bush that ingenious dissatisfied with the common way of of the of the dead and holding by the bible as the and sacred on the subject proceeded to the concerning it these inquiries into the true meaning of the word put for in the new testament soon became an elaborate examination of all the language held in new and old the nature of man the conclusion at which our t arrived after a careful comparison of	37
instances was less the proposition that is if not very m the holy that a man is composed of body soul and spirit the soul in nature from the spirit quite as much as from the body the between the three a genuine difference in kind it seems to have been in the of way that developed for himself the that the or element is in invested with the soul as this the spirit is embodied in or invested with the body he learned to conceive of the soul as being tiie spiritual body of st paul and then doctrine of we was as clear as day when the body or earthly house is dissolved we have the soul a house with ood around the spirit the body off by the serviceable hand of nature who lent it for awhile the stands up within the soul this or is the and the moment of a man s death is also the moment of rising again this is not the place to enter into with either those views or grounds on which they are presented it is not the place either to firom or agree with their but it is very much to the purpose to observe that not only has the professor found additional conviction in the phenomena of sod and especially in the he the explanation of these phenomena but these the phenomena and his of them have been not a in the hard eyed into an enthusiastic though somewhat self asserting the the mixing up of the phenomena now referred to however the more momentous interests of doctrine is by no means confined to such high places of the field for it is that the religious opinions of many among the in europe and america have been and thrown into if not seriously modified by their vague concerning the statements and experiments of tiie such disturbance it ought m justice to be added has neither always nor generally been of an kind it is competent to our knowledge on the contrary that not a few earnest if of this great class have been from the position of by the hints of there are undoubtedly many of these slight but eager students whom their notions regarding such things as have enabled for the first time in their lives to the new testament with patience respect and hope in a word be it what it may has actually opened the bible to thousands the bible of which it m enough for our present purpose to observe that the history of has it to be at least the meal the of june potent the world has yet beheld now it appears to us that it were and not frankly to accord the rights of an impartial to a topic which m working such serious effects in the depths of a multitude of our brethren s spirits surely if can be and literally is brought or forced into connection with the highest question that can engage the attention the sooner k tried and set in the better for all concerned the better for its more crude the better for its few real and the better for the prudent spectators of the it is not only moreover but also that be ns to be entangled with and this is a circumstance very much to the point it is now several years since the baron von a man of experience an a of acknowledged excellence and a of facts commenced the of these and escaping phenomena from the of purely physical science nor do the results by this patient in the method of inquiry conflict with the still more startling things asserted by the authors of a less school he seems in fact to have in his own more cautious and way many little phenomena which have long been known and alleged by the followers of he appears to have found that and or matter on the one hand as well as light heat and action or matter on the other exert the most for influence over the of four or five out of every twenty human beings action going constantly on within every visible point of the animal frame he has not only found that one person may affect another in a similar manner but supposed that therein the power of the he has endeavoured to explain the might of the old on the same principle on the principle namely of the vast amount of change that is going on within it like the careful has been forced to infer the existence of a peculiar or force resembling but from light heat and the rest of the so called in order to render his observations and intelligible there is no present need of discussing his views it is enough to take of the the of cant fact that an eminent is now engaged in the study of phenomena long included in from the physical point of view nor is it less important to remember that his were introduced to the world of science under the of and that the late illustrious has reported somewhat regarding them and that his experiments are of such a kind as can be readily repeated by any one who chooses suffice it also that the effects asserted to be produced by the agents above consist for the most part of peculiar sensations generally more or less obscure sometimes very pronounced and even now now painful in one case distressing in another and but always unique and unmistakable for example some of his see beautiful flames of some six eight or ten inches in height twisting and turning around points where the common eye sees nothing at all at the of strong and large at the finger ends of some human hands as well as about some people s lips at the free ends of long wires the moment the other ends are in vessels containing in the	37
process of reaction and so forth it were little short of an insult to the understanding of and his to mention that the whole investigation was conducted with the most precautions against or illusion but it is by no means to observe that the baron s earliest subjects were either laboring under or recovering from deep rooted diseases of the nervous system and it is not easy to escape the suspicion that they were all to such a remark which applies with equal force however to the most remark able subjects of this circumstance is not mentioned for the purpose of from the value of the experiments in question so much as to render the occurrence of such exceptional and curious more intelligible or at least less to the of ordinary experience in case however any body should draw out of it an argument against yon s it may be well to it by the statement that we were inform about a year ago by his english editor professor of that the baron had for some time been his experiments to apparently in a state of perfect health that is to say a state of as good health as other people enjoy at that time he had no fewer than sixty sound minds the of jane in sound bo es to their perception of his new lights and permitting themselves to be used as for the discovery of the properties of his new as for the character of those who have the cause of vital we are distinctly of opinion that the body of authors is very far above the contempt of any man now belonging to the of letters in great britain indeed there has yet been published remarkable but the genius of has never been the foremost in the and more vague of it holds back till a science has gained a in the earth then steps forward and its richest fruits this proceeds partly from the national caution and reserve and from the essentially practical tendency of the national mind the english intellect cannot go to work until it has something very sensible to work upon it the the cannot awaken its curiosity it prefers a visible somewhat to all the forces in the world it and with but it the thought of one nervous system ck into by the reaction of another with very like disgust the stomach is its type not the lungs it likes a good of its subject for it cannot uie air in one word it might have been that the mind of england would have been the very last to accord any thing like a kindly reception to such s food as and notwithstanding all this however there are really some respectable names among the authors on mr is a man of good a of the and not with and and are capital and clear writers although point of view is one sided being that of a circumstance which will their conclusions and consequently their writings even while it does not the value of their observations it must likewise be granted that hall and dove to say nothing of the and the indian are all single hearted and intelligent lovers of truth and man if they are neither philosophers nor possessed of very rare scientific they are certainly honest fearless and disinterested people the same sort of has to be ud the f of american on the subject although it is to receive an adequate investigation in the united states than in the x it is to france and germany in t that the student must turn in quest of the veritable authors in this strange department of literature from the and down to and there have been hundreds of elaborate written and published in paris a large proportion of these works have been composed by men engaged in the study and practice of medicine and all of them by men of education consist chiefly of they innumerable cases they are deficient in they generally dispense with altogether they are little as pieces of and are full of exclamation but still they argue zeal intelligence and some degree of scientific culture in germany the of are for the most part of another order altogether and may be taken as good specimens of them they are student possessed of such an amount of book learning that there are few of our men of but would show like beside them they are industrious in historical beyond our usual of literary industry now and written some fifteen volumes on the subject they illustrate their cases and their theories with from and to say nothing of from the ancient of and of india from die egyptian remains and the bible all the library of europe seems to be familiar to their fingers the fathers and the are alike laid under contribution by these they have consecrated their lives to their labors the are philosophical rather than scientific in their method than but they are also the faithful and humble of the facts they have observed they are the of the they to excess their speculations are profound far reaching and ful but the can no sufficient basis fact even in their own pages for such but let there come what may over the fortunes of the ingenious student is u the of june that it is impossible for any candid mind to refuse an earnest and prolonged scrutiny to a body of evidence that has satisfied and fascinated men of so much so much so much disposition to appeal to nature talent so rare and learning so vast as are now to be found among the of europe nay it appears to be right and dutiful to declare that the claims of appeal no longer to the forbearance or the charity of t e man of science but to his sense of duty and right the sacred obligations of the critical sort that lie	37
upon the professed scientific leader seem to be but ill understood in these days he should learn that he is a priest in the temple of nature and feel that he stands between god s semi creation and the people he is the appointed guide of opinion within one domain of universal interest it is i duty to be on the watch for every new form of truth or even important error that reaches the horizon of the times he should be so well instructed in the dignity of his calling as to be exalted above the employment of anger and contempt and ridicule as the weapons of his cause the world expects him to be as open as the to ascending lights as charitable as the air to every coming shape especially when appearing in something like a questionable guise ana as cool as the sky itself in judgment above all men he to know how and is the growing system of knowledge and therefore above all men he to be the very soul of chivalry in opinion the spirit of christian chivalry is wanted in the schools why if we will take every man who from our scientific creed for a foe shall we not be noble enough to borrow an epithet from and call him our beautiful enemy let us imitate the gentle knights of old salute him first with courtesy in the lists of honor cry ood and the and then have at him with courage but not with let us fight not for but for truth and rejoice to be by the hero who is dearer to truth than we would not so gallant and manly a become us better than the obstinacy of a theory of the universe quite made up and concluded than the sneer of to some master or than the indolent of the little knowledge of this ignorant present time let us for any sake be generous in the entertainment of one another s convictions at all events let us duly pay the of the reverence of an examination to the opinions of every large number of our fellows lies cannot rule them it is bj so much of truth as exists within error that it lives and is productive let the ous critic then be affectionately curious to discover what amount of saving truth there in every system logical philosophical or scientific that is quick h with life to acquire a footing in the world sure that a multitude of sincere enthusiastic intelligent or even average men is never wholly in the wrong it is evident that the system of statement in the gross is in these very circumstances it has won itself a standing place in literature its increase in numbers intelligence and literary power every year in europe in america in india its themselves by industry energy and beneficent enthusiasm to bring this plea for a fair hearing to a close it is surely as manifest as the sun that it will no longer do for and be they or what sort they may to push aside with a contemptuous word that huge of and belief before which a spirit like stood nine long years an eager which opposing such as and as an established but imperfect science and which philosophers men of science men of letters and a crowd of intelligent people among its devoted as for those frivolous creatures whose nature it is to sneer at every new light that the careless whether it be a of the moment or a they had best to borrow one drop of from the keenest of the day they had best take themselves off at once for nature does not acknowledge them we shall now enter on the second part of the task before us namely the conveyance to such as need it of a distinct conception of the kinds of statement advanced by authors it is necessary to a few things the brain the or and the nerves that from and to them to and from the rest of the body are united under the name of the this may be roughly divided into three great elements the element the sensitive one the to say the f jane nothing of the tract or any thing still more obscure the first is the brain considered as the material minister of emotion and these defined being under the representative the sensitive element is simply the sum of all the nerves of sensation specific and general taken together with the sensitive columns of the the part of the the nerves which the exercise of will together with the motive columns of the it should also be remembered that the nerves of sensation and voluntary motion are spread so ever the body and they branch so and into the structure of every that makes the striking observation that if it were physically as it is mentally possible to away all the bony muscular and substance of tiie body and leave the naked brain and alone with all their countless of nerve there would still the full and figure of a man like a statue cut out of almost marble now it is this image which is shed throughout the body of a man that the nay it is this pure that is the veritable man himself the bones the muscles the skin the vessels of all sorts the the of the nerves themselves the the hair are all so many and and and gas pipes and and and ornaments of this the rest of the body is but a manifold of the precious within the requires to have visible images of things brought full and clear upon it for example and straightway there is a portion of its substance spun out into the form of a pearl v white sheet o a globe is built round that suspended surface chambers of and an are fitted up within the base before	37
the curtain of nerve a hole is left in the of the sphere and a transparent sort of is glazed in the place the back of the is with a dark and are fixed to the whole to wheel it one way and another like a a thousand indescribable of contrivance are and there is produced an eye it is the same the rest of the organs the nervous system is the true body of the soul the to hasten forward from these preliminary observations and to say nothing of such minor effects of vital as are included in s the numerous things described by the of may be under five heads it is not pretended that the five classes about to be defined all the statements of fact that have been by these writers but they certainly do collect and the scattered heap of matter which their common creed our indeed is chiefly intended as a means of but in addition to its literary we trust it will be to the reader in another way it must be clearly understood also that each definition of a class is by no means closely to every fact under that class each definition ia the description of a multitude of recorded statements of cases the word for instance as defined by the does not cover the of any and every rose but only those properties which it possesses in common with all the roses in tiie world it is a not a specific and still less an individual description it is stated and by the i that when two nervous systems are suffered to exert their natural influences on one another in favorable circumstances one of these nervous systems occasionally or rather frequently becomes non and or to state the thing as it more generally happens in fact one of them into a state more or less to such or ideal condition one of them ceases to be an individual for the time being one of them is the trance being totally different from common sleep although it may yet be found to be intimately and related to that kind of death in life the circumstances most to its production apart from nervous disease are the existence of the nervous temperament in the subject of trial the shutting out of strong light of noise and in a word of all external forces which are calculated to and keep awake the animal sense of self the state of interior bodily repose which follows the of a moderate meal and the use of various on the part of the in other words the cue of the is to cut off the of outward and internal sensation as much as possible and then to proceed with the employment of every means he can devise for the of tiie purpose of his own to produce its natural effects upon the less forcible of the patient sometimes however one images himself capable of his superior in energy of this sort and the intending is fascinated by the intended victim it is supposed that with perseverance and consent on sides one of every pair would pass into this sort of trance after exposure to such mutual influences with all and means to boot this brief description is that of the total of one of a pair and it will be apparent to the careful reader that the language in which it is expressed is not in one sense of the word while it to be very much so in another it is not in the phrase of the regular because that a conclusion but we have endeavoured to put it in words as naked as possible so far as is concerned in fact the dialect of the science of we have affected that of the science of or the of the we have run the risk of an excess of that of the judge we have accordingly represented the trance a word that might have been with but for the of our definition as nothing more nor less than a state of into which one is flung by the neighbourhood and reaction of another one when t e usual in the way of such natural reaction are sufficiently diminished or altogether removed suppose some interfering force were to stop the career of a planet round its sun an interference essential to some higher of life it would not be the less true that the natural action of the sun upon the planet is such as is fitted and intended to make it and no sooner should the interfering force be put in than the planet would resume its involuntary race again by the of another a higher though a more specific force than that of the otherwise impossible frames of plants and animals arise out of the dust but the moment the energies of that power find themselves by the circumstances in and through which it works the inferior but more hardy agent of changes its freedom and those fine into dust again now this first class of statements of fact simply tiiat there a force in one of every two nervous systems of a the me nature which is capable of playing the to the other of the other to use the phrase in its ana not its medical sense of ihe other in a word but not actually or rather not actually in the ordinary circumstances of life for is a somewhat which is generally sufficient to preserve the weaker from the stronger and to its individuality the weaker in fact is pro with an interfering force by the aid of which it offers continual resistance to the more powerful a resistance which is sometimes altogether as m the case of the poor bird under the eye of the a resist ance some would say which is wholly successful for even when no approach to the trance is produced the potent brain and nerve	37
are sure to over the by the mere force of superior nervous energy a resistance mm which the only refuge is in sleep or death it is the idea of the perfect trance however that has to be considered at present all the so called higher phenomena of take place when this trance is or rather when it has been complete but the patient has more or less partially to individuality so that in a scientific point of view they are in reality the lower phenomena if they be phenomena at all related to and not accidents troubling and its effects the absolute trance in which there is no nor any possibility of thinking so long as it remains entire no feeling and no voluntary motion is the highest phenomenon of the force the other appearances occur in those who are and this brings us to the description of the second sort of statements made by the it may be conveyed in the proposition ii that in the first stage of or to speak more the patient is in such a condition that a touch will awake one of his organs while all the rest continue locked up is to be regarded as a stage or degree of notwithstanding the fact that the untouched organs are bound because the touch of the is unable to open even one of them so long as the patient is in the perfect trance it seems to be a stage the existence of which is to be inferred from the test alone the that a organ answers to the touch is the sign that no vn the of has come oat into it the consequence of the state and the touch is picturesque the organ springs into solitary activity and by the natural energy of the remainder of the organization when the organ or more strictly the of veneration is discharged the patient instantly falls into the attitude and expression of adoration and that not only unconsciously but with a degree of character quite by the actor and approaching as nearly as an or can do so to one s ideal of the nature when under the of an of worship as soon however as veneration b suffered to into bondage and the of is set free the seeming saint is into the of a but if time tune and language are upon together the villain is dissolved in song and so forth it is of course a condition of the possible truth of this kind of statement that be founded in nature however not as a doctrine of the constitution of man but only as a system of not as but as it is not necessary to the of such statements that is to say that the of veneration for instance be the source of all the conditions essential to the of worship it were enough that the in question be a source of some of these essential conditions to take a major example it is that the brain conditions of the showing forth of human character but that is a very different proposition from that which describes the brain as the organ of thought the greater part of the world of and that in every sense of the is of opinion that thought proceeds through the brain not from it a accordingly who is not a but who that all his phenomena are connected with the nervous system would on this class of facts somewhat in this way it is the nervous system that is the spirit is its activity is it is ever ready to burst into any and every kind of action and the instant an exit is opened in this or in that its energies are displayed the music it makes being that of the instrument those on the other hand who regard their act as rather than reject this class of statements or rather they resolve them into another one which will be defined below the school of is actually divided the of into these three sections so far as is is a specimen of the we take to be an illustration of what we would call the and the in this question it is no business of ours to enter into the merits of the it that every body has witnessed some of the experiments with which it is connected iii the third class of put forth by our is this that in another degree or perhaps another kind of there is established a community ai sensation between the person and the or between the former and some substitute for the latter what is perceived as a sensation by the latter is shed over to the former nervous system the a glass wine and the other member of this singular pair begins to move his tongue upon his opens and his lips and looks in every way as if he were the generous liquor if salt be put upon the tongue of the the subject it out and so on the patient will occasionally even a flavor and put the analysis into words if properly managed we remember seeing a case in which the experiment ist took a of water mixed with and forthwith the patient twisted her lips and compressed her nostrils under the distant influence of the compound muttering it is sour it is bitter the last sentence is by no means contributed even as an of evidence in favor of this kind of thing we distrust our powers of observation in complicated sphere of investigation too much to attach the smallest of value to any thing we might say of the sort under any of these heads of oars it might have been added tiiat the experiment was made with and but not that we considered ourselves competent judges of what and in such complex and important circumstances and happily it is of no moment for the incident has been wholly for the	37
city and discover how some friend of the s is engaged she will do so in a she will look to india as readily as across the street and report the an war with as much fidelity and facility as the quarrel of a pair of over the way i a round the earth in forty there is a society at present in a state of activity on the continent of europe in which they are sending their happy to and the moon as well as the rest of the including the strange thing which these voluntary assert and is this that patient after patient gives the same accounts of the same and that in circumstances where seems to be impossible now if a hundred describe the surface of as something very unique and if all the hundred give the same description it must certainly puzzle the will of the poor many of our readers have doubtless been by such were it our cue we could amuse them with our own experience of these states as they are sometimes called of the artificial our sole object however is to draw a clear outline of this miraculous system of statement as it occurs in books satisfied that every body who is familiar with the literature of the subject will allow these to be not only moderate but even subdued they are very far at the of events from being we from the a number of things still more unlikely when considered from the point of common experience than any of those which have been mentioned ana that upon the just principle that the majority of authors themselves do not receive if they do not reject them they do not fi ri belong to the creed of the body of we refer to instances in which have been represented as sharing the memories as well as the sensations and present consciousness of their so as to be able to tell them what manner of life they have led instances in which the gift of prophecy has been said to be to double memory and instances of daily communion with the world of spirits supposed to be through that which we instances of speaking in unknown tongues intelligible to other instances in fine of every sort of wonder that has yet been recorded in the early of the world before this list with a smile it should be remembered as very curious in a literary point of view that the well known author a patriotic and a very man has duly recorded the fact in his that he was the su of double memory several times in the course of his life without any preparation or expectation on his part he several times fell into relations now with one person then with another of such a sort that he seemed to remember years for that person as well as for himself never having seen nor heard of them before he suddenly became the of their past experiences in so far as these were con with memory and he often put it to the test by asking them if so and so had happened to them at such and such a place in this o that year f for particulars the reader must have recourse to the pious and excellent story s own delightful pages it is but in the meantime to give the the advantage of such support as is to be derived from the wide spread reputation the ability and the acknowledged of the celebrated such then are five kinds of phenomena affirmed to be very frequently produced by the natural influence of more energetic nervous systems upon ones the perfect trance the trance the trance of double sensation that of double consciousness and that of to which may one day be added that of double memory to be put before the of june the last one that of to be put after it that of spirit after the manner of next and then that ecstasy in which the blessed subject of enchantment shall the universal speech of heaven but now the question is will you believe all these five things the reader is perhaps disposed to ask us if we believe them all ourselves nor is the answer far to seek it is briefly and distinctly as follows let the first of the classes be kept apart from the other four and we do not believe these four the higher phenomena as they are called from to in the manner in which we know and believe the received composition of water the distance of the sun or any of the truths of positive science it has been shown that the themselves are by no means agreed about so that a mere scientific spectator is more than in his opinion as for the remaining three classes if that of double consciousness be once admitted not only is that of double sensation explained by it but also so large a number of the facts recorded under the head of are rendered conceivable by the admission as to bring the exceptions under suspicion the phenomenon of double consciousness itself however would remain of and still less like other things in the universe of human knowledge than ever notwithstanding our inability to accept these four classes of facts as they at present stand in the literature of science let it be clearly understood that we do not them we do not them we only do not them we do not pronounce them ridiculous nor assert them to be the results of with coincidence we only think them not nor even rendered likely the degree of evidence necessary to produce conviction regarding so is very difficult of access it must be enormous in quantity it must be in quality it must be accumulated by the most and patient and it must be with infinite precision not only are such statements too extraordinary and astonishing to be	37
admitted by the scientific mind without astonishing and extraordinary testimony to their but the inquiry is so with j ca and t the of s t that it probably in every subject that has yet been attempted with these profound impressions of the momentous and marvellous nature of statements of fact familiar with the well known of properly observing and truly the new even in and aware of the peculiar and very numerous and which the footsteps of investigation in this particular department we are content to be in the sense of being hanging over ail these in a state of suspense the of our understanding not satisfied with the of them but there is so much among the descriptions of many and widely authors on the questions in which they are involved the majority of these writers are so sensible and calm and there is such a world of good faith apparent in the higher literature of the whole that we cannot set all these things aside as either the fabric of a visionary school upon one hand or as a of devised on the other as the students of however we think ourselves competent to express the opinion that there does not yet exist in the published and well known records of any like a or of and carefully unfolded experiments such as is demanded by universal consent in the other of nature we repeat then our decision that the whole case is not and the happiest thing that could befall the of would be the appearance of a truly great at the head of the cause a as simple and as hall possessed of experiments skill as remarkable as that of as good an as a physician of originality like as and a as as learned in all things as as devout as as as and as clear in the literary expression of his results as as soon as such a man shall begin to devote a lifetime to these involved and inquiries we shall to become sanguine of the palpable solution of them in one way or another in the meantime let the present of phenomena study with diligence the best models of and combine with order and for the production of purely works capable of scientific conviction tke of june there is however another sort of conviction than t at which is scientific in its and e for example a student may be impressed with a sense of tiie truth of the very four of fact now under discussion after gone through a great deal of candid or after having witnessed a multitude of apparently searching experiments and yet feel obliged to confess to himself and other tliat his conviction is by no means or scientific such seems to have been the position of when he assured that he had seen such things at as he could not have believed upon the authority of his english and added that he accordingly did not expect them to be believed on his own testimony yet it is this sort of unaccountable conviction that carries the day with the vast of people it is a of the truth not a perception of it that may in any ven case be an illusion just as the demon of the patient is a one science puts no confidence in such such impressions such convictions it demands a clear and comparison of instances but it must at the same time be that it is only the man who lives and labors under the influence of this very sort of conviction that will ever accomplish the triumph of an demonstration in this case or any other all the in history have proceeded in that way ere has always been first the of their new truths shed into them from the surface of evidence most insufficient then there has followed the life of and toil and then the of an scientific con for themselves and for the world the reader will accordingly be pleased to regard us as somewhat hopeful though inexorable rather than even while we speak of some fifty years of continued and better conducted investigation being the condition of the scientific spectator s a judgment on the questions at issue at all events if they think our demands upon their evidence they must just be reminded that their demands on our belief are altogether too at the same time we the to be of coming to a decision in favor of the four classes of statement at present referred to under the force of any thing short of absolute scientific for the of me whole philosophy of nature and of man will require to be as soon as thej are admitted into the of accepted truth remembering that it were quite as unwise however to cover them with ridicule or to visit them with angry let us preserve the awaiting of men all this it must be understood is only to the last four of our five classes of statement there remains the first of them namely that which contains the fact of the unbroken trance we call it the fact of the trance without any hesitation for it seems to be and forever established as a fact it is easy of observation it is not complicated with the possible phenomena of illusion it is not difficult to put it to the test of experiment it has been repeated a million times and more almost every body has seen it nobody questions its occasional occurrence whether it be the state of that of sleep or that of people of reputation have gone into it such as and and they have its reality the of operations have been performed on thrown into this trance which is at least as profound as the kind of produced by and dr has set the question of its existence and its depth for ever at rest if his guarded and testimony were necessary it must	37
be regarded as a settled thing and now for its explanation for whenever a new fact is clearly and made out it the scientific critic to it a place in the of things for the sake of the intellectual exercise if for nothing let us endeavour to put this one in its the fact itself is simply this when two are brought into circumstances of relation to the exertion of their natural influences on one another one of them frequently does and if care enough were used probably always would fall into a trance vastly more profound than the ordinary sleep in which it is and non is there any thing in this is it unlike the rest of nature might it not have been anticipated why when two celestial bodies are brought to bear on one another what one of them the in force becomes negative to the other passes into the state of motion round the other in the of june the natural state of rest and forms a double the other in which their functions are the true of one another namely motion and rest as soon as two are placed in similar circumstances that is to say in neighbourhood there takes place a similar of opposite states between them and a third somewhat results from the union of the positive with the negative elements of the pair a somewhat which is neither and yet both at once when pieces of and copper are put in contact the copper is instantly struck into a state in which it is to the suppose a slip of copper in the very process of being dissolved in a let it be touched with and it ceases to display its of solution the activity of the copper is it is in a trance now suppose it for a moment to be possible that one nerve of sensation should become negative to another nerve of sensation suppose it that one nerve should be able to induce an opposite state upon another one and that by simple nervous neighbourhood suppose it possible that one nerve should fall into the same relation to another one as copper to in the pair as to in the pair as the moon to the earth in the pair what state would be on it the negative one of the of nerves namely in other words through what quality in the nature of nerves should one nerve of sensation for instance manifest the fact that it were negative to another through its quality its quality the rest of nature is unanimous in repose that quality when of a nerve of sensation is of a nerve of voluntary motion it is of a nerve of thought it is using these awkward words to express the shares contributed by the mere nervous system towards the showing forth of sensation and thought to return then to our supposition and to it suppose that one nerve could in the nature of things be suffered or made to fall negative to another nerve we do not by any means wish words as a tn to be introduced into the of science we should them as much as any body else they are employed in the present solely to the passing literary purposes of the paragraph the and it that it would pass into a state so far as its quality as a particular part of nature is concerned the direct opposite of that natural or positive state in which the other would remain it would fall into a state of to the specific action of visible bodies it would be struck blind but let it be sup posed that not only the nerve but also the whole of the sensitive and elements of one were to fall negative to the corresponding parts of another nervous it is evident that the former would lapse into a genuine trance or of all its functions as a nervous system in other words into the sleep which is tiie very thing to be explained it is in this way in conclusion that we propose to the fact of the true trance with the rest of the system of nature by bringing the conception of it namely under the idea of under the law of under the theory of the this will not appear to be a of the phenomenon under discussion to such as expect the ultimate reason of a thing in an explanation of it but there are no ultimate reasons in science the law of as it is generally called is not the ultimate reason of celestial movements for example it is simply the statement of these phenomena abstracted from all details any and then presented to the the observer and the for the discovery of its conditions proportions and specific the same sort of sentence has to be pronounced upon the law of and as well as upon those of and common and so forth the is not only to the cause of the approach of a body towards its sun until it come within a certain distance from it when it proceeds to around it in that line which is the or resolution of the inexplicable force which draws it towards the centre and of the equally inexplicable force which its going nearer that centre than any one of all those points which make up the in which it moves but the inquiry into the essential nature of these forces is quite out of his sphere as an the mind and can find out no last and inevitable reason why and brought into the requisite neighbourhood of the of june each other should unite in order to the production of that inexplicable a of water the or unity of its two nor can any body declare why or how the simple contact of and copper should induce states in them so opposite that the energy of the former is exalted while that	37
of the latter is rendered equal to nothing it is in a manner precisely that the is unable to state and is incapable of ever how it is that circumstances being favorable one nervous system should another into a condition of what may be called the cases are truly parallel and all that has been attempted in the foregoing paragraph has been to place the phenomenon now considered into connection with those of the physical and it now the to determine the conditions the and so forth of this new and most important species of nor has this view not been hinted at during the whole course of in history the has been the existence of another kind of to and their in order to explain his phenomena that is to say to bring them into with the rest of our physical knowledge and that from down to the very phrases animal vital and so forth are the indications of the fact the scientific interest working within these adventurous is never done pointing like another needle to the necessity for a new and a new positive and negative a new mode of in order to the of their and they imagine they have found what is wanted in some unheard of from the very birth of languages the air has been a favorite for spiritual powers a so as to have frequently become almost identified with that which it has been taken to in more recent times the conception of the air has been refined upon and into that of an for the purpose of explaining certain physical phenomena witness light and the other of modem science the error of the poetic childhood of humanity is repeated in his scientific youth the latest movement of however the of is towards tlie of creatures of the mind sound begin to see that thej are mere and are now taking their place the new conception from the of sound the of which appear to be visible to the eye as well as in the ear in fine the is able at last to look at bare facts without them with yet this victory of naked truth is slow as well as sure the mode of stating the fact of was once abused as whereas it was precisely the reverse it was those who were the then as they are now they invent they know not what in order to escape the dire necessity of pure force face to face they cannot think that common matter is sufficient for its own energies and therefore they project a family of matters extraordinary for the purpose one might well wonder if these ever inquire whether a series of or be not needful for the of their from the invisible world since the must be devised for the sake of and it is surely the next necessity of the case to devise something else to produce the of but as this second creation of the s heat oppressed brain would fall to be must likewise be provided with an a then this double were just as needful of an as the original himself and so on in an interminable series as appalling as it were what will the line stretch out to the crack of doom another yet a seventh i hear no more nay but is self the lingering of doctor black will urge well is it not just as simple and far more direct to affirm that the are self in all conditions while and are self under conditions which are very the fact is that and are self bodies in which the self tendency is overcome by the energies of nature and precisely as a plant or an animal is speaking a body in which the tendency to fall down into is overcome by the superior force of vitality the a living substance ceases to be the subject of the power of life of june it to those inferior forces which melt it down again into the rest of nature and the moment a solid or a liquid body is relieved from the of and gravity it this mode of the influence one possesses over another should accordingly by no means those who are watchful of the tendency of science towards a view of all natural phenomena although with the exception of the section of their own school have been hitherto after some mysterious supposed to pass from the to the patient or from the patient to the the of the argument which is now pressed on the attention of these enthusiastic is simply to the that there not only is no necessity but that it is also bad to have recourse to the generation of airs winds animal new or other in order to bring the phenomena of within the range of that it is to say within the pale of recognized as to the rational grounds of the force of vitality proper of of common of and of gravity they are beyond the reach of science altogether in a the rational grounds of things lie out of the province of a merely scientific they belong to the possible of philosophy properly so called but it is a domain not yet begun to be realized in any direction and probably not until after the discovery of a new philosophical more potent than the the process of or the doctrine of in the meantime the man of science must willingly confine himself to the study of phenomena alone and beware of the world with or ludicrous returning to the subject more immediately in hand the inquisitive reader may demand a secondary explanation a namely of the too fact that such as have just been discussed are not and interrupting the business of the world how is it that when one half the world shakes hands with the the less fortunate of the is not plunged into this deepest of sleeps	37
the spirit in which the men will hasten of an evening after the substantial and necessary labors of the day to the ground or the green in the event of our readers caring enough about the matter we shall perhaps summon them ere long to be the spectators of such a game in the meantime it is necessary and sufficient to point out with forefinger as firm as iron the most important consideration that whether the phenomena in question ever be made out or not the circumstance can have no earthly relation with the majority of the wonders of the new testament and that for this one overwhelming and reason that the and of the and the book of acts are not the but the in their respective pairs if they ht any thing it is not the patient that shows forth the marvellous of the nature of man in the most significant of these sacred instances but the whereas it is the very reverse m the couples this single circumstance in ct those particular cases once for all from the phenomena and their belonging to another sphere of the physical altogether the and its in nature june n the ocean and its meaning in nature it is one of the peculiarities of the ocean that from whatever side we look at it it makes a strong impression upon our mind we may contemplate it merely with the physical eye as it extends and restless beyond the limits of our perception or we may consider it in a scientific point of view with the eye of our intellect as an agent of natural power and ascertain the part which it has played in the history of our planet or in its relation to natural history as the principal seat of animal life or in an economical and historical point of view pointing out its bearing upon and development in general we intend to consider the ocean in these different points of view but before entering upon the subject we it proper to say a few words about its relation to human nature and the light in which it has been considered by the different nations from the beginning of history let us first speak of the ocean in its relation to human nature it may be that there is between the liquid element and our inmost nature a deep which is independent of external condition since it is found among men in a savage state as well as among the cultivated it is to education and is even witnessed in the child before he is able to stand its meaning the impression which water naturally produces upon us becomes still more profound when we combine with it the idea of extent water under the form of the ocean becomes then the emblem of all that is vast we adopt it immediately as the truest image of the infinite it is as a poet said visible qui les homes du et i existence homes in a philosophical point of view it would no doubt be an object of interesting study to ascertain why this image is so natural and so generally received it is obvious that it is those who live on the border of a sheet of water the sea a lake or a large river have observed children even of a lively and restless spend whole hours in looking at the water the ocean and its meaning in nature not extent alone which suggests it there are other phenomena such as a desert a whose dimensions though not the ocean nevertheless far exceed the limits of our vision without us in the same manner neither is it the of impressions which constitute their striking character other phenomena of nature such as high mountains great sometimes produce upon our mind an impression not less strong and perhaps more exciting but this emotion is of a very different nature that which strikes and moves us in them is besides their dimensions their definite form their distinct outlines their contrast with the surrounding objects their individuality in one word the ocean has no definite form no individuality and this is the reason why it cannot be described it is precisely in this absence of form that we have to look for the secret of its power indeed if it be true that the solid form with its sharp outlines a crystal for example is the most perfect expression of matter the liquid form on the other hand wanting as it does a fixed outline ever changing and in all its parts does it not remind us in some degree of this essence that we feel existing within us which is the foundation of our organization and which has also neither form nor limit to try to paint the ocean is like trying to a soul said an eminent critic and yet there is in the ocean a real beauty a real poetry which in a measure is felt by every body but which he alone can fully understand who from a high cliff has some time contemplated at the edge of the horizon the brilliant and warm colors of the sky melting into the soft and quiet tone of the surface of the waters or he who has watched the waves in a storm in their well defined but transient forms as they chase each other in endless succession he also who upon a still summer night in the tropical ocean has seen the stars glistening with equal lustre on the bosom of the r in the celestial vault can understand why it was that the made the goddess of beauty rise out of the ocean this natural charm of the sea is a sufficient explanation of the universal interest in all events which belong to the ocean which is felt even by those who have but a vague idea of it the of	37
the modern the ocean and it meaning in nature june which causes for example the hunter to forget the dangers and attractions of his mountains and the the of his wild forest while listening to the narrative of the sailor who tells him of the wonders of the ocean even the adventures of would thej have the same charm without his struggles against the waves and the tempest admitting thus an intimate relation between the sea and our inmost nature we do not wonder at the beneficent influence which the ocean has upon us and which we find even in tiie generous dispositions and the open although rude character of the simple sailor the ocean is truly the friend of man it not only affords pleasure for him upon whom life smiles it has also consolation for him who has sorrow for his portion the soul that suffers finds in it an almost instinctive assurance that there must be somewhere similar spaces where his powers of may be freely unfolded it is in this between human nature and the ocean that we have to look for the explanation not only of the import which is given to the ocean in the different but also for this other fact that most of agree in considering the ocean as the origin of all things according to the caused the earth to rise by stirring the ocean with the mountain represents the ocean as ihe source of all that exists xiv and even of the gods themselves he calls it the father of all the gods tt i v i xiv it is the same idea which we find at a later epoch at the foundation of several philosophical schools especially of those of the and who considered water as the original element of all beings and we know that the represented as the spirit of the universe manifested in the liquid element tt etc rd vii even among the indian tribes of the west we find the same idea according to their tradition the great spirit in the form of a brought from the depth of the ocean a of earth with which he an island which became afterwards the american continent th ocean and iu meaning m when the nations of antiquity had reached a degree of civilization and attempted to the forces of nature it was natural that they should an eminent rank to the ocean according to the condition in which the different people were placed and the advantages or they derived from the sea they considered it sometimes as a divinity and sometimes as a hostile power for the egyptian derived his prosperity from the and its or the was the beneficent god the source of good whilst including both the sea and the desert was the hostile divinity the destructive element whose were dreaded as the greatest calamity to the who looked for his fortune on the floods the ocean was a divinity and history teaches us that these bold used to offer numerous sacrifices to the god of the sea before they embarked upon their adventurous with the we find the god of the sea among the protecting of and we know also among the numbered a great many temples where sacrifices of all kinds were offered to him in the the do not hold as it so eminent a rank ban or the goddess of the sea is represented under the form of a frightful old woman she lives at the bottom of the ocean and takes possession of all those who are her husband is the god who more particularly represents the sea in tumult it appears that he was also feared by the old and according to there still exist traces of this old tradition in some parts of england in the say when a strong wind drives the sea up into the river that the is coming the fact that the principal those of the the the and the took their rise on the border of an inland sea the early led these people to make a distinction between the ocean f and the sea that is to say the they represent the ocean as an immense river surrounding both the land and the sea but without his waters with the latter it is thus also that it is represented on the shield of the same idea is met with in the greek poetry at a much later epoch we find the ocean and iu meaning m nature june it even in of at a time when knowledge had long proved it absurd it was natural that the ocean considered as distinct from the sea should appear to the in a more vague although not less character according to it is the primitive river from which all the waters the sea as well as the springs and rivers proceed xxi this same idea is set forth in the in which we find leaving his palace on the border of the great river at the extremity of the earth and marrying his sister from which union sprang ihe principal rivers of europe ud asia it is from the palace of that the sun comes in the morning and thither he returns at night vm xviii the twilight also dwells in its waves xix ey the stars in his bosom j liad v with the exception of one the star v let us now speak of the ocean in its relation to animated nature it would be a great mistake to consider the ocean as barren and desert have long ago that the sea and not the land is the principal seat of life the land to be sure is the habitation of the most perfect animals and as it besides the habitation of our own species we feel naturally inclined to connect the idea of life more closely with it than with the ocean besides the	37
land being less uniform it affords more favorable conditions for the of a greater variety of functions among which there are several which we consider as characteristic of animal life as for instance the faculty of uttering sounds and of expressing in this way feelings of pleasure and of whilst almost all marine animals are dumb their senses in general are less sharp and their power of not so perfect as in those animals that live on land but on the other hand it ought not to be forgotten that in the number of species as well as of individuals the ocean or at least the water far the land so that the total amount of life is far more considerable in the water than on it was who first opposed this idea of considering the ocean as a river since says he there are vast seas at the s and west and nothing is known of the north the ocean and its meaning in nature the land among the thirteen classes into which generally divide the animal kingdom there are six which are exclusively namely the three classes of the department of the and which with the exception of some few fresh water are moreover all marine in the department of we find two classes exclusively the and finally there is the great class of fishes among the which is entirely composed of animals among the seven other classes there is none with the exception of the birds t which does not contain animals thus we have among the the important order of which are all marine among the the and many like animals among the insects a number of water insects as to the or they are almost exclusively since they number but a few small land species the worms also are mostly as are likewise the in the present state of our knowledge it may be safely stated that two thirds of the animal kingdom are but as the marine animals are much less known than the it is to be expected that their proportion will be increased very much especially if we include in our survey the extinct or species which are for the most part marine whoever has looked down in a shallow quiet sea and has beheld the variety of creatures of all sorts worms which live among the sea weeds may have some idea of the amount of life which is concealed in these it has been observed bv an eminent traveller that our most thickly inhabited forests appear almost as deserts when we come to compare them with the corresponding regions of the ocean and yet those animals which we are able to follow in their as they jump run swim spin round creep or balance themselves among the sea weeds are nothing in comparison to that host of smaller creatures to our eyes the birds fishes or insects worms or or or or sea eggs and five and t the fact of an animal being or is best ascertained by the element in which it is bom birds do not their eggs in the water and therefore may safely be considered as land animals although some species live almost exclusively on the water the ocean and its meaning in nature june and the number of which is increased by means of investigation and which are all without exception a single of a small or a bunch of is thus transformed into a forest quite as thickly inhabited as the with its sea weeds b to our naked eye besides these minute animals are not like most of the higher ones limited to the shores and they are found even at the greatest depths of the ocean where no other animals seem to mud from a depth of six thousand feet on the coast of the united states has been found by professor to contain several new species of and according to not only every sea but to a certain degree the different depths of the ocean each contains species peculiar to it and not to be found elsewhere the number of individuals in the marine species is not less remarkable we have only to reflect a moment on the quantity of fishes of different kinds c and also the number of and which are caught on the coast of the united states yet in spite of these they are found every year equally numerous the of the sea affords us another striking evidence of the innumerable amount of individuals in certain marine species in order to have an idea of it one must have seen in a fine summer night the sea sparkling like a furnace at every stroke of the and have ascertained by direct examination that each sparkle is a little animal or one must have seen in the the surface of the water with those beautiful little transparent creatures of the class of for example and remember that these animals constitute the only food of the largest lastly we may call to mind those coral islands of the southern seas those whole constructed by little animals of the class of some of which are almost the sea along the coast of the united states is not inferior to any other either in number of species or of individuals concerning the species that live near the shores we have only to refer to the and published by the different states and as to those that are found in deep water we may state as an instance of their variety that in an excursion on board of one of the vessels of the united states navy among the of it was only necessary to cast the in order to get a rich collection of sea animals for the ocean and iu meaning m the most part new species or such as had not been noticed before on this side of the atlantic among	37
the species thus obtained there is one which deserves a particular attention in as far as it may be as an instance of the great amount of animal life unnoticed in the depths of the sea the species in question belongs to a known to under the name of they are little animals of the size of a small and transparent like and what their most striking peculiarity they are attached to each other in double rows so as to form long strings like of which are called colonies these curious animals had never before been noticed on this coast the first specimens were in an isolated state in the sound some weeks later during the month of september the vessel at anchor in the bay of the surface of the water immediately after a heavy shower was suddenly seen with bodies like long transparent worms the pilot having been asked what these strange bodies could be answered that it was the of the that came thus to the surface after a warm rain as he had noticed it many times natural as this explanation appeared in consequence of the great numbers of those fishes which at that season of the year came to in the bay it could not entirely satisfy the who happened to be on board he wanted to examine more closely the supposed and secured several strings was his surprise on finding that instead of fish eggs he had before his eyes perfect animals which not only moved by successive but in consequence of their great allowed him even to examine in the most distinct manner the circulation within the body they were seen that day only during a few hours and disappeared suddenly towards sunset some days later they came again still more numerous and could be seen at the depth of at least five feet it was thought that there were on a moderate fifty strings in sight and as there were at least thirty individuals in a string it was calculated that the total amount of individuals was not less than for a square mile without counting the free individuals the are among those animals in which that singular mode of known the name of is to be observed the offspring never resembling the parents bat the in the the produce isolated young quite different in shape and these in their torn produce again the strings the ocean and its meaning in nature jane this fact whilst affording us an instance of the prodigious quantity of animals that live unnoticed in the depths of tiie sea makes it at the same time conceivable that so many as are known to have existed previously along these could find there are an abundant supply of food in the absence of other similar animals and upon which they feed in the more northern regions if we consider that each marine species is in limits which it does not pass or in other words that they are subject to laws of distribution and association as precise if not more so than those that over the distribution of species we must allow that to the as well as to the philosopher the conditions of life and the peculiarities of the ocean bed by which these conditions are modified are not less important to know than those which refer to the dry land another consideration still the interest in these namely the fact that it is chiefly by the study of the marine animals and of the manifold conditions of soil temperature depth and climate in which they live that we are enabled to judge of the conditions of the earth in earlier periods in as far as we may compare the remains of species their association and distribution through the of the earth with the condition of the species now living on our shores the ocean has also a great importance in a point of view for although it be true that the marine plants are less numerous and than the land plants the dry land being the chief seat of vegetable life there are nevertheless whole groups which grow in water as for example the and the as in the animal we find also among plants that the species hold an inferior rank and in the same manner as the lowest animals the are exclusively so we find the lowest plants the only in the it is thus in the liquid element that the two meet there we find those seeds of that spin round like and there again grow those animals which have all the appearances of a plant a root a stem branches and whose flowers are living animals it is therefore by a comparative study of these forms that we can arrive at a true understanding of the relations that exist between the two and perhaps finally solve the important question which has so long puzzled namely the ocean and its meaning in nature where the limit is between plants and animals if there be any at all as to the inferiority of the marine and species we ought further to observe that it is not merely a general rule to the great divisions but that it can also be traced in the details not only are the marine animals and plants as a whole lower than the land animals and land plants but moreover if we direct our attention to those groups classes or orders which contain both land and marine species we shall generally find that the latter are the lowest thus among the the tribes the are undoubtedly the lowest among the the and among the insects the kinds hold evidently a very low rank and there can be no doubt that among the the few species that live on land are superior to the multitude of marine tribes neither is it to be overlooked that among those animals which in consequence of a change their condition of existence and	37
pass from one element into another the progress is constantly from the element to the dry land thus the which is exclusively by means of becomes an air breathing animal when transformed into a the are at first small and dull worms living in water and become afterwards the restless creatures that fill the air bat there is no instance known of an animal becoming in its perfect state after having lived in its lower stage on dry land the progress invariably points towards the land this fact becomes still more important if we remember that the first animals and plants which appeared on earth in the or epoch were and that it is not until a later epoch the epoch of the coal formation that we find for the first time land animals and land plants from whatever side we may consider the laws of the creation in its actual distribution over land and water or in its distribution in time through the ages or in the of some of the animal species we are invariably brought back to the liquid element as the starting point of all progress we may then say that the modern merely go to confirm this great idea which was vaguely anticipated by the ancient poets and philosophers when they tell us that the ocean is the origin of all things the ocean and its meaning in june we will next consider the ocean in a physical and point of view the sea as a whole more than two thirds of the surface of our globe the distribution of the waters is another still more important point to consider we know that from being equally distributed over the earth s surface there is on the contrary the greatest in this respect it seems as if the land had been concentrated around the north pole whilst the opposite part of the is almost exclusively covered with water so that if the northern be as the continental the deserves with still more reason the name of the the relation of the sea to the land and the manner in which this great body of salt water is separated by the has caused it to be divided into several which we under the name of thus we distinguish the atlantic ocean the pacific ocean the indian ocean in certain respects these may be considered as mere of the great around the south pole each of these has a character of its own independent of those peculiarities which arise merely from the climate or the animals that live in it thus the leading feature of the pacific ocean consists evidently in the endless number of islands and which are scattered ad over its surface the atlantic ocean on the contrary has very few islands but its shores are more varied there is no other ocean which itself in so many ways with the land where we find for example so many projecting into the sea and so many and sounds penetrating into the land the consequence of this is a great amount of coast in a small space as we see it in the coast of the united states and in a still higher degree in the coast of europe where it has had a influence upon civilization the atlantic is besides remarkable for having the greatest number of inland seas which although connected with the ocean are nevertheless so completely surrounded by the land as to be in some degree independent of its influence and thus to have a character of their own as for example the and above all the we may likewise as belonging here s bay and in some degree the gulf of all of which are connected with the atlantic the indian ocean although less strongly the and it meaning in than the two preceding nevertheless from the of its long a character of its own which is not without importance especially when considered with reference to a thorough investigation of the ocean ought not to be limited merely to its form and extent the depth of the sea must likewise be taken into consideration as a general rule it may be stated that the sea is less deep near the coast than at a distance from it thus the coast of the united states is bordered in its whole length by a of shallow ground which according to its peculiar shape has been under the names of and banks the knowledge of which is of the highest importance for a similar is to be traced along the coast of europe and especially around the british islands the average depth of the sea is less than two hundred feet so that an of some hundred feet would not only to connect the british islands with the continent of europe but also to double its area there are reasons to suppose that at a previous epoch a direct connection existed between england and france and also between england and ireland some eminent have even tried to explain in this way the fact that the animals and of the british islands are the same as those of the continent supposing that they have into the british islands at the time when this connection existed we do not yet possess a sufficient amount of to enable us to draw a comparison between the depths of the different although there is every reason to suppose that they are also in this particular different from each other had tried to by considerations that the depth of the ocean ought to be to the elevation of the but recent of the average elevation of the do not seem to support this view indeed according to the calculation of which of course can be but the heights of the supposing the of their surface reduced to the same level would be for europe feet for america feet and for asia nearly feet now the we possess although	37
not very numerous nevertheless the assumption that the average depth of the ocean far this amount there is no ocean in which there has not been found a depth of the ocean and its meaning in nature june several thousand feet thus we know that in the ocean whose bottom is very in latitude n did not find ground at feet captain found as much as feet in s bay the atlantic opposite the coast of the united states has been sounded in several places by the officers of the united states coast survey who have found from to feet but the of the southern seas are above all remarkable for their great depth we know that captain at the west of the cape of hope sounded feet and the same did not reach the bottom with a line of feet west of st a depth which is almost equal to the height of the peak of the chain by these facts with other considerations connected with the form of the surrounding some recent have come to the conclusion that the average depth of the atlantic must be at least two miles and a half and that of the pacific at least three miles as to the of the bottom of the ocean it is stated by some that they are even much more considerable than those of the land according to captain the great or valleys run nearly at right angles to the great mountain chains of this continent there is at the a depression to nearly the th parallel of south latitude where a ridge occurs at the th parallel there is another depression to be found degrees further south we have another ridge and it a ain and then in depth twice towards the circle it remains to consider the ocean as one of the productive agents in the economy of nature important the ocean may appear when examined from the points of view already considered they do not constitute its only or even its chief claim to our attention to consider the phenomena of nature merely in their connections with one another to look only at their useful or agreeable side is to judge the works of god from a narrow point of view and to mistake their true every object in nature exists in itself and for itself before it forms a part of any whole in other words it bears in itself the reason of its existence it is true the oak in the forest with other trees to furnish food for beasts of the field and a shelter for the birds of the it ia true a shady bower and us with its the ocean and us meaning in nature and its shade but shall we from this that things have no other part to play in nature shall we rest contented here that we have learned all the meaning of tiie pole star because it renders such signal services to the struggling the storm or because it serves as a guide to the slave in his pilgrimage towards the land of freedom no more does the ocean exist solely to serve a useful purpose and for the sake of its connection with the rest of the universe before the first ventured on its waves it washed the as now and before animals dwelt in its bosom it covered with its waters the face of this youthful sphere then as now it had a independent of its form and of its relation with the rest of the material world it was the ocean majestic and powerful as at this day to comprehend it in all its grandeur m all the extent of its influence it is not enough to study it in its present form and its actual condition we must study die ocean in its history and in its development the doctrine that the ocean is the or point of departure of all things a doctrine announced in the old and laid down as a principle in the philosophical schools of the is now by the results of in short teaches us not only that the of the with the ocean have been different at but in going back through the ages we come to an epoch when according to all appearances the solid earth did not exist and when the sur ce of our globe was entirely covered with water this was the period of chaos a term which does not by any means imply confusion but merely the absence of separation a general containing the principles of all the elements which were to be developed and in this sense an egg is a chaos though it contains the elements of the young chicken hereafter to be developed the materials which form the greater part of the solid land were prepared in the bosom of the waters as we trace on a the successive which we know are of we commonly arrive at a point where what are now entire countries are represented by only a few islands little by little these islands become enlarged the spaces which separate them become filled up and vast tracts of firm land appear to day where once the ocean reigned as absolute master is not the place to inquire what part has been no vn ocean and iu meaning in nature june performed by the physical agents in the history of the formation of the to do this it would be necessary to enter the department of and to discuss anew the old questions so oft n agitated by the and which at the be of this century gave rise to the celebrated between the and the leaving out of sight for a moment the agents which have built up the wc assume as a fact that from the time when the solid earth first existed it must enter into opposition with the liquid element and occasion a series of actions	37
and which not only constitute the peculiar characteristic of various portions of the earth but are the conditions of all life it is enough for us to remind the reader that by means of which continually takes place at the surface the ocean constantly a portion of its waters to the atmosphere which is again on the firm land in the form of rain and dew thus the development of animal and vegetable life which could not without this supply consequently to remove the ocean from the face of the globe would be not only to put to death all the inhabitants of the sea it would be to all life on the surface of the firm land and consequently to destroy its it is thus that the which speaking are the descendants of the ocean aft r their birth are dependent and are never entirely from its control even the desert which never receives a drop of rain is not independent of the ocean arid as its soil may be and burning as is its air nevertheless it receives a certain quantity of moisture from the sea and without this it would be completely impenetrable but this is not the only action of the ocean upon the land it acts directly by the form of its shores we need only cast our eyes on any portion of the sea coast to discover more or less striking marks of action sometimes are washed away by the violence of the waves are filled up here islands disappear there new islands rise up in one word there is a continual change going forward in the form of the shore or in the depth of the water in general the attention of man is chiefly directed to the destructive power of the ocean the of the ocean the of every sort which it are mentioned in the ocean and its meaning in nature many documents these effects are certainly the most striking sometimes in the coarse of years we see the shore give way and the sea sweep off tracts of land which formerly were cultivated and dwelt upon a man who has seen his field vanish before his eyes and even his habitation disappear long remembers this disaster which he cannot separate from the idea of the ocean even men of science and when treating of the ocean have preferred to speak of its destructive power there is no work of in which mention is not made of the destructive action the sea as one of the causes which sensibly the form of the land the history of certain countries of holland for example is a struggle between man and the ocean it is probable that without this struggle which has stimulated the national activity this people now placed under such conditions would never have attained their present power and well being but in addition to these hostile and destructive influences of the ocean there are others which though less striking because slow and gradual in their action are not less but much more important we wish to speak of those of materials on certain parts of the shore which form fill up the coast and thus render the difficult this slow but powerful action of the sea which has been called its action in opposition to its destructive force may be observed on the shores of all the but especially where the coast is composed of materials the influence of this action is not limited to the shores where the sea and land come in contact but makes itself felt to a considerable distance from the land in the and whose existence has been by the a similar action is going on throughout the whole length of the coast of the united states and if its effects are not well known it is because the phenomenon is on so grand a scale and having the whole ocean for its stage of action its time must be to the tent of its field of operation in a country composed of materials like ih coast of the united states or of the north of europe if any one were to compare the form and structure of the coast with the form and of the bottom of the adjacent sea as it appears from the surface when the sea b calm and as it appears on a larger scale from the he cannot fail the ocean and ite meaning in nature june to be with the remarkable there are the same peculiarities the same the same with uie the the table lands and the plains so that the observer is naturally led to the conclusion that the land has formerly been covered with water this nowhere presents itself more forcibly than in the vicinity of low lands like long island and the keys of and it is generally and as it were instinctively admitted the means which nature puts m action in her are of a various character and deserve a particular and special attention in the tropical seas where life is so intense it is the that is to say small and often beings who take charge of these gigantic the keys of have for the most part been formed by their agency in the temperate or cold regions where animals do not exist the of the is more particularly the work of physical agents of currents and tides this is a subject of uie highest importance which has not received all the attention it deserves it is quite recently that it has for the first time been made the subject of some on our own shores we hope to return to this matter on some other occasion at present we go no further than merely to mention as a general fact the striking resemblance which exists between the form and direction of the tides and the distribution of those which we by the terms banks and shallow we	37
shall form an idea of the importance of those if we consider that the attributed to their influence are not confined merely to the vicinity of the shore but extend to a considerable distance from it a proof of this is furnished by the vast banks which are found at the extremity of the american continent by the of by green bank by bank etc etc k all parts of these great banks as we must believe are formed of materials like the sand banks nearer the shore it is evident that their structure and their mode of are of the highest importance in the study of which at the present time are above water and hich at an earlier period have been formed and e e d in the game manner by the agency of the ocean one y im of which we are v the name of wiu rise the ocean and meaning in from the bosom of the ocean after having long been the abode of a marine population to serve as a dwelling place for the tribes of earth then the of those future ages going about with his hammer and pick axe in hand to explore tiie bosom of this new land will perhaps be a prey to the same doubts and the same as ourselves and experience the same delights while they find in those new in a soil at present in the process of construction some new fact some relations hitherto which permit them to connect their epoch with former ages and in those new to discover the same infinite providence which in our time and all preceding ages has presided over the of our globe thus to comprehend the structure and the form of the soil we we are obliged to go back to the ocean there in the great deep which is the of unhappily our knowledge of the form and the connection of the different is exceedingly imperfect hitherto the minds of men have been to such a degree with the idea that they are dangerous to that we may say of them what the old poets were wont to say of the infernal regions that they were more dreaded than known however we have reason to hope that the of the sea who follow one another with so a zeal along the shores of the two thanks to the liberal and enlightened ideas which begin to prevail with will not fail to us more and more into the mystery of those grand operations which take place in silence at the bottom of the sea in another article we will make a more detailed investigation into the of nature in these and these principles to the of the soil we will show what has been done by the ocean in the formation of the and what is due to mere causes s of art in the of england from the of james ii by t b esq london vo perhaps there is no period m the annals of of more interest to englishmen and americans than the one in the plan of s history from the accession of james the second till near the present time and no one standing in so much need of a good historian we know of no good history of england for the last one hundred and sixty years since the termination of s when it was understood that had undertaken his work it was a subject of general all were f ed that so important and a work had fallen to the ot of perhaps the only man of the age who was supposed to have the learning and genius required for the task mr is well known as the most popular and able of the present or perhaps of any past time many of his articles in the review are of permanent value and have been here m a separate work there be articles in that review that display more profound and exact knowledge in some but there are none so eagerly sought for none that combine so much varied and extensive information on subjects of general interest presented in so popular and a style it is rare that any man so many essential and so many accidental advantages for writing a history of england in addition to great learning and talent as an author he is eminently a practical man well acquainted with the world and its his public life for many years as a member of parliament and a part of the time one of the and of the cabinet has made him intimately acquainted with and and given him an opportunity of knowing from his own experience how the of government is carried on we believe too that he had the reputation of being one of the best in the house of and the powers of speaking well and writing well so rarely found united since the days of this work is more entertaining and contains more of what we wish to know than any other history of the times though it appears to us that the author is sometimes liable to the charge of and dwells too long in a s of and in and description the characters of eminent men are with great skill and much life hut are sometimes drawn out to an length he seems desirous to give a view so full and complete of every part of his subject as not only to prevent the possibility of being misunderstood but also to save the reader all the trouble of or making any conclusions for himself nothing can be more opposite to the manner of though they agree in one respect in fondness for point and his style is clear and pointed as well as beautiful and brilliant perhaps the splendor is not always genuine and sometimes contrary to the that of rather than the brightness of polished steel the	37
extent and of his knowledge of facts are indeed wonderful and we know not where to find any thing like it in any english history his a quality so essential to the historian in his account of the different religious and political parties is very conspicuous the church of rome and the church of england and are brought in review before him and their errors and faults exposed with a bold and hand we think he to preserve the same between the and and the and but we imagine that the zealous of all the religious will be dissatisfied with his account of their conduct and principles and that no political party will be entirely satisfied unless it be the moderate aristocratic if we were to object at all to his views of parties and it would be that he may not have done full justice to the religious or political principles of the the only of that day that seems to have had any just notions of religious or it was the alone who prevented the at the termination of the civil war from establishing a system of religious and persecution as odious as that from which they had just been delivered and milton were for liberty of conscience and in religious worship the wished to succeed the whom the joint arms of the and had recently milton had just reason to complain that new is but old priest writ large s of england june the first three chapters including the greater part of the first volume are intended to prepare the reader for beginning the history the reign of james the second the st chapter contains a rapid sketch of english history firom the earliest times to the restoration or the second he dwells a little more at length on the contest between charles and the parliament the civil war the administration of and the restoration the second chapter is devoted to the reign of charles the second a knowledge of which is indispensable to a good of the reign of james and of the revolution which hurled the from the throne of england and condemned them to perpetual exile the third chapter contains a description at length of the times when the crown passed from charles the sec md to james and a comparison between that and its present condition it ns a view of the very great advance which has been made in almost all the particulars thought most desirable in national prosperity and the well being of individuals including a high degree of physical moral and intellectual improvement this description has been mentioned as being out of place in a history but we think it the most important as well as entertaining in the whole work the one we should be most unwilling to spare justly that the of europe in his time was grown to an endless register of marriages and disputed titles which render the narrative obscure and at the same time that they the memory of great events together with the knowledge of laws and manners objects more worthy of attention whatever may be the defects of his historical productions has the great merit of leading the way in the attention now commonly paid by historical writers to manners and customs to the progress of the liberal and useful arts and especially to the condition of the people the attention of the reader is no longer exclusively directed to kings and princes ministers and as if all the rest of the world were of no consequence to the historian or reader mr has on the whole we think been very in this account and has given a very picturesque of the condition of england one hundred and sixty n ago and a very favorable one of england at present are not disposed to call in question the general fidelity of fl of england these pictures but we think the former is somewhat and the latter may perhaps be deemed a little flattering indeed we think it must be apparent to most readers that some exaggeration in description is not very uncommon with we do not mention this as from the general merit of the work and if there is occasionally any exaggeration in his descriptions or error in his conclusions we think that the author by a full and accurate statement of all the facts that can be ascertained generally affords the intelligent reader the means of forming a correct opinion for himself some traces are occasionally visible of the and of the eloquent in the house of sometimes he questions in the style of an advocate for one but in these the decision is commonly that of the calm and impartial historian the following is the character of the principal founder of the english church and one of its chief and considered the leader of the party the man who took the chief part in settling the conditions of the alliance which produced the church was thomas he was the representative of both the parties which at that time needed each other s assistance he was at once a divine and a in his character of divine he was perfectly ready to go as far in the way of change as any or in his character of he was desirous to preserve that organization which had during many ages admirably served the purposes of the of borne and might be expected now to serve equally well the purposes of the english kings and of their ministers his temper and his understanding eminently fitted him to act as in his professions in his dealings zealous for nothing bold io speculation a coward and a time in action a enemy and a friend he was in every way qualified to arrange the terms of the between the religious and the worldly enemies of to this day the constitution the doctrines and the services of the church retain the visible marks of	37
the compromise from which she sprang she a middle position between the churches of rome and her and composed by set forth principles of in which or would have found scarcely a word to her prayers and derived from the ancient are very generally such that bishop or cardinal pole might have heartily joined in them a who puts s of england june an sense on her articles and will be by candid men to be as unreasonable as a who that the doctrine of can be in her the church of rome held that was of divine institution and that certain supernatural graces of a high order had been by the of hands through fifty generations from the eleven who received their commission on the mount to the who met at a large body oi on the other hand regarded as positively and persuaded themselves that they found a very different form of government prescribed in scripture the of the church took a middle course they retained but they did not declare it to be an essential to the welfare of a christian society or to the of the indeed plainly his conviction that in the primitive times there was no distinction between and priests and that the laying on of hands was altogether unnecessary this view of the doctrines and services of the church reminds one of the saying of lord that the church of england has a creed an clergy and a according to bishop hare the principal difference between the church of rome and the church of england is that the one is and the other never in the wrong in respect to the divine origin of and the succession the english church now approaches nearer to that of rome than in the days of the present belief of the high we believe to be that the church of england with its its and inferior clergy the nearest resemblance to the primitive church in the time of the the church of england has been always strongly attached to the sovereign its supreme head the extravagance of this attachment and the doctrines taught by the clergy are thus stated by the church of england was not ungrateful for the protection which she received from the government from the first day of her existence she had been attached to but during the quarter of a century which followed the restoration her zeal for loyal authority and hereditary right passed all bounds she had suffered with the house of she had been restored with that house she was connected with it by common interests s of england and it seemed impossible that a day could ever come when the ties which bound her to the children of her august martyr would be and when the loyalty in which she would cease to be a pleasing and profitable duty she accordingly in praise that which was constantly employed to defend and to her and much at her ease the of those whom oppression from which she was had to rebellion her favorite theme was the doctrine of non resistance that doctrine she taught without any and followed out to all its extreme consequences her were never weary of repeating that in no conceivable case not even if england were cursed with a king resembling or who in defiance of law and without the pretence of justice should daily doom hundreds of innocent victims to torture and death would all the estates of the realm united be justified in his tyranny by physical force happily the principles of human nature afford abundant security that such theories will never be more than theories the day of trial came and the very men who had most loudly and most sincerely professed this extravagant loyalty were in almost every county of england arrayed in arms against the throne the restored church the prevailing but feebly and with half a heart it was necessary to the decorum of her character that she should her children but her were given in a somewhat manner her attention was elsewhere engaged her whole soul was in the work of crushing the and of teaching her to render unto the things which were s she had been and oppressed by the party which preached an austere morality she had been restored to and honor by little as the men of mirth and fashion were disposed to shape their lives according to her they were yet ready to fight in blood for her and palaces for every line of her and every thread of her it is an and most instructive fact that the years during which the political power of the was in the were precisely the years during which national virtue was at the lowest point the and total want of principle among the higher classes in the reign of charles the second and especially of the most active and leading seem almost incredible we have a striking and we suppose a pretty correct description of the general character of the public men in england at the restoration which to a great extent was for more than half a century afterwards b of june scarcely any rank or profession escaped the of the prevailing but those persons who made politics their business were perhaps the most corrupt part of the corrupt society for they were exposed not only to the same influences which affected the nation generally but also to a taint of a peculiar and most malignant kind their character had been formed amid frequent and violent and counter in the course of a few years they had seen the and civil of their country repeatedly changed they had seen an church a church and an church again they had seen hereditary and restored they had seen the long parliament thrice supreme in the state and thrice dissolved amid the curses and laughter of millions they had seen a new rapidly rising to the height of power	37
arises from bad motives we do not feel certain that charles and james were any worse in this respect than their of the established church who and were engaged in carrying on these but for their conduct in church and state both charles and james may have some excuse in the doctrines of divine right passive obedience and non resistance so diligently by the church as we have just seen and also by the parliament and the university of oxford to a sovereign inclined to tyranny and persecution there can be no stronger temptation than the assurance that he can indulge his bad passions with this assurance the church the parliament and the university of oxford endeavoured to furnish the first parliament chosen after the restoration passed an act that the power of the sword was solely in the king and declared that in no extremity whatever could the parliament be justified in resisting him by force by another act all and officers of were required to declare on oath their belief that it was not lawful upon any pretence whatever to take arms against the king and their of the position of taking arms by the king s authority against his person or against those by him a motion to the word before was rejected the of oxford in full passed a decree against certain books and doctrines destructive to the sacred persons of princes their state and government and all human society the doctrines condemned consist of twenty seven taken from the works of milton and several others one of these is that when kings the constitution of their country and become absolute they their right to the government and may be resisted this and other sim no vn of june they declare to be scandalous and to the christian religion they forbid the students to the writings of those authors and order their books to be burnt one would suppose the parliament the church university of oxford were for slavery charles and james had some excuse for taking them at their word the history of thb period has a peculiar interest for as being essentially connected with their own the revolution of was not less a from power for new england than for old the tyranny of sir had become so that he was and imprisoned before the success of the was known here but though the revolution was a great blessing to the colonies yet some of them had much reason to of the government under the new settlement could not obtain a restoration of her though deprived of it by a judgment acknowledged to be and unjust sir so noted as a tyrant in was rewarded by being sent out as governor of virginia the act so essential to freedom was passed by the general court of but was and by the committee of at the head of which was the famous lord it seems to have been the opinion of this great constitutional lawyer that the act of did not extend to the colonies and that they could not have this security of freedom except from the of the crown the character of william of orange the great hero of the revolution the idol of the and in former times the of the is drawn at great length and in the most favorable colors he seems indeed with some faults and disagreeable qualities to have been on the whole hie best and most able of the great public men of the age he was ua and liberal in his views of religion and church a great merit in that age a wise and far sighted with an invincible courage and perseverance in a contest which was the cause not only of england and holland but of the greater part of europe against the ambition of louis the in this case as well as some others has availed himself oi important sources of infer s of england which do not seem to have been known to any other historian and attributes to him more amiable qualities than william was supposed to possess a very picture is given of him by the which we quote merely as showing the extravagance of party zeal dr johnson according to pronounced to be most worthless of all but then it is to be recollected that the doctor had an extraordinary veneration for charles the second s character of william more point and vivacity than is often found in his history and probably shows the sentiments of the of that age the following is s view of the government of certain it is he involved these in foreign connections which in all probability will be productive of their ruin in order to establish this favorite point he not to employ all the engines of corruption by which the morals of the nation were totally he procured a sanction for a standing army which now seems to be in the constitution he introduced the practice of upon remote funds an expedient that necessarily a brood of and stock to prey upon the of their country he upon the nation a growing debt and a system of politics big with misery despair and destruction to sum up his character in a few words william was a in religion in war in politics dead to all the warm and generous emotions of the human heart a cold relation an indifferent husband a disagreeable man an prince and an imperious sovereign the account of william s intimacy with james and his concern m some acts of oppression by the king his and court ladies will excite much surprise and probably resentment in some quarters if the charges are true it is proper they should be made known if they are and are abundantly able to his character his reputation would bear a considerable and yet leave him one of the best among the of his age says that it had been the	37
practice of every english government to contract debts the revolution introduced was the practice of honestly paying them this process of honestly paying the national debts has been extremely slow in its operation at the revolution the national s of june debt was but little more than one million sterling it is now about eight hundred millions it is true that the interest has been paid the public credit is good and any tor who chooses may receive payment by his claim to another the debt however still remains a en on the property and industry of the nation in his essay on public credit says that it would scarcely be more to give a prodigal son a credit in every banker s shop in london than to a to draw bills in this manner upon posterity the establishment of a public credit fruitful of which would have seemed incredible to the of any former age is among the blessings of the new settlement this is rather a delicate way of treating the national debt to the of any former age the ability to contract such a debt and the folly of doing it might have seemed equally incredible if nations contract debts they should honestly pay them but we can hardly deem it a cause for that the government have been able to this enormous debt with an annual interest of thirty millions so still paying still to owe and to it upon the lands property and industry of the nation for ever if not for ever at least for a duration to which the eye of man can see no limit the national debt has been mentioned as one of the great evils produced by the revolution as a part of the price the nation had to pay for the new settlement made by the and calling in william and to the expense of the wars necessary to support him on the throne unfortunately the and class found their own private interests promoted by thus the of future generations the to avoid the of imposing the taxes really necessary or because they wanted a fund for influence and corruption were willing to borrow money on terms profitable to the and leave it to their to provide for the payment washington in his farewell address with his characteristic wisdom and justice the people of the united states against throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear as our author in stating the purpose and objects of his work must be supposed to express his meaning with some accuracy we will at the risk of being thought make a remark on the expression applied to the british navy s of england a power before which every other power ancient or modem sinks into this is another of the glories of england the boast of every englishman are apt to be odious and some discretion is required to manage them without giving it would be idle to deny the great power of the british navy and that its strength is superior to every other but we doubt the propriety or prudence of this boast nations like individuals do not like to be reminded of their and neither france russia nor america will admit the of the estimate here made by of their naval power a short time prior to the last war with england it was said in parliament that a single english of war or we forget which was able to cope with the whole american navy this was soon found to be an error in case of any future war between the two countries which may heaven the american navy would be found not entirely insignificant de the distinguished author and who of all foreign writers has given on the whole the best account of our country its institutions and prospects a chapter to what he calls the commercial greatness of america and with this paragraph i think that the principal features in the destiny of a nation as of an individual are generally indicated by their early youth when i see with what spirit the americans carry on commerce the they enjoy and the success they have met with i cannot avoid believing that they will one day become the first power on the globe they are destined to acquire the dominion of the as the were to conquer the world now we confess that we do not entirely like this and do not wish that our own country or any other should be any stronger at sea than is necessary for its own security and the defence of its just rights at home and abroad seems much of an in politics whatever happens is for the best if not for the present at least in the long run the reign of the sovereigns commonly deemed the worst proved to be the greatest blessings the talents and virtues of the first kings had nearly proved fatal to england but the follies and vices of john were her salvation again if the administration of james the first had been able and splendid it would probably have been fatal to the country s of england under the reign of his successor charles the first there was another narrow escape the laws and liberties of england on the brink of destruction were happily saved by t wanton and criminal attempt of charles to force upon the the english and established church another and final from by the folly and madness of james the second if the king had not attacked the church the institution most by englishmen he would probably have been quietly permitted to his plan of establishing arbitrary power in the state this seeming for reminds one of s remark upon clergy that to a philosophic their vices are far less dangerous than their virtues a proposition which by the way we think is contradicted by all history there is however some in these views of	37
and in the instances mentioned and perhaps many others they may be just how happy for a nation that when brought to the brink of ruin it has a inexhaustible fountain of salvation in the follies and crimes of its rulers this disposition to look on the favorable side of appears often throughout the work whether the church or the have the it is all for the good of the nation and she owes a great debt of gratitude both to and it is difficult to say whether england owes more to the roman catholic religion or to the for the of races and for the of she is chiefly indebted to the influence which the in the middle ages exercised over the for political and intellectual freedom and for all the blessings which political and intellectual freedom have brought in their train she is chiefly indebted to the great rebellion of the against the the long parliament merits the lasting gratitude of englishmen for their resistance to charles the first and thus the liberties of the country the parliament that restored charles the second without any conditions to limit his power seized the golden opportunity which if lost would have long been regretted by the friends of liberty of placing on the throne this monarch after the two of charles and james nearly thirty years of oppression s of and almost every kind of at home besides a to france the most disgraceful in the annals of england another parliament rescued the nation from and tyranny by the total and final of the there seems much reason to doubt the of this of the restoration says that it has been too much the practice of writers zealous for freedom to represent the restoration as a disastrous event and to condemn the folly or of that which recalled the royal family without new against administration mr fox in his fragment of the history of the reign of james the second severely the conduct of those who at the restoration made no scruple to lay the nation prostrate at the feet of a monarch without a single provision in favor of the cause of liberty charles would have been glad to accept the crown on any terms it must have been a strange crisis indeed that rendered it necessary for the salvation of the people to place such a man as charles upon the throne without a moment s delay and without imposing any on the royal our author gives a description at considerable length of the state of england at the accession of james the second and it with the condition of england at present the comparison of course is very much in favor of its present state and the contrast is probably much greater in almost every respect than most readers could have supposed the great physical moral and intellectual improvement in every department if truly represented as we must presume was intended is indeed a just cause of and the political social and system of england since the revolution is probably better fitted than any system that has been tried in the old world at least for very many of the objects thought most desirable in national prosperity it has been especially favorable to the acquisition of great wealth and progress in the great of industry in commerce and the arts and in working the various mines a very important branch in england the wealth of the great merchants and the interest is adequate to any interest or enterprise on the largest scale with abundant capital with f history of england june labor at a low rate to any extent wanted and often in organized and directed the advance in every department of business and the increase of wealth are we believe altogether without example the population of england and wales at that time is supposed to have been somewhat more than five millions and less than one third of it present amount the inhabitants of london who are now at least nineteen hundred thousand were then probably a little more than half a million in the reign of charles the second after london no town in the kingdom contained thirty thousand inhabitants and only four provincial towns contained so many as ten thousand this statement we suppose may be true but it is very su especially when we consider the number of cities in the united states containing thirty thousand and upwards and the great number containing more than ten thousand alone has twice the number of towns containing ten thousand inhabitants the army and navy of charles the second were small compared with military and naval in england at present the whole annual expense of the army navy effective and non effective service was then about seven hundred and fifty thousand pounds now it is more than twenty that amount it must bo acknowledged that the government of the was a very cheap one in a pecuniary view compared with any the english have had since of all the advances made in the rapid march of improvement in england since the revolution the greatest advance has been in and public expenditure if the well being of a nation depended on the amount of its wealth however distributed then england would be the happiest country in the world but we believe the happiness of a people depends less on the amount than on the general of property so as to afford a comfortable and the means of education and improvement to the laboring classes if this be so there is much cause for regret as well as in the present condition of great britain there are some principles in the english political and social system that are passed over in the work before us without much notice which seem to us to merit consideration both as to their present effects and future tendency of the historian of the decline and fall of the roman empire in his	37
admirable chapter on the roman or civil law says that the insolent of was unknown to the the two sexes were placed on a just level and all the sons and daughters were entitled to an equal portion of the estate among the the sons all shared equally the paternal inheritance the daughters seem to have been left in a great measure if not altogether to the mercy or discretion of their brothers in case there were no sons the daughters inherited equally the law of was not known to the but was introduced into england with the system by the conquest this principle by which the oldest son alone all the landed or real property has been in force in england ever since and has contributed more than any thing else to form the government and social system as they exist at the present day it is the foundation and security of the aristocracy of their power and influence in the state and the advantages of their social position not only prevents the division of great estates but in connection with other causes is continually the number of landed it often happens that by the failure of in great families or the course of descent or by purchase that two or three great estates are united and once united are never again divided this process is remarkably illustrated in the case of the present duke of as this example shows better than any mere description could do how a considerable number of even great estates may be united in one we quote from the london review the following account of the estate and improvements the complacency with which the dwells on this and his aristocratic tone and style are somewhat amusing the estate attached to the of one of the oldest in this empire was supposed at the time when the late married lord afterwards of and finally created duke of to no less than acres a vast possession but from which its owners had never derived more than a very small the a woman of remarkable talents was attached to her district and felt for its of all orders as was natural after a connection lost in the night of s of june ages during which her house had enjoyed the support of their and in many a struggle and danger she had the spirit and heart of a genuine and the of the ban m r f hear the great lady of the country of the will be proudly and affectionately remembered in the of scotland many a year after the graceful and is forgotten in the courts and palaces of which she was for a long period one of the most brilliant ornaments to her english alliance however her lasting fame in her own district will be mainly due her lord inherited one very great fortune in this part of the kingdom and ultimately the resources of another not less productive and though as r s book records no english nobleman ever did more for the improvement of his english estates he also entered with the warmest zeal into his lady s feelings as to her ancient he added to it by purchase various considerable adjoining estates which fell from time to time into the market and finally in one neighbouring mass of land the whole estate or country of lord which alone not much less than acres it appears that from the whole northern territory of the duke must have amounted to nearly if not quite acres a single estate certainly not in these days equalled in the british empire and this in the hands of the same peer who enjoyed also the english estates of the and with the canal property of the here is the process on a great scale of both large and small estates this shows how landed are rapidly diminished in number and enormous estates or formed in two generations by marriage by purchase by inheritance and five very large and several considerable estates are united in one in scotland to one great estate of acres is added another of besides several others very considerable in extent all this comes into the hands of the same peer who has three very great estates in england the estate in scotland alone is more than twice as large as the state of island and in extent though not in value between a and part of the territory of the island of great britain according to our author at the accession of james the second the number of small landed who cultivated their own estates was so far as can be ascertained from the best writers of that age not less than one hundred and sixty thousand who with their families made up more s of england than a seventh part of the whole population these small estates are now nearly all extinct at that time the number who cultivated their own land was greater than the number of those who the land of others now it is estimated that not one part of the land in england is cultivated by the owner the enormous wealth produced by commerce and instead of any division of the great landed estates has had a directly opposite tendency the rich merchant banker or fortunate a part of his wealth in land and as the very large estates are rarely for sale he the smaller ones wherever they can be obtained perhaps in several when a number of small or moderate or even large estates are thus formed into one they are seldom or never separated this seems to be a melancholy disastrous change in the social system of england but we believe most of the british political not only see no cause of alarm in this of the smaller landed properties but consider it as one cause of the great agricultural improvements and the great increase of national wealth a few however	37
modern nations is very curious when after the retreat of the ten thousand engaged himself and six thousand of the greek army in the service of a prince the terms of pay were to each soldier one a month each captain two and to the general and commander four among the says the pay of a was only double that of a private soldier it appears from that the pay of an in his time was not more than that of a common soldier the annual income of the lord of england was formerly as much as and besides he had many offices at his disposal we believe it has been reduced by the government to with a retiring of the of the judges are from to a year we do not mention these instances of as extravagant under the existing circumstances they are probably not higher than is required by the nature of the government and the state of english society in the church the and other enjoy very ample from one or two thousand to twenty thousand pounds a year these with some exceptions arc given to the relatives of the nobility and gentry younger brothers and cousins the majority of the clergy seem sufficiently removed from the temptations of wealth in about five thousand a few years since there was no resident clergyman and the religious services were performed as far as they were performed at all by of this portion of the clergy the compensation from ten to a hundred pounds in few instances exceeding the latter sum the often large fortunes bishop the private of the late william was said to have left an estate of and we not hear of a of the church in england and especially in ireland leaving at his from one to several hundred thou s history of england sand pounds the late reform of the church has introduced a greater equality in the of the and varying from to in respect to the church however we have no idea that any attempt to or would be of any service to the tenants or any relief to the people in general the whole benefit would go to the there is much reason in the sentiment of that a bishop of or may as well have a year ar an earl or a squire although it may be true that so many dogs and horses are not kept by the former and fed with the which ought to the children of the poor people in the of the church by henry the eighth the of a greater part of the church property served only to the crown and a few greedy the estates of several among the most wealthy of the nobility and gentry in england it is well known were derived from the plunder of the and such an origin of a great estate as the duke of s so described by in his letter to a noble lord is not peculiar to the family the rich plunder expected from the great wealth of the church was no doubt one of the main causes of the in england so far as relates to henry the eighth and his especially the latter the motive assigned by the poet gray with much wit as well as gallantry for the conduct of the great of the church was the but not die only one t was love that taught this monarch to be wise and gospel light first beamed from s eyes henry s love for the property of the rich and proved far more lasting than his affection for anne and his were continued long after the unfortunate queen ceased to influence her imperious husband the civil offices are shared by the aristocracy and their except in a few instances where extraordinary skill or is required and which must be had wherever tliey can be found the and interests have long had great influence in the policy and measures of the government though the representatives of these classes have always been in number a in parliament yet s of england from their superior activity and sagacity with regard to their own interest they have frequently obtained undue advantages from the government and are on the whole much more in the public burdens than the the rich merchants and may be considered either as members or as and of the aristocracy the house of lords is now far superior to that assembly when about eighty years ago it was called by lord te field the hospital of this is owing chiefly to continual of the most distinguished who have since the accession of george the third the number of the upper house in point of talent wealth personal influence and weight of character it probably stands much higher than at any former period take from the house of lords the families that have been during the last sixty years and though its legal and constitutional power would be the same its real power and influence would be comparatively insignificant these continual from the ranks of the are the principle of the nobility giving it health strength wealth talent and influence the leading the most distinguished men in political ufe in the law army navy and church and in the landed and interests do not wish to the power or privileges of an assembly of which they may hope to be one day members and which at any rate they consider as indispensable to the continuance of the present political system one of the best founded complaints against the english government is the neglect to provide for the education of the common people no public provision is made for this object at least none worth mentioning except so far as it may be supposed to come within the duties required by law or custom from the clergy of the established church while so much is	37
any theory or imaginary standard of perfection but by its on the well being of the people we must judge of the tree by its fruits mr fox said his defence of me british constitution was not that it was perfect or with the theories of this man or that man but that it produced substantial happiness to the people and if this ground were taken away he knew not what defence to make we suppose this to be the true and only satisfactory ground on which any political institution or form of society can be defended looks on the favorable side of things and sees nothing but progress and improvement though he hears much complaint of decline and ruin the nation in his view is sound at heart has nothing of age but its dignity combined with the vigor of he thinks the nation is going on in a course of improvement preserving what is good in its institutions and what is bad in a constitutional way this is undoubtedly the true mode of reform but the changes in civil society are not confined to acts of parliament or measures of government time says bacon is the greatest of time and the course of events have made the english government and social system what now are and may be silently working greater changes than any or political we look with much interest for the subsequent volumes of the work so far the author has occupied the same ground with the second volume closing at the termination of s history as our author has already devoted two of the first volume and the whole of the second to the four years reign of james ii we presume he to pass over many of the following years with more rapid wheels the task before him is a great and glorious one and we know of no author of whom there is so much reason to expect its successful accomplishment short and art iv short and notices and other by grant iu two volumes london smith elder go z xiv these volumes indicate a strong and genuine tendency to the poetic form rather than the possession of any very rich or rare vein of the native ore of poetry on the part of the author a large part of a life seems to have gone to rhyme here whether all the honey was worth except as every literary working bee must find a comfort in saving up all whatsoever of its own existence to prove that it has been productive in some sense that it has at least the world if not made very deep marks on it is more than would dare affirm but there it certainly good poetry and not a little stored up with the rest every piece is pleasing and it some are beautiful mr grant seems to have been early penetrated with a profound reverence for the character of poet his whole collection has a little of the air of a continued series of attempts at another or defence of in the upward pathway of his aspirations he at last met with a type of the character which his soul at once accepted as a model in the poet to whom his volumes are inscribed while they are filled with traces of his influence thus in his lover s he is very careful to mention that the object of his adoration is a thing of flesh and blood not destitute of every day qualities not a nor a nor else of bat a very very woman and he has been and gathered among the lakes singing the praises of and water and the river doubtless the example and philosophy have been a good thing for him temperament had inclined him we should fancy quite another way for there is an of sadness a habit of the minor mode and a slight to the hunt ever and anon in these poems his sentiment is always pure his brave and constant yet we cannot call him spiritual his inspiration is not of the third heaven neither in invention nor in tone does his muse ever the higher of very current and approved though very good and just and liberal thoughts the inward material is not equal to the ambition or the power of his dazzling aims and short and notices models therefore cast him back upon himself he grows very conscious and writes on glancing over some of my own poems lines on being asked for my c it is not an offensive it is only not the consciousness of genius the longest and as we judge the best piece in these volumes is the subject is from s in four lines under the lightning flash of his intense imagination it throng the night of ages di me son la pi a mi fe m la grant time to bring it nearer and fill out the living detail of its beauty and its tragedy as hunt has done with the tale of and he is hardly less an io the rose color art he begins thus thou whose fi shade in the sad s awful arose when in the realm he strayed yet breathed no of th mortal woes nor creature dead or living with thy sweet life to bitter close sighing but mis that the and he the loved one thy beautiful thou above all beauty then upon tbe earth and hope and joy upon th heavenly brow with their mirth unto thee all living things might bow thee in the pride of beauty and of birth and youth and boundless wealth which even then drew sordid worship from the souls of men not for wealth did young seek this dazzling of s sky he saw an empire on her lip and cheek an el in her glorious eve he heard sweet music when he beard her speak j	37
did he come in silence did he go oh list poor list the s ham list to the winds without that blow list to whatever voice comes o er the s never list oh that did ever yet gaze npon sweetness eyed i daily her miserable food he with his own hand and trusted none beside and daily thus all wretchedness they met and daily thus they withered and they died for soon on both the air of the worked like poison there chiefly on her the oil of her sweet lamp with ruin wasted lip and cheek and and the eternal damp breathed from that ocean wide and bleak filled her with and ache and gave to her pallid brow a streak and to her eye that and ominous light which dimly the long ceaseless night i oh the banquet of ill the saw and felt was spreading fast and s fiery hand should fill her cup of trembling to the brim at last he saw her drooping withering sickening still and looking every day that passed and with a stem patience himself disease before all this is very powerfully told and there is not wanting a of high spiritual beauty about the portrait of the sufferer to relieve the natural s of the sacrifice the poet one little trick of a great deal and not without a musical effect it is what would be called in musical composition the imitation of passages or phrases that is the echoing in the next line of a form of words from the line preceding or from the first to the last half of the same line and this sometimes in the direct sometimes in the or reflected order which gives a unity and to the considered like the continual repetition of the same little motive in a good piece of short and music he carries it too far for poetry here are instances i for oh then the change and now the change i tell bat on the right like some lone isle in a lone lake a tower she saw lonely and dark c their gloomy pathway shadows cast and from the bleak sky to the shore and repeatedly sometimes the imitation runs all through a as in the following which is very thither she dragged and saw the grass sullenly wave o er all that and heard the boon in the and saw the wild swan hurrying to the sea and and shadows pass o er lonely that not be and then she turned all within and felt that all was akin this is like the wretched porter of those wretched stones he who thus opened was a si ht to see the flesh had so from his starting bones that like a living skeleton was he his breath was a mixed thing of and and old ere middle age he seemed to be eyed he was and with ache and fed by that swamp we have not room to go into any critical of the minor poems which fill out the volumes they are of every variety in form and subject though mostly of the kind called occasional poems among the best are the the lover s so a la and pale student many are written for music but they are not simple enough for that the ds should simply hint the theme if music is to develop it a tendency to too great of words is frequently apparent as for instance in the version of s the are beautifully and have the poetic tone but there is not always meaning enough in them he the form by to two separate of them s two one quoting authorities from to milton and the other the to the prison unto which we doom ourselves and which therefore no prison is there is a disposition to support the right side in some questions here and there as in the condemnation of war in the on we are sorry however that the author should have deemed it necessary to add an and note to prove his patriotic the great victor the duke of i we will end with a specimen of one style of in which our author is perhaps as successful as in any other the shortest day pile ye the fa ot heap is dead winter the in his stead faster and faster come and i winter your master is lord of the earth spread we the bid the he drawn twilight hath ceased and tis long to the hark to the rising hark to the hark to the shower hurled on the pane heap the hearth s splendour up hail to the if we render up and praise to the cold frozen one nature be thou our shortest or days i with a of glory as though in scorn of winter the up thy mom of brief ones thou a token ont rod of the tyrant is broken the team to the shed and the to the pen they know not the night wave is again but joy joy to pillows o children of men light s glorious are flowing again dash the torch and the and the dim lamp away through storm and through come life giving day joy s glance with morrow joyous shall be and the pale cheek of sorrow brighter for thee short and notice what a to thy earlier dawn and thy lingering eye t li t i lovely light i with thy heavenly ray shalt scatter the might of bleak winter away die te j these are words which none should more take to heart than those who undertake to rule the of nations the past year evinced their truth to nearly all the rulers of europe and foremost of all to that class of and the man whose name we have placed at the head of	37
these words was the g and adopted representative of the of this theory and has fallen as its victim with the rest theories and systems invented by men if they do not go hand in hand with the supreme law and system may apparently stand for a time but it is only to fall the deeper the idea of the historical development of nations is certainly beautiful to contemplate in the present and to trace in the past it the with a reverence and admiration greater than watching the development of the majestic oak from its living in the to the extended branches of the full grown tree to heaven but if a man would undertake to guide and the historical or development of the tree according to his own notion of the of growth he would soon see that his efforts were as ridiculous as that of the child we see trying to stop up a current with its hands the party in france and all the rest of europe under whatever name they may parade their wisdom were no wiser than such a man or such a child would be to trace the life of one of these men who took an important part in the affairs of europe is of interest in more than one respect it must be allowed that men of the greatest talent and learning belonged to this school of and more than this they behaved with energy perseverance and sagacity to and carry out their system for this purpose they able men without distinction of country or nation to work for their cause whilst we must admire and their zeal and exertions we cannot but infer from this very fact that their system was a short and june false one since it has failed and brought rain upon all in spite of the talent the energy and sagacity in its behalf the sketch of the life of which we give below translated from the german shows him to have been a man of talents of firmness of purpose and intelligent perseverance although we will not question his honesty in taking up the cause for which he labored still his of character is made questionable by the latter part of his career even if we make allowance for the helpless position in which he was placed through the overthrow of the throne of his patron louis to expect of character from a and seems almost to be a but there is yet a difference l shrewd management in public and double dealing to suit the personal interest of a man it is this last mentioned feature which we condemn in and which we think his life to a violent end and while we the s hand that committed the bloody deed we cannot but be reminded of the words of the poet ni for ill ever ready on the race jove all with balance steady among the and political whom the finger of has struck from the list of actors we behold the figure of an italian whose fate deserves our interest so much the more because talents and knowledge strength of character and good will indeed qualified this man to enter in these new upon a new and fruitful career having been an advocate and professor of law under the dominion of napoleon a respected professor and in the republic of after the july revolution a g of the french and of louis with the prospect of taking the part of a and finally an italian this character was on the point of recovering for the pope his power and through the art of of restoring to order the of italy when in the midst of and political the hired blow of a laid him low what of life what a strength and of character which came forth out of these phases in mind and body and with the capacity to undertake a new task i afterwards count and peer of france was bom on the th of july at in of parents he educated himself with extraordinary success to the learned studies and in the university at bo and n at the age of nineteen took the degree of doctor of laws and at the same time received the office of secretary to the general of the court at that place when a few years afterwards he was established as a lawyer he proved a very and successful advocate his knowledge and his love of the french law which at that time prevailed in the italian procured for him the of criminal law and at at the restoration in the new government gave him an office in the commission of the of however in his political sentiments still entirely to the former enlightened french and when in the following year took possession of the state he accepted from him the office of a civil in the conquered provinces this step was of course considered by the party of the restoration as a political so that upon the of abandoned his professor s chair and with many others of his countrymen sought for an asylum in without property and solely dependent upon himself he went from there to england to seek for a proper sphere of action but in he returned to where he gave private lectures on history law and political economy he wrote at the same time for the and with and the learned he the de de et d a work which was in because its would not submit to the of the holy alliance very soon gained the confidence and respect of the aristocracy his enemies have alleged this as a proof of his like character but s nature was quite suited to acquire influence in this circle without or on his part his grave simple but yet his enlightened in politics law administration and religion suited the quite well on whom the french of and great	37
influence in the year obtained the professor s chair of the roman and criminal law at the academy which gave him a more elevated position although his pecuniary circumstances were but slightly improved he married at the same time into a distinguished family of the city it was also at this that be wrote his trait de pi which was published at paris in and to the duke de who had various communications with and had in this way l acquainted with and learned to esteem him this work which was intended to be only the introduction to a comprehensive work explains with great clearness the gen principles of law according to an enlightened and system of it on securing the interest of society short and notices jane as well as that of the individual it as it still existed at that time in england and severe as was practised in but the right of capital punishment in a chapter which is instructive even now the right of capital punishment to a few cases and hopes that with the improved state of morals it may be stricken from the code about the year the respected professor received the right of of and was chosen into the great council of the republic where he soon gained influence through his extensive knowledge and his practical schemes of he pointed out although with great moderation the necessary both of the separate of the and of the compact itself it was also through his that made some to the constitutional principle at the time when the were before after the french revolution of when the political movements began to break out more violently also in and the insisted upon a thorough reform of the compact in favor of a greater union was sent by as her to the diet which was to attend to the of the here through his extensive knowledge as well as through the moderation with which he represented the policy of and the idea of he soon gained an extraordinary influence so that he was with making the report on the projected in the scheme which laid before the diet in the year and which is known in the political annals of by the name of with great forbearance he endeavoured to strengthen the his plan was adopted by the diet in december of had in his plan of proceeded from the existing relations of things and purposely avoided all radical interference with the individual interests of the separate the of the constitution upon the basis of this first step was to be left to the future notwithstanding this the law of met with the greatest opposition on the part of the small where the party exerted itself to the utmost to retain the old state of things the radical were likewise dissatisfied with the work of under these the law was submitted to the separate for and rejected by a majority of the people in consequence of the combined exertions of the the old aristocracy and the radical had through his labors at the diet learned to know his strength but at the same time contracted a decided aversion to the petty party which pervaded the life in and at that time this and the that his salary as professor at was hardly sufficient to secure a support for his young family induced him to think of obtaining another sphere of action being sent by the diet to paris to the affairs of the polish he came into intimate relations with the ministers and and he made use of this acquaintance to enter into the service of the french state both parties originally intended to secure for the professor only a french office of instruction as his views and education with the political principles of those men accordingly to france in the year and established himself at paris the intended to establish for its a of french constitutional law which was then not taught in the law school but saw more clearly than his what powerful obstacles a foreigner must meet with in this field and how much his success and the support of his family in general would be if the chamber in view of the intentions of the government should reject the establishment of this he therefore did not enter for the time upon this project he received however in august through the chair of the professor of political economy at the college de france which had become vacant through the death of say he was at the same time august although was perfectly able to do justice to his science and the office still there were also obstacles in his way which however he succeeded in by extraordinary perseverance and skill the name of his distinguished and bis manner of which had been rather attractive through its brilliancy than instructive had rendered the lecture room of political economy in the college de france the of a host of scientific who belonged but in part to the youth and derived nothing but a brilliant entertainment on the contrary who moreover had no talent for the science had to confine himself and this was to the great advantage of the object of instruction to the strict explanation of the scientific principles of his system nor was he able being a foreigner to lend charms to his subject through a vivid and brilliant style he explained the problems of political economy with great clearness and but he spoke after the italian fashion slowly and with a foreign accent the very first lectures the crowd of hearers had for ever vanished only about one hundred zealous students remained who were willing to be thoroughly instructed in this science by the able teacher among them were some men who have since distinguished themselves as practical and and who openly declare that s labors at the de france have pot this science upon a decidedly firm basis in france short	37
and notices had entered upon his office as teacher the appointed him a few months afterwards temporary of ck n law in the law school of paris if his in the college de france had excited the indignation of the of the government the opposition press now protested in full chorus against this second and the students were also drawn into this party strife nobody could dispute the capacity of for this new he was disliked only because he was a foreigner and the special of the the students alleged as a special reason his not having taken the degree in the university of paris numbers of students and others forced their way several times into the hall of the law school where the persecuted man and made such a tumult that the public authority had to interfere and the government was obliged in december to the lectures for some time it was only after several months that the patience and firmness of succeeded in obtaining an undisturbed hearing before the students and in course of time in securing at least in part even their attachment how ever it was not till the doth of november that an made his temporary appointment in the law school permanent a portion of his lectures on political economy in the de france was published from the notes taken by one of his hearers e under the title of d paris d ed proves himself by this work to be a and clever in the department of political economy he demands a free course for labor capital and trade respecting his views on the land rent he to but in his theory of population to this latter view is still more apparent in his other work the principles of the british introduction k i sur le de population de which is in the seventh part of the collection des in the year who had now gradually gained considerable respect among the scholars at paris was chosen member of the academy of moral and political and he received at the same time the de of his works in the academy a on the relations of political economy to the of the civil law is well known the warm of and as well as the writings which he had from time to time published in the des and other government organs had already procured for him the decided favor of the court louis saw in the and italian a man whom he might use for something greater than a teacher of the doctrine in when many were created was also ft npon the list and this elevation was to be only the to and notices tbe new career which the king himself intended to open for his the active influence of in the chamber of was probably very limited he spoke but a few times namely during the on the privilege and afterwards during the dispute regarding public instruction in short after having been created peer resigned the offices of in the law school and the college de france where succeeded him and instead of it he was at once admitted in into the council of state where he was at first assigned to the department of instruction and some time after to that of foreign it is indeed remarkable how soon in this position stood in the most confidential relation to the king and he must have penetrated into all the plans and designs of the court and have been consulted regarding them his frequent and personal intercourse with louis displeased even the and who began to fear and not without reason that the italian might sooner or later and him notwithstanding his relations to the court and to the notwithstanding his stiff and uninteresting external which still reminded one of and the party type of the men who had elevated him succeeded in putting himself in a tolerably good understanding with the other public parties and their tendencies the alone and rejected him called him a and similar names because he did not care to trouble himself about these people without a future but with the and he was not out of favor and was even praised several times in the national the opposition entertained the conviction that the and perseverance of the italian might perhaps lead to the and overthrow of the hated party and that according to several expressions made he concealed an opinion the development of which might one day his the did not look upon with eyes as citizen of and husband to a wife he had had his children educated in but in france the shrewd man caused his family to go over to during the dispute on the question between the university and clergy had spoken in the chamber of in such a manner that he did not offend in fact any party but to a certain degree satisfied them both the party already fancied that they saw in him a possible ally this extreme which displayed in the on and religious determined at last to make a decided use of the powers of his intending through his agency to make a final settlement of uie questions then between france and the ko vn short and june see and thus to restore peace between the two parties in the beginning of the year when the breach between the church and state showed itself more dangerous than ever was appointed minister extraordinary to rome it was given out that he was to conduct the at rome ad in place of the sick count the french at rome protested against it in vain likewise found him self quite severely treated by the appointment of which had been made without hi wishes and knowledge had selected for the post at rome count le who was acceptable to both the party of and that of the priests and he was already on his journey to paris from where he represented the	37
french interest when informed the minister that he himself should go to rome according to the will of the king actually entered upon his mission at the end of february he received an open commission to bring to a definite settlement with the dispute about the liberty instruction and the relation of french to the power of the state the latter point had reference to the of bishop which upon the province of the state at rome showed his italian character to its full extent he spoke like a native and succeeded in gaining confidence for himself it was however asserted that he would have effected nothing in spite of all this if he had not been aided by the storm and this was perhaps purposely excited which called forth in france by his speech in the chamber against the extension of the order of on french soil made a handle of it and succeeded in obtaining in this affair a concession it was doubtful and disputed at the beginning of july the french papers stated that the intelligence calmness and perseverance of had succeeded in concluding the of a treaty with the see according to which the society of was in france the houses of the order must be closed and the this pretended victory occurred at the same time with the now happily finished regarding the right of search with the cabinet at london and were made the most of by the court and government to gain favor with the public the national and the press of the government united in the talent of the and papers only from revenge pointed at the utter and even the disgrace of such a victory they declared that the government according to existing laws had already not only the right but also that it was their duty to the and that the made to rome for the of the order proved the weakness and want of of the government these papers maintained that short review and himself had not been able to obtain anything from the pope and only the general of the had from a consideration of the circumstances consented to the order in france for the time notwithstanding the dispute which at the same time took place about the talents and merits of his influence was more firmly established in france and in the world and every body was convinced that a as minister awaited the and firm italian at the hands of louis seemed to have broken with him but still he enjoyed the sincere favor of the due de in spite of the objections of the received in may a definite appointment being raised to the rank of at the and to that of a french count the death of xvi st of june the election of ix towards which he had contributed a great deal according to his own statement the reform movements and the new political which began with this election all these increased the importance of s position and the value which his mind had in the eyes of the king of the french and certainly none of the ministers of louis was so well fitted as he through the skill of to manage the so called of the master now at the right time to go onward and now at the decisive turning point to stop and without being noticed to take a new direction who at first boasted of having led the state upon the path of reform understood how to interfere with skill when the consequences of these first steps of ix were developed and to bring france nearer to the policy of adapted to the plan of louis brought upon him even then the hatred of the italian but besides this he gave the moderate counsels and succeeded in a court to delay its action in the this was indeed well adapted to the policy of peace and compromise but it did not at all satisfy the party although in these extremely intricate relations sustained his reputation as a subtle and extremely clever yet neither his art nor the general policy of louis could arrest the natural course of things in italy and in it has been said that had been selected by louis to take the part of a in france after the death of the king and at the head of the to guide his and the through the storm of internal was no doubt possessed of the and perseverance of that italian however it may be doubted whether these qualities would have been to the political of france at the present day the very fact that was a foreigner would have prevented him from being put at the head of short and june a french that had no firm hold either on the public opinion of france or on that of rome is shown by his total as soon as the in france was immediately the events of february be found himself deserted and unnoticed and was obliged to give way at once to d the of the republic what was now to be done whither was to go to undertake a new stage part that he might secure for a large family at rome the parties despised him there was no prospect of a career for him there he went to and came out of his an italian his received him gladly him elected him and we may perhaps believe it is true that the adventurer with sincerity the cause of his native country however the of and the return of the duke of soon drove him from his popular position he was obliged to flee back to rome where the parties his and his fate encountered his misfortune with all the perseverance and of his natural disposition he succeeded in winning the ear of the pope to whom he had so often given wise and through the press in presenting himself to	37
the people as the future minister as often as the helpless rulers of the state changed or were about to change one might read in the papers that was the man who could save the state out of the this was said when was put at the head of affairs and the same was repeated when the of was formed but nobody believed had been selected for that work on the contrary his exertions were in and in the mean time the of ix and the general distraction of increased from day to day in the state had dissolved the chamber which was to be called together again the financial distress was great entire prevailed in the provinces refused to interfere and restore order in the state the so called cried treachery openly threatened the overthrow of the government and demanded war with in this distress the pope sought help from the clergy and party acknowledged the great talent of the man and recollected that as minister of louis he had acted with success and moderation but the daily press attacked him with and the so called declared that the of would be fatal to the cause of liberty promised the pope to restore order in the state without force or foreign assist id to bring even italy out of the crisis by way of he openly that the independence and greatness be the only aim in his th of september the of came and notices into being himself took the department of the interior and then that of the police and a great power in the state but at the same time a still greater responsibility cardinal took the and foreign affairs cardinal instruction advocate justice professor the public works and the duke de ad the war department again the raised a cry about reaction because the clergy was again taking part in the administration however did not suffer himself to be disturbed he began in connection with his to the reins in all the branches of government and showed that the question was not about one sided reaction but about restoring order in order to trade the first measure was to the of the of money shortly after he enforced an old law respecting the freedom of exhibiting pictures by which he suppressed the great nuisance of towards the end of september he summoned the prince before him his conduct produced before him written proofs and dismissed him with menacing no doubt he had made thereby a mortal enemy an announced the establishment of lines as the of but it was supposed the principal object of it was to accomplish the purposes of the police other founded of political economy and in the at and rome the little bands of who had returned to rome after the at were sent to the north and east and the capital was provided with a garrison of troops of the line however induced the pope to the which had before been promised to the wounded and and to the families of the killed although the pope had given his declaration that the war against had been undertaken without his consent order to gain confidence with the called upon the and church to pay the sum of to the debts made by the liberal ministers for the cause of independence however could not deceive the who loudly demanded war against by this step nor by sending money to and calling upon the trading classes to furnish the government with articles of drums etc on the contrary the clergy became alarmed through this demand of money as they generally feared an attack on the part of the minister upon the extensive church property they voluntarily offered the payment of of in fifteen yearly but on condition that the property of the church should remain untouched but was too good an he knew that the property of the church amounted to of whilst the state debt was he received the proposition coldly and thereby his n against and n jane the church property he brought upon himself the hatred and enmity of the only party that had entertained hopes from his rule acted with great energy in clearing the provinces of the many and bands of thieves and who in the midst of had increased to an incredible extent and who did not suffer the people to rest one province after another was cleared by the about the end of october general took the department of war and he likewise tried to introduce and r into the army and military administration in the mean time bands of had collected on the northern boundary and on their own account threatened to commence war with at the of all public authority continually became more and more complete hastened to the scene of the in the night of the sixth of november made search for the arms hidden in the houses at and threatened the people with military law these measures called forth the bitterest feelings among the and who had been excited by the tidings of the events at they believed that who himself was earnestly engaged in the body of intended to the people in order to deliver them into slavery the that the minister was treating with and gave reason for the supposition that he had engaged through a plot of the cabinet to betray and the general exertions of italy for freedom the ne press at rome pretended that it knew of an alliance even with russia and in the the most violent and numerous club of the people at rome they spoke of the son of italy in this state of feeling the chamber was to be on the th of november was indifferent to what was going on because through his and regular troops he felt himself strong against the and knew full well that the and multitude were only wrought up by a few a few days before	37
the opening of the chamber the representative abused him in the and in the journal in a manner which had heretofore been unheard of in rome according to his statement was said to be still in communication with and and the of the minister from rome to have taken this mission upon himself and faithfully discharged the same he was charged with the number of seats in the public gallery of the chamber of from one thousand to a hundred and this was certainly the fact he was accused of provoking for the purpose of putting rome and the country in a state of siege on the th of november four hundred marched from the country into rome and the minister passed them in review short and notices on the following day in the closed of the troops to remain faithful to the pope this was likewise done with the police soldiers on the same there appeared an article in the official de in which the public at least thought that the chamber of and the national exertions were laughed no doubt attack of the government upon the chamber of was very unwise the article together with the charges made by and the appearance of the increased the of the and astounded even the more intelligent the assembled and protested against the troops being drawn together a general distrust of took possession of the public mind those also who had heretofore been on the side of the ministers resolved in consequence of that article to strengthen the ranks of the opposition it was intended to compel to retire by withdrawing the support of the chambers from the government which was now feared hated or at least suspected by all however the minister retained his self confidence he had the conviction that he should overcome the distrust of the chamber through the development of his policy and through his personal obtain a majority the opening of the chamber was looked forward to with the greatest anxiety on the th of november was informed of a plot he paid no attention to it the chamber assembled at the appointed hour about one o clock on the th of november in the palace of the in a t of the upper story to which a staircase led from the court at this same hour left the pope and drove a few minutes afterwards into the court of the where the people received him with and he alighted smiled at this demonstration and went swinging his gloves towards the staircase which was filled with about thirty young men belonging to the corps of the when reached the stairs a passage was opened for him but already on the first steps he was pushed one side one of those that pushed gave him a violent blow upon the shoulder raised his hand by this movement his neck was laid bare end extended at this moment he received two with a dagger in his neck he covered the wounds with his pocket handkerchief ascended quietly a few more steps and said to his companion the substitute of the department it nothing suddenly however he sat down powerless his servant carried him into the upper story and placed him in an chamber of the cardinal where after breathing for a few minutes longer he expired several guards who were on duty before the chamber were witnesses of the proceeding from the top of the stairs but did not interfere the withdrew slowly without any the people received short and notice june the news of this event and the chamber oi in which the places on the right were vacant with a few exceptions did not suffer itself to be disturbed bj the news of the of the minister in the reading of the record of the last in august the having been called the president declared that no was present for the transaction of ness and all withdrew in silence the who struck the blow at the of a formed a few days before was named it was said thai he was paid for the deed great fell upon the nobody troubled himself however to pursue the the was dissolved and the of the police of the city withdrew at first it appeared as if the would content themselves with the as of a revolution had not been prepared quickly spread by the called for a demonstration in the evening against the party and then the tumult followed which led on the following day to the attack upon the and to the popular of on the evening of the th ix fled from rome to and from thence to the french took care of the family of his wife children and brothers who had lost their only a portion of the italian press expressed any horror at the crime or lamented the loss of the man to national cause the other papers this deed with religious and theatrical phrases and praised it as a victory of the good cause of the nation the deed was done exactly upon the spot where was slain said the within a few months after this deed the was spread abroad that the murderer of had fallen by the same hand which paid him the price of blood because it was feared he would disclose hit qui na etc to and site ad etc hat to l and two new from the of i fond for the publication of documents relative to ancient history the first the or is an old and code of laws published there dot the oldest however for the gray goose which it succeeded had been in force in the shape in which we now have it for about a century and a half the publication of the marks an important epoch in the history of the epoch namely when the country exhausted by the everlasting of the petty among whom the island was out fell into	37
the power of the old of the ancient which had flourished for years had become no longer indeed the were still all equal before the law but there had grown up around each of the larger a crew of whose enabled him to set the laws at defiance the ancient code tender of personal liberty could do nothing in the last extremity but withdraw its protection from the but if strong in the protection of his and secure in his own district he laughed at the of the in this state of things the stem by the ties of commerce or of a common danger from without which in modem times and in other countries have bound men together secure in its remote and icy home and encouraged still farther by the tendency of a life received an extreme development inconsistent with civil order every principle of being destroyed the body fell to pieces not from an overwhelming force from without bat from an the name accordingly if not derived as we might conjecture from the binding of the book as has been supposed in the case of the gray goose probably not any particular severity for nothing of the kind appears of the code but only the of the haughty at the first taste of a strong central their old laws only regulated the practice of private revenge thus a murderer was to by the nearest relation of the slain the inevitable law that whatsoever does not govern itself must be ruled from without that within or without a central principle must exist and govern this law universal in the material and in the spiritual world did not admit of an exception here life for life says the law could not as yet give for only the could be punished in life or limb every judgment between free men was only a compromise the law could do nothing except to fix legal forms for this but now they heard for the first time that god has ordained two visible ministers of his divine religion and sacred law that they should cause the good to enjoy justice but should correct and punish the evil of these one is the king the other the bishop the king is by god appointed to the civil command to manage civil affairs the bishop to the spiritual to things spiritual short and june henceforth the was to be bj the kin i attorney who was to have the sentence executed and part of the moreover although some of the of this code were taken from the gray goose yet by far the larger part is a mere of the laws and thus doubtless appeared more oppressive merely from being new and foreign the from the first made a great deal of complaint about it and it was in fact in about ten years probably rather on account of for it is very and evidently a hasty production than for any change of in the government since the which took its place and which is still mostly in force is we believe not mon favorable to popular rights noticeable features on a hasty perusal are the development of the jury of sworn men of the t tar which is here used more frequently and for causes of less moment and moreover for the of in civil actions as well as for criminal cases a for recovering costs in an action of debt he shall have six for the trouble of getting his due a to give it to a married woman for goods unless her husband have sent her to the ship or into the market to buy for the need of both it being the custom of the country for the put up on the beach and sell from their ships provisions are made against thus one who under people s cows to drink their milk is out of the protection of the law and so if one shall go into a man s garden or his garden though he be beaten or the clothes taken off from him nevertheless an exception is made in the case of extreme want none of us shall steal from another but this is to be observed that if a man steal meat being unable to earn his and thus help out his life for hunger s sake this is a which should by no means be punished it is remarkable by the bye that the long before this had provisions for the support of the helplessly poor those men who persist in coming into companies of men of him who gives the feast and sit there although they be roughly cast out or in are half right men can recover but half and shall pay three marks to the king this is so provided since many good men have harm and danger from their insolence from a in the law of it would seem that the were the first whale if a dart be found in a whale he shall keep the iron who dwells nearest although by no means so ancient as many of the northern the contains many of those sentences which always a high antiquity for instance this inn it views and provision against fish in their ascent of rivers free gate to god s to the or to the and this in an exception to a of for in salt a suit when the are competent elsewhere the fence is a among neighbours the second in the annals of from a d to it is very much like the saxon chronicle a fact record kept probably at some or at all events by as is shown by the scraps of latin and the attention to news in the church its contents are thus up by the editor in the preface the deaths journeys and changes in office of judges and other public natural events some common to many	37
lands such as of the sun and moon others peculiar to this land as severe or mild of grain among men and animals matters concerning foreign commerce as the departure and arrival of vessels and events in life or of the common religion as crimes and dreams of ghosts and such like on the first pages mention is made of a king arthur to whom as well as to the origin of the jury of twelve men is ascribed and many other miscellaneous exploits some historical some here related the story of his unsuccessful expedition against king or of scotland in the year in which he was taken prisoner and thrown into a where he was destroyed by bearing his fate with invincible saying only in allusion to his sons at home the young pigs would if they knew the fate of the the news being brought to the sons the did not stop playing snake eye who was carving his spear handle drove the spear head through his foot without observing it was playing at he grasped the die with such force that the blood burst from his hand then collecting their forces they took signal revenge for the death of their father another theme is the gradual introduction of christianity about a d how the bishop put on hot iron without whereupon multitudes were and the fiery ordeal for the in the old faith however still lingered for a long time in comers of the land in particular the were hard to from secret sacrifices and the eating of horse and both continued to be practised as the laws also though for the of the romance de and of the short and june is a frequently item not many pages are without cases of it towards the middle of the century we observe the advances of afterwards the king s lieutenant comes over and receives a command in the northern parts what he did to make himself unless his being in the interest was known or suspected is not but at all events after the genuine mode of his house is surrounded and set on fire and his wife his three sons and twenty five other persons burned he himself narrowly escaping into a butt of in the thereupon he goes to again bat soon returns with the title of doubtless a for losses in the royal service soon afterwards the is acknowledged in the of one district after another great numbers of men and of cattle die of after hard when the are deep for he cattle are kept out all winter or in cold when the hay crop fails the small appears several times first in in king sends one to to seek the new land urn in it is recorded that the attacked the and eighteen and took two boys as slaves several of as in when the roofs of were broken by the stones and ashes fell so thick that it was never darker of a winter s night and this for two days in the bishop put up the first stove that had been seen in and which is mentioned afterwards with respect in the annals the in general were good to the poor and in all things upright and useful men bishop however was an exception he excited the ire of the people by heavy and unusual till they could bear it no longer and so drove him off to and the other bishop going off too was for a while without any bishop towards the beginning of the century we find numbers of english on the coast in twenty five of their vessels were wrecked in one storm on one occasion some of them being in want of provisions went ashore somewhere in the northern part of the island and the people not being at home they helped them selves to what they needed but the chronicle remembers to add they left the money for it and notices the of faith by j a m a fellow of college oxford ft ti y oi k hi tp xi t london mo the author of this work is the son of now living at and brother of the late mr one of the early followers of dr whose remains became so distinguished a few years ago the present is quite a remarkable work especially when we consider the and position of the author we knew the sons of were not against or even at any office in the church but we had thought that there was one spot yet dry and untouched by the flood of which in this country so wide that spot we thought was at oxford and the and most part thereof was occupied by the of oxford but alas the dove sent forth from the ark of the catholic church will find no resting place for the sole of her foot we fear and must return to the hand if the tory of oxford becoming nests for hardly be saved where shall the schools and of new england appear well may each exclaim turn such is the of men so powerful is still the old adam in young blood that not even the luxurious at oxford keep men from there was the rich of the church green and blooming in the close of college defended by a venerable gate with thirty nine bars yet this was not enough such is the of human nature the fellow of has broken college and the venerable gate thirty nine bars though it counted alas there is no more for him at least none in the meadows of oxford so offensive is this unlucky work that the author has been deprived of his nay he had been appointed professor we know not of what in a college at but the appointment is by order of the queen as we are told the newspapers announce that the work	37
has been and publicly burned with fire at oxford this we hold to be short and june for we think the grave men at oxford know that in burning a book nowadays other things are likely to take fire to buy a book that is printed at row and burn it at oxford in these days is a piece of wit no more alarming to authors and than it would be to buy printed at and bum them with fire it makes the better market for the rest most men like the smell of a burnt book but let us return to the work of mr is the hero of the tale he relates his own history for some time to his friend arthur has left the university his father a plain man of a few good rules with no scruples about what every body does and believes a little thick in the head perhaps but sensitive enough in the heart wishes the son to choose a profession the three black graces alternately present their charms to him but he cannot get the apple delivered he always meant to be a clergyman he has a high idea of the profession and says i cannot understand as a body are so they who through all their waking hours ought to have for their one thought the deepest and most absorbing interests of humanity it is the of making it a profession a road to get on upon to succeed in life npon the base stain is apparent in their very language too sad an index or what they are their what is it to the two sunday services for a little one of them will undertake the other s duty for him and what do they all aim at getting not of souls but something which will keep their wretched bodies living in the comforts they have found indispensable what business have they any one of them with a thought of what becomes of their poor wretched selves at all not than one in fifty takes orders who has a chance in any other line but there is this one in each fifty and so noble some of those are that they are not only enough for the salt of their class but for the salt of the world too men who do indeed spend their lives among the poor and the suffering who go down and are content to make a home in those rivers of wretchedness that run below the surface of this modem society asking nothing but to shed their lives to pour one drop of sweetness into that bitter stream of injustice oh arthur what men they arc what a duty that might be i think if it is true what they say who profit by this modem system if there is indeed no help for it and an ever increasing multitude of human beings must drag on their wretched years in toil and suffering that a few may be idle and enjoy if there be no hope for them if to morrow must be as to and they are to live but to labor and when their strength is spent are but to out an old age on a public charity which what it if this be indeed the lot which by an decree it has pleased providence to stamp upon the huge majority of mankind the highest privilege which could be given to any one of us is to be allowed to sacrifice himself to them to teach them to hope for a more just hereafter and to make their present more able by raising their minds to endure it i have but one comfort in thinking of the poor and that is that we get somehow adjusted to the condition in whidi we grow up and we do not miss the absence of what we have never enjoyed they do not wear out faster at least not much faster than the better favored that is if you may reckon up life by years and if such as we leave them may be called life oh what a clergy man might do i to have them all for an hour at least each week collected to be taught by him really to listen if he short and notice will take the trouble to them and to learn what thej require to be told how sick one is of all sermons such as they are i why will men go on over and again the old withered straw that was out centuries ago when every field is waving with fresh quite other crops waving for their hand is it or folly what is it but he cannot be a clergyman arthur before i can be made a clergyman i must declare that i believe all the writings of the old testament f and i cannot what does it mean ly believe it all i suppose we are to believe that all those books were written by men immediately inspired b god to write them because he thought them good for the education of that whatever is told in those books as a fact is a real fact and that the and were composed under the of the holy spirit if there were no difficulties but these and only my reason were perplexed i could easily school my reason i could tell myself that god his revelations to the existing condition of mankind and wrote in their language but arthur bear with me and at least hear me though my head may deceive me my heart cannot i will not i must not believe the all just all merciful god can be such a being as i find him there described he he to have created mankind liable to fall to have laid them in the way of a temptation which he knew they would fall and then curse them	37
a by wai boston mo af m ii k th with k this is a work as are all mr s it makes the same as a beautiful picture t simple life men women and in the midst of nature where nothing is crowded but all things are and together the work is rich in quiet humour in simple and natural descriptions the characters seem living persons mr mr and his old white horse that for so years had stamped and the tops of so many posts and imagined he killed so many flies because he the stump of a tail and had a very fling to his hind legs and miss who though possessing a talent for matrimony which amounted almost to genius these and indeed all the characters in the work from mr the butcher standing beside his cart and surrounded by five cats to mr himself studying preaching and in the sweet natural way are with such fidelity to nature that the reader thinks them real persons who really live in some actual ow mr h is a gentleman that every body remembers there are little in the work as in most of the works of this accomplished and graceful author a little confusion in the natural history which we should not expect in so nice an observer of human life still we should say this is perhaps the most pleasing of all mr s productions i we had not said the same of several others as they appeared the general effect of this and indeed of all his works is quiet and soothing he the reader with tenderness with with love of beauty and with love of god von s boston vo vol i to vl alexander yon has undertaken to the works of his deceased brother which have hitherto been scattered in quarters of the literary world and therefore he says of them the fragments collected together in these volumes belong to a numerous and wide circle of ideas they are philosophical which have been made at various times and under the varying impulses of great events in the life of the nations they to as the man in all the of his majestic mind and spiritual power the confirmed in his fm style of thought at the same time by a profound knowledge of greek and indian antiquity and by a serious and penetrating insight into the connections oi modem events in the history of the world in these volumes is shown a peculiar greatness which does not proceed from intellectual qualities alone but more immediately from greatness of character from a mind short and notices june limited by the present times and from an depth of sentiment the most important works are a translation of of two of on the of language and of works ancient and modem one volume is mainly filled with his celebrated criticism on s and each volume contains several pieces of poetry many of which especially the are now published for the first time the life of with from his correspondence by h ac a london mo xii and this work has been apparently brought out by the events of the past year which have again turned the eyes of men towards the figure of the author his information from uie well known histories of the french revolution special histories of from an article in the and another in the british and foreign review and from some letters of his hero furnished by m louis the work to judge from the matter and the form seems hastily written it contains much valuable matter but is by no means an adequate biography of though perhaps the best we have il discourse delivered before island historical society on the evening of february st by washington c x published at the request of the society providence vo mb is well known as an accomplished and elegant scholar who filled the office of american at rome for several years some articles from his pen did honor to one of the most important in america in this he offers a slight sketch of the progress of historical science in connection with the progress of society he says in the earliest history seems little more than a mere of events but not the less gives the outlines of the picture of the s own age soon history from to and monuments from poetry to and embraces more at last it becomes a grand art which individuals and jet preserves to us the characteristics of the great races of men the is written in the large and humane spirit of one familiar with books familiar also with men of various nations and races we have space but for a single extract all the historian s inquiries are attempts to those in the social and political condition of former times which are the chief object of attention in his own his silence even often goes farther than the most labored paragraph as when we are told that only a single perished in the second sack of rome and ask what the of that age never ht of bat where were the people the farther therefore that is advanced the more important becomes the office of the historian the wider the field of general knowledge the more extensive the ran e of philosophical inquiry by so the more is his sphere enlarged and his increased the curiosity which in one age rests satisfied with a simple narrative of events demands in another an of their causes and their results and extending by degrees from minute details to general views from to philosophic arrives at last at the production of a living picture of society in all its varied forms and a of the great spirit of humanity which and gives life to them all sketch of a physical description	37
of the universe by alexander von c c c translated under the of col c c seventh edition london mo and and and c translated from the german bj e c c c london mo and here we have two of the celebrated book of von when the original is completed we intend to offer our readers a review of this magnificent work at present we wish to speak only of the two rival they are both made by ladies no is called the english translation having received it is said the of the author himself the state that it was undertaken at m de s express desire and that he himself read over the proof sheets of the first volume of the second to page after which they were read by this statement we fear must be taken as men take the statement of an with a grain of allowance it is certainly not probable that so busy a man as von much time in looking over proof sheets even of his own short and june works an of this will leave it that he saw all the sheets of the first volume in the original vol l p there is a paragraph which begins in this manner the meaning apparently the histories respecting the ancient seat the cradle the human race so called have in fact a character purely he then a very long passage from a ms work of his late brother on the of languages and nations to his own statement the whole passage is omitted in no and the reader is not of the fact the reason is obvious von s statement does not agree with the popular of england now this is downright and we confess we are amazed that col and mr should be guilty of such an upon the public the translation in general is at best but a poor one the author s meaning is obscured by the writer sometimes it is impossible to ascertain it sometimes there is no meaning left which we can discover and sometimes an opinion just opposite to the original is put before us no appears to be a translation of the whole work miss has in general succeeded much better than her but sometimes she the author s meaning where mrs had seen and preserved it sometimes she and a sentence by giving a and not an exact version but on the whole her translation is far better than mrs s and is sufficiently literal still we think it unfortunate that so valuable a work requiring not merely a knowledge of the german language but also an acquaintance with the treated of in the work should not have found some person of high scientific to render it into english the gospel of labor a poem delivered before the library association on the occasion of their twenty ninth february by a j h dug anne an member boston vo a man speaks because he has something to say sometimes because he has to say something poems are written by men of the latter class but this seems to come from a man who speaks because he has something to say the substance is more perfect than the form the author sometimes struggles with his material and cannot mould and master and the day into which he has breathed the breath of life he speaks of the dignity of labor man when from thought himself for ever the poet thinks that was the best thing which could have happened to him the and the and the flowers were hidden in a solitary and adam s was that he saw them not nature with s loveliness was bat all was gloom to man s thought toil was not his the eternal s plan in mystery was the good of man paradise was earth s adam shared its peace that he for earth might be prepared man was first placed in s to learn the of joy that he toil might earn then from its the eternal led him forth to that heaven from golden earth god is at work and m heart of mm i t again he do we tread the of and our feet are led through egypt s the beneath whose rocky slumber a nation s dead with awe we mark the pillars of what was once the s with fear we the crumbling stone of rome s dread her pride her we dream not that those of old a lesson may our blind souls hare never what ruin s damp and hand hath writ upon each wall a lesson like the in doomed s hall those rains as they speak amid the shadowy years like samuel unto each stone hath voice as if within the wall a multitude of were hid behold they behold these pile are stones o the people of the the masses by whose sweat and bloody toils all were walls i are the of thou who have no those ruins teach u l have writ their name upon those and deemed and june as each why u it that nor king nor claims the homage which their works inspire why is it that we gaze perchance admire yet not of the long forgotten whose even in can it is because the soul which was in him who built hath passed into his work it is because the eternal life which had been his was trodden out hy from soul and limb that with it thej might build these monuments to their own glory human soul and sense was sacrificed to matter and stones became instead of men the of a nation s fame of men were melted into brass for crushed to day that might through her short day o had these of souls	37
this mass of living labor been together i had one great mental monument been then had thai rescued and united whole creation with a human soul nations are built of men the mighty frame of that huge skeleton a state govern we it with priest or is the same bones flesh and mood of human kind together and made one by that tremendous charm the mind and ruled if ruin it would by one great bond of brotherhood swayed for one object human good poems by t fields boston ma and this volume contains twenty nine poetical pieces we have room only for the following extract which speaks for itself in thb this cottage door this gentle gale hay scented whispering round yon path side rose that down the breathes incense from the ground should from the invite a thankful heart to god review and bat lord the bending low seems better moved to praise from os what scanty blessings flow how dose our days father ve ns and the flowers shan lead m prayer the hours to the church new york a pastoral the to the of church new york mo this is a pastoral letter from the samuel l to his flock we are acquainted with the author only by means of this little he seems to be a serious earnest man desirous of the spiritual welfare of his but it is written in the spirit of the catholic clergy in the times of saint at the first glance over these pages a liberal and intelligent man will naturally smile at the pretensions to authority set forth by the of church but soon a sincere man becomes sad at the sight of such pretensions in america and the middle of the nineteenth century especially when he remembers that there are thousands who will probably yield willing necks to this he says the are not ours ton should look on the as appointed to over and teach yon to preach the gospel as this hath the same and yon the means of grace not as agents of man or your agents hut not hired speak against them without if differ from your in be content to differ without words all yon can of profit from their and be still if they in judgment pray for while you remain in a parish cause a division of the people and always remember that more must be yielded to the judgment of your than is due to your own it is their province and theirs is the responsibility the of the and the people in spiritual things is nearer than any relation on earth there is no tie so near of friendship or of blood from parish to parish are to be avoided if possible never change whim or caprice never altogether from taste in changing your residence have an eye to to a church before all things but health and as a general rule go to the church which is nearest always unless from a conscientious excuse attend service and worship in own parish church bt with the services then they will be enough for your soul more than you will improve if you fancy yon need of nourishment than you receive apply to your but never stray off to seek it tou know your own pastures but you may eat elsewhere shepherd whoever in the providence of god he may oe is the shepherd r you ears are one of the heaviest judgments of god and mere curiosity in religious may be a sin sheep who wander from review and june pasture to will be cared by none and mm t wolf in the way never marry one to whom you may be related nearer than ihe fifth degree never marry the relations of a deceased wife in de nearer than yon are you should never marry the faith i e the faith of the church a woman who becomes subject to the law of ner husband who may keep her away from the church better never to marry than make of the faith i e of the belief of the al church use hospitality be careful to entertain strangers and the of god a clergyman l e of the church should never be left at an inn a letter of the celebrated john foster to a young minister on the duration of future punishment an introduction and notes j consisting chiefly of from writers and an earnest appeal to the american tract society in regard to the of its boston the author is apparently an able scholar and writes with the style of a serious and thoughtful man who feels that his words will have effect as thej certainly have weight he shows in the first place that men otherwise that is more or le do not believe the doctrine of eternal he then addresses the american tract society and justly that body for books which the doctrine in its most odious form he shows the power of the society by telling of the number of its the society have issued more than one hundred millions of books and tracts of s alarm copies s saint k rest and s rise and progress of religion each of s call to the and in some efforts of late to supply our lam cities volumes were in boston in s c in philadelphia and vicinity in boston nearly gentlemen hy voluntary effort about volumes on sale for which they received in and haven about volumes each were in providence r i were sold in n y in philadelphia m s c including sets of the family library to and in and volumes each more than two hundred pious are employed by the society in conveying to the homes of the people from small m the society s operations increased till in the year its	37
for books sold and were more than more half a million of books and millions of tracts were and including students for were in commission m states for the whole or part of the of them among the german french irish and population visited families or a twentieth part of our entire short and a society must be dangerous to the welfare of the great mass of persons who read its works the society thus states the agreement of all the great family of the there is a agreement among all regarding the of the bible however thej may differ as to philosophy and order and uie doctrines of man s native um and of the law of god the and proper divinity of oar lord christ the necessity and reality of his and sacrifice the of the holy in the work of the free and offers of the gospel and the duty of man to accept it the necessity of and state of rewards and beyond the grave and related truths are loved alike by the great of the of every name and nation the author of the character of the works published by the society descriptions of torment and images of pain have been multiplied and combined as it were in an infernal scope so as to present images of picturesque and horror the publication on so large a scale of books like s saint s rest s alarm and the like must be regarded as a national calamity we could wish that such large resources and such skill in their management as belong to this society were devoted to a better purpose human life illustrated in my individual experience as a child a youth and a man by mo boston marsh this book is the work of a true and earnest man who has a dear idea of the purpose for which he was placed in this worlds and who has devoted himself heartily to its accomplishment engaged in agricultural and mechanical labor with scarcely any opportunities for book learning until the age of twenty he then began a course of education for the on entering the at he determined to take nothing for granted as true or false right or wrong but to doubt on all subjects every thing which he should find to rest solely on authority or to which he could find a reasonable and objection guided by this principle he entered upon a course of and study and soon found himself driven to conclusions widely different not only from but from the popular opinions in business literature and politics religion and morality he seems ever since short and to have continued to this idea motto is for men not men for institutions he regards to men as the true service or worship of god and sets at all customs laws and which examination shows to be at with the rights or the welfare of mankind the book is intensely interesting for the same reasons which make the lives of and of white interesting yet this man is very different from them and his book from their books his style is direct and energetic yet at the same time and he seeks to know god and man from no investigation and from no conclusion and makes the use of all materials himself included in this knowledge a year hence he promises a second volume oo sermons of the moral and spiritual condition of boston by c c c boston mo in the first sermon the author considers the actual state of morals in boston as indicated by trade and the press by poverty and crime he the morals of the present with former ages and what can be done to improve the morals of the city in the second sermon he finds that religion is in a low condition in boston but in a better state than ever before he examples to prove that the present complaint of the decline of piety is not new but began as early as and has been regularly continued till the present time we give below an extract from a sermon of dr increase to the same purpose i know there is a blessed day to the visible church not far off but it is the of very learned men that in the glorious times promised to the church on earth america will be hell and there is a number of the elect of god to be bom here i am verily afraid that in process of time new england will be the place in all america as some other parts of the once famous for religion are now the on earth pictures and of when we see this little academy college air increase was president thereof and preaching in the college to the ground then know it is a thing which i to bring npon this land new received two the kingdom of the the of by a j scott m a london s o letters on the development of religious life in the modem christian church to be completed in six monthly parts by henry part l part ii london mo ii and a letter to the president of college by a member of the boston vo a plea for showing that the university at cambridge was not the name established for this by the constitution of m but the name by that instrument was university by an boston vo to our country s glory a discourse delivered at the annual election wednesday january th by john pierce d d ac c boston vo philosophy of space and time by g a m d r i mo and a discourse preached at mass by a d a yo of the independent christian society vo the claims of an address delivered at the annual meeting of the new port society by rev john c ac boston mo a review of the bishop	37
of oxford s counsel to the american clergy with reference to the institution of slavery also remarks on the relation of the to the interests of the colored class by rev philip c c mo of with an on the development of by edward c c boston vo catalogue of the pictures of the old masters with a list of the at the gallery of building d edition new york vo the law of human an delivered before the of union college july th by charles c c boston an inquiry into the alleged tendency of the separation of one from the other to produce disease and by a citizen of philadelphia vo p of essays upon art c c new york vo an address to the north association of ministers by j p minister of the first church milton mass with on the rule of faith the inspiration of the and the church boston wm h p mo a correct apprehension of god essential to true worship or a view of the as it stands connected with the whole gospel scheme by rev j n c c boston pictures and painters essays upon art the old masters and modem artists new york mo poems by james t fields boston mo and the soul her sorrows and her aspirations an essay towards the natural history of the soul as the true basis of by francis william c ac london mo xii and new received june the of medicine and mental bj m d vol i london vo and to it is a i on the diseases of children with regard to their early and treatment by walter c esq c c london vo a week on the and by henry d boston mo ten on by joseph henry of the d c church washington d c boston mo tin and und der von vo die too j h von c c and die von und von to and yo september l the i i t of ni f fun a k br ae f i ri f ir j x art fee af ar u rf l a i r of r r t l e li l ac cr if i ol rf war tut i a r r re i v t b r l a the of impression of their essential upon a number of minds in europe and america such an impression is not by any means a scientific conviction but it may possibly be the shadow and prophecy of some future demonstration for our own parts we have no wish that such things as should turn out to be true but we shall not wonder if they do such an event indeed would be a grand and surprise it would shake our wine of thought upon its r would our too solid theories to their little it would force us to think anew like all good news at all deserving of the name it would sound a in our dull ears and we should perhaps awake not only to subdue the new to the of the intellect but to lay a grasp upon the whole domain of nature it is at the same time a matter of indifference to us whether the school of ever do mankind so great a service or not for is rich and one array of and imperious new facts will serve the purpose as well as another suppose however for the sake of scientific sport as we have said already that those fond are really destined to triumph over the enormous difficulties that withstand them suppose that they shall make good their four or five apparently points of fact at some more or less distant day let us imagine that the statements which are every day at present by the in animal in the impatient hearing of science are actually and facts and not a horrid of truth and error and courage and in that case our position in nature were somewhat and would require to be altered a little for it should then us to find a new centre from which we might see the strange new facts to be neither eccentric nor strange but as harmonious as the and as homely as our daily bread that which we at present propose to do then is to find that right centre within our sphere of surrounding facts supposed to be altered by the admission of a whole of questionable new ones it is an imaginary problem that is now proposed for solution and it is to be solved for the sake of the intellectual exercise we are in short to suppose that is true in all its commonly received and then to explain it we are to an which shall include the wonderful statements of the in its ample the of folds we are to find some principle or other which ve and unity to all the which have been recorded about double consciousness and since it is quite possible that they are really matters of fact after all the chief temptation to this somewhat enterprise is not by any means the still less lawful hope of being ready beforehand for the wildest possibilities of science nor yet is it the love of an opportunity for the illustration of the laws of according to which a or truly scientific guess should be constructed it is undertaken mainly if not solely for the sake of allowing our minds to themselves a little while upon the or tops of solid though sky piercing science the pure keen air of these regions in their place but in their temperature away the of that atmosphere in which we are content to toil at the of fact and it will brace us for another day of work these figures of speech however remind us that just because this is a summer evening s it must not	37
be too much prolonged for our great is jealous of the and he cannot the self in his forests or on his let us then ourselves at once sally forth with footsteps firm and swift and return before the twilight has melted around us into night it must be remembered on the threshold of course that there has already been offered an in explanation of the simple or completed trance a phenomenon which has been accepted as that brought the trance under the same idea as is by sun and planet and and copper by the poles of the the circle and the battery by unity and and so forth in order to therefore it is necessary to carry the same law into the region of those higher phenomena of which we are now to discuss as if they were natural the which we may now invent for their and must consist either in a proposition directly from the law of or in a composition between that law and some other one else we shall be guilty of the of an in or couple of in this our imaginary domain the charitable reader must understand once for all that throughout these few the cf pages we shall to treat of commonly so called from that point of view which is occupied by the understanding or judgment according to sense it is not indeed our custom to contemplate the world of sensations from that position but the doctrine concerning these wondrous shows which is dictated by the spirit of the passing times is good enough for our present purposes gratefully ourselves of the language of the philosophy as being both a convenient and an admirable we proceed to remind ourselves of a few well known in natural science and that by way of premises to a subsequent argument i every phenomenon that is to say every change that is to say again every movement in any one part of the sensible universe is followed by an series of phenomena in every other part of that universe all proceeding from the original nature is so full as to be incapable of holding another more and all her hosts of are so together that the of one of them would leave her loose the removal of a single from the world would alter its centre of gravity and the shock would be felt by every separate part and as well as by the whole all things their to one another the creaking of my table the scratching of my pen the running of my ink the thrill of my manual nerves and muscles the of my brain in thinking this very thought are all from the centre of the planet beyond as well as from the intimate recesses of the bodily organization of the at paris if we could only hear the echoes the vault of heaven is one vast whispering gallery but only for other ears than ours enough for us that we can the secret with the organ of the mind and that there is no illusion in the case as there certainly is not the proposition now under consideration has never been disputed at least since it was aright it has long been one of the of science it was a favorite thought with the prince of modem has with friendly eloquence upon this universal relationship and of things in his ninth so in fact this law of universal and unlimited action and reaction is one of the most although also one of the simplest of the revelations of physical science and it is all the more the of profoundly interesting that it is the bodily tion and symbol of another law still more interior and humane as well as still more and divine ii the same of is repeated within the of the of man in fact it ia then and there alone that it is properly sympathy the nervous system is a sort of bodily soul diffused through and of the body of the animal form the of tlie human person or mask from the of the brain to the with all its and hairs was held in reverence by the pious of a age as the standing over against as well as within the a little world within the large the beauty of the universe in miniature for it was not long till men once their eyes were effectually opened on the outward world perceived man is an and illuminated version of all the powers of nature the minded of a far earlier epoch had seen still deeper and discovered his soul to be the express image of god it is accordingly easy to understand the doubled insight with which a divine like henry more observed in the twilight of ancient philosophy and modem science that the personality of man is of the the law of inevitable of movement is as among the parts of the universe of the human frame then as it is among the members of the that hundred handed that of antique fable a sensation or any movement ordinarily followed by a perceptible sensation in or at one nerve is shed through every part of the system it is a curious and beautiful although also a circumstance of this sympathy that each nerve receives the shock in another one in its own intimate nature and or or it through its proper function a sudden pang of agony in the tongue is seen by the eye heard by the ear and so forth the things which limit and obscure the perception of such sensations in actual life will be considered under another head in the meantime it is to be particularly noticed that apart from those circumstances of in the animal frame every single portion of the must suffer the influence or rather the from an original movement in any the of other portion to pass on in the endless journey through the	37
pathway of its least and most individual property it is the same throughout the whole of nature a phenomenon originated anywhere is carried round the universe by a through its by a plant through its by an through its sensibility by a muscle through its specific by a common nerve through its sensitive or quality by an nerve through its capacity for sight and so forth an nerve indeed when subjected to the action of fire or is but it is by no means as an nerve that it is so affected it is as a given compound of such and such elements that it is burned so long as it is an nerve properly so called and to the extent in which it is an nerve and no other in existence it only sees fire or else flashes fire in such circumstances it follows therefore from all these considerations that if there were two mouths for example in one every taste perceived at one of them would be handed over as such to the other always supposing for the present that there were nothing to set bounds to the practical working of the law of sympathetic sensation there is a very significant thing connected with this conception of a man with two mouths deserving to be indicated and remembered with more than ordinary care the half written page is before my eye of white light rush from all its surface except where the black ink has fallen to the outside of my an image of the manuscript is painted on that expanded sheet of nerve and the writing is seen we know not how all that can be said in the matter according to the of after thought is this that such an image on the of a healthy eye is invariably followed by the perception of the thing that is but since the nerve and since the brain are essential to a healthy eye it is perhaps not easy to resist the supposition that the image of the is to somewhere that it meets the mind hence the theory of sensation so long cherished with some by the scotch and hence also the and other forms of which the doctrine of into as soon as the scientific public would suffer the play of hamlet to be performed before them without the prince for our own part we are clearly of opinion that if the matter is to be considered from this external point of view at all the the of is very good so long as it is confined to sensations and remembered sensations including of course whatever may accompany pure emotions and ideas the word however must always be understood to be no more than an sign upon these conditions and from this point of view it is not only but correct to assert that the perception of any object over against the eye is produced in so far as the physical of the process is concerned by a movement begun at the external surface of the and from without when on the other hand i remember or conceive of the paper i have over with mv pen the movement essential to the conception of the writing is not begun at the outside of the but somewhere else no matter where and it is from within the written page of memory is the reverse of that of perception that is in respect it is more speaking than that which is under the very eye in fever and activity or insanity of the organ the feeble image from within in the act of memory becomes so forcible as to the nature of an immediate image and there is developed the phenomenon of illusion with these subjects however we have nothing to do at present except in so far as the following queer consideration is concerned if the indulgent reader will bring our two headed monster before his mind s eye again ho will at once observe that the movement corresponding with the taste of anything begun at one of its mouths and from without will be carried from within to the other it will reach the secondary like the memory of a taste shadowy and ghost like always supposing that not to be so sensitive as to convert the remembrance of a sensation into a illusion iii the individuality of man as an animal shape is produced and sustained by those overflowing currents of of which he is the subject he is isolated from and within that world of external appearances of which he is the centre to the truth of appearance if not according to the truth of reality by sensation but it is not by the sensations produced in him by stars or sea and land or heat and cold or flowers and fragrance or the persons of friends and lovers were there no other sensations than these he could not them from his animal self they would all be parts the of of and the whole of nature were his body on that supposition it is his sensation of himself by his sensation of his sensations that he is out from the rest of nature and walks abroad as the of animals est iv not all sensations are perceived it is more exact to say that not all causes or usual of perceptible sensation are actually felt as sensations that is perceived one sensation so to speak another one is to another sensations are of one another then the perceiving mind can bend its attention in only one direction at one and the same time absorbed in the contemplation of a problem is deaf to the of a successful siege blind to his in flames and he might have died under the sword of the soldier who surprised him in study without a pang it is on these two accounts that sensation is limited m fact and man is v the last observation is vastly	37
as to be precisely of the nature of remembered sensations or of simple owing to nothing positive in the patient but to the absence of interfering sensations of every kind owing to the stillness that throughout his frame these and descending echoes of sensation are so as to be a sort of it is two mouths in one body one tastes what the other tastes but in the former the movement is from within as has been in one of the premises of the present the the the emotions the of the positive member of this strange pair of wedded in so far as those phenomena do the nervous fibre are carried over m an exactly similar manner to the negative one but they reach him as sensations and that for the reverse of the reason why the sensations of the arrive at the patient in the shape of dim illusions it is a kind of doubled consciousness the him of an absent friend and the image stands before the eye of the patient the former a distant scene and the latter b transported thither like another and so forth without end that of the universe which is always being painted on the nervous system of the as well as on that of every human being though by himself on account of his by the and tides of nearer sensation is shed over to the who sits undisturbed except by the temporary sound of the s questions at the bidding of the the subject looks through the world for the friend whose image the thought of him and finds him once discovered it is easy to read what he is doing this is our of the mystery of and there is no need of upon it in these pages it is intended to be no more than a hint nor do we wish to attach any substantial value to the conjecture except as an exercise of the mind there are also physical or principles involved in the fabric we are weaving which lose none of their importance on account of the in which they are now presented to the reader s eye as for the beauty of the wood for whom we have the of been an imaginary scheme of she is more than welcome to another century of repose iii it will be remembered by such as have read our former article on this subject that some deny the phenomena of as it has been called and attribute the appearances which gave rise to the supposition of their existence to the phenomenon of double consciousness which has been discussed above if one might trust not the moral but the intellectual of published accounts there would seem to be two kinds of cases one of these might be as connected with the other only with the double consciousness in the former the response is immediate in the latter some little time between the call and the answer in the former the reply is vivid in the latter it is faint nor were it improbable that a mixed condition should occur but it is with the instances alone that we have any thing to do under this part of the subject since community of consciousness has already been disposed of nor is it difficult to suppose that the touch or of the s finger shall and the organ touched or approached by itself alone the particular organ rushes into a fury of activity for it is by the balance of all these organs that we are kept in the whole force of the spirit through the opened it is like or the rapture of the saint the poet the sage when the object of contemplation is not the universe but something less it is like every thing we do in fine partial exclusive and in excess there only remains the application of our to the case of the natural or spontaneous being by no means prepared for an elaborate discussion of all the of this mysterious subject nor yet willing to enter more fully into it with the preparation which we have we refer the reader to the suggestion thrown out already concerning s as probably enough containing the to this part of the may not the of tlie in one individual become to one another when the circumstances are provided say by fatigue or since two equal and similar things fallen into the mutual relation of cannot become one and the other inasmuch as neither of them is the the greater or the less and since the idea of a the of which are both is impossible it follows that they become both revolving round one another like double that is to say both negative that is to say again both non sensitive both non both non co that is to say again both asleep is this the true theory of sleep since one of the is often larger than the other may it not in that degree and in such cases be positive and does not such a supposition render the joseph or habitual intelligible in conclusion may not the partial of only one of the in one who sleeps produce and its extraordinary such as and at all events it is certainly not so difficult to reduce the fact of spontaneous under our as it seems at first sight one word more and we have done it is to be feared that some readers and more especially such as are very favorable to the claims of will be of opinion that this has been brought forward with levity it will perhaps be supposed that we do really believe in the higher phenomena just as decidedly as we have professed to do in the trance but that we are ashamed or afraid to the fact the real truth of the matter is neither far to seek nor ill to tell the whole subject of was thrust on our attention	37
early in life we witnessed experiments of every sort and we were too easily satisfied with their results then came the intellectual necessity of and explaining such amazing phenomena that is to say of and them with the sphere of science a little band of fellow students looked to us for such a service and the which has been above was the product of our eager meditations having seen reason however to question the of evidence our poor is now advanced as nothing more than a playful of the intellect in so as all the more of are concerned whatever may be its worth or as a piece of thought its value as a contribution is exactly equal to and we do not entertain the very faintest e wish or expectation concerning its future fortunes in the world the earth hath as the water hath and this is of them the of art ii the poetry of we shall not be accused of popular approbation in tbe selection of a subject for the following essay the english poet whose name is written above is with few exceptions ihe least known among us true he has admirers among the of genuine poetry but the great verse devouring public cannot stop to and appreciate the beauties of writers like him like and therefore mrs cook mrs and are the names by which modem english poetry is commonly represented among us there are exceptions to these remarks has long been before the public in a form and is at last coming into notice since it has become fashionable to read the princess has but lately appeared in a manner worthy his merits one only of charming volumes has strayed among us but its modest presence wag forgotten amid the flourish of trumpets that announced the new and home the authors of bells and and are yet to come perhaps we ought not to complain of this it is easier to read songs than study the bells of rhyme sound pleasantly enough to ears not to the sphere bom melody of the singer but we may certainly be excused in our attempt to write a few imperfect words on a poet widely in several ways from all other living english or american writers this peculiarity is the of the beautiful in nature and life with a corresponding beauty of form poets of this class have little of the of the higher spiritual insight of which we shall hereafter speak as the characteristics of the lowest and highest species of poetry represents beauty as it itself in outward forms not from any moral purpose but simply from a love of the beautiful in itself he is an artist of the first degree his at times in forms of surpassing beauty as in the eve of st and portions rf such being the feature of this writer it seems necessary previous to a review of his works to indicate the relation of the beautiful to poetry this will require a definition of poetry which we will endeavour to give in a brief the poetry of space though at the risk of repeating t hat has been better said by critics before what then is the essence of the poetical with what objects material or spiritual is poetry concerned the least informed reader of the will discover that every man has an answer to this one tells us poetry is imitation another creation another that its legitimate province is the beautiful another that it should be a teacher of truth and morality in fact the subtle spirit seems to the grasp of all no sooner have the critics built their walls of around it than it lightly scales them and off into every original poet finds the materials of his art lying in by places and comers which had been given over by common consent to the dominion of the we must not look to criticism to teach us the possibilities of poetry it can deal only with the past and explaining what has been done it must follow in the train of genius content with being her the weather prophet may sit in the fields on a bright day surrounded with his and instruments and the changes of the elements but the sudden rising of a thunder storm all his fine calculations and sends him dripping to his home our of poetry must not be narrow any theory of the art is which the door against the future we must accept the past acknowledge and it if we will but stand m reverence before the awful coming of every new bard the of all these critical at once appears when we attempt to define our ideas of the beautiful the true and the good the very terms employed to limit the art what is this beauty this truth this love which are separately or considered the of poetry as far as our vision extends truth love and beauty appear to complete the circle of being they are perceived by what we call the intellectual and imaginative faculties of the this distinction seems the least arbitrary of any we can make it is one which the mind appears naturally to recognize this is all we are now permitted to know of absolute being as much of the deity as he is pleased to reveal to us as much perhaps as our faculties in their present state can comprehend but here arises a difficulty are truth love and separate elements or is being one revealing itself in these forms in nature are the forces of heat and the poetry of attraction different or only one force acting in different circumstances in morals are humility piety self denial separate virtues or is there but one essential virtue receiving these names from its several these questions especially the first which the others are of the first importance to the decision of our subject for if there be but	37
one of spiritual existence which is truth love or beauty according to the relation in which we perceive it then is it absurd to say poetry only with the beautiful the true or the good the most accurate analysis we can make of things so abstract seems to prove that being is one at least no one of the elements we have mentioned can exist in perfection separated from the others remove the elements of truth from existence and love and beauty go to seek their lost companion there can be no perfect love without truth and beauty no perfect beauty from truth and love as we fix our mental vision upon the essence of being these elements and separate like the shifting lights of a brilliant thus a spiritual thing is not known until this question is decided in relation to it then if we knew the precise of the element or elements of being in it its relation to every other thing in the universe and to god the source of all our knowledge of it would be complete then could we form a theory of poetry which would last for all time but not till then our critics we apprehend are not anxious to attempt such a task the poet sees things in their reality in proportion as he looks deeply into the mystery of being discovering the blended lustre of truth love and beauty is he a true his is not to things god hath joined he cannot out off one from the triple elements of existence and sing of it for the sole condition of a correct appreciation of one is a knowledge of all this poet is yet to come the songs of tiie have hitherto been of things in their they have been musical fragments from the secret of nature his song must be of its harmony its unity men have sought to limit the province of poetry and their have only indicated the boundaries of their own vision they tell us shakespeare pope or have closed the door against all others they can only mean that their own sight can pierce no further other laws than those of their manufacture its range is the poetry of with die there is nothing high that it will not fly up to it nothing so common that it will not stoop to raise it from its let us then have done with this poor play of we only a web to ourselves the of which like burnt from around tiie limbs of genius the spiritual creation is not exhausted there are mysteries beneath mysteries yet to be solved in t what have been all our advances but a clearing of the field for seed time to many men flashes of reality have come but they have been wise by moments only to be foolish for years the great poetical sayings of all the poets would fill but a few volumes no one of them has been great altogether yet let us not despise what has been done we cannot understand why we must hate pope to love let us have every man who has written up to his capacity he is to complete the series of minds which be with the lowest shall ascend to the highest our own spirits must pass through these successive steps in their progress at every point of advancement stands a bard to instruct us we his secret from him and pass on but why should it be with a frown as we pace the street at night we leave behind one after another the lamps that have lighted our course shall we them that he who follows may in darkness i if these remarks are true we may by their aid the of different kinds of poets in the ascending series he lowest rank we would give to merely teachers in verse of science manners or religion the powers required to execute this species of poetry if such it can be called are only a facility in with of expression the same may be said of the although it requires a greater degree of insight to his weapons than to repeat standard of morality or scientific truth next are the of external nature life and manners men like scott and who aim only to represent the of things content if amusement may thereby be rendered to their readers beyond this come various degrees of spiritual varying in men so widely as to forbid now flashing down for an instant into the deep places of nature and mind as in and now stealing in unconsciously and a spiritual grace as at times in and oftener in now the thought of a writer so that it almost his medium of communication ko the of m men m in and america s great poet as a soul dwells in one or the other of elements will its of beauty be more or less refined from the man that it in tf wit and to him who is to the shows of nature and yet further to him whose finer sense is excited by these outward to discern a beauty streaming from the and the earth from life and his own soul h an one its heavenly with and love can say with a living of the earth surpassing the most ideal forms whidi of delicate spirits hath from earth s materials waits upon my her tent before me as i an the highest beauty then is seen only to him who sees more it who knows its eternal companions l ere is also a desire in all men more or less an outward perfection of m the poet words should be musical and clothe his in forms his desire for harmonious what is it in its last but a recognition of the harmony of tbe spiritual universe music is not a of and fiddle strings it is the	37
answer ven by the material world to a spiritual longing so with beauty of form it is a hint of a deeper beauty we stand in space and look upon god s poem the created we should doubtless discover it to be perfect in form and harmonious a work in which all colors sights and sounds combine in a grand unity the mind of man feels this and in its lower ere in this respect to be perfect as its father in heaven is perfect and is a great in the power of men in capacity to receive or their in tiie use of farms and sounds this does not correspond to difference in spiritual insight on the contrary men possessing a smaller degree of the latter are often more in the use of the former also many are the that are sown by men endowed with highest gifts th if tint poetry of it would be interesting to investigate the cause of this separation of things which we would suppose should be united but our remarks have already been too much extended upon this of our subject let us now bj the light of our views of the poetic endeavour to indicate the position of the author we propose to review few persons qualified to pronounce judgment will now we suspect deny to a high rank among modem english poets he belongs to that class of writers who have been condemned without a hearing it is now generally understood that sarcasm directed against the poetry of and is but the echo of a departed criticism those who indulge in it are supposed either to be too indolent to give to these great masters the study required for their appreciation or so wedded to old models that they are incapable of understanding the new that the works of these writers constitute an era in our literary history we cannot doubt that they are the prophecy and in part the of a higher species of poetry than has yet been written wo have as little doubt therefore it would now be superfluous in a critic to waste paper and ink in arguing about the merit of these as a class their empire is secure they have passed into that region to which the shafts of criticism do not fly all that can now be done ia to settle between their conflicting claims to excellence his task is relieved from much of its difficulty by the great in the genius of these writers we now only laugh at the stupidity of the who placed and in one school now and then we encounter a genuine of this sagacious band who and in the same but there can be little comparison between these great poets the genius of each is as accurately defined as that of from his contemporary or from milton it is true in most of them we discover a spiritual insight into nature and life which forms a bond of union yet even in this particular their points of observation and their differ ent degrees of artistic merit and maturity of power widely separate them this illustrious company we can to alone that full development and culture necessary to the employment of all the poetic energy upon all the materials within the of b reach his life has been truly a consecrated one consecrated to the discipline of his powers and the high walk of his productions are mature the hand of the artist has brushed away the last speck of dust and left them and arrayed like a gallery of calm majestic statues awaiting the reverence of the world or to use the poet s own noble figure when speaking of the excursion and the yet work the the two works have the same kind of relation to each other if he may so express himself as the chapel has to the body of a church continuing this allusion he may be permitted to add that his pieces which have been long before the public when they shall be properly arranged will be found by the attentive reader to have such connection with the main work as may give them claim to be to the little and recesses ordinarily included in those this high we can bestow upon no other of those writers we have named with a capricious hand scattered the riches of his wonderful intellect and imagination over a surface too extended to his complete success in any department he has left a few poems which will be read as long as englishmen read any thing we know not how the ancient the of or could be improved these specimens we think will us to claim for him a higher rank as an artist than for any modem english author indeed to find their rivals in this respect we must look to a few portions of our old the best poems of and the of art he have embodied all the of that gifted soul of his in such exquisite and harmonious forms but we know not that we should desire it we sometimes think his influence upon english literature will be more enduring though less apparent to the superficial observer than if he had been merely a poet his conversation was from heaven to a little band of noble men in their journey through the desert and gave them strength to contend against the of literary savages that surrounded them his eloquent and often books were among the first to awaken the attention of england to the riches of the german mind he brought to the criticism of a spirit as superior as it was incomprehensible to the rules of his time would we understand his true influence we must seek for it in the better portions of the poetry of of lamb hood and hunt even in and and thence like the effects of a broad river out into innumerable	37
and until a whole region is that was gifted with depth of spiritual insight and power to describe the most profound emotions of the soul and the links binding it to the material universe beyond all other english poets we had almost said beyond himself we cannot doubt his and line sound those awful depths of consciousness the secret places where joy and terror and love are bom which to some men are unknown but alas he did not live to give complete utterance his was by the woes of humanity his short life bv a persecution of which we have no parallel in the history of modem literature yet what might not that genius in the maturity of its power have accomplished that amid the chaos of a life like his could shape such forms of awful grandeur as rise before us in that could sway the passions as in the that could glide into the realm of the spiritual world as in and or in the pure sunshine of beauty as in the sensitive plant and the it has been said of he was a broken mirror whose fragments reflected the forms of all things he was a poet for poets his writings are to the bard what the s feast of is to the artist more precious that their creator left them all their to work their way into ae souls of men the genius of was oriental he was a man out of his by half the of the globe his and curse of are as truly wonderful and excellent in their way as his and are the reverse he reasoned upon politics and religion he looked upon society like a he did all manner of things and wrote poems that should be hung up as yet twice he found his element and left specimens of and poetry in our language each of these great writers no less than and scott has been more or less successfully the peculiarities of master and have thus divided the poetic band into groups among these tiie latest is that composed of and his followers so early taken from the earth he the poetry of lived l enough to express his thought in a few inferior to no others of the age in originality of design and execution we say was an poet of course we do not employ the term in the usual foolish mode as indicating an entire from all others men g true genius are not monsters though possessing a temperament and a position which makes it impossible that they should ever than themselves influences from lofty minds steal in to direct them and underneath all their peculiarities flows the tide of a common humanity as the same ocean around the flower islands of the and lashes the icy banks that frown over the seas of course there are men whose productions are widely separated who stand back to back yet the majority of writers are distinguished by characteristics not easily described a slight peculiarity of temperament or the of a single a uttle difference of mental culture a year s additional spiritual experience either of these things colors the medium which that strange assemblage of and we call nature and life are viewed and the an author these peculiarities are probably his own temperament depth of being and capacity of on and moral experience these came from i m who willed that each of his creatures shall from every other but the same materials surround all and and suggestions must come from others in only by contact on every side with minds can one acquire its proper development by the attraction and of every individual in the great mass of humanity is each driven to its own place we must then look for much that is common to us all in the most original mind and not deny its claim to even if we can discover all the sources of its and all the of communication between itself and other spirits therefore we shall not hesitate to bestow upon the title of a great al poet his as we have before observed is the love of the beautiful he is the of beauty the of modem poets heaven and earth air and sea and the forms of human and beings are constantly filling his soul with the materials of his poetic creation he he he is oppressed and amid the around him he cannot drive away the poetry as the of images that his and he is with ihe and of beauty is all sufficient for him the reader who looks for any purpose beyond this in his works will be pointed he has no power in the of character life and he never attempts it hie beautiful of him a field for the exercise of his power and through it he with ever new delight the intelligible of poets the of old the power the beau and the that had her in or or forest by slow stream or spring or and depths an these live in his pictured es he is from common life in the high re of romance love and beauty the da of tiie gods ar with a new lustre in the inspiration of this modem by modem life and oppressed by tiie neglect and of an age that knew not his rare powers he never e makes his verse the medium of his opinions or personal he seeks not to the hell of modem but to escape from it beauty to him is sufficient consolation for all woes it is religion and power a thing of is a joy t the eternal law that first in beauty shall be first in might the loves of and the sorrows of old dreams of the of and the ma of these were to him more than all things else he walked among	37
the galleries filled with his own majestic and lovely of the world until his spirit burst fix m the temple that held it and fled to another sphere we then look upon him as the poet of beauty for of that that links the appearances of nature with the finest and moods of mental and moral experience that power which so to the lowest forms of being and gives to that marvellous ability which makes his most glowing of description but the veil of the ne is destitute his senses are nearly perfect but the inner sense is not developed to the full appreciation of the outward splendor of the universe many are essential a delicate ear fat harmony an eye the poetry of for color and form and a to taste and feeling li the first of these we think him deficient we do not hear in his verse the exquisite of the varying music of or the sublime organ harmony of milton but in the remaining he is not deficient in color he is inferior to whose poetry in radiance and who must be acknowledged as the master of all in this respect but his senses of feeling and taste are developed beyond those of all other men his nerves ever thrill to delicious sensations his bound and his cheeks flush in every line that physical weakness which so most men only more acute his sensibility to outward impressions his gods and glow with all the of love and hate his and clusters of grapes and trees laden with fruits would make an die in our northern lands in this latter respect he is equalled by no modem english writer although we discover the same in a less degree in scott and who has not longed for the old days of cakes and ale and in reading the of sir walter t or who has not in imagination with delight the steam of s christmas dinners or hung over the delicious brown toast and of tea and nice of his immortal but it is in and beauty of form that must be acknowledged to all modem english poets and indeed to fall little below and the objects he describes are such as admit this lie wholly with the and every thing upon which he looks in a shape of beauty there is no nothing indefinite in bis outlines every description is a picture of the thing described his poetry reminds us more than any other of those beautiful greek in which one group of images after another seems to start out from the page as we read perhaps he is inferior to in that intense power of which gives a portrait in every line and his earlier works are imperfect as a whole in general artistic finish in his latest productions in the fragment of in the eve of st the to the and on the um it almost seems that art can go no further either in of detail or general completeness in this high gift he is approached by no one of our modem writers except whose d arthur and will live with the of his master as long as a sense of beauty remains in the souls of english readers the poetry of this artistic power we regard as one of the highest indications of genius although the critics are fond of it to mere talent doubtless like every other gift of god it is greatly developed by culture and acquaintance with the best models but it is nevertheless dependent for its existence upon great original poetic capacity there are men of great mental power who may read and and gaze upon the de and the pictures of all their lives and still never write or even with the lowest degree of artistic effect there are others whose very conversation is music and painting to whose minds words come and arrange themselves in the happiest forms such men are true artists study can only develop their natural power and a youthful of expression there never was a greater mistake than the popular that great genius is naturally averse to this and and and and and milton and are not only the greatest poets but the greatest artists of the world a deficiency in this respect may often throw into more prominent view the other brilliant qualities of a writer but it is still a deficiency and one that eventually will prove fatal to the duration of any production of the human mind it is impossible to say how much the perfect form of greek literature has contributed to its immortality it has come down to us attired in the most exquisite garb and cannot be forgotten this rare power few will be disposed to deny to where can be found more perfect illustrations of it than in the following pictures taken almost from his pages and by many others even in his most imperfect productions in his picture of fallen deep in the j of a far sunken from the healthy breath of far from the fiery noon and eye one star sat gray haired as a stone still as the silence about his forest on forest hung about his head like cloud on cloud no stir of air was there so much life as on a summer s day not one light seed from the grass but where the dead leaf fell there did it a stream went by still more by reason of his fallen divinity spreading a shade the mid her d her cold finger closer to her the of or of entering his palace in the sides he entered but he entered fall of wrath his flaming robes streamed ont beyond his heels and gave a roar as if of earthly fire that scared away the meek ethereal and made their wings tremble on he from stately to from to h of fragrant and light and diamond paved long until	37
he reached the main there standing fierce beneath he stamped his foot and from the deep to the high towers hb own golden region or this of the gods a above a sombre their heads appeared and np their grew till on the level height their steps bond or this description of the room in the halls and to and from the doors there was a noise of wings till in short space the glowing banquet room shone with wide grace a music sole perhaps and lone of the roof made moan throughout as fearful the whole charm might fresh carved a of palm and met from either side high in the midst in honor of the bride two palms and then two and so on from either side their stems one to one all down the palace and beneath all there ran a stream of lamps straight on firom wall to wall so lay an feast with and picture of the mountain whose barren back stretches with all its mist and cloudy rack to or i or the foremost in the envious race like a young jove with to the breast in the fountain s and she stood like the youngest of the brood but the very abundance of such s in this writer must prevent us from further illustration bs works are galleries of pictures the poetry m these great wc sustain the claim we make for him of being a true original poet neither will the fact that his genius was quickened hy the influence of greek and old english literature from merit his mind caught the spirit of the those to him were animated with the same beautiful significance as to the great fathers of poetry he was a greek truly said yet he was not confined to this field for his materials his later efforts prove that his power was equal to the and animation of any class of objects he was equally at home in the romantic and in the classic he read the old english writers with admiration and their influence can be discovered in the increased of his mind had he lived to develop to its full capacity his great power we should have witnessed in him a union of the classic and romantic of of fancy wedded to a which never has been known in our language and the same appreciation of beauty that could revive the dead forms of the heathen gods we doubt not would as it crowning achievement have animated the thousand elements of modern life which need only tlie seeing eye and the hand of the artist to be rescued from the realm of the and amid the lawful of but such a was not permitted ha died with the flush of youth upon all lis works yet leaving a wonderful example of constantly increasing power from to is a distance that few men pass during long lives of literary exertion what might not he have done who could measure it in a few years beset by illness and discouraged by neglect such is our estimate of a poet of great al genius another witness in these times to the eternal worth of beauty yet witnessing only in part living only in its outer courts not penetrating deeply into the spiritual not indeed a master of all the details of the yet we will joyfully receive him as he came and accept from him what others cannot give us neglect not his song because it was of beauty alone we are too apt to forget in our struggle for the reform of man circumstances in the din of our moral efforts for the elevation of the many that there are more ways than one for the spiritual of the soul god speed all truly humane for the improvement of man in any particular he who will cast out the least of the devils that rage ia s natural of man he midst of us shall be accounted worthy of honor but perish tiie spirit that in the contest for the practical forgets the spiritual or even the in our nature that will men like to people s journals and writing voices from the crowd minds that cannot be influenced by the latter may be drawn by the high calm beauty of the former there are spirits all the way from heaven to hell and all methods of influence must be employed to lead them upward true genius is always religious it never works in vain but leaves in the world something that shall eventually its to the love of men honor to the of outward beauty let him sing his song and move all within his reach and for those who are too high to be elevated by his notes one greater shall be sent for wherever there is spiritual want is deity its eternal in the supply art iii the natural of man into the influence of physical and moral on the different tribes of the family by j m d f r s c second edition enlarged with forty four colored and five plain illustrations engraved on steel and ninety seven on wood london a decided impulse to the study of has manifested itself in every scientific circle it does not need so much as direction the various parties who are on this extensive field have become embarrassed by the facts they have collected they are not yet certain whether facts that belong to separate groups have been mixed or whether all the facts of a single group have been obtained every conclusion is therefore still held in by the consciousness that new facts or new relations of old facts may it the science is hardly large enough yet to go alone but the facts already possessed point to such remarkable and the field is found to be so unexpectedly fruitful that a superior of investigation is shown in no other	37
to the influence of climate and to other which the moral and physical character of human races would produce a much greater and more general he notices the remarkable influence of climate upon branches of the family and then passes to the nations who speak languages of and who are proved by that bond to be the descendants of one original stock they are spread from the mouth of the to the northern extremity of the present of these races do not agree entirely with those ven by ancient writers therefore they must have natural of mm become changed or modified through the lapse of time and the influence of external he then attempts to group the five great races and their identity not but with much probability upon an analysis of their languages from these races the chinese are descended by regular in proceeding to the races of india that is races distinct from the and with languages quite different from the he remarks it must be allowed that the of such a department of nations the of these races are the the tribes in the and petty barbarous tribes between the indian and the chinese all these are supposed to have descended from the before the time when tiie of european descent crossed the the languages indicate marks of ancient connection with the of northern it is also supposed that the language is into the family of languages the language of the is but our analysis of his distribution of nations will into a mere catalogue of tribes it forms a argument whose force and bearing upon the theory of unity he in a chapter general observations from the preceding survey of human races before proceeding to that we will notice only some of the most striking facts that he has collected he proves for instance the identity of the race of with the of central africa to such facts is important in proportion to the existing of the races it shows how possible it is that the extremes may have issued from a common origin the direction of such facts is favorable to the establishment of unity of origin for all human varieties since no tendency b s been discovered he proves that the african nations agree in no particular character which might indicate for them a special origin that is origin from a distinct and appropriate pair but the continent presents of varieties which shade off into each other like the colors of the in fact he attempts to create a sliding scale of variety on every degree of which a characteristic may be placed giving by its total effect the impression that circumstances have been the fertile cause of all human natural of mm the races of great as their physical difference may be are found to give complete proof of of descent and their cannot be explained without supposing that they were spontaneous the are shaded off into the he the existence of the american tribes as a distinct and race as far back as the time when the inhabitants of the old world were separated into nations and each branch of them off into its primitive language and individuality the unity of descent of the american tribes is rendered highly probable by the of construction that their languages present this is a much more radical bond of union than those verbal often fanciful which travellers draw up in columns of construction proves relationship between two languages that have no word in common finds in the as well as in all the other where men previously saw only differences the is shown to display a remote the the south american tribes are shown to be peculiarly unlike each other this is an important fact in his favor since he has just proved we may expect to see graver resolve themselves into some ancient and he has not given this argument the that it deserves indeed he has left it to be suggested by narrative he a striking of physical structure in the case of the or race they table lands from to feet above the level of the sea at such a height the air is so that the lungs must an additional volume at each inspiration it rs that they have extraordinary dimensions the are more dilated this considerably the volume of tiie lungs consequently they must have to contain then a larger therefore the chest has a capacity much larger than in the normal state and finally this great development of the chest the trunk beyond its natural proportions and places it almost out of harmony with the length of the this remaining the same as if the chest had reserved its natural dimensions and yet the are ut a branch of the american family of nations of less need not then be ascribed to a special origin no viii s natural cf mm in his chapter of results alluded to be points out some suggested by this outline we find that we have anticipated some of these others we will briefly give all the which exist are and pass into each other by insensible and there is moreover scarcely an instance in which the actual transition cannot be proved to have taken place each particular type of the skeleton and skull and passes into other forms the shape of the head in particular tribes of a nation and even in the same tribe with respect to color it is still more easy to trace the greatest variations within the limits of one race under this head it would be quite fair to take the whole european family of nations as an example since from one identical stock must have sprung the the races and the stem of india including the p sh of the yellow haired and blue eyed villagers of and and the black of in mankind we find the texture of the hair in every i variety	37
and if we take the black tribes who are apparently of genuine native origin as one body we shall discover among them every possible from the short close curls of the to the crisp but hy locks of the and again to the flowing hair of the black or in some instances indeed it appears that the change from one to the other may be shown in actual transition this his investigation of and external bodily characters iii changes the average duration of human life is nearly the same in the races of men even in different the tendency to exist for a given time is the same the specific temperature of the body is the same or nearly so in all the races of men there is no remarkable difference in ihe of the pulse or any of the other vital functions between tribes the period appointed by nature for marriage does not in different the periods of life at which the principal changes take place are just the same among oriental tions for instance as in europe the difference of climate occasions very little if any important as to the periods of life and the physical changes to b natural of mm which the human is subject and in all these great of the animal economy mankind whether white or black are placed bj nature nearly on an equal footing to show how to a particular climate affects races alike of their organization he says the natives of sustain comparatively little from their climate though it is destructive to that this is not owing to original organization we collect from the fact of which we are assured by an intelligent physician long resident in the colony that the free who were brought from and whose ancestors had been generally resident for some generations in a very different climate from that of are subject to the same diseases as there are numerous examples of similar this process requires many generations to bring it about but when once produced the new characters are hereditary and impressed upon the race this the department of changes alterations one common mind or nature belongs to the whole human family when we consider that the habits of men are so changed in some races whose past and present state comes within the sphere of history the and for instance we cannot presume to determine that the universal differences may not have been the result of circumstances the development of one race and in other instances preventing it or a tribe already civilized to return to the of savage life the most powerful argument for in a comparison of the and doctrines of the most widely separated tribes besides general traditions which have strangely into the most remote places there are certain radical doctrines or sentiments which are found to be universal all men believe in spiritual and with greater or less intelligence them there is a universal desire to perform some sacrifice all men believe in a future state and represent its conditions according to the decree of their all men believe in moral goodness and to possess certain and chap virtues that are in truth only and neglect ed it is evident that here is the material out of which a civilized and christian character may be with the induced by hereditary and provincial s natural of man habits therefore we should expect to see the application of christian truth in the hands of so far successful as to support the argument for unity by establishing a universal the argument is greatly if we consent to risk an examination of experience among the most degraded and darkened races than among those who possess a moderate intelligence the result is very striking the labors of the devoted among the and the two races which occupy the places on the of human life and the former dwelling on the verge of mental as well as desolation convince us that god has prepared mankind by a unity of capacity for a of life the truth of the gospel has found warm and soil beneath the frost it has found the universal and human heart which this and many colored map of life it is the primitive formation which numerous and strange the solid base upon which depends unity is out everywhere upon the surface to assure us that we shall not for our in vain in fact the science of in a truth that is no less practical for the moral than it is impressive to the scientific there are of gifts hat the same spirit it shall be our object to these under the inspiration of that central truth we consider that the science has been to our journal by this brief analysis of dr s work and we shall endeavour from time to time to indicate its direction and to suggest certain practical which it no activity of the mind contains more directly moral and purposes than this one almost every other human science is necessary to support its existence and it them all as it them all by the moral order of the universe no other intelligent results of human thought have done so much to the words there shall be one fold and one shepherd or to project upon them a of universal prophecy and no other science us with that will more surely with abstract truth to produce that great result before leaving the subject we wish to call the attention of our readers to the journal a magazine of and considered as s of elements of the science of races by esq london and j new york it deserves a better notice than we can afford to give it now but the patronage of all those who are interested in this science will be the most welcome thing to offer we trust our readers are already acquainted with the two interesting and valuable volumes entitled transactions of the	37
american society of the conquest of with a preliminary view of the ancient and the life of the conqueror by william h author of the history of and c c in three volumes new york after mr had finished his of the reign of and noticed in a former number of this several important subjects seemed naturally to claim his attention these were the discovery of america and the reign of charles y but the first of these had already been described by the graceful pen of mr what it touches the second had been treated by dr m a work of great though declining and rendered attractive by a pleasing style which often the of the author s the of his political philosophy and the of his few men would wish to enter the literary career and run the race with such distinguished rivals a broader field yet more interesting to the philosopher and the lover of mankind namely the conquest and of america by the on this theme mr has written two independent works of wide popularity of the first of these we now propose to speak only what we before in respect to the office and duty of an historian the new world was discovered in the reign of and its islands and though not for the no for p et s of first time laid open to the eye of civilized europe the greater part of america was found to be peopled by a single race of men different in many respects from the inhabitants of the eastern a large part of the new world was inhabited by tribes not not civilized but not even barbarous the nations were savage though most of them were far removed from the lowest stage of human life still represented by the the new and the of south africa the french the english and the dutch in their north american came in contact with the barbarous portion of the nations who had a little it is true but chiefly on the spontaneous of the forest and the flood but some had advanced far beyond this state some had ceased to be barbarous there was an and in america attempts have often been made to trace this civilization to the old world to connect it now with the now with the and then with the or sometimes the attempt has been guided by which makes language the basis of comparison sometimes and scientific men have sought in the bodies of the red americans to discover some trace of the they sprung from sometimes by which seeks the by kindred forms of religion but commonly have started with the prejudice that all men are descended from the single primitive pair mentioned in the hebrew and have bent and to to their assumption hitherto these attempts have been in vain even the lamented mr who had this prejudice in the heroic degree small for an english indeed but great for a philosopher as he certainly was a prejudice which appears throughout his into the physical history of mankind fails to connect the american civilization with that of any other race we therefore take it for granted in the present stage of the inquiry that it was original and inform us that the continent appears older than the eastern if it be so perhaps the american are the oldest race now in existence and may look down on the bearded and pale as in the world if this be true the red man no article m s conquest of has not advanced so rapidly in civilization as the this seems owing to the inferior organization of the former and also to the absence of swine sheep horses oxen and large animals capable of being tamed which in the eastern continent have so powerfully aided the progress of civilization the man who would tame the sheep and the ox must tame also the of animals those living machines of an earlier age once promoted the progress of civilization as much as the invention of machinery at this day the the ship of the desert and the the ship of the sea have each something to do in man out of after the discovery of america the soon came in contact with the more advanced tribes of red men with and overcame them partly in virtue of his superior but partly also through the and superiority which marks the race in all historical stages of their progress and appears in every conflict with any kindred race american civilization had two or mother cities mainly independent of one another if not entirely so and the chief seats thereof were soon reached by the and conquered the advanced tribes to to slavery or to death the european brought there two things wholly unheard of before the doctrines of christianity and a sword of steel each thought to be the ally of the other in the conqueror s hand here is a theme more important and therefore more profoundly than the lives of and his followers or the reign of charles the fifth though both of those bring great events before the s eye certainly the biography of of and would offer an attractive field to a thinking man a philosophic historian would delight in a land newly discovered its geography and were all new to the eastern world there were tribes unheard of before with a peculiar physical structure language literature manners arts laws institutions and forms of religion unlike the old it were a noble task for the to describe this virgin america as she appeared in the century when she first stood before the european eye in ages before the historical period the race had taken possession of the portions of the ancient s of world now for the first time daring many ages on a grand scale it another race for the first time in human history the	37
white man and the red man fairly meet these two families so in natural character so unlike in their development now join in war in and at length mingle in political union of this day somewhat maintain that the mingling of tribes if not races is an essential condition of progress it would be instructive to pause over the facts and consider what influence in this case each race has had on the other and their union on the world never before in the historical age had two races thus met nor two independent with modes of religion so thus come together in the great wars which the classic nations engaged in the two parties were commonly of the same stock even in the of of and of alexander it was that met the same is true perhaps in its full extent of the of and of the in all the wars from that of to the the heroes on both sides were of the same stock the nations that we meet in history from to the all e in development and specific character but alike in their great general peculiarities other races appear only in the background of history among the classic the or the east indian nations but seldom even t ere and not as actors in the great drama of human civilization the colonies afford the best known example of the of men of different races the saxon is he also met the red men but the saxon though like other forgetting his dignity in loose will not mix his proud blood in stable with another race there seems a national to such with the black or even the red or yellow races of men an peculiar to this remarkable tribe the of other races in new england more pains were taken than elsewhere in america to spare to and to convert the sons of the wilderness but yet here the distinction of race was always sharply observed even community of religion and rites elsewhere so powerful a bond of union was unable to soften the englishman s to the indian the hoped to meet the in heaven but to keep apart from them on earth nay to them from the land besides the english met s no tribe in america and for them to unite in with such children of the forest as thej found in north america would have been contrary not to the saxon prejudice of race but to the general usage of the world a usage to which even the french in canada afford but a trifling exception the had less of this of race perhaps none at all they met with civilized tribes of red men met and mingled in honorable and permanent connection in and at this day there are few men of pure spanish blood all the historical forms of religion which have prevailed in europe and the parts of asia inhabited by the seem to have sprung from a common stock perhaps this is not true but at least their may often be accounted for by reference to some actual union to their historical not wholly by reference to human nature their agreement is specific not merely but the forms of religion that prevailed in america seem to have no historical element in common with those of the eastern world when they agree as they often do and in their most features the agreement is to the of human nature acting under similar conditions it is not specific or to be by reference to history to community of tradition it is the same human nature which appears in all races and accordingly many especially religious institutions have a marked likeness all over the world but the individual peculiarity of each race appears also in those institutions the civilization of the tribes in the eastern world powerfully affected bv their religious institutions seems to have been by and from some tree and only modified by circumstances and degrees of development so there is an historical element common to all those nations it appears in their manners dress and military weapons in their from the east to the west where the same articles of culture appear and the same animals the the sheep the goat the swine the horse and the ox in their arts useful and beautiful in politics their morals their forms of on in their literature and even in the structure of their language itself so deep rooted is the of race in america to judge from the present state of investigation it seems that another seed independent and likewise got planted came up grew and bore s of after its kind this also was by and to say its descendants had spread from the land of the to here as in the other the race became modified by external circumstances and the degree of development still there is a element common to all the tribes of america running their civilization and apparent in their institutions the of race appears here also conspicuous and powerful as there this of race and the difference between the two brought into such close connection renders the history of the spanish in america exceedingly interesting to a philosophical the english colonies are interesting on account of the ideas they brought hither and developed and the influence those ideas have had on the world the spanish are chiefly interesting on account of the facts they bring to light under these circumstances it becomes the duty of the historian who will write a book worthy of his theme to note the effect of this mingling of races and of he is not merely to tell who was killed and who wounded on which side of the river each one fought and how deep the water was between them or how bloody it ran he is to describe the civilization of the nations giving however briefly all the important features thereof	37

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