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and then show the effect of the meeting of the two more than three centuries have passed by since the conquest was complete during that time great have taken place in the political and social a great progress has been made in the arts in science in morals and religion in the development thereof as piety the application to life in the form of practical morality but the spanish americans have but a small share in that progress they seem to have done nothing to promote it they have not kept pace with the american colonies not even with the french it is pretty clear that the population of spanish north america continental and is less numerous now than when first crossed the sea the condition of the americans in many respects is improved still it may be reasonably doubted if the population of is happier to day than four hundred years ago what is the cause of this have the two races been weakened by their union were the incapable of further advance or were the unable to aid them is s of the gave the indian most valuable material helps to civilization cattle swine sheep horses oxen the of the east iron and ideal helps also in the doctrines of christianity the machinery of the old world in another work mr declares the civilization incapable of continuing as it had in its bosom the causes of its ruin is the same thing true of the spanish civilization surely it cannot stand before the slow strong steady wave of the saxon tide which seems destined ere long to sweep it off or it in its own ample bosom the consequence is always in the cause there but hidden the historian of the conquest of writing so long after the events he while those consequences are patent to all the world might describe to us the cause y the history is not written until this is done without this a work is history without its meaning without philosophy we must complain of mr s work in general that he has omitted this its most important part true he was only writing of the conquest of the country and the immediate but this is not described the other work is done not only has mr an attractive theme obvious facts and glittering deeds to attract all men and satisfy the superficial and larger more general facts of a profound to pause upon and explain but the materials for his work are abundant there are the of men personally engaged in the they write of men like and official documents like the letters of early histories as that of works on the of like that of and the magnificent volumes published by lord then there are works written by men themselves descended from the in addition to printed volumes mr has richly supplied himself with such manuscript treasures of spanish history as few american eyes ever behold he has at his command about eight thousand pages of the works of and others public and private abroad have been opened to him with just and liberality if we divide mr s work according to its substance it consists of three parts the first relates to its inhabitants and their civilization the second to the conquest s t of of and the third to the subsequent career of in respect of its form the volumes are divided into seven books treating of the civilization of the discovery of the march thither the residence there the thence the siege and surrender of the city and the subsequent career of a valuable is added and a copious index the latter too uncommon in american books this history has been so much admired so widely in america and europe and so abundantly read that as in the former article we shall take it for granted that our readers are familiar with the work and spare them our analysis thereof we shall also that the well informed reader is sufficiently familiar with the writings of and with the printed works of with and the original accounts published at a hun years ago in the collection of we now propose to examine this history of the conquest of somewhat in detail and to say a word of each of the three grand divisions of the subject we will speak first of the civilization of the mr s account of the geography of with his description of the country is attractive and it seems to be sufficient we only regret the absence of a more extended map with only the maps the reader is often puzzled m trying to make out the exact position of a place and accordingly he cannot always understand the account of a battle or the description of a march the two small maps in i and ii are of great service and were prepared with much care but are not adequate to render all parts of the text intelligible thus vol iii p is said to stand on a narrow tongue of land which the waters of the great salt lake from those of the fresh while on the map no such narrow tongue exists and the reader must seek it in or elsewhere but this is a trifle in mr finds four important tribes or races the most conspicuous of these are the who came from the north before the end of the seventh and in the century disappeared from the land as silently and mysteriously as they had entered it the a numerous and rude tribe who came from the in the twelfth century and were soon followed by other races of higher civilization perhaps of the same family s conquest of m the the noted of these tribes were the or and the or the ci of the was communicated to the and bj them to the of these four tribes	37
failed within him but we must ask what right had the to and possess themselves of its soil mr this question in an unsatisfactory manner and we are sorry to say it gives an unjust answer but in accordance with the spirit in which his three historical works have been written an man must say the had ho to but that of the stout and well armed to the purse of the traveller the right of the over the ship of the merchant it is true the spanish monarch had a conveyance from the pope which in reality gave no better title and was worth no more than the transfer offered by the in the bible all these will i give thee if thou wilt fall down and worship me neither pope nor satan could and convey what he did not possess we think it cannot be maintained in natural law that a savage tribe has a right to arrest civilization in any given spot to keep a continent for a hunting field dwelt in by a few wild beasts and wild men it is commonly perhaps universally tiiat a nation d s conquest of has eminent domain over the lands of the and allows him to hold them in individual for his private welfare when not adverse to the general good of the state even to them to his successor subject to the same condition so the human race has eminent domain over the lands of each particular nation it to hold in national for the nation s welfare when not to the universal good of mankind as there is a of the nation so is there of the race and rights and duties national or universal thence but when the nation takes the lands of the individual which he has a good natural to they must fully that individual for his lands else it is robbery and robbery by a nation and for the sake of the greatest majority of its citizens is no better in itself than if done by one man in his own name it is still robbery contrary to natural law the same holds good between any one nation and mankind between the savage and the civilized who may assume to represent the of mankind this idea seems to have been in the mind the of new england if not in their mind they acted ai if it were the pilgrim and the knew that the naked savages of had no natural right adverse to the welfare of the human race no right to keep the land a and shut civilization out of it for ever but they knew also that though the civilized man represented the higher consciousness of mankind and so far as that went represented the human race still he had no right whatever necessity compelled him to take from the savages against their will all that they had or any thing that they had without returning them a complete equivalent so these of new england did not rely on the grant of the english king for their title to the indian land they bought it of the indians took a deed recorded the transfer and honestly paid for it a small consideration but enough to the and more than it was worth to the indians themselves but in new england no indian owned land in more than wind and water excepting the spot his covered and the little patch subjected to the rude of his wife these were the only spots with which he had mixed up his labor there was enough for all and therefore personal and exclusive had hardly begun at the merest caprice the indian left his place to might take it and himself sought another as free as the or the wild cat who like him s conquest of respected the of another this tract belonged to the that to the there was by the tribe not by the individual the title of the was good as against the or any other tribe but each man of that tribe took any of the national lands not previously appropriated as freely as he took the air and the water which was not in another man s mouth the chief of the tribe seems to have acted as and in that capacity gave his deed to the chief of the white men acting in behalf of the rest and conveyed away the title of the tribe the indian parted with his land for a good consideration for value received in the ease was quite different almost all the valuable land was owned in individuals had mixed their labor with the soil it as much as they owned the fish hook they had made or the ear of com they had grown owned it as completely as a man can own the soil the were a civilized people the lands in the valley of were as well cultivated as the lands in the garden of europe the natives had not stopped in their progress as mr thinks the had done in spain and their land therefore could not be claimed as a of civilization on the contrary they seem to have been in a state of rapid advance as much so as the spanish nation itself the superior culture of the gave him no right to these lands without the individual owners no more than the english have to china or the dutch to turkey no more than the new would have to seize spain and italy at this day the could not plead necessity like the poor persecuted and just escaped from the ocean who took a fish and some com in their extremity when they landed on cape and carefully paid for both when months afterwards they found the owners oppression never planted a single in america the were not allowed to thither under the administration of and the did	37
t s received the courteously such was his zeal for christianity but told the they must first be no era a de la di con j similar were frequently added to their number a very plain spoken old soldier who cared not over much for the souls of the heathen these things oftener than mr himself in virtue of his dignity we suppose or as head of the new church took the right to lead about the celebrated not without other we think an indian woman who was of great service in the expedition this band of went to and the inhabitants who had been previously assembled in a narrow place convenient for the slaughter a portion of the town was burnt and as himself says three thousand of the inhabitants put to death makes the number six thousand and others yet greater mr is far from the deed yet he to excuse the conduct of these were religious was thought a sin to be punished with fire and in this life and eternal suffering in the next but if it is believed that death sends a man to eternal torment a soldier of the cross would hesitate a little before thousand s conquest of men adds that he alive more than one hundred whom he had got into his hands and that white the was on fire it was said that repeated a snatch of poetry comparing himself to looking down from the rock on the burning of rome and not for the screams of the children and the old men this story seems less probable to mr than to us after thus introducing himself to the urged the citizens to embrace the cross and abandon their false gods when s had his first interview with he told the monarch that the christians had come to snatch his soul and the souls of his people from the flames of eternal fire the king must have thought them remarkable men for such a mission when about to advance to the siege of tells his soldiers that the of the heathen is the work most acceptable in the eye of the almighty and one that will be sure to receive his support that without this the war would be unjust and all they might gain by it robbery when a new king was established at placed several about him to instruct him in their language and religion but really as to watch over his conduct and prevent his correspondence with the the spanish had one mode of their and from such as had not fallen into their hands which we do not find practised by the of other nations their with a hot iron the letter was thus burnt upon them to that they were the spoils of war the of the a great deal oftener than mr on several occasions it was done to a vast number of the inhabitants and again great numbers were led away into slavery and marked m the face with a red hot iron cap et this hateful torment was burned upon the women as well as the men even upon the faces of the women who were to serve as temporary wives to the who it seems were not always so anxious to their as their the motive of the was love of conquest and plunder this is plain enough in the of makes no concealment of the fact he wished the land to be as follows one fifth for the king one fifth for s conquest of the and the rest among the according to their rank and merits cap as the who survived the conquest could not have been more than five or six hundred they would have been pretty well paid for two or three years service but what would be left for the converted natives heaven in the next life and slavery in this the design of the b made plain by the invasion itself by their conduct during the war and by the institutions they established after it was over they wanted the property and the persons of the they took both perhaps with as little ferocity and as much decorum as any nation could rob and another plea of a desire to convert the indians is a poor defence and unworthy of an historian like mr it would be better as well as truer and more honest to say these were hard iron men with rather less than the average intelligence morality and piety of their nation they went to led thither by love of adventure love of fame of power or of gold they only pretended to care for the souls of the men whose property they whose daughters they whose persons they stole or certainly they were very remarkable of christianity by steel and they subdued wrought obtained promises they wandered about in steel caps dragging their after them they armies cities they and turned down they took and in the name of god as an earnest of their reward they had female slaves without number the first fruits of them that believe and having their and their lust and obtained a good report through the blood of their victims they received the promises the of the heathen yea such was the reward of all those blessed of whom the world was not worthy horse foot and some have a great idea and for the sake of that do deeds which revolt the moral sense of mankind such men have some excuse for their violent dealing with the world in the service they render they esteem themselves men of destiny and in behalf of their idea go forth through seas of blood of their own shedding with the sword it is not for themselves they thus there is some defence for alexander caesar and for napoleon and for even the great was not a mere s conquest of but s cannot be	37
upon it nor its bloody details had destroyed town after town army after array had he swept off it is within bounds to say that half a men had been put to the sword since the thither desirous above all things to convert their precious souls now the mighty capital the centre of civilization in north america whose influence had been felt from the gulf to the bay of along either shore of the has fallen is captured the wide rich empire lies at his feet himself all iron as he was and with blood is moved with compassion the nation is to be blotted out but mr has no sympathy with the nay he pauses to the sympathy of other men his shield of ice between the victim and the compassion of mankind he says we cannot regret the fall of an empire did so little to promote the happiness of its subjects or ihe real interests of humanity the were emphatically a fierce and brutal race little calculated in their best aspects to excite our and regard their such as it was was not their vol n s of own but reflected perhaps from a race whom they had succeeded it was a generous on a stock and could have brought no fruit to perfection they ruled over their wide with a sword instead of a they did nothing in any way to the condition or in any way promote the progress of their their were used only to minister to their pleasure vol iii the feeble light of civilization he says was growing fainter and fainter he gives not a single fact to warrant this latter statement but even if it were true the did not mend the matter by the and putting their bloody heel on the flickering torch he attempts to remove any little compassion which may linger in his reader s heart the were guilty of human sacrifices they also were true and it is a horrible thing to think of but think of the committed by the also in the name of god try each nation by its light and which is the worse the or the christian mr tries to excuse the of the when any of the inhabitants fell into their hands they were kindly entertained their wants supplied and every means taken to into them a spirit of the sad shades of and what will they say to that us of the means taken in many an instance they were reduced to slavery with a hot iron in the cheek this was the kindly entertainment they met with from those christian who held their lands on condition of the natives we might naturally look for justice from an american writer with no national prejudice to blind him but no his sympathy is wholly with the the spirit of chivalry is with him than the spirit of humanity however spite of the spanish blood in his veins writing on the spot made famous by the deeds of and his followers wishes a monument might be erected to on the spot where he was taken captive and an inscription to devote to eternal the detested memory of those the work is needless themselves have erected a monument more lasting than brass telling of their power and their but also of their more than heathen cruelty their tyranny and their shame the of mr cannot hide them from the justice of mankind a conquest of t we liave little to say of the career of he made a bold and desperate expedition to the southern of north america enduring wonderful hardships j fighting with his usual skill and courage settled by hungry the natives mainly reduced to slavery became rich and powerful he was accused before the emperor and defended himself he received great honors in spain when he returned thither he settled down on an estate in he died at length in spain but in hia will expresses doubts whether one can hold property in indian slaves mr writes the of his hero which we have not space to but there are two ways of judging such a man one is that of humanity here the looks over the whole field of history the good and ill of a man allows for his if they belong to his age and from his individual merits if they also are held in common with the mass of men judges the ago and its institutions by the standard of justice this is the work of the historian ttie other way is that of personal admiration of the hero we are sorry to say that mr has taken the latter course crime is one thing but the theory which excuses crime is quite a different thing ia itself not to be justified defended or excused we are sorry to add the name of mr to the long list of writers who have a theory which attempts to justify the crime against mankind the of might over right we are sorry to say of this work in general and on the whole that it is not written in the philosophy of this age and still se not in the christianity the wide which is of mankind w e know this is a severe judgment and wish we might be mist in it but such are the facts mr has little sympathy with the natives unmarried and a captive becomes the of a married man and a conqueror her religion allowed the connection it was not his religion forbade it and he was in sin she seems to have loved him truly and with all her heart to him she was a useful instrument personally as his as his and agent mr says she had her as we have seen a ot i p the only error he to was her connection with not held against nature or custom there but no	37
censure is passed s conquest of on though he had a wife at when his wife dies might be married to him if he would she had borne him a son the unfortunate don martin but he did not want an indian woman for his wife whatever might be her services her love for him or the connection between them or the children she had borne him he must wed one of the of spain daughter of the count de beautiful and much younger than himself and gave away to a n knight don to whom she was wedded as his wife says mr who makes no comment on this transaction and does not even mention it as one of the errors of his hero mr takes sides with the passes over much of their cruelty in silence and often for what h relates suggesting some idle circumstance which takes off the edge of indignation from the reader careless superficial and requiring a moral from his in his narrative he the fighting for their homes and the of their gods not less fondly cherished than the homes and the of christians the are brave heroic their victims he tells us filled the air with wild cries and like a herd of disappointed of their prey vol hi p in the attack on a spanish narrowly escaped falling into the hands of his foe the says mr set up a cry of disappointed rage p again at sight of the enemy and of the sacrifice of prisoners going on in the temple the like by the smell of distant a piercing cry p the efforts of to defend his capital were and p the raged with impotent anger as they beheld their their temples all they had been accustomed to thus swept away p if we remember aright the jews mourned a little when was trodden under foot of the nations but we should not envy the heart of the historian who should say of the of that time that they raged with impotent anger even thought it a sad sight era de lo ver but we were forced to it when driven to despair some as in the public breach devoted stood and for their cause were prodigal of blood s of they would not ask for mercy mr says they glared on the with the sullen ferocity of the wounded tiger that the has to his forest cave p even the heroism of is only a spirit the established a form of slavery worse than that of the if the did little for their what did their do mr passes over the horrors of the slavery established there excuses the for their offence had done the same three and an eminent all men of learning and piety were sent out to investigate the condition of the natives they justified slavery the indians would not work without unless they worked they would not be connected with the and without that connection would not be converted and of course not saved slavery therefore was their only road to escape we must confess our amazement that a man of liberal culture in the midst of christian writing of such as the practised on their victims millions of to such a condition should have no more condemnation for such how shall we explain the fact can it be that the atmosphere of boston had stifled the natural and nobler breath of the historian we know not there was one who opposed the of the indians the a man all his life sought continually one great end the welfare of the indians mr well deserved upon him often him yet we think he is the only author of all whom mr that can complain of the est injustice at his hands it now to speak briefly of the form of the work the division into books and chapters is good the style is clear and simple though a less carefully labored than in his earlier work the are abundant and so far as we have examined them distinguished by the same accuracy which we noticed in the former history occasionally there is a harmless thus vol i p in the text he says that told his men to aim at the faces of the foe and in the margin to remind us that the of caesar ut the of s j s conquest of army in the same way but things are rare and by no means disagreeable he often events to providence which other men would be content with to human agency thus he says it was ordered by providence that the land of the should be delivered over to another race who would rescue it from the that daily extended wider and wider vol i p but in the same manner it was ordered by providence that merchant ships should be delivered over to admiral or captain that the indians of should butcher the white men at and the should carry the head of king philip on a pole into and sell his family into slavery again speaking of he tells us providence reserved him for higher ends and that he was the instrument selected by providence to scatter terror among the of the western world and lay then empire in the dust was the sad victim of destiny vol ii p but all this action is in behalf of the the figures of speech are commonplace we do not remember one that is original except that already quoted in which the are compared to by the smell of distant few of them are elegant or expressive enough to the impression of the simple it of the fact one figure to spread like which is a favorite in the history of spain appears also and frequently in this work others are poor and common to crowd like a herd of deer or a herd of wolves to be pale	37
as death to rush like a torrent to swarm like and to be led like sheep to the slaughter they add little to the freshness or beauty of the style and do not impress us very forcibly with the originality of the author here we take leave of the historian for the present with the same impression as that left on us by the former work see no vi of this journal art iv p s ad art v the pilgrim religion is the life and soul of any age and of any man even of those we are apt to charge with or but the soul is often so locked up in the body like the spark in the flint that it requires the hard steel stroke of to draw it forth hence it comes that periods which in all other respects are most barren and desolate not uncommonly exhibit tiie tree of religious life in fullest bloom german history presents no page than that of tiie first half of the century the empire distracted with a long and furious civil and religious war and princes and south and north in arms against each other the peasant and citizen and tortured and murdered by a cruel and lawless headed by cruel and lawless the stranger the and french armies it on german ground and laying waste the land the national glory and honor the church of christ all laws human and divine trodden under foot by a cruel selfishness which vainly trying to its thirst was the country with blood and yet in the midst of this waste wilderness where all and angry passions like so many and were about we find here and there an full of refreshing shade and watered with a clear fresh spring around which sweetest flowers were blowing breathing their perfume into the desert air poetry faithful to her mission of bliss was still there to throw her magic veil over the dreary desert to sing the weary and heart to sleep and with her s called up before the dreaming eye a perspective of peace and happiness which like a sloping jacob s ladder began on earth but gradually lost itself in heaven never since the times of the that is during more than three hundred years had germany possessed such a number of good and men who if they were not poets in the highest sense of the word could at least without apply to themselves the words of der in was whilst other men are dumb with stifling a gave me to tj and ting mj woe hard constitute a new era in e history of german poetry the night was dark indeed bat there were some bright and stars which pierced the black cloud wall and shone as lights in darkness giving to the heart that though veiled for the moment heaven and its hopes still remained such were those deep and earnest spirits who from the and of their life and the twilight in their thinking now in praise and now in blame have been called the natural tendency of all life when left to its own impulse is to itself like the flower and to pour the energies of body and soul into the lap of mother earth but when as in the times we were speaking of tliis inward impulse meets with outward obstacles when a cold and stormy world and the genial current of the soul then the soul for live and act it must in spite of all ob upon itself and turns its faculties its eyes and hands which had been turned and tries to in an ideal world of its own the plans which it could not m the actual st die and warm and r the world be cold and narrow yet tne heart is warm and wild without the times are within eternity it is but natural that we should know little about the outward circumstances of men who were dead to the world and whose life was hid in the few notices we have been able to gather concerning the man whose name heads this article and who these remarks are contained in the following lines generally called by his adopted literary name was bom about the year in a town of it is uncertain whether in or his parents were and he was accordingly brought up in the doctrines of that church but his deep and fervent soul could not long be satisfied with the barren of school and the idle into which soon after the death of its great founder had he was for the living water of an inward heart religion and he therefore turned from the dead stone churches of the acknowledged creed to the living spirit s temple of the mystic wi a daring he plunged himself into the dark deep of a and above all jacob and lo the darkness became light to him and many a pearl of value brought he up with him from the bottom he had been medicine as soon as he had taken the doctor s degree he went to holland where had found a more genial soil than even in germany and where particularly the writings of jacob had gathered around them a number of fervent and enthusiastic was here in his element and it was with the greatest regret he tore himself from so congenial a circle when his circumstances required his return home had he before been dissatisfied with he became a thousand times more so when his experience in the liberal holland enabled him to form a contrast he was sick of the and of and of the and of the clergy when shortly after his return he became physician in ordinary to the duke of he began to ve a public expression to his sentiments this brought him in violent collision with the clergy of and a quarrel arose which was	37
carried on with such bitterness that led b his was induced to take a step that decided his course for life and which though we may be able to account for we can by no means approve of he turned catholic for a who had stood on the height which some of his poems this was indeed a lamentable fall we should be misunderstood if we were thought to mean by this that is worse than very far from that but had known something which was infinitely better than either however we have all had our hours of weakness when many a divine word addressed to us from within or without seems to us a hard saying who can bear it and when the worship of god in spirit and in truth seemed too high and for the slave of custom and the creature of flesh we pardon poor had he only found in the bosom of that peace and rest which he had vainly sought for amongst the but alas we have but too much reason to doubt it the and tone which his tracts written after he joined the church exhibit a sad contrast with the heavenly peace and cheerfulness that breathe through his which were composed a long time before and shows what so often since has been shown by similar cases that the best heart and the strongest head are not proof against the influence of a heart church creed after many which carried him at last to the court of emperor the third in he took priest s orders and toward the end of his life he sought a retirement in the of saint where he changed this world of strife and doubt for the better one july th all the really valuable works of had been written as above said before he joined the church of that is when he was neither catholic nor but christian it is true we use the latter word in a sense in which hardly any established church ever either claimed or deserved the title we have several of religious poetry by him which for the most part are with the same defects which the religious poetry of that age no more in germany an elsewhere that of the english and even the excellent george but particularly in the catholic countries of spain and italy of tone wit and expression a sickly and a childish with however his defects he shared with his times his were his own even in those we spoke of there are some which in the of a pure and heavenly love and in the sweet and melodious flow of the are only by the spiritual songs of de and but the chief work of that in which he laid down the law of all his deepest living and thinking and on which his fame as a poet is mainly founded is a collection of in six books which bears this title und that is the pilgrim or spiritual and teaching a life of divine contemplation we venture to say that there are but few volumes in any language particularly in rhyme which contain within so short a compass such a number of thoughts the deepest wisest and expressed in a form so so transparent and many a one of them might be called the of a thousand leaves written with and philosophy they are all apples of gold in dishes of silver the religion preached therein is indeed not that of or of bible or tradition but that of the everlasting gospel preached and confirmed by that divine and humane spirit of wisdom which in all ages entering into holy souls made them friends of rods and the preaching of in common with that of all his brother is distinguished by the following characteristics of all outward authority be it that of men or books of or of or the of the churches was no less an to them than the of the and their belief in the of and they acknowledged no authority but that of the holy spirit revealing himself in the hearts of men says the holy ghost must be our teacher of christianity not a dead earthly letter and jacob the written word is but an instrument whereby the spirit us to itself within us your and to the priests your and articles your laws and are all mere devilish presumption the spirit of god in christ will not be bound to any laws of men of all mere historical belief in the great facts of christianity the life of christ according to them has a meaning and only when thus understood and applied does it become of value and benefit to us our belief must wear itself out in a faithful that is imitation of christ s life jacob says christianity doth not consist in the mere knowing of the history and applying the knowledge thereof saying that christ died for us and hath paid the for us that we need do nothing but comfort ourselves and believe that it is so christianity is no such cheap and comfortable thing only he is a true christian who is bom of christ our expresses but the mind of all his brethren when he says the cross on can never thy soul the cross in thine own heart alone can make thee whole that supernatural new birth of the inner man which has been a to all priests and ever since the days of down to their representative in a new england pulpit that miraculous of the earthly into tiie heavenly through the all melting power of a divine love is the characteristic centre doctrine of all christian from saint john and saint paul to jacob and let me quote once more jacob te need not ask where is christ is he in the or in the supper is he in the reading	37
so zealous in opposition to slave labor that he avoided the use of any of its he dwells in a free state now is surrounded by free associations among which we presume he lives voluntarily and addressed an audience of young men in the city of in praise of slavery from its influence upon society such a document is entirely new in the the array of facts as the elder the charges against himself will astonish every one indeed in this wonderful production we have a new for slavery s cent slavery the system of against which are exhibited in striking colors the woes and wretchedness the and of new england where multitudes of young men die by in her cities and her lonely and deserted women are placed not in but in in boston one person out of every fourteen and one out of every twenty eight females is arrested for criminal while of course there must be many who escape detection altogether we have neither space nor to follow mr through the in which he to his own satisfaction that the free states are in a sad way of decline as to wealth population morals and on when compared with the ax and that the complaints with which southern papers have so long of the and in all respects of southern cities and of the southern population are wholly mr conclusions from the comparison of the rural districts of one section with the dense of the cities of another and thus an argument which new or st louis would scarcely have afforded in favor of the moral and social position of men in the region of slavery it may strange to some of us that the of tiie south so much increase the wealth because they are slaves while the of the north do the reverse tiiat virginia without schools is quite as well off as with them and that the liberal tendencies of northern contrast with the of and the of the more exclusive which best in the and south western states yet these are some of the results of the system of southern civilization which is it seems bearing aloft to heights yet the character the enterprise the the intelligence and the religion of such as live on other men s toil is needless mr clay s letter presents a different view of the subject himself a slave and ever watchful of the interests of his associates in slave holding he yet entirely and from the positions of mr indeed he has here there has been an able reply to this work of mr in which facts and arc carefully examined review of s on the x and the by to a d of slavery given us an important admission in the evil influence and morally of the institution upon the master it is gratifying also to have the confession from that side of the absolute and necessary of the system of oppression and yet it is to find a so eminent deliberately preparing and such views of doing this as with his latest breath and after all the considerations which any baffled hope of advancement may have heretofore suggested must have passed away let it be that this letter gave hope and cheer to the friends of freedom in at a moment when they were likely to be dismayed and by the turn of events at home even although this shall be deemed the best scheme which could find any favor at the hands of men who will most require to be entreated and convinced still with all its and it is too thoroughly selfish in its arguments and too of the natural rights of the slave to find any great favor with the friends of humanity anywhere men of such distinguished ability will always be when they restrain the movements which they ought to lead mr clay does not stand in the it would seem to be the of one so well qualified in the crisis through which his own state is passing urged on by noble spirits in influence to him to carry the noblest work of the day to its successful and termination for the integrity of his purpose mr c admits that slavery is a terrible woe to the victims and scarcely any thing less to the masters that it was commenced in wanton and violent outrage and is continued only by force and yet declares that he shall be opposed to any scheme of to any restoration of rights to any relief from the woe to the one side and from the direct or injury to the other without a system of the of which within one hundred years seems to put oflf all and almost we are mistaken if mr clay has not failed in this as in other schemes of his to gain any thing but reproof the day is passing for such policy he has ever been recognized as a a man of more ready to patch up than to erect new ones and not a little disposed to sacrifice great interests for immediate advantages it seems a pity in such a centre of slavery that all the should be applied on the side of the the in and elsewhere whether or will not fail to take advantage of tiie which come in good season precisely one month after the delivery of mr s lecture they will rejoice that mr clay has told his fellow citizens what he and they might long ago have learned from other sources that slavery is never a blessing to either the or the and that the inferiority of the colored race if there be such inferiority that race to protection not to insult and injury but on what reasonable ground is the slave so oppressed held in bondage by no divine right to be required to purchase his freedom at such an price over and above	37
his living and to pay for his subsequent the victim surely is the last man under the sun who ever should be for his not many of the hired men of the north could contrive to pay for themselves at such or at as white labor receives so much higher compensation and for all the and young and old within the circle of a given number of miles and in the mean time sums sufficient for the of the whole number across the atlantic well does our author affirm that the first sacrifice on the part of any slave would be at a distance of at least five years especially as the right to sell out of the state into regions even less humane is to be held but one word more upon this favorite scheme of or the motion for indefinite of the whole subject of it might be difficult to prove that the colored race of america was not as much a native race as any other class of persons who happen now to dwell here excepting the it is generally argued such is mr g s position that the descendants of should be removed because they and the european race cannot live together this alternative is a gross assumption freedom will not make a difference half so much to be dreaded as the e resent state of things would there be more and employed than between masters and but the fact for argument s sake and for a moment to bow before the of as an consequence of freedom even more so than of slavery with its varied hues will any one show us the white d of man s right to remain upon this side of the ocean and to com his neighbour to remove to the other let ns be lust if we cannot be generous we are as far from natural home as is the african and it would cost much less in s pecuniary point of view provided the two races cannot side by side to transport five hundred thousand to a more congenial spot than to convey across the ai the present number of three millions of at least is a better word than when it is proposed to remove mr clay s plan strikes us as being entirely and to all ideas of justice the difficulty of the subject we do not much complain that he has not removed it all as that he has chosen to view it only in this one sided we had almost said perfectly absurd manner but every intelligent friend of mankind will feel that these are side issues after all mr s comparison of the and prosperity of different sections when a great question of humanity is to be solved seems to be very mean and contempt if all that mr f says m his lecture were as true as it is generally false if his arguments were of decent and his figures of tolerable accuracy still nothing of this kind can touch the question of freedom or slavery if the south be richer than the north the argument from the fact is best answered by a reference to the ideal treasure which one captain is reported to have buried somewhere in the sand the results of and for wealth does not always prove the honesty integrity or of the ways in which it was it is therefore no adequate for the character of the possessor we wonder that the same author should have trusted himself on the moral and religious grounds of preference for slavery k the results of can anywhere else in the civilized world be as plainly observed as at the south the fact has never yet been brought to light then as to the scheme of one word more we do not marvel that it should seem hard to those who have the to a period when it was to assume the and do the offices of manhood to find it something it used to be that slavery was to be because the fertile fields of the south and south west could only be by the african race is it proposed in this whole people to this argument slave labor or to leave the t of slavery than a and not one half qualified to meet the of life but why is it needful to make this the condition of forty years hence why tie a man s hands behind him when so much work is to be done and then proclaim that we will not hear of any plan of labor which is not based upon this condition of inability for performance the have rights the natural and only just way looks first to the security of those rights invasion when the slaves are acknowledged as then if they choose to and if be so much a blessing to them and they will be pretty sure to find that out more speedily than mr clay can teach it to them then every man of common humanity will be ready to assist them but there is a preliminary matter to be considered and we have good evidence in these documents that its consideration is going on faithfully to spread a truer public sentiment which will acknowledge the slave s right to himself the terms of may be agreed upon subsequently it is such papers as this of mr clay which really the good time because they seem to imply this recognition of a natural right which mr clay never once honestly and fairly admits and to indicate that slave already possessing a right will are now cautiously inquiring for the ri t way let no man be imposed upon by such appearances the and the slave generally are such and for all practical purposes mr clay is one of them have no such idea of they have acquired and and new at great	37
pains and hazard for the same purpose that dictated some earlier the border states where the property is daily more and where the contrast is continually presented between slave states and free states mr s facts to the contrary notwithstanding look occasionally at some process of gradual but who propose to retain their slaves until the operation of a law which is purposely postponed in its action for more than a generation of masters and for two generations of slaves are not the men to their claims for service on the ground of natural rights so long as slave labor is profitable and continues to be the source of political power unless a marvellous change should be wrought in their feelings the plans founded upon an expected of or on a desire to escape the which is rapidly upon of slavery slave must not be confounded with the of and their spirit is hence their seldom fail to all agitation of the subject as useless dangerous and especially as touching its moral bearing hence the of the friends of freedom for as if freedom were a matter to be placed among the of a community or a topic to be limited restrained or enlarged even in its discussion by human laws and local interests the two addresses the titles of which have been ven in purpose may be accounted as one that to the people of the union prepared by mr of is only a mild and appeal while that to the of the southern the qualities of apology and defiance mr addresses the people of the union to them to his purpose he and mr speaks to the south carefully remembering all the time that he is in the hearing of the north to be sure it is the same lesson by different persons each in his own tone and words we shall devote the remainder of this article to some notice of the points in both as they are presented by mr we cannot help remarking at the outset that this address is essentially weaker in its tone than any document which the same author has recently prepared on the whole it is rather than menacing moderate in its counsels if it really counsel any thing and very little likely to attract any especial attention like every thing from that side of the line it the old ground upon which the battle has been so by the south in all the of freedom with slavery and on which there is a decided advantage to the latter it that the slave holding states have always been the by the compact into which they seem to have been by northern and with the promise of certain rights and which have never yet been confirmed consequently the northern states have been always or for the most part in the wrong and have by to their less favored brethren we take exception at once to the issue presented and on which the chief stress of the document is laid this great question which is so deeply so much of the world just now the question of freedom of personal liberty is not a d of slavery between the different sections of the union or concerning the relation between the two races the european and african which the southern section the appeal to the of the is of course more from this point than from any other but the statement does not do justice to the millions whose hearts are beating ear for freedom and who pity alike the toiling poor of england the of russia and the slaves of america it is not a question which would only include general ideas of prosperity and convenience nor a question of races the anti slavery agitation knows no or color it is not arrayed against southern measures and institutions as such but against the oppression which b practised under their influence and authority k the slavery of south and and is visited with censure more severely than any other or region it is because the face of the earth is not known anywhere to present so so barbarous so wicked a system as there and is defended there is no contest concerning the relation between the two races only as that relation with justice with the rights of human nature and with the hopes of mankind it is absurd to speak of the two race as if they were even as distinct in the south as the englishman is from the frenchman slavery knows no color in the united states it depends upon the condition of the mother although she be as white as the saxon and her offspring exhibit no traces but of white descent let us meet this complaint at the threshold perchance in no one respect do the slave require to be enlightened more than in this they cannot be supposed to understand the spirit they themselves may be now ready to manifest for the struggling of europe while they will not comprehend e interest which is felt by so many earnest men in the north for the oppressed people of the south it is not as the address a question of feeling alone or chiefly but a question which is based upon the demands of a common nature a question of right of justice of liberty for which men have borne and sacrificed more than for all other combined it appeals to all that is noblest and in human nature it will answer no good purpose to attempt to this anti slavery feeling as a deep seated disease if it be a disease it in the nineteenth century of the nature of an which has raged with great of at divers times in the experience of different nations and seems to have been quite in some parts of europe since february in europe one of the symptoms when the fever runs highest is revolution here fortunately for	37
of his own freedom or to him to improve any that might offer of escaping the woes and misery of we long bondage and yet this is one of the charges preferred against us secret are believed to exist in many of the northern states whose object is to and slaves to escape from their owners and to pass them secretly and rapidly by means organized for the purpose into canada that individuals may have acted for themselves in helping the and in assisting them to the recovery of some of their rights life liberty and the pursuit of happiness we have no doubt but of the existence of such secret im j slavery there is not a of proof such are not only unknown to the states whose limits they exist but also to tbe themselves who are not so cherished in the north that they should find ready to as t them in any such action the whole tale is a we suppose of some ingenious rogue who has secured a favor at the hands of the gallant gentlemen who have imposed upon and who have it with their names but the escape is only secondary to the protection which is affirmed to be in direct of the terms of we do not question that the article relating to persons held to service or labor was really intended to cover the case of from slavery although the terms are not so precisely to the point as would seem to have been required but then we know that this was adopted to save the feelings of such as the very idea of or continuing slavery viewed as a deliberate compromise it would seem to be obvious that while the compact is in force nothing should be directly done by those to it to any of its provisions still let not the slave wonder at any exhibition of jealousy on the part of the north when he reads the story of its the painful struggle that it cost and the artful of difficulties before it was passed mr says that an attempt was made by mr butler of south to require fugitive slaves and servants to be delivered up like or at expense but the motion was withdrawn papers p subsequently the world was struck from this provision because it seemed to favor the idea that slavery could be legal in a moral view papers p but the contract although opposed vehemently was finally concluded in the spirit of compromise the and the terms of surrender were all deliberately adjusted and the of the provision left to subsequent the same jealousy which so carefully examined tha law has followed its operation it is now complained that the citizens of the north have first the slaves from their and then thrown in the way of their so that the attempt to recover the ready mentioned denied au of the anti slavery s ru and of the existence of such friends as tb found t u with a love and hope for freedom of s p k slave in most of the northern states cannot now be made without the hazard of heavy and even of life itself that the recovery of a is attended with great expense seems to be an evil ag st which no provisions can be made the expenses are and on whom should they ful if not on the master ths question was settled in the as we have already seen the statement that a slave would be i for presenting his claim is as as he would be excepting under such provocation as in the case referred to in the address in which the sufferer seems to have been the offending party at first something more than the declaration of th gentle men for its confirmation the violence of men is under more restraint at the north than at the south and here the protection of law would as soon be thrown around a citizen of a neighbouring state as afforded to the panting fugitive halting for a night s lodging on his way to a land moreover the censure in reality an honor bestowed the and judges is entirely we do not know that any has done more than refuse the use of the state and county and the assistance of its own paid to the slave hunter thus much it was surely competent to do on the construction of the touching the question the first refusal of a northern judge to permit a slave when proved to be such to be removed from the state in which he was captured to his owner s abode is yet to be put upon record that the jealousy of human freedom has induced an inquiry of most character to be before a decision adverse to the weaker party is rendered that the accused so to speak the victim is allowed the benefit of any doubt which may be raised ought not in a republic to be matter of com these points we are sure will never be surrendered it is somewhat to hang on a gallows not intended for just such use yet we have the authority of the very case referred to so confidently by these gentlemen and the of southern demands for a return of on both these points in regard to the passage of state laws to protect the negro population of the north and to prevent state from acting as slave it is expressly said in the decision as to the recent of slavery authority so conferred on state while a difference of opinion exists and may exist on point in states whether state are bound act under it none is entertained by the court tliat state may if they choose the authority unless b state k on the other point wc have the opinion of the court in the same case that a may remove his	37
slave without investigation if he can do it without any breach of the peace or violence but in cases or where there is a contest of claims the point must be by a proper and that is all the security which the has ever extended to the fugitive that of another kind do exist we admit and have a word to say of them the protection of the slave may be accomplished or by popular will when done it is because in the contest of claims the slave did not make out his case ent the popular disposition itself in a different way the address states that the same to recovering a fugitive did not exist in the early operation of the government we presume that the literally mean the government under the constitution as it is well known that no such claim was ever allowed under the formerly then in other words the states lent the aid of their and no questions were raised as to the justice of the master s claim to service or labor without any improper motive or any motive which a southern man could we can see two sufficient reasons for an entire change in public sentiment in the first place slavery was not then an extinct institution in the northern states after the revolution it is stated that contained slaves new york while then only held of course then there was a greater j against a fugitive s freedom than would be after all the slaves in any region were and the familiarity with the condition of was lost as the number of free colored persons has increased so is the strengthened that any individual forcibly taken before a for so delicate a matter ba his legal right to himself is truly de as well as de a again within the last fifty years such continuous efforts have been made to extend and strengthen the institution of slavery that the consequence has finally been that a of slavery interest in and appreciation of the of freedom as these are expressed in the principles of a government has arisen without the of the or rather with their like s against oppression the would have been of half his influence a corresponding change in public opinion one of the results greater sympathy with me oppressed continually itself by increased vigilance in his behalf by earnest words and whenever the opportunity offers by deeds for his sake personal liberty is not now too w secured or too carefully guarded we only wish therefore that we could the reproach which the address casts upon a former generation in representing it as less cautious on this point but we are disposed to question the fact however we do not believe that so sudden a change took place after the of the constitution as seems to be it is on record that previous to that time the free states offered a safe asylum for story in his on the constitution says the want of such a provision for returning under the was felt as a grievous inconvenience by the slave holding states since in many states no aid whatsoever would be allowed to the owners and sometimes indeed they met with open resistance at present said mr in the virginia s p if any slave to any of those states where slaves are free he becomes by their laws mr of north urged the same point in the in that state in new york and some other states objections were raised on the same point and to show that the practice and the theory were alike there is a letter still from general washington to the of customs in his aid which was refused in a slave woman who had firom his general w s possession and was then living where she subsequently died in new an fugitive leaving this topic the address next with tolerable and accuracy the history of in connection with slavery since concluding of course with the somewhat striking passages of the last we cannot help being here reminded of the excellent french lady somewhere mentioned by dr who concluded all her with the words ii n y a mai qui a recent of d no one can ever be in the right but our author the position set up in this portion must not be admitted namely the right of slave in the districts and where has exclusive in all cases whatsoever we the claim by saying that slavery has no inherent right anywhere it only exists by violence it in the of man to man s power and in his continued submission to the tyranny which he cannot resist without superior might fancied or real the dominion of the slave would not endure for a day now whenever and wherever such an unequal struggle is going on secretly between the few and the many the strong and the weak it is folly or worse to of inherent rights of slave there are none such it is action the aid of the government which makes all the right of property to speak in slave language by which the possession is secured when the master can no longer hold his slave all the property ceases not only the value is at an end but the property itself ceases the possession is here all the ten points or none at all nor can the law do any thing but confirm the possession as it to a man the possession of his house it gives him no right of property but comes after the property is acquired to secure its possession what are the rights of slave in relation to these portions of national domain in the constitution it is declared that shall have power to exercise exclusive in all cases whatsoever over such district c this would cover the case of tho district of the was made subsequently to the of the terms	37
and the inhabitants have for the most part or wholly become in view of this power of so far from any legal to a of slavery there the terms reserve the right to do the opposite whenever occasion may demand its exercise the right to carry slaves into the new is urged with such earnestness that it is evidently the principal point in the mind of the gentleman who prepared the the same gentleman who for the admission of into e union the claim based upon the number of engaged in the war with was very properly and in figures on the floor of from the records of the war department the other claim requires a s notice it is that the of the is in the several states and in the individuals i em and consequently that in order to equal advantage from the acquisition it is necessary that slavery should be allowed or not forbidden there but let it be observed in the first place that slavery is necessarily either a creation of law or a result of force and when die force would not be sufficient without the assistance of government for its it may be regarded as essentially a creation of law in for tiie good of all the inhabitants white and black the respect for the rights of man and the corresponding obligations of have a claim upon attention it is not competent to the united states to establish a although it has been deemed so to do the next thing a military nor would it seem to be within its proper to provide for injustice or the strong will take of themselves there or anywhere and the of the law established by a government must be provided for the weak and for those who will otherwise come under the dominion of or violence if tiie ground that we of the north are not responsible for slavery ul the states all action there may be denied action at least must be granted where responsibility holds for the which we shall be called to erect and maintain it is not a question which we care to reduce to argument we have no license to grant for slavery where we have any power of in the second place this plea for an equality of privileges completely itself it is argued that should impose no upon the of slave with their property in order to render them equal with the non slave who go thither with theirs but the case to be decided is shall this idea of property in man which mr thought it wrong to admit in the constitution papers p be protected in these nothing but absolute can protect it or such of existing as shall be equivalent to new laws the mere existence of oppression is not one half so much to be dreaded as the existence of laws which will become necessary for its maintenance for instance in close to the relating to persons held to service or labor is another which says of slavery the citizens of each state shall be entitled to all privileges and of citizens in the several states but can this declaration be maintained in a slave holding community let the laws the police of many of the states say whether all the citizens of the northern states have there secured to them the privileges and of citizens if not in what way shall slavery be rendered any more in the new and the states to be yet formed of them with the rights which are with in the south generally there are nearly free colored persons in the united states and only about slave and yet these latter for equality s sake claim which will work the of all the rights of the former similar reasoning may be applied to the relative condition of white where slave labor is permitted for the relation of master and slave can never exist without so the true conditions of manual labor that free cannot be by the same atmosphere which slaves this conflict of interests is nothing new the south or rather the few who assume to speak for the millions of non slave holding citizens of those states have always been arrayed against free institutions and free labor the of interest between the north and the south is radical and cannot be removed while its cause mr felt this and owned it in the of free labor and slave labor have an entirely different relation to those who are by them it b a great mistake still to regard slavery as the great of the country the register recently estimated the whole wealth slaves included of north to be while that of the city of boston is the of interest is not in the wealth but just where it was in when said in southern gentlemen will not be satisfied unless they see the way open to gaining a majority in the public either the distinction between north and south is or real if let it be dismissed and let us proceed due if it be real instead of attempting to things let ns at once take a friendly leave of figures were taken the of the case is stronger id di l the than it is here represented of slavery each other and t the question of equality of rights in and new ia a question of political power and importance rendered the more urgent by the in the political parties of the friends of humanity we have said thus much in reply to some of the positions of this address not because the question seemed to admit of any argument but because we have an apprehension that are nearly or quite as many persons in the free states as in the slave states who will admit the of the the northern mind has in some manner become strangely inconsistent on this subject and the same	37
men who will deem it wise good and noble to with the oppressed subjects of a kingdom who have lost only the freedom of the or been excessively believe it wrong in a high to manifest similar regret for the wretched inmates of the prison house of bondage the rights of slave are sacred but the slave s right to himself is questionable mr will find many men in who believe with him and his that only disaster will come from acknowledging the rights of human nature in their slaves the story of and not the well reports from finds a ready place in their minds this assumption of aversion on the part of slaves whom it is one part of the same system of logic to prove very loving to their masters is unjust to that common sentiment of gratitude for which this deeply injured and ever enduring race has always been let him who will compare the danger from such as these with the danger from a of foreigners pouring into our atlantic cities not only degraded and ignorant but worse than all full of the lowest superstition this cry of danger is only a skilful to throw off a demand for right upon a claim for equality of social position the slaves like the irish may be free without having their relation to their present masters otherwise changed it is only owing to the generous confiding and nature of those men and women that such terrible wrongs have not raised a frenzy which could the recent production by mr of evidence to show the of mr s present position with that which he maintained while in president s cabinet may open a further testimony to the statements of the text namely that the questions raised concerning and rights of that kind are of less moment than that or political and power of only be in slaughter of the and his race will prevent all this hazard which must be daily under such unnatural conditions of life the various provisions which slave and their are desirous of making for the present emergency have a terrible tendency which is nothing else than a and indefinite extension of the on which they live here is the fearful mistake of the he is binding burdens on other generations burdens of which he may sometimes himself complain there are no steps taken for no acknowledgment of the wrong and curse of slavery in words that show an earnest purpose to do well the wailing that the slaves are unfit for freedom is mockery while no measures are proposed to prepare them for it and while every thing is done to prevent of such a condition it is we say the mistake of the and hb that they will not allow the seed to be sown to day for a future harvest in the whole of mr s address there is not one sentence which the slave as a man or as any thing else than as an instrument of labor and wealth or as an beast daily adding to the which his existence as a slave mr and mr clay scarcely do any better the plans of and should meet but one reply it is the prophecy and the counsel which are to be read without a s vision from the records of the past slavery where it now exists must be for the good of the master and the slave for the well being of mankind it must extend no further the is the friend of the master when with hopeful words he wins the slave away from dreams of vengeance in which streams of blood wash away the traces of oppression to a higher hope of voluntary if there is no power other than the moral appeal of discussion concerning the of slavery we something more than that to exercise in regard to its further extension and of that we say right or wrong as regards the of other days or not of the supposed terms of any past compact we dare not so offend the majesty of truth so the solemn obligations of humanity so disregard the claims of justice as to be the means ever indirectly of opening new of men and women then as to from slavery the sentiment of the of slavery north is rapidly taking that position when it will be impossible to give any ready compliance or anything but a legal forced submission to the present construction of the constitution that have been surrendered otherwise and with alacrity will not afford any sanction for a of the practice no legal are in force none will probably be put in force in any free state other than those which relate to all kinds of property its proof and the payment of charges before it will be sour as the is concerned allowed to be taken away if mr in the address means to intimate that the spirit of the tion requires that persons held to service or labor shall be arrested by the state in which they have taken refuge and be delivered up voluntarily by such state or if aid be required by the spirit of the terms of the compact then the of several of the free states have been and unjust but we remind all who think thus that this was denied when asked for in the public sentiment now that any man should be carried off by violence before it has been fully proved that is a claim upon him for service the simple of will not answer when the claim is by the individual whose welfare is most concerned in the issue the law without a breach of the peace or violence the act expressly requires an of the question before an officer such as it a slave claims his freedom he that he is a man that he was by nature free that he has	37
shall visit the seat of government to take part in the of the time for weak men for men for men who will say and bold things for men who will for seats near the throne for men who are absent on leave or at home when serious are to be taken the time for such men has gone by they do not express the earnest free thought of the free states once we say the of this address and the south generally do not understand the views and feelings of the of the north but they clearly apprehend that there can be only one result of so much agitation it is that result which they are attempting to prevent they design to move the south to insist that the north shall do more to help and less to hurt the cause of oppression if it be possible they will some by the prospect of a of the union or by some similar yet to be erected will their end be answered we believe not there is one admission in the address for which we are thankful from which the friends of freedom may take courage and which will silence we hope the lips of those who are continually that the agitation has done and can do no good forty eight of the thus declare themselves its influence this agitation and the use of these have been with more or less activity for a series of years not without doing mu h towards the object intended we do not apprehend in the least a dissolution of the union there are not enough who will peril it for the sake of slavery or slavery at its expense if the thing were practicable as it is not but for the power of the free states added to their own the power of the union unseen but everywhere felt there is not strength enough to keep three millions of slaves in bondage in the southern states many of their men have said as much it will be a long day before the minds of the people are prepared for that result and while the north is becoming more alive to the of slavery in a republic and more disposed to resent the of the for every friend of dissolution made here an opponent of the plan is made at the south two large parties have now an existence both of which urge a dissolution of the union the northern to be free from the responsibility of y of the domestic of other and the southern to support this institution we are no prophet if the increase of the one does not the other the address with an appeal for union among southern men on this subject and in resistance to the of the north the of any attempt to array the south as a section against the north will be apparent when it is remembered that not more than one quarter of the white citizens are themselves slave and that one half the remainder are degraded by the of the same spirit which the colored man to the earth these gentlemen may have yet to learn that it is one thing to unite men on the side of justice and humanity and another to band them on the opposite side men will never do deeds for conventional privileges which have no foundation in justice and no relation to humanity beside all human nature the north alone is united against oppression the very stones cry out against it the genius of the republic is its foe the law of progress it it is weak in itself and the source of all kinds of weakness where it exists the of eloquence will not save that which is founded on injustice and which can have no breath of true life no strength of arms he is in a sad plight who holds a man in his right hand and with the universe for his with his left indeed i tremble for my country were s and impressive words wh n i reflect that is just and that his justice cannot sleep for ever considering numbers nature and natural means only a revolution of the wheels of fortune an exchange of situations is among possible events the almighty has no attribute that can take sides with us in such a contest good men of all parties and sections will soon admit the maintained in this republic and be as earnest as the most zealous of to day in escaping from the of so unnatural a condition as slavery the of is not now what it once was we can remember when it s joke in different terms from those of this address which after all only received the of a small number of the and representatives of the southern it was once or twice to be modified and finally was by forty eight of the one hundred and in from slave holding states me ent of slavery the time is rapidly hastening on when the whole voice of the community shall in tones that will endure no denial a from tyranny the day of pro slavery and in the north has wholly passed away the only apprehension to be entertained is that for a while longer the spirit of the unhappy words of who in the thought that the north should yield if the south insisted will prevail in the public of the country in other words that men will sacrifice the just and true as heretofore to the expedient of to day there are three positions which including perhaps all actual and immediate connection with oppression ought to be taken and maintained by friends of freedom at the north at all times of the moral agitation of the subject in a broader view the of slavery in the district of or if that be impossible the removal of the seat of	37
government to a region the of the commerce in human flesh between the several states the better protection of the colored citizens of the free states from the danger to which they are exposed of arrest and removal under sanction of a corrupt administration of an provision j and of imprisonment and sale when going for legal aad proper purposes on errands to southern ports the first two of these are surely within the literal construction of the of as in the constitution tho third is founded upon the common rights of human nature and is demanded by the constant of for which the victims can have no remedy it is to secure these as well as to prevent the extension of the domain of slavery that we are to pledge ourselves and the result ao surely as the cause of truth justice and love will prevail over the opposite ways of wrong will not be for ever wanting to human efforts a few hot headed cannot always the march of liberal principles such men do not now represent the section which in a few years themselves unchanged they will it is to be hoped that the non of the south will soon cease to be thus identified with the institution which their labor and their manhood aid ami said if the slave have found one half the keen satire to be too sadly true he may yet learn that the other has something of a reality in human experience no m s seven lamp of the seven lamp of bj john author of modern with drawn and by the author new york john mo vm and these lamps mr explains to be the laws of right m the peculiar aspects of them which belong to the first of the arts namely architecture he them as follows truth power beauty life memory obedience here already is a confusion between the laws of art and the laws that should govern the life of the artist who is not only an artist but also a moral being and as such held to obedience to the laws of right if he would deserve success in this or in any other art however is indifferent to persons and cares not whether her results be arrived at in prayer and sacrifice or in and by a or by a in this specimen we have a type of the whole book it is filled with earnest striking criticism from a high even religious point of view but not very nor anywhere going to the root of the matter and mingled with theories with and sometimes even with cant though of the kind that calls sincere cant what mr really has to say might come under a much heading than his title page this namely the necessity of simplicity and in architecture and indeed in criticism of the architecture of the day this should be the prominent point a definite aim for this is the first requisite to success in any thing and yet it is rarely to be found in our architecture to this all mr s except the fourth and sixth may be reduced the necessity before all things of a definite aim we extract some of hb glowing sentences to this point it is the misfortune of most of our modem buildings that we would fain have an universal excellence in them and so part of the funds must go in painting part in part in fitting up part in painted windows part in small part in ornaments here and there and neither the windows nor the nor the ornaments are worth their materials for there is a crust about the part of men s minds which must be pierced s seven lamps of before they can be touched to the and though we at it and scratch it in a thousand places we might as well have let it alone if we do not come somewhere with a deep thrust and if we can give such a anywhere there is no need of another it need not even be so wide as a church door that it be enough and mere weight will do this it is a clumsy way of doing it but an effectual one too and the which cannot be pierced through by a small nor shone through by a small window can be broken through in a moment by the mere weight of a great wall let therefore the who has not large resources choose his point of attack first and if he choose size let him abandon for unless they are concentrated and numerous enough to make their conspicuous all his ornaments together would not be worth one huge stone and the choice must be a decided one without compromise it must be no question whether his would not look better with a little carving let him leave them huge as blocks or whether his arches should not have richer let him throw them a foot higher if he can a yard more across the will be worth more to him than a pavement and another of outer wall than an army of after size and weight the power of architecture may be said to depend on the quantity whether measured in space or of its shadow and it seems to me that the reality of its works and the use and influence they have in the daily life of men as opposed to those works of art with which we have nothing to do but in times of rest and pleasure require of it that it should express a kind of human sympathy by a measure of darkness as great as there is in human life and that as the great poem and great fiction generally affect us most by the majesty of their masses of shade and cannot take hold upon ns if they affect a continuance of but must	37
be serious often and sometimes melancholy else they do not express the truth of this wild world of ours so there must be in this human art of architecture some equivalent expression for the trouble and wrath of life for its sorrow and its mystery and this it can only give by depth or of gloom by the frown upon its front and the shadow of its recess so that is a noble manner in architecture though a false one in painting and i do not believe that ever any building was truly great unless it had mighty masses vigorous and deep of shadow mingled with its surface and among the first habits that a young should learn is that of thinking in shadow not looking at a design in its miserable skeleton but it as it will be when the dawn lights it and the dusk leaves it when its stones will be hot and its when the will od the and the birds build in the him design with the sense cold and heat him let him cat the shadows as men dig wells in plains and lead the lights as a founder does his hot metal let him keep the command of both and see that he knows how thej fall and where thej fade it not how how common the means are that get weight and shadow sloping roof porch projecting balcony hollow frowning get but and simplicity and all od things follow in their place and time we are none of as so good as to be able to work beneath oar strength and yet there is not a building that i know of lately wherein it is not sufficiently evident that neither nor has done hb best it is the especial characteristic of modern work all old work nearly has been hard work it may be the hard work of children of of but it is always their utmost let us have done with this kind of work at once do not let us our roofs with wretched half worked blunt edged do not let us flank our gates with rigid of such things are mere to common sense and only unfit us for feeling the nobility of their we have so much suppose to be spent in let us go the of his time whoever he may be and bid him for us a single statue or capital or as many as we can afford compelling upon him the one that they shall be the best he can da it may be that we do not desire ornament of so high an order choose then a less developed style also if you will material the law which we are requires only that what we pretend to da and to give shall both be the best of their kind choose therefore the work instead of the and statue but let it be the best work and if you cannot afford marble use stone but from the best bed and if not stone brick but the best brick preferring always what is good of a lower order of work and material to what is bad of a higher the first condition which just feeling requires in church furniture is that it should be simple and unaffected not nor i recollect no instance of a want of sacred character or of any marked and painful in the simplest or most awkwardly built village church where stone and wood were roughly and used and the windows with white but the smoothly walls the flat roofs with ornaments the barred windows with borders and dead ground square panes the gilded or wood the painted iron the wretched of curtains and cushions and heads and altar and metal and all the green and yellow sickness of the s seven lamps of marble all all are they who like these things who defend them who do them i have never spoken to any one who did like them though to many who thought them matters of no consequence the above may serve as sufficient specimens of the general views but the reader of the modem painters will readily conceive though the lamps are much less rich in such how many admirable bits of special criticism and how many pictures by the are scattered through the pages as this there is no subject of street ornament so wisely chosen as a fountain where it is a fountain of use for it is just there that perhaps the happiest pause takes place in the labor of the day when the is rested on the edge of it and the breath of the bearer is drawn deeply and the hair swept from the forehead and the of the form declined against the marble ledge and the sound of the kind word or light laugh with the of the falling water heard and as the fills to select further some of the most directly practical of his views we may mention that he attacks all machine carving imitation of a material different from that actually made use of and in general all work pretending to be what it is not the reason assigned is that it is a of truth in pretending to more labor or expense than has really been ven to it these questions are wide ones and speaking certainly his doctrine b on the safe side of this kind have reached a most glaring pitch have got indeed to be almost equivalent to ornamental architecture but the ground on which they are to be opposed mr does not make very clear as to the mere moral question art as we have has nothing to do with morals as to the mere quantity of labor or expense this also is a matter of indeed has he not himself taught us modern painters vol i ch that other things being equal rapidity and apparent of the	37
means to the effect are ble the truth is the value of a work of art consists in its being the expression of human feeling and thought but in machine work the execution is out of all proportion to the thought hence the diminished value as to the ground of objection is that the material is not fit for the work not merely apparently inadequate this it may not be but really so if the is ap s seven l of parent it becomes a source of pleasure as for instance in the slender shafts and slight of architecture which is delightful when either by science or by tradition we are assured of its strength but otherwise would be the of ornament where it is not to be seen the splendor of the front and the of the rear is such a gross and at the same time common an offence against correct taste that we should be glad if our space permitted to copy some of our author s remarks on this point he very allows the of ornament where it could by no possibility be seen but will have this done openly and only in clear cases it is destructive to art to have it degraded to mere appearance on the other hand the desert flower that unseen is no rule to art which is elevated above the and waste of nature the lamp of beauty might have been expected to shed some light on the question somewhat vexed among the readers of the modem painters whether or not mr intended to hold up the imitation of nature as the standard of art for ourselves our opinion was very clear that he had no such thought and we were much surprised to read here p that whatever in architecture is fur and beautiful is from natural forms and p forms which are not taken firom natural objects mu t be ugly now whatever opinions have been entertained in this respect as to painting and such as to architecture are to us at least both new and strange since this alone of the arts has no in nature in no doubt much is suggested by natural objects but even here imitation is generally avoided except in barbarous or we still prefer to hold this as a slip of the pen or the fancy and remember rather his former statement modern painters i that ideas of truth are the foundation and ideas of the destruction of all art if the beautiful be the then whatever is must be beautiful neither is mr more happy in his definition of the picturesque as distinguished from the beautiful he calls it p but to make use of his own question on occasion of another definition we should be curious to trace the steps of any reasoning which on such a theory should account for the of an ass as opposed to a horse or indeed should account for it at s seven of all we take to be simply the fitness of any thing to form part of a picture only the requisite harmony or contrast with other objects and not any beauty of the thing itself out of the lest our from their number should seem to our really thankful of the work in general we pass over some other matters that appear to us open to criticism much and blame in matter attacks on the roman church talk against even wishes that the men employed on them had been set to building beautiful houses and churches instead much run mad of all kinds we omit the feeling of the whole work as to the prospects of architecture and it would sometimes seem as to all other prospects is despair an unwise feeling which human nature will sometimes yield to but which no considerate man will put into print since there is never any ground for it if there is no chance for our ever having a good architecture we may rest assured there is some reason could we but find it why it is best so in reply to all complaints of the of our age of the want of taste in the c c we say that first of all such complaints are in the wrong all criticism of general and decided tendencies of whole nations will be found in all experience to have been right perhaps in what it saw from not seeing the compensation that kept the account square right in this case for instance in seeing the of architecture as a fact but wrong from not seeing what this fact proves for looking at things in the large the features we discern are necessary ones and carved by the finger of fate perhaps in the fulness of time it will be discerned that this building of and mills was the thing most wanted in the building line just at present and that the ends attained by the noble architecture of antiquity are now attained in some other way if we look at mr s we shall see that the feeling by which he demands the artist shall be possessed is nothing more or less than religion his demand then is that we shall be religious and moreover that we shall express our on in the form of religious architecture but we have better ways of expressing it in the days of the grand architecture it was the best way or one of the best ways it is not so now to topic lead too but much we may holds as a fine art holds at present a it the part of no friend to art to us strength m the hope of it iq for art only and when the days of criticism come and and ha e of it it is already dead and gone like it its bo to the doctors oar part clearly is to take what is ns with and	37
they were treading so and earnestly the same pathway of light and yet an imaginary barrier separated his child liim the correspondence which passed between them when joseph was preparing for the the of the father s heart and the of his there are many pleasing sketches of persons and events scattered through the book we close this imperfect notice by a little whose simple beauty will tempt the reader to look for more in the book itself they dwelt in a small plain house one little of ten feet containing all that was requisite for their comfort the himself tended a little shop in front of the parlor filled with needles pins quality binding that most common luxury with a pair of scales to weigh a s worth the always wore a full suit of very li ht with white cotton stockings and silver knee and a full white wig always powdered his exquisitely were tamed back while he was in the shop under white linen sleeves or and a white linen apron preserved the purity of the fine his solitary mate sat in the little three parlor whose fire place was an and built into the comer the forming successive little shelves things could be kept warm there she sat all day at her and notices round table with needle work dressed in an old fashioned with an exquisite lawn handkerchief folded over it and with a neatness where the litter of children s sports never came in the childhood of the writer it was a blessed to be permitted to go and drink tea with the old fashioned pair the visitor sat upon the stair that came down into the room and observed the process of making tea when the bright copper kettle was placed before the fire and the waiter with small china took the place of the work basket upon the round table there as the shades gathered in their little room and the sang louder and louder the mate of this solitary nest came in from the shop his white wig was exchanged for a linen cap the and the apron laid aside and the of the silver shoe but not taken out his place was at another small table where were writing materials and the of the little establishment it was the proud office of the childish visitor to be permitted to the smoking cup of tea across the few steps that divided the tables without a drop more than rewarded by the smile the courteous politeness of the old gentleman yes although he sold snuff bv the copper s worth he was a true to his companion whom he called my love while she addressed him by the placid title of neighbor obeying no doubt the of scripture to love her neighbor as herself in this secluded manner passed the evening of a life that had once been more and with means of expense and in retaining the costume of better days to the business of tne small shop they retained what to their own self respect the old lady always folded her work and closed her evening in the words of dr i i of modes and forms and paid to fellow worms their their rain and empty stuff but i can never have enough of thy dear company in my childish simplicity it seemed a beautiful compliment to her companion but as i now understand its significance it seems almost a upon their quiet life christianity its transition state and probable development by j a b formerly of college oxford and perpetual of prior and non mo xii and here is another book from a fellow of oxford which shows a tendency of thought in earnest men quite counter to the common of the day the author treats of the condition of the churches inspiration of the miracles and prophecy the divinity of christ doctrines and articles prospects and conclusion it is not a profound book the author seldom going down to first principles nor yet a learned one but it is liberal mr takes things at second hand short bat he takes good he thus speaks of the of the churches the dry bones of all are to stir and like dead under the stroke of a battery even the and ss receive a momentary and from the shock of excitement from the ancient heart of from rome herself a faint is still felt the and a lingering hope seems to be entertained that new wine may be pat a spirit has penetrated into the very of and itself is seeking for the practical and essential hi regard less of external forms and the of a y a few ago the common room at was the constant scene those of intellect which the liberal of the age has into the of discussion amongst the most of the were white and men admitted even by their to have possessed considerable learning character and si ity the of the has now cleared away and after the of a few years let a again observe the position of the the sensitive and honest white after having attached himself after his from to the liberal church to the and to the at length died in the profession of what the world calls the devout and after a long and painful struggle being to find a place for the sole of his within the pale of his church in primitive of heart staff in hand a pilgrimage to rome the language of oar forms no longer describes the actual and wants of the except in the expression of those general of natural religion which are common to all times and its hold on the affections of the people if hold it has is founded on a sentiment for alone it is thus by for ever looking back that the her as leader of christian civilization and allows the world	37
to her and neglect her instructions to the best and purest of her ministers her and machinery is daily becoming more and more an and a and the brightest ornaments of her communion are those who their to her laws the honest of the of the church amongst her clergy are simply called upon openly to profess what so many of believe t t no honest preacher any longer continue to teach what he believes to be unreal and even li it may he consecrated by the of the church let the people at least be freed from the burden of rites and ceremonies no longer significant or which have a positive tendency to divert their minds from the spiritual objects of their faith let them no longer be taught that the of hands can convey the gift of the holy ghost that the water in can wash away our sins or that the is more than a the of rites and ceremonies or actually would be at least a step a more earnest and genuine belief he thus speaks of inspiration in conclusion then the can only be said to be inspired in a sense far more that what is required to sustain the which is given to them by the popular many carry to the account of inspiration the wisdom of solomon and the poetical beauties of but this is the same inspiration which is attributed to the of milton or or even to the homely wisdom of short and for poor in the peculiar wisdom at least of the book of the prayers of the for every soul the gifts of god s spirit and shall this divine guide be denied to the benevolent or elizabeth whilst it is supposed to have blessed in an especial manner the peter or the thomas the power and influence of the modem saint on his age and nation cannot be compared with ancient examples for the enthusiasm of the east is unknown in our northern climate and advanced civilization it extremely probable all that the words inspired holy spirit holy ghost and many other were actually used in the in the same va e sense as in modern literature where we speak of the divine the inspired the of genius or the spirit of love and surely we cannot deny to the writers of the east a latitude so fr y indulged in by those of the cold and north to the poor and man of the present age the bible with all its mysteries and miracles is simply an object of reverence the mysterious doctrines the religious the profound criticism and learning by which it is for the educated reader are entirely lost upon the the vulgar idea i conceive to be that god has twice and only twice actually spoken to mankind once in the hebrew and once in the greek language these being the chosen tongues of the divine the various records that compose the sacred volume are looked upon as objects of devout adoration as much as if they had actually fallen down from heaven a reliance on authority extending even to of the same sacred character that attached to the original records all truth and all wisdom scientific and moral whole counsel of god are literally assumed to be comprehended in the words of a book and it is true that a moral sense of right and wrong is generally admitted to l an original element in human nature yet the concession is so qualified by a pious and so obscured by that the is left but little reliance on the of conscience the doctrines of original sin and human infirmity are so taught as to all practical dependence on the inward witness when such is the condition of tne ous mind not only of the vulgar but of the half instructed of all classes it is easy to account for the still existing on the subject of miracles his belief in miracles is hardly that a belief in miraculous agency should thus exist in the th century or even at the present moment is simply to be referred to the teaching of the church for there is in reality no reason for denying the same miraculous powers to the of or of london which were once freely to martyr or it is certain that the ignorant vulgar believe the miracles of the church solely on her own authority they humbly receive this as they do every other doctrine of their faith on that authority alone without or attempting to exercise that right of private judgment so assumed to be the of the the assumed of the belief in miracles amongst all classes of christians must not be considered therefore as any evidence of their or of their truth st paul no doubt at his one of those airy tongues that syllable men s names so delicately imagined by milton a living faith in the of christianity it will surely be is more important than a belief in the raising of or the possession of the swine and if by a not improbable change in religious these two miracles be abandoned as so many others have been by the and notices of the popular creed how little would it affect the spiritual objects of our faith the grand of the immortality of the soul the and tendency of the human spirit and its relation to the of god in christ our bright example considered by as the very essence of christianity the t and virtue the happiness of all these lessons would remain and though every recorded miracle in the and half uie doctrines from them by the church should be proved to be the of oriental cr and corruption nay more how many thousands of human beings in whose hearts toe lore of christ and reverence for his teaching are	37
ate the and found it nature seems to exist for the excellent the world is by the of good men they make the earth wholesome they who lived with them life glad and life is sweet and tolerable only in our belief in society and actually or we manage to live with we call our children and our lands by their names their names are wrought into the of language their works and are in our houses and b representative men of the day an anecdote of the search after the great is the dream of and the most serious occupation of manhood we travel into foreign parts to find his works if possible to get a glimpse of him but we are put off with fortune instead you say the english are practical the are hospitable in the climate is delicious and in the hills of the there is gold for the gathering yes but i do not travel to find comfortable rich and hospitable people or clear sky or that cost too much but if there were any that would point to the countries and the houses where are the persons who are rich and i would sell all to buy it and put myself on the road to day the race goes with us on their credit the knowledge that in the is the man who invented the railroad raises the credit of all the citizens enormous if they be beggars are disgusting like moving cheese like hills of or of the more the worse our religion is the love and of these the gods of fable are the shining moments of great men we run all our vessels into one mould our colossal of are the necessary and action of the human mind the student of history is like a man going into a to buy or carpets he he has a new article if he go into the ry he shall find that his new stuff still the and which are uses of beat i found on the interior walls of the of is the of the human mind man can or make or think nothing but he believes that the great material elements bid their origin from his thought and our finds one essence collected or distributed now we proceed to into the kinds of service we derive from others let us be warned of the danger studies and begin low enough we must not contend against love or deny the substantial existence of other people i know not what would happen to us we have our affection towards others a sort of or purchase which nothing will supply i can do that by another which i cannot do alone i can say to you what i cannot first say to other men are through which we read our own minds each man seeks those of different quality from his wn and such as are good of their kind that is he seeks other men and the the stronger the nature the more it is re active let us have the quality pure a little genius let us leave alone a main difference men is whether they attend their own affair or not man is that noble plants which grows like the palm from within outward his own affair though impossible to others he can open with and in sport it is easy to sugar to be and to to be salt we take a great deal of pains to and that which will of itself ml into our hand i count him a great man who a higher sphere of b men into which other men rise with labor and difficulty he has but to open his eyes to see things in a true lights and in large whilst th must make painful and keep a eye on many sources of error his service to us is of like sort it costs a beautiful person no exertion to paint her image on our eyes yet how splendid is tiiat benefit i it costs no more for a wise soul to his quality to other men and every one can do his best thing easiest de j he is great who is what he is from nature and who never reminds us of others but he must be related to us and our life receive from him some promise of explanation i cannot tell what i would know but i have observed that there are j who in their characters and ac tions answer questions which i have not skill to put one man answers some question which none of his put and is isolated the past and passing and answer some other question certain men affect us as rich possibilities but helpless to themselves and to their times the sport perhaps of some instinct that rules in the air they do not speak to our want but the great are near we know them at sight they satisfy expectation and fall into place what is good is effective makes for itself room food and a sound apple produces seed a does not is a man in his place he is fertile armies with his purpose which is thus executed the river makes its own shores and each legitimate idea makes its own channels and uses of t ion welcome for food for weapons to fight with and to explain it the artist has the planet for his the adventurer after years of strife has nothing broader than his own shoes our common discourse respects two kinds of or service from superior men j direct giving is agreeable to the early belief of men direct giving of material or aid as of health eternal youths fine senses arts of healing power and the boy believes there is a teacher who can sell him wisdom churches in merit but in we are not much of direct serving man is and education	37
we acquire very the habit of looking at things in the same light and on each occurrence we anticipate his thought men are through the intellect and the affections other help i find a false appearance if you affect to give me bread and fire i perceive that i pay for it the full price and at last it leaves me as it found me neither better nor worse but all mental and moral force is a positive good it goes out firom you whether you will or not and profits me whom you never thought of i cannot even hear of personal vigor of any kind great j of performance without fresh resolution we are of all that man can do saying of sir walter i know that he can toil terribly is an electric touch so are s portraits of who men of an industry and vigilance not to be tired out mr wearied by the most laborious and of parts not to be imposed on by tbe most subtle and sharp and of ft personal courage equal to bis best parts of was so severe an of truth that he could as have given himself leave to steal as to we cannot read without a of the blood and i accept the saying of the chinese a sage is the of a hundred ages when the manners of loo are heard o the stupid become intelligent and tiie wavering determined this is the moral of yet it is hard for d men to touch the quick like our own companions whose names may not last as long what is be whom i never think of whilst in every solitude are those who our genius and us in wonderful manners there is a power in love to divine another s destiny better than that other can and by heroic to hold him to his task what has friendship so signal as its sublime attraction to whatever virtue is in us we will never more think of ourselves or of life we are to some purpose and the industry of the on the railroad will not again shame us under this head too falls that homage very pure as i think which all ranks pay to the hero of the day from and down to hear the shouts in the street i the people cannot see bim they delight in a man here is a uses of great men head and a trunk i what a front what e et shoulders and the whole carriage with equal inward force to guide the great machine this pleasure of full expression to that which in private experience is usually cramped and runs also much higher and is the secret of the reader s joy in genius nothing is kept back there is fire enough to the mountain of ore s principal merit may be in sayings that he of all men best understands the english language and can say what he will these channels and of expression are only health or fortunate constitution s name suggests other and purely benefits and sovereigns have no compliment witli their swords and coats like the addressing to a human beings thoughts out of a certain height and his intelligence this honor which is possible in personal intercourse scarcely twice in a lifetime genius perpetually pays contented if now and then in a century the is accepted the of the of matter are degraded to a sort of and on the appearance of the of ideas is the or of the re and draws their map and by ns with new fields of activity our affection for the old these are at once accepted as the reality of which the world we have conversed with is the show we go to the and swimming school to men see the and beauty of tiie body is the like pleasure and a higher benefit from witnessing intellectual of all kinds as of memory of combination great power of abstraction the of the imagination even and as these acts expose the invisible organs and members of the mind which respond member for member to the parts of the body for we thus enter a new and learn to choose men by their truest marks taught with to choose those who can without aid from the eyes or any other sense proceed to truth and to being foremost among these are the and wrought by the imagination when this wakes a man seems to ten times or a thousand times his force it opens the delicious sense of size and an audacious mental we are as elastic as the gas of and a sentence in a book or a word dropped in conversation sets free mr and instantly our heads are bathed with a and our feet tread the floor of the pit and lis benefit is real because we are entitled to these and once having passed the bounds au never again be quite the miserable we re j high functions of the intellect are so allied some imaginative power usually appears in all lent minds even in of the first but especially in meditative men of an of thought this class serve us so that they the perception of identity and the perception y uses of great men li of reaction the eyes of shut on either of these laws the perception of these laws is a kind of o the mind the little are little through failure to se even these have their our in reason into of tiie especially when a mind of powerful method ha instructed men we find the examples of the dominion of the the credit of of bacon of in the history of of saints and the which have taken the name of each founder are in point alas every man is such a victim the of men is always inviting of power it is the	37
all heroes by letting in this element of reason of persons this and irresistible upward into our thought destroying the power so great that the is nothing then he ia a monarch who gives a constitution to his people a who the equality of souls and his servants from their barbarous an emperor who can spare his empire but i intended to with a little two or three points of service nature never the or but wherever she her creature with some or defect lays her on the and the sufferer goes joyfully through life ignorant of the ruin and of seeing it though all the world point their finger at it every day the worthless and members of society whose existence is a social invariably think themselves the most ill used people alive and never get over their astonishment at tiie ingratitude and selfishness of their our globe its hidden virtues not only in heroes and but in and nurses is it not a rare contrivance that lodged the due in every creature the resisting energy id men t ie anger at being or changed independent of the intellectual force in each is of the that we are right not feet le t not the idiot bat uses what spark of perception and faculty is left to and triumph in his or her opinion over the of all the rest difference from me is the measure of absurdity not one has a of being wrong was it not a bright thought that made things with this off but in the midst of this chuckle of some figure goes by which too can love and admire this is he that should us the way we were going there is no end to his aid without we should almost lose our in the possibility of a reasonable book we seem to want but one but we want one we love to with heroic persons since our is unlimited and with the great our thoughts and manners easily become great we are all wise in though so i few there needs but one wise man in a company and all are wise so rapid is the great men are thus a to clear our eyes from and enable us to see other people and their works but there are vices and follies incident to whole and ages men resemble their even more than their it is observed in old couples or in persons who have been for a course of years that they grow alike and if they should live long enough we should not be able to know them apart nature these which threaten to melt the world of into and to break np the like goes on between men of the of the same of same political party and the ideas of the time are in the air and all who breathe it viewed from any this city of city of london the western seem a bundle of we keep each other in and by the of tiie time the shield against the of conscience is the universal practice or our again it is very be as wise and good as your of our what they know without effort and almost through the of the skin we catch it by sympathy or as a wife at the intellectual and moral of her husband but we stop where they stop very hardly can we take another step the great or such as held of nature and fashions by their fidelity to universal ideas are from these and defend us from our they are the exceptions which we want where all grows alike a foreign greatness is the for thus we feed on genius and refresh ourselves from too much conversation with our mates and in the depth of nature in that direction in which he leads us what is one great man for of every mother one son a genius though all the rest should be but a new danger appears in the excess of influence of the great man his attractions ua from our place we have become and men ah yonder in the is our ther great men new qualities and on each other we of the honey of each peculiar greatness every hero becomes a bore at last perhaps was not bad hearted yet he said of the good even i pray you let me never hear that man s name again they cry up the virtues of george washington damn george washington v is the poor s whole speech and but it is human nature s indispensable defence the the we balance one man with his opposite and the health of the state depends on the see saw there is however a speedy limit to the use of heroes every genius is defended from approach by quantities of they are very attractive and seem at a distance our own but we are on all sides from approach the more we are drawn the more we are there is some thing not solid in the good that is done for us the best discovery the makes for himself it has something unreal for his companion until he too has it it seems as if the deity dressed each soul which he sends into nature in certain virtues and powers not to other men and sending it to perform one more turn through the of beings wrote not and good far this trip on these garments of the soul there is somewhat about the intercourse of minds the boundaries are invisible but they are never crossed there is such to uses or hen impart and such to that each to become the other but the law of individuality its secret strength you are and i am i and so we remain for nature wishes everything to remain itself and whilst every individual to grow and and to and grow to the of tiie universe and to impose the	37
law of its being on every other creature nature steadily aims to protect each against every other each is self nothing is more marked than the power by which individuals are guarded from individuals in a world where every benefactor becomes so easily a only bj of his activity into places it is not due where children seem so much at the mercy of their foolish parents and where almost all men are too social and interfering we rightly speak of the guardian angels of children how superior in their security from of evil persons from vulgarity and second thought i they shed their own beauty on the objects they behold there fore they are not at the mercy of such poor as we if we and them they soon come not to mind it and get a self reliance and if we indulge them to folly they the elsewhere we need not fear excessive influence a more generous trust is permitted serve the great stick at no humiliation grudge no office thou der be the limb of their body the breath of their mouth compromise thy who cares for that so thou gain aught wider and nobler never men the of the devotion may be greater than the pride which is guarding its own skirts be another not but a not a soul but a christian not a but a not a poet but a in the wheels of will not stop nor will all the forces of fear or of love itself hold thee there on and for ever onward i the a or wheel insect among the in water presently a dot appears on the animal which to a and it becomes two perfect animals the ever proceeding appears not less in all thought and in children think they cannot live without their parents but long before they are aware of it the black dot has appeared and the de taken place any accident will now reveal to them their independence but great men the word is injurious is there caste is there fate what becomes of the promise to virtue the thoughtful youth the of nature generous and handsome he says is your hero but look at yonder poor whose country is his look at his whole nation of why are the masses from the dawn of down food for knives and powder the idea a few leaders who have sentiment opinion love and self devotion and they make war and death sacred but what for the wretches whom they hire and kill the of man is every day s tragedy it is as real a loss that others should be low as that we should be low for we must have society uses of ion is it a reply to to say is a all are teachers and m torn we are equally by and hj men who know the same things are not long the best company for each other bnt bring to each an intelligent person of another experience and it is as if yon let off water firom a lake by cutting a lower basin it seems a mechanical advantage and great benefit it is to each speaker as he can now paint out his thought to himself we pass in our personal moods from to dependence and if any appear never to assume the chair bnt always to stand and it is because we do not see the company in a sufficiently long period for b whole o parts to come about as to what we call the masses and common men there are no common men all men are at last of a and true art is only possible on the that every talent has its somewhere fair play and an open field and to all who have won them but heaven an equal scope for every creature each is uneasy until he has pro his private ray unto the and beheld his talent also in its last nobility and exaltation the heroes of the hour are great of a faster growth or they are such in whom at tiie moment of success a quality is ripe which is then in request other days will demand other qualities some rays escape the common observer and want a finely adapted eye ask the great man if there be none greater his companions are and not the less great but the more that society cannot men them nature never sends a great man into the planet without confiding the secret to another soul one gracious fact from these studies that there is true in our love the of the nineteenth century will one day be quoted to prove its the genius of humanity is the real subject whose biography is written in our annals we must infer much and supply many in the the u to th i tie and life is no man in all the procession of famous men is reason or illumination or that essence we were looking for but an exhibition in some quarter of new possibilities could we one day complete the immense figure which these points compose the study of many individuals leads us to an region wherein the individual is lost or wherein all touch by their thought and feeling that break out there cannot be by any fence of personality this is the key to the of the greatest men their spirit itself a new of mind travels by night and by day in circles from its origin and itself by unknown methods the union of all minds appears intimate what gets admission to one cannot be kept out of any other the smallest acquisition of truth or of energy in any quarter is so much good to the of souls if the of talent and position vanish when the individuals are seen in the duration which is necessary to complete the career of each even more	37
the seeming injustice when we ascend to the central identity of all the individuals uses of ion and know that they are made of the and e genius of is the right of view f history the qualities abide the men who exhibit them have now more now less and past away the qualities remain on another brow no is more familiar once you saw are gone the world is not therefore the vessels on which you read sacred turn oat to be common but the sense of the is sacred and you may still read them transferred to the walls of the world for a time our teachers serve us personally as or of progress once they were angels of knowledge and their figures touched the sky then we drew near saw their means culture and limits they yielded their place to other happy if a few names remain so high that we have not been able to read them nearer and age and comparison have not robbed them of a ray but at last we shall cease to in men for completeness and content us with their social and all that respects the individual is temporary and like the individual himself who is ascending out of his limits into a catholic existence we have never come at the true and best benefit of any genius so long as we believe him an force in the moment when he ceases to help us as a cause he begins to help us more as an effect then he appears as the of a mind and will the self becomes transparent with the of the first cause representative men yet within the limits of human and j we may say great men exist that there may be greater men the destiny of organized nature is and who can tell its limits it is for man to tame the chaos on every side whilst he to scatter the seeds of science and of song that climate com animals men may be and the of love and benefit may be multiplied ob the philosopher g books only is entitled to s compliment to the when lie said burn the for their value is in this book these sentences contain the culture of these are the comer stone of schools these are the head of a it is in logic taste language morals or practical wisdom there was never such range of speculation out of come all things that are still written and among men of thought great makes he among our we have reached the mountain from which all these drift were detached the bible of the learned for hundred years every brisk young man who says in succession fine things to each reluctant generation b is some reader of into the his good things even the men of proportion some from the misfortune shall i say of c hen coming after tliis st an are likewise his and must say after him for it is fair to credit the with all the particulars from his is philosophy and philosophy at once the glory and the shame of mankind since saxon nor roman have availed to add any idea to his no wife no children had he and the of all civilized nations are his posterity and are tinged with his mind how many great men nature is incessantly sending up out of night to he ms men tlie a of genius the not less sir thomas more henry more john john smith lord bacon thomas and is in his christianity is in it l draws all its philosophy in its hand book of morals the y firom him finds in all its of a town in greece is no nor an englishman reads and says how english a how an italian how roman and how greek as they say that of had that universal beauty that every body felt related to her so seems to a reader in new england an american genius his broad humanity all lines this range of us what to think of the vexed question concerning his works what are genuine what it is singular that wherever n we find a man higher by a whole head than any d his it is sore to into what are his real works thus with for these men their so that their companions do for them what they can never do for and the great man does thus live in several and write or paint or act by many hands and some time it is not easy to say is the work of the master and what is only of his school too like every great man consumed his times what is a great man but one of great who takes np into himself all arts d as his food he can spare nothing hi pan dispose of every thing what is not virtue is good for knowledge hence his tax him with but the only knows how to borrow and society is glad ti forget the innumerable who ti and all its gratitude for him when we are it seems we are from and and be it so every book is a quotation and ever house is a quotation out of all forests mines stone and every man is a quotation all his ancestors and this grasping puts a nations under contribution absorbed the learning of his times and else then his master and finding still capable of a larger beyond all ei ample then or since he travelled into italy to ion what had for him then into egypt and perhaps still farther east to import the other element which europe wanted into the european mind this breadth him to stand as the of philosophy he says in the republic such a genius as must of necessity have is wont but seldom in all its parts to meet in one	37
man but its different parts generally spring up in different persons every man who would do anything must come to it firom a higher ground a philosopher must be more than a philosopher is clothed with the powers of a poet stands upon the highest place of the poet and though i doubt he wanted the gift of expression mainly is not a poet because he chose to use the poetic ft to an purpose great have the shortest their cousins can tell you about them they lived in their writing and house and street life was trivial and common place if you would know their tastes and the most admiring of their readers most them especially has no external biography if he had lover wife or children we hear nothing of them he them all into paint as a good chimney its smoke so a philosopher the value of all his fortunes into his intellectual performances he was bom a c about the time of the death f was of connection in his times and and is said to have had an early inclination war but in his twentieth year meeting with was easily from this pursuit and ii remained for ten years his scholar the death of he then went to m accepted the invitations of and of to tiie of and went thither three times though treated he travelled into thai into egypt where he stayed a long time some three some say thirteen years it is said he into this is ing to he gave lessons in the academy to those whom his fame drew thither and died as we have received it in the act of writing at one years bnt the biography of is interior we axe to account for the supreme elevation of this man in the intellectual history of our race how it happens tiiat in proportion of the culture of men they become his scholars that as our bible has itself in the table talk and household life of eveiy man and woman in the european and american nations so the writings of have pre every school of learning every lover of thought every church every poet making it impossible to think on certain except through him he stands between the truth and every man s mind and has almost impressed language and the forms of thought with his name and seal i am struck in reading him with the extreme of his style and spirit here is the of that europe we know so weu in its long history of arts and arms here are all its traits already in the mind of and in none before him it has opened itself since into a hundred histories but has added no new element this perpetual is the measure ci merit in work of art since the author f it was not by anything or but abode by real and abiding traits how came thus to be europe and philosophy and almost literature is the problem for us to this not have without a sound sincere and catholic man able to honour at the same time the ideal or laws of the mind and fate or the order of nature the first period of a nation as of an individual is the period of unconscious strength cry and scream and stamp with fury unable to express their desires as soon as they can speak and tell their want and the reason of it they become gentle in life whilst the are men and women talk vehemently and blunder and quarrel their manners are full of desperation their speech is full of oaths as soon as with culture things have up a little and they see them no longer in and masses but accurately distributed th from that weak vehemence and their meaning in detail if the tongue bad not been framed for man would still be a beast in the forest the same weakness and want on a higher plane occurs daily in the education of ardent young men and women ab you don t understand me i have never met witb one who me and they sigh and weep write verses and walk alone of power to express their precise meaning in a month or two through the favor of their good genius they meet some one so related as to assist t their estate and good communication being once established they are good it is ever thus the progress is to to skin to truth from b nd there is a moment hi the history of every nation when proceeding out of this brute youth the per powers reach their and have not yet become so tliat man at that instant extends across the entire scale and with his feet still planted on the immense forces of night by his eyes and brain with and creation that is the moment of the of power such is tlie history of europe in all points and such in its early almost perished are of the from asia g them the dreams of a confusion of crude notions of morals and of natural philosophy gradually tiie partial insight of single s before came the seven wise and we have the b of and then the the origin of from or water or from air or from fire or m mind all mix with these causes pictures at last comes tlie who needs no paint or or for he can define he leaves with asia the vast and he is the arrival of accuracy and intelligence he shall be as a god to me m ho can rightly divide and define this is philosophy philosophy is the account which the human mind gives to itself of the constitution of the two cardinal facts lie a the base the one and the two unity op identity and variety we unite all things	37
perceiving the law which them by perceiving their differences and their profound but eveiy mental act this very perception of identity or the difference of things and it is im possible to speak or to thinks without embracing both the mind is urged to ask for one cause of many effects then for the cause of that and again the cause still into the profound self assured that it shall arrive at an absolute and sufficient one a one that shall be all in the midst of the sun is the lights in the midst of the light is and in the midst of truth is the being say the all philosophy of east and west has the same urged by an opposite necessity the mind returns from the one to that which is not one but other or many from cause to effect and the necessary existence of variety the self existence of both as each is involved in the other these strictly blended it is the problem of thought to separate and to reconcile their existence is contradictory and exclusive and each so fast into the other that we can never say what is one and what it is not the is as in the highest as in the lowest grounds when we contemplate the one the true the good as in the and of matter in all nations there are minds which incline to dwell in the conception of the unity i s the of prayer and of devotion all being in one being this finds its highest expression in the religious writings of the east and chiefly in the indian in the the and the those writings contain little else than this idea and they rise to pure and sublime strains in it the the same friend and foe are of one stuff the the plough and the are of one stuff and the stuff is and so much that the variations of form are unimportant are fit says the supreme to a sage to apprehend that you are not distinct from me that which i am thou art and that also is this with its and heroes and mankind men contemplate distinctions because they are ignorance the words i and mine constitute ignorance what is the great end of all you shall now learn from me it is soul one in all uniform perfect pre eminent over nature and from birth growth and decay present made up of true knowledge independent with with name species and the rest in time past present and to come the knowledge that this spirit which is one is in one s own and in all other bodies is the wisdom of one who knows the unity of things ai one air passing through the oi a is distinguished as the notes of a scale so the nature of the great spirit is single though its be manifold arising from the consequences of acts when the difference of the form as that or tlie rest is destroyed there is no distinction the world is bnt a of who is identical with all things and is to be r by the wise as not from bnt as the same as themselves i neither am going nor coming nor is my dwelling in any one place nor art thou nor are others others nor am i l as if he had said all is for the soul and the soul is and are paintings and light is and are and form is imprisonment and heaven itself a that which the soul seeks is resolution into above form out of and out of heaven from nature if speculation thus to a terrific unity in which all things are absorbed action backwards to the first is the course or of mind the second is the power of nature nature is the manifold the unity and or nature opens and these two principles and inter penetrate all things all thought the one the many one is bang the other intellect one is the other freedom one is rest the other motion one is power the other distribution one is strength the other pleasure one is consciousness the other definition one genius the other talent one earnestness the other knowledge one possession the other trade one caste the other culture one king the other and if we dare carry these a step higher and name the last tendency of both we might say that the end of i h i i the one is escape firom pure and the end of the other is the highest or use of means or deity each student by temperament and bj habit to the or to the second of these gods of the mind by religion he to by or by the senses to the many a too and an to parts and particulars are the twin dangers of speculation to this partiality the history of nations the country of unity of immovable institutions the seat of a philosophy in of men in doctrine and in practice to the idea of a deaf immense fate is asia and it this in the social institution of caste on the other side the genius of europe is active and it caste by culture its philosophy was a discipline it is a land of arts inventions trade freedom if the east loved the west in boundaries european civilization is the triumph of talent the extension of system the sharpened skill delight in forms delight in in results greece had been working in this element with the joy of genius not yet chilled by any foresight of the of an excess they saw before them no sinister political economy no ominous no paris or london no pitiless of the doom of the the doom of the of of of of d no ireland no indian caste men by the efforts of europe to throw it	37
off the understanding was in its health and prime art was in its splendid novelty they cut the marble as if it were snow and their perfect works in architecture and seemed things of course not more difficult than the completion of a new ship at the yards or new mills at these things are in course and may be taken for granted the english trade the of the of paris the steam mill steam boat steam coach may all be seen in perspective the town meetings the and cheap press meantime in egypt and in eastern the idea of one in which all things are absorbed the unity of asia and i detail of europe the of the soul and the result loving machine making surface seeking opera going europe came to join and by contact to the energy of each the excellence of europe and asia are in his brain and natural philosophy expressed the genius of europe he the religion of asia as the base in short a balanced soul was bom of the two elements it is as easy to be great as to be small the reason why we do not at once believe in admirable souls is because they are not in our experience in actual life they are so rare as to be incredible but there is not only no presumption against them but the strongest presumption in favour of their appearance but whether voices were heard in the sky or not ther mother or his father dreamed that man was the son of whether a swan of bees settled on his lips or not a man who ood see two sides of a thing was bom the so familiar in the upper and tl side of the of jove the union of which in every object its real ann its ideal power was now also transferred entire u the consciousness of a man the balanced soul came if he truths he saved himself by the popular of all principles the absolute good rules rulers and judges the judge if he distinctions he fortified himself b drawing all his illustrations from sources by and polite from am from and soup from cook and the shops of horse and he cannot foi ve ii himself a partiality but is resolved that the poles of thought shall appear in his statement hi argument and his sentence are self poised and the two poles appear yes and become hands to grasp and appropriate their own eveiy great artist has been such by our strength is or shall say a thread of two the sea shore seen from shore shore seen from sea the taste o two in contact and our enlarged powers s the approach and at the departure of a friend th experience of poetic which is not in staying at home nor yet in travelling but in men from one to tbe other which must be to present as much ce as possible tliis command of two elements must explain the power and the of art expresses the one or the same by the different thought seeks to know in poetry to du w it by that is always by an object or keeps the two one of and one of at his side and invariably both things added to things as civil are mere things used as language ue attractive turns incessantly the and the reverse of the of jove to take an example the physical philosophers bad each his theory of the worlds the of of fire of of spirit theories mechanical and in their genius a of of all natural laws and causes feels these as second causes to be no of the worlds but bare and lists to the study of nature he therefore the let us declare the cause which led the supreme to produce and compose the universe he was good and he who is good has no of envy from he wished that all things should be as much as possible like himself taught by wise shall admit this as the prime cause of the origin and foundation of the worlds will be in the truth all things are for the sake of the good and it is the cause of beautiful this and his philosophy t the which makes the character of his mind appears in all his talents where there is great compass of wit we find that combine easily in the living man bnt in description appear the mind of is not to be exhibited by a chinese bnt is to be apprehended by an original mind in the exercise of its original power in him the is with the of a wm daring nation gives him the more solid grasp of as the birds c highest flight have the strongest bones his polish his edged by an irony so that it and adorn the health and strength of frame according to the old sentence if jove should descend to the earth be would speak in tiie style of with this air there is for the direct aim of several of his works and running through the tenor of them all a certain earnestness which in the republic and in the to piety he has been charged with sickness at the time of tiie death of but the anecdotes that have come down from the times his manly interference before the people in his master s behalf since even the savage cry of the assembly to is preferred and the indignation towards popular in many of his pieces expresses a personal he has a a native reverence for justice and honor a humanity which makes him tender for the of the people add to this he that poetry prophecy and the high insight are from a wisdom of man is not master that the gods never hut hy a celestial these are accomplished on these winged he s the	37
dim regions visits worlds which flesh cannot enter he saw the souls in pain he hears the doom of the judge he the the with the rock and and hears the hum of their but his never him one would say he had read the inscription on the gates of be hold and on the second gate be hold be bold and be bold and then again had paused well at the third gate be not too bold his strength is like the of a planet and his discretion the return of its due and perfect curve so is his greek love of boundary and his skill in definition in one is not more secure than in following in his flights nothing can be colder than his head when the of his imagination are playing in the sky he has finished his thinking before he brings it to the reader and he in the surprises of a literary master he has that which at every turn the precise weapon he needs as the rich man wears no more garments drives no more horses sits in no more chambers than the poor but has that one dress or or instrument which is fit for the hour and the need so in his plenty is never but has the fit word there is indeed no weapon in all the of wit which he did not possess and use tion music analysis satire and irony down to the customary and polite poetry and sion of art is good philosophy and finding the word and in the is a substantial service no orator can measure in effect with him who can give good what moderation and under statement and ing his thunder in mid he has good furnished the and all that can be said against the schools for philosophy is an elegant thing if any one i ith it but if he is it more than is becoming it the man he could well afford to be generous he who the sun like and reach of his vision had a faith i such as his perception waa speech he plays the doubt and makes the most of it he and and by and by comes a sentence that moves the sea and land the admirable earnest comes not only at in the perfect yes and no of the dialogue but in bursts of light i therefore am persuaded by these accounts and consider how i may exhibit my soul before the judge in a healthy condition wherefore the honours that most men and looking to the truth i shall endeavour in to live as as i can and when i die to die so and i invite all other men to the utmost of mj power and you too i in turn invite to this contest which i affirm all here men he a great average man one to the best a proportion and in hi ties that men see in him their own dreams and glimpses made available and made to pass for what they are a great common s is his warrant and to be the world s he has reason as all the philosophic and poetic class have but he has also what they have not this strong sense to reconcile his poetry with the appearances of the world and build a bridge from the streets of cities to the he never this but slopes his thought however picturesque the precipice on one side to an access from the plain he never writes in or catches us up into poetic apprehended the cardinal he could prostrate himself on the earth and covers his eyes whilst he that which cannot be numbered or or known or named that of which everything can be and denied that which is and he called it he even stood ready as in the to that it was so that this being exceeded the limits of intellect no man ever more acknowledged the having paid his homage as for the human race to the he then stood erect and for the human race affirmed and yet things are that is the asia in his mind was first heartily honored the ocean of love and power before form before will t before knowledge the sim the good the and now refreshed and by thia the instinct of europe namely and he cries yet things are they are from one things is a scale and the correspondence of heaven to earth of matter to mind of the to the is our guide as there is a of stars called a science of quantities called a science of qualities called so there is a science of i call it which is the intellect the false and the true it rests on tlie of identity and for to judge is to unite to an object tlie notion which belongs to it the even tlie best and are like who seize whatever prey offers e en without being able to make any use of it must teach tlie use of them this is of that rank that no intellectual man will enter on any study for its own sake but only with a view to advance himself in that one sole science which embraces all the essence or of man is to comprehend a whole or that which in the of sensations can be under a rational unity the soul which has never perceived the truth cannot pass into the form i announce to men the intellect i announce the good of being inter penetrated by tlie mind that made nature this benefit namely that it can understand nature which it made and nature is good but intellect is better as the is before the law i give you joy sons of men tbat truth is i that we have hope to search out what might be the very self of everything the misery of man is to be of	37
each of these two parts one representing the visibly the other the intelligible world and these two new sections representing the bright part and the dark part of these worlds you will have for one of the of the visible world images that is both shadows and reflections for the other section the representative men objects of these images tliat is plants animals and the works of art and nature then divide the intelligible world in like manner the one section will be of opinions and and the other section of truths to these four sections the four operations of the soul correspond conjecture faith understanding reason as every pool the image of the sun so every thought and thing us an image and creature of the supreme good the universe is by a million channels for his activity all things mount and mount all his thought has this in teaching that beauty is the most lovely of all things exciting and shedding desire and confidence through the universe wherever it enters and it enters in some degree into all but that there is another which is as much more beautiful than beauty as beauty is than chaos namely wisdom which our wonderful organ of sight cannot reach unto but which could it be seen would us with its perfect reality he has the same regard to it as the source of excellence in works of art when therefore an on the of any work looks to that which always according to the same and a model of this kind expresses its idea and power in his work it follows that his production must be beautiful but when he that which is bom and dies it will be far from beautiful the banquet is a teaching in the same spirit familiar now to all the poetry and to all the sermons of the world that the love of the sexes is and at a distance the passion of the soul for that immense lake of beauty it exists to this in divinity is never out of mind and the of all his body cannot wisdom in the same mind he constantly that virtue cannot be taught that it is not a science but an in that the greatest goods are produced tons through and are assigned to us by a di gift this leads me to that central figure which he has established in his academy as the organ through which every considered opinion shall be and whose biography he has likewise so labored that the historic facts are lost in the li t of t mind and are the double star which the most powerful instruments will not again in his traits and genius it the best example of that which constitute s extraordinary power a man of humble stem but honest enough of the commonest history of a personal so remarkable as to be a cause of wit in others the rather that his broad good nature and exquisite taste for a joke invited the sally which was sure to be paid the him on the stage the copied his ugly face on their stone he was a cool fellow adding to his humor a perfect temper and a knowledge of his man be he who he might whom he talked with which laid the companion open to certain defeat in any debate and in debate he delighted the young men are fond of him and invite him to their d men he goes for conversation he can drink too has the strongest head in and after leaving whole party the table goes away as if nothing had happened to begin new with somebody that is sober in short he was what our country people call an old one he affected a good citizen hke tastes was fond of hated trees never went beyond the walls knew the old characters valued the and thought everything in a little better than any thing in any other place he was plain as a in habit and speech affected low phrases and illustrations from and soup and and and offices especially if he talked with any person he had a hke wisdom thus he showed one who was afraid to go on foot to that it was no more than his daily walk within doors if con extended would easily reach plain old uncle as he was with his great ears and immense the ran that on one or two occasions in the war with he had shown a determination which had covered the retreat of a troop and there was some story that imder cover of folly he had in the city government when one day he chanced to hold a seat there evinced a courage in opposing singly the popular voice which had well nigh ruined him he is very poor but then he is hardy as a soldier and can live on a few usually in the sense on bread and water except when entertained by his friends his s expenses were small and no one could live as he did he wore no under garment bis upper garment was the same for summer and winter and he went and it is said that to cure this pleasure which he loves of talking at his ease all day with the most elegant and cultivated young men he will now and then to his and statues good or bad for sale however that be it is certain that he had come to delight in nothing else than this conversation and that under his pretence of knowing nothing he attacks and brings down all the fine all the fine philosophers of whether natives strangers from asia minor and the islands nobody can refuse to talk with him he is so honest and really curious to know a man who was if he did not speak the truth and who willingly others asserting what was false and not	37
less pleased when than when for he thought not any evil happened to men of such a magnitude as false opinion respecting the just and unjust a pitiless who knows nothing but the bounds of whose conquering intelligence no man had ever reached whose temper was whose dreadful logic was always leisurely and so careless and ignorant as to the and draw them in the manner into horrible doubts and confusion but he always knew the way out knew it yet would not tell it no escape he drives them to terrible by his and the and with their grand men as a boy his balls the i has a thousand times at length on virtue before many companies and very well as it appeared to him but at this moment he cannot even tell what it is this fish of a has so him this hard headed whose strange and diverted the young whilst the of his sayings and gets abroad every day turns out in the to have a as invincible as his logic and to be insane or at least under cover of this play enthusiastic in his religion when accused before the judges of the popular creed he the immortality of the soul the future reward and punishment and refusing to in a caprice of the popular government was condemned to e and sent to the prison entered the prison and took away all from the place which could not be a prison whilst he was there the but would not go out by treachery whatever inconvenience nothing is to be preferred before justice these things i hear like pipes and drums whose sound makes me deaf to every thing you say the fame of this prison the of the there and the drinking of the are one of the most precious passages in the history of the world the rare coincidence in one ugly body of the and the martyr the keen street and market with the sweetest saint known to any history t at that time had struck the mind of so j s and the figure of by a necessity placed itself in the far scene as the of the he had to communicate it was a rare that this of the mob and this scholar should meet to make other immortal in mutual faculty the strange in the of the in the mind of by this means he was able in the direct way and without envy to himself of the wit and weight of to which unquestionably his own debt was great and these derived again their principal advantage firom the perfect art of it remains to say that the defect of in power is only that which results inevitably firom his quality he is intellectual in his aim and therefore in expression literary mounting into heaven into the pit the laws of the state the passion of love the remorse of crime the hope of the parting soul he is literary and never otherwise it is almost the sole firom the merit of that his writings have not what is no doubt incident to this of intellect in his work the vital authority which the screams of and the sermons of and jews possess there is an interval and to contact is necessary i know not what can be said in reply to this criticism but that we have come to a fact in the nature of things an oak is not an orange the qualities of sugar remain with sugar and those of salt with salt in the second place he has not a system the dearest and are at fault he men tempted a theory of the universe and his is not complete or self evident one man thinks he means this and another that he has said one thing in one place and the reverse of it in another place he is charged with having to make the transition from ideas to matter here is the world sound as a nut perfect not the smallest piece of chaos left never a nor an end not a mark of haste or or second thought but the theory of the world is a thing of and patches the longest wave is quickly lost in the sea would willingly have a a known and accurate expression for the world and it should be accurate it shall be the world passed through the mind of nothing less every shall have the tinge every every relation or quality you knew before you shall know again and find here but now ordered not nature but art and you shall feel that alexander indeed with men and horses some countries of the planet but countries and things of which countries are made elements planet itself laws of planet and of men have passed through this man as bread into his body and become no longer bread but body so all this morsel has become he has clapped on the world this is the ambition of but the proves too large has good will to eat it but he is he falls abroad in the attempt and biting gets the bitten world holds the fast by his own teeth there lie nature lives on and forgets liim so it with all so must it fare with in view of eternal nature turns ont to be he on this tide and on that the the could never tell what was indeed admirable can be quoted on both sides of every question from him these things we are forced to if we must the effort of or any philosopher to dispose of nature which will not be disposed ol no power of genius has ever yet had the smallest success in explaining existence the perfect remains but there is an injustice in assuming this ambition for let us not seem to treat with his venerable name men in proportion to their	37
intellect have admitted his claims the way to know him is to compare him not with nature but with other men how many ages have gone by and he remains a chief structure of human wit like or the or the remains it requires all the breadth of human faculty to know it i think it is seen when seen with the most respect his sense his merits with study when we say here is a fine collection of or when we praise the style or the common sense or we speak as boys and much of our impatient criticism of the i suspect is no better the criticism is like our impatience of miles when we are in a hurry but it is still best that a mile should have yards the great eyed the lights and shades after the genius of our men new the publication in mr s library of tlie excellent of which we esteem one of the chief benefits the cheap press has yielded give ns an occasion to take hastily a few more notes of the elevation and bearings of this fixed star or to add a like the journals of at he latest date modem science by the extent of its has learned to the of man for the defects of individuals by tracing growth and ascent in races and by the simple expedient of lighting up the vast background a feeling of complacency and hope the human being has the and the plant in his rear his arts and the easy issue of his brain look glorious when beheld from the distant brain of ox and fish it seems as if nature in regarding the night behind her when in five or six she had turned out five or six men as and was discontented with the results these the of the tree these were a clear of and and a good basis for further proceeding with this artist time and space are cheap and she is insensible to what you say of tedious preparation she waited the flowing periods of for the hour to be when man should arrive then periods pass before the motion of the earth can be suspected then before the map of the instincts and the powers can be drawn but as of races so succession of individual men is fatal and beautiful and has the fortune in the history of to mark an epoch s fame does not stand on a or on any of the reasoning or on any as for example the immortality of the he is more than an expert or a or a or the prophet of a peculiar message he represents the privilege of the intellect the power namely of carrying up every fact to successive and so in every fact a of these are in the essence of thought the would never help us to them by any discoveries of the extent of the universe but is as poor when the resolved of as when measuring the angles of an acre but the republic of by these may be said to require and so to anticipate the of the are the mind does not create what it any more than the eye the rose in to the merit of announcing them we only say here was a more complete man who could apply to nature the whole scale of the senses the understanding and the reason these or consist in representative men the spiritual sight where the horizon on onr natural vision and by this second sight discovering the long of law which shoot in every direction everywhere he stands on a path which hail no end but runs round the therefore every word becomes an of nature whatever he looks upon a second sense and senses his perception of the generation of of death out of life and life out of deaths that law by which in nature is and and are only of a new creation his of the little in the large and the in the studying the state in the citizen and tlie citizen in the state and leaving it doubtful whether he exhibited the republic as an on education of the private soul his beautiful of ideas of time of form of figure of the line sometimes given as his of virtue courage justice his love of the and his themselves the cave of the i ring of the and two horses the golden silver brass and iron and and the visions of and the which have themselves in the human memory like the signs of the his eye and his soul his doctrine of his doctrine of his clear vision of the laws of return or reaction which secure instant justice throughout the universe everywhere but especially in the doctrine what comes from d to us returns from us to god and a in belief that the laws below are sisters of the laws above more striking examples are his moral conclusions i the coincidence of science and for vice can never know itself and virtue but knows both itself and vice the eye that justice was best as long as it was profitable that it is profitable throughout that the profit is though the just conceal his from gods and men that it is better to suffer injustice than to do it that the sinner ought to punishment that the lie was more than and that ignorance or the involuntary ue was more than involuntary that the soul is deprived of true opinions and that no man sins willingly that the order proceeding of nature was from the mind to the body and that though a sound body cannot restore an mind yet a good soul can by its virtue render the body the best possible the intelligent have a right over the ignorant namely the right of them the right punishment of one out of tune is to make him	37
play in tune the fine which the good refusing to govern ought to pay is to be governed by a worse man that his guards shall not handle gold and silver but shall be instructed that there is gold and silver in their souls which will make men willing to give them everything which they need this second sight explains the stress laid on he saw that the globe of earth was not s men more lawful and precise than was ihe that a celestial was in place there as a logic of lines and angles here below that the world throughout was the proportions are constant of and lime there is just so much water and slate and mi not less are the proportions constant of the moral elements this eldest gk and falsehood delighted in revealing the real at the base of the in discovering connection and representation everywhere he appears like the god of wealth among the of opening and in everything he touches science was new and when could write thus of all whose arguments are left to the men of present time no one has ever yet condemned injustice or praised justice otherwise than as respects the honors and arising while as respects either of them in itself and by its own power in the soul of the possessor and concealed ii both from gods and men no one has yet either in poetry or prose writings how that the one is the greatest of all the evils that the soul has within it and justice the greatest good his definition of ideas as what is simple permanent uniform and self for ever them from the notions of the understanding marks an era in the world he was bom to behold the self power of spirit endless of new ends a power which is the key at once to the i and the of things is so that he can well spare all his thus the fact of knowledge and ideas to him the fact of eternity and the doctrine of he offers as the most probable particular call that it matters not the between our knowledge and the abyss of being is still real and the must be not less he has indicated every eminent point in speculation he wrote on the scale of the mind itself so that all things have in his he put in all the past without weariness and descended into detail with a courage like that he witnessed in nature one would say that his had out each a farm or a district or an island in intellectual geography but that first drew the sphere he the soul in nature man is the all the circles of the visible heaven represent as many circles in the rational soul there is no lawless and there is nothing casual in the action of the human mind the names of things too are fatal following the nature of things all the gods of the are by their names significant of a profound sense the gods are the ideas pan is speech or the jove the soul and passion is proportion the soul of the world intellectual illustration these thoughts in of light had appeared often to pious and poetic souls but this well bred ill knowing comes witli command them all up into rank and the of and the two parts of nature before all men he saw the intellectual of the moral sentiment he describes his own ideal when he in a god leading things from disorder into order he kindled a fire so truly in the centre that we see the sphere illuminated and can distinguish poles and lines of latitude every arc and a theory so so that you would say the winds of ages had swept through this structure and not that it was the brief of one short lived hence it has happened that a very class of souls namely those who delight in giving a spiritual that is an intellectual to every truth by exhibiting an end which is yet le to it are said to thus michael is a in his is a when he writes nature is made better by no mean but nature makes that mean or he can endure to follow with a fallen lord does conquer him that did his master conquer and a place in the story hamlet is a pure and tis only the of s proper genius that him from being as the most eminent of this school throughout his prose poem of is a t j his commended him to men of thou l the secret of his popular success is the moral aim which him to mankind he said is king of heaven and of earth but in is always moral his writings have also the youth of poetry for their ai most of them might have been in and poetry has never higher than in the and the as the poet too he is only he did not like break himself with an institution all his painting in the republic must be esteemed with intent to bring out sometimes in violent colors his thought you cannot without peril of it was a high scheme his absolute privilege for the best which to make emphatic he expressed by community of women as the which he would set on grandeur there shall be of two kinds first those who by have put themselves below protection and secondly those who by eminence of nature and desert are out of the reach of your rewards let such be free of the city and above the law we confide them to themselves let them do with us as they will let none presume to measure the of michael and by village scales in his eighth book of the republic he throws a little dust in our eyes i am sorry to see him after such	37
pure permitting the lie to plays providence a little with the sort as people allow themselves with their dogs and cats r ml the mystic among eminent persons those who are most dear to men are not of the class which the they have nothing in their hands they have not cultivated com nor made bread they have not led out a colony nor invented a loom a higher class in the estimation and love of this market going race of mankind are the poets who from the intellectual kingdom feed the thought and imagination with ideas and pictures which raise men out of the world of com and money and console them for the short of the day and the of labor and traffic then also the philosopher has his value who the intellect of this by engaging him with which instruct him in new faculties others may build cities he is to understand them and keep them in awe but there is a class who lead us into another region the world of morals or of will what is singular about this region of thought is its claim representative men wherever the sentiment of comes in it takes of everything else for other things i make of them but the moral sentiment makes poetry of me i have sometimes thought that he would render the greatest service to modern criticism who shall draw the line of relation that between and the human mind stands ever in perplexity demanding intellect demanding impatient equally of each without the ot er the has not yet appeared if we tire of the saints is our city of refuge yet the instincts presently teach that the problem of essence must take of all others the questions of whence and what and whither and the of these must be in a life and not in a book a drama or poem is a or reply but moses work directly on this problem the atmosphere of moral sentiment is a region of grandeur which all material magnificence to toys yet opens to every wretch that has reason the doors of the universe almost a fierce haste it lays its empire on the man in the of the said the heaven and the earth and all that is between them think ye that we created them in jest and that ye shall not return to us it is the kingdom of the will and by inspiring the will which is the seat of personality seems to convert the universe into a person the of being to no other bow not only all are thine but all are thou t i b ah men are commanded by the saint the makes a distinct class of those who are bv nature d and goodness an on others and this class to be the aim of creation the other classes are admitted to the feast of beings only as following in the train of this and the per poet to a soul of this kind go boldly forth and feast on being s thou art the called the rest admitted with the privilege of this caste is an access to the secrets and structure of nature by some higher method than by experience in common what one man is said to learn by experience a man of extraordinary sagacity is said without experience to divine tlie say that the mystic and the philosopher conferred together and on the philosopher said all that he sees i know and the mystic said all that he knows i see if one should ask the reason of this the solution would lead us into that property which as and which is implied by the in the of the soul having been often bom or as the say travelling the path of existence through thousands of having beheld the things which are here those which are in heaven and those which are beneath there is nothing of which she has not gained the knowledge no wonder that she is able to recollect in regard to any one thing what formerly she knew for all things in men nature being linked and related and tbe soul heretofore known all nothing but that any man who has recalled to mind or according to the common phrase has learned one thing only should of himself recover all his ancient knowledge and find out again all the rest if he have but courage and faint not in the midst of his for inquiry and learning is all how much more if he that be a holy and soul for by being to the original soul by whom and after whom all things the soul of man does then easily flow into all things and all things flow into it they mix and he is present and sympathetic with their structure and law this path is difficulty secret and beset with terror the called it ecstasy or absence a getting out of their bodies to think all religious history contains traces of the trance of saints a but without any sign of joy earnest solitary even sad the flight called it of the alone to the alone closing of the whence our word mystic the of fox will readily come to mind but what as readily comes to mind is the accompaniment of disease this ck in terror and with to the mind of the it o er the of clay and drives the man mad or gives a certain violent bias which his judgment in the chief examples of religious illumination somewhat morbid has mingled in spite of the increase of mental power must the b good drag after it a quality which and it indeed it takes from our when performed at height the and of our attribute shan we that the economical mother so much earth and ao much fire by weight and to make a man and will not add a	37
though a nation is for a leader f therefore the men of purchased their by folly or pain if you will have pure or diamond to make the brain transparent the trunk and organs shall be so much the instead of they are s day or mud in modem times no such remarkable example of this mind has occurred as in bom in in this man who appeared to his a visionary and of no doubt led the most real life of any man then in the world and now when the royal and and of that day have slid into oblivion he begins to spread himself into the minds of thousands as happens in great men he seemed by the variety and amount of his power to be a composition of several persons like the giant fruits which are in gardens by the union of four or five single blossoms his frame is on a larger scale and possesses the advantages of size as it is easier to see the reflection of the great sphere in large men though by some crack or than in drops of water so men of large some or madness like or us more than balanced minds his youth and training could not fail to be extraordinary such a boy could not whistle or dance but goes into mines and mountains into and and to find images fit for the measure of his and brain he was a scholar from a child and was educated at at the age of twenty eight he was made of the board of mines by charles xii in he left home for four years and visited the of england holland france and germany he performed a notable feat of in at the siege of by two five boats and a some fourteen english miles over land for the royal in he over europe to examine mines and works he published in his book on mines and from t this time for the next thirty years was employed in the composition and publication of his scientific works with the like force he threw himself into in when he was fifty four years old what is called his illumination began all his and of ships over land was absorbed into this ecstasy he ceased to publish any more scientific books withdrew from his practical labors and devoted himself to the writing and publication of his works which were printed at his own expense or at that of the duke of or other prince at london or later he resigned his office of the salary attached to this office continued to be paid to him during his life his duties had brought him into intimate acquaintance king charles xii by whom he was much and honored the like was continued to him by his successor at the diet of count says the most solid on were from his pen in he appears to have attracted a regard his rare science and practical skill and the added fame of second sight and extraordinary religious knowledge and gifts drew to him queens clergy and people about the ports through which he was wont to pass in his many voyages the clergy interfered a with the and publication of his religious works j but he seems to have kept the friendship of men in power he was never married he had great modesty and gentleness of bearing his habits were simple he lived on bread milk and vegetables he lived in a house situated in a large garden he went several times to england where he does not seem to have attracted any attention whatever from the learned or the eminent and died at london march th of in his th year he is described when in london a man of a quiet habit not averse to tea and coffee and kind to children he wore a sword when in full velvet dress and whenever he walked out carried a gold headed cane there is a mon portrait of liim in antique coat and wig but the has a wandering or air the genius which was to penetrate the science of the age with a far more subtle science to pass the bounds of space and time venture into the dim spirit realm and attempt to establish a new religion in the world begun its lessons in and in the pot and in and rooms no one man is perhaps able to judge of the merits of his works on so many subjects one is glad to learn that his books on mines and are held in the highest esteem by those who understand these matters it seems that he anticipated much science of the nineteenth century anticipated in the discovery of the seventh planet but unhappily not also of the eighth anticipated the views of modem in regard to the generation of by the sun in some important experiments and conclusions of later students in the theory in the discoveries of and and first the office of the lungs his excellent english editor lays no stress on his discoveries since he was too great to care to be original and we are to judge by what he can spare of what remains a colossal soul he lies vast abroad on his times by them and requires a long distance to be seen suggests as bacon that a certain of learning a of the human soul in nature is his as from a tower over nature and arts without sight of the texture and of things his own picture in the of the original integrity of man over and above the merit of his particular discoveries is the ci merit of his self a drop of water has tiie properties of the sea but cannot a there is beauty of a concert as well as of a strength of a host as well as of a hero and in those who are	37
best acquainted with modem will most admire the merit of one of the and of he is not to be measured by whole of ordinary scholars his presence would flutter the gowns of an university our books are by being their sentences are bam and not parts of natural childish expressions of surprise or pleasure in nature or owing a brief to or aversion from the order of nature being some or not in harmony with nature purposely framed to excite surprise as do by concealing their means but is and respective of the world in eveiy sen all the means are orderly ven his work with and this admirable writing is pure from all or was bom into an atmosphere of great ideas tis hard to say what was his own yet his life was dignified by noblest pictures of the universe the robust method with its breadth and s men our and logic by its genial with series and degree with effects and ends skilful to power from form essence from accident and opening by its and definition high roads into nature had trained a race of philosophers had shown the circulation of the blood had shown that the earth was a taught by s with its and had filled europe with the leading thought of motion as the secret of nature in the year in which was bom published the arid established the universal gravity following the high doctrines of and had given emphasis to the that nature works in in had left nothing for or to reveal in human or comparative his contemporary was in his beautiful science that nature is always like herself and lastly the nobility of method the largest application of principles had been exhibited by and christian in whilst and had drawn the moral what was left for a genius of the largest but to go over their ground and and unite it is easy to see in these minds the origin of s studies and the suggestion of his problems he had a to entertain and these volumes w of thought yet the of these one or other of whom had all his leading ideas another example of the difficulty even in a highly fertile genius of proving originality the first birth and of one of the laws of nature he named his favorite views the doctrine of forms the doctrine of series and degrees the doctrine of the doctrine of correspondence his statement of these doctrines deserves to be studied in his books not every man can read them but they will reward him who can his works are valuable to illustrate these his writings would be a sufficient library to a lonely and student and the economy of the animal is one of those books which by the sustained of thinking is an honor to the human race he has studied and to some purpose his varied and solid knowledge makes ins style with points and shooting of thought and resembling one of those winter mornings when the air with the grandeur of the topics makes the grandeur of the style he was apt for because of that native perception of identity which made mere size of no account to him in the of iron he saw the quality which would the motion of sun and planet the thoughts in which he lived were the of each law in nature the doctrine of the scale or degrees the version or of each into other and so the correspondence of all the parts the fine secret that little explains large and men large little the of man in and tbe connection that all lie saw that the human body was strictly or an instrument through which the and is fed by the whole of matter so that he held in exact to the that the wiser a man is the more will he be a of the in he was a in the which he held not idly as the of or boston but which he with and through years of labor with the heart and strength of the that his rough ever sent to battle this theory dates from the oldest philosophers and perhaps its best illustrations from the it is this that nature her means perpetually on successive in the old nature is always self in the plants the eye or point opens to a leaf then to another leaf with a power of the leaf into or seed the whole art of the plant is still to repeat leaf on leaf without end the more or less of heat t moisture and food the form it shall assume in the animal nature makes a or a of and helps herself still by a new with a limited power of its form on to the end of the world a poetic in our own day teaches that a snake being a line and man being an erect line constitute a right angle and between the lines of this all animated beings find place and he the hair worm the or the aa the type or of the at the end of the nature puts out as at the end of the arms new as hands at the other end she the process as legs and feet at the top of the column she puts out another which or itself over as a into a ball and forms the skull with again the hands being now the upper jaw the fee the lower jaw the fingers and being this time by upper and lower this new is destined to high uses it is a new man on the shoulders of the it can almost shed its trunk and manage to live alone according to the idea in the within it on a higher plane all that was done in the trunk itself nature her lesson once more in a higher mood the mind is a	37
finer body and its functions of feeding absorbing and in a new and ethereal element here in the brain is all the process of repeated in the acquiring comparing and of experience here again is the mystery of generation repeated in the brain are male and female faculties here is marriage here is and there is no limit to this ascending scale bnt series on series at the end of one use is taken up into the next each series repeating every organ and of the last we are adapted to we are hard to please and love nothing which ends and in hen nature is no end but at tbe end of one lifted into a superior and the ascent of these things into and celestial natures force like a musical goes on repeating a simple air or theme now high now low in in chorus ten thousand times till it fills earth and with the chant as explained by is good but when we find only an extension of the law of masses into and that the theory shows the action of to be mechanical also shows us a sort of also in the mental phenomena and the terrible of the french brings piece of whim and humour to be also to exact if one man in twenty thousand or in thirty thousand eats shoes or his grandmother then in twenty thousand or thirty thousand is found one man who eats shoes or his grandmother what we call t and fancy ultimate is one fork of a stream for which we haye yet no name is excellent but it must come up into life to haye its full and not remain there in and spaces the of blood around its own in the human as the planet in the sky and the circles of intellect relate to those of the each law of nature has the like sleep or generation motion which is seen in eggs as in these grand or returns in nature tlie dear us at every turn under a mask so tbat we think it tbe face of a stranger and carrying up the semblance into divine forms delighted tlie prophetic eye of and he must be ed a leader in that revolution which by giving to science an idea has given to an of experiments guidance and form and a beating heart i own with some regret that his printed works amount to about fifty stout his scientific works being about half of the whole number and it appears that a mass of manuscript still remains in the royal library at the scientific works have just now been translated into english in an admirable edition printed these scientific books in the ten years firom to and they remained from that time ne and now after their century is complete he has at last found a pupil in mr in a philosophic critic with a co equal vigor of understanding and imagination only to lord bacon s who has produced his master s buried books to the day and transferred them with every advantage from their forgotten latin into english to go round the world in our commercial and conquering tongue this startling re appearance of after a hundred years in his pupil is not the least remarkable fact in his history aided it is said by the of mr and also by his literary help this piece of poetic justice is done the admirable preliminary with b men wliich mr these volumes throw all the philosophy of england into shade and leave me nothing to say on their proper the animal kingdom is a book of wonderful merits it was written with the highest end to put science and the soul long from each other at one again it was an s account of the human body in the highest of poetry nothing can exceed the bold and brilliant treatment of a subject usually so dry and repulsive he saw nature through an everlasting with wheels that never dry on that never and sometimes sought to those secret recesses where nature is sitting at the fires in the depths of her whilst the picture comes recommended by the hard fidelity with wliich it is based on practical it is remarkable that this sublime genius for the against the method and in a book whose genius is a daring poetic claims to confine himself to rigid he knows if he only the flowing of nature and how wise was that old answer of to him who bade him drink up the sea yes willingly if yon will stop the rivers that flow in few knew as much about nature and her subtle manners or expressed more her he thought as large a demand is made on our faith by nature as by miracles he noted that in her proceeding from first principles through her several there was no state through wliich she did not pass as if ber path lay all for as often as she herself upward from visible or in other words herself inward she instantly as it were while no one knows what has become of her or whither she is gone so that it is necessary to take science as a guide in pursuing her steps the pursuing die under the light of an end or final cause gives wonderful animation a sort of personality to the whole writing this book his the ancient doctrine of that the brain is a and of that the may be known by the mass or in the by and in the verses of e et de inter se ex et de ex i m tbe principle of all things made of smallest bone of smallest bone of small sanguine drops reduced to one gold of small earth of small sands small drops to water sparks to fire contracted and which had in his that nature exists entire in is a favorite	37
thought of it is a constant law of the body that large compound or visible forms exist and fix m smaller and ultimately from invisible forms which act men to the larger forms but more and more and the least forms so perfectly and as to involve an idea representative of their entire universe the of each organ are so many little organs with their compound the of the tongue are little tongues those of the little those of the heart are little hearts this idea a key to every secret what was too small for the eye to detect was read by the what was too lai e by the there is no end to his application of the thought hunger is an of very many little or losses of blood by the little veins all over the body it is a key to his also man is a kind of very minute heaven corresponding to the world of spirits and to heaven every particular idea of man and every affection yea every smallest part of his affection is an image and rf him a q mt may be from thought god is the grand man the and of his study of t nature required a theory of forms also forms ascend in order from the lowest to the highest the lowest form is ar or the and the second and next higher form is the circular which is also called the perpetual u ar because the of a circle is a perpetual angle the form above this is the parent and measure of circular forms its are not but circular and have a surface for centre therefore it is called the perpetual circular the form above this is the or perpetual next the last or was it strange that a genius so bold should take the last step also that he might attain the science of all to the meaning of the world in the first volume of the animal kingdom he the subject in a remarkable note in our doctrine of representations and we treat of both these and and of the astonishing things which occur i will not say in the living body only but throughout nature and which correspond so entirely to supreme and spiritual things that one would swear that the physical world was purely of the spiritual world that if we choose to express any natural truth in physical and definite terms and to convert these terms only into the corresponding spiritual terms we shall by this means a spiritual truth or in place of the physical truth or although no mortal would have predicted that anything of the kind could possibly arise by bare literal inasmuch as the one considered separately from the other appears to have absolutely no relation to it i intend hereafter to communicate a number of examples of such together with a containing the terms of spiritual things as well as of the physical things for which they are to be this the living body the fact thus stated is implied in all poetry in in fable in the use of men and in the of language knew of it as is evident from his twice line in the sixth book of the lord bacon had found that truth and nature differed only as seal and print and he some physical with into a moral or political sense and all imply this law in their dark riddle writing the poets in as far as they are poets use it but it is known to them only as the was known for ages as a toy first put the ct into a detached and scientific statement because it was habitually present to him and never not seen it was involved as we explained already in the doctrine of identify and because the mental series exactly with the material series it required an insight that could rank things in order and series or rather it required such of position that the poles of the eye should with the of the world the earth had fed its mankind through five or six and they had and yet had failed to see the of meaning between eveiy part and every other part and down to this hour literature has no book in which the of things is opened one would say that as soon as men had the first hint that every sensible object animal rock river air nay space and time not for itself nor finally to a material end but as a language to tell another of beings and duties other would be put by and a science of such grand would all that each man would ask of all objects wliat they mean why does the horizon hold me fast with my joy and grief in this centre why hear i the same sense firom countless voices and read one never quite expressed fact in endless picture language whether it be that these things will not be learned or that many centuries must and compose so rare and a soul there is no rock fish spider or that for itself does not interest more scholars and than the meaning and of the frame of things but was not content with the use of the world in his fifty fourth year these thoughts held him fast and his profound mind admitted the perilous opinion too frequent in history that he was an person to whom was granted the privilege of conversing with angels and spirits and this ecstasy connected with just this office of explaining the moral import of the sensible world to a right perception at once broad and minute of the order of nature he added the of the moral laws in their social aspects but whatever he saw through some excessive to form in his constitution he saw not but in pictures heard it in constructed it in events when he attempted to	37
announce the law most he was forced to couch it in modem offers no similar example of a balance the principal powers continued to maintain a action and to a reader who men can make due allowance in the report for tbe s the results are stiu and a more striking testimony to the sublime laws he announced than any balanced could afford he attempts to give some account of the of the new state that his presence in the spiritual world is attended with a certain separation but only as to the intellectual part of his mind not as to the will part and he that he sees with the internal sight the things that are in another life more clearly than he sees the things that are here in this world having adopted the belief that certain books of the old and new were exact or written in the and mode he employed his remaining years in from the literal the universal sense he had borrowed from the fine fable of a most ancient people men better than we and dwelling to the gods and added that they used the earth that these when they saw objects did not think at all about them but only about those which they signified the correspondence between thoughts and things occupied him the very form the end inscribed on it a man is in general and in particular an organized justice or injustice selfishness or gratitude and the cause of this harmony lie assigned in the the reason why all and single things in the heavens and on earth are representative is because they exist fi m an of the lord through heaven this design of exhibiting if executed be the poem of the worlds in which all history and play an essential part was and defeated by the exclusively direction which his took his perception of nature is not human and universal but is and he each natural object to a notion a understanding a tree perception the moon faith a cat means this an that an this other and poorly every symbol to a several sense the al is not so easily caught in nature each individual symbol plays innumerable parts as each of matter in turn through every system the central identity any one symbol to express all the qualities and shades of real being in the of the heavenly waters every fits every na ture herself speedily on the hard that would chain her waves she is no everything must be taken and we must be at the top of our condition to understand anything rightly his bias thus his interpretation of nature and the dictionary of is yet to be written but the whom mankind must still expect will find no who has approached so near to the true problem himself in the page of his books servant of the lord christ and by force of and in effect lie is the last in the and is not likely to have a successor no wonder that his depth of wisdom should give bim influence as a teacher to the withered yielding dry he let in nature again and the from the of and is surprised to find himself a party to the whole of his religion his religion thinks for him and is of universal application he turns it on every side it fits eveiy part of life and every circumstance instead of a religion which visited him three or four times when he was born when he married when he fell sick and when he died and for the rest never interfered with him here was a teaching which accompanied him all day accompanied him even into sleep and dreams into his and showed through what a long his thoughts descend into society and showed by what be was to bis equals and bis into natural objects and showed their and what are friendly and what are and opened the future world by indicating the of the same laws his that their intellect is by the study of bis books there is no such problem for criticism as his writings their merits are so commanding yet grave must be made their immense and sandy is like the or the desert and their are like the last he is es and his feeling of the ignorance of men strangely men take truths of this nature very fast he in he is a rich and of things which most import us to know his thought dwells on essential like the resemblance of a house to the man who built it he saw things in their law in likeness of function not of structure there is an invariable method and order in his delivery of his truth the habitual proceeding of the mind from inmost to earnestness and his e never without one swell of vanity or one look to self in any common form of literary pride a or man but whom no practical man in the universe could affect to scorn is a his garment though of purple and almost sky woven is an robe and action with its folds but this mystic is awful to himself would bow the moral insight of the of popular errors the announcement of laws take him out of comparison with any other modem writer and him to a place vacant for some ages among the of mankind that slow but commanding influence which he has acquired like that of other religious must be excessive also and have its tides before it into a permanent amount of course what is real and cannot be confined to the circle of those who strictly with his genius but will pass forth into the common stock of wise and just thinking the world has a sure by which it what is excellent in its children and lets hen and of the mind that which is familiar in the old of the collected in	37
s and in the indian and is there or really takes place in bodies by alien will in s mind has a more it is or depends entirely upon the thought of the person all things in the arrange themselves to each person anew according to his ruling love man is such as his affection and thought are man is man by virtue of willing not by virtue of knowing and understanding as he is so he sees the marriages of the world are broken up associate all in the spiritual world whatever the angels looked upon was to them celestial each satan appears to himself a man to those as bad as he a comely man to the a heap of nothing can resist states everything like will to like what we call poetic justice takes effect on the spot we have come into a world which is a living poem everything is as i am bird and beast is not bird and beast but and of the minds and wills of men there present every one makes his own house and state the ghosts are tormented with the fear of death and cannot remember that they have died they who are in evil and falsehood are afraid of all others such as have deprived themselves of wander and flee the societies which they approach discover their quality and drive them away the seem to themselves to be abiding in so s their money is deposited and these to be with they who place merit in good works seem to themselves to wood i asked such if they were not wearied they replied that they have not yet done work enough to merit heaven he golden sayings which express with singular beauty the laws as when he uttered that sentence that in heaven the angels are advancing continually to the of youth so that the eldest appears the youngest the more angels the more room the perfection of man is the love of use man in his greatest and most perfect form is heaven ends always ascend as nature i what is from him is him and the truly poetic account of the writing in the inmost heaven which as it consists of according to the form of heaven can be read without instruction he almost his claim to vision by strange of the structure of the human body and mind it is never permitted to any one in heaven to stand behind another and look at the back of his head for then the which is from the lord is disturbed the angels from the sound of the voice know a man s love from the of the sound his wisdom and from the sense of the words his science in the love he has unfolded the science of marriage of this book one would say that with the highest elements it has failed of success it came near to be the hymn of love which hen attempted in the banquet tlie love says sung among the angels in paradise and which as rightly in its and effect might well entrance the as it would lay open the of all institutions customs and manners the book had been grand if the had been omitted and the law stated without as and with that scope for of state the nature of things requires it is a fine development of the science of marriage teaching that sex is universal and not local in the male every organ act and thought and the feminine in woman therefore in the real or spiritual world the union is not momentary but incessant and total and not a local but a universal virtue being discovered as much in the trading or planting or speaking as in generation and that though the he saw in heaven were beautiful the wives were more beautiful and went on increasing in beauty yet after his mode pinned his theory to a temporary form he the circumstance of marriage and though he finds false marriages on earth fancies a wiser choice in heaven but of souls all loves and are momentary j o yo lave me means do you see the same truth if you do we are happy with the same happiness but presently one of us passes into the perception of new truth we are and no in nature can hold us to each other i know how delicious is this cup of love i existing for yon yoa for me but it ii m s to his toy an attempt to the fireside and to keep the bet through which first lessons are prettily tlie of god is bare and grand the out door landscape remembered firom the evening fireside it seems cold and desolate whilst yon over the coals but once abroad again we those who can forego the magnificence of nature for and cards s the true subject of love is whose laws are profoundly it is false if literally applied to marriage for gk d is the bride or room of the soul heaven is not the of two but the communion of all souls we meet and dwell an instant under the temple of one and part as though we parted not to join another thought in other of joy so x firom there being anything divine in the low and sense of do you love me it is only when you leave and lose me by casting yourself on a sentiment which is higher than both of us that i draw near and find myself at your side and i am if you fix your eye on me and demand love in fact in the spiritual worlds we change sexes every moment you love the worth in me then i am your husband but it is not me but the worth that the love and that worth is a drop of the ocean of worth that is beyond	37
me meantime i the greater worth in another and so become his wife he to a higher worth in another spirit and is wife or of that influence hen or not a self that lie grew into from jealousy of the sins to which men of thought are liable but he has acquired in and that particular form of moral disease an which no conscience can resist i refer to his feeling of the of thinking to what is good from to reason faith is to doubt and deny he was painfully alive to the difference between knowing and doing and this sensibility is incessantly expressed philosophers are therefore and flying literary men are and but this topic suggests a sad tiiat here we find the seat of his own pain possibly paid the penalty of faculties success or a fortunate genius seems to depend on a happy of heart and brain on a due proportion hard to hit of moral and mental power which perhaps the law of those which make a proportion in volumes necessary to combination as when will combine in certain fixed but not at any rate it is hard to a full cup and this man endowed in heart and mind early fell into dangerous discord with himself in his animal kingdom he surprised us by that he loved analysis and not and now after his year he falls into jealousy of his intellect and though aware that truth is not solitary nor is goodness solitary but both must ever mix and marry he makes war on his mind takes the part of the conscience against it and on all occasions and i beauty is lovely when truth the half p as as when a bitterness to satire and the but wise in his own despite grief and the sound c through this lurid universe seat of the prophet and to the images of pain readily its nest or ground than this of the hell and pit each more round every new crew of o down through a column that s was formed of spirits safely amongst the unhappy and witness the tion of souls and heard there for a long continuance their he saw their who increase and strain pangs to he saw the hell of the the hell of the the hell of the the hell of robbers who kill and men the infernal of the the the hell of the whose faces resembled a round broad cake and their arms like a wheel except and dean swift nobody ever had such science of and corruption these books should be used with caution it is dangerous to these images of thought true in transition they become false if fixed it for his just apprehension almost a genius equal to his own but when his visions be hen come the language of of per sons of all degrees of age and they are the wise people of the greek race were accustomed to lead the most intelligent and young men as part of their education through the mysteries wherein with much pomp and the highest truths known to wisdom were taught an ardent and young man at eighteen or twenty years might read once these books of these mysteries of love and and then throw them aside for ever genius is ever haunted by dreams when the and the heavens are opened to it but these pictures are to be as that is as a quite arbitrary and accidental picture of the truth not as the truth any other symbol would be as good then this is safely seen s system of the world wants central it is not vital and power to life there is no individual in it the universe is a gigantic crystal all whose and lie in order and with unbroken but cold and stiu what seems an individual and a will is none there is an immense chain of extending from centre to extremes which eveiy agency of all freedom and character the universe in his poem suffers under a sleep and only the mind of the every thought comes into each mind by from a of spirits that surround it and into these from a higher society and so on all his types mean the same few things all his figures speak one speech all his be they who they to this must they come at last this them all over in his boat sir sir king ii and and all gather one of hue and style only when comes by our gentle sticks a little at saying he talked with and with a touch of human remarks one whom it was given me to believe was and when the opens his mouth rome and its eloquence have away it is plain like the rest his heavens and are dull fault of want of the thousand fold relation of men is not there the interest that in nature to each man because he is right by his wrong and wrong by his right because he all and so many and and are to be taken into account strong by his vices often by his virtues sinks into entire sympathy with his society this want to the centre of the system though the agency of the lord is in every line referred to by name it never becomes alive there is no lustre in that eye which from the centre and which should the immense of beings the vice of s mind is its determination nothing with him has the liberality of universal wisdom but we are always in a church that hebrew muse which taught the lore of right and wrong to men had the same excess of influence f men for it has had for the nations the mode as well as the essence was is ever the more valuable as a chapter in history and the less an available element in education the genius of	37
largest of all modem souls in this department of thought wasted itself in the en to and what had already arrived at its natural term and in the great providence was retiring from its before western modes of thought and expression and both failed by them selves to the christian symbol instead of to the moral sentiment which carries innumerable in its bosom the excess of influence shows itself in the of a foreign what have i to do asks the impatient reader with and and what with and and what with and what with heave and bread of fire crowned and or good for these are nothing to me the more learning you bring to explain them the more glaring the impertinence tlie more and elaborate the system the less i like it i say with the why do you speak so much to the purpose of that which is nothing to the purpose my learning is such as god gave me in my birth and habit in the delight and study of my eyes and not of another man s of all this of some foreigner proposing to take away my and substitute own and amuse me with and instead of and robin palm trees and wood instead of and hid seems tlie most needless said god when he makes the prophet does not the man s points the remark the parish in the church between the friends and foes of and concerning faith alone and works alone intrude into his speculations upon the economy of the and of the societies the bishop s son for whom the heavens are opened so that he sees with and in the richest forms the awful truth of things and again in his books as under a heavenly the secrets of moral nature with all these resting upon him remains the bishop s son his judgments are those of a and his vast purchased by he carries his with him in hi visits to the souls he is like michael who in his put the cardinal who had offended him to roast under a mountain of devils or like who in all his private wrongs or perhaps more like s parish priest who if a passes over the village thinks the day of doom is come and the already have got the us not less with his pains of and and in the other world and his own books which he among the men under the same many of his are bound his cardinal position in morals is that evils should be as sins but he does not know what evil is or what good is who thinks any ground remains to be occupied after saying that is to be as evil i doubt not he was led by the desire to the element of personality of deity but nothing is added one man you say show him that this dread is evil or one hell show him that dread is evil he who loves goodness angels reverence and lives with god the less we have to do with our sins the better no man can afford to waste his moments in that is active duty say the which is not for our bondage that is knowledge which is for our au other duty is good only unto weariness another growing out of this is his has devils evil according to old philosophy is good in the making that pure can exist is the extreme proposition of it is not to be entertained by a rational agent it is it is the last rightly said goodness and being in the gods are one he who ill to them makes them none to what a painful had arrived that admitted no for evil spirits but the divine effort is never relaxed the in the sun will convert itself to grass and flowers and man though in or or on it on way to all that ia good and tne with tbe of bis to poor old ben u o ye m and mend i i tlie of the e everything is and bnt o e and truth only the largest is always the truest sentiment and we feel the more generous spirit of indian i am the same to all mankind there is not one who is worthy of my love or hatred they who serve me with adoration i am in them and they in me if one whose ways are altogether evil serve me alone he is as respectable as the just man he is well employed he soon of a virtuous spirit and eternal happiness for the of revelations of the other world only his and genius can it to any serious regard his revelations destroy their credit by running into detail if a man say that the holy ghost has informed him that the last judgment or the last of the judgments took place in or that the dutch in the other world in a heaven by themselves and the english in a heaven by themselves i reply that the spirit which is holy is reserved and in laws the of ghosts and gossip and fortunes the of the high spirit are and in regard to particulars negative genius did not him to act or to k men find but if he to do somewhat not it him what god is he said i know not what he is not i know the have the supreme being the in check the illuminated explained their light not as somewhat which leads to any action but it appears as an to anything unfit but the right examples are private experiences which are absolutely at one on this point strictly speaking s revelation is a of a capital offence in so learned a this is to carry the law of surface into the plane of substance to carry and its into the realm of	37
and which is and chaos the secret of heaven is kept from age to age no no angel ever an early syllable to answer the of saints the fears of mortals we should have listened on our knees to any favorite who by obedience had brought his thoughts into with the celestial currents and could hint to human ears the scenery and of the newly parted soul but it is certain that it must with what is best in nature it must not be inferior in tone to the already known works of the artist who the of the ment and writes the moral law it must be than than mountains agreeing with flowers with tides and the rising and setting of stars melodious poets shall be hoarse as street when once the penetrating key note of nature and spirit is sounded the earth beat sea beat heart beat the to which the and the of bloody and the of in this mood we hear the that tiie had arrived and his tale is told but is no beauty no heaven for the sad muse loves night and death and the pit his is his spiritual bears the same relation to the and joys of truth of which human souls have already made us as a man s bad dreams bear to his ideal life it is indeed very like in its endless power of lurid pictures to the phenomena of dreaming which nightly turns many an honest gentleman but into a wretch like a dog about the outer yards and of creation when he into the heaven i do not hear its language a man should not tell me that he has walked among the angels his proof is that his eloquence makes me one shall the be less majestic and sweet than the figures that have actually walked this earth t these that give us no very high idea of their discipline and culture they are all country their heaven is a tt an or french distribution of to virtuous strange man who of souls as a of a and visits as a of chalk or horn he has no sympathy he goes up and down the world of men a modem in and and with and the air of a souls the warm f representative men many passionate peopled world is to him a grammar of or an s procession how different is be is with emotion and awe struck with the humanity to the teacher whose lessons he s and when he that in some sort love is greater than god his heart ao high that the against his coat audible across the centuries tis a great difference is and beautifully wise notwithstanding the and is wise and with all his accumulated gifts and it is the best sign of a great nature that it a and like the breath of morning us onward is nor can we him of his and some minds are for ever restrained fix m descending into nature others are for ever prevented from ascending out of it with a force of many men he could never break the cord which held him to nature and he did not rise to the t platform of pure genius it is remarkable that this man who by his perception of saw the poetic construction of things and the relation of mind to matter remained entirely devoid of the whole apparatus of poetic expression which that perception he knew the grammar and of the mother tongue how could he not read off one strain into music was he like who in his vision designed to fill his lap with the celestial flowers as presents for his but the of the roses so him that the skirt dropped from his hands or is a breach cf the manners of that heavenly or waa i that he saw the vision and that of the that his books be it as it may his books have no melody no emotion no humor no relief to the dead level in his and accurate is no pleasure for there is no beauty we wander in a lack lustre landscape no bird ever sung in all these gardens of the the entire want of poetry in so a mind disease and like a hoarse voice in a beautiful person is a kind of warning i think sometimes he wiu not be read longer his great name will turn a sentence his books have become a monument his laurel so largely mixed with a breath so with the temple incense that boys and maids will the spot yet in this of genius and at tiie shrine of conscience is a merit sublime beyond praise he lived to purpose he gave a verdict he elected goodness as the clue to which the soul must cling in all this of nature many opinions prevail as to the true centre in the some cling to running some to and barrel some to some to mast the pilot chooses with science i plant myself here all will sink before this he comes to land who sails with me do not rely on heavenly favor or on compassion to folly or on prudence on sense hen the old usage and main of men nothing can keep you not fate nor healthy nor admirable intellect none can keep you but only for ever and ever and with a that never in all his studies inventions dreams he to this brave choice i think of him as of some of indian legend who says though i be dog or or in the last of nature under what or ferocity i to right as the sure ladder that leads up to man and to god has rendered a double service to mankind which is now only beginning to be known by the science of experiment and use he made his first steps he observed and published the laws	37
pf nature and ascending by just degrees from events to their and causes he was fired with piety at the he felt and abandoned himself to his joy and worship this was his first service if the glory was too bright for his eyes to bear if he staggered under the trance of delight the more excellent is the spectacle he saw the realities of being which beam and blaze through him and which no of the prophet are suffered to obscure and he renders a second passive service to men not less than the first perhaps in the great circle of being and in the of spiritual nature not less glorious or less beautiful to himself m the every fact is related on one side to sensation and on the other to morals the game of thought u on the appearance of one of these two sides to find the other given the to find the side nothing so thin but has these two faces and when the observer has seen the he turns it over to see the reverse life is a of this penny heads or tails we never tire of the game because there is still a slight shudder of astonishment at the exhibition of the other face at the contrast of the two faces a man is flushed with success and himself what this good luck he drives his bargain in the street but it occurs that he also is bought and sold he sees the beauty of a human face and the cause of that beauty which must be more beautiful he his fortunes the laws his children but he asks himself why and this head and this tail are called in the language of philosophy infinite and relative and no men absolute apparent and real and many fine names be de man is bom with a to one or the other of these sides of nature and it easily that men will be found devoted to one or the other one class has the perception of and is with facts and and persons and t e bringing certain things to pass the men of talent and action have the perception of identity are men of and philosophy men of genius each of these drives too fast believes only in philosophers in saints and in poets bead the haughty language in which and the speak of all men who are not devoted to their own shining other men are rats and the literary class is usually proud and exclusive the correspondence of pope and swift describes mankind around them as monsters and that of and in our own time is scarcely more kind it is easy to see how this comes the genius is a genius by the first look he casts on any object is his eye does he not rest in angles and colours but the design he wiu presently the actual object in powerful moments his thought has dissolved the works of art and nature into their causes so that the works appear heavy and he has a conception of beauty which the cannot picture statue temple rail road steam engine existed first in an artist s mind without flaw mistake or ill tion the so did the the state college court social and all the institutions it is not strange that these men remembering what they have seen and hoped of ideas should the superiority of ideas having at some time seen that the soul will carry all the arts in power th say why ourselves with superfluous and like dreaming b assume to speak and act as if these were already on the other part the men of toil and trade and luxury the animal world including the in the philosopher and poet also and the practical world including the painful whidi are never excused to philosopher or poet any more than to the rest weigh heavily on the other side the trade in our streets believes in no causes thinks nothing of the force which and a trading planet to exist no but sticks to cotton sugar wool and salt the ward meetings on election days are not softened by any of the value of these hot life is streaming in a single direction to the men of this world to the animal strength and spirits to the men of practical power whilst in it the man of ideas appears out of his reason they alone have reason things always bring their own philosophy with them that is prudence no man property without acquiring with it a little also in england the richest country that ever existed property stands for more compared with personal men than in any other after dinner a man believes en more have lost some charm after dinner is the only science ideas are disturbing follies of young men by the solid portion of society and a man comes to be valued by his and animal qualities relates that mr pope was with sir gk one day when his nephew a guinea came in nephew said sir gk you have the honor of seeing the two greatest men in the world i don t know how great men you may be said the guinea man but i don t like your looks i have often bought a man much better than both of you all muscles and bones for ten guineas thus the men of the senses revenge themselves on the professors and repay scorn for scorn the first had leaped to conclusions not yet ripe and say more than is true the others make themselves merry with the philosopher and weigh man by the pound they believe that the tongue that is hot matches are to be avoided and hold up that there is much sentiment in a chest of tea and a man will be eloquent if you give him good wine are you tender and scrupulous you	37
must eat more pie they hold that had milk in him when he said und der lai and when he advised a young scholar perplexed with and free will to get well nerves says are the man my neighbour a jolly farmer in the tavern bar room thinks that the use of money is sure and speedy spending for his part he says he puts his down his neck and gets the good c it the inconvenience of this way of thinking is that it runs into and then into disgust life is eating us up we shall be presently keep cool it will be all one a hundred years hence well enough but we shall be glad to get out of h and they will all be glad to have us why should we fret and our meat will taste to morrow as it did yesterday and we may at last have had enough of it ah said my languid gentleman at oxford there s nothing new or and no matter with a little more bitterness the our life is like an ass led to market by a bundle of hay being carried before him he sees nothing but the bundle of hay there is so much trouble in coming into the world said lord and so much more as well as meanness in going out of it that tis hardly worth while to be here at all i knew a philosopher of this who was accustomed briefly to sum up his experience of human nature in saying mankind is a damned rascal and the natural is pretty sure to follow the world lives by and so wiu l the and the thus ally each other and the express the worst of there arises a third to the middle ground between these the namely he finds both wrong by in extremes he labors to plant his feet to be the beam of the balance he will not go beyond his card he sees the of these men of tiie street he will not be a he stands for ike intellectual faculties a cool head and whatever serves to keep it cool no industry no self devotion no loss of the brains in toil am i an ox or a you are both in extremes he says you that will have all solid and a world of pig lead deceive yourselves you believe yourselves rooted and on and yet if we the last facts of our knowledge you are spinning like on a river you know not whither or whence and you are and and wrapped in neither will he be betrayed to a book and wrapped in a gown the class are their own victims th are thin and pale their feet are cold their heads are hot the night is without sleep the day a fear o interruption hunger and if you come near them and see what they entertain they are and spend their days and nights in dreaming some dream in expecting the homage of society to some precious scheme built on a truth but destitute of proportion in its in its application and of all energy of will in the to and it but i see plainly he says that i cannot see i know that human strength is not in extremes but in avoiding extremes i at least will the of mj it the use of pretending to we not wliat it the use of pretending to we ha e the other life why the power of be an an before your wound up too high will if there it a with for immortality and no why not that if there are conflicting why not them if there it not ground for a candid to make up hit mind yea or nay why not the judgment i weary of i tire of of routine who deny the i neither affirm nor deny i here to try the i am here to consider to consider how it it i will try to keep the balance true of what to take the chair and rattle off of religion and nature when i know that practical lie in the way by me and by my why so in public when each of my can pin me to my seat by arguments i cannot why pretend that life is so simple a game when we know how subtle and the is why think to shut up all things in your narrow when we know there are not one or two only but ten twenty a thousand things and unlike why fancy that you have all the truth in your keeping there is much to say on all sides who shall forbid a wise seeing that there is no practical question on which any thing more than an solution can be had is not marriage an open question when it is alleged firom the beginning of representative men the world that as are in the institution wish to get ont and such as are out wish to get in and the reply of to him who asked whether he should choose a wife still remains reasonable that whether he should choose one or not he would repent it is not the state a question all society is divided in opinion on the subject of the state nobody loves it great numbers dislike it and suffer conscientious scruples to and the only defence set up is the fear of doing worse in is it otherwise with the church or to put any of the questions which touch mankind nearest shall the young man aim at a leading part in law in politics in trade it will not be pretended that a success in either of these kinds is quite with what is best and inmost in his mind shall he then cutting the stays that hold him fast to the social state put	37
out to sea with no guidance but his genius there is much to say on both sides the open question between the present order of competition and the friends of attractive and associated labor the generous minds embrace the proposition of labor shared by all it is the only honesty nothing else is safe it is from the poor man s hut alone that strength and virtue come and yet on the other side it is alleged that labor the form and breaks the spirit of man and the cry we have no thoughts culture how indispensable i cannot ve you the want of accomplishments and yet will destroy that beauty of excellent is culture for a savage but once let bim read in the book and he it no longer able not to think of in true fortitude of in not letting what we know be embarrassed by wliat we do not know we ought to secure those advantages which we can command and not risk them by clutching after the airy and come no let us go abroad let us mix iu affairs let us learn and get and have and climb are a sort of moving plants and like trees receive a great part of their nourishment from the air if they keep too much at home they pine let us have a robust manly life let us know what we know for certain what we have let it be solid and sea and our own a world in the hand is worth two in the bush let us have to do with real men and women and not with ghosts this then is the right ground of the this of consideration of self containing not at all of un belief not at all of universal denying nor of universal doubting doubting even that he doubts least of all of and at all that is stable and good these are no more his moods than are those of religion and philosophy he is the the prudent taking in sail counting stock his means believing that a man has too many enemies than that he can afford to be his own that we cannot give ourselves too many advantages in this unequal conflict with powers so vast and ranged on one side and this little conceited that a man is up and down into every danger on the other it is a men tion taken up for better defence as of more safety and one tliat can be maintained and it is one of more opportunity and range as when we a the is to set it not too nor too low the wind but out of the dirt the philosophy we want is one of and the and schemes are too and stiff for our occasion a theory of saint john and of non resistance seems on the other hand too thin and we want some coat woven of elastic steel stout as the first and as the second we want a ship in these we an house would be rent to and in this storm of many elements no it must be tight and fit to the form of man to live at all as a shell is the architecture of a house founded on the sea the soul of man must be the type of our just as the body of man is the after which a house is built is the peculiarity of human nature we are golden or errors houses founded on the sea the wise wishes to have a near view of the best game and the chief players what is best in the planet art and nature places and events but mainly men ever that is excellent in mankind a form of grace an arm of iron lips of a brain of resources every one skilful to play and to win he will see and judge the terms of admission to this spectacle are that he have a certain solid and intelligible way of living of his own some method of answering the inevitable needs of human life proof that he has evinced the temper and the range of qualities whidi among his and him to fellowship and for the secrets of are not shown except to and men do not confide themselves to boys or or but to their some wise as the modem phrase is some condition between the extremes and having itself a quality some and sufficient man who is not salt or sugar but sufficiently related to the world to do justice to paris and london and at the same time a vigorous and original whom cities cannot but who uses them is the fit person to occupy ground of speculation these qualities meet in the character of and yet since the personal regard which i entertain for may be great i will under the shield of this prince of offer as an apology for him as the of a word or two to explain how my love began and grew for this admirable gossip a single odd volume of cotton s translation of the essays remained to me from my father s when a boy it lay long neglected until after many years when i was newly escaped from college i read the book and procured the remaining volumes i remember the delight and wonder in which i lived with it it seemed to me as if i had myself written the book in some former life so sincerely it spoke to my thought and experience it happened when in paris in that in the of le chaise men i came to a tomb of died in aged years and said the monument lived to do right and had formed himself to virtue on the essays of some years later i became acquainted with an accomplished english poet john sterling and in my correspondence i found that from a love of be bad made	37
say never a man with abundance of thoughts he is never never and has the genius to make the reader care for all that he cares for v ik the sincerity and of the man reaches to his sentences i know not anywhere the book that seems less written it is the language of conversation transferred to a book cut these words and they would they are and alive one has the same pleasure in it that we have in listening to the speech of men about their work when any unusual circumstance gives momentary importance to the dialogue for and do not trip in their speech it is a shower of bullets it is cambridge men who correct themselves and begin again at eveiy half sentence and moreover will and too much and firom the matter to the expression talks with knows the world and books and himself and uses the positive degree never shrieks or or no weakness no no does not wish to out of his skin or play any or space or time but is stout and solid tastes every moment of the day likes pain because it makes him fed himself and things as we pinch ourselves to know that we are awake he keeps the plain he rarely or sinks likes to feel solid ground and the stones underneath his writing has no no aspirations contented and keeping the middle of the road there is but one exception in his love for in speaking of him for once his cheek and his style rises to passion died of a at the age of sixty in when he came to die he caused the mass to be celebrated in his chamber at the age oi thirty three he had been married he says might i have had my own will i would not have married wisdom herself if she would have had me but tis to much purpose to it the common custom and use of life will have it so most of my actions are guided by example not choice in the hour of death he gave the same weight to custom je what do i know this book of the world has by it into all tongues and seventy five of it in europe and that too a circulation somewhat chosen namely among soldiers princes men of the world and men of wit and generosity shall we say that has spoken wisely and given the right and permanent expression of the human mind on the conduct of life we are natural truth or the connection of cause and effect alone interests us we are persuaded that a thread runs through all things all worlds are strung on it as beads and men and events and life come to us only because of that thread they pass and that we may know the direction and of that line a book or statement which goes to show that there is no line but random and chaos a calamity out of nothing b ve men a prosperity and no account of it a hero bom firom a fool a fool from a hero us seen or unseen ve believe the tie exists talent ties genius finds the real ones we to the man of because we anticipate the in natural phenomena which he we love whatever preserves and dislike what or down one man appears whose nature is to all men s eyes and his presence a well ordered society trade large institutions and empire if these d not exist they would be n to exist through his therefore he cheers and comforts men who feel all this in him very readily the and the rebel say ah manner of things against the existing republic but discover to our sense no plan of house or state of their own therefore though the town and state and way of living which our contemplated might be a very modest or prosperity yet men rightly go for him and reject the so long as he comes only with axe and but though we are natural and and reject a sour the class which represents have reason and every man at some time belongs to it every superior mind will pass through this domain of i should rather say will know how to avail himself of the and in nature as a natural weapon against the exaggeration and of and is the attitude assumed by the student in to the wliich but which he bees to be reverend only in and spirit the ground occupied hj the is the of the temple do es not like to have any breath of question blown on the existing order but the of at all points is an inevitable stage in j of every superior mind and is the evidence of of the flowing power which remains itself in all changes the superior mind will find itself equally at odds with the evils of society and with the projects that are offered to relieve them the wise is a bad citizen no he sees the selfishness of property and the of institutions but neither is he fit to work with any party that ever was constituted for parties wish one committed and he the popular patriotism his politics are those of the souls errand of sir walter or of in the there is none who is worthy of my love or hatred whilst he sentences law divinity commerce and custom he is a yet he is no better member of the association it turns out that he is not the champion of the the the prisoner the slave it stands in his mind that our life in this world is not of quite so easy interpretation as churches and school books say he does not wish to take ground against these to play the part of devil s attorney and every doubt and sneer that the sun for him but	37
he says there are doubts men i mean to use the occasion and the day of onr saint michael de by counting and describing these doubts or i wish to them out of their holes and sun them a little we must do witb them as the police do with old who are shown up to the public at the s office they will never be so formidable when once they have been identified and but i mean honestly by them that justice shall be done to their terrors i shall not take sunday objections made up on purpose to be put down i shall take the worst i can find whether i can dispose of them or they of me i do not press the of the i know the opinion will not prevail it is of no importance what and oxen think the first dangerous symptom i report is the levity of intellect as if it were fatal to earnestness to know much knowledge is the knowing that we cannot know the dull pray the are light how respectable is earnestness on every platform intellect it nay san my subtle and admirable friend one of the most penetrating of men finds that all even of lofty piety leads to this ghastly insight and sends back the my astonishing san thought the and saints they found the ark empty saw and would not tell and tried to choke off their approaching followers by sayings action action my dear fellows is for you bad as was to me this detection by san this in july this blow from a bride there was still a namely the or at the saints in the mount of vision ere they yet risen firom their knees they say we discover that our homage and is partial and we must fly for relief to the suspected and to the understanding the to the of talent this is the tint and though it has been the subject of much in our nineteenth century firom and other poets of less fame not to mention many distinguished private i confess it is not very to my imagination for it seems to concern the of baby houses and shops what the church of rome or of england or of or of boston is yet very far firom touching any principle of faith i think that the intellect and sentiment are unanimous and that though philosophy yet it supplies the natural of vice and to the soul i think that the wiser a man is the more he finds the natural and moral economy and lifts himself to a more absolute reliance there is the power of moods each setting at all but its own of facts and there is the power of obviously the dispositions and sentiments the and appear to be and as soon as each man the and vivacity which allow the whole machinery to play he will not need extreme examples but will rapidly alternate all opinions in his own life life is march weather q men savage and serene in one hour e go forth believing in the iron links of destiny and will not on our heel to save onr life but a book or a bust or only the of a name shoots a spark through the nerves and we suddenly believe in will my finger ring shall be the seal of solomon fate is for all is possible to the resolved mind presently a new experience gives a new turn to our thoughts common sense its tyranny we say well the army after all is the gate to fame manners and poetry and look you on the whole selfishness plants best best makes the best commerce and the best citizen are the opinions of a man on right and wrong on fate and at the mercy of a broken sleep or an is his belief in god and duty no deeper than a stomach and what for the of his opinions i like not the french of a new church and state once a week this is the second and i shall let it pass for what it will as far as it of states of mind i suppose it suggests its own remedy namely in the record of larger periods what is the mean of many states of all the states does the general voice of ages affirm any principle or is no community of sentiment in distant times and places and when it shows the power of i accept that as part of the law and must reconcile it with the best i can the word fate or destiny expresses the sense of mankind in all ages that the laws of the world do not always but often and nt fate in the shape of or nature grows over ns like grass we paint time with a lore and fortune blind and destiny deaf we have too little power of resistance against this ferocity which ns what front can we make against these forces what can i do against the of race in my history what can i do against hereditary and constitutional habits against against climate against in my country i can reason down or deny every thing except this perpetual belly feed he must and will and i cannot make him respectable but the main resistance which the affirmative impulse finds and one including all others is in the doctrine of the there is a painful in circulation that we have been practised upon in all the principal performances of life and that free agency is the name we have been and with the air with food with woman with children with customs with with events which leave us exactly where they found ns the tis complained leave the mind where they find it so do all and so do all events and actions i find a man who has passed through all the the he was	37
and through all the offices learned civil social i can detect the child we are not the less to life to them in fact we may come to accept it as the fixed hen rule and of our state of education that god is a substance and his method is illusion the eastern owned the goddess the great energy of by whom as utter ignorance the whole world is or shall i state it thus the astonishment of life is the ab of any appearance of reconciliation between the theory and practice of life the reality the law is apprehended now and then for a serene and profound moment amidst the of cares and works which have no direct bearing on it is then lost for months and years and again for an interval to be lost again if we it in time we may in fifty years have half a reasonable hours but what are these cares and works the better a method in the world we do not see but this of great and httle which never on each other nor discover the smallest tendency to experiences fortunes writings are nothing to the as when a man comes into the room it does not appear whether he has been fed on or he has contrived to get so much bone and fibre as he wants out of rice or out of snow so vast is the between the sky of law and the of performance under it that whether he is a man of worth or a is not so great a matter as say shall i add as one of this enchantment the non intercourse law which makes co impossible the young spirit to enter society but all the ways of culture and greatness lead to solitary imprisonment he has been often he did not expect a with thought from the village but he went with it to the chosen and intelligent and found no entertainment for it but mere and men are strangely and and the excellence of each is an which him more there are these and more than these diseases of thought which our ordinary teachers do not attempt to remove now shall we because a good nature us to virtue s side say there are no doubts and lie for the right is life to be led in a brave or in a cowardly manner and is not the satisfaction of the doubts essential to all is the name of virtue to be a barrier to that which is virtue can you not believe that a man of earnest and habit may find small good in tea essays and and want a instruction want men labor trade farming war hunger plenty love hatred doubt and terror to make things plain to him and has he not a right to insist on being convinced in his own way when he is convinced he will be worth the pains belief consists in accepting the of the soul in denying them some minds are incapable of the doubts they profess to entertain are rather a civility or accommodation to the common discourse of their company they may well give themselves leave to for they are secure of a return once admitted to the heaven of thought tliey see no into but infinite invitation on tbe other side heaven is within heaven and sky over sky and they are with others there to whom the heaven is brass and it down to the surface of the earth it is a question of temperament or of more or less in nature the last must needs have a or not a sight of realities but an instinctive reliance on the and of realities the manners and thoughts of astonish them and convince them that these have seen something which is hid from themselves but their habit would fir the to his last position whilst he as advances and presently the for love of belief burns the great are always reckoned im practicable fantastic and really men of no account the finds himself driven to express his faith by a series of table souls come with their projects and ask his how can he hesitate it is the rule of mere and courtesy to agree where you can and to turn your sentence with something and not and sinister but he is forced to say o these things will be as they must be what can you do these particular and crimes are the foliage and fruit of such trees as we see growing it is in vain to complain of the leaf or the cut it off it will bear another just as bad yon must begin your cure lower down the of the day prove an element for him the people s questions are not their methods are not his and against all the of good nature he is driven to say he has no pleasure in them even the doctrines dear to the hope of man of the divine providence and of the immortality of the soul his neighbors cannot put the statement so that he shall affirm it but he out of more faith and not less he out of honesty he had rather stand charged i ith the of than with i he says in the moral design of the universe it exists for the of souls but your seem to me why should i make believe them will any say this is cold and the wise and will not say so they will in his which can abandon to the adversary all the ground of tradition and common opinion without losing a of strength it sees to the end of all george fox saw that there was an ocean of darkness and death but withal an infinite ocean of light and love which flowed over that of darkness the final solution in which is lost is in the	37
liberties with world books s nights robin hood sc are not the work of single in the composition of such works the time thinks the market thinks the the carpenter the merchant the farmer the all think for us every book supplies its time with one good word every law every trade every folly of the day and the catholic genius who is not afraid or ashamed to own his originality to the originality of all stands with the next age as the and of his we have to thank the of a and the tar tt s rf the drama the in and bj and die final the and the of and and the pieces which altered and made hia own with and by the growing interest ci the problem th have left no no chest in a garret no file yellow to in damp and so keen was the hope to whether the boy or not whether he held horses at the theatre door whether he kept school and why he left in his will only his second best bed to ann his wife there is somewhat teaching in the madness with which the passing age the object on which all candles shine and all eyes are turned the care with which it every trifle touching queen elizabeth and king james and the and and lets pass without a single valuable note the founder of another which alone will cause the to be remembered the man who carries the saxon race in him by the inspiration which him and on whose thoughts the foremost people of the world are now for some ages to be nourished and minds to receive this and not another bias a popular player nobody suspected he was the poet of the human race and the secret was kept as faithfully from poets and intellectual men as from and men people bacon who took the of the human understanding for his times never mentioned his name ben though we have strained his few words of regard and had no suspicion of the elastic fame whose first he was attempting he no doubt thought the praise he has to him generous and esteemed himself out of all question the better poet of the two if it need wit to know wit according to the proverb s time should be capable of it sir henry was bom four years after and died twenty three years after him and i find among his and acquaintances the following persons sir philip earl of lord bacon sir walter john milton sir henry john charles cotton john john paul with all of whom exists some token of his having communicated without many others whom doubtless he saw two w and the rest since the of great men who appeared in the time of in greece there was never any such society yet their genius failed them to find out the best head in the universe our s mask was impenetrable you cannot see the tain near it took a century to make it suspected and not two centuries had passed after his death did any criticism which we think adequate a begin to appear it was not to write the history of till now for he is the of german literature it was on the of into by and the translation of his works by and d that the rapid burst of german literature was most intimately it was not the century whose genius is a sort of living hamlet that the tragedy of hamlet could find such wondering readers now literature and thought are his mind is the horizon beyond which at present we do not see our ears are educated to music by his and are the only critics who have expressed our convictions with any adequate fidelity but there is in all cultivated minds a appreciation of his power and beauty which like christianity the period the society has inquired in all directions advertised the missing offered money for any information that will lead to proof and with what result beside some important illustration of the history of the english stage to which i they have a few touching the property and dealings in regard to property of the poet it appears that from year to year he owned a larger share in the theatre its wardrobe and other were his that he bought an estate in his native village with his as writer and that he lived in the best house in was by his neighbors with their in men don as of and the like that he was a farmer about the time when he was writing he philip in the of for thirty five shillings and for com delivered to him at different times and in all respects appears as a good husband with no reputation for or excess he was a good natured sort of man an actor and in the theatre not in any striking manner distinguished from other actors and i admit the importance of this information it was well worth all the pains that have been taken to procure it but whatever scraps of information concerning his condition these may have rescued they can shed no light upon that infinite invention which is the concealed of his attraction for us we are very clumsy writers of history we tell the chronicle of birth earning of money marriage publication of books death and when we come to an end of this gossip no ray of relation appears between it and the goddess bom and it seems as if had we dipped at random into the modem and read any other life there it would have fitted the poems as well it is the essence of poetry to spring like the rainbow daughter of wonder from the invisible to the past and refuse all history and have wasted their life the theatres garden lane the park and have vainly assisted	37
and their lives to thej crown and the knows them not the begins one golden word leaps out immortal firom all this painted and sweetly ns with invitations to its own b le homes i remember i went once to see the hamlet of a the pride of the english stage and all i then heard and all i now remember of the was that in whidi tiie had no par q to the ghost that dread again in complete steel st thus the glimpses of the that imagination which the closet he writes in to the world s crowds it with agents in and order as quickly the big reality to be the glimpses of the moon these tricks of his magic spoil for us the illusions of the green can any biography shed light on the into which the night s dream admits me did confide to any or or in the of that delicate creation the forest of the air of castle the moonlight of s villa the vast and idle of s where is the third cousin or grand nephew or s file of accounts w private letter that has kept one word of those secrets in fine in this drama as in all great works of art in the h men of egypt and india in the the the italian painting the of spain and scotland the draws np the ladder after him when the age goes up to heaven and gives way to a new one which sees the works and asks in vain for a history is the only of and even he can tell nothing except to the in ns that is to our most apprehensive and sympathetic hour he cannot step from off his and give ns anecdotes of his inspiration bead the antique documents and compared by the and and now read one of those sentences seem to have fallen out of heaven and which not your experience but the man within the breast has accepted as words of fate and tell me if they match if the former account in any manner for the latter or which gives the most historical insight into the man hence though our external history is so yet with for instead of and we have really the information which is material that which describes character and fortune that which if we were about to meet the man and deal with him would most import us to know we have his recorded convictions on those questions which knock for answer at every heart on life and death on love on wealth and poverty on the of life and the ways whereby we come at them on the characters of men and the influences and open which affect their fortunes and on mysterious and powers wliich defy our and which yet int malice and their gift in our brightest hours who read the the without finding that the poet had there revealed er that are no to tiie in the lore of friendship and of the of sentiments in the most susceptible and at the same time the most intellectual of men or what trait of his private mind has he hidden in his one can discern in his ample pictures of the gentleman and the king what forms and pleased him his delight in troops of friends in large hospitality in giving let let let the merchant answer for his great heart so far m s being the least known he is the one person in all modem history known to us what point of morals of manners of economy of philosophy of religion of taste of the conduct of life has he not settled what mystery has he not signified his knowledge of what or function or district of man s work has he not remembered what king has he not taught state as taught napoleon what maiden has not found him finer than her delicacy what lover has he not what sage has he not what gentleman has be not instructed in the of his behaviour some able and critics think no criticism on valuable that does not rest purely on the dramatic merit that he is judged as poet and philosopher i think as highly as these critics of his dramatic merit but still think it he was a full man who liked to talk hen and images seeking vent found the drama next at had he been less we should have had to consider how well he filled his place how good he was and he is the best in the world but it turns out that what he has to say is of that weight as to withdraw some attention firom the vehicle and he is like some saint whose history is to be rendered into all languages into verse and prose into songs and pictures and cut up into so that the occasion which gave the saint s meaning the form of a conversation or of a prayer or of a code of laws is compared with the of its application so it with the wise and his book of life he wrote the airs for all our modem music he wrote the text of modern life the text of manners he drew the man of england and europe the father of the man in america he drew the man and described the day and what is done in it he read the hearts of men and women their and their and the of innocence and the by which virtues and vices slide into their he could divide the mother s part from the father s part in the face of the child or draw the fine of freedom and of fate he knew the laws of which make the police of nature and all the sweets and all the terrors of human lot lay in his mind as truly but as as	37
the landscape lies on the eye and the importance of this wisdom of life sinks the form as of drama or out of notice tis like making a question concerning the paper on which a king s message is written i is as much oat of uie cat of end as he is out of the crowd he is wise the others a good reader can in a sort into s and think from thence but not into s we are still out of doors for for creation is unique no man can imagine it better he was the bound of with an individual self the of authors and only just within the possibility of author ship with this wisdom of life is the equal of imaginative and of power he the creatures of his legend with form and sentiments as if they were people who had lived under his and few real men have left such distinct characters as these and they spoke in language as sweet as it was fit yet his talents never him into an nor did he harp on one string an humanity co all his give a man of talents a story to tell and his partiality will presently appear he has certain observations opinions topics which have some accidental and which he all to exhibit he this part and that other part consulting not the fitness of the thing but his fitness and strength but has no peculiarity no topic but all is duly given no veins no no no no is he he has no the great he tells greatly the small he is wise without emphasis or assertion he is strong as nature is strong who lifts the land men into mountain slopes without effort and by tbe same rule as she a in the air and likes as well to do the one as the other this makes that equality of power in farce tragedy narrative or love songs a merit so incessant that each reader is incredulous the perception of other readers this power of expression or of the inmost truth of things into music and verse makes him the of the poet and has added a new problem to this is that which throws him into natural history a main production of the globe and as announcing new and things were in his poetry without loss or he could paint the fine with precision the great with compass the c and the comic indifferently and without any or he carried his powerful execution into minute details to a hair point an or a as firmly as he draws a mountain and yet these like nature s will bear the scrutiny of the in short he is the chief example to prove that more or less of production more or fewer pictures is a thing indifferent he had the power to make one picture learned how to let one flower its image on his plate of and then proceeds at leisure to a million there are always objects but there was never representation here is perfect representation at last and now let the world of figures sit for portraits no can be given for the making of a but the of the translation of things into song is his power lies in tiie genius d the is lost in the the as and it is not a merit finely hot a told merit ci the piece like the time of of some person so is a of poetic beings and each as now as a whole poem though the q in the and single lines hare a which the ear to on them for their yet the sen is so loaded with meaning and so linked with its and followers that the is satisfied his means are as admirable as his ends every subordinate invention by whidi he himself to connect some is a poem too he is not reduced to and walk because his horses are running off with him in some distant direction he always rides the finest poetry was first experience but thought has suffered a since it was an experience cultivated men often attain a good degree of skill in writing verses but it is ea to read through their poems their personal history any one acquainted with parties can name every figure this is and that is the sense thus remains it is a with wings and not yet a butterfly in the poet s mind the has gone quite over into the new element of thought and has lost all that is this generosity with we say from the truth and of his pictures that he knows the lesson by heart yet there is not a trace of men one more royal trait properly belongs to the poet i mean his cheerfulness without which no man can be a poet for beauty is his aim he loves virtue not for its grace he delights in the world in man in woman for the lovely light which from them beauty the spirit of joy and he sheds over the relates that poetry hath such charms that a lover might his mistress to partake of them and the true have been noted for their firm and cheerful temper lies in sunshine is glad and erect and says it was abroad that i was penitent but what had i to do with repentance not less sovereign and cheerful is the tone of his name suggests joy and to the heart of men if he should appear in any company of human souls who would not march in his troop he touches nothing that does not borrow health and from his style and now how stands the account of man with this bard and benefactor when in solitude shutting our ears to the of his fame we seek to strike the balance solitude has austere lessons it can teach us to spare both heroes and poets	37
and it also and finds him to share the and of humanity saw the splendor of meaning that plays over the visible world knew that a tree had another use than for apples and com another than for meal and the ball of the earth than for and roads that these things bore a second and finer to the mind of its and in su their natural history a certain on human life employed them as colors to compose his picture he rested in their beauty and never took the step which seemed inevitable to genius namely to explore the virtue whidi in these and this power what is that which they say he converted the ments whidi waited on his command into he was master of the to mankind is it not as if one should have through majestic powers of the given into his hand or the and their and should draw them firom their to with the on a holiday night and in all towns very superior this evening are the agents of nature and the power to understand them worth no more than a street or the breath of a one remembers again the trumpet text in the the heavens and the earth and all that is between them think ye we have created them in jest as long as the question is of talent and mental power tlie world of men has not his equal to show but when the question is to life and its materials and its how does he profit me what does it signify it is but a twelfth night or night s dream or a winter evening s tale what another picture more or less the egyptian verdict of the men comes to mind that he was a jovial actor and manager i cannot many this fact to his verse other admirable men have led lives in some sort keeping with their thought bat this man in wide contrast had he been less had he reached only the common measure of great authors of bacon milton we might leave the ct in the twilight of human fate but that this man of men he who gave to the science of mind a new and lai er subject than had ever existed and planted the standard of some forward into chaos that he should not be wise for himself it must even go into the world s history that the best poet led an obscure and profane life using his genius for the public amusement well other men priest and prophet german and beheld the same objects they also saw through them that which was contained and to what purpose the beauty straightway vanished they read all duly an obligation a sadness as of piled mountains fell on them and life became ghastly a pilgrim s progress a round with histories of adam s fall and curse behind us with and and fires before us and the heart of the and the heart of the listener sunk in them it must be that these are half views half men the world still wants its poet priest a who shall not trifle with the player nor shall in graves with the but i ho shall see speak and act equal inspiration for knowledge will the sunshine right is more beautiful than private affection and love is universal wisdom napoleon the man of the world among tbe eminent persons of the nineteenth is far the best known and the most powerful and owes his to the fidelity with which he expresses the tone of thought and belief the aims of the masses of active and cultivated men it is s theory of natural that every organ is made up of or that every whole is made of that is the lungs are composed of infinitely small lungs the liver of infinitely small the of little c following this if any man is found to carry with him the power and affections of vast numbers if napoleon is france if napoleon is europe it is because the people whom he are little in our society there is a standing between the and the classes between those who have made their fortunes and the young and the poor who have fortunes to make between the interests of dead labor that is the labor of hands long ago still in the grave whidi hen labor is now in money stocks or in land and buildings owned by idle and uie interests of living labor seeks to possess itself of land and buildings aud money stocks the first class is timid selfish and continually losing numbers by death the second class is selfish also bold always tbe and its numbers every hour by it desires to keep open every avenue to the competition all and to avenues the class of business men in america iu england in france and throughout europe the class of industry and skill napoleon is rf the instinct of active brave able men throughout the middle class everywhere has pointed out napoleon as the he bad their virtues and their vices above all he had their spirit or aim that tendency is material pointing a success and the richest and most various means to tbat end witb mechanical powers highly widely and accurately learned and skilful but all intellectual and spiritual forces into means to a material success to be the man is the end god has granted says the to every people a prophet in its own tongue paris and london and new york the spirit of commerce of and material power were also to have their prophet and was qualified and sent every one of the million of anecdotes or or lives of napoleon in the page because he studies in it his own history is modern and at the point of his has the ti b f newspapers he is no saint to use	37
his own word no a and he is no hero in the high sense the man finds in him the qualities and powers of men he finds him like himself bj birth a who by very intelligible merits arrived at a p ti on indulge all those tastes which the man possesses but is obliged to conceal and deny good good books travelling dress dinners servants without number personal weight the execution of his ideas the standing in the attitude of a benefactor to all persons about him the refined of pictures statues music palaces and conventional honors precise what is agreeable to the heart of every man m nineteenth century this powerful man it is true that a man of napoleon s truth of to the mind of the masses around him becomes not merely representative but actually a and of other minds thus every good thought every good word that was spoken in france relates that he sat in the gallery of the and heard make a speech it struck that he could fit it with a which he wrote in pencil immediately and showed to lord who sat by him lord approved it and in the evening showed it to read it pronounced it admirable and declared he would it into his to morrow to the assembly it is impossible said as unfortunately i have shown it to lord if you it to lord and to fifty persons beside i still speak it to morrow f and he did speak it with much effect at the next day s for with his overpowering personality that these things which his presence inspired were as much his own as if he had said them and that his of them gave them their weight much more absolute and was the successor to s popularity and to much more than his in france indeed a man of napoleon s stamp almost ceases to have a private speech and opinion he is so largely and is so placed that he comes to be a for all the in wit and power of the age and country he gains the battles he makes the code he makes the system of and measures he the he the roads all distinguished report to him so likewise do all good heads in every kind he the best measures sets his stamp on them and not on these alone but on every happy and memorable expression every sentence spoken by napoleon and every line of his writing deserves reading as it is the sense of france was the idol of common men because he had in degree the qualities and powers of common men there is a certain satisfaction in coming down to the lowest ground of politics for we get rid of cant and wrought in common with that great class he represented for power and wealth but a i napoleon specially without any scruple as to the means ah the sentiments which men s of these objects he set aside the sentiments were women and children in expressed napoleon s own sense when in behalf of the he addressed him the desire of perfection is the worst disease that ever afflicted the human mind the of liberty and of progress are a word of contempt often in his mouth is an is an an italian proverb too well known declares that if you would succeed you must not be too good it is an advantage within certain limits to have the dominion of the sentiments of piety gratitude and generosity since what was an bar to us and still is to others becomes a convenient weapon for our purposes just as the river which was a formidable barrier winter into the of all roads napoleon once for all sentiments and affections and help himself with his hands and his head with him is no miracle and no magic he is a in brass in iron in wood in earth in roads in buildings in money and in troops and a very consistent and wise master workman he is never weak and literary but acts with the and the precision of natural agents he has not lost his native sense and sympathy with things men give way before such a man as before natural events to be sure there are men enough who are in things as farmers sailors and i generally and we know how real and solid men appear in the presence of and ij bnt these men ordinarily lack the power of arrangement and are like hands without a bnt to this and animal force insight and so that men saw in him combined the natural and intellectual power as if the sea and land had taken flesh and begun to therefore the land and sea seem to pre suppose him he came unto his own and they received him this x knows what he is working with and what is the right product he knew the properties of gold and iron of wheels and ships of troops and and required that each should do after its kind the art of war was the game in which he exerted his it consisted according to him in having always more forces than the enemy on the point where the enemy is attacked or where he attacks and his whole talent is strained by endless and to march always on the enemy at an angle and destroy his forces in detail it is obvious that a very small force and so as always to bring two men against one at the point of engagement will be an for a much larger body of men the times his constitution and his early circumstances combined to develop this pattern he had the virtues of his class and the conditions for their activity that common sense which no sooner respects any end than it finds the means to effect it the delight in the use	37
of means in the f and of means tbe and of hit the with which all was and the energy with which all was done make him the natural organ and head of what i may almost call from its extent uie party must have far the greatest share in every success and so in his such a man was wanted and such a man was bom a man of stone and iron capable of sitting on horseback sixteen or seventeen hours of going many days together without rest m food except by and with the speed and spring of a tiger in action a man not embarrassed by any scruples compact instant selfish and of a perception which did not suffer itself to be or by any of others or any superstition or any heat or haste of his own my hand of iron he said was not at the extremity of my arm it was immediately connected with my head he respected the power of nature and fortune and ascribed to it his superiority instead of himself like inferior men on his ness and war with nature his favorite lay in allusions to his star and he pleased himself as well as the people when he himself the child of destiny they charge me he said with the commission of great crimes men of my stamp do not commit crimes nothing has been more simple than my elevation tis in vain to it to or crime it was owing to the peculiarity of the times and to my reputation of having fought well against the enemies of ray country i have representative men if marched with tlie of great masses and of what use then would crimes be to me v again he said speaking of his son my son cannot replace me i could not replace i am the creature of circumstances he had a of action never before combined with so much comprehension he is a terrific to all and confused truth persons he sees where the matter hinges throws himself on the precise point of resistance and all other considerations he is strong in the right manner namely by insight he never into victory but won his battles in his head before he won them on the field his principal means are in himself he asks counsel of no other in he writes to the i have conducted the campaign without consulting any one i should have done no good if i had been under the necessity of to the notions of another person i have gained some advantages over superior forces and when totally destitute of everything because in the persuasion that your confidence was in me my actions were as prompt as my thoughts history is full down to this day of the of kings and they are a class of persons much to be pitied for they know not what they should do the strike for and the king and his ministers not knowing what to do meet them with but napoleon understood hi business here was a man who in each moment and emergency knew what to do next it is an immense comfort and refreshment to the spirits not only d its but of few men liave any next th live from hand to plan and are ever at the end of their line and after each action wait for an impulse from abroad napoleon had been the first man of the worlds if his ends had been purely public as he is he confidence and vigor by the extraordinary unity of his action he is firm sure self denying self sacrificing everything to his aim money troops and his own safety also to his aim not like common by the splendor of his own means incidents ought not to govern policy he said but policy incidents to be hurried away by every event is to have no political system at all his were only so many doors and he never for a moment lost sight of his way onward in the and uproar of the present circumstance he knew what to do and he flew to his mark he would a straight line to come at his object horrible anecdotes may no doubt be collected from his history of the price at which he bought his but he must not therefore be set down as cruel but only as one who knew no to his will not blood thirsty not cruel but wo to what thing or person stood in his way not but not of blood and pitiless he saw only the object the obstacle must give way general cannot combine with for the dreadful fire of the battery let him carry the battery every regiment that approaches the heavy is sacrificed what orders forward forward v men a colonel of light gives in his the following sketch of a scene after the battle of at the moment in which the army was making its retreat painfully but in good order on the ice of the lake the emperor napoleon came riding at full speed towards the ton are losing time he cried fire upon those masses th must be en fire upon the the order remained for ten minutes in vain several officers and myself were placed on the slope of a hill to produce the effect their balls and mine rolled upon the ice without breaking it up seeing that i tried a simple method of light the almost perpendicular fall of the heavy produced the desired effect my method was immediately followed by the adjoining and in less than no time we buried some thousands of and under the waters of the lake in the of his resources every obstacle seemed to vanish there shall be no he said and he built his perfect roads climbing by galleries their until italy was as open to paris as any town in	37
france he laid his bones to and wrought for crown having decided what was to be done he did that with might and main he put out all his strength he risked everything and spared nothing neither nor money nor troops nor i quote at second hand and dare not adopt the high figure i find l we like to me do its its be a or a if fighting be the best mode of m as of men seem to certainly was right in making the grand of war he that an army always to be ready by day and by and at all to make all the resistance it is capable of making he never bnt on a hostile portion rained a torrent of iron sheds to all defence on any of he concentrated on in overwhelming it was swept oat of to a regiment of horse at two days before the battle of said my lads you must not fear death when soldiers brave deaths they drive him into the ranks in the fury of assault he no more spared he went to the edge of his possibility so heartily bent was he on his objects it is plain that in italy he did what he could and all that he could he came several times within an inch of ruin and his own person was all but lost he was flung into the marsh at the were between him and his troops in the and he was brought off with desperate efforts at and at other places he was on the point of being taken prisoner he fought sixty battles he had never enough each victory was a new weapon my power would fall were i not to support it by new conquest has made me what i am and conquest men alone can maintain me he felt with every wise man that as much life is needed for as for creation we are always in perils always in a bad just on the edge of and only to be saved by invention and courage this vigor was guarded and tempered by the prudence and a in the attack he was found in his his very attack was never the inspiration of courage but the result of calculation his idea of the best defence consists in being still the attacking party my ambition he says was great but was of a cold nature there is a passage in one of his conversations with as to moral courage i have rarely met with the two o clock in the kind i mean unprepared courage that which is necessary on an unexpected occasion and which in spite of the most events leaves freedom of judgment and decision and he did not hesitate to declare that he was himself eminently gifted with this clock in the courage and that he had met with few persons equal to himself in this particular everything depended on the of his and the stars were not more punctual than his his personal attention descended to the smallest particulars at i ordered to attack with horse and with these he separated the before the very eyes of the cavalry this cavalry was half a league off and required a quarter of an hour to arrive on the field of action and i have it is oi an re ht sam m lie do in cue of a dead about ik do in cue of a the and good all his to at the are the enter my as as do not awake me yon bare any good news to with that there is no but when yon bring bad news rouse me instantly for then is not a moment to be it was a economy of the same kind which dictated his practice when in italy in regard to his he directed to leave all letters for three weeks and then observed with satisfaction how lai a part of the correspondence had thus disposed of itself aud no longer required an answer his achievement of business was immense and es the known powers of man there have been many kings alfred peter william of orange but none who accomplished a of this man s performance to these of nature napoleon added the advantage of having been bom to a private and humble fortune in his later days he had the weakness of wishing to add to his crowns and the of aristocracy but be knew his debt to his austere education and made no secret of his tempt for the bom kings and for the hereditary as he the he said that in their exile they had learned nothing and foi t nothing had passed through all the degrees of military service but also was citizen before he was emperor and so has the to citizen ship his remarks and discover the information and of of the middle class those who had to deal with him found that he was not to be imposed upon but could as well as another man this appears in all parts of his dictated at st when the expenses of the of his household of his palaces had accumulated great debts napoleon examined the bills of the himself detected errors and reduced the claims by considerable sums his grand weapon namely the millions whom he directed he owed to the representative character which clothed him he interests us as he stands for france and for europe and he exists as captain and king only as far as the or the interest of the industrious masses found an organ and a leader in him in the social interests he knew the meaning and value oi labor and threw himself naturally on that side like an incident mentioned by one of his at st when walking with mrs some servants carrying heavy boxes passed by on the road and mrs desired them in rather an angry tone to keep	37
back napoleon interfered saying the burden madam in the time of the empire he directed attention to the improvement and of i the ke is the of the people the works here ie d um are his he filled the troops with his spirit and m sort of freedom and grew up and them whidi the of his permitted between the and th performed his eye tiiat no do the best is the order of the day on the morning of the battle of in which napoleon promises the troops tiiat he will keep his person oat of reach of fire this declaration which is the reverse of that ordinarily made by and sovereigns on the eve of a battle explains the devotion of the army to their leader but though there is in this identity between napoleon and the mass i the people his real strength lay in their conviction that he was their representative in his genius and aims not only when he but when he controlled and even them by his deadly he knew as well as any in france how to on liberty aud equality and when allusion was made to the precious blood of centuries which was by the killing of the due d he suggested neither is my blood ditch water the people felt that no longer the was occupied and the land sucked of all its nourishment by a small class of le secluded from all community with the children of the soil and holding the ideas and of a long forgotten state of society instead of that a man of themselves held in the men knowledge and ideas like their own opening of to them and their children all places of the day of sleepy selfish policy ever the means and opportunities of young men was ended and a new day of and demand was come a market for all the powers and productions of man was opened brilliant glittered in the eyes of youth and talent the old iron bound france was changed into a young or new york and those who under the immediate of the new monarch as the necessary of the military system which had driven out the and even when the majority of the people had begun to ask whether they had really gained anything under the of men and money of the new master the whole talent of the country in every rank and kindred took bis part and defended him as its natural patron and in when advised to rely on the higher classes napoleon said to those around him gentlemen in the situation in which i stand my only nobility is the of the napoleon met this natural expectation the necessity of his position required a hospitality to every sort of talent and its appointment to and his feeling went along with this policy like every superior person he undoubtedly felt a desire for men and and a wish to measure his power with other masters and an impatience of fools and in italy he sought for men and found none good god he said how rare men are there are eighteen in and i bare with di b found two and in with larger experience his reject for mankind was not increased in a moment of bitterness he said to one of his oldest friends men deserve the contempt with which they inspire me i have only to some gold lace on the coat of my virtuous and they immediately become just what i wish them this impatience at levity was however an tribute of respect to those able persons who commanded his regard not only when he found them friends and but also when they his wiu he could not confound fox and and with the of his court and in spite of the which his dictated towards the great captains who conquered with and for him ample are made by him to and if he felt himself their patron and the founder of their fortunes as when he said i made my out of mud he could not hide his in receiving from them a and support with the grandeur of his enterprise in the russian campaign he was so much impressed by the courage and resources of that he said i have two hundred millions in my and i would give them all for the characters which he has drawn of several of his are and though they did not content the vanity of french officers are no doubt just and in every species pf representative hen ner jt wan under liis i know he said the depth or draught f water of every one of my natural lower was sure to be well received at his court seventeen men in his time were raised from com soldiers to the rank of king duke or general and the crosses of his of given to personal and not to family when soldiers have been in the ire of a battle field they have all one rank in my when a natural king becomes a king everybody is pleased and satisfied the revolution the strong of the st and every and powder monkey in the army to look on napoleon as flesh of his md the creature of his party but there is something in the success of grand talent which an for in the of sense spirit over stupidity and all reason men have an interest and as intellectual beings we feel the air by the electric when material force is by intellectual energies a s soon as we are removed out of the reach of local find accidental man feels that napoleon fights for him these are honest this strong steam engine does our work whatever appeals to the imagination by the ordinary limits of human ability wonderfully and us this head revolving and trains of affairs and such multitudes of agents this eye which looked europe	37
this prompt thb inexhaustible what what pictures what strange when the by a in the sea drawing up his army for in right of the and saying to his troops from the tops of those forty centuries look down on you the bed sea in the gulf by the of on the shore of gigantic projects agitated him had acre fallen i should have changed the face of the world his army in the night of the battle of which was the of his as emperor presented him with a of forty standards taken in the fight perhaps it is a little the pleasure he took in making these glaring as when he pleased himself with making kings in his at at paris and at we cannot in the universal and of men sufficiently congratulate ourselves on this strong and ready actor who took occasion by the beard and showed us how much may be accomplished by the mere force of such virtues as all men possess in less degrees namely by by personal attention by courage and the he said do not know the value of time i should him in his earlier years as a model of prudence his power does not consist in any wild or extravagant force in any enthusiasm like s or singular power of persuasion but in the exercise of common sense on emergency representative men instead of abiding by rules and customs the lesson lie teaches is that which vigor always teaches that there is always room for it to what heaps of cowardly doubts is not that man s life an answer when he appeared it was the belief of all military men that there could be nothing new in war as it is the belief of men today that nothing new can be undertaken in politics or in church or in letters or in trade or in farming or in our social manners and customs and as it is at all times the belief of society that the world is up but knew better than society and moreover knew that he knew better i think au men know better than they do know that the institutions we so commend are go carts and but they dare not trust their relied on his own sense and did not care a for other people s the world treated just as it treats everybody s made j infinite objection all the but he snapped his finger at their objections what great difficulty he remarks in the profession of the land commander is the necessity of feeding so many men and animals if he allows himself to be guided by the he will never stir and all his will fail an example of his common sense is what he says of the passage of the in winter which all writers one repeating after the other had described as the winter says napoleon is not the most season for the passage of lofty mountains the snow is then firm the weather napoleon s settled and there is nothing to fear firom the real and only danger to be apprehended in the on those high mountains there are often fine days in december of a dry cold with extreme calmness in the air read his account too of tiie way in which battles are gained in all battles a moment occurs when th e troops after having made the greatest efforts feel inclined to run that terror proceeds from a wa t of confidence in their own courage and it only a slight opportunity a pretence to restore confidence to the art is to ve rise to the opportunity and to invent the pretence at i won the battle with twenty five i seized that moment of and giving to every man a trumpet gained the day with this handful you see that two armies are too bodies which meet and endeavor to frighten each other a moment of panic occurs and that moment must be turned to advantage when a man has been present in many he that moment without difficulty it is as easy as casting up an this of the nineteenth century added to his gifts a capacity for speculation on general topics he delighted in running through the range of practical of literary and of abstract questions his is always original and to the purpose on the voyage to egypt he liked after dinner to fix on three or four persons to support a proposition and as many to oppose it he gave a subject and the turned on questions of religion the different kinds of government and the art of war men one day lie asked whether the were inhabited on another what was the age of the world then he proposed to consider the probability of the destruction of the globe either by water or by fire at another time the truth or of and the interpretation of dreams he was fond of talking of religion in he conversed with bishop of on matters of there were two points on which they could not agree namely that of hell and that of salvation out of the pale of the church the emperor told that he disputed like a devil on these two points on which the bishop was inexorable to the philosophers he readily yielded all that was proved against religion as the work of men and time but he would not hear of one fine night on deck amid a clatter of pointed to the stars and said ton may talk as long as you please gentlemen but who made all that he delighted in the conversation of men of science particularly of and but the men of letters he they were of phrases of medicine too he was fond of talking and with those of its whom he most esteemed with at paris and with at st believe me he said to the last we had better	37
leave off all these life is a fortress which neither you nor i know anything about why throw obstacles in the way of its defence its own means are superior to all the apparatus of your candidly agreed with me s that ad your filthy are good tor is a of the results of taken are more than to water air and dean are the chief articles in my his dictated to count and general at st hare great after all the that it is to be made from them on account of his known ness he has the good nature of strength and superiority i admire his simple dear narrative of his battles good as caesar s his and respectful account of and his other and his own equality as a writer to his subject the most agreeable portion is the campaign in egypt he had hours of thought and wisdom in intervals of leisure either in the camp or the palace napoleon appears as a man of genius directing on abstract questions the native appetite for truth and the impatience of words he was wont to show in war he could enjoy every play of invention a romance a bon as well as a he delighted to and her ladies in a dim lighted apartment by the terrors of a fiction to which his voice and dramatic power lent every addition i call napoleon the agent or attorney of the middle class of modem society of the throng who fill the shops of the modem world to be rich he was the the of the internal the liberal the radical the of representative men means the of doors and the of and abuse of course the rich and aristocratic did not like him england the centre of capital and rome and of tradition and opposed him the consternation of the dull and classes the terror of the foolish old men and old women of the roman who in their despair took hold of anything and cling to red hot iron the vain attempts of to and deceive him of the emperor of to bribe him and the instinct of the young ardent and active men everywhere which pointed him out as the giant of the middle class make this history bright and commanding he had the virtues of the masses of his he had also their vices i am sorry that the brilliant picture has its reverse but that is the fatal quality which we discover in our pursuit of wealth that it is treacherous and is bought by the breaking or of the sentiments and it is inevitable that we should find the same fact in the history of this champion who proposed to himself simply a career any or scruple concerning the means was singularly destitute of generous sentiments the highest placed individual in the most cultivated age and population of the world he has not the merit of common truth and honesty he is unjust to all his and stealing the credit of their great actions from from to involve his in hopeless in order m to drive him to a distance from paris because the familiarity of liis manners the new pride cf his throne he is a boundless liar the paper his and all his are for saying what he wished to be believed and what is worse he sat in his premature old age in his lonely island coldly counts and date and characters and giving to history a theatrical like all he has a fat stage effect every action that breathes of is poisoned by this calculation his star his love of glory his doctrine of the immortality of the soul are all french i must and astonish if i were to give the liberty of the press my power could not last three days to make a great noise is his favorite design a great reputation is a great noise the more there is made the off it is heard laws institutions monuments nations all fall but the noise continues and in after ages his doctrine of immortality is simply his theory of influence is not flattering there are two for moving men interest and fear love is a silly depend upon it friendship is but a name i love nobody i do not even love my brothers perhaps joseph a little from habits and because he is my elder and i love him too but because his character pleases me he is stem and resolute and i believe the fellow never shed a tear for my part i know very well that i have no true friends as long as i continue to be what i am i may have as many pretended friends as i please leave sensibility to women but men men should be firm in heart and in purpose or thej should have nothing to do with war and he was thoroughly he would drown and poison as his interest dictated he had no generosity but mere vulgar hatred he was intensely selfish he was he cheated at cards he was a prodigious gossip and opened letters and delighted in his infamous police and rubbed his hands with joy when he had some morsel of intelligence concerning the men and women about him that he knew everything and interfered with the cutting of the dresses of the women and listened after the and the compliments of the street his manners were coarse he treated women with low familiarity he had the habit of pulling their ears and their cheeks when he was in good humor and of pulling the ears and whiskers of men and of striking and horse play with them to his last days it does not appear that he listened at or at least that he was at it in short when you have penetrated through all this im e power and splendor you were not dealing with a gentleman at last	37
but with an and a ro e and he fully deserved the epithet of or a sort of in describing the two parties into which modern society itself the and the i said represents the or the party of men of business against the stationary or party i omitted then to z wliat it to tlie thia two parties differ as j and old tlie is a young the b an old ripe and gone to seed because both parties stand on the one ground of the supreme of which one to and the other to keep may be said to sent the whole history of the par its youth and iti age yes and with poetic justice its fate in his own tlie revolution the counter party still waits for its oi an and representative in a lover and a man of truly public and universal aims here was an experiment under the most conditions of the powers of intellect without conscience never was such a leader so endowed and so never leader found such and followers and what was the result of this vast talent and power of these immense armies burned cities treasures millions of men of this europe it came to no result all passed away like the smoke of his and left no trace he left france smaller poorer than le found it and the whole contest for freedom was to be begun again the attempt was in principle france served him with life and and estate as long as it could identify its interest with him but when men saw that after victory was another war after the destruction of armies new and they who had toiled so desperately were never nearer to the reward they could not spend what they had earned nor repose on th down beds nor in their th deserted men him men found that his absorbing was deadly to all other men it resembled the which a succession of on any one takes hold of it producing contract the muscles of the hand so that the man cannot open his fingers and the animal new and more violent until he and bis victim so this and absorbed the power and existence of those who served him and the universal cry of france and of europe in was it was not s fault he did all that in him lay to live and without moral principle it was the nature of things the eternal law of man and of the world which and ruined him and the result in a million experiments will be the same every experiment by multitudes or by individuals that has a and selfish aim will fail the pacific will be as as the napoleon as long as our civilization is essentially one of property of fences of it will be by our riches will leave us sick there will be bitterness in our laughter and our wine will bum our mouth only that good profits which we can taste with all doors open and which serves all men ob the writer i find a provision in the constitution of the world for the writer or secretary who is to report the doings of the miraculous spirit of life that and works his office is a reception of the facts into the mind and then a selection of the eminent and characteristic experiences nature will be reported all things are engaged in writing their history the planet the goes attended by its shadow the rolling rock leaves its on the mountain the river its channel in the soil the animal its bones in the the and leaf its modest in the coal the falling drop makes its in the sand or the stone not a foot steps into the snow or along the ground but prints in characters more or less lasting a map of its march every act of the man itself in the memories of his fellows and in his own manners and face the air is full of sounds the sky of tokens the ground is all and and every object covered over with hints which speak to the intelligent men in nature this self is incessant and the narrative is the print of the seal it neither nor comes short of the fact but nature upward and in man the report is something more than print of the seal it is a new and finer form of the original the record is alive as that j which it recorded is alive in man the memory is a kind of looking glass which having received the images of surrounding objects is touched with life and them in a new order the facts which do not lie in it but some and others shine so that soon we have a new picture composed of the eminent experiences the man co he loves to communicate and that which is for him to say lies as a load on his heart until it is delivered but besides the universal joy of conversation some men are bom with exalted powers for this second creation men are bom to write the gardener every slip and seed and his is to be a of plants not less does the writer attend his affair he ie ce come to model d sits for its picture he counts it all nonsense that they say that some things are he believes that all that can be thought can be written first or last and he would report the holy ghost or attempt it nothing so broad so subtle or so dear but comes therefore commended to his pen and he will write in his eyes a man is the faculty of and the universe is the possibility of being reported in conversation in calamity he finds new material as our german poet said some god me the power to paint what i he draws rents from rage and by	37
acting he boys the power of talking tions and a tempest of passion sail si the good writes when i am i pray weu and preach weu and if we knew tiie fine strokes of they might the of who off some heads that his physician might see the in the of the are the preparation of his a new thought or a crisis of him that au that he has yet learned and written is is not the fact bat some of the then does he throw away the pen no he b ins again to describe in the new light which has on him if by some means he may yet save some true word nature whatever can be thought can be spoken and still rises for utterance though by rude and organs if they cannot compass it it waits and works until at last it them to its perfect will and is this striving after which one meets everywhere is significant of the aim of nature but is mere there are higher d and nature has more splendid for those whom she to a superior office for the class of scholars or writers namely who see connection where the multitude see fragments and who are impelled to exhibit the facts in order and so to supply the on which the frame of things turns nature has dearly at heart the formation of the k representative men man or scholar it is an end never lost sight of and is prepared in the original casting of things he is no or appearance bnt an agent in one of the estates of the realm provided and prepared from of old and from everlasting in the knitting and of things impulses cheer him there is a certain heat in the breast which the perception of a truth which is the shining of the spiritual sun down into the shaft of the mine every thought which on the in the moment of its its own rank whether it is some or whether it is a power k he have his there is on the other side irritation and need enough of his gift society has at all times the same want namely of one sane man with adequate powers of expression to hold up each object of in its right relations the ambitious and bring their new whether railroad or and by the object from its relations easily succeed in making it seen in a glare and a multitude go mad about it and they are not to be or cured by the opposite multitude who are kept from this particular insanity by an equal frenzy on another but let one man have the comprehensive eye that can replace this isolated in its right neighborhood and bearings the illusion and the returning reason of the community thanks the reason of the the scholar is the man of the ages but he must also wish with other men to stand well with his but there is a certain among superficial people thrown on the scholars or f which is of no import unless the scholar heed it in this country the emphasis of conversation and of public opinion the practical man and the solid portion of the community is named with respect in eveiy circle our people are of s opinion concerning ideas arc of social order and comfort and at last make a fool of the possessor it is believed tiie ordering a cargo of goods from new york to or the running up and down to procure a company of to set a going five or ten thousand or the of a and the on the prejudices and of people to secure their in november is and if i were to compare action of a much higher strain with a life of contemplation i should not venture to pronounce with much confidence in favor of the former mankind have such a deep stake in inward illumination that there is much to be said by the or in defence of his life of thought and prayer a certain partiality a and loss of balance is the tax which all action must pay act if you like but you do it at your peril men s actions are too strong for them show me a man who has acted and who has not been the victim and slave of his action what they have done and them to do the same again the first act which was to be an experiment becomes representative men a the fiery his in some or and he and his friends to the form and lose their the has established the has established his and his dance and although each of spirit there is no spirit but repetition which is anti spiritual but where are his new things of to day in actions of enthusiasm this appears but in those lower which have no higher aim than to make us more comfortable and more cowardly actions that steal and lie actions that divorce the from the practical faculty and put a ban on reason and sentiment there is nothing else but and the write in their sacred books children only and not the learned speak of the and the practical faculties as two tliey are but one for both obtain the self same end and the place which is gained by the followers of the one is gained by the followers of the other that man who that the and the practical doctrines are one for great action must draw on the the measure of action is the sentiment from which it proceeds the greatest action may easily be one of the most private circumstance this wiu not come from the leaders but from inferior persons the robust gentlemen who stand at the head of the practical class share the ideas of the time and have too much sympathy with the class it is not	37
from men lent in any kind that of any other is to be looked for with such s questions it be of ae and it k to be denied tbat men are in and welcome of writer does not stand with ns on any i think this to be his own passes for a pound there hate been times when he was a sacred person he wrote the first hymns the the tragic songs verses sentences in on temple walls every word was and woke the nations to new life he wrote without levity and without choice every word was carved before his eyes into the earth and the sky and the sun and stars were only letters of the same purport and of no more necessity but how can he be honored when he does not honor himself when he is not the but the to the giddy opinion of a reckless public when he must sustain with some bad government or must bark all the year round in opposition or write men conventional criticism or novels or at any rate write without thought and without by day and by night to the sources of inspiration some reply to these questions may be furnished by looking over the list of men of literary genius in our age among these no more instructive name occurs than that of to represent the powers and duties of the scholar or writer i described as a representative of the popular external life and aims of the nineteenth century its other half its poet is a man quite in the century breathing its air enjoying its fruits impossible at any earlier time and taking away by his colossal parts the reproach of weakness which but for him would lie on the intellectual works of the period he appears at a time when a general culture has spread itself and has smoothed down all sharp individual traits when in the absence of heroic characters a social comfort and co operation have come in there is no poet but scores of poetic writers no but hundreds of post captains with and concentrated soup and no no but any number of clever and no prophet or saint but of divinity i o learned man but learned societies a cheap press reading rooms and book clubs without number there was never such a of facts the world extends itself like american trade we conceive greek or life life in the middle ages to be a simple and affair but modem life to respect a multitude of things which is was of tliis hundred handed eyed able and happy to with this rolling of facts and and by his own to dispose of them ease a manly mind by the variety of coats of with which life had got easily able by his to pierce and to draw his strength from nature with which he lived in full communion wliat is strange too he in a small town in a petty state in a ted state and in a time when germany played no such leading part in the world s affairs as to swell the bosom of her sons with any as might have cheered a french or english or once a roman or genius yet there is no trace of provincial in his muse he is not a to his position but was born with a free and genius the or the second part of is a philosophy of literature set in poetry the work of one who found himself the master of histories and national in the manner of modem with its intercourse of the whole earth s population into indian and all arts and every one of these assuming a certain and poetic character by reason of the multitude one looks at a king with reverence but if one should chance to be at a of kings the eye would take liberties with the peculiarities of each the and of are not k q representative men songs bat elaborate forms to which the poet has confided the results of eighty years of observation this and critical wisdom makes the poem more the flower of this time it dates itself still he is a poet poet of a laurel than any contemporary and under this plague of for he seems to see out of every pore of his skin strikes the harp with a hero s strength and grace the wonder of the book is its superior intelligence in the of this man s wit the past and the present ages and politics and modes of thinking are dissolved into and ideas what new sail through his head the said that alexander went as far as chaos went only the other day as far and one step farther he and brought himself safe back there is a heart cheering freedom in his speculation the immense horizon which with us its majesty to trifles and to matters of convenience and necessity as well as to solemn and h he was the soul of his century if that was learned and had become by population compact organization and of parts one great exploring expedition a of facts and fruits too fast for any hitherto existing to this man s mind had ample chambers for the distribution of all he had a power to unite the detached by own law he has cloth e d our modem with amid and detail he genius of life the old cunning pro n dose beside ns and showed that the and prose we to the age was only another of his his very flight is presence in disguise that he had put off a gay for a fatigue dress and was not a whit less or rich in liverpool or in the than once in borne or he sought him in public squares and main streets in and hotels and in the kingdom of routine and the senses	37
and habits of rank they lose their wealth they become the of great and of the most generous social ends until at last the hero who is the centre and fountain of an association for the rendering of the noblest benefits to the human race no longer answers to his own name it sounds foreign and remote in his ear i am only man he says i breathe and work for man and this in poverty and extreme sacrifices s hero on the contrary has so many weaknesses and and keeps such bad company that the sober english public when the book was translated were disgusted and yet it is so crammed with wisdom with knowledge of the world and with knowledge of laws the persons so truly and drawn and with such few strokes and not a word too much the book remains ever so new and that we must even let it go its way and be willing to get what good from it we can assured that it has only begun its o and has millions of i yet to serve the argument is the passage of a to the aristocracy using both words in their best sense and this passage is not made in any mean or creeping way but through the hall door nature and character assist and the rank is made real by sense and in the no generous youth can escape this charm of reality in the book so that it is highly to intellect and courage the ardent and holy the book as thoroughly modem and the romantic is completely in it so is the poetry of nature the wonderful the book treats only of the men affairs of men it is a and domestic story the wonderful in it is treated as fiction and enthusiastic dreaming and yet what is also characteristic soon returned to this book and it remained his favorite reading to the end of his life what for french and english readers is a property which he shares with his nation a habitual reference to interior truth in england and in america there is a respect for talent and if it is exerted in support of any ascertained or intelligible interest or party or in regular opposition to any the public is in france there is even a greater delight in intellectual brilliancy for its own sake and in all these countries men of talent write from talent it is enough if the understanding is occupied the taste so many columns so many hours filled in a lively and creditable way the german intellect wants the french the fine practical understanding of the english and the adventure but it has a certain which never rests in a superficial performance but asks steadily to what end a german public asks for a sincerity here is activity of thought but what is it for what does the man mean talent alone cannot make a writer there must be a man behind the book a personality which by birth and quality is pledged to the doctrines there set forth and which exists to see and state things so and not otherwise holding things because they are things if he cannot rightly express himself to the things and will open themselves to morrow lies the burden on his mind of truth to be more or less understood and it his business and calling in the world to see those facts through and to make them known what that he and that his voice is harsh or hissing that his me or his are inadequate that message wm find method and and melody though he were dumb it would speak if not if there be no such gk d s word in the man what care we how how how he is it makes a great difference to the force of any sentence whether there be a man behind it or no in the learned journal in the influential newspaper i discern no form only some shadow oftener some or some who hopes in the mask and robes of his paragraph to pass for somebody but through every and part of speech of a right book i meet the eyes of the most determined of men his force and terror every word the and are alive so that the writing is and can go far and live long in england and america one may be an in the writing of a greek or latin poet without any poetic taste or fire that a man has spent years on and does not afford a presumption that he holds heroic opinions or the fashions of his town but the german nation have the most ridiculous good faith on these subjects the student out of the lecture room still on the lessons and the professor cannot himself of the fancy that the truths of philosophy have some application to and this earnestness them to men of much more talent hence almost all the valuable distinctions which are current in higher conversation have been derived to us from germany hence too whilst men distinguished for wit and learning in england and france adopt their study and their side with a certain levity and are not understood to be very deeply engaged from grounds of character to the topic or the part they the head and body of the german nation does not speak from talent but the truth shines through he is very wise though his talent often his however excellent his sentence is he has somewhat better in view it my he has the formidable independence which converse with truth gives hear you or forbear his fact and your interest in the writer is not confined to his story and he dismissed from memory when he has performed his task as a baker when he has left his loaf but his work is the least part of him	37
the old eternal genius who built the world has confided himself more to this man than to any other i dare not say that ascended to the highest grounds from which genius has spoken he has not worshipped the highest unity he is incapable of a self surrender to the moral sentiment there are nobler strains in poetry than any he has sounded there are writers poorer in talent whose tone b purer and more touches the heart can never be dear to men his is not even tl devotion to pore bnt to for the sake of he has no aims less large than the conquest of universal nature of universal truth to be his portion a man not to be nor deceived nor of a self command and self denial and having one test for all men what can you teach me all possessions are valued by him for that only rank es health time being itself he is the type of culture the amateur of all arts and and events artistic but not artist spiritual but not there is nothing he had not a right to know there is no weapon in the of universal genius he did not take into his hand but with heed that he should not be for a moment prejudiced by his instruments he lays a ray of light under every fact and between himself and his dearest property from him nothing was hid nothing the lurking sat to him and the saint who saw the and the elements took form piety itself is no aim he said but only a means whereby through purest inward peace we may attain to highest culture and his penetration of every secret of the fine arts will make still more his affections help him like women employed by to worm out the secret of he has none enemy of him you may be if so you shall teach him aught which your good will cannot were it only what experience will from your ruin enemy representative men and welcome but enemy on terms he cannot hate anybody bis time is too may be suffered but like of across his under tbe title of poetry and out of my life is tbe expression of idea now to tbe world tbe german mind but a novelty to england old and new tbat book appeared tbat a man exists for culture not for be can but for can be accomplished in him the reaction of things on the man is tbe only result an intellectual man can see himself as a third person therefore his faults and interest him equally with bis though he wishes to prosper in affairs be wishes more to know the history and destiny of man whilst the clouds of drifting about him are only interested in a low success this idea in the und and the selection of the incidents and the external importance of events the rank of the personages or the bulk of of course tbe book affords slender materials for what would be reckoned with us a life of few dates no correspondence no details of o or no light on bis marriage and a period of ten years that should be the most active in bis life after his settlement in is sunk in silence meantime certain love affairs that came to nothing as people say have the strangest importance be crowds us with details certain opinions and of his own invention and his to remarkable minds and to q of thought these he his and yearly journal his italian travels his campaign in france and the historical part of his theory of colors have the same interest in the last he rapidly notices and the charm of this portion of the book consists in the simplest statement of the relation these of european scientific history and himself the mere drawing of the lines from to from bacon from to the drawing of the line is for the time and person a solution of the formidable problem and gives pleasure when and do not without any cost of to that of and this of art is not an artist was it that he knew too that his sight was and interfered with the just perspective the seeing of the whole he is a writer of occasional poems and of an of sentences when he sits down to write a drama or a tale he and sorts his observations from a hundred sides and them into the body as as he can a great deal refuses to this he adds loosely as letters of the parties leaves from their journals or the like a great deal still is left that will not find any place this the alone can give any to and hence notwithstanding the of many of his works we have volumes of detached be men i suppose the worldly tone of his tales grew oat of the calculations of self culture it was the infirmity of an admirable scholar who the world out of gratitude who knew where galleries architecture and leisure were to be had and who did not quite trust the of poverty and loved paris and madame de said she was only on that side of paris it has its favorable aspect all the are usually so ill and sickly that one is ever wishing them somewhere else we seldom see anybody who is not uneasy or afraid to live there is a slight blush of shame on the cheek of good men and men and a of but this man was entirely at home and happy in his and the world none was so fit to live or more enjoyed the game in this aim of culture which is the of his works is their power the idea of absolute eternal truth without reference to my own by it is higher the surrender to the torrent of poetic inspiration is	37
higher but compared with any motives on which books are written in england and america this is very truth and has the power to inspire which belongs to truth thus has he brought back to a book some of its ancient might and dignity coming into an over civilized time and century when original talent was oppressed under the load of books and mechanical and a variety of claims taught men how to dispose of this and make it i join napoleon him as being both representatives of the impatience and reaction of nature against the of two stem who with their scholars have several set the axe at the root of the tree of cant and seeming for this time and for all time this cheerful with no external popularity or provocation drawing his motive and his plan from his own breast himself with for a giant and without or rest except by his pursuits on for eighty years with the of his first seal it is the last lesson of modem that the highest simplicity of structure is produced not by few elements but by the highest man is the most of all creatures the wheel insect is at the other extreme we shall learn to draw rents and from the immense of the old and the recent ages teaches courage and the of all times that the of any epoch exist only to the faint hearted genius with his sunshine aud music close by the darkest and no no will hold on men or hours the world is young the former great men call to us affectionately we too must write to unite again the heavenly and the earthly world the secret of genius the secret of eternal youth is to suffer no fiction to exist for us to all that we behold in the high refinement of modem life in arts in books in in polished men to exact good faith reality and a purpose first last and midst and without end and to honor eveiy truth by use by old um m ff of new and recent works john strand london this s will be printed m to e i aad of author a t art tke the bj o h ae f in relation to the origin and t m nt of the human a second edition with preface the of faith by j a late of college the of faith possesses the first of a book it has power matter and mastery of t with that which most arise from the writer s mind and that those truths of spring from experience or the pictures of an english home in childhood youth and early manhood as well as tlie and feelings m the student at oxford are painted with feeling pervaded by a current of thought the remarks on tlie of the learned professions more especially on the of the church are not mere but the of an earnest the picture of dead to and to almost everything hot wealth worship the of the d that first proposed to tlie best defence of that has appeared though defence does not seem to be the of the as the main literary is to display the struggles of a mind with the growth and grounds of c incident are subordinate to the that them but there is no of incident if the be judged by ite own the most in mr writing is his descriptive his characters are before us and have no his eye is manifest his insight into human minds ana in his of natural beauty of is where the n a are brilliant and always the is and too highly in review the book in its a quite record of the fiery and temptations through which the youth of this nineteenth has to force its war in religious matters especially is it a great warning and protest against three against word and setting up the bible lor a mere dead mi instead of a witness to the old systems for the new and their s ts against trying to make men all as all by and state folly as the state wisdom deliberately the lie to god who has made man in own image body soul and spirit by making the two for the sake of the last against these three we say the book before us protest after its own fashion most strongly when most j ms j its cause its cm a tract for the times by r q g m jl of college cambridge former of st s o la the seal i ber sorrows ber an essay towards the natural history of the soul as the basis of by w am fellow of oxford and author of a of the hebrew post s i sense of the infinite without us ii sense of sin iii sense of personal to god iv progress of the spirit y hopes concerning future life of christianity v in this edition beside various smaller improvements there are principally on the of meditation of sins and the doctrine of god s and election the spirit throughout has our it contains more of the genuine life of christianity than half the books that are coldly in its defence the charm of the volume is the tone of and which it the evidences which it in every page of drawn direct from the fountains of conviction on the great ability of the author we need not comment the with which he puts his arguments for good or evil is d on every page we have seldom met with so much pr ant and suggestive matter in a small compass as in this volume it is distinguished by a ol thought and freshness of rare in the treatment of religious the of with an essay by doth ss tons by spirit who	37
have read will fed that no man can be better qualified th w author to bring those passages which are at once most c and most rich bi matter tending to the moral and religious of human beings is really a book of beauties it is no collection of and patches but a faithful representative of a whidi deserves to have its image in a thousand forms it is such a from as himself might have made it is as though we had the passages of those divine read s a life r w li we book to aad of to all our readers who lore to and of a end man merits the all are interested in the of e en and ss a side of lift tlie of onr tf the la of of its th of aad j b a al tf the tip to the mental aad u of j from us and ij his n h and two veiy superior portraits of engraved on from paintings bj tlie eminent artists and s poet l c thi is a to literature tlie peculiar eminence reached dr his life a history of and of liis mind indispensable to the student of opinion it is a u of h merit and of deep interest i r had none of the narrow that the more rigid it is pleasing to add tliat objections to the of dr do not prevent our entertaining a high admiration of his general writings but this admiration rises to a far higher feeling as we study his biography for we see that singularly lofty as is the spirit which his writings breathe he was true to them in heart and life and we find the secret of his part l to paper is part ii to paper ss in this little of some or pages we think we see evidences of a true poet of afresh and natural of genuine song and of a purpose and admirably suited to the times the of it will find richer in in the power elevated ideas and enlarged of all that is just grand loving and liad in the of his tht combination of a and le with dear and reasoning placed his before his age generally and far before hi s age in the united states a man and be rendered remarkable service history is de interesting we find it di to tear these deeply interesting volumes we are disposed to rank among the best of the age ing it by wise and thoughts many emotions and much calm ana quiet yet deep tion for earnestness of thought and strength of the christian s key to the ef hints and an into the principles of social with a view to the of the of the present day the of tlie condition oi the classes in ten by v l the s life i being that for de oat of the arts prudent maidens as well as for the fit and of all given to the li it translated from the german of by mrs j r to ornamental binding a it is the worthy aim of the to show that even the trials of genius are part of its that its very wounds are for its harvest no one indeed would have a right to expect the of the see no such a stern and forcible picture of old times and trials as a can still less the wire drawn of a but pure high morals tender feelings might oe looked for the merits of th story consist in its fine purpose and its and the most part just of man s inner life to those who chiefly such qualities dispense with the of incident and passion the book before us will not be i the reminds of the design is to show how in spite of every obstacle genius will manifest itself to the worm and give and substance to its and fancies it is a very pure and composition is ta produced in an antique s le and in tlie translation all the peculiarities without wliich the book would lose half its merit of german thought and i simply then we assure our readers that we have been much pleased this work the narrative portion is well conceived and completely the author s moral while it many passages which are full of beauty and pathos a the principles of ber and a to mankind by and through and large vo doth a the work consists of pages including a of its tion with a sketch and portrait engraved on steel of the bearing of all on and the literature of the the writer is competent to his task and has accomplished it uncommon ability ana considerable taste dot s er peter jones or onward an post the idea of the biography is to a mind rising from a condition of ignorance and by means of institutions and the reading of books in the english tongue for itself the relations between philosophy science and religion and the the philosophy of human or a critical analysis of the three great questions what knows what is known what are the laws of knowing by jones vo cloth price s by the same author a on or an introduction to science stiff cover la ch r by fo ti t fist waa or views of by l if s fa l i j lively feeling and it an or italian of and italian learned ta at as li are tlie of italian for hie prominent are d in and spirit yet free from and witli tlie on tlie will repay it k on tlie of italy tliat tlie main of tlie r does not interest similar to	37
that of works it m i is well adapted to aid reader in great events now in pi o pe s s in half not tlie trait book is tlie entire has of onr i f jt onr an lore and admiration h ms native and to render his sa interesting and the following notices to tbe first of tke the is admirable i am find an italian forward with so noble to his and obtain it its proper interest in the eyes of the english is i never saw any to a style in a foreigner as foil of in as in sir i recognise the rare of a large conception of the topic a on profound and that sensibility which becomes the a as its and inexhaustible as soil em m p a very rapid and of the fortunes of italy from the foil of tho roman empire to the present moment a work of r and labour written with a good purpose a bird s eye view of the that will revive the recollections of the and the into a longer course of reading ji this work contains more inform on the and more to the present position of italy than we have seen in any recent in to the work r n as before ns is as tliat of a foreigner and in of thought we tjie author for original criticism and his of the grand and his native literature f tlie before n parallel of the literary of from est of the ages to the present time the not on the inner of appearances of w bnt possesses the power of them to the reader with great and we remember no other k in which the conditions and achievements of a people been blended in such a of representing successive an earnest and eloquent a work distinctly in tho class of and weu deserving of n library place in and a work warmly admired by lent judges an work written with great power and beau r in j if by u doth gilt m la these many m fine image and a of of deep and the presence of sincere and earnest thinking a these strains an indistinct uncertain a tone as an might to itself in places there are some which are not only in a political in one as those now command the attention of some portions of a series of poems entitled wood notes are in their peculiar way yet and the entire succession heen on the other side of the there are in this evidences of genius the soul of the poet flashes out hand of the poet is seen often he reminds us of the depth of and sometimes a delicate and richness of ir his lines are of meaning read his finer pieces is to our poetic like a of even his fragments are not of glass hut of diamond and have always the true poetic lustre we know of no that his in after tbe christian ufe series by james second s doth after the christian life series by james s of the in all might them intellectual moral and in some moods ti heartily do we welcome a second volume of after the christian life when all that suits not our taste is omitted we have still left more to instruct interest improve and than in almost any other with which we are may he its defects we regard it as one of the most gifts to the religious world in modem it mr is known much the great gifts and and his have heen all marked hy and vigorous thought much of and certain charms of i whidi are sure to find admirers there is a delicacy and of sentiment in these which must commend them and we may say economy the ef a series of essays from the works of m pe with an historical notice of his life and writings hy h translated from the french and by from an and from m de a private journals and letters to which is added a list of his works a essay hj the doth a in this country the views of i of the ess s long and long kept down i i settled views on hate likely achieved a triumph i l and are ml advancing for the v i b one of the most interesting attractive and most series ol essays whidi the literature of has from priest or fat many a year thai have hi them intellect and true and which satisfy the understanding while please the taste and improve the heart when we say that these are eminently we mean thai th are adapted not only for man in the to the duties of christianity hut also with reference to toe circumstances of of the age and country in whidi our lot is cast i s h more r the m besides of tlie of ib aa the m m f f f to the t time meat deeply than most men the of and the of political he down j into the that the principles of christianity were as to the life of nations as to that of and that the happiness of the a brief r tke l the ber b b b of history of the hebrew the to the by william of college and author of tim sorrows and aspirations doth its id it is refreshing to find his history treated as in the before s according to the of criticism and good sense the of such a work win form an epoch in in this fi i r the a mind with knowledge tiiat is beyond tlie range	37
of to tlie task of and the antique and records which contain the or ae story of tlie ni the fair by an and a notice of the by t w l from tlie fc vo gilt edges la d s art aad h to translated from the german of j r a doth of i sketch of the history of the it criticism of drama before t ascribed to of r and authority u s life and times ti and in their m s dramatic style and tion to view of the world and things we strongly recommend the book it as when taken all in book mast be a wo think r made in the to onr means of tion of hebrew history to the has not the common the bible he shows a and christian spirit to the notice of lover of for we may truly say that it is well calculated to fill up a in our own as well as in german literature ir a the author has the depth which we vainly look for in criticism of the great poet we welcome it as an addition books on the national comprehensive and alter a and throwing new lights upon many things in the work of in the original has ever since its publication an all one of the most valuable ever made to the criticism of the upon which it rests if not altogether accurate or completely is at all events wide and searching manner of expression is almost every where dear and practical and na critical are given with of and here there are his mode of representing and his invention a good translation of dr work on cannot of l upon our we to the ed if ia m of ov at a charge which hat lately been liim critics on both of the dr him the rank of as christian the present work is the least german of all german and contains in its of the and the of its topics tlie plan adopted dr of each in the light of a central idea is e of all praise we recommend the entire to the of the of a high order per this performance which in our it to the of all who are of becoming better acquainted with the mind of the sketch of the modem dramatic art with which the book opens as well as of the life of is well drawn indeed the historical sketches are admiral f the tie life ef are and on the are and win the reader y we welcome this work as a able to it is the principal of dr s of the several to trace and bring to the and of each in this task we think he has been we can not dismiss this which breathes a tone and exalted item a mind j and whose half and influence itself how much we admire the excellent manner in which it is translated i i i w admirable dramatic art has been with considerable skill we the work as an addition to our higher critical and we should like to to it by dr s ma doth the extraordinary merit of this book s dexterity his coolness tlie polish of his le present him to as as the too i master of his work to fed the tion to unfair or temper we can that the has a yery tough with remarkable spirit and ty the author though indeed a good writer could hardly haye spoken better had his country and english the work has evidently into the hands of one who has not only command of both languages but a familiarity with the matter of criticism and an into its foreign whoever reads these volumes any to the german must be j witli tlie easy and harmonious force of tlie english style but he will be still more satisfied when on turning to the original he finds that tlie rendering is for word thought for and sentence for sentence in preparing so a rendering as the nt the difficulties can have been few nor small in the way of preserving in various parts of the work the of the translation combined with that uniform harmony and of which impart to the volumes before us the air and of an a modest and care for s convenience induced the often to supply the rendering into english of a quotation where there was no co r n into german in the indeed may say as he does in the notice he this edition that as as he has g n it tiie translation is et et in r ard to learning and s of rome the general manner of treating the and arranging the chapters sections and parts of the argument skill while the style is dear the expression direct and the author s in referring to his sources of information and his conclusions in all is candid and it not only all of its kind in and thorough in but it is marked by a serious i found mm of gentleness and modest one possessed of a soul that almost mysterious and as it were by the reputation he had gained he scarcely seems to be the of x f w w v m tie t if ii and maid of of some ti with if ow v i with works ever and tlie ta io will to those a the of the f this poems to a not m tu r the bj f tlie is original can to be f and ti it is seldom that we meet with a so competent as the who has here rendered these the two great of germany into and m the of has heen already	37
the old testament note xi on the distinction made by the between intelligible and things on the of the terms as applied to their and on the of matter note on and the note of note on the of words end notices of the i has a whole of ingenious reasoning and solid learning to show that the of the second century admitted in general the same sacred books with the christians may be his complete he has made out a strong case as far as it goes is one of the most valuable of the extreme an excellent to the proof of the of the his work on the of the is rf a high intellectual order t review mar this the nd and rd is a great won upon the philosophy the history of our faith and upon the rf that faith with the religious and the n opinions which then formed toe belief or engaged the attention of the whole civilized the is one of vast and great importance and it has been examined with much and independence the arrived at are those of one who thinks for not created bv v nor within the narrow limits of opinions peculiar to any school or the originality and good sense of mr s general remarks impress the as strongly as the of his and the wide learning with which the is illustrated his mind is neither nor by the rich store of but works with the greatest clearness and when en in the most and far reaching nearly the whole of the work as the german would say belongs to the history of pure reason the originality of mr s views is one of most striking characteristics he does not deem it necessary as too many have done to defend the records of his faith by the consequence is that his work is one of the most books that ever was written it comes as near to demonstration as the nature of moral reasoning will admit as an almost monument of patience and industry of ripe echo thorough eminent ability and conscientious to the cause of truth the work may claim consideration the reasoning is eminently dear simple and direct and with the results rf the most profound beaming american the first volume of this work was published so long ago as the year ss at the dose ai it the author his intention to pursue the argument by inquiring into the evidence to be derived fit m the testimony of the it is to this part of the that the second and volumes now before are directed which are the fruit or much labour and extensive reading and a of veiy curious matter interesting to the student of m i au s c t thb of tlie catholic series it to of works of a liberal and character selected embracing various of an attempt been made by tbe church of to realize the idea of at least in form and with but m partial success an attempt now be made to the word to its primitive significance in its application to this series and to realize the idea of in it cannot be hoped that each volume of the series will be essentially catholic and not partial in its nature for nearly all men are partial the many sided and or truly catholic man has ever been the rare exception to his race may be expected in the not in every volume it an endeavour will be made to present to the public a of books of an interesting and nature and the authors of those of the series which may be of m philosophical character will probably possess little in common except a love of intellectual freedom and a faith in progress they will be united rather by sympathy of it than by agreement in speculation for lift of works already ia the series see to if the by pre i the works the catholic series should be known to all ot and may be recommended as calculated to instruct and by the proposition of aims and the ot noble furnishing and cultivated minds with more wholesome food than the which the popular tale writers of the day set before their readers too much cannot be given to like the present are directly in the teeth of popular and popular they arc addressed to the hi er of readers those who as as read they are works at which ordinary as but which are capable of finding a very large public foreign the works already published embrace a great of and y a great variety d talent they are not nor even and they are from the pens of german french american as as authors without reference to the opinion whidi they contain we may say that they are generally such as all men of free and minds would do to know and this series attention both for what it has already given and for what it promises a series not intended to represent or maintain a form of opinion but to bring together some of the works which do honour to our common nature by the genius they display or by their tendency and lofty aspirations it is highly creditable to mr to find his name in with so in the cause of german literature and philosophy he is the first who seems to have proposed to himself the worthy object of the english reader to the mind of germany by the s distrust of the nature of the it is a very ambition and we trust the public will justify his confidence nothing could be more unworthy than the attempt to and indeed punish such unselfish enterprise by a bad reputation for to every thing connected with philosophy and this is unworthy in the student or the scholar to	37
borrow s names who should disdain to set the of by their a popular and on matters on which the are no competent judges and have indeed no judgment of their own and who should fed as men devoted to that what good book is not that it should gain its reader s acquiescence but that it should his experience that it should him with the ideas which philosophers and reared by a training from their own have laborious and devoutly entertain that in a word it should his materials and his as a man and n a series ot serious and manly f f w h f f w v l z t lectures f foil i letters to t a complete edition tbe m a of te la s id admirable hm we these to the of our the work ia in of the character and experience of im n it ia the only complete remarkable which been in and ia wi read n cf german into the t its by a b of b oxford and perpetual of and post a tf a life of foil of and instruction of grand purpose tender feeling and the cf which is executed with great judgment and fidelity we s character as it is known and admitted by men of all parties the when we say that so an intellect a so calm so and the ef the by translated the german by smith post vo doth s paper la d n post s ob a able has not mingled in discussion since the time of s opinions may be or false but his character as a can be slightly only by n aa know it ill and as a man ap e d action and in his lift and in his death he ranks with a class of men who were common only in ages than ours af gi the of the scholar is distinguished by the same high moral tone and manly expression wliich all s works in the german and is nothing lost in mr smith s clear bed and thoroughly english translation s we are glad to see this excellent translation of one of the best of s works presented to the in a neat form needs an earnest and sincere more than the literary class ana the of the scholar the guide of the human race written in most earnest most commanding um per will be welcomed in dress by public writers and be to tiie cause of truth r ob the ef the and its by from the german bj smith second edition post doth as d with great we welcome i author who the most exalted this first english of an as a profound and ot is if the catholic series ss an orator in the of what he believed to he truth t as a honest and heroic man the appearance of any of his works in our language is we a perfect novelty these are admirably fitted for purpose so grand is the position taken by tlie and so their a pure and exalted morality and religious feeling breathes through the whole tie tf this work must inevitably arrest the attention of the scientific physician by the grand of its doctrines and the pure it we be if we mend these views to our professional brethren or if we say to the enlightened the tlie serious this if you be true ch is your we not a higher morality this or more noble principles than these they are full of truth foreign the german by smith post doth s d in the progress of my present work i have taken a deeper glance into ever i did before in me the emotions of the heart proceed intellectual clearness it cannot be but that the clearness i have now attained on this ct shall also take possession of my heart the of man is as truly says intelligible to all readers who are really able to a book at all and as the of the mind in its various phases of doubt knowledge and faith it is interest to all a book of this stamp is sure to teach you much because it thought if it you to combat liis it has done a good work for in tliat very effort you are stirred to a consideration of points which have hitherto escaped your this is s most popular work and is every ji ot it appears to ns the and most emphatic attempt that has yet to explain to man his rest less and desire to win the tke f the by translated the german by william smith post doth s he makes us think and perhaps more we have ever formerly thought but it is only in order that we may the more nobly act as a o most stirring utterance the lips of the greatest german prophet we trust the book will find a response in many an english soul and help to english society a noble and most notable acquisition to the literature of england s weekly paper we accept lectures as a true and most admirable of the present and on this ground alone we bestow on them our but it is because they teach ns how we may rise above the age that we bestow on them our most praise tie ef post doth s per contents of i op thb ij william smith thb of thb thb of thb thb of man of vol ii thb of thb thb thb br ob thb of the way the blessed life er the ef n by william doth s c t m m m f let tf a of and f chiefly	37
from uie north j s poet ae ul ram of hi ii order which and their we are rare will from the a reception with their merits they are essays which would do to the of any s m keep more to text own and are less a theory of their own mn the of di g tis of history than to take a calm and of events and opinions well worthy of an lift the ns is and with a good deal of interest th exhibit of remark an their beyond the mere book dear in the paper the treatment requires pains a larger and more liberal in and so w s times a marked and great power and interest in freedom of opinion and in ot judgment the writers are to oar own but we think there is less brilliancy and point in them though on that very account there is and justice rich as we are in tliis department of literature we gladly accept another contribution to biography the american writers the worship of j being an examination of the doctrine announced ff d p that to our are of is left but a worship rf genius that is a reverence lor those great spirits who create in the progress of the human race and in whom taken the god like itself to us most fully and thus having reference to the views unfolded in the work entitled i f v ly car s and the character tr essence of t an essay relative to modem speculations and the present state translated from the german of c by post vo ss general view of the of the work t the stages of development through christianity itself has passed the same phases in the views wliich ave been taken of it s christianity as doctrine under this head are both and as a moral law the of a christianity as the religion of s de s the above two works are the peculiar significance and influence of character the views of and his christ as the of the union of the and human in one importance of this truth for the d of the of christianity o christianity as the perfect ii from the preceding is and of argument application of the idea of faith application to the church in one volume post v so the catholic there are many and and developed and n and is dear and simple tliat adopted often by oar brethren in treating such topics is la it important and original intelligent british christians who are inclined to take of tlie christian faith will find to delight and them r fr sources his translated from the german second edition a engraved doth s d the of which extends only to his year is one of uie most interesting studies of a poet s childhood ever given to the f magazine has an vehement irresistible crushing in pieces the problems piercing into the most hidden of things and tlie most distant an imagination vague sombre splendid or appalling brooding over the rf wandering and before us in its dim religious light shapes of brilliancy solemnity or terror a fancy of for it its treasures with a whidi knows no limit hanging like the sun a jewel on every grass blade and tlie earth at large ith pearls but deeper than all these lies humour tlie ruling quality of as it were the central fire that per and his whole being he is a from his in most soul he thinks as a he acts feels as a sport is the element in which his nature lives and works thomas with such a writer it is no common treat to be intimately acquainted in ttie of great and virtuous minds we a portion of their feel as ts say a are with the same of faith hope and patient endurance are furnished with for clearing up and working out the intricate problem of life and are inspire like them with the of immortality no reader or sensibility can rise m tlie perusal of these volumes without becoming both wiser and better we find in the present biography much that does not so much amuse and instruct as to adopt a phrase from the religious world positively the reader the life of is indeed a moral and a religious as much as a literary treat to all who have a sense exercised to religion and morality as a thing essentially from mere and the two volumes ns be read without the reader like a good sermon to self and in this reject they are is a thorough christian and i a christian with a large glowing human i heart tlie of his biography j in an form cannot but be regarded as a great boon to the best interests of the apart from the interest rf the work as the life of paul the reader of german life and german and is introduced to during its most and tlie great fixed stars of germany in with paul were there surrounded by and admiring women rf the most refined and exalted natures and of rank it is passages so attractive and valuable that it is to make a selection as examples of its character this be found very valuable as an introduction to the study of one of the most and of germany paul s writings are so much the paul himself that every light that shines upon the one inevitably the other the work is a of a great and amiable man who of the feelings and tlie most brilliant to a purpose that humour of which is the great grandfather and one of the ancestors and contrasted it an exaltation of feeling and a poetry are entirely bis own let us that it will complete the work by s essays	37
and cause paul to be read in this country js is exhibited in a most amiable light in this industrious witli a like of character and a heart overflowing the purest love his letters to ins are of true and the hi i which lie perpetually speaks of his shows that he was the most at t tl c m t t t t md of the sphere of ms to lor him that death and while his was through he remained as meek and as if he had still heen an on tv the life of is a of which draws and the attention the of i i intensity rarely h est o d on an ma it la impossible la read this a of its integrity and and style is of translation than that of any other german yet we feel that his golden hare reached ns the mine to which that of which makes them hi all ae f ai spirit of a s paper this work is an attempt to present christianity so tliat it shall the ment of our nature in consists its peculiar merit and its characteristic a book was certainly much needed we have many a to a faith and many a feeble mind in the it has already professed mr addresses uie philosophic element and the men in whom this element is and of course he presents arguments that would be tiie most striking and satisfactory to this of men in so far as he lie must be considered to have done a work we think mr eminently qualified for this aud tliat his success is complete the work will doubtless be the means of giving composure and serenity to the of many who are as yet weak in tlie or halting between two opinions in a series of mr explains the nature of tlie christian faith and replies to the raised by as the discussion proceeds and the argument we take to be though of course one may differ as to details the mighty is handled in a most style and the reasoning may fairly l e called there is neither nor or christ is proved to be a religious system and the priest is exhibited in his true character we can recommend o after a to the to and to tlie as eminently calculated to views and increase their hj tlie difference between and christianity the purpose in this stage of hie progress which mr in view are the of the tlie principle in the man the of an order of sentiments higher than the of the understanding and the of logic the foundation of morals on the absolute idea of in of to the popular doctrine of tlie of a spiritual and tlie of with the progress of society the work presents the most f o d ideas in a simple and the discussion of these which in their primitive abstraction are so repulsive to most minds is carried on tlie medium of a with considerable dramatic we become interested in the final opinions of the of the tale as we do in the e of a romance a slender thread of narrative is made to sustain the most on the philosophy tf religion but the conduct both of the story and of the discussion is managed with so skill tiiat serve to and each other the f the by fl g g us author of the der national der post va d j ss if the letters essays f with ib stand te ttie d of and are so esteemed even in is so npon that topic is germany s and these letters contain the highest moments of we desire logical or noble poetic the intellect or the heart we need seek no than these they are won an form by a inspiring and absorbing it is not possible in a brief notice like the present to do more than intimate the kind of excellence of a book of this nature it is a p r o f o u nd and ud must be diligently studied to be comprehended efforts that the present age been some time making to cut a road to it s bi to find that what sometimes seems tlie longest way round is the way home and if there be a desire to have the only way is to at tlie one s self and bring up the by the labour of s oi n good arm works at the present well will find reward for the labour ther may bestow on it the truths he will draw up are universal and that pure fountain tliat wise he that i o is difficult if not to a and at tlie same time faith of the ideas affirmed by in this volume its aim is to develop the ideal of humanity and to define tlie successive steps which must be trodden to it its spirit after human and seeks to indicate the means of upon the necessity of culture as preliminary to moral culture and in order to make ttie latter possible according to the doctrine here set until man is developed he cannot be an on the relation of the arts to translated the german of f w j by a post is paper cover is d doth by j post u doth morally free hence not responsible as there is no sphere for the operation of hie s which the whole volume is written is there is a consciousness of music in every page we read it it remarkable for the of thought and firm consist which throughout and so far as we are able to judge the translation is admirably and rendered the twenty seven letters upon the culture of man the most prominent and by the most valuable portion rf the work they	37
a slight and transient effect on his mind but is there any truth in the statement which has that the of the north do not understand the subject of slavery if they do not they are dull scholars and much to be for their for southern slavery has always unless of late been open and conspicuous the has been more frequently estimated by the number of of sugar or of cotton or of wheat that he could bring into market than by any other standard for these showed to all practical purposes how many of his fellow creatures he held m slavery we may profess to know much about ancient slavery roman also about modem slavery russian african british french so long as the two last existed and about the of these we may talk with a good degree of confidence almost with certainty but when we come to american slavery some on slavery prophet cries oat ye profane a more than mystery lies there which none bat a can if ow there have been in the ranks of the those who have once been those whose age is not below mr s and whose opportunities of well all the secrets if there be any of the peculiar system have at least been equal and perhaps a little superior to his they in order to defend themselves and justify their course told the most horrible things of slavery as it was natural they should it in and and that in fine it was the the the end the sum of all that whilst there was no mystery about it whilst it was open to the examination of every one yet the passions of men would every now and then vent themselves on their victims in some new and unheard of manner that whilst the the still further degradation of the slave occasioned confusion bred caused the deepest in families it v failed in its work of the moral feelings the character and destroying the self respect either of the master or of some important member of the family for thus is of others into vice in the long run repaid now according to our judgment one of the best we have ever known was here presented to correct errors and give information which the whole people especially those of the north needed it would be relieved too from the objection that it would be attended with no practical results because it is supposed and feared by the that intend to decide the question of slavery on their present imperfect information no place could be more suitable than the of the united states where error is most certainly yet tenderly exposed and an account of whose daily proceedings is sent into every part of the land no person could be more properly selected to publish a revelation of importance enough to reverse the wheels of the government than a wise experienced and impartial yet notwithstanding au these advantages the disclosure is not made by mr or by other on this subject but mr contents himself with saying as had been said hundreds of times before that the did not understand the subject of slavery even now before this question is fully determined by especially if we are to judge from the and tame spirit m slavery with which the of mr and mr ard from and was received b the state which despatched on their equally constitutional and humane errand we in that even at this late hour any important disclosure will not be disregarded but have its proper but let it be precise and apply to points on which slavery turns and not on its mere circumstances let us not be told that we are mistaken as to the amount the slave the laboring man of the south receives for his work it will be no answer to say that the master gives good clothes and good food to his house servants and now and then throws to a favorite field hand a bundle of old that a clothes of london or paris would almost disdain to pick up and add to his store rather let us be told that we are mistaken in supposed that they who cultivate the fields and wait on the owners of them have no legal resort to recover their wages when withheld from let us not be told that we are mistaken as to the number of slaves in any particular district that can read or that they prefer continuous labor to the improvement of the that god has given them rather let us be told that ihey can go to school and improve their faculties as they list let us not be told that we have been as to the of feeding the slaves at the south that they are not fed like pigs in and down whatever is thrown in to them but rather let us be told that they are fed at tables like d ent people and on and wholesome food let us not be told we are as to the number of families that are separated and broken up by sale rather let us hear that no man can sell a fellow being or forcibly separate a family let us not be told that we are mistaken as to the of distributed among the slaves and as to the amount of the or of their reading them or having them explained by persons of their own choice rather say they are encouraged and have opportunity to prepare for eternal life these things and others of a character bad enough some of the slave states are or others planting or slate whenever provisions or the materials for clothes are grown at home as is most generally the case in the former the slaves are comparatively pretty well fed and clothed bat when they are bought as they are m	37
least that good quality if no other and therefore we will ve it let a future day be fixed says he after which every slave child born shall be the property of the state for instance place the children when in the hands of those who raise them females till they are eighteen years of age and till they are twenty four or twenty five and upon their reaching these ages send them to africa these in a few words are the whole scheme this project of was by mr perhaps fifteen or sixteen years ago in an address delivered by him to the society we believe it has found but few to favor it but we have no more doubt of its proving effectual if it can be carried out than we have that the most destructive fire can be extinguished by pouring enough water on it but the difficulty is has been always will be how the water shall be obtained conveyed and applied to it the s scheme has one defect which all others of similar character have and which gives it but few it is intended to put an end to slavery a plan to remove free colored persons to a distant land to build up with them there a great empire has about it a good deal of the romantic to attract men but when you propose to take the slaves at the most valuable period of their lives out of the hands of their masters on whose they may have been bom with a view of removing them to africa the country to which they are going all at once becomes sickly the colony is already over crowded an the scheme loses its romance ceases to be to and finds few among them the plan of mr will hardly be revived except now and then by himself and for the reason we mentioned whenever make np their minds to slavery and we see not how they can be brought to this point but by the action of the government they will adopt a much more ample plan than s admitting them to be brought to it however we have no doubt that they would choose immediate and as the wisest safest and happiest plan that could be adopted but till then any proposition we care not whether it is immediate and universal or partial and that efficient to that end will meet with their opposition or neglect in these remarks we say nothing as to the policy or humanity of sending the colored man the laboring man of the south out of the country in which he was bom while we are almost every day from any and every land under the sun except africa but as we think the whole scheme impossible even if it was desirable we care less for its consequences in this way but the bare attempt the the persecution of the free colored man the breaking in upon his quiet and improvement we look on as as it is and wicked we have gone so much further than we at first intended in our remarks on mr s speech that we have left ourselves but little room without foregoing our design too much to examine the others we shall therefore be to short of them those who have the and can spare the time to read those speeches through our first attention shall be ven to that of s hunter it was formerly no mean proof of a pretty thorough paced that he would not consent in any way to have the question of slavery argued in although he was lavish in his condemnation of the ignorance and error of the inexperienced and although he professed to have all the treasures of knowledge confined to himself and his yet there appeared to him something degrading in the alleged evils of a merely domestic matter as he was wont to regard slavery to the consideration of the especially did he think so if any thing was to be done to correct them to the system more m after the compromise never once entered his but hunter seeing that the ignorant wiu argue the question with a view to decide on it too whether the learned will assist them or not from this hi position and although he in the discussion he does not forget to all in the outset that the things he has heard are hard to be borne to limit a to regions to restrain bim from going to one of our free and there setting up his impudent pretensions to dominion over his fellow man to give him hie law is at least calculated as mr hunter thinks and he has doubtless made the calculation to stir the blood of southern man but lest his brother might be frightened at the introduction of a lion among them he tells them in his that he only one that he is a gentle beast and of a good conscience that he will endeavour to keep down any rebellious feeling that may struggle for utterance and discuss question before hunter comes to the horrors of right horrors which be means to hold up and which although ey are have been so much used that they are now nearly if not quite worn out he makes another appeal also very old and far more effectual in by gone times than now this appeal is to our fears whether he that his associate shall on their swords and do battle or that they shall quietly the union is somewhat uncertain though as he seems to think they are well prepared for either they can adopt such a course as appears to them best even if it be both but that others may also judge we will let him explain himself but can it be imagined says he	37
that the southern states could submit long to a system of such and oppression why should they look to the elements of social strength and greatness already existing in the states if they submitted it would not be for want of strength enough to domestic peace and secure themselves from from without but sir does any man believe that the southern would fold his arms in mute to a system of oppression which day by day wasted his spirit wounded his self respect and robbed him of his rights would he quietly submit to all this for the sake of union with those who were placing himself and his children in a situation worse than that of their slaves v speeches m slavery now can the people of the north be to be so as ever to imagine that the want separation to make slavery more secure of all the events that could happen to it none could be more effectual than this the know it and are we to suppose that the most considerate of them men who at last will bring the rest into their measures would adopt an expedient that would certainly defeat the cause of the separation and make them the most pitiable and helpless if not the most contemptible people under the sun their talk about the union is nothing but a boast though they will use it as a device that has been successful heretofore but when they see the north determined they will cease even from that the late virginia and south resolutions to the contrary notwithstanding as to their fighting and if there be any fighting done the south must begin it nothing can be more out of the question and impossible and as to their fighting the people of the north nothing can be more absurd if we could laugh at we could laugh at this it reminds us of a female weak at best in a situation more than any other requiring help from her best friends talking about fighting all who would assist her if the south come north to fight leaving her slaves behind they will lay hands on all within their reach this consideration will force the to bring their wives and children along with them not very good in battle and in the with which they would be beset they would not be in the very best condition for fighting rely on it with the exception perhaps of a few high young men or silly old ones who ought by no means to direct such affairs there will neither be fighting nor the inclination to fight the greatest difficulty will probably be in prevailing on the north to maintain the ground already gained giving ear to no and advancing to grounds still higher the north has been by the south as far as regards slavery on this principle the north considered the union of course as their highest political interest the south slavery the south wished to advance slavery or defend it from any assault they had only to threaten the integrity of the union the latter endeavoured to convince themselves that as slavery was not among a m it was rather a southern concern and bv the south who alone were affected by it they therefore for they the south thought they had driven a good bargain in any concession however great to slavery when bv so small a matter as they considered it they had preserved what first with them to save the union has been the cry of some of our most accomplished speeches an slavery but hunter forgets tlie promise he made to discuss this subject like the he the battle from afar and such a battle one against a part of his brethren because they interfere to prevent him from another part of them cause in his excitement he lets off the usual though now of southern and talks of domestic wrapped in flames of midnight of his of the ashes of the best blood the dearest blood of his household ac j ko yet in style he pardon for the feeling he has betrayed but like bottom tiie he seems to say let the audience look to their eyes k we could in any way separate the we were about to sa the inseparable of slavery from the system itself and look on it after the manner of a who seems to regard it as little else than an abstraction we should in our strong desire to accommodate the be half inclined to grant them what they so earnestly wish they think with hunter that to deprive em of what they choose to call the right of their fellow man and of doing all that a can do with his victim them with the of inferiority and that it them what is not merely but essential to their very prosperity and existence see no reason to doubt that in this matter they think hon for with rare exceptions they judge rather of a government under which slavery is not and a particularly if he is a large one looks somewhat suspiciously on the resident of a free state who has none of his fellow creatures in bondage a of the third or fourth generation especially if he be brought up in virginia or in any of the old slave states is the last person on earth to think that he can exist without a slave to brush his hat and coat and clean his boots in the warmth of his excitement too with the pleasing images which slavery presents and without once seeming to recollect that the slave states are considered by all impartial and well informed persons as a mere dead weight a to the free states in their upward tendency toward civilization mr hunter thinks that if slavery were undisturbed the tion of the union would be far	37
too high and for his descriptive powers even to attempt to do it justice on this theme he thus speeches on slavery you would then have he an harmonious prosperous and who would then undertake to the limits to future progress if we thus moved on devoid of and imagination at the attempt to conceive it it is not for mj to make the effort to paint a future after at least to hia own satisfaction what has never been denied that the north have no right to upon the rights of the south or indeed of any of the states or to disregard the obligations imposed by the constitution i r threatening them with a dissolution of the union and using the of blood murder c c of the by the slaves in the event that right and justice be done after so idly in the passage just quoted the many advantages that an ri ed quiet and well protected slave would produce to the union the speaker makes an admission which plain and obvious as it is southern do not often make and which calls for some explanation in these almost humble terms he the political superiority of the north the from said that the slave states had grown faster than the free is it not obvious that be was mistaken is not the relative power of the non states greater at this day in the house of representatives than when the c was formed no man can doubt it is it not obvious that the non states possess an increasing superiority who in his senses then can pretend to believe that the southern states will acquire superior power in this no sir no that can never be our lot we know it and acknowledge it if you were to permit us to live in this hereafter as we have lived heretofore as your equals and brethren the whole result would be not to change to any sensible extent the relative degree of power possessed by the two sections of the union but to secure to you the united exertions of all for the good of all the design of the above passage is to show that the north should care so little and feel so little about slavery that the question should more be agitated by them but be one of the admitted interests of the country whose existence and should be the common concern of all the common defence of all in order to the north into this he makes an open acknowledgment of the superiority of their political speeches an slavery power r hunter notwithstanding his assertion and the assertion of many others that the south has full power to defend successfully any of her institutions all has not forgotten to do what the most mil do when they deem it necessary out the lion s skin with the fox s tail the admission of political ity is made here in the same way and with the same mental that the admission is made of any superiority in the of living and improvements of every sort of the free states over the slave states while these are the still think that they are superior to the non that whilst the latter toil like the slave and increase in the small way they are more liberal that whilst the people of the free states from their and merit the name often given them at the south of a set they are more generous that whilst the people of the free states are engaged in a close small business they pursue a much larger more one are more that in fine as hunter would say by birth and occupation they belong to the governing class but lest we extend our remarks on hunter s speech to too great length we have to leave many of his odd notions as a whole his effort with the exception of that part of it which attempts to prove that has the right to for the a thing which to all sensible and impartial persons cannot be made is an and absurd those who read his speech with a view of gaining information which it may be supposed every intelligent possesses and on such an occasion would take pleasure in will be disappointed however it will serve to show what opinions are about slavery in the class from which mr hunter comes but it is a consolation to think that they are the opinions alone of that class the great body of the to say nothing of those who are not do not entertain such notions the and the other members of have been elected for some time back and they are elected now for their fidelity to the cause of slavery we do not intend to say that no other is required but on this subject no man at all suspected would be chosen to be considered then as altogether above suspicion the most high strung and opinions are given out s l oft mr does not himself appear to have toy very distinct notions about slavery a matter concerning which almost any slave in virginia could be his teacher if says he it be the control which man exercises over man or if it consist in the degree of that control when you have ascertained the line where that control is freedom where on the other side it becomes you may find at home an application of your definition are we told that the good of society calls for the relation of parent and child who does not know that the control often exercised by the parent over his ofl is as as that of the master over the slave if the good of society then call for this relation d the good of society demands that when two such races come together as are found side bv side with us that the	37
weaker should be reduced to the dominion of the stronger the of human condition among which mr hunter puts slavery he says are inevitable establish what laws will you cannot prevent it you cannot prevent the inferior from being either as a class or as individuals he very that it is because an of providence what a god must hunter have and what parents must there be in virginia who are not disgraced by treating their children as the slaves are generally treated mr hunter as might naturally enough be supposed has a gloomy and uncomfortable view of the race to which he belongs instead of entertaining the belief that men are bom to assist each other to make each other more happy that strength is given to the strong to aid the weak he says the whole progress of ordinary life seems to consist in a series of achieved by the stronger over the weaker that as amongst herds of animals the stronger tiie larger share of the food designed for all and it at the expense of the weaker so of the races of man the superior or the inferior and the equal and general reward of society is but a universal struggle man and man not for the perfection of their nature but for the that are to be obtained with regard to s speech we shall little to say it is not very long as speeches on the wrong side or on the questionable side usually are nor has it the clearness and of mr s speeches i hich we hardly ever read without a stronger wish than in tne case no ix on slavery of any other slave holding member of that he was on the right side of the slavery question for on it he appears as as ever don was on the subject of knight but as indistinct and unsatisfactory as mr often is we get from him some matters worthy of consideration it has been the opinion universal we think amongst impartial men that in a state or territory where slavery was not established or in some form recognized by law it could not exist at least nowadays but it seems that this opinion was altogether a mistake for the tells us that the precise converse was decided in the supreme court of and that the learned judge who pronounced that decision stated it as a legal that in all in which the are not absolutely opposed to slavery persons reduced to that state may be held in it to such a degree of corruption has slavery brought our state courts to examine such an opinion and formally show its would be to prove ourselves as great as we would take our readers or the court delivering the opinion to be the following statement is contained in the last paragraph of mr s speech slaves are recognized as property by your laws you provide for their from the port of any state to any port or place within the limits of tlie united states a citizen of holding a slave the issue of one purchased by hi in from your officer under a sale for direct taxes for which he has paid the price which you hold goes before the of that port and having complied with the of that law from him a permit to transport that slave to a port or place within the limits of the united there to be sold as a slave or to be held to service or labor and having your title to this slave and you having his money he has also your permit to carry him there as a slave tell me what au as mr has neither the name of the case nor that of the who delivered the opinion may he not have it with one given hy the supreme court of in which this notion is found it is not necessary lo show any general custom in a country of holding in slavery to prove its if it he found to exist in fact even to a limited extent and no positive law it he shown it will be we a and witli us it is a pretty strong one that there has l the suppose d for we have no small respect for the good sense of the of the supreme court of and the quoted it entirely in to it speeches m slavery is there id territory of the union which can and that of the supreme government on which it depends and from which it whatever power it possesses this is a fearful statement and shows how impossible it is to have any thing to do with slavery without being by it do matter how cautious we may be it is an important fact also to show that the general government if it have the power to slavery ought to it as soon as possible if not or no power to with it at all it ought to pass no law concerning it mr was the ther of the bill in the to or in and new commonly and known as the compromise bill the slavery question as to these had been apparently in the for several weeks when mr made the motion to raise a committee composed of equal numbers from both sections of the union as well as of both political parties he was of course of it and although from a slave holding state he is not a free labor being more profitable where he than slave labor but he is as utterly heartless as to man s rights as warm an advocate of the pretensions of the as if he had scores of his fellow creatures in bondage or was the owner of a large sugar or cotton plantation the other from states were mr mr and mr those from the free states were messrs and	37
principle indeed they are widely different from it the first ought to prevail everywhere and at all times we doubt whether a constitution or form of government intended to a country as large as ours was ever made or can be made without mutual deference and concession and we hazard but little in saying that washington anxious as he unquestionably was for the of the constitution never pronounced it a compromise of principle or used words to them and we have too much respect for his memory for his honesty for his sense of propriety to suppose that he ever declared a compromise of principle to be the cant of the times notwithstanding the light and contemptuous terms in which mr speaks of a principle if he mean the same thing by principle that we do truth or what we honestly take for truth the consciousness of acting according to what we believe right doing to others as we would have them do to us if he mean this we do not see how it can be done a principle is our highest treasure or non to it makes the good man or the bad man to the poor to the it a self respect which the honors of the world or its wealth cannot give nothing is equal to self respect and nothing is of value enough to be given in exchange for it he who wisely respects himself respects the being who made him the who died for if by a compromise of principle it be meant that a part of the truth we already possess is to be yielded on both sides then that part is lost abandoned for a principle cannot be transferred both are injured both have admitted injustice both have lost what in their present state is their self respect the vile becomes equal to the precious a lie is as good as the truth and better if it seem better to effect the purpose for which it is told we may do evil if in our dim imperfect and partial we suppose good will result from it and wrong justice and injustice the will of god and the will of the devil are a mere nothing and for persons speeches on slavery to about preferring one to the other is nothing bat cant we r j admit that the of the union after the peace of was the greatest interest so far as government was concerned which could the intelligent friends of the country although there was a large party that thought otherwise yet all such interests are subordinate to the respect which every man owes to himself he may have an interest in the government as government is administered as great as it can excite for instance in the establishment of a heavy or of a system of direct but let the complete success of the government depend on his telling a falsehood though it be known only to himself and he will not hesitate what to do for the act of the government he is not responsible it cannot injure him as a man as a moral being for his own act he feels that he is responsible and that he may be sunk by it in his own estimation if not in that of others now if this be true to establish the constitution of the important as it is admitted to have been was not of as much value as for one honest man washington for instance to maintain his integrity to prove himself faithful when others required him to be and to be seen doing what he believed right in spite of t le and of those who knew they were doing wrong whilst we say this we do not mean to affirm that there was no compromise of principle in the constitution there was one a mischievous one it was on the part of northern s who well knew that slavery making of human beings was morally wrong a sin yet consented it should be in the union and be protected by its power as one of its interests provided they and their received advantages in certain or in the carrying trade or for any other equivalent we care not what of this compromise had we not historical evidence of it we could not but be aware from the discord it has produced we are now the bitter fruits of it it is in vain to look for a of it as long as slavery exists conscience on the one side and injustice and on the other know no the war will be till one or the other gains a complete victory which will gain that victory it is not hard to foresee but even on this compromise washington in all did not look so seriously as we now do he probably it little more than a deference a for speeches on slavery he a in and continued so during the remainder of his life but he is well acquainted with the political of the country from the peace of to the of the present constitution especially when he remembers that knowledge and reflection and in regard to slavery were almost lower than they now are will be prepared to make no small allowance for this and almost to say with washington the of our union was the greatest interest of every true american under the articles of the of the union consisted of but a single house its were appointed by the different state in making declaring war making peace receiving and sending money c it represented the whole country but then it could not collect the it necessarily expended or promised except with the consent of the several states and through the officers appointed by them the sums to us by foreign were to the	37
public debt at the conclusion of the war was about forty millions of dollars from ist to ist fourteen months there was not half a million of dollars paid into the treasury of the united states a sum so altogether insufficient to meet the current expenses of the country and the interest of the debt saying nothing of any of the principal that foreign nations began to decline making with us fearing from the of our government we should not be able to with the terms of them the inconvenience that had been felt during the war from this uncertainty of raising funds occasioned an application by for power to an of five per cent on imported and prize goods mr and mr two gentlemen of great intelligence constituted the committee to whom this matter was referred their report in favor of it after a tedious and embarrassing debate was adopted on the th of april mr col and afterwards chief justice were appointed to prepare an address to accompany the recommendation to the several states in this address is the memorable sentiment so often quoted i it be remembered finally that it has ever been the pride and the boast of america that the rights for which she were the of human nature op to that never had the forms s ma m s of a got ao an j of if good faith honor gratitude and all the other qualities that the ter of a nation and fulfil the of government be ike of our the cause of liberty will acquire a dignity and lustre which it has never yet enjoyed and the example will be set which cannot but have the most influence on the rights of mankind if on the other side our government should be unfortunately blotted with the reverse of these cardinal and essential virtues the great cause which we have engaged to will be and be the and fairest experiment in favor of the rights of human nature will be turned against them and their and friends exposed to be insulted and silenced by the of tyranny and in june washington in view of soon laying down his public command addressed the of tiie several states he warmly recommended the same measures that had been recommended by the last named committee he as essential to the well being if not to the existence of the united states as an independent power an union of the states under me head a sacred regard to public justice the of a proper peace establishment and the of a pacific and friendly disposition among the people of the united states the opinions expressed by washington were not hastily formed for we find him frequently expressing them again as late as in replying to a letter of william afterwards appointed the first chief justice he said i do not conceive we can exist long as a nation without lodging somewhere a power which will the whole union in as energetic a manner as the authority of the state extends over the several states similar opinions were expressed by his embracing a large number of the and most considerate men m country the party for it now may be called such headed by those persons and others who thought as they did to encounter the opposition of another party which if it did not equal their in intelligence and ability was yet formidable for its numbers says chief justice from whose life of washington these facts are for the most part obtained with extreme tenderness the their efforts were directed on slavery to his relief to exact a faithful compliance with was in their opinion a measure too harsh to be insisted on and was one which the people would not bear they were uniformly in favor of the administration of justice affording for the payment of debts or of their collection and of taxes the same course of opinion led them to resist every attempt to transfer from their own hands into those of powers which by others were deemed essential to the preservation of the union in many of the states this party constituted a majority in all of them it had great influence the contest between these two parties was every now and then revived whilst their alternate success kept the public mind perpetually agitated with hopes and fears on matters of prime importance such had been for a long time and such was the political condition of affairs though many things had to give success to the first mentioned party when the to the met at philadelphia but it may be asked if the restoration and support of public credit was the leading idea the pressing notion in the general mind why did not the limit their of the articles of to that f it may be replied that supposing the restoration and support of public credit to be as important as it is represented it was probably much discussed and the necessity of it pretty clearly seen before the meeting at philadelphia that other defects in the articles if not so prominent were not unseen that the had full power not only to remedy all the defects of the system but to make a government for the country that its laws might be effective throughout its whole extent for any form that they adopted was not to go into practice till submitted to the people in their state and by them and further that opposition to the main measure might be much weakened by discussion on the other wise and desirable provisions of the constitution or indeed that approbation of them might gain over or soften the opposition to what was thought the most important one but gives to the of the constitution we use the word here because it is more in fashion and better understood than any other word a	37
far more extensive interpretation than we remember before to have seen as the constitution was a compromise so he comes to the conclusion not a very logical one some he an slavery will think that same feeling which governed in its formation is and ever will be indispensable to its preservation if this be true the free states are called on for with the duration of slavery and apart from the constitution washington appears not so to have considered it he thought that the constitution was the consequence of certain dispositions shown bj the members of the to one another the result of these dispositions with its formation besides these were not submitted to the people for their or nothing but the constitution in which all that led to it all the or whatever else thej may be called were supposed to be and embodied nothing but the constitution as containing the substance of their political relations to individuals or they were to or reject but we would ask mr what compromise demanded by the constitution has not been fulfilled by the states of the north have they not quietly submitted to the which counts five slaves as three free persons thus increasing the representation of a state in proportion as man has been reduced to bonds within her borders have they not patiently submitted to the of a part an important part of their which requires them to protect all who owe them as do all within their limits whether they have escaped from labor or not to the search of their land in its length and breadth by the in his own slave state constitution while he for his brother seeking his safety in his obscurity to the merciless the han ng of their citizens without law or trial to the of an agent sent by one of them to attend to the interests of the most injured class of her citizens to his from the state by a mob and encouraged by a act to the of another agent to on a similar business and does the know so little about slavery as not to be aware that as its victims increase and as in seeking long lost rights they are supposed to become formidable that new modes of and cruelty are invented and practised for their and and does he suppose that the of the north keep pace with the of the slaves or with the of un speeches en f does he imagine that the north after seeing what slavery can do will so itself as to make of san another new and of another and does he once think that he now get from the people of the north the that were thought indispensable sixty years ago for forming a more perfect union if he has so read the temper of the people of the north if he ha s so read the constitution as to suppose that are which rise with the s fears and necessities be they real or imaginary he has wonderfully or if he fancies that his argument can settle the or the spirit of a people who forbid their own from their hands by giving any aid in a fugitive slave yet respect what they deem their constitutional obligations we can tell him that an fancy never found entrance into a wise head before we are done with s speech we wish to examine another of its positions it will be best presented in his own words the whole of these charges against the bill an being and responsibility e out of and are resolved into one single which i will proceed to expose and put to shame the in this simple that the bill ami the power of to the question whether slavery shall exist in the to the supreme court of the united states now the bill no of whatever it simply that a writ of error or appeal shall be had at the suit of either party in case of a claim of freedom by any negro in either or new to the supreme court every power which ever had over the subject is reserved because no word in the bill to that power on the court or any other the power of is political and that of the court is simply the great question to settle which the select committee was raised in the was whether the citizens of slave holding states of this union have a right to rate to the which have been acquired by the common efforts of all the states with their slaves after stating the form of government provided by the bill for and new the appointment of officers including judges the of the as to the introduction or of african slavery and the an of the decision of the to with a perfectly secured right of appeal in all cases from their decision to the supreme court of the united states he proceeds to thus both the master and the friend of the slave were entitled to try the question at before the common appointed by the fathers of the republic to settle all conflicting questions of constitutional law while retained all political and power over the whole subject to be exercised or as its own see fit a decision of the court made on the very first case presented at the next term it was understood would have settled the question in these halls for years past and which we all know can never be settled here again hence a preliminary matter to be decided is whether this question arising under the constitution between the north and the can c the court its power to decide the question not the bill but from the northern nor southern men will pretend for one moment that this great question which to shake the pillars of our whole edifice is not	37
of sufficient importance to it to a decision by the highest known to the constitution no question of greater importance was ever before submitted to that court had the members of the other house given themselves time to reflect it is quite impossible they could have rejected it because the judges were by the of the bill to decide a question which the constitution ordained them to decide and commanded us to make provision to enable them to decide wo make these many from mr s speech not only that we may fully show what provisions were made by the bill from the for the decision of the question of slavery in our but mr s own opinion regarding it as a question which the constitution had especially cast on the supreme court though doubtless to use mr s own language he is deserving the name of a constitutional lawyer his of the constitution as to the case in hand is to our minds far from being clear to make it appear that the constitution was between liberty and caring but little which should be established he becomes indistinct and obscure of course he has failed to make strong and well defined impressions on others he has only speeches an slavery confused those who depended on him and who were too indolent to examine for themselves of two things however he has convinced us if indeed we needed the conviction that he wishes the supreme court to decide whether liberty or slavery shall forever a region larger than the old thirteen states were when the union was formed without the decision being influenced in the smallest degree by any touch of humanity which the members may now have and that the results to which any one comes in all of rights of the rights of human nature will be as his are right or wrong he would seem to desire an in the court altogether inconsistent with the nature of man an between right and wrong between justice and injustice that he will in vain look for among such persons as he himself describes as it for we are of opinion that there are many things which the law may put or try to put down but which it ought not to put up or try to put up for example murder or bearing false witness against our neighbour or these cannot be neither as we think can slavery which is worse than they are singly or combined and which sometimes all the ills against which law can operate now although we are not a constitutional lawyer probably according to mr s notions not even deserving the name of one for we think the constitution so far from being made for the of lawyers constitutional lawyers if you will is a plain instrument intended to be understood by the people we take it we have a clear idea of that instrument certainly a more honorable one and more satisfactory to us than the one he has given we set it down for granted that the constitution has made the governing power of the and we believe it is admitted on all hands that itself has no authority to establish slavery in the or anywhere else now as the constitution says not a word about establishing slavery and as it does not even attempt to grant this power admitting it could be granted every one under its dominion is presumed to be in his natural condition to he free should this however not be the case the writ of in its various forms as in other instances of alleged restraint will bring the person restrained of his liberty before any judge to show the cause of his on bat on what grounds will the judge a matter with the when it is not once mentioned in that instrument that instrument too from which he his own power of deciding and indeed all the power he has by a very simple process by removing whatever is to it and that its free course the only way as far as we know of making any law effective by that the restraint complained of is with the constitution that the latter will be and void defeated and that an state of things setting aside the constitution will prevail if the restraint be continued this he is appointed to prevent and as if knowing how much the weakness of human nature needs the strongest this he is to prevent the writ of is entirely a writ it must be issued by a court or by the judge of a court cannot issue it nor decide on it any more than any other equal number of individuals and a decision a final one of course may the whole dispute about slavery should this be the case and we think it what power has over the question what room is there for the political and power of that body over the whole subject to be exercised or not according to their discretion about which mr so confidently comments if the question is given by the constitution exclusively to the department and the supreme court have to on it as mr says not from the bill but from the constitution can an act of have any effect whatever on the decision can an act of undo what the constitution ordained the supreme court to do can it restore slavery if the supreme court pronounce it with the constitution certainly not for the very act or law by which it would be attempted would be declared by the supreme court and therefore void after what we have said it may be supposed that we think has nothing to do with the question true it has nothing to do with the decision of the court it can do nothing that a duty or obligation all it can do under	37
the supposition that the supreme court will declare slavery in the must be merely influential it can in the most suitable form approve of the decision declare its harmony with the constitution and that it well agreed ae of ta slavery is the most in this ner its may be added to that of the bnt a to establish slavery in the ought to be good for as showing ignorance of the and of the very nature of tiie government or for fraud in it in favor of the wrong in his between liberty and slavery would seem to think that the s bill in the decision of the slavery question to the constituted by the united states with an appeal to the supreme court had proposed a plan of settling it not only but liberal to the slave in one respect it does appear liberal for we have never known a case in which a slave for his freedom m a united states court it may have been owing to the fact that both he and the pe son claiming him resided in the same state or from his being advised that his value was not equal to the smallest amount for which a suit can be brought there but from some cause or other he was always confined as far as we know to the state courts but in all it was not intended that in and new there should be at present any other courts than those named in the bill if so the liberality spoken of is but little more than apparent for the of freedom must be preferred in them or not at all but let us suppose that a slave is desirous of having his right to freedom by one of these how will it be if the nearest judge reside two or three hundred miles or more from him the being of great extent how will he obtain access to him or to his court he has no time that he can call his own for the master or person holding him in possession has appropriated that to himself and will keep him at work he no money no property for that too the has taken care to appropriate and in considering this case we must not take into the account what aid men humane may extend to him but supposing these surmounted almost as they are and that the slave duly arrives at the place where the court is usually held and is there told that it will not be held at that term that the judge is sick or from attending to any business perhaps he may there learn too that the judge is dead and that as the distance to washington city is some two or three thousand miles his successor speeches an slavery will not be there soon enough in all probability to hold the next term of the besides this the will have the fir the to serve his from tiie absence of a material witness o c of the cause a term or two and are we to think he will not do this particularly in these gold finding times when the value of a slave even for a few months would be so very great and when the interests of so many others may be depending on the decision in his case and if it be submitted to a jury as we apprehend it i ji be for the will use every means of the cause and finally of it by whom we ask will it be tried not by a jury half of whom shall be slaves or even colored but by one made up of or bv those who are connected wi them who duly associate wiu em and are influenced by what in the meantime during all the law s delay is the condition of the slave the very reverse of the s when he first makes application for the interference of the court ho must give bond with security in double the amount of what he is supposed to be worth as a if he cannot find security he must go to jail where he will lie till brought in to court to attend to his case his lawyer if he has one will most probably be among the young and inexperienced and attempts will be made to render him ridiculous and the whole as a matter of policy as well as of feeling will be laughed at in addition to all this the judge may be a or at least he will almost be appointed by a president the clerk the may be in short there may be no one at all concerned as an officer of the court or as a spectator of the trial whose good wishes and countenance will be given to the slave thus of all persons for rights dearer to him than all other rights the slave may be the most forlorn and his cause the most hopeless especially if we consider the of the country in which these take place indeed mr himself the difficulties almost to an impossibility of the slave conducting bis own cause when he speaks as he does of the of the friend of the slave but many will be ready to say that a decision by a judge is of consequence seeing that in any event an appeal lies to the supreme court by which the question is to be determined we are not of that number but no ix speeches an is if we may judge from this highly t and almost ridiculous of that court its character says he for purity and justice is more exalted than that of any on earth the feelings which will often influence the action of the former the can never enter into the bosom of a judge without him the objection	37
mr a from had made it that five of the nine judges reside south of and s line is unworthy of a it is not denied that a man may be as honest if he live on the one side of the line as on the other the man who can in his heart believe that five judges would decide this question on grounds must be prepared to pronounce them corrupt and unworthy of their stations an opinion justified by no event oi their past lives we would say nothing except for the truth s sake to the character of the supreme court or at all disturb the praises which mr has seen fit to bestow on the members of it but it is a fact well known to all who choose to inquire that the for the last fifteen or twenty years have been party that the just alluded to before their appointment and it may be to gain that were warm more conspicuous for party activity than for eminence in their profession nor was the power mr remained in office as secretary of the treasury the s d of september on which day he was dismissed on that same day the d mr was appointed and on the th in with the will of the president he performed the act of his signature to the order for the of the and made himself a to what the integrity of his to execute the report of the secretary of the treasury mr j in the first pan with a of the fact if this assertion p i have directed is regarded in any other than a mere formal sense it is not true the secretary may have been the instrument the clerk the in whose name the order was issued of henry clay m th of the in the of the considered with those impartial feelings the reasons of the secretary mr i am constrained to say that he has entirely failed to make out his justification the secretary has entirely mistaken the case remarks of john c in the on the january is in what manner and for what purpose was the present of the treasury ht into office he came into office through a breach in the constitution and his very appointment was the means of the law and the public faith he was brought into his present station to be the instrument of speech of mr on the tn the of a on confined to t em for there were men less active in party politics more devoted to their profession and much more distinguished in it and drawing to themselves a great deal more of the confidence of the country who could have been found to fill the offices for no one need try to conceal the ct that the present supreme court on very important questions does not possess we confidence of the people in such a degree as a supreme ou t to be most useful in matters of individual claim where party and feelings are not at all aroused are but such is the case many state courts that could be mentioned we are not among the number of those who believe as one would be inclined to think mr did in an entire of character for tiie better by an appointment to the supreme court if a man is mean before it he will be mean true he may mingle less in crowds he may engage less in matters that interest most men his temptation may be less but so far as his office goes he will the same being only a man and having the trials of one but thinks that this question will be decided strictly on constitutional grounds and that the majority of the court who may be the five judges that in the states and in the midst of a population will not be at all influenced in their judgment on grounds indeed he goes so far as to say that he who believes so must be prepared to pronounce them corrupt and that a man may be as honest on one side of and s line as on the if we could bring ourselves to believe that really thought this question would be decided as he has represented or that he had no design of g the influence of the court to bear against the who made the remark or of attempting himself to it we should be led to suppose him a very and man and therefore an of any power for does he not know tiiat the southern members the majority of tiie court themselves practise tiie system and some of we do not intend to the pro or of the the foregoing to which many others of a purport be added are given simply to prove what view was taken of the present character by men now of both parties mr was to his present office on the death of by general by whose direction the were removed speeches on slavery pretty deeply that if they pronounce it constitutional even in the they do much to strengthen it everywhere and greatly increase their popularity at the south if they will be called there be rendered odious among the and find it next to impossible may we not say impossible to reside among them as they now do does he not know indeed that to decide it in any way is almost if not quite to giving up their present situations and what with most men is above all things of losing caste among their associates whose practice they think most whose opinions they most value and for whose society they are best fitted this loss of caste or consideration indeed the certainty of being made odious at the south in the event of entertaining or of being strongly suspected of entertaining anti slavery sentiments has	37
been too often stated both by members of as well as by the members of the large religious bodies to be unknown to mr under these circumstances when too a large portion of the country is is it to be looked for from such men as compose the supreme court that they will decide without any chance of that slavery is anywhere for if they decide it to be in the they at the same time decide it to be at least in all those states which once were such a decision is only to be expected from men in circumstances very from those of a majority of the court from extraordinary men from men who are able to discern the truth according to the highest standard known to man and who have enough to prefer it to every other consideration to decide under the circumstances mentioned that slavery is anywhere is only to be looked for from the absolute honesty which led when to do an unworthy act to save his life to remark that when it became necessary for him to do or say even for the high object set before him he knew it was the will of god that he should die a lawyer will not hesitate to the facts or the law to a jury or court if he can impose on the latter to gain his s cause a physician to tell a dying man that his malady is not a hopeless one a tailor or it is dot long since one of them judge we think advertised the sale of a large number of slaves at public speeches an slavery a customer that his coat or his shoes will be ready for him next morning when he has no expectation or a very slight one of with his promise meantime these men take up their paper in bank carefully to the very hour are punctual in the payment of their debts and their engagements in all matters of their profession or calling may be depended on these in common are called honest men nor can they be called otherwise without appearing unjust to them so they are according to the low and imperfect standard the sliding scale rather which they set up for themselves but even this honesty we do not wish to indeed we would not put below its worth for it has some worth honesty of any grade this grade of it professional perhaps not higher is to be found not only in the supreme court but in other places deemed exalted and our public a are for the most part managed by it for if it were absolute such as we have supposed possessed such as us to take up the cross and carry it to the place of an death sooner than do or say what we believe to be wrong or false we should not have men to out justice to who refuse it to multitudes of their fellow beings their brothers and sisters whose through life they take from them whom and there posterity if they have not already sold them they to their when compelled by death to their hold to whom they carefully deny all opportunity of improving those faculties bestowed on them by ood and belong to man so plainly that they cannot be made opportunities too which they themselves enjoy without and for which they declare and justly too there can be no equivalent nor should we have those judges who send back into slavery without any reference to its horrors a fellow man endeavouring to escape from it or be for the sake of the a commission brings with it in a fine on one whose humanity might lead him to give what he could to the attempt thus showing that their love of money is stronger than their love for the race to which they belong but mr seems fully to rely for an decision on the high character of the supreme court which says he for purity and justice is superior to that of any other on earth these to many will seem rather odd words in the mouth of an american who g on the world goes at least to be somewhat remarkable for the precision of his statements they will be likely to look on as in no small degree extravagant if not in the worst sense some no doubt will go further and suppose that the speaker used these words because he knew that he should lose by an comparison of other courts with ours but by his praise of ours he might add greatly to his reputation for patriotism nothing nowadays more to reputation for this quality than what our neighbour has and what we have others will wonder that men eminent above all other men in similar circumstances for purity and justice could in any manner consent to be made the instruments of on a very large portion of the country the curse of slavery the most copious of social and individual and the specimen of injustice under the sun indeed they will think that the very attempt to reconcile with a constitution which to establish liberty must the mind and obscure and its perception of right they will be amazed that men so superior in purity and justice could at all hesitate between the law of man even if it should command us to set up slavery and the law of god forbidding it and telling us so reasonably to do to others as we would have them do to us they may even proceed to say that the rights of man of human nature were into the constitution by tiie and that this was business proper for the and that the power was by tiiat body to enforce those rights according to the forms of the constitution	37
should those rights at any time be invaded but that it never was clothed with authority so to interpret that instrument that wrong should be done to the poorest and the but rather tiiat he should fly to its sacred for protection against all pursuing him for his destruction and there be reassured that he is a man it is not ours or we do not intend at time to make it ours to compose these nor to pronounce on the honesty and so forth of the respective parties mentioned but this we will say of some of them especially of tiie english courts the s or queen s bench and of tiie courts that persons standing as high in public estimation and occupying as close relation to their as did to his have spoken in very high terms of the speeches an purity and justice and intelligence of the courts of their countries although they may not have been as extravagant or as exclusive as the and that their reports and are read as ours are in all our courts both supreme and state except in a very few instances even if u now exist where ignorance has excluded them in matters of account between man and man however complicated supposing the structure and object of the government not to be concerned our supreme court and the court of queen s bench would in all probability decide alike here they would act on the same ground of doing justice between men without any temptation to their opinion but if there were submitted to them the question which is the best that is the most reasonable form of government for man they would without hesitation give the preference to that under which they live under which in spite of its they had the of their profession and enjoyed the honors they possessed in this case we suppose them equally honest equally conscientious in coming to their conclusions but at last they are conclusions fashioned by the influence of those around us by habits of thinking and by education in its extended sense which neither religion nor reflection on the nature of man in their case has been strong to cure it is very certain that they both cannot be right indeed they approach right only as far as their respective allow the powers of men to have their natural sway but these two sets of judges although they differ as to government agree in thinking not only opposed to the letter and spirit of christianity but especially to the permanent strength and advancement of any people in civilization if now with a single view to benefit the government the of the throughout the empire were proposed to the rulers of turkey they would say with one accord that they do not see how is connected with national weakness and ignorance or how a people can be so well governed when the rulers and the rich have but one wife as when they have many yet these persons we will suppose have an reputation for honesty at home and are in all their dealings with their fellow men these instances of men being right although they differ from other men having equal honesty and intelligence on the most important subjects may be so multiplied that we have but confidence in any which us to a week on the and do unto others as we would u t have them do to ns thb erected in every man s heart always speaks the to him however he may force it to tell a falsehood to others believing in it we must say that our trust is small in the honesty of any one south of and s line some of our foregoing remarks may properly lead to the belief that we intended what we have said of the speeches of certain only as to a more important subject but as we advanced we found so many wrong notions to set right that what we projected only as our has become our temple art ii a week on the and rivers by d boston and cambridge james company we stick to the sea serpent not that he is found in or but like the old snake he together for us the two of past and present of belief and science he is the link which us with our between the age of the and that of the railroad train we have made ducks and of that large estate of wonder and delight to us by and this alone remains to us of we give up the more reluctantly the for we once saw one no no maid with looking glass and comb but an compound of monkey and sufficiently attractive for purposes of exhibition till the where the began grew too visible we feel an respect for a man who has seen the he is to his brother what the poet is to his fellow men where they have seen nothing better than a school of or the idle of ocean around rock he has caught glimpses of the withdrawing of the age we care not for the monster himself it is not the thing but the belief in the thing that is dear to us may it be long before professor is comforted with the sight of his long before they stretch many a behind s or a week an the and s glass reflected in shallow of mr and mrs public which stare bnt see not when we read that captain of the pink stem three has beheld him rushing through the like an infinite series of we feel that the mystery of old ocean at least has not yet been sounded that faith and awe survive there we once ventured the theory to an old than a he exclaimed indignantly be here he used a phrase commonly indicated in literature by	37
the same sign which serves for in divinity don t yer i know a the of that j would have silenced professor with his provoking forever what if one should ask mm if he knew a the fault of modem travellers is that they see nothing out of they talk of periods and and tell us how the world looked to the they take science or with them instead of that soul of generous their elders had all their senses are and things for other to doubt still further upon nature becomes a reluctant witness upon the stand with and of there have been no travellers since those included in and except martin perhaps who saw an inch or two into the invisible at the we have but no more travellers travellers stories are no longer we have picked nearly every apple or otherwise from the world s tree of knowledge and that without an eve to tempt us two or three have hitherto hung luckily beyond reach on a lofty bough the interior of africa but there is a doctor at this very moment at them with sticks and stones it may be only next week and these too bitten by and will be thrown away we wish no harm to this worthy but his name is irresistibly suggestive of boiled and some of the natives are not so choice in their animal food analysis is carried into everything even deity is subjected to we must have exact knowledge a cabinet stuck full of facts pressed dried or preserved in spirits instead of a large vague world our fathers had our modem is a rather than na us they have ik t that of b proportion ihe elder traveller earth is no longer ihe fine of art it for nothing is left to the nation job arrived at the height of the thinks it time to throw ns in a we discovered a monster in the sea who himself three times unto ns from the middle upwards in which parts he was like a man of the of a or indian sir john is not satisfied with telling us about the merely ee but is generous enough to throw us in a handful over about islands are certain flitting islands which have been seen and when men approached near them they vanished and it should seem he is not yet bom to whom god hath appointed the of them henry describes the visible cities and then is not so but that he ve us a few ones the have notice of seven cities which tiie old men of the indians show them should lie toward the n w from they have used and use daily much diligence in seeking of them but cannot find any one of they say that the of the indians is such that when they come by these towns they cast a mist upon them so that they cannot see thus do these generous ancient make children of us again their us an earth and past bearing tracing out with the eyes of industrious every and the journals of the elder are prose the of our ancestors were works of fancy and they read poems where we over their world was a huge wonder om as that which strove to drain ours would scarce the small thirst of a bee no modem brings back the ma foundation stones of a tempest no the desert beyond the city of would tell of things able to inspire the mind of milton with shapes and shadows dire and that syllable men s names on ana shores and desert it was easy enough to believe the story of when two thirds of even the upper world were yet and with every step of the recent traveller our inheritance of the wonderful is diminished those beautifully notes of the possible are at a dis l count in hard and coin of how an we not and does with or are brace s kings a for john a bird in die bush is worth two in the hand and if the philosophers have not even yet been able to agree the world has any existence ourselves how do we not gain a loss in every addition to the of vulgar errors where are ike which in trees where the themselves from the the son sm foot like in every thing but the necessity of borrowed where the wi whom in a kind of wound up his climax of men with top pieces where the whose eggs are possibly no far fetched theory of or to account for them where ihe tails of tl where ike no legs of tiie bird of paradise where die with that single horn of his sovereign all manner of p sons where the fountain of youth where that spring which without cost to l e convicted and punished where the of all these and a thousand other varieties we have lost and have got nothing instead of and who have robbed us of them have stolen that which not themselves it is so much cast into the sea beyond all approach of bells we owe no thanks to mr j e whose geography we studied at school yet even he had his and in some softer moment vouchsafed us a fine inspiring print of the to the twenty four mile of its by year more and more of the world gets even the icy privacy of the and circles is invaded our youth are no longer ingenious as indeed no is demanded of them every thing is accounted for every thing cut and dried and the world may be st as easily as the fragments of a map te mysterious bounds nothing now on the north south east or west we have jack with our earth till there is never a left in it since we have back the old class of the	37
next best we can do is to send poets out a travelling these will at least see all that remains to be seen and in the way it ought to be seen these will nature for us die various of man and show us the mighty mother a week an the and paint or stiu and young strong backed fit to and carry her children the poet is he who bears the charm of freshness in his eyes he may safely visit or those adopted children of nature the sure to find them and to leave them as if no eye had them before for ike ordinary all wells have been by the that have passed that way and his eye crawling over the monuments of nature and art adds only its of an ingenious as saying that rivers and the inhabitants of the watery element were made for wise men to contemplate and fools to pass by without consideration and in one of the notes to his translation of that as travelling does much advantage wise men so does it no less prejudice fools mr is clearly the man we want he is both wise man and poet a of cambridge the fields and woods the axe the and the have since admitted him td mark how his imaginative sympathy goes beneath the crust deeper down than at of and needs no plough to turn up the object of its muse it is pleasant to think in winter as we walk over the snowy pastures of those happy that lie under the sod of and all that race of creatures which have such a of life enveloped in thick folds of fur to the cold p for every oak and too growing on the as well as for these elms and we knew that there was a graceful ethereal and ideal tree making down from the roots and sometimes nature in high tides brings her mirror to its foot and makes it visible p only some word were better here than which is true to the fact but not to the fancy since we could not see through that hunt represents a between man and fish in which both their so rigidly that neither is able to comprehend or the other mr in no such he is wiser or his memory is better and can tiie sensations of that part of his life which he passed as a fish we know nothing more thoroughly charming than his description of twilight at the river s bottom the light gradually the deep water as well as the deeper air and the came to the fishes as well as to us and more dim and gloomy to them whose day is perpetual twilight though sufficiently bright for their weak and watery eyes a week an the and had already rang in many a dim and watery chapel down where the shadows of the weeds were extended in length oyer the sandy floor the had already begun to on fin and the withdrew fi m the streets to and and other private haunts excepting a few of stronger fin which in the stream the tide even in their dreams meanwhile like a dark evening cloud we were over the cope of their sky deepening the shadows on their fields one would say this was the work of some s pictures of life in have no attraction beside it truly we could don and critics are already cold blooded to stroll with our dumb love fin in fin through the of this the complete had but an ou and intimacy with the fishes compared with this his and are but the poor transported of the pan there was a time when and flowed down from the unknown the adventurer not what fair reaches stretched before him or what new dusky the next bend would discover and map have done what they could to rob them of their charm of the of the old river gods have been from under their arms and set up on the museum shelf or worse yet they serve to boil the s but mr with the touch of his oar back as much as may be of the old enchantment his map extends to the bed of the river and he makes excursions into penetrating among the tribes without an angle he is the true or citizen of the beautiful he is thoroughly impartial t a or a man it is all one he looks on both with equal eyes we are at a loss where to class him he might be mr bird mr fish mr rivers mr brook mr wood mr stone or mr flower as well as mr his work has this additional argument for freshness the birds beasts fishes trees and plants having this advantage that none has hitherto gone among them in the missionary they are for their shot and for their flesh for their timber and for indian vegetable but they remain yet happily in primitive they take neither rum nor in the natural way and pay without being a week an tie and mr them neither as hunter nor he makes a few to in the way of but gives no list of flowers would seem to be the natural followers of that prophet in truth mr himself might the forces of the entire of the a b c f m as he does in a fine intelligent we need no more go to the to converse with shadows of old philosophers here we have the academy brought to our doors and our modem world from the shelter of ike were we writing verses after the old style to be to this volume we should be somewhat thus if the ancient was so he claimed of them that town wan before he waa born even so his we tee time s ocean in thee as to	37
up to loose her by the great charm of mr s book seems to be that its being a book at all is a happy the door of the cage has been left open and the thoughts have flown out of themselves the paper and types are only accidents the page is confidential like a is not more minute more pleasantly unconscious it is like a book dug up that has no date to it a special and no name of author it has been written with no sense of a public looking over the shoulder and the author is the least in it too all which i saw and part of which i was would be an apt motto for the better portions of the volume a part moreover just as the river the trees and the fishes are generally he holds a very smooth mirror up to nature and if now and then he shows us his own features in the glass when we had rather look at something else it is as a piece of nature and we must forgive him if he allow it a too position in the landscape he looks at the country sometimes as painters advise through the arch of his own legs and though the of the prospect has its own charm of the arch itself is not the most graceful so far of the manner of the book now of the book itself it to be the journal of a week on and rivers we must have our enlarged if mr a on the and intend to complete his on this scale four hundred and thirteen pages to a he beg l honestly enough as the of and it was a fine subject and a new one we are curious to know somewhat of the and interior life of two such prominent and oldest inhabitants saw the tremulous match half touched to the train the blood of and his must have through the loose of the bridge for to carry down to that he in turn might mingle it with the sea is a now grinding for the who takes repeated without resentment and walks in no procession for higher wages but its waters remember the and before the they knew the first as a calf and him a mere and modem even to the they could say we remember your grand ther much information and entertainment were to be out of individuals like these and the pump does not in mr s hands as long as he continues an honest his book is delightful but sometimes he serves his two rivers as did and makes them run or or indeed anything but their own transparent element what for instance have and to do with themselves professors of an elder and to them wholly sufficient on namely the willing subjects of watery laws to seek their ocean we have on on with hardly so good as on on friendship and we know not what we come upon them like us out of our places as we placidly up stream or drifting down mr becomes so absorbed in these that he seems as it were to catch a and from his seat at the bow oar we could forgive them all especially that on books and that on friendship which is worthy of one who has so long with nature and t with we could welcome them all were they put by themselves at die end of the book but as it is they are out of proportion and out of place and mar our dreadfully we were bid to a river party not to be preached at they thrust themselves out of the narrative hke those of red glass which the of push laboriously before them as a week an the and before we get through the book we begin to feel as if the author had used the term week as the jews did the number forty j for an indefinite measure of time it is quite evident that we have something more than a of his experiences the leaves of his and river journal seem to have been together with a dependence on some providence we trace the lines of successive as plainly as on the sides of a deep cut or rather on those of a carried through made land in the city where of material has been of less import than to fill up and where plaster and broken bricks from old buildings shells and dock mud have been shot together yet we must allow that mr s materials are precious too his plaster has bits of ancient painted on it his bricks are stamped with mystic sentences his shells are of pearl and his mud from the give me a sentence mr bravely which no intelligence can understand and we think that the kind gods have nodded there are some of his which have us and we belong to that class of beings which he thus reproachfully as we think it must be this taste that makes him so fond of the philosophy which would seem admirably suited to men if men were only or is it merely because as he in another place his soul is of a bright invisible green we would recommend to mr some of the sacred poetry many of the hold an infinite deal of nothing after the have been knocked out of them by translation but it seems ungrateful y to find fault with a book which has given us so much pleasure we have eaten salt too with mr it is the hospitality and not the fare which carries a with it and it is a sort of ill breeding to report any in the his feast is here and there a little savage indeed he himself a kind of and we must make out with the fruits merely giving a glance at the baked dog	37
and missionary and leaving them in grateful silence we wish the general court had been wise enough to have appointed our author to make the report on the of then indeed would the people of the state have known something of their fellow citizens a week m the ana mr handles them as if he them as old us to do with a worm in it he is the of their private life he their dwellings and makes us familiar with their and sorrows he seems to a sea change like the scotch peasant who waa carried down among the in the capacity of family physician he himself with them under the domestic takes a family bite with them is made the of their and is an honored guest at the he has doubtless seen a crossed in love a perch a the victim of an or a with a mission he goes far to convince us of what we have before suspected that fishes are the est of the natives of that more solid atmosphere they are not subject to wind or rain they have been guilty of no they have bitten no apple they build no fences holding their watery inheritance beyond all other things they mind their own business they have not to the necessity of reform no social but living quietly on each other in a true primitive community they are vexed with bo theories of the which go deeper than the banks we wish mr would undertake a report upon them as a private enterprise it would be the most delightful book of natural history mr s volume is the more pleasant that with all its fresh smell of the woods it is yet the work of a man we not only hear the laugh of the and the s rattle of the red but the voices of poets and philosophers old and new there is no more reason why an author should reflect trees and mountains than books which if they are in any sense real are as good parts of nature as any other kind of growth we confess that there is a certain charm for us even about a fool who has read of books there is an atmosphere around him as of distant lands around a great traveller and of distant years around very old men but we think that mr sometimes makes a bad use of his books better things can be got out of and and than the art of making bad verses there is no harm in good writing nor do wisdom and prefer mr never learned bad of the river and the sky he is the more aa he has no ix a week on the and rivers that he can write poetry at once and with rare delicacy of thou t and feeling my life is like a the beach as near the ocean s edge as i can go my steps its wares sometimes o sometimes i stay to let them my sole employment tis and care to place my gains beyond the reach of tides each and each shell more rare ocean kindly to my hand i haye bat few companions on the shore they the strand who sail npon the sea yet oh i think the ocean they ve sailed o er is deeper known upon the strand to me the middle sea contains no crimson its deeper waves cast up no pearls to view along the shore my hand is on its pulse and i converse with many a crew if mr choose to leave some bard nuts for posterity to crack he can perhaps afford it as well as any we counsel mr in his own words to take his hat and come out of that k he prefer to put peas in his shoes when he makes private poetical excursions it is nobody s but if the public are to go along with him they will find some way to boil theirs we think that mr like most solitary men the importance of his own thoughts the i occasionally stretches up tall as s pillar over a somewhat flat and sandy expanse but this has its advantage that it leads him to secure many a fancy and feeling which would by most men unnoticed the little confidences of nature which pass his neighbours as the news slip through the grasp of birds perched upon the wires he received as they were personal messages from a mistress yet the book is not solely excellent as a of natural scenery it in fine thoughts and there is many a critical which is good law as what he says of s style sir walter might well be studied if only for the excellence of his style for he is remarkable in the midst of so many masters there is a natural emphasis in his style hke a man s tread and a breathing space between the sentences which the best of modem writing does not furnish his chapters are like english or say rather like a western forest where the a week an the and larger growth keeps down the and one ride on horseback through the since we have found fault with some of what we may be allowed to call the we should say that the prose work is done and neatly the style is compact and the language has an antique purity like wine grown with age there are passages of a genial humor at fit intervals and we close our article with one of them by way of grace it is a sketch which would have delighted lamb i can just remember an old brown man who was the of this stream who had come over from england with his son the latter a stout and hearty man who had an anchor in his day a straight old man he was who took his way in silence through	37
form of the hat does not exist by itself it a certain use or function namely the protection of my head which use or function its in short the spirit of a thing is the end or use for which it exists thus you may take the whole range either of nature or the arts and you will find everything existing for a certain use beyond itself which use is the spiritual ground or justification of its existence nature is properly nothing more than the the man robe or of spirit it is only the or house of spirit only the instrument or means by spirit and becomes conscious every thing m nature any the most insignificant exception an internal use or capacity of operation which its peculiar spirit deprive it of this internal use or capacity not only actually or for a limited time but or for ever and tou deprive it of life the power of the horse to bear a burden and draw a load of the cow to produce milk of the sheep to produce wool of the tree to produce fruit or seed and you at the same time them all to death for death or the departure of the spirit from the body means in every case the of the subject s capacity of use thus nature in all its is merely the vehicle or of spirit its true sphere is that of entire to spirit and never since the world begun has an instance occurred of its failing to exhibit the most complete acquiescence in this but if this spiritual force reside in nature what any natural form being a true revelation or image of ood k for example the horse possess a spiritual why does not the horse image ood the reason is obvious the spirit of the horse is not his own spirit he is entirely unconscious of it he incessant uses to man but does not perform them of his end is external to himself the object of his actions does not fall within his own the spirit of universal nature is a spirit of to some external power it never itself but always in to some outward thus the horse does not place himself in the harness the cow does not come to your to make a spontaneous surrender of her milk the sheep feels no spontaneous to h at your door nor does the tree inwardly shape itself in order to supply you with apples in short there is no such thing as a spiritual horse cow sheep or apple tree t non t non y non non no all these performances are for the benefit of man the whole realm of nature is destitute of a spiritual consciousness of such a consciousness as any of its forms to the of a no animal is of a firom its or natural no animal ia capable of suicide or the of outer life on the ground of its no longer the of its inner me thus nature is destitute of any proper personality the only personality it is man to him all its uses tend him au its powers obey to his and it itself and finds life in the surrender take away man accordingly and nature remains a utterly dead thus nature does not image or god for rod s activity is not imposed it is spontaneous or self it flows from himself exclusively and all outward motive hence s true creature or image is bound above all things to exhibit that power of self derived or spontaneous action which our idea of the divine personality accordingly it is man alone who this man alone possesses personality or the power of self derived action the quality of being a person means simply the power of self derived or action the power of one s own action or what is the same thing of acting according to one s own sovereign pleasure it means a power of acting unlimited by any thing but the will of the thus in personality to god we do not mean to assert for him certain bodily palpable to sense which would be absurd we mean merely to assert his self or his power to act according to his own sovereign pleasure we mean in plain english to assert that he is the exclusive source of his own actions so also in personality to man and denying it to the horse we mean to assert that man possesses the power oi supernatural or infinite action the power of acting of all natural and according to his own individual or private attractions while the horse has not this power man s action when it is truly personal has its source in himself in his own private tastes or attractions as on the one hand from his physical necessities and on the other from his social obligations therefore we affirm man s personality or his absolute property in his actions nature s action has not its source in any interior self but in some outward and power therefore we den nature any personality any absolute property in its when tiie fire my finger i do not the divine mm blame uie fire and why because i feel that the fire acts in strict obedience to its nature which is that of to me and that i alone have been in fault therefore for this relation and foolishly myself to it but now if personality imply the power of self derived or spontaneous action then it is manifest that this power in the subject a it its subject to possess an internal or spiritual self as the end or object of the action and an external or natural self as its means or instrument for clearly when you attribute any action to me personally or affirm my exclusive property to it you do not mean to affirm that it was	37
prompted by my nature that nature which is common to me and all other men but by my private taste or inclination tou hold that i have some internal end some private object to gratify by it and thereupon you declare the action mine i repeat then that personality or the power of self derived action a or in the subject a composed of two elements one internal spiritual or private the other external natural or public but this is not all personality or the power of action not only in the subject not only him to possess an internal self and an external self but it also that these two shall be perfectly united in every action which is properly called his for example i perform a certain action which you pronounce mine on the ground of its having proceeded from my hand now i say this is not sufficient to prove the action absolutely mine in order to prove it absolutely mine you must not only show that it was done by my hand or my external self but also that this external self did not at the time or my internal self if the two elements of my personality were not perfectly united perfectly in the action if the internal self were by the external or vice then the action is not truly mine is not a legitimate of my will and understanding but a or of god and man let me precisely illustrate my meaning by a case in point a certain man is murdered by me you witness the deed and me as a murderer on my trial it is proved that the deceased stood in the way of a certain inheritance coming to me that i had exhibited various marks of vexation at this and had been heard to wish him out of the way and even threaten to remove him myself your direct the man backed by such evidence as to my state of with regard to the deceased leaves no doubt as to my actual guilt i am convicted and hanged for all that the community wants to know is which of its members actually committed the deed that knowing this they may proceed to it the care of the state extends only to the outward or public life of its members not to their inner or private interests in making into the murder it has no desire to decide as to my interior or spiritual condition this it leaves to ood who sees the heart it seeks to know the actual that it may not punish the innocent for the guilty thus in the deed mine it does not mean to say that it to me but only outwardly or visibly to me a b as outwardly from g d e f and the rest to outward view then or in man s sight the action is doubtless mine and i submit my body to man s law but now the deed to be thus mr mine admitting that i actually the man and am therefore responsible to the extent of my natural life is this deed necessarily mine to inward view also or in god s sight i say no and for this reason that my internal or spiritual self and my external or natural self did not really unite in it but the former was by the latter how i will show you suppose me very much to dislike living in germany or any other of the old european states the language the manners and the customs of the country are all foreign to my habit and i do not make my abode in it but i am poor with very few resources against natural want and i hear of a fortune being left me in germany on condition of my going there to reside i accordingly go now in this case my private or spiritual to this step was by my natural necessities if i had enjoyed an ample supply of these necessities i should not have gone my spiritual aversion to the step would not have allowed it but i was absolutely destitute of provision for my natural wants save at the expense of abject toil which a man hates and it was the outward or natural which constrained my spirit into obedience thus my spirit was or by my flesh and the result consequently is that though to outward appearance or in man s sight i am in germany yet in the divine mm reality or in god s i am still in america that though mj body is in germany my spirit is a thousand away this example what i mean by m the case of the murder i say that the action in this case though apparently mine or in man s sight as having been performed by my hand was yet not really or was not mine in god s sight because in doing it my spirit was by my nature and did not yield a i desired a certain inheritance capable of me from pressing natural want the longer i felt the want the more urgent grew my desire for that which would relieve it until at last it overcame my internal or spiritual to murder so far as to allow me to him who alone stood in the way of its gratification i am not attempting to the of the act it is perfectly detestable in itself and will always be so i merely deny that my spirit and my flesh were one in it which unity is necessary in every act that is i merely assert that my spirit was by my flesh to do this evil thing the flesh gathered from want from actual or constrained the spirit to its ends and the action instead of being really or mine is exclusively to what the call a nature meaning thereby a nature or with spirit the universal heart	37
of man this judgment or me of the deed when it me to the mercy of god tou have man s mercy say they yourself therefore to that of which is infinite or open to all degrees of no one dares forbid me all red as i am with my brother blood from in god this is a fact full of meaning the meaning of it is that we do not believe any man to be evil at bottom or in his inmost heart but only from a lack of outward freedom the meaning of it is that we consider none of our judgments final since they extend only to appearances but look to have them and corrected by hun who sees the inmost heart and judges therefore according to the reality a divine instinct in truth in every soul of man continually all our as ent or unreal so that no criminal ever shows himself so black as to make us feel that he is beyond god s power to bless no man does evil save from the stress of nature or society save fit m a false with respect to his own body or to his fellow man accordingly we hesitate to the worst of to the boundless of god if we really believed the man to be bad in himself bad of his physical and social conditions we should never dare send him to god we should do all in our power to hide him from god as firom a devouring here let us pause a moment to survey the ground we have traversed we have seen that creation is but the revelation or forth of divine personality we have consequently seen that nature is to this revelation because nature is destitute of personality destitute of power to its own action and finally we have seen that man is the only competent revelation or image of god because man alone possesses personality so far we have attained but now from the definition given of personality it is manifest that it is to be ascribed to man only in his very inmost or highest development and not at all in his physical or social relations for personality when applied to any subject subject s or perfection m other words the subject s entire unto himself it his self or perfection because it the power of his own action he who has power to his own action is sufficient unto himself and to be sufficient is to be infinite or perfect or per means self i admit the words are often used by or without any definite intention but whenever are used they are designed to express the s self we can form no conception of the or perfection other than is expressed by saying that he is sufficient unto himself and if we further ask ourselves what we mean by his being sufficient unto we reply instinctively that we mean to express his power to his own action this power which is inherent in god is the basis of his personality or character is that thing without which to our conception he would not be god that is would not be infinite or perfect had he not this power he would be or imperfect his power like that of nature would be limited by something external to himself tf therefore personality when applied to any subject expresses his or perfection expresses his it is manifest as was said before that it cannot be applied to man in every aspect of his namely as the divine man a subject either of nature or of his fellow man but only in his highest aspect which is that of a divine subject for man s highest or inmost is a to god which lifts him entirely beyond the sphere of necessity or duty and indeed him if need be to lay off the bodily life and the friendship of men as easily as he lays off his garments at night this of man to god is involved in the very relation of creator and creature for the creator being essential life life in itself cannot communicate life save by communicating himself to the creature and he cannot communicate himself save in so far as the creature be made which becomes effected by means of the creature s natural ana moral experience the issue of which is to him above nature and above society him with the or of the external universe man s natural activity or his personality it is not spontaneous does not in his internal self but in a mere necessity of his nature common to all its instead of expressing his personality therefore it expresses a common property of all men regarded as a subject of nature therefore man personality at least all such personality as the divine his moral presents a similar fatal defect morality covers my relations to society or my fellow man thus as my natural action b upon a law of necessity or of to nature so my moral action is upon a law of duty or of to my fellow man i act morally only in so far as i act under obligation to others being morally good when i practically acknowledge and morally evil when i practically deny this obligation thus morality dis plays me in not to god but to society or my and thus equally with nature me proper personality for personality the subject s absolute property in his action which property is impossible unless the subject constitute also the object of the action or in other words unless the object of the action fall be internal to the subject s self and this condition is when i act not to please myself but to please my fellow man hence neither man s natural nor his moral action a divine or perfect e on him the former does not because it m in to nature the latter does not	37
firom the ood himself a man then does not truly act at all does not act in any such sense that tiie action may be pronounced absolutely a s so as his personality remains so long as he in bondage to nature or society he can truly act or show forth tiie divine power within him he must be in a condition of perfect outward freedom of perfect to nature and society all his natural wants must be ho ix the mm supplied and all social moat be open to until these things are achieved his action must be more or less imperfect and base you may indeed frighten him into some show m f decorum by representations of as an policeman intent always on evil but success in this way very partial the church itself in fact which these representations incessantly their force by its doctrine of or its of mercy to the most successful if only at the last gasp not only the church but the whole current of vital action these thus our entire system of trade as based upon what is called unlimited competition is a system of and robbery a successful merchant like mr a or b is established only on the ruins of a thousand unsuccessful ones mr a or b is not to be blamed his heart is destitute of the least ill will towards the man whom perhaps be has never seen but whom he is yet he acts in the very best manner society allows to one of his temper or genius he feels an divine after unlimited power a power that is which shall be unlimited by any outward being limited only by ins own interior taste or attraction he will seek the gratification of this instinct by any means the constitution of society thus by the utter destruction of every rival merchant if society allows it so much for mr a or b regarded as in to nature and society or as still seeking a field for his personality but this is not the final and divine mr a or b the final and divine mr a or b will have subjected both nature and society to himself and will then exhibit by virtue of that very force in him which is now so a personality of to every one the voice of as declared in his present instincts after unlimited power bids him as it bade the of old to spoil the to down every thing that stands in the way of his inheritance but suppose him once in possession of that inheritance suppose him once established in that good land which flows with milk and honey and which god has surely promised him and you will immediately find the same instinct manifested in and universal the artist then is the divine man the only adequate image of god in nature because he alone acts of himself or finds the object of his action always his own he is that true creature and son of god whom god very good and with the of the whole earth it would not be difficult in the writer s estimation to show the reason why the of this man has required the whole past physical and moral experience of the race nor yet to show how perfectly he all the historic features of christianity standing under every fact recorded in the four concerning the lord christ in some other place or at least on some future occasion the writer will these tasks iv op instruments and executed on sunday it is often said especially when conversation takes a turn that among the old blue laws of or rather of new haven was one which forbade husbands to kiss their wives or mothers to caress their children on sundays the to eat on christmas is perfectly but no such sunday act as that above referred to anywhere now appears of record the circulation of the story must be explained as what the call a the popular idea of the special of sunday that species of however was and is by no means confined to or even to new england there is no more lasting and widely memorial of the partial but by no means success of the in their memorable effort to society upon the model than the laws for tiie of the lord s day which still maintain their place in the english and books and which are yet to be found in all their glory among the existing of nearly every state in our american union we must except however french and possibly one or two of the states it does not appear that before the time of the any christian community ever found it necessary to enforce by law so strict an of the sabbath christianity as it gradually adopted many of its forms instead of the austere of far t as the law of moses goes m mere idleness the more agreeable custom of the was adopted among whom the solemn days were in to ns worship were added games amusements and social intercourse for an sunday like this the natural disposition of men towards worship and social was a sufficient without laws to enforce an to ideas it is no wonder that laws became necessary we are not aware indeed that any of our saxon whose natural temperament by the wa r harsh enthusiastic and exclusive peculiarly adapted them for and ideas ever went the length of that the man who gathered sticks on the sunday should be though the great did go the length of proposing such a law for but they did provide by sufficiently for the exclusive devotion of the day to the of ideas by being put into the on sunday to say nothing of ike of week days under this system were gradually tormented into sufficient of and to them for up the system	37
by on their own children what they as children had si in practice as gradually out these laws have lost a good deal of their and are more and more every day disregarded with especially is indebted to her supreme court for obstacles put in the way of those who from time to time filled with new impulses of strive to of to go back towards the old which ruled goodly state during the first years of its in the year or at a time when and sat together on the bench shocked by the increase of sunday travelling some of modem undertook to arrest all sunday travellers nd under a still in force to subject them for their to certain but tiie supreme court put a dam ir on these proceedings by deciding is mass b in spite of the able argument on the other side by the late mr strong that to issue a t and make on sunday for breach of tiie sunday laws were just as much under the as any other of labor they an ae m against a who had undertaken to these sunday a very ur of in with its own two or three before while stiu sat on bench a person who had been cheated ont of a debt in con by the of the supreme of that state that made on were not binding undertook to profit by his experience of law and gospel bt setting up the same defence in to a note he himself had on sunday likely with the intention at the time of of thereby escaping payment the lawyer who set up is defence afterwards himself a judge and subsequently of the state mass r seemed rather ashamed ef it himself by the express instructions of his on us experience in and the court apparently without any argument that oe same defence had been raised and in another disposed of tiie matter by deciding against objection this decision was expressly approved m a sub case pick and so in until very recently the law was supposed to stand there is in ct no little need m as well as in aristocratic or for learned judicious and liberal courts gradually to make those in the law which requires if english has been gradually changed firom a system of barbarous into a code which on the whole will stand comparison with any that ever existed that change is far more due to the courts than to the in spite of the ignorance the in many cases in spite ot the obstinate prejudices and opposition of the the english courts have gradually into the dry narrow body of tiie saxon law those comprehensive principles of first clearly by the roman to us in j s code and along with them tiie of modem commercial europe not less admirable their justice and good sense which constitute the mass of our law to accomplish beneficent purposes like these and at the same time to the of the will at defiance tne courts have often been sunday obliged to resort to pretty sharp indeed to lay down a system of rules for interpretation liable in certain respects to the charge of and sometimes sadly abused but generally made use of for the defence of right and justice against the brute force of absurd or ignorant craft indeed in the order of nature the weapon of the shrewd and weak against the tyranny of the ignorant and strong but our courts if they have often been as subtle as have also for the most part to their honor be it said been as harmless as there was and is in the case of the sunday laws now under consideration the more justification for the employment of a legal craft just as much a right and constitutional authority on the part of the courts as that of is on the part of the because our are actually afraid to do that in the matter to which their own sense of propriety their own private inclination and the nation in fact of the great mass of the public would rally lead them which party happens to be in power it does not choose by proposing the of these laws and of a like character to give to its the opportunity to open against it the of religious prejudice and the fear of party leaders to draw down upon themselves the furious of a small band of actually keeps on our books a very considerable number of laws unhappy of times past which if now attempted to be for the first time could not get one voice in ten in their favor a court which supplies the timidity of the by such laws does in reality but carry out the will of the people it is indeed this carrying out of the popular will this into the law the enlightened public sentiment of the day which forms the true justification of that which some have under the name of but which notwithstanding belongs to the best we have had and making as it does a part of our legal and constitutional system is just as legal and constitutional as any other timidity however is not exclusively the fault of judges notwithstanding the life term for which they hold their offices are apt to be affected by it a man of great and surpassing genius a for will sometimes march boldly ahead and draw the public after him but it is very seldom that a sits upon the bench and c when he does the common place judges that come after often employ themselves in a part of his work by and as far as they dare his it has often been vehemently charged against chief justice the greatest legal genius that ever adorned the new england bench that his law was and by his liberal the for	37
old doctrines can never forgive him for having the right of our churches to change their religious opinions without thereby to the use of an their name their property their organization and their rights a different decision was made in new and by lord also whose strong disposition in favor of especially if it be a of one has been of late so fully developed but the substantial injustice of my lord s decision though the by it were the most in the kingdom to wit the was so fully apparent that the mischief of it was speedily by a special act of parliament we may be mistaken but two recent of our su court french the one in the other in not yet reported but to be found in the monthly law for october and january look to us very much like a attempt to the three headed of these two at least for the present the doctrine above referred to laid down by and supported by the supreme court of his time that a contract made on sunday is just as binding as that made on any other day it was held in the first of these cases the second in older of trial that a bond executed on sunday there being to show that its execution on that day was a work of necessity or charity was void and in the second that no action would be sustained on a of a horse sold on sunday the sale on that day being by and not a bargain for the of which the courts would interfere a decision of which doubtless horse will themselves to make their trades on sunday the which has been made the occasion of these upon our law any person from keeping open his shop or or doing any manner of labor or work except only works of i p sad or present at any er any public show or or taking part in any sport game or play on the lord s day under a penalty of ten dollars the of the court is a bond or mi ng a contract falls under the of labor or work and is therefore and that to a well of the law all contrary to morality or made in the face of express are ip void and of course not to be enforced in the application of this principle to made on sundays the court is sustained not only by the practice of s fox ts but by of the courts in se end other states in new a doctrine is held but the new york is different from that of in its referring only to labor and exposing goods for r adam new new miles smith and and fox mn a go and the same is the case with the like doctrine is also by several recent en though prior to the of the english in ii s time it had been held during the reign of elizabeth that made on sunday were by the common law good and had the court been really desirous of the former doctrine on the subject had they been totally by tiie tempting opportunity of exhibiting in the of fellow their and it would not seem to have required any great stretch of legal to have sustained in doing so first they had two of our now supreme court and one in new quite equal here in in weight of authority to new and they are by similar on the part of some recent english judges as to the argument it might have been said that this was a a in of the natural liberty of mankind very close on the constitutional provisions in favor of religious liberty and therefore not to be stretched beyond the very letter the intention of tiie very likely was to pro on praying ud indeed as this may be ok on oar book even to the very days of the blue laws probably enough of the original of it might have the wires and children above referred to as included under the head of sport game or lay it is even quite likely that stem old and hard old would have pronounced the sunday services some of our churches of to day in which a hired of perhaps theatrical singers is followed b a studied and elaborate specimen of as little better than a public diversion show or entertainment and therefore aa within the of this law but in such a as it is quite sufficient to follow the letter that letter has imposed no penalty on or made on the lord s day it is the physical labor the weighing or measuring of the goods the writing or of the contract which the law not the mere mental consent in which the essence of the contract consists thus for example our law a marriage without the of and a penalty on the person it but tlie marriage is good and nevertheless in case of as in that of the marriage the argument based on the of the opposite decision is very strong we know it has been said to be a of the courts and has even been by some great ought to be made not merely with a view to right and justice but also with an eye to the benefit of the profession hence the courts have been apt to insist in matters of for instance on certain and which render it for such documents to be safely made the assistance of some gentleman learned in law it might have been argued that the manifold doubts and and the of to grow out of the contrary doctrine was a sufficient reason for the position hitherto maintained m tliis as to the of sunday borne fruits of those doubts we have already begun to reap thus we have recently seen a remarkable attempt to upset a will in which the	37
may have been much beyond his but he may much benefit from their success the various improvements in the thorough and complete the choice and application of the of crops and the various modes of land may serve as guides for operations on a much smaller scale the british islands in round numbers about square miles or about acres england and wales or south britain nearly one half of this territory and scotland and ireland each not far from one fourth great britain being nearly three times as large as the neighbouring isle the territory of the two islands is somewhat larger than the new england states with new york and new or about fifteen times larger that the state of according to the most accurate calculations the population of england and wales in the year amounted to about that is from the roman conquest of britain during a term of more than sixteen centuries of what calls and the number of inhabitants had only grown to a little more than five millions half a century later in the year it had increased by the same to or about in fifty years during the next fifty years or up to the year the population according to the had risen to or an increase of considerable more than three millions at the last in england and wales contained inhabitants or an increase in forty years of nearly ten millions more than in and three times the number at the period when the english under king william were able to check the ambitious projects of louis and also when a few years later the duke of was in the full career of his over france thus the increase of population in england and wales in fifty years from to was nearly per cent in fifty years from to nearly per cent in forty years from to or which is nearly the same from to nearly per cent by the next in it will probably be found that the population of england and wales has doubled or nearly the last fifty years ao m the of kept pace with the progress of population but comes near the same there been as is well known a large of foreign grain into the british islands daring the two or three years thou small compared the whole we it will be found that for no five years m succession even including the late years of famine the average import of foreign grain been equal to one tenth or at most one eighth of the home production it is supposed on good authority that the total of all kinds of grain is three times greater now than it was eighty or ninety years ago england in to encourage her gave a on the of five shillings a quarter for wheat and half that sum for for about seventy years from after the had time to operate to england besides feeding her own population ally to countries on an average five hun thousand quarters of wheat and other grain it is remarkable that firom to the average price of wheat was upwards of fifty four shillings a quarter and that for the latter period of seventy years ending in the average price was but thirty six or two thirds of the former price it may be said tiiat the have ceased to grain they have become for twenty five years up to the average import was about quarters but if we include the next ten years to the annual average import was about quarters of all kinds of grain at present mr says a more brilliant example than has ever before been witnessed of the application of mind to the practice of and the philosophy df it are matters of universal interest men of all ranks ana conditions are laboring in the great cause agricultural improvement is one of t most able occupations with the english and gentry and the abundant wealth of the great them to make experiments and plans of improving and land on a much larger than would be thought of elsewhere in the steady and increasing demand for agricultural pro at a price the farmer of england has the advantage over other countries a greater portion of mr m e people are engaged in other pursuits so that not more than one fourth of the english people belong to the class mr one fifth bat we think this too low an estimate it may be said that one fourth of the population of great britain we do not include ireland supply nine of the whole demand for agricultural produce in all other great nations the agricultural class a majority of the whole population in general the english farmers have the capital and skill to manage all the business connected with the farm with economy and despatch in the regular and method of a trade or is indeed as says the grand manufacture for supplying mankind with food and the materials of clothing another cause mentioned by english writers the security of property we should hope is common to us with them the abundance and low price of labor in england however it may affect the well being of the themselves undoubtedly a very great advantage to the farmers and the price of agricultural labor in england is probably not more than half as much as in the united states many of the common operations in farming as well as the great enters e rises in improving and lands might be performed at their cost with us it is very obvious that many of the improvements now going on in england would be or if attempted here there seems good reason to suppose that large farms as in england are most favorable to great and rapid improvements arthur young speaking of now one of the best cultivated m the and the farms large from to acres says great farms have been the soul of	37
a separate rent charge this may be and probably is an act of generosity and public spirit not common though it would seem to require no great exertion of these qualities to let land at an acre the duke of has made more than one thousand or garden as they are called to their extent is generally limited to one of an acre of garden at a rent of ten a year this is at fl te of x an acre or for one hundred and seventy acres or one thousand and twenty in the present a ti of english we should suppose that at any reasonable rate would be to the though the rent seems high compared with that of large farms the english have far surpassed all other nations in the breeding and management of their live stock their horses and sheep very great improvement has been made in the breed of horses for every kind of employment in which horses are used for in england the principle of the of labor has been applied to this animal horses are bred and trained for a particular department and exclusively confined to it as for sporting pleasure travelling draught or labor there is the race horse the hunter carriage horse draught horse the the saddle horse the pony for ladies and children the general hack and the farm horse such a division and the care and skill displayed in the treatment and training of this noble animal can be expected only in a society of great wealth activity and intelligence the horse is used in england for farm labor to the of oxen especially on large farms the question whether horses or oxen are or which on the whole is the most profitable for agricultural labor has been much in england and so far as the practice of the great majority can decide it is in favor of horses the use of oxen has been continually and that of horses for labor has been constantly growing into practice t it has become very general we suppose there must be some good reason his j j l an people as the english and bv who a large rent have strong motives to cultivate their land in the most economical manner mr indeed thinks the practice is founded on error but we believe that english agricultural writers are now more agreed in its favor than formerly on our small farms and england soil it might not and probably would not bo often expedient but the practice as is well known is very common south and west of new england and even here in some places as in the of the horses are much used in and other farm work in en and instead of keeping oxen for work till they are seven or eight years of age and then and sending them to market as is common here young cattle and as we should call them from two to three years old are and supply the and other with the roast beef of m england we have no space to the different of cattle in england or to dwell on the very great improvement in their size and qualities one of the best proofs is that the average age of the cattle for slaughter is only from two to three years the weight is more than double the average ninety or a hundred years ago at that period the average weight of the cattle sold at market did not exceed three hundred and seventy pounds at present the average weight is estimated at ei t hundred pounds and the number of cat he is more than twice as great as at the former period nothing relating to en sh is more remarkable than the magnitude and value of their sheep the number of sheep in england is supposed to be twenty millions or upwards the annual increase about seven and nearly this last number are for the mai the product of wool is am ut one hundred million pounds including scotland where the sheep ma be about four millions the whole number in great britain may be twenty four or five millions the annual product of wool including lamb s wool and that of sheep killed for market is at nearly or quite one hundred and twenty pounds in the united states there may be if we credit the reports of the patent office about the same number of sheep as but the product of wool can be but little if any more than half as the average weight of a here i on p not r from two pounds and a half in england sheep vary from five to nine pounds to a the average is supposed to be seven pounds and ten the of the is supposed to average from three to four pounds perhaps not more than three pounds and a half the sheep producing long wool may be in number about of the whole the breed of this most useful animal has been improved by the english to a surprising degree in market the average weight of a sheep that is of the four quarters was a few years eighty pounds mr was informed that it was now ninety a hundred years ago it was less than half this amount and in was estimated at only twenty eight pounds the two last numbers of mr what is published in a small volume continental we found peculiarly interesting this part of the work is more more and fewer the description of french which most of the small volume seems to have been written with a hearty devotion to the cause of and a pleasure in describing that of france in particular the of france is in quite a different manner firom that of england and in some respects presents a marked contrast instead of a country where the land is owned by a few	37
thousand great and occupied in large farms by tenant farmers who cultivate it by hired depends ent solely on their wages for a we find a great country and a flourishing where of the who compose a large majority of the nation cultivate their own land and the number of landed is supposed to amount to five millions mr a favorable and gratifying account of the french and their modes of cultivation and of the state of landed property in france the of every great country must be its most important interest but m france it is so to a greater extent than in england where commerce and occupy so great a portion of the national industry it is a great advantage to that regular returns of the of are made to the government so that in the late of grain and failure of the potatoes the government were enabled to provide early with a humane foresight for ti e on deficiency the and of food direction or control of the proper department was managed as to prevent actual suffering the french rulers and have been thought and we suppose with some justice to be with the of governing too much but we believe this extraordinary of authority was an benefit few things have struck me more forcibly than the difference in the agricultural population of france and that of great britain a to which i have already referred i have never seen a more healthy a better clad or a happier population than the french something may be ascribed to their naturally temperament and something to that extraordinary which every where in a remarkable degree the french people but much more to the favorable condition in which this law of distribution which renders the possession of a in the soil places them no observing american comes from the united states to europe without soon becoming convinced that economy of living is nowhere so little understood as in his own country and that for nothing are the americans more distinguished than for a reckless waste of the means of the refuse of many a family in the united states even in moderate circumstances would support in comfort a poor family in europe the inhabitants of the united states enjoy an abundance for which they cannot be too grateful but which is very little understood in europe where with a lai e portion of the population including many in the middle condition of life it is a constant struggle to live and to bring even their necessary expenditure within their means and where the constant inquiry is not what they want but what they can afford not what they will have but what they can do without one of the most remarkable features in the and social system of england is tiie small number of in a former number of this renew we have made some re marks on the law and custom of one of the most obvious causes which have contributed to produce this but there are other causes which must have had an important bearing on this subject and among these are to be the want of a of deeds real estate and the enormous expense attending the sale of land the expense of conveying a small parcel of see ns p s tf would be more l ii the value of ihe land of coarse there are few instances of a of the is the review remarked we bitterly ear system of by making the legal attending the sale and purchase of a piece of ground cost more the value of the thing which they convey and our system by denying employment to a man who is supposed to be able to exist without it have destroyed the small properties of england we believe that if we call existence the english we should add to our social stem a most valuable member we believe relics of that face the and states n are best p m great it is not to how many land owners may be now in en and at least we have seen no statements en which is to be placed it is known however tliat they are rapidly some statements that we have seen make the whole number of of land in the united kingdom less than twenty thousand but this must be r too low and probably less than one half of the actual number in the united states perhaps has more to the prosperity of the people than our system of landed property the and of conveying any real estate and the security given to land titles by a public of deeds here the expense of conveying the smallest pro in land is so trifling as to be no obstacle to the sale our system of of the public lands is probably the best ever adopted in any country and has contributed essentially to the growth of the new states from the system of we may expect more splendid results more extensive and rapid and a much greater of food and other produce beyond the wants of the agricultural for the consumption of the other the french and a le may themselves on an from one half to of the produce of farms the english agricultural class in great britain not move than from one fourth to one third the english system will produce a much greater net income from the land for the same of agricultural mt si more and spend loss by means of abundant capital an of mi cheap labor the product beyond the cost of wiu be much greater and of there be ar greater or profit fi r somebody or other that the land the large and of whether hj or in general there be larger amount or either to be as capital in foreign or or to be expended in building costly and forming and or in promotion of science and lie	37
elegant arts or to be at or aft paris borne or the clergy will hate their from tiie land but after a oe for we will be a much greater to be or than in case of of equal the system we speak of uie free states where the land is chiefly cultivated by the owners in small to ke population more ease security and independence and m die long run may be better for the whole nation as well as for the agricultural class on this system a pr portion of the of is consumed by those who perform its labors and of course a much smaller proportion is left for the rest of the community the american or the population concerned in constitute the great bulk of the nation and not only for the wants of our community bat a large for tion but they produce less in proportion to their and a much larger proportion of the must be em in this way to food and other agricultural produce for the whole the great objection to the english system id condition of the it is natural to wish that those who perform the work should have a larger share of the product and that m such a rich and flourishing those who endure the toil should get something more than a bare we suppose this to be a necessary part of the english social system and tiiat all possible of society cannot be in any form the of the social b mr m of england are many and great appear to ns to be at the expense of a large portion of the laboring classes in we think mr s work a valuable acquisition to our knowledge of european few men have the talent of describing what thej seen with so much life and accuracy or of writing witb facility and the warmth of his benevolence and his sympathy with the laboring classes add much to the interest of the reader our limits permit us to give only a very imperfect idea of the extent and value of the work which we presume will be read not only by practical and but also by those who are interested in the social systems of the most enlightened states of europe thus r we had written prior to the of the lamented author whose work we have been the many to his worth that have appeared in various of our country render it unnecessary for us to dwell here on his character and the loss our community has sustained to show the estimation in which he was held abroad in the country where he resided so long as to be well known and appreciated we give the following extract of a letter to a j in this city from a friend of mr s eminent in political life and distinguished for his improvements in mt dear sir i am sure you will have heard with the deepest regret of poor s death here we all lament it as we should that of our habitual and oldest friend so entirely was he regarded in our respective family circles as one of our selves i never knew any foreigner so identified with us and our habits and so entirely adopted by the country and yet there was no lack of independence of thought and and preference of most things both in civil and life in his own country he was so candid and true and honest and so fond of these qualities in others and with great talents there was so charming a simplicity of character about him that he won on every body he approached there is no exaggeration in his printed letters in which he so speaks of the innumerable he received from persons in every pi rt of england to visit them all who bad once received wished a tion of the pleasure and the report caused him to be by others all these qualities with his passion for our gave him the key of every house among au he really is a very great loss his among iu of did great good i have read bis letters with interest there is in them a great deal that is admirable in feeling and in style are read here and will have a permanent place in the of all who knew him and of who did not we hardly know where to look for his superior in active benevolence or in a fervent and piety in a zeal to promote the well being of all his fellow men without party or and especially for the moral and advancement of any portion of the human race within the sphere of his influence vi the financial condition op russia to speak of the financial condition of russia finds a task before him in a country where all that relates to the of government is made public only far as it serves the policy of the imperial cabinet where the themselves for various reasons cannot confidence in official statements where besides the truth is continually and sacrificed to and splendid appearances there it must always be difficult in general to speak with but in russia a veil of lies and deceit has been and diligently drawn over all that relates to the how then can a private man arrive at certain results be assured we have lost no opportunity of obtaining infer we have been able to some to the department of but the results of all the numerous communications still amount only to views opinions and conjectures at the most only to the most general glimpses into the russia owes large sums to england and makes statements of her financial condition from time to time but there is a very strong suspicion that these statements are it is highly probable that nobody but the minister of in whose hands all the several threads of this wide extended	37
system are united could if he were so inclined give more accurate information than we have now to offer but it is probable that no statement from m be fer on ef the great of all in must creep into that the is a sketch of the connected the of in all the chief places of tiie empire there are of provided a and several who collect the tax od brandy ardent spirits of all kinds and salt as weu as other taxes and have authority in all that relates to al matters and of police it is also a part of business to receive the net of the russian government may well be called insignificant in comparison with the number of the people and the rich resources of the nation for according to pretty exact statements it only to a hundred million silver or a little more and as this sum is not wholly derived from direct or but what comes from the imperial estates and other sources so the amount collected from of inhabitants seems very small when compared with other on the average only about one is from each person while in england the amount is six times as great and m france and it is twice as large the of money from the is much better understood in the latter countries a single at of taxes shows the rude of the science of in russia at the head of all as chief of stands the tax paid for license to sell brandy this thirty ix million silver in order that this chief source of national income may continue to liberally the government no societies but on the contrary directly the vice of by allowing numerous and en which cannot be punished the same vice was carefully into the whole nation by peter tiie great by means of his the hi of all the government is not satisfied win selling at public thus seeking continually to increase the tax for to sell brandy in tiie provinces and in this way necessarily and directly to and thus men to the vice of it does not blush yet further to use this infamous as a means of from the people for it is made the duty of the to receive from the imperial and keep on as a certain of brandy at a price and under penalty of the law to sell again at the price and no higher on the other hand exile to is against brandy from a neighbouring district where it is often three times as cheap and good because the price of is there so much less the his brandy with water and then to make it appear strong enough for the and without shame he it with well known to be poisonous it has been maintained that in this way about two hundred thousand were lost every year the health of great numbers was the authorities have often been informed of all the of this system of but they have only raised the sum paid for a license and setting no limits to this of the have gladly the income thus enlarged a former minister of was himself made a partner in this increase of income by a portion of the gain and accordingly compelled to act a most unworthy part and to show himself more and more deserving his the of the state am if the emperor ever actually said to his minister it is alleged that he should rejoice in any of the income derived from the sale of brandy this is to be taken as a sentence not seriously spoken and must be looked on as belonging to the part of emperor in the political comedy a appearance is made with a phrase whidi seems virtuous and then indulgence is shown to the crime for tiie advantage of the state is a plain fact it is weu known that the tax belongs to the forms of this has been allowed to m russia as a sign of the internal weakness of the power which seems so splendid it is well known tiiat a tax on real and personal property is far more just and what is the main thing would produce more however evil conscience of the de is that the spirit which must come with a rational scheme of would be hostile to the authorities accordingly the government is not ashamed whenever it is possible to lay m on the class of the people thus making a mock at their for the poorest class know not h w to satisfy their hunger with even the most miserable food but by means of the tax the government the only drink the of ia with they can produce the vital warmth and thereby takes from them money which might purchase better food yet even they must pay a tax is not demanded from the rich f no one but a heartless actor of could ever lend his name as a cloak for conduct so terrible and abominable it sounds like scorn to call that government to describe conduct so it would be far better to call it corruption and names the salt tax appears as coarse and brutal as the tax it makes it difficult to obtain one of the most indispensable necessaries of life while not to speak of humanity and wisdom lays down this as a rule to every which belong to the necessaries of life the more this is done the more certain are the people to be content the more certainly will the national welfare advance and only rational institutions will march at its side but on the other hand every laid upon them the progress of mankind this is very obvious in russia for if it is true that obstacles in the way of a nation which has reached a high degree of development only call out increased	37

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