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efforts and therefore a yet higher degree of culture it is also true that obstacles in the way of a nation taking its first steps can only and them from progress of course the first of culture are thus kept from growing accordingly while the government which calls itself of leading tiie people in the way of their development it actually does all in its power to the first of culture is it possible for the government to the welfare of men when it only allows them to and not to develop their mind after what has been said in reference to the unworthy conduct in respect to brandy we can only be surprise at finding any vice in russia from which the state does not extract some gain we should expect to find that robbery murder lies hatred envy and the like would be nourished and this is actually the case in many instances as it will appear at least in part from the following peter i commonly called the great found a certain simplicity of manners in his people which if protected and developed would have led to the finest results it has been shown above that he promoted the vice of by his own example the highest in the of t the land he was not contented with that but opened the gates of his kingdom to another means of tobacco for a certain bribe called a sum not to cover the expenses of his for journey he gave the dutch the exclusive privilege of and tobacco throughout russia for a certain time however the desire for the use of tobacco increased this is partly to be attributed to the natural dispose tion of the russian who at first had not wished to overcome the disagreeable taste of the article in order to obtain for it is well known that when a man has first become acquainted with any kind of enjoyment that a little difficulty in the way of obtaining it is to be regarded as an and means of and we have every reason to suppose that the present of tobacco was for this purpose for the late minister of m did not hesitate to express his admiration at the unsatisfactory result in the of duties which furnish a large part of die national the russian government appears not much wicked as short sighted and minded instead of duties merely for the emperor aims bv his duties to call forth and protect the industry of the land the result appears obvious in the unnatural which in general do only hurt hands which were insufficient f mr the culture of the soil were yet in large numbers by means of this duty attracted to which at the same time found no suitable field in russia for they naturally come as the result of a previous cultivation of the soil it is main that by this tendency to the of the slaves has been hastened there is some in this but it is of a formidable nature for if any one is with our present system of he not desire to promote by on non a yet more abominable load why the slaves yet more in soul and body in order to induce him to break his chains is not this to adopt the thrown out by tim frivolous that if you wish to lead men to freedom the more you on and abuse them the better in our present system of man for the most part is degraded into a mere part of a machine and thereby more or less robbed of his health all accounts of the condition of the population in europe agree in this no ix the na that men therein from one generation to another but the emperor does not wish to lead his people to freedom for that would become more and more so he ages them to turn away from that by a system of and by the of duties a profit from it we are of the opinion that the tax on and houses or that on houses of ill fame could hardly be more shameful for a government in order to freedom without it and accordingly without it must by all means take care of the business but when republican impose and duties for the sake of getting a from a which men then in common with they become in a wrong and themselves thereby though in a less degree for they do not bring men into such a state of as them from a just use and development of their powers every government which to reason and only do this must regard freedom as the basis of industry and trade and keep its eye steadily on thai but without being stiff in carrying it out for practically in human extreme measures never appear for example in a nation not much developed if domestic industry and trade are to prosper or duties must be in support of domestic labor and therefore against that of other and more advanced nations however these must never become so high as to be out of to the pay of labor as are in russia where duties are which are many hundred per cent above the of the raw material and the labor expended upon it the following are some of the results of such a perverse undertaking when the system of is thoroughly carried out the most will be made en the natural course ot the nation s development individual charmed by the prospect of making money will draw off a part of the people from their former business and an injury will be done to that thus several branches of industry for which russia was formerly celebrated have fallen lo ruin or gone to only one example need be named manufacture of leather which is now r	37
from its former other evils follow at a later period the duties must at length foil for unnatural can long continue and then competition brings down the price of the f he articles and the withdraw from the business then comes the difficult question what is to become of the recently engaged in these branches of industry and who from want of practice are wholly or partially unfit for other kinds of work the single richer than before but he leaves behind to the care of die state a host of men made poorer than before the single man now becomes rich ceases to manufacture and so becomes a mere in the state he his money either directly in a foreign land or else indirectly by the use of articles of luxury purchased from abroad the blood of the state no longer down to the lowest members of society preserving life and health it stops in certain places and flows then comes and then death of the body or there follows a violent a revolution this opinion is confirmed by a glance at the districts of europe one chief cause of the violent now among the people is to be found in the complicated relations of and other kinds of labor another natural consequence of excessive duties is the oppressive of articles of consumption this the natural course of trade and must have an injurious on the sale of articles produced in the several countries nothing is more natural than this that a country must cease to buy the productions of foreign states if its own productions are not purchased in return other nations would be much more able to pay for the productions of russia if she did not close her against them by excessive duties by thb the russian a loss first from the small prices of his own productions and second from the of foreign articles finally though it seems almost superfluous to do so we will mention the influence of excessive duties they lead to this ought to a government not lost to all sense of shame from imposing duties induced by hope of not only all the commercial part of russia almost without exception are suspected f but almost every man in public in the support of it and the authorities themselves live in a great measure on their it requires the iron t to support long system thoroughly base the financial of ia in general little need be said the high stamp tax and tax the chief to be desired is to this in some cases where it now traffic and presses heavily on the lowest classes of the population bat the application and execution of it must be declared too rough and reckless the so called banks for and for commerce are among the worst means for improving the of the russian government the owners of real estate in their pecuniary resort to the first and borrow money on interest their land for security the commercial banks notes for a commission deal in exchange and loan money on of this miserable only brings in about two millions of a year but it helps ruin a host of persons and would disgrace any honorable government but here many worse are done to enable the government to keep up a respectable appearance it is pretty openly said that the emperor these banks chiefly to bring down the wealth of his and thereby get them wholly his hands for he regards money as one of the chief instruments of power the following is completely in accordance with that design the emperor uses all possible means to draw the rich to his court where they are led into luxuries of all sorts and if not brought to pecuniary ruin they are kept from increasing their wealth his anxiety in this matter goes so far that matrimonial engagements are made by the emperor and and the wealth of an is brought into the hands of a who lives at the court or a rich man some poor maiden of the court who knows how to spend his money no one has any thorough and account of the exact of the of russia but from time to time public statements are made from which we learn that the state has been continually on the increase ever since the oriental failed the english continually lend her money and this is the explanation of the fact the english know by their own experience how much a state may be with debt without any sudden national and do not think a revolution is possible in russia whidi would ru n her in the state debt amounted to about silver in it was more than it is that the precious in the fortress of peter and paul the financial condition of in amounted to while the paper money issued by the bank of it is pretended amounted only to or but this must be higher well informed men mountain with confidence that the money in the state treasury is much too high and add there may be paper there indeed but no money it is true that at the yearly of the treasury some merchants are invited to attend and they say yes they did open one or two bags but we do not know what was in the rest and thus show what sort of comedy has been performed before them men laugh when allusion is made to the immense productions of the mines of for it is well known how carefully they are managed and how insignificant is the return compared with the cost of working them however if we could believe there were in cash in the treasury there are still some striking facts which force us to think very lightly of the wealth of the state in when russia so sent the precious to support abroad all the silver and gold was withdrawn from circulation throughout	37
the land this shows how poor the population is every well informed knows also the national russia notwithstanding her valuable natural resources we have much more accounts of the expenses of the state than of its income for less secrecy is in the former than in the latter case we may safely say of the general condition of the that since the great from and turkey ceased there has been a great and continual increase of the national debt we should say of a private man under such circumstances that he stood on the verge of the annual expenses of russia amount to for the land forces for the of the interior for miscellaneous expenses attending the collection of the c for the of for the fleet for the private chest of the emperor for the expenses of the imperial for the mines and finally for the so called of public education which here is a subject of merriment these facts explain the continual increase of the national debt from the financial condition of the people it is plain that russia must borrow money not at home but abroad but as the condition ru ia die foreign money in the most recent times would not accommodate russia as before so in there would have been a sad financial crisis in the state if the price of grain had not been so high in and russia had not accidentally been able to send abroad large quantities of the millions which lent to louis in the last part of his reign and with which he hoped to prevent the tion he feared but which came at length from the necessity of the case these millions only gave france more time to pay for the com she had received russia lent france money that she might buy bread of russia the money came back to russia in payment for the com and the emperor knew how in the and most brutal way to draw the gold and silver money from the hands of his subjects and put it into his own again in several provinces the government bought np paper money in great quantities so that there was an to in the stocks every man who had coin on hand sought to exchange it for paper money partly to escape the loss occasioned by the fall of the price of gold partly to gain by the increased value of paper money by and by it was not necessary for the crown to buy up paper money for the public had fallen into the trap and soon the millions which had come from abroad in hard money to pay for the corn were brought back to the of the state in this manner a forced circulation was given to the paper money which had been issued without and it was saved from all except what arose from while russia plainly showed how foolishly the people act when they even in their internal traffic use as if they were money for the knew how to save them from the loss occasioned by such a use and from the manifold of such a when attempts were made in europe to put down the efforts for freedom the russian emperor concealed the weakness of his very simply but by a process if possible yet more he forced for the magazines fixed the price of articles taken according to his own discretion paid a part of that in paper money gave a bond for another part and set off the balance to the account of future taxes not yet this action was in accordance with the private of l c est he did not see that in spite of its convenience it must soon lead to the ruin of the ac or for deeds of this character have been done so long he th of los from history only what be wishes to learn and pride and whisper to the in the ear not this man and the other did so and so and came to a bad end but if they had bad our cunning and our power even in their case the end had been other and better spite of the example of america men in power will not believe that the people any where will at last enjoy freedom and sa they think they can put down the efforts and continually made for this end because they have succeeded hitherto as if the of the soldier which is ih only reason why he himself as the blind tool of the would never fall from his eyes these men their ears to all demands of liberty for the people knowing that every recognition of a right must be followed by the of individual man in short the best of them have faith in what they wish but he understanding of those men can never attain the wisdom which is higher than their faith but trust only to cunning certainly there are some men in power whose eyes have been quickened by the fear which an evil conscience has awakened but for the most part they are frivolous or selfish to to the saying the ships will hold to as long as we are at the and after us let the flood come coming generations may see how wise they were the of russia cannot improve without the blessings of freedom the nation may go on in this rude violent way till the one pressure causes the counter pressure which throws every thing into and produces a national or a change of or some other change it seemed almost probable that the attempts to support against the would bring about this crisis in the war the demand of mankind for freedom became very plain it showed that though the hour for a general rising of the people of europe and for putting an end to all had not	37
yet struck still it was near at hand the desire of freedom long ago bad taken root in the nations though this was not much talked of the roots were long thought dead when unexpectedly they sent up new shoots and at some more favorable opportunity will rapidly grow up to a sturdy trunk hitherto it has been for honorable and trust worthy to be established in the financial of m and till this is done all attempts to improve the state of are as they always have been when the emperor is to receive a the have been so bj their that thej will try to steal it before or after it comes into his hands and will be cunning at least to get half of it and beside that by and other improper means when it is possible wiu get also another for themselves in this manner financial schemes continually fail of producing satisfactory results but not the less do they and the people while the in their political waste and the money got with such pains throughout all the political administration of russia a certain is perceptible this appears very obvious in the financial operations every thing undertaken bears the mark of remarkable promises to last but while and commonly has a most injurious effect so a boy a flower garden and will soon lose half his plunder on his way to the brook and will throw in the other half when he gets there the garden is robbed and trampled down to no purpose what was designed to bear fruit and furnish seed for other fields is torn away from its native soil and scattered in spots which will bear nothing this financial system is a very natural result of the character of this and government the wild tree can produce only poor and coarse till mind approaches it then it must be down to give place to some nobler growth the time when attempts at improvement could be made is passed by the worm has already bored too deep the a part of it remains only to feed the fire while has already collected in the hollow of the trunk a preparation for death and for another and a new life in general the emperor is inclined to favor what is gross and especially in commonly he strongly to and will be an if he were not of a coarse nature he would abandon the political course which his cabinet has followed hitherto and pursue a more spiritual direction but in all probability he can only look at the material side of things and the clinging to dead forms is entirely natural to him he is incapable of any lofty spiritual of any comprehension of ideas and can appreciate none but mere as ministers of the mu art of the relating to ihe condition of the in talk much about the in our fathers treated the of the country the discussion will have one good effect if it awaken us to the more earnest consideration of our own duty toward the feeble and scattered remnant of those once powerful tribes the whole number of indians within the limits of the is eight hundred and forty seven of these none are allowed the many are under and many are not allowed any individual in ihe lands of the tribe they are practically children with all the confirmed bad habits in many cases of mature age we acknowledge the question of their treatment is a one chiefly if not entirely however through our own mistakes and neglect we talk long and loud about religious liberty while the state till very recently out after the most approved european modes to the poor red skins a state religion at their own expense we most brave words not to be sure at the bridge but on every th of july about the great and indispensable of jury boxes and boxes to the moral and nature of man but we keep meanwhile these eight or nine hundred persons in a perpetual and himself could not be more careful lest they get into dangerous to the or the we protest with a violence which is indignant and would be contemptuous if contempt were consistent with hearty hatred against but would smile could he see the sincere vigilance with which we guard our pupils from selfishness and the risks of individual property it must however be acknowledged that has much improved upon the example of that magnificent conspiracy justice which we call by courtesy the government of the united states our does not spend all its time in gathering up the ribbons of a race or after the spoils of a political triumph it finds or makes some time to attend to the legitimate business of government it plans for the better treatment of we will not call them all it the insane it all except indians and the colored race in boston i the h the report of this of last winter is another evidence of our interest in our duties the labor of preparing it must have been and undertaken as it was with hearty good will it has resulted in an appeal to the right feeling and good sense of the state which we cannot think will be in vain every thing needed for the basis of seems to be contained in it arranged precisely stated and bearing evidence of thorough and accurate investigation there are it seems eleven tribes within the or rather enough to the names of eleven tribes these are the gay head fall river or pond or and the whole number of indians or people of color connected with them not including the tribe is eight hundred and forty seven there are but six or eight indians of pure blood in the state all the rest are of mixed blood mostly indian and african the past policy of the state in regard to	37
these tribes may be described in a few words they have been held under ministers provided for them paid mainly from charitable funds left for such purposes their lands declared and managed by who were invested in some cases with most ill defined powers over the person and rights of their wards the conduct of the community itself may be stated still more briefly they have neglected and despised them according to the true american model of treat ing all races not blessed with a color like their own the consequences are feeble intellect degraded habits and total of character the feeling of caste that sentiment from which the word the fruitful parent of so many evils to the negro race in our land lies at the root of all the mistakes and wrongs which the indian in our community the two great elements of national progress and individual growth are education and the management of property the child is furnished at our common schools with the tools of his own fortune and in after life he finds motive to use them from both these sources of strength the african and the indian are and have been practically shut out of indian schools the well observe the great witb this school and with all the indian schools id they are isolated they are not under the tie of the committee of town form no part of our school and receive none of the impulses which example and impart to other schools remove from the schools of town in the the influences which they receive as a part of ihe system and how long would it be before they would be sunk to the level of these indian schools it is a mistake to suppose that the whole benefit of oar common school system lies in good books good teachers and having nothing to pay boys teach each other imitation companionship the the whisper behind the desk in sports teach more and go further toward the of character than class lessons or the whether foreseen or not one of the chief blessings of our common school system is that all classes are educated together by this means the poor man s child shares the sunshine of the wealthy home he is seated at the same desk with one whose home is the best school whose nursery was a museum who more from the talk of his grown up re es and his father s guests than the best books can teach by the of a generous the waters of boyish curiosity awakened faculties and keen interest soon stand level in both hearts unconsciously he measures himself with his more fortunate neighbour and the best reward of the struggle improvement if not victory besides by this arrangement those in whose hands from position and other causes is the direction of public affairs are deeply interested to provide the best methods and teachers and the selfish affection of powerful wealth to guard the best interests of the weaker class embarked in one bottom all must sink or swim together if this result of our school system was foreseen by those who founded it it is another evidence of their far sighted sagacity if it be accidental it is only another instance beside those has to show how often the best results of political are just those which no one ever of at the outset from both these benefits the colored race in boston and the indians every where are excluded and hence we say neither have ever enjoyed the aid of education in the broad new england sense of the term they are called to with and sink chilled by the shadow of a race whose advantages they are not permitted to enjoy and who starting in life under far more favorable circumstances than their poor victims use the indian the their greater ability gives them in discussing why it is that all races are naturally inferior to the saxon with regard to the other element property and its management the evidence is clear that just so far as the indian has been permitted to take charge of his own affairs just so far he has shown himself competent to it more than this the by the consciousness of responsibility has re created his intellectual and coral nature of the the tell us under the judicious and counsels of their guardian hon they are far in advance of any other tribe in the state in improvements in and indeed in the arts and even of social and domestic life twenty years ago they were a degraded people and by consequence now they are te not a case of so far as we could learn existing among them temperate comparing in this respect most with the same population in the same condition of life in any part of the state and comfortable not inferior in dress manners and intelligence to their white neighbours these favorable changes they attribute partly to the division of their lands under the act of each now holding his land in fee and not liable to be at the pleasure of the guardian as under the old law but mainly to the influence exerted over them by their guardian the result has been new to industry and economy arising from an assurance of their rewards and a love of approbation and self respect which are at once the fruits and the of progress nearly all live in good framed houses most of them comfortably furnished and many of them with their spare room handsomely and adorned with pictures and collected in the eastern and southern seas each family owns and from five to thirty or forty acres generally they are tolerably well supplied with agricultural implements and nearly all who live by have one or more yoke of oxen the stock of the tribe is as follows horse cattle swine fowls and sheep the value of	37
and they only ask to be let alone and not by ill advised to be constantly reminded of their the operation of this responsibility in and character is witnessed further in the most interesting of all the the indians this tribe have no particular to present among themselves is very rare they suffer inconvenience from the of the upon their fishing privileges for the of these however under the counsels of the and with the aid of which may result from their petition to the present adequate provision already exists the intelligent men of the tribe hope that the time may come when their political and civil may be removed for the present they suggest no material alteration of the system they feel that they have not realized fi om the act of all the benefit they expected the is rather in the mode of administration than in the system itself the misfortune is that influences have not been brought to bear upon them which should gradually prepare them for the privileges of we feel that we should neglect our duty did we not give our testimony to the wonderful improvement which has taken place at since the passage of the act of previous to that time they were indolent ignorant and it is not strange that so general a distrust was entertained at that time of their ability to manage their internal affairs but we believe it is admitted now even by those who most earnestly opposed that law that the experiment has succeeded and though the result may not be all that the most sanguine dreamed yet all circumstances considered it has been all that could be expected that act provided for the of the and degrading influences of the system protection against the of greedy and and the partial removal of civil all they need now is judicious counsel and encouragement in managing their schools in introducing farther improvements in and in their domestic arrangements and above all the opening of the way to complete civil and political with these influences fully at work we feel entirely confident that in a few years the district of may claim a place by the side of the other towns of the the indians have been nursed with preaching th bat we doubt not good men done best to work miracles fortunately the laws of nature have kept steadily on a race welcomed to none of the fruits of civilization but its vices whose self respect that indian trait has been by the general contempt with which it found itself regarded left for companionship to the refuse of society sent to instead of being sent to school proves no apt scholar of spiritual teaching and the preacher not its education for the tree has brought forth the fruit with which it was god gave man a garden before he gave him a law says old fuller we should do well to imitate the example had these feeble been up into the general mass of society they had the common warmth and growth but the white race has held them at arms length and then sought in an to tl i l i re a share of tj vl h they are entitled as the american church is now pretending to give the bible to the slave whose road to the lies through the state prison but like the holding a in his uplifted hand the man and the tree are both victims of the religious mistake put the tree in the ground and work yourself and then you shall both leave the indian to catch only the that drops from the over filled cup of new england blessings remember his soul and forget skin he will not need a separate church and you will hear all the better that he is listening also in this connection we must quote were it only to give it wider circulation and thence subject the plan to more certain defeat the account which this report gives of an attempt to divert from the proper channel the fund about left to college for the blessed work of the poor indians we notice that at a late meeting of the board of of college a distinguished member of the board pro posed that an application should be made to the supreme court or to the for leave to appropriate the income of the fund to the support of a college of divinity at cambridge we would suggest that it would be as well to include the funds of the society for the gospel among the indians it is hardly worth while to make two of a cherry true the of this society might object but that would be a trifling obstacle the clearly expressed intentions of the dead are to be disregarded why not the rights the of the living besides the end the means it would only be a very pious fraud we take the liberty also to ff that the most appropriate day for the of this purpose would be the date of the will of rev daniel giving this fund for the blessed work of the poor indians seriously we have no fear that this proposition will be adopted if public attention is directed to its nature but we feel that we are entitled in behalf of the poor indians to enter their protest in advance against it as a of the property of the indians and a of the intentions of the it is said are ungrateful we might add they have very short memories a man gives a street to one of those men who bacon says are always planning for the public it keeps his name alive till he is cold and then in the epithet of and we have heard that the of a well known school were deliberately trying to the name of their founder for a liberal but this cool assumption of indian funds	37
to help out the of christianity were too close a copy of the transfer only fills but it is time we should glance at the plan which the propose for le sanction during the time which has elapsed since we visited the indians and became familiar with their conditions and wants we have given to the solution of this problem our constant and earnest study and the result has been the following basis of an ad for the improvement of the indians and people of color on the indian lands within this l t a of all laws relating to the indians with a of those relating to the district of and the fond plantation at least in relation to a separate and the of a uniform system to apply to all the tribes in the state in the spirit of modem nd the of all except those at and pond and s in the general community giving to the of the towns to which they are the management of the funds belonging to them and of the sums appropriated by the state for their support not as but as the wards of the state the of their lands being secured except when it is voluntarily surrendered by the assumption of the as provided in the next section grant to any one who wishes it the privileges of citizen ko ix the ma a u ship the to ion when any one the of the privilege of to be allowed to those accepting it and paying a tax whether the towns tax real r personal property or not and when the towns do tax the real or personal property of one thus accepting the privilege of they shall become liable for the support of the individual and his descendants as in the case of other citizens and when the privilege of is once assumed and the right of once exercised the individual from that time forth for ever shall be to all and purposes a citizen of the state and from returning to the condition of an indian th the appointment of one indian who shall direct the application of all appropriated by the state for the benefit of the indians and who shall devote his whole time if need be to their improvement especially to means for gradually preparing them for the privileges of upon the first point we think there can hardly be a difference of opinion nd the of the smaller in the general community we entertain not the slightest doubt that this with the afterwards indicated is desirable and the fall river and are few in number and as the to remain on their lands are small they are more and more scattering every year never to return they have but little land or property of any kind have no separate schools or preaching and receive no money for these purposes either from the state or benevolent societies they will soon lose their individuality as other tribes have done the lands of the and tribes are already all sold the will undoubtedly before long be called upon to provide for the sale of the lands of other small tribes the course we recommend we believe to be in accordance with sound state policy and with a humane regard for the welfare of the indians there are connected with the matter of gradually extending to the indians the privileges of but none we are convinced which may not be overcome by an earnest and intelligent effort to accomplish so desirable a result we need not repeat our conviction that the only way to provide for the permanent improvement of the indian is to show him the path of escape from political and civil and we believe that the plan we recommend with the suggested and others which will occur to those whose duty it be to arrange the details of the law while it no either upon the indian or the town which they do not voluntarily assume opens to the indian a certain prospect of civil political and social elevation tie j whether the other be adopted or not we regard the appointment of a single instead of the and the of as indispensable to the improvement of the indians thej have been so long under as to be as a whole incapable at present of still there is enough of the indian impatience of restraint to make them dislike the idea of thej need counsel advice encouragement almost universally they are and accessible to kind influences a sing intelligent and prudent acting upon and means of permanent improvement with to apply the funds appropriated by the state for their benefit would contribute more than any other we can conceive to their permanent welfare and to prepare them for the privileges of the influence of the guardian must be purely parental the smallest element of or control in any system designed for their improvement will defeat all its aims they have too good reason to be jealous of the white man to be ready to in any measures which are not to their own comprehension benevolent in their motives and tendencies the whole success of any system of measures the only hope of any permanent improvement will depend upon the character of the the amount now paid for the of the of and pond and the several is this is somewhat less than the average for the last six years a small addition to this amount would secure the services of a competent person as for the whole state the advantages arising from the of the with the facts necessary to be known to the of the would alone equal the amount of his salary we earnestly recommend this matter to the favorable consideration of the while therefore the should not impose upon them any change which they do not voluntarily adopt they owe it to the advantages of their position to recommend such	37
measures as they think would to their improvement and to tender to them every facility for a trial of those measures and depression have almost become the normal condition of the poor indians they cannot appreciate the almost power of a cordial recognition and a practical application of the principle of liberty equality and at whose touch nations have during the past year been literally bom in a day we boast of the successful solution of the problem of self but we from its operation nearly a thousand of our it is not enough to assert until the indian has been brought within the reach at least if not under the full influence of complete civil and political the that it will not exert the lame him as upon the saxon no man can what would hare heen the present of the indians but for these it will not do to that the indian is incapable of improvement the experiment has never been fairly tried efforts have been made to and them and we are gravely told that because they always have failed therefore they always must fail but it seems to have been forgotten that the effect of these efforts has always been controlled by the crushing influence of civil and and as a necessary result of these of social it is as says in relation to the of the african race for improvement himself an eloquent of the of the sixteen millions of grind to the very dust three millions of take your heels off our necks and see if we do not rise we have treated the indians as wards slaves we have taken the management of their property and have allowed it to be and lost we claim the right to dispose of their persons giving their the power to bind them out as and to appropriate the proceeds of their labor at their own almost discretion that this power has not been is owing to the character of the and to a stale of public opinion which unfortunately has not yet itself into the laws can we hesitate as to the duty of the to those whom chief justice terms unfortunate children of the public no words of ours can add anything to these and comprehensive statements of the every humane man is their for the patience with which they have this subject and none can be offended with a zeal which keeps so singularly within the bounds of moderation after months spent in the consideration of so touching and painful a picture there is a prudent wisdom and there is also a wisdom which does not remind us of prudence says a thoughtful writer if the calculating of the state house must still scorn the latter we do not see how it refuse to place the plan of the among the best fruits of the former while the humanity of the state up the blind the dumb the idiot and the while strong friends compel attention to the slave let us see for once the mercy of the majority toward those whose only plea is their their and their wrongs the first word from indian lips that our annals have the indians preserved is welcome let us so govern that the last farewell of the out of the race may be thanks whatever men may say of our conduct toward them when their fortune was at high noon let history have it to record that their sun went down in peace our institutions have not proved themselves very wonderful if they only give new vigor to a race that was already under the best culture of the old world the ripe fruit of english and life let them be shown capable of the african from the long degradation of centuries of returning the welcome which the red man gave us to his new world by lifting him to the level of our own civilization and him with the treasures of the past and the capacity to use and enjoy them there is one moral to be drawn from this experiment of indian life in the midst of us which throws light on the solution of a question esteemed so dark and difficult that every the least ray from any quarter should be welcome how shall slavery be dealt with the indian few in numbers separated by an insolent barrier of caste from the dominant race isolated at school and church put under that he might in time be fitted to spend his own money and vote for his neighbors is found after the lapse of a century and the trial of three generations where in such plight that and the best state craft is dumb and confounded we commend the picture to the careful consideration of those who propose for the slave a gradual a preparation in the mill of white mercy for the care of himself a holding in leading strings till he too is ready for the box no but till three generations wasted in the experiment our great shall weep over his wretchedness and curse the short sighted and cruel of their fathers in the great law that right is always ot we hope the considerable experiment of her indian tribes will be enough to induce her to hold on to the principle she has so often of immediate having learnt from the sacrifice of her thousand sons at least this lesson that to be free is the only discipline which can fit man for freedom and that patience under the temporary evils of the first years of such are the inevitable the son must make for the sin of his fathers mr vm the administration of the late mr thb of mr took place at an important period in the of the nation it is connected with some of the most remarkable events which have happened in america since the of the constitution	37
events which will deeply and long affect the welfare of the people the time has not yet come when the public or any person can fully the causes then put or kept in action but the was so remarkable the events connected with it so new in our history and so important that it seems to us worth while to pause a moment and study this chapter in american politics with such light as we now possess it becomes the more important to do this just as a new is about to while the government is connected with a new president not very well tried in political in judging the contemporary events of our country it would be ridiculous in us to pretend to the same coolness and which it is easy to have in studying the politics of times a thousand years gone by still we think we have no against mr or his administration or in favor thereof certainly we do not look through the eyes of a or a or a free but are ready to praise or blame an idea a measure or an act on its own account without asking what political family it belongs to the materials for the of this administration are abundant and accessible we make no to a knowledge of the secrets of either party they would be of small value if known the volumes of private and confidential letters of some new york of which so much talk was made a few years ago much matter for gossip some even for scandal little for history and for political philosophy nothing at all we neither seek nor welcome information from such quarters in politics as in all science the common and obvious facts are of the greatest value with the secret history of the of the or the cabinet we have nothing to do only their public acts our information will be drawn chiefly from public documents we have nothing to say of the personal character and private motives of the actors m the political drama mr are as honest as the majority of men would be ex posed to the same temptations under tiie same circumstances the of other men are done on a small scale or in an obscure way while the private character of a becomes public his deeds appear before the sun if the transactions of state street and wall street were public as the act of men would not more highly perhaps of honor than now of political a acquaintance with political doings shows a on that while each party is or blindly led forward by its idea and so helps or the progress of mankind under similar circumstances the one has about as much patriotism and political honesty as the other in point of deeds the party that has been long in power is certainly more corrupt than the opposite party who are limited by their position to and intentions so the apples which have long been exposed for sale in a s basket get bruised with the s attempts to show only their sides and with frequent handling by the public and begin to rot sooner than other apples from the same branch but kept out of sight in the barrel which otherwise resemble them as much as one apple is like another the party that is full and the party that is hungry seldom differ much in their political honesty in the administration of men hke and men of decided thoughts or decided deeds the personal character and opinions of the president are important elements to be considered but mr was remarkable neither for thought nor action he had no virtues or vices to distinguish him from the common run of who swim with the party tide up or down in or out as it may be his character seems to have had no weight in the public scale and does not appear to have ven the balance a cast to either side he might follow a multitude in front or rear he could not lead ood never gave him the precious gift of leading for his office no qualities marked him more than a thousand other men in the land like mr and mr he was indebted for the to the accident of an accident so the ood was selected from other for some qualities known only to the priests though to eyes he was nothing but a common distinguished by no mark and soon as selected he became a ood and had the homage of his the of the might be one not fit to be made but when mr ii made it always had the confirmation and no was ever found too brute to receive worship it was said in that it was not of much consequence who was president if he were only a it did not require much ability to fill the office much acquaintance with the philosophy of politics nor even much knowledge of the facts of politics nay not any eminence of character mr was not the first or the last attempt to this by experiment his private life was by no unusual and set off by no remarkable beauty he kept the ten very much as other men was sober temperate modest in his what seems rather unusual for a president he did not swear on his death bed he professed faith in the lord christ alone for salvation on the great doctrine of and received the of thus he secured a good name in the churches not yet accorded to and washington him by the ordinary standard about him the true way to judge such a man he has been set down as an man using his opportunities with common fidelity some official acts of his were purely official his friends since his death claim but little for him are not supposed to limit themselves to telling the truth or to extend themselves	37
only a small part of lay south of tiie line all the new territory therefore could make only two slave states and in was admitted into the union territory alone remained to be made into slave states thus the extension of the slave power was at an end while vast regions were left into which the stream of northern enterprise itself the north rapidly increased in numbers in wealth and in the political power which wealth and numbers give the rapid rise of new states was to the south a fearful proof of this the north has always been particularly eminent in the higher modes of industry work that the intelligent head the south has always been deficient ia industry especially in the higher modes of industry the north has an abundance of skilled labor the south chiefly brute labor this condition of the south is almost wholly to be ascribed to the institution of slavery though perhaps something must be allowed for the climate and some thing for the inferior character and motives of the original who settled that part of the country but while the north is the south is political as the north sends its men to trade so the south to politics the race for public welfare and political power was to be run by those two not without dust and heat after the revolution the opposite characteristics of the north and south appeared more than before the north increased rapidly in numbers and the south the revolution itself showed the comparative military power of the southern chivalry and the hardy industry of the north let ns compare a slave state and a free one of about equal population in south contained persons supposing the during the war only two thirds as great as in then south contained and persons i the nine years of the war south sent soldiers to the army and in contained mr after the of the the north with still greater rapidity and began to show a to the this is the result of the industry of the north but in part the of our laws which gave american a great national privilege most of the ships belonged as they still do to the north they were the of her industry did the constitution slavery to the it protected the of the north the south got a political advantage and the north a commercial privilege whose value in dollars has been greater than that of all the slaves in the united states in all about money the north carries it over the south in all for immediate political power the south over the north some thirty years later the nation changed its policy it had taken pains to encourage commerce and had a now it took to trade and established a so the north engaged in to a greater degree than before the south could not do this the slaves were too ignorant and must remain so as long as they are slaves otherwise they could not be kept together in the large masses which purposes require the were too indolent and too proud the south continued to increase constantly in numbers and in wealth but compared with the north she did not increase in america political power is the of wealth and numbers it soon became plain that the political centre of gravity was travelling continually and with such swiftness that the south before long would lose the of the government which she had long enjoyed by reason of her political character and which the north cared little for so long as money could be made without it the prosperity of the north rests on an basis that of the south on a political basis so the south must contrive to the north how t not by industry which wealth and indirectly souls daring the to the above si while the six slave states with their free population of bat soldiers for the continental army and alone sent soldiers to the continental army and shoulder to shoulder and south went through the revolution and felt the great arm of washington lean on them both for support er to tu of th touching tht matter of mr men but by politics the north works after its kind and is satisfied with the possession of commerce and the south after its kind in slavery and thinks to the laws of nature by a little in politics behold the results to balance the the south must have new slave states to give her power in the government new territory must be got to make them of lay there conveniently near it had once been a part of as far west as the in james long went from in to in and on the d of june declared the independence of the republic of about two years later mr and his colony went thither from carrying their slaves with them in another took place under w and another declaration of independence followed at that time the american government did not interfere nor much the territory was a convenient neighbour and not a dangerous one could thither with their slaves but in the forbid the introduction of slaves and declared all free soon as they were bom refused to surrender up fugitive slaves in and were united into one state with a constitution which allowed no new slaves bom or brought thither and in ail her slaves soon as made advances toward the american began to f in under the administration of mr an attempt was made to purchase were offered in mr desired the um his reasons are instructive we have now a non empire in with the south west and five or six new states may be added to the union tes nine states as large as a newspaper desired it because it would have a favorable influence on the future of the south by increasing the speech of hon in	37
the of representatives ih p t this has been treated by in his of the causes and of the war boston s mo we are indebted to it for several facts mr porter in his review of the war c c n t ma j takes a different bat writes an and book mr of the states in the united states in in a judge said the of would the price of slaves and be of great advantage to the of that state in sir in the virginia le thought it would raise the price of slaves fifty cent at least to the public appetite for in the cry was raised that england wanted british merchants had offered to loan if she would place under british protection this trick was frequently resorted to but now it is plain to the public that the apprehension was the same year the first of gen s administration our minister offered for the offer was rejected he then offered a loan of taking as security that also was rejected he tried also but in to obtain a treaty for the surrender of fugitive slaves f in considerable talk was made about the the state of had made large of land to various persons some of which had been bought up by americans so in addition to the general desire of the the owners of lands had a special motive to them companies were formed in the united states there were the bay and the and company the company these had their at new york then there was the union land company and the land company and others whose names we remember not in and attempts were publicly made to excite the people of to revolt in for in were publicly as to their of the same year samuel got np his expedition to from in was obliged to withdraw her troops from to suppress in other quarters continually went with their slaves from the united states in s organized herself as a separate state refused her assent and sent troops were as mr says the standard of rebellion was agents traversed the united states addressing public meetings troops and military supplies to the page t documents no also no s mr province on the d of march the issued their declaration of independence and fifteen after adopted a establishing perpetual slavery of the fifty seven to this declaration fifty were from the slave states and only three by birth the constitution the of slaves except from the united but every negro in or who might come there was declared a slave i during the war between and the american government took little or no pains to prevent our citizens from the vessels were openly fitted out in our ha hours and sent to war on a friendly power yet the secretary of had the to say the president general took all the measures in his power to prevent it mr van in his letter to mr says the same thing yet he allowed the general of the army publicly to for for that army in the state of north and to soldiers the minister protested it was all in vain the president sent general with an army to lie on the frontier ready to further the designs of our citizens against he was ordered to advance as far as if needful and mr told the minister our troops might if necessary be sent into the heart of our government tried to force into a war with us american troops were on the soil of her minister complained and requested that they might be withdrawn the answer is no two days r th the demands his and goes home f was too feeble to fight neither our of a treaty nor the added to that injury could provoke her to a war other measures were to be tried the american government got up its claims on fifteen in number of these we have not now space to speak on the st of march the acknowledged the independence of a minister was sent and one was received in august general hunt the minister p i t see the correspondence between mr and mr and mr in no th d x see the correspondence to this matter in no th d and documents no th d p il h also not ft and see the remarks of mr v ix xi mr proposed mr van was then he has been called the northern man with southern though we think he deserves the title rather less than some others not so the offer of was declined was still at war with the of new york and all the new england states had protested against in regard to van did not follow in the steps of his illustrious during his administration little was done to promote nothing by the government the third non president did not desire to extend the area of bondage the consequences we shall presently see in the came into power with the shout of and too as an english traveller has said log with their songs and speeches their on bacon and hard had more to do with the election of than had less means the thus gave the an opportunity much needed to turn themselves out of office we have nothing to do with the motives which led the to select mr for their candidate for the vice they are too plain to need comment the was characteristic of the party what followed would once have been regarded as a direct of god to punish an mr becoming president was true to his former character and conduct he set about the work of in good earnest jones was sent with a fleet to lie on the western shore of to be ready in case of any outbreak with america his conduct shows the tion and design of our government mr	37
the secretary of state is a good of the policy of the administration in he says few could befall this country the united states more to be than the establishment of a british influence of which there was not the least danger and the of domestic slavery in p general once president of had written to his friends in that without ike party in will acquire the and may slavery s world london vol t s letter to our agent at ko th ist m for the of the people of art not on the th of october mr took the and proposed to the he told them on the th of that without thej cannot maintain that institution slavery ten years probably not half that time f if is not he says again the people of the southern states will not run the hazard of their slave property to the control of a population who are anxious to slavery mr was not so as mr his agent at he says take this position on the side of the constitution and the laws and the civil political and religious liberties of the people of secured thereby nothing about and all the world will be with you say nothing which can offend even our brethren of the north let the united states at once the cause of civil political and religious liberty in this a treaty was made but our brethren of the north were offended and on the th of june the rejected it by a vote of to the immediate of was now the favorite measure of the slave power they had little fear that in the next term they could the of but felt doubtful of the success of mr feared new england had he lived at boston and known ihe influences then new england he would have seen there was no reason for present fear a election was at hand the was to meet at in may mr van was the most prominent candidate of the party most of the to the had been instructed by the which appointed them to support him but he was a northern man while president he had not favored he had lately written a public letter april and plainly declared himself hostile to as then proposed a s t no st p i letter of d and th ii t np see s special message of april s d and his annual message of th u see his letter to mr no document no t see his letter to mr in register new series p i vo mr the senior field of van s party and opposed his old friend mr cross of would not vote under any circumstances for a man opposed to the of van was not the proper person for the party to rally around in the coming struggle nine out of ten of our friends think so the committee wrote on their card as for van has destroyed him the last best and wisest counsel of was the of the assembled van got more than a majority but could not get two thirds of the were numerous there were some that proposed johnson some even thought it best to take again gallant old even was talked of when the political tide clean out of the harbor strange things appear on the bottom only seen on such occasions men thought it very surprising that such a man should be spoken of certainly it had no precedent and he no political experience now the would not be at all surprising or irregular the s letter looks silly enough now but who knows if only elected that he would not have been as great a man as mr nay as or he was for immediate and would throw ourselves on the justice of our cause before god and the nations he might have been as great a man as mr had the tide of served in his favor after all the labor of the there came forth mr james k men wondered who the devil t k said many and when told they thought it was a not fit to be made none of them proved it by facts and arguments quite so faithfully as the distinguished author of that phrase did on a recent occasion at they left that for mr to do not by logic but by experiment and he did we shall see what he did in due time mr van was sincerely desirous for their success the success of the the were pretty firmly in support of mr clay harry of the west and that same old as he has publicly called himself he was not publicly much opposed to nor much in letter of june d s mr favor of it and in respect to that was a pretty good index of his party some were seriously and opposed to the of as a slave territory so were a few who constituted the moral element of the party both of these have since reported their presence in the politics of the land indications of something yet future it was a rash movement of the party this changing their leader and their line on the very brink of battle under the guns of their opponent already put in battery and ready to fire but they were confident in their strength and were so well that they only needed the word of command to perform any political or revolution it is a little curious to look back on the d of march twenty one members of solemnly declared that would be identical with dissolution would be an attempt to an institution and a power of a nature so unjust as not only to result in a of the union but fully to justify i five of the twenty one were from a good memory is not so	37
needful to a as to another class of persons not named among gentlemen the protest of march d was not very distinctly remembered at a later date by every one of the thereof at the other extreme was the state of south this is a very remarkable state and her doings we mean the doings of her lips deserve a special notice before the it was necessary for that empire state to speak out her trumpet giving no uncertain sound so on the th of may the people of who had to give any public declaration of opinions and wishes and patiently waited at length and solemnly resolved that is an american and national to foreign interference still on my daughter and domestic if the treaty for the recovery of be defeated because of the increase it will give to the slave holding states it will be the denial of a vital right to them even after the the danger of the institution is so great that there must be a southern the south of may th said is a question not of party but of country and to the south one of absolute under the subtle of our old enemy of britain aided by h at borne ber doom is sealed if does not arise in her might and affect a union with england once firmly seated in and there is an end of all power or safety for the south which would soon be made another st a of slave states was to be called to take into consideration the question of to the union if the union mil accept it or if the union mil not accept ity then of to the southern states the was to offer the union this alternative either to admit into the or to proceed and calmly to arrange the terms of a dissolution of the union must be had at all costs a meeting in the district declared quite in the dialect of that region that the doom of the south is sealed and the of our fair republic will ere long be sung by liberty s last if she does not arise in her might and affect a union with here are some of the sentiments of south the time and place are the th of july and court house the of the great measure of to the south though defeated now by the bitterness and of party come what may we will never give her up the and the one under the form of law seeks the profits of our labor the other under the guise of to our property from us south is ready to resist the one and the other an of came out to assure the people that the political moses to wit mr moses is neither lost nor dead but that he is ready to low the pillar of cloud by day or fire by night true he says there is a mr meaning full of the spirit of wisdom for that moses has laid his hands on him but there is still no prophet in the united states of america like moses to wit mr moses but somehow it seemed moses had been so long talking with his lord that the sorely to seek for a prophet of some mark and for there was no open vision in those days could not look upon the face of this moses and make him their president and bo as for this moses the people of south not what would become of him nor even what would become of themselves without a writer in the mr administration asked what is the remedy for the evils which the south and is thus replied to by a far sighted man in the same journal who does not sign himself captain though he is certainly of that military family i answer resistance combined southern resistance if you can procure it if if not then state resistance a virginia writer we forget who said there was a big screw loose somewhere in south we shall presently see his mistake this resistance was seriously meant south was apparently for the fight that small of hers how shall we relate her deeds and in what well becoming words essay our task oh muse author of and of who from the heights of where thou over of and of foam once descend to inspire the soul of and of of vast renown and parents of a never ending never silent line come and inspire some of their mighty kin to sing the horrid war bidding him tell who first who last came forth to fight t was so is he known to fame alas the muse of will not again inspire a bard with verse fitting such mighty so let the muse of history record it with pen general the renowned commander in chief the admiration of negro slaves mounted on his war horse went round metal blowing martial sounds full of dignity state reserved rights and an eye like to threaten and command went round to stir up the spirit of fight his oh reader gentle or simple this is history which we record the has the deeds one newspaper says that general addressed every regiment in a speech for the men all go for right off the now or never the exclaimed thus it will be seen that two thousand eight hundred thirty two men with arms in their hands in the field have expressed their decided determination to sustain the measure the forty third regiment resolved that it would be more for the interest of the states the south and south west that they should stand out of the union with than in it without her this was the thing combined southern resistance if it could be had if not then state resistance	37
the treaty of allowed either party to do mr on other occasions showed himself rather raw in affairs it would seem that he knew little of the matter in hand when he wrote the sentences above they show him as a mere servant of his party not as a great able to between two mighty nations and justice with an even hand a great deal of discussion took place the minor and the major gave counsel after their kind the union the organ of the government at for the whole of or none that is the only alternative as an issue of right but the was all at once with a conscience and could mr administration between claims and rights we shall presently see the reason of the difference in the mr of said that war will come mr of would not have the government grant any position to great britain upon any spot whatever of mr of said the american government could not short of mr of thought that the or surrender of any portion of would be an of the power character and best interests of the american people mr thought war an old fashioned war was almost inevitable great britain might be willing to submit the question to but the crowned heads whom she would propose as would not be impartial for they would cherish feelings he would as mr very justly said with the to take nothing less than the whole of the territory in dispute in the house of representatives john went in for the territory on religious grounds and claimed the whole of on the strength of the first chapter of his conduct and his counsels on this occasion can hardly be called less than rash the south was not at all anxious to obtain the whole of mr was singularly moderate in his desire for re occupation nice about questions of title and boundary and desirous of keeping the peace the reason is obvious mr said well if it was good for the production of sugar and cotton it would not have encountered the objection it has done i dreaded on the part of those who were so in favor of the of at the i dreaded on their part faith poor mr he found it after was secured they who hunted after were left to beat the bush alone nay were this also would once have been considered as here says he we are told that we must be careful and not come in collision with great britain about a disputed boundary but if it were with feeble that we were about to come into collision we would then hear no such there was a question of disputed boundary between this country and and those who have a right to know something of the history of that boundary told us that our rights extended only to the how did we find the friends of moving on that occasion did they halt for a moment at the no sir at a single bound they cross the and their war horses upon the banks of the there was no then we took the whole but when is concerned it is all right and proper to give away an empire if wills it in the house mr suggested that in reference was not necessarily to crowned heads but the matter might be left to a commission of able and citizens either from the two countries or the world at large mr was moderate and wise his speeches on the question did much to calm the public mind and for a peaceful settlement of the the of mr was worthy of the great man who had the treaty of washington he said in the beginning let our arguments be fair let us settle the question reasonably resolved to the joint the british government was willing to settle the business by or direct america prefers the latter britain sends over her proposition to settle on the th degree as a general basis mr referred the whole matter to the and asked their advice he had not changed his opinion not at all if the did not take the responsibility and advise him to accept the british proposal he should feel it his duty to reject the offer thus the responsibility was thrown upon the the proposal was accepted a treaty was speedily made and the only remaining cause of with england put to rest for ever the conduct of mr in making such pretensions and holding out such on such a subject was not merely rash weak and foolish it was far worse than that but for the unexpected prudence of a few men in the and the aversion of the south to acquire free territory he would have lit the flames of war anew and done a harm to mankind which no services he could render would ever for on the th of july accepted the contract of and on the nd of december two hundred twenty five years after the landing of the on rock the of the united states passed upon the matter finally and the work was done however previous to this event mr had proposed to renew our relations with which had been broken off mr consented to receive a with full powers to settle the present dispute america sent mr as a permanent minister he was refused pro the instructions given to mr have not we think been published though thej were requested by the house however a document to contain those instructions was published from that it appears that he was instructed to purchase new and he was allowed to offer and the american claims on by his estimate to thus the whole territory of new and was thought to be worth soon after the accession of mr to office general was ordered to with an on the th of june he was advised	37
by the secretary of war mr the point of your ultimate destination is the western portion of where you will select and occupy on or near the such a site as will be best adapted to invasion you will limit yourself to the defence of the territory unless shall declare war against the united states general took position on the at the most western point ever occupied by but nearly two hundred miles east of the august th mr writes orders have already been issued to send ten thousand and a thousand into august d should a large body of troops on the and cross it with a force such a movement would be regarded as an invasion of the united states august th an attempt to cross with such a force will be con see no l of this p is m see the correspondence between ihe in no ist p is el we have only uie translation of the letters see also no ist p t p hi m see also no s house of th ist p tt for the correspondence between the government of and the united states and no i of this p no nd p d see no l of this p s k mt in the same light thus com you may cross the or capture the forces c he was to draw from five states and f still general remained at not undertaking to commit an act of war by marching into the of on the th of july he was ordered to advance and occupy positions on or near the east bank of the accordingly general from the to the finding no or americans on his way only small armed parties of who appeared desirous to avoid us he takes bis position on the left bank of the and plants his guns four eighteen so as to bear directly upon the public square of and within good range for the town behold general nearly two hundred miles within the territory of by the command of mr in a district to use the words of mr in his letter to mr which just as certainly constituted a part of that state and not of as it is certain that the of and do now constitute a part of the state of virginia and not of an interview took place between the american general worth and general on the part of general remarked that we felt indignant at seeing the american flag placed on the a portion of the territory general worth replied that was a matter of taste notwithstanding there it would remain on the th of april the general very justly said your government has not only insulted but exasperated the nation bearing its conquering banner to the left bank of the it was plain that america had committed an act of war still the d not commence on the di of april summoned the american general to witb f im p i p letter of april th p i no ih ist p t no p p a ho ix mr draw within twenty four hours he answered the same day that he should not on the th ho the mouth of the thus cutting off supplies from and wrote home that it will at any rate compel the either to withdraw their army from where it cannot be or to assume the offensive on this side of the river flour rose to a barrel it is said at still there was no fighting but on the i of april general thus writes with a view to check the of small parties of on this side of the river d and porter th were by me a few days since to the country for some miles with a select party of men and capture or destroy any such parties that they might meet it appears that they separated and that lieutenant porter at the head of his own surprised a camp drove away the men and took possession of their horses soon afterwards there fell a heavy rain and at a moment when the party seem to have been quite unprepared for an attack they were fired upon from the thicket in attempting to return it the missed fire and the party dispersed in the thicket three days later he writes i regret to report that a party of sent out by me on the th to watch the course of the river above on this bank became engaged with a very large force of the enemy and after a short affair in which some sixteen were killed and wounded appear to have been surrounded and compelled to surrender may now be considered as commenced and i have this day deemed it necessary to call upon the governor of for four of here is captain s account of the affair i discovered some near a house in a large field i halted the advance guard and went into the field myself to see them i had not gone more than a hundred yards when they fled i turned round and to the advanced guard to come on in the mean time the main body of the had come up to the advance guard and my order followed in after them and i was questioning a the enemy appeared i immediately ordered a charge in order to cut my way through them but finding their numbers too large to contend letter of d april p mr administration with any longer i ordered a retreat and although entirely surrounded we endeavored to cut our way through to camp in the retreat my horse fell upon me and i was to rise as a prisoner of war i am happy to inform you that attentions and kindness have been upon me as a proof	37
of which i will state that upon my to general that a had treated me rudely he ordered him immediate punishment thus it is plain how they became engaged and that america not only committed the first act of war by the territory of but actually first commenced it is true the president of on the th of april had said from this day begins our war and every part of our territory attacked or invaded shall be defended on the th he issued his declaring that have been commenced by the united states in making new upon our within the boundaries of and new i have not the right to declare war t the same day general informed general that he considered commenced and should them it was on that very day that the two parties became engaged as we have shown above general s letter of april th reached washington on saturday may th on monday mr sent a message to and declared that war exists and notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it exists by the act of the government have at last invaded our territory and shed the blood of our on our own soil we have been our best efforts to her good will we have tried every effort at reconciliation the cup of forbearance had been exhausted even before the recent information from the frontier of the but now has passed the boundary of the united states has invaded our territory and shed american blood upon the american soil documents accompanied the message mr proposed they should be read no in a very short time a bill passed the house placing the army and navy at the president s disposal him to raise and captain s letter to general april th see also captain s letter april th tt t p t mr folk s message of may th um p see also porter chapter viii mr in his hands for the purpose of im to said war to a and successful termination in the the same bill passed the next day the was in these memorable words whereas bj the act of the republic of war exists between that government and the united states in the house fourteen the bill and two in the six of the sixteen were from two were from other parts of new england and five from one of her daughter states the history of the war is well known it was conducted with great vigor on the whole with great military skill and with as much humanity as could be expected war at best is prolonged cruelty still we have read of no war conducted with less than this some acts of were certainly committed the capture of is an example the conduct of the was often base and general was furnished with a to in designed to discord to promote hostility between the rich and poor their leaders were called and their real purpose was to proclaim and establish a colonel was told to make the people feel that we come as their rights of person property and religion must be respected and sustained proclaimed it is the wish and intention of the united states to provide for new a free government similar to those in the united states we shall want from you says general s tion nothing hut food for our army and for this you shall always be paid in cash the full value q y o en pot u x but w the th of i j j was told in a letter you will also readily comprehend that in a country so divided into races classes and parties as is and with so many local divisions among and personal divisions among hem are the in the mm in the daniel p of p d york john m k s il t t see many w p f i document n i p and ss mr s administration individuals there mast be great room for on the minds and feelings of large portions of the inhabitants and them to wish success to an invasion which has no desire to injure their country and which in their may benefit themselves between the who the wealth and power of the country and the mixed indian race who bear its burdens there must be and the same feelings must exist between the lower and higher orders of the clergy the latter of whom have the and the while the former have poverty and labor in all this field of division in all these elements of social political personal and local discord there must be to reach the interests passions or principles of some of the parties and thereby to their good will and make them with us in bringing about an honorable and speedy peace yourself of divisions which you may find existing among the people to which allusion has been made it will be your policy to encourage the separate or states and especially those which you may and occupy to declare their independence of the central government of and either to become our or to assume as it is understood has done a attitude in the existing war between the united states and it is far from being certain that our military occupation of the enemy country is not a blessing to the inhabitants in the vicinity she is told that to require supplies as without paying or engaging to pay is the ordinary mode and you are instructed to adopt it if in that way you are satisfied you can get abundant supplies for your forces it seems that was thus and in various other ways taken from the grave doubted that the president had the right to and in or elsewhere without act of the but yet mr could say on the th of october we have paid fair and even	37
extravagant prices for all the supplies which we have received j the war once begun it was to be to a termination that is to the of captain lands at on the pacific coast of letter of mr july th and d m p rt and rf see also more of the same sort in document ko th st p et t p and document no th st p i document no ist p see also p mr p w on the th of july his and declares that will be a portion of the united states and the same protection will be extended to them as to the other states of the union sets up his at de los on the th of august and says i robert f do make known to all men do now declare it upper and lower to be a territory of the united states under the name of the territory of f here is without the least delay enough to satisfy even south one pleasant thing we find in looking through the and often documents connected with the war that is the instructions sent by mr to july th this is perhaps the largest fleet that ever sailed under the american flag and while it is sufficient in case of war to win glory for yourself your associates and the country you will win still higher glory if by the judicious management of your force you contribute to the continuance of peace in his second annual message th mr said the war has not been with a view to conquest but having been commenced by it has been carried into the enemy s country and will be vigorously there with a view to obtain an honorable peace and thereby secure an ample for the expenses of the war but in the message of th he says as refuses all we should adopt measures to ourselves by permanently a portion of her territory new and were taken possession of by our forces i am satisfied that they should never be surrendered to some one said to general pillow i thought the object of your movement in this war was a treaty of peace true replied general pillow that is the object of the war but the object of was to capture the capital and then make peace again om document no m p t p i document no p f document no th nd p ii see document no doth ist p t s letter to in document no th ut p mr army has not come to conquer a peace it has come to conquer the country we will make them dine and on the horrors of the statements of mr require no comment wc do not wish to apply to them the only word we know in the english tongue which describes them we shall say nothing of the conduct of the administration during the war nothing of the introduction of into nothing of its quarrels with its or their quarrels with one another nothing of the made with individuals for ships and other things needful in the war the documents in the margin contain some remarkable things f the president made the war and mr p a secretary in the department of state made the peace as the war was begun by mr without legal authority so the treaty was made without legal authority the confirmed it there is one valuable provision in the treaty designed to prevent on private property in case of war and other cruelty j one or two things in the correspondence of mr are too remarkable to pass by june d he writes to mr speaking of a certain boundary it a vast and rich country with many inhabitants it is too much to take the population is mostly as dark as our and free and would be actually so under our government the north would oppose taking it lest slavery should be established there and the south lest its colored population should be received as citizens and protect their slaves again among the points which came under discussion was the of slavery from all territory which should pass from in the course of their remarks on the subject i was told p t see documents and doth st correspondence with and scott and trial of lieutenant colonel and major pillow no under authority of the war department and no correspondence of mr and others relative to the of a treaty with i articles xxii and xxi ii of the treaty document no st p et the ideas and language thereof are copied from the celebrated treaty of s between the united states and ia see the treaty by and by may th in secret journal of boston vol iv article d mr s that if it were proposed to the people of the united states to part with a portion of their territory in order that the should be therein established the proposal could not excite stronger feelings of than those awakened in by the prospect of the introduction of slavery in any territory parted with by her our conversation on this topic was perfectly frank and no less friendly and the more effective upon their minds inasmuch as i was enabled to say with perfect security that although their impressions respecting the practical fact of slavery as it existed in the united states were i had no doubt entirely yet there was probably no difference between my individual views and sentiments on slavery considered in itself and those which they i concluded by assuring them that the bare mention of the subject in any treaty to which the united states were a party was an absolute impossibility that no president of the united states would dare to present any such treaty to the and that if it were in their power to offer me the	37
whole territory described in our project increased ia value and in addition to that covered a foot thick all over with pure gold upon the single condition that slavery should be excluded i could not entertain the offer for a moment nor think even of communicating it to washington the matter ended in their being fully satisfied that this topic was one not to be touched and it was dropped with good feeling on both sides america had entirely at her mercy and wanted for the past and security for the future for the cost of the war she took and new the portion of the territory west of the according to mr s statement to square miles or acres within its assumed limits contains square miles or acres t for this the united states are to pay and abandon all the celebrated claims which mr estimated at paying to our citizens however not more than taking the smallest sum the united states pays for the territory and throws in the cost of the war that being set off it is likely against the glory with which the soldiers have covered themselves certain y we must be in great want of land to refuse to pay more than our claims and and then actually pay the claims and flinging in all the cost of the document no th st p t document no doth st p mr a war and the loss of persons killed in battle or of their wounds received therein and who had died by disease and accidents if england had one of her victims as completely at her feet as lay helpless at ours she would have demanded all the public property of a complete for the cost of the war and a commercial treaty highly to and highly profitable to england why was mr so moderate had the administration become moral and careless of the natural justice of the war careful about justice in the settlement we wish we could think so but there were a few men in the land hostile to the war some because it was some because it was a wicked war these men few in number obscure in position often hated and sometimes persecuted reproached by the president as affording aid and comfort to the enemy being on the side of the eternal justice had it on their side the moral portion of both political parties likewise a small portion and an obscure not a single eminent name opposed the war and the government trembled the pretensions of the south her her cunning awakened at last the north men began to talk of the of slavery true some men fired by the instinct for cried be still and others fired with the instinct for gold repeated the cry be still there were those who had the instinct for justice and they would not be still no nor will not never the themselves began to tremble and hence the easy conditions on which was let off the cost of the war it is not easy or perhaps possible at this moment to make out f but we can ascertain the sums already paid the cost of the army and navy for the three years ending th june was for the three years ending th june the difference between them is a part of the cost of the war and to there have been paid for war a part of the money obtained from say land each for acres of land at per acre by document no th st t sec who will a sermon of the war c c by boston h and et mr p iv act of th making more the whole thus far to about more land it is thought will be required at a cost of no man can now estimate the sum which will be required for if we set down the whole direct cost to the nation at we think we shall not be far out of the way this is a tax of on each person in the united states bond or free old or newly bom rich or poor like all other taxes it is ultimately to be paid by the labor of the country by the men who work with their hands chiefly by poor men the twenty million headed nation blindly led by guides not blind little thought of this when they shouted at each famous victory and humble men who both considered the natural justice of the war and counted its cost mr refused his signature to three bills passed by one making for the improvement of certain and rivers one for the and satisfaction of claims of american citizens on france before the st of july a third for continuing certain works in the territory of and for other purposes it is a little remarkable to find a man who commenced war upon by her territory seized with such scruples about the constitution while paying an honest debt the constitution which can be to promote slavery can easily afford an excuse for the neglect of justice qui mr found the nation with a debt of he left it with a debt of that was the debt on the th of march including the of the loan of subsequently paid in mr has gone to the judge of all men who is also their father the of the multitude and the applause of an party are of no more value than the water which a minister sprinkled on the head of the dying man his wealth became nothing his power and his fame went back to those that gave at the grave s mouth his friends and he had friends him and the monarch of see his special messages of d august th and december th mr folk s the nation the master of negro slaves the author of a war was alone with	37
of the land they are true yoke fellows the of the south and the of the north are born of the same mother now for the first time for many years they have stricken hands but the northern power of gold at the philadelphia was by the southern power of party and lent itself a willing tool together they have selected the man f their choice ignorant of politics of small ability and red with war placed him on the throne of the nation the and the each gave him its counsel by his experiment he is to his fitness his or his crime he is on trial before the nation it is not ours to judge still less to him let general be weighed in an even balance we trust that some one four years hence will report on his administration with as much as we have aimed at and with more tower to penetrate and judge we wish there might be a more tale to tell of the first mere military chief the ever chose there are great problems before the nation the welfare of millions of men we pause with hope and fear for the to solve them as they can list of new received art ix short and notices ten on by joseph henry of the church washington d c boston washington this is a very strong book we hardly know one so strong on the subjects which it treats although the community may have been well nigh the last thirty years with longer or shorter wise or foolish profound or shallow on the human endless punishment and the of the bible we would yet advise that mr s volume should be read yes studied it is a small book but it will take time to it thoroughly it is full of great thoughts of large views of divine truth and of the attempts that have been made to apprehend and express thai truth we cordially commend it to all who whether or really wish to be enlightened upon subjects of the highest moment subjects which may have been made distasteful to many by the manner in which they have been too often treated with all his modesty and that is apparent on every page mr is a courageous man he seems to be afraid of but error he has nothing that came in his way and has exposed himself on every hand to the of many opinions we honor him for his frankness as much as we love him for his he has in almost every instance done strict and even justice to the opinions he has brought under examination s j m list of new received j p der ro der and der des te y to die c c vo w der im des vo f a die im ro der vol china and ro j und vol xi and mo list of new received e j b bath iy des de france c c paris vo william c c a complete collection of the c c in greek and latin c with copious notes and an introduction london vol royal a critical history of in germany from its origin to the present time translated from the second edition of the french original london to william johnson fox m p on the religious ideas london vo friends in council a series of and book the second london mo james john a biography c c london vol mo charles the education of the feelings nd edition london mo the history of the united states of america from the discovery of the continent to the organization of government under the constitution by richard in three new york vo an article in the next number the wrongs of a poem in three the siege of with historical notes by the author of parental wisdom london mo g c ll d an universal history in a series of letters being a complete and impartial narrative of the most remarkable events of all nations forming a complete history of the world new york and il vo this is an original and valuable work the author is a an independent and original the work will bo complete in twelve or fourteen volumes we shall speak at length of it in a future number william h life and public services of john c c mo history of the french revolution of by a de translated by francis a and william chase ist american edition in two volumes boston mo david the history of england c c boston iii and iv henry william the and of translated into english verse cambridge mo c a on the christian spirit and life boston mo g holland and essays boston mo exercises in reading with a of lessons by richard green ac c new york mo charles t porter review of the war c c mo angel voices or words of counsel for the world c c second edition and enlarged boston mo william w slavery and the constitution boston philip a review of the war on christian principles and an essay on the means of preventing war s c and he thinks that our national course was morally and objectionable bnt the persons concerned in ing or conducting it may be of peculiar personal blame in their to the national error p the book has some good things list of new received e the and and the and of c new york vo this work u too well done to appear in such a melancholy form john the to the people at the of h a miles c c nd edition boston vo report of the committee on the library in relation to the received from the city of paris c c boston vo commerce a new development of principles for the pecuniary intellectual and moral intercourse of mankind as elements	37
of a new society nd edition boston vo e r the merchant an before the k g of the society at providence september th boston vo this is a modest humane and beautiful a brief but valuable and interesting history of commerce and showing its office in the economy of the human race robert c an address b society at bo col on september vo contains an important and valuable i of the family samuel j may the flood a sermon boston i si i i the seventh consisting of brief comments on v n i ur c by the author of institutions and with the plan of the frame of a city after i k c william w moral and h li ture to the county teachers in mo a letter to a young man who has just entered iv who has prone boston mo henry m field the good and bad in the roman it new york mo equality west mo i if and keen criticism on the and institutions pit with it how easily over r no space for charles k sunday occupations boston william b the character and works of ii i mo a review no x march t art l oaths not at all containing an exposure of the ti ne as well as anti of the y m implied in the practice of both a indication of the which whatsoever practical good purpose the ceremony g employed to serve would he more effectually together with proof of the open of moral ana principle nd rendered in s two church of more especially in the university of oxford hy o esq formerly of queen s college oxford a m london the oath a divine and an social constitution its nature ends obligations form and d x kin a m of the church n j new york two works upon the same subject can hardly be found in the whole range of literature more than those of and upon oaths their very titles are their objects opposing the conflict is in the in the middle and in the conclusion not less striking is the of their respective authors the one is a fearless and the other is a rigidly and fearful of all change one ko x oaths march might as well oil and water and we will not attempt the yet these works are both of value as the means of readily weighing the considerations which affect the subject and we propose to make free use of their contents in what we are about to offer it is a noticeable fact that in the earliest stages of civilization the belief of the special interference of the deity in the of men is a prevailing and all but universal idea man it was thought by certain mystic forms and ceremonies could compel the interference of the divinity either to establish innocence or to detect guilt hence came and trials by battle and by lot hence the belief that by the ing of bread or the of water by walking over burning by thrusting the hand amid poisonous or the accused bound hand and foot into the water amid prayers and the imposing forms of antique superstition that god would manifest the truth by a miraculous of the the laws of nature so diffused was this idea that it was alike believed by the polished on the banks of the the stern amid the hills of the african dwelling under the burning heat of the and the of or amid the of the north all nations barbarous or just emerging from have resorted to the divinity for the decision of disputed questions with somewhat ceremonies and undoubtedly with like success part and parcel with whether of bread or of water of or of whether of or form and origin based upon the same the same leading idea is the oath by which vengeance is upon falsehood and by the use of which ceremony if it be effective the deity is specially and for that cause bound to inflict the requisite and appropriate punishment in case of its as the amid the radical words of different languages all point to a common origin a language so the innumerable amid the forms of among nations in their local varying customs and sympathies and languages would equally seem to indicate a common source from which at some point of time now or lost in the darkness of a remote antiquity they ally sprung the oath either or is found among au nations with the exception of those so barbarous as to have no conception of the existence of a god its antiquity seems with man s existence indeed to classical its antiquity is still greater for as the gods and swore more or less according to the emergency of the case after so it is fairly that they did before his creation at any rate the custom reaches back to the earliest recorded history an oath is a religious by which we either the mercy or the vengeance of heaven if we speak not the truth oaths have usually been divided into or oaths of office and or oaths uttered or for the purpose of compelling truth on the part of the witness and belief on the part of the so and is the use of oaths amongst us so utterly at are they with the command swear not at all so powerless are they for all good so potent for much evil that we have thought it mi t not be uninteresting briefly to notice the purposes for which and the occasions upon which they have been in use their different forms and ceremonies the various for their the theory which and requires their as a sanction for truth and their real force and m the administration of affairs in the earliest records of the jews we find not only oaths but the very form	37
of the uplifted hand which is every day witnessed b court it is the form adopted by the deity i lift up my hand to heaven and say i live forever to swear and to lift up the hand are used as of the same hebrew word the lord lifted up his hand to the house of or as is in the margin so in revelations the angel which i saw lifted up his hand to heaven and by him that forever who created heaven and the things that therein are and the sea and the things that therein are that there should be time no longer the person to be sworn did not pronounce the but the words of the oath were repeated to him or when heard he them by uttering the words amen amen thus upon himself the curse the most solemn oaths were taken amid sacrifices the person who imposed the march oath the victim and the person took it between the divided parts with an expressed or understood to the following import may god do to me if i am what been done to these victims or me still more in proportion to his greater power the first instance of a oath is to be found in xxii where in case of the loss of animals delivered by one to his neighbor to keep and they die or be hurt or driven away no man seeing it it is that then shall an oath of the lord be between them both that he hath not put his hand unto his neighbor s goods and the owner of it shall accept thereof and he shall not make it good by the law was not an offence against the civil law to ood alone was left its punishment the civil had no of the except in the case of a false charge of crime when the punishment for the offence charged was to be inflicted upon the person charging it the might his guilt by making the prescribed and the or of this may in later times have led to the doctrines of and the sale of for it is difficult to perceive much difference in principle whether the made to escape the punishment of the deity be in specific articles or in certain money the form among the was by lifting up the hand to heaven or touching the altar adding a solemn to their oaths for the satisfaction of the person by whom the oath was imposed as well as to lay a more obligation upon the person taking it in terms something like this if what i swear be true may i enjoy much happiness if not may i utterly perish proceedings the oath was administered to the witnesses before an altar erected in the courts of and with the greatest solemnity the parties were likewise sworn the that he would make no false charge the that he would answer truly to the charge preferred an ancient form among the was for the to hold a stone in his hand and to a curse upon himself should he swear in these words if i deceive whilst he the city and may oaths cast me away from all that is good as i do this stone among the and the oath was not merely used to induce faith in proceedings but the gods were as witnesses to between individuals and between nations when the shrine of gave place to that of st peter when the innumerable and of ancient superstition were converted into the equally s and of when the of and imperial became the of rome without even the change of his when the rites and ceremonies the whole of the pagan worship was transferred to the worship of the the which was essentially a religious ceremony was adopted as it had heretofore been administered except so far as was required by the alteration in the names of the object of worship and in its purposes and as before this change the altar or the sacred things upon it were touched or kissed as the more gods one swore by the stronger the oath so we find after this change similar forms and ceremonies were adopted with slight variations the very form of the used is of pagan origin so help me and these sacred things became so help me god and these sacred relics or these holy the of from the of his office was not compelled to take an oath and the word of the priest in to the old superstition has the following form i swear by god almighty and by his only son our lord christ by the holy ghost and by the glorious st mary mother of god and always a n and by the four which i hold in my hand and by the holy michael and closing with an upon his head of the terrible judgment of d and christ our and that he might have part with and the and that the curse of might be upon him besides oaths on solemn and occasions the were in the habit of making use of them as nowadays as the ornament of speech as to so help me and the almighty as i shall testify truly c was the oath plump the speech aad fill up by the patron of their cities as in later days by patron by all manner of beasts and creeping things by the fishes of the sea and by stones and mountains per bt ei per ve i et indeed the world god damn of the en h is but a translation of the me of but the oaths of antiquity however absurd or ridiculous were infinitely exceeded in absurdity by the and grotesque of the christians of the middle ages they swore by sion and mount by st james lance by the brightness	37
of god by christ s foot by nails and by blood by god s arms two they swore by the bones and relics scattered the wide yea the holy of and the foot of the great of the east the son of the as he is termed in the sacred books of the that the judge having assembled the witnesses in the court should in the presence of the and address them as follows what ye know to have been in the matter before us between the parties declare at large and with truth for your evidence is required the witness who speaks shall be fast bound under water in the of and he shall be wholly de of power to escape torment during a hundred let mankind give therefore no false testimony naked and tormented with hunger and thirst and deprived of sight shall the man who gives false testimony go with a to beg bread at the door of his enemy headlong and in utter darkness shall the wretch tumble into hell who being in inquiry answers one question the priest must be sworn by his the soldier by his horse or elephant or weapons the merchant by his grain and gold the or man by on his head if he speak all possible crimes in this code the guilt of in intensity according to the subject matter of testimony by false testimony cattle in general the the guilt of killing five men he ten by false testimony concerning he a hundred by false testimony concerning horses and a thousand by false testimony concerning the human race but what is human life compared gold or land the scale rises the by speaking in a cause concerning gold he or the guilt of killing the bom and by speaking concerning land he every thing animated beware then of speaking concerning land marking well all the which are comprehended in the crime of declare the truth as it was heard and as it was seen by thee notwithstanding all this pious falsehood for instance to save which would be by the of the law is not merely allowed but approved and termed the speech of the to a woman on a proposal of marriage in the case of grass or fruit eaten by a cow of wood taken for a sacrifice or of a promise made for the preservation of a it is no deadly sin to take a slight oath ever famous has been the of lovers oaths the lover swore indeed but as was said by the oaths made in love never enter into the ears of the gods this probably the only code allowing and them various are the modes of an oath a is sometimes brought into court that the witness may have the satisfaction of swearing with her tail in his hand the leaf of the sweet and the waters of the are swallowed the witness holds fire or touches the head of his children or wife while the less followers of those of the tribes impressed with the belief that if they swear they shall be food for are sworn on the skin of one among the the oath is administered with the on the head of the witness but it is not unless taken in the express name of the almighty and then it is unless the witness after having ven in his evidence again that he has spoken nothing but the truth the oath is not worthy of credit unless taken in the name of and the must it by the attributes of god as i swear by the god whom there is march no other righteous god who is acquainted with what is hidden no one who has read the works of will forget the all cursing of the catholic church the unhappy in the exercise of every function of living nature and through all the joints and of his members from the crown of his head to the sole of his foot the oath of the though falling infinitely short as an of is still worthy of being brought to mind i will speak the truth if i speak not the truth may it be through the influence of the laws of passion anger folly pride false opinion and so that when i and my relations are on land animals as poisonous shall seize crush and bite us so that we shall certainly die let occasioned by fire water rulers thieves and enemies and destroy us till we come to utter destruction let me be subject to all the that are within the body and all that are without the body may we be seized with madness blindness and may we be struck with and lightning and come to sudden death in the midst of not speaking truth may i be taken with black blood and suddenly die before the assembled people when i am going by water may the assault me the boat be upset and the lost and may or other sea monsters seize and crush me to death and when i change worlds may i not arrive among men and but suffer punishment and regret in the utmost wretchedness among the four states of punishment hell beasts and c small curses dr upon great occasions my father are but so much waste of our strength and health to no manner of purpose i own it replied dr they are like shot my uncle fired against a they serve continued my father to stir the but carry off none of their for my part i seldom swear or curse at all i hold it bad but if i fall into it by surprise i generally retain so much presence of mind as to make it answer my purpose that is i swear till i find myself easy the at any rate fire no shot at falsehood	37
and might be easy in the of the metal with which their oath is loaded much of the proceedings of our saxon an i oaths rested upon oaths and the punishment for their was severe the was declared unworthy of the ordeal was as a witness denied christian burial and with and the most members of society oaths were administered to the in criminal proceedings and to the accused the oath of the was as follows in the lord i accuse not n either from hate or art or unjust nor do i know any thing more true but so my mind said to me and i myself tell for truth that he was the thief of my goods the accused swore as follows in the lord i am both in word and deed of that charge of which p accused me the oath of the witness was in the name of almighty god as i stand here a true witness and so i it with mine eyes and even heard it in my ears what i have said from this it would appear that in those early days before the of had cursed english soil that it was usual to swear the parties those who knew something about the matter the different oaths of modern europe ordeal oaths oaths of oaths oaths of oaths military might well deserve attention but we have already perhaps occupied too much attention in to the forms and of the past there are but two instances of nations among whom oaths have not been adopted in proceedings among the chinese no oath is by the magistrate upon the delivery of testimony when they question each other s testimony appeals to the gods are only made by cutting off the head of a fowl and wishing they may thus suffer or blowing out a candle and wishing they may thus be extinguished if they do not speak the truth the other instance is to be found in the code of laws formed with great judgment and much by the at where we believe oaths have for the first time been by a christian people whim and caprice seem to have governed men in selecting the punishment to be inflicted for a of the truth among some nations of goods and imprisonment have the cut out the tongue as be march the offending member while the the extracted the teeth for their share in the formation of sound some cut off the hand the old were content with a thumb while the using three fingers in the ceremony were content with taking only two and the dutch still more merciful thought the of the forefinger a sufficient for the offence by the law a fine of fifteen shillings satisfied the offended majesty of the law but in case of the oath according to the laws of some countries no punishment can be imposed on the false beyond what god will inflict with us the oath is used on so many occasions that a stranger would imagine it was a of our religion to swear always at all times and on all occasions not an officer from the president to a from a governor to a not a officer from the chief justice to the lowest magistrate to the law not a member of our numerous not an officer of the army or navy nor a soldier or sailor but is sworn in certain set and prescribed a sworn is required to our taxes a sworn to collect and a sworn to receive the money collected not a lot of land is upon without the of oaths the whole custom house department is with them through all the innumerable of official life civil military and the oath is the official security by which in their respective they are all bound to the of their several duties and that too by a people one of the of whose religion is swear not at all and when in many of the above instances the of the several duties sworn to be done and performed is not as nor are these the only occasions in which the oath is used no testimony is received in any proceeding until after its administration as a security for official or as a of official it is worthless and what may be its value in the preserving and of of testimony we propose to consider for the purposes of justice it is perfectly whether the testimony uttered be sworn or provided it be true before considering the supposed of an it may be advisable to see what other and bow power oaths for are without resort to this agency truth is the natural language of all it is the general rule falsehood the rare and occasional exception even of those least of truth is the ordinary and common language the greatest liar no matter how he may be usually speaks the truth and why invention is the work of labor to facts in the order of their occurrence to tell what has been seen or heard is what obviously occurs to any one to avoid doing this is a work of difficulty to add to what has occurred carefully to a lie requires ingenuity greater or less according to the greater or less degree of skill with which the lie is among the truths which surround it no matter how cunning the the web cannot be so woven that the stained and colored thread shall not be perceived love of ease fear of labor the physical sanction are always seen in favor of truth any motive however slight and even is or may be sufficient to induce action in a right direction except when by other and su motives in a sinister direction by a sort of impulse y the very course of nature the usual tendency of speech is in the line of truth regard for public opinion the pain	37
and shame universally attendant upon the attached to falsehood detected the disgrace of the liar in other words the moral and popular sanction with but rare and accidental exceptions is found tending in the same direction much the greater part of what is known is known only from the testimony of others our necessities the necessities of others and of social intercourse require that for our own preservation as well as for that of others the truth should be told hence among all nations barbarous and civilized and among civilized in proportion to their advancement the term liar has been one of deep reproach never used without pain on the person to whom it is applied however great the disgrace it is increased when the occasion upon which the falsehood is uttered is a one the more important the occasion the greater the public indignation and scorn attached to its the law regarding which is peculiarly desirable in may impose severe for false testimony varying in degree of se oaths march according to the of the offence and thus may furnish additional sanction to and security for it may happen that the statement of a witness while true in part may be in detail either by the of true or the utterance of false facts and completeness are both included in perfect in part to any material extent the evils of such and when not the result of design may be as great as those of deliberate and falsehood how best to attain those indispensable is the problem the solution of which becomes so important in the practical administration of the law how best to compel the reluctant and witness how to the careless and indifferent how to check and restrain the rash and how the deliberately and how to from reluctant lips the truth the whole truth and nothing but the truth by what processes to accomplish these results is the great question and cross rigid severe and under a proper system of confirmed and strengthened by the already alluded to are the upon which all real and substantial reliance can be placed the ordinary motives to without the aid of cross examination and by fear of punishment in case of falsehood are found sufficient in the common of life to produce the extraordinary afforded by punishment and cross would seem to suffice in the case of evidence delivered as however testimony is delivered only upon and after the ceremony called an x it is only if false after the oath has been administered this is not necessarily so for if the should so will the punishment might as well be inflicted without as with an oath having briefly considered the for truth it now remains to ascertain the real significance and true value of the oath as a of what is universally understood by an oath says lord is that the person who the vengeance of god upon himself if the oath he takes be false an oath says is an appeal to gk d as a i oaths aod the of which appeal as he accepted he of course became bound to punish a person were not god to take upon himself to oaths an appeal to him in swearing would be foolish and sinful he to it and is the of if not in this world at any rate in the world comer by the use then of this ceremony the deity is engaged or it is assumed that he is engaged in case of a of the oath to inflict punishment of an uncertain and indefinite degree of intensity at some remote period of time in some indefinite place according to the varying and conflicting notions of those holding this belief notions varying according to the time when and place where they are entertained and the education and character of those entertaining them it cannot be questioned that the deity will punish for falsehood whether or uttered nor that such punishment whatever it may be or inflicted will be just fitting and appropriate were the ceremony not used were testimony delivered subject to punishment were all oaths false testimony so far as this world is concerned would be as injurious as if uttered under the sanction of an oath the injurious effects in the administration of justice would be the same the witness would be to the of the law as the sworn witness is now now what is accomplished by the oath the falsehood and its disastrous effects to the cause of justice are the same whether the oath has been taken or not the punishment is or may be made the same the oath if effective therefore is only effective so far as future punishment is concerned which in consequence of its administration will thereby be increased or diminished for if the punishment were to remain the same then nothing would have been effected the oath would be a mere idle ceremony that future punishment will thereby be diminished no one will pretend certainly not those who repose confidence in the of this sanction if future punishment is increased then and then only is the ceremony effective then only is a reason given for its the falsehood being the same whether the testimony be sworn or the punishment for the falsehood itself must necessarily be the same for if be a proper oath march of when the effects are the same the lie will be punished without as well as with any ceremony preparatory to its utterance if then an increase of punishment will be inflicted it must be for the of the ceremony and nothing else if the future punishment is increased in consequence of the administration of the oath then what follows that man by the use of words and ceremonies can compel the deity to inflict other and increased and different that man can control the deity the	37
punishment for the falsehood is one thing the punishment for the falsehood would be just without the ceremony and the falsehood being the same the punishment for that cause must be the same if there be an increase it is for the and for that alone the the falsehood uttered as by the the punishment the same the evil the same is the future punishment the same if so then the oath is utterly it is increased then for precisely the same offence for the same identical of truth there is then a different future punishment and that arising from and caused by the utterance of certain words and the performance of certain gestures previous to uttering such falsehood the suffers equally in this world for his crime but hereafter he is to be a by having his suffering diminished all that is alleged then to have been accomplished is that an increased amount of punishment is hereafter to be inflicted simply for the of a ceremony and entirely and regardless of any evils flowing from the falsehood no sanction for truth is really obtained but in what does the binding force of an oath consist when returning in triumph was met by his daughter with and dances was under any obligation to perform the vow he bad made to offer up for a burnt offering whatsoever should come forth from the doors of his house to meet him if yea such obligation arose not from the or propriety of the matter vowed for that was a dark and for she was his only child besides her he had neither son nor daughter the performance if required was required solely in consequence of the vow for i have opened my mouth to the lord and cannot go back if nay if the vow was not to be performed then does it not follow that it is the fitness of the thing sworn to be done or not which is the basis of the obligation and upon hich its binding force rests when pleased with the dancing of the daughter of promised with an oath to give her whatsoever she would and when she requested the head of john the in a dish was he thereby bound to give it her yet for his oath s sake and them that sat with him at meat he commanded it to be given her says when you swear to do a thing and afterwards find it better to do otherwise do that which is better and make void your oath the very of an oath show that by reason and in consequence of the oath the deity becomes bound to punish a person history too shows that obligations upon man and so too upon the deity arising from the oath varied or were supposed to vary in intensity according to the varying forms and circumstances attendant upon its administration when robert the pious king of france abstracted the holy relics from the cases upon which the oath was taken and the egg of an as being an innocent object and incapable of taking vengeance on those who should swear he might have been correct as to the of the egg but did he thereby save his subjects from or the punishment of the deity when shuddering saw the bones and relics of saints and real or upon which he had unconsciously sworn were the obligations he had assumed increased by their unknown presence or was it the fear of abject superstition which led him to believe that he had thus increased the dangers of punishment indeed when men consider they are under obligation to utter the truth or not as they stand upon a tiger s or hold in their hand the tail of a cow as they have their hat on or off as certain relics of saints are enclosed in the or not as the lips touch the thumb or the book as the book has or not a cross upon it who does not see that the virtue or is considered by those thus believing to reside in the ceremony and in that alone that the thing sworn to be done or not and its propriety are not even matters deemed worthy of thought bat is the obligation to utter truth thereby increased is not that eternal is not the duty to utter truth and prior to all oaths the oath may be the same oaths march so far as the ceremony is concerned either to utter the truth or a falsehood but is the obligation the same if the obligation rests on the oath each alike must be performed as sworn if it rests on the of the thing to be done then why add the oath the oath is not without its accompanying evils by imposing punishment only when it has been administered it the importance of and the respect due to truth in statements uttered and gives an implied license to falsehood out of court the truth seems only to be specially requisite in case of an oath otherwise it is comparatively charles lamb in his quaint and quiet way and with great humor and truth says the custom of to an oath in extreme cases is apt to introduce into the sort of minds the notion of two kinds of truth the one to the solemn affairs of justice and the other to the common proceedings of daily intercourse as truth bound upon the conscience by an oath can be but truth so in the common of the shop and the market a latitude is expected and upon questions wanting this solemn something less than the truth it is common for a person to say you do not expect me to speak as if i were upon my oath hence a kind of secondary or truth is when clergy truth oath truth is not required a knows none of these distinctions not very was the idea	37
of st that mt is a very foul and silly thing for a man to accuse himself as thy of belief and to an oath for security the oath too is a disturbing force in giving the just degree of weight to testimony it to place all testimony upon the same level to cause equal to be given to all because all have passed through the same ceremony the attention of the jury or the judge is withdrawn from the just appreciation of the grounds of belief or in the evidence the same ceremony for all the tendency is to believe that its force is the same upon all and thus the bad receive undue while the good are reduced to the standard of the bad in what does the difference consist between and falsehood the consequences of the latter may be more or less injurious than those of the former the injury greater the loss in the latter case of property reputation or even life in the former of a few shillings it may be is the falsehood uttered the greater offence to suffer the oaths same loss by the utterance of the same words in court or out of court in the street or on the stand wi h or without with hand to certain words in what is the difference to the or the general injury to the community why m one case punish in the other from punishment does it not the general standard of does it not create the notion that truth is not competent on ordinary occasions but is only required as a sort of court language what are the lessons of experience to determine the real value of this sanction one must abstract all those and which alone are of real importance but which not being estimated at their value ve this an unnatural and take away public opinion let falsehood be regarded with as much indifference as among the remove all fear of punishment in case of falsehood the test of leave it to the willing or unwilling witness to state more or less according to the of his inclination and you then see the measure of security for from the oath when the oath sanction is in accordance with the other of its weakness is not perceived let the religious cease to be in with the sentiment or even with convenience and its ib looked on with indifference or even complacency if you wish says to have powder of post taken for an medicine try it with and if you wish to have it taken for what it is try it by itself definite certain immediate punishment alone is powerful to restrain or the future in darkness to the present the fear of punishment hereafter to be imposed for falsehood without oath or with oath so far as it may be increased thereby is a motive of little strength the uncertainty whether any will be inflicted the ignorance as to what the amount may be or when in time or where in space it is to be inflicted render it a security and powerless in its action upon even the most intelligent and conscientious when and by other the oaths of oxford university have been taken by the most cultivated minds of england by those who in after life attained the highest of the church or the state by those who from their station their education and intelligence would be least likely to disregard their obligation these oaths required obedience to framed centuries ago by no x oaths march and for a set of and are about as to the present state of society as the costume be to a general in chief at the head of his army consequently they are not merely not observed but their would be a matter of astonishment to all equally to those sworn to observe and to those sworn to require their another instance of habitual of oaths has been seen in the conduct of english judges and in the administration of the criminal law the english code was written in blood would have shuddered at the of its bloody was inflicted in cases of dependent upon the value of the thing stolen with greater regard to the of humanity than to their at the suggestion of the court and for the express purpose of the law have returned the article stolen as of less than its true value to avoid of death which otherwise would have attached too is in a difference of opinion exists in most cases of much it is likely to exist the really yield to the majority the court aid or advise and if advice will not serve compel by partial starvation thus bringing physical wants to their aid to real opinion tlie open and of custom house oaths has attracted so much attention that in england they have been in this country a bill to that effect with the approbation of the late john was introduced but we believe it was defeated the jews had no punishment for and they have descended to posterity as a nation of oath it will be fully understood how little effect the fear of future punishment had over the mind when it is remembered that the wit of was directed against the very idea of jove s interference for the punishment of this crime were you born before the flood to talk of whilst breathes and whilst they the brave the lightning s stroke and gaze the heavens would these why man jove s random fires strike bis own strike s top strike the dumb oak who never yet broke faith or swore the and vehement pen of affords an equally ai d picture of roman want of belief and truth oaths who dreams that oaths are sacred that the shrine of every god has something of divine dreams of old times when first his and grasped the s hook when	37
was a and when jove lived still in private in the grove oh golden times when gods were scarce and few and not as now a mix d and crew wheels quite unheard of things and the gay ghosts were strangers yet to kings the habitual disregard for truth the little security which the oath gives to testimony induced a committee of the british parliament in their report on the affairs of british india to recommend its on the ground that its moral sanction does not add to the value of native testimony or that the only practical restraint on is the fear of punishment imposed by law for that offence and that the fear of consequences in a future state or the loss of character or reputation among their own countrymen has little effect upon the great majority of the people m securing true and honest testimony when they may be by the bias of fear favor affection or reward the legal consequent upon and caused by the oath affords an argument against its use most nations in the spirit of religious and so characteristic of have excluded as witnesses those whose faith differed from their own the government what shall be the faith that all shall be as the term expresses merely or without reference to the truth or falsehood of the thing it is the epithet which apply to and consequently one of reproach excluded and excluded christians because of their and by way of they in their turn were excluded by christians for the same cause such was the common law as drawn from its purest fountains from and its great them as unworthy of credit for said he they are perpetual enemies for as between them as with the devils whose subjects they are and christians there is perpetual hostility and can be no peace for as the said and what hath christ with or what part hath he that with an it was not until the east india company commenced that oaths march splendid career of conquest by which they acquired dominion over millions of subjects and it was seen that an urgent necessity required the testimony of the natives that the court the well established law of ages threw and overboard because they were and in their day little trade was carried on but the trade in religion and in the suit of the great banker whose melancholy fate little credit on british faith against by an act of judge made law decided that all without reference to their religion might be received and sworn according to the customs of their respective countries not because such was the law but because to them would be a most notion and would tend at once to destroy all trade and commerce even with dim and vision saw that if the whole population of a country were excluded as proof might be deficient but as it was thought to the advantage of the nation to carry on trade and commerce in foreign countries and in many countries inhabited by it was judged advisable to the law under foot a however was at the same time entered against giving the same credit either by court or jury to an witness as to a christian provided only the wrath of god be it mattered little to the common law the wrath of what god was whether or po or any other of the innumerable gods of but in none of them does the christian repose faith the witness the vengeance of false of gods who will not answer what is the belief of the christian that the true god will as much hear and punish in consequence of the use of this ceremony and for its as if the had been in his name if so then are the magic virtues of the oath still more being upon the deity even when his name is not if not then why swear the witness in the name of why give a sanction to superstition and by false gods why not rather let testimony be delivered under the pains and of and let that suffice yet by the common law the by broken cups and or he who thinks truth only as he has held oaths the tail of the sacred cow when the oath was was heard while the intelligent and pious who in the simplicity of his heart was so as to believe that the command swear not at all meant what its obvious language was excluded because he believed the divinity of the command he was anxious to obey he was thus left without protection to person or to property unless he should be able to find a witness without the pale of his by whom his legal rights could be established by that so eminently all law reform an act was passed and the law so that a when property was was admitted to testify but in cases of property alone his testimony not being in criminal cases in this country however the le have removed the entirely the absurdity is that it should ever have existed these limited do not afford a complete remedy for the evil the of religious belief is not the ground of for if so one would think sufficiently for that purpose the views wi more complacency the worst forms of than a questionable variety of christianity the only required in his view is belief in a future punishment of which in every aspect he must be ignorant if believing the general doctrines of christianity he is so un fortunate as to believe that the cares and sorrows and misfortunes of this life are a sufficient punishment for here committed and that ood in his infinite goodness and mercy will hereafter receive all into a state of happiness the common law his testimony the in in this country has	37
generally followed the lead of but whether the be a witness or not all agree that he who in the existence of god who in the darkness of his reason sees not god in the earth with its various and innumerable forms of animal or vegetable life sees him not in the ment nor yet in the existence of man the most wonderful of his works is excluded is always rare yet we have three times in one county known the attempt made to for that cause the general bad character of the witness for truth and affords no ground for however much it may for in testimony march but even if it had it would not have been established in those cases belief was the only reason urged the error of such belief or want of belief may not merely be but the entertaining of such sentiments may be deemed the misfortune of his life but because one of the for truth may be wanting it is difficult to perceive why all others remaining in full force and vigor the witness should not be heard and then after not as the common law does before such hearing some judgment formed by those who are to decide upon the matter in dispute of the truth or of his statements he is excluded only because he is believed if he is to be believed when the truth uttered would expose him to reproach and why not hear him under more favorable circumstances when the rights of others may be involved and then judge him and any outrage may be committed upon him his property may be robbed his wife may be his child may be murdered before hb eyes and the guilty go if he be the only witness not because he cannot or will not tell the truth but because the law will not hear him practically the law is that provided a man s belief be any body whose belief is better and it matters little what it be or may inflict any and all conceivable injuries on his person and property and the law will permit such a criminal to go unless there happens to be present some witness whose belief should square with the idea of is this all it leaves it in the power of any man to be a witness or not a interested for one party and knowing facts adverse to his interest he has only to profess the belief and he is excluded wishing to be a witness and being an he has only to express a change of sentiments and he will be admitted to testify he alone whether he will be heard or not if an and a man of integrity he is shut out if an and he will lie and deny his he is received so that the law does not even protect itself all honest and admitting all provided only that they are willing to render themselves competent by falsehood then the oath without which cannot exist and the great argument for the of testimony by the law is done away with no intelligent of o judge or ever relied upon its security judge of the witness bj his appearance manner answers the probability of his statements comparing them with the lights from every source punish falsehood affecting the rights of others in proportion to the wrong done not with one uniform measure of punishment as if the offence in all cases were the same not two kinds of truth the greater and lesser else both are lost the standard of by requiring it on all occasions and in this way public morality is increased and the real upon which the social fabric rests are strengthened art n specimens of german die der in von bis die q in von und professor a m vol to this volume contains pieces from two hundred and nine poets of germany who have lived within a hundred years of course the pieces are of very unequal merit all the various form of german poetry are represented here from the antique to the most piece that is capable of being sung properly speaking the modem poetry of germany begins with and it bears the peculiar mark of that great artist though none has yet equalled the master in composition the work is divided into three parts namely pure or the of sentiment or the of thought or the of events we give below a translation of a celebrated piece from expectation did i not hear the gate open did i not hear the latch click no it was the wind s low breathing through these thick german march o deck thou roof of foliage green thou shalt receive the of my light ye branches build a shady bower to screen and circle her with the still blessed night and all ye flattering breezes breathe unseen and play around her cheek so pure and bright when her light footsteps softly moving come and bear their gentle burden to her home hush what through the hedges what was the rustling i heard no t was but the moving bushes shaken by the startled bird proud day put out thy torch and thou appear o spiritual night with silence sweet thy purple blossoms spread around us here and let the secret branches o er us meet the joy of love the listener s ear the ray of s heat let only the silent dare to look on us and in our share did i not hear in the whispering voices awake no it was the swan in circles moving on the silver lake around me flow all sweetest the spring is falling with a pleasant noise the flowers are bending to the west wind s kiss and all things living in exchange of joys the the red in its bliss behind the leaves its ripe	37
repose the breeze all from the flood drinks from my cheek the glowing blood do i not hear light footsteps bustling along through the walk no it is the ripe fruit falling with its own from the stalk the flaming eye of day has sunk in night a gentle death and all the colors gay the flower cups in the dear and dusky light all their eyes that the glare of day the moon up her face so mildly bright and the world in masses huge away from every charm the is and all things beautiful are found i specimens of something all white yonder is t not the folds of her dress no it is the column gleaming through the wood s o longing heart seek not this pleasing to play with lifeless images so sweet they will not in my empty arms remain no shadowy joy can cool this bosom s heat guide my dear love to my heart again and let her tender hand with mine once meet let but the border of her mantle gleam i then into life stepped forth the empty dream and light as from heavenly dwellings the hour of bliss unseen unheard she was near me and her friend with a kiss the following lines have something pleasing grave age upon my house top his snow doth lay but all within my chamber is warm and gay cold winter falls in whiteness upon my head yet in my heart how warm and red the life drops play my cheek its color loses and gone are all the roses all gone and passed away where have they gone the roses down in the heart and there as once so ever they bloom they bloom for me are all the world s bright rivers forever drained one stream through my bosom its quiet way are all the of summer mute yet in my heart s deep silence one sings its lay it sings lord of thy dwelling shut to thy door no z of q that the world may not press into thy gay shut out the rough breath of common day the mist of dreams alone thee stay the following piece of paul we take from another collection it is not well known in this country though quite in germany we ve a poor translation but the al in hopes some one will produce a better version an evening hymn now rests the wood in shadowy beast man and town and meadow the weary world s asleep my soul begin thy singing to thy creator bringing a acceptable and deep ii oh sun where wilt thou hide thee the night cannot abide thee the night the daylight s foe withdraw oh sun from heaven if christ my joy be given bright in my heart of hearts to glow i und es die i was n wo du die hat die des bin du hell in i of in now daylight is declining now golden stars are shining in heaven s purple hall like them shall i serve standing when shall come demanding me from this dark and tearful iv my body to slumber the robes which it a type of mortal life these lay i off far from me but christ shall upon me the garment of immortal life v head feet and every finger while evening shadows linger b that day is o er my heart begin thy gladness from earthly sadness thou it be the slave of sin no in der ist die am also word iv der ab und der die di gen der und die und su des du der specimens of german march vi go home ye limbs now weary forget your labors dreary you now require your bed but other times come speedy and for you will make ready a couch in earth to rest this head vii mine eyes e en now are and in a moment closing where now are sense and oh keep them with affection stand thou their sole protection eye and guardian of the whole come thou thy child to co er and with thy wings brood over and shelter with thine arm then would the foe me thine angel s voice shall aid me this child shall meet no harm vi bin und i des es da man in der vii die im wo und du bin in alien du und vm du die um und i will der so die kind soil of ix and thou my dearest dear one no evil shall come near one not one of mine be lost i in and in distance oar will lend assistance with all the glorious angel host ix soil und the following is from von we have seen several manuscript but none in print we give the original below reconciliation let me lord before thee kneeling like the glowing pour in tears each bitter feeling and be reconciled to pain not with come i to thee but with heart wrung tears of grief lord no honor can they do thee but to me thej bring relief der specimens of q the landlady s this is a piece from often there came three comrades gallant and fine to a hostess over the fair hostess hast thou good beer and wine where hast thou the daughter thine my beer and wine is fresh and clear my daughter is lying on her and as within the room they tread in coffin lies the dead the first one drew the veil away and sadly on the senseless clay ah thou yet living thou fairest i would love thee from this hour he said the second veiled her features o er and turned him thence and wept full sore alas i that thou on thy i i have loved thee for so many a year the third back again the veil and kissed her on her lips so pale loved thee ever	37
i love but thee i will love thee in eternity here is a little piece we have not seen in english before it is ordained in s decree that men from what they see must part them though in all the world s career can leave the heart so sad and as parting tes parting i thus if a bud be given to thee with water nurse it tenderly yet know thou tomorrow if it bloom a rose ere night the withered flower will close that know thou tes know thou i two new and has god given to thee a love to prize all other things above that keep thou it is but for a time thine own then leaves it thee so all alone then weep thou yes weep thou now must thou understand my strain yes understand mj strain when living part in pain say even then we meet again yes meet again m two new uie its scripture md the early of church doctrines respecting it a preached at sunday th by f minister of the third society a new by william b a of pages the first of the above works is written in an and spirit it is also very impartial considering that its subject is a person who attempts to that doctrine into placid with his nature cannot perfectly just and genial for the apparatus will have its for the it is a made taste like that for and liquor and cannot be enjoyed without some but there is a that like spirit is comparatively harmless and of all give us the sentimental for we are not ready yet to it as an that a man s bis but ve limits and in a few directions to a that would otherwise be material and we have an important a is not the independent result of his pure reason were such a in fact it mr and his march would be and cheap enough but it depends upon that precise balance of faculties and sentiments that special power of each which any given individual represents just as various made colors result from the mixture of different shades so that an individual becomes toned down into a that is as inevitable and for him as is his complexion it would not be impossible to a sliding scale in which various tendencies of character should be matched with their congenial and necessary modes of speculation not with but with modes of speculation for after all the essential difference between men is not so much in the and number of articles they as in the modes of thought which they exercise upon spiritual things the differences then cannot be very extensive there are only two radical distinctions with ones belonging to each depending upon culture sentiment and health of brain these two involve the natural and the supernatural modes or habits of thought to these are various ways of holding the doctrines peculiar to each depending upon that subtle which is john or james or george this truth ought to teach us and also save us from that anxious spirit which that a man can receive an opinion on abstract considerations independent of that special of his which must determine the issue and which through all its alterations must the issue we should as soon expect to see the chinese successful in the to and rat soup not that rat soup is positively by the conditions of human nature any more than is a or a for it is astonishing what the human stomach will endure people in have eaten each other but then they were somewhat in advance for this banquet by the of their but after all it is better for each to stick to its mr does not seem to be in and yet we find him at this he is a but that is only one essential for the gratification of such a taste he belongs to that class of who in a doubtful issue between science and scripture would allow to scripture the casting vote forgetting that the interpretation which they put upon scripture is for the time mr and his being science the right of private judgment within the limits of scripture means the interpretation of scripture according to more or less but mr is a and that is the of the which he in this lecture the following sentence the tone of his mind and the consequent of his this grows up in the of devotion it is like that flower which is found in shady and goes by the name of nodding which being one of the few which have a triple low its blossom that it may be sheltered under the extended leaves the root of this plant is said to be a supernatural devout who had become acquainted with and had from his education with every effort to doctrines and lately with s altar form of christianity and could not do otherwise than believe that the father us through his son in the fellowship of the spirit the whole is there included nothing of it left out this is the nodding which mr finds in the in in another place he speaks of the as the living disclosure god has made and is making of himself to man the scheme of the bible this is not a a distinction in the nature of the god but only that character which he to tis but mr does not affirm that these three phases of god the divine nature to say nothing of the angels he adds that the religious mind these four things the father nature christ and the spirit an ingenious mind might illustrate this by the four if s of only contained four terms instead of three for this is after all only spun out of the above text and mr is not scientific when he says that the mind cannot	37
and when you have done that the element becomes the thing itself which you have mr and hia into a and further than this the of its elements to secure the existence of the first has plainly removed the need of that energy whereby the supreme intelligence becomes intelligible to himself the spirit can no longer exist as a separate essential element since it could never make god intelligible if he were not so already by being the supreme intelligence and if has really been from all eternity a consciousness a supreme intelligence he has been something as as an substance whose simplicity es if he has not been from all eternity a consciousness a cause realized then he has not been at all we object therefore to mr s theory of creation so far as his logic it essentially dependent upon the deity as thus by him but there are a few sentences which removed from their are striking and he says this universe is a divine process of thought the development of an infinite and eternal poem the supreme thinks the universe and that thought is its existence it would extend this notice too much to show in what respects our from mr s and is independent of his absolutely but we can receive many of his fine sayings without feeling to his in a note he has the following magnificent passage in illustration of the separation of individuals by the of the word and the order at the word of arms have seen revolving in the hand reflect at the same moment the rays of the morning sun in the beginning of time the almighty assumed the command of his army in person he uttered his voice before his host he gave the word of command i and immediately there rolled from the infinite abyss under darkness this universe of revolving worlds itself like an of visible glory through inexhaustible there was the ringing crash of the creation and afterwards fixed order and a silence that might be felt for in this crash the relations of and space had thundered into being the in which mr has clothed the above exalted conception it will appear and affected until you have the image ever since an army officer saw tiie sun go down his eye we have doubted whether were capable of any poetry except that of action this note the character of the army and we were on the point of saying of the war if general gave that command inspection of arms we are reconciled to his election and if the flash and ring of innumerable would always linger in the memory as the of as noble as this one we should be the sworn foes of the society but we are persuaded that neither angels nor nor powers nor any other creature can ma ke a out of a necessarily unity rt the writings of nature e boston vol mo e ay by r w boston vol mo second series by r w vol mo i poem by r w vol mo nature addresses and by r w vol mo representative men seven lectures by r w vol mo a hen lays an egg in the farmer s she quite loud and long see says the complacent bird see what an egg i have laid all the other in sympathy and seem to say what a nice egg has got laid was there ever such a family of as our family but the is heard only a short distance in the neighboring a few yards above the blue sky is silent by and by the rest will drop their daily and she will with them in sympathy but ere long the is still the egg has done its service been or eaten or perhaps proved fertile of a and it is forgotten as well as the who laid the thing but when an in june first its shell and the young oak puts out its earliest shoot there is no noise none attending its growth i yet it is destined to last some half a thousand years as a tree and serve as long that for sound timber slowly and in silence unseen in the dim recesses of the earth the diamond gets formed by small age after age there is no in the of the deep as journeys to its fellow and the crystal is slowly getting made to shine on the bosom of loveliness or glitter in the of an emperor a thing of beauty and a joy forever as with eggs so is it with uttle books when one of them is laid in some s the parent and the literary are often full of the and seem as happy as the offspring of in some shallow pool in early summer but by and hj it is again with the books as the eggs the old noise is all hushed and the books all gone while new authors are at the same work again reader we will not find fault with such books they are as useful as eggs yea they are indispensable the of authors and that of why should they not be allowed is it not written that all things shall work after their kind and so produce and does not this rule extend from the hen to the american academy and all the royal societies of literature in the world most but when a great book gets written it is published with no fine flourish of trumpets the world does not speedily congratulate itself on the accession made to its riches the book must wait awhile for its readers literary gentlemen of the tribe of and are popular in their time and get more praise than afterwards famous what audience did and give to their and their what price did milton get for the paradise lost how soon did	37
men appreciate not many years ago george who the works of that bard thought an act of parliament was not strong enough to make men read his though they bore the author up to a great height of fame and he sat where not li there had been four of s poems five of s eight of s but in eleven years of the paradise lost only three thousand copies were sold yet the edition was cheap and of went through eight or nine in a quite short time for forty one years from to england was satisfied with two of making perhaps one thousand copies in all no x march says mr of these facts there were readers in multitudes but their went for other purposes as their admiration was fixed elsewhere mr himself another example which found the est welcome the excursion and the poems of that writer or mr s lays of ancient rome how many a little in germany went up in his while the at over the sheets of says an eastern proverb the sage is the of a hundred ages so he can to wait till one or two be past away abiding with the few waiting for the fit and the many says a writer there is somewhat touching in the madness with which the passing age the object on which all candles shine and all eyes ai e turned the care with which it every trifle touching queen elizabeth and king james and the and and lets pass without a single valuable note the founder of another which alone will cause the to be remembered the man who carries the saxon race in him by the inspiration which him and on whose thoughts the foremost people of the world are now for some ages to be nourished and minds to receive this and not another bias a popular player nobody suspected he was the poet of the human race and the secret was kept as faithfully from poets and intellectual men as from and frivolous people bacon who took the of the human understanding for his times never mentioned his name ben had no suspicion of the elastic fame whose first he was attempting he no doubt thought the praise he has to him generous and esteemed himself out of all question the bet ter poet of the two if it need wit to know wit according to the proverb s time should be capable of it since the of great men who appeared in greece in the time of there was never any such society yet their genius failed them to find out the best head in the universe our poet s mask was impenetrable you cannot see the mountain near it took a century to make it suspected and not until two centuries had passed after his death did any criticism which we think adequate begin to appear it was not possible to write the history of till now it is now almost fourteen years mr published his first book nature a beautiful work it was and be deemed for many a year to come in this old of with more memory than wit with much tradition and little invention with more fear than love and a great deal of criticism upon very poetry there came forward this young david a shepherd but to be a king with his and singing robes about him one note upon his new and fresh strung was worth a thousand men men were for something original they always are when it came some said it thundered others that an angel had spoke how men wondered at the little book it took nearly twelve years to sell the five hundred copies of nature since that time mr has said much and if he has not printed many books at least has printed much some things far surpassing the first essay in richness of material in perfection of form in of thought but nothing which has the same youthful freshness and the same tender beauty as this early violet blooming out of and sand or snow poems and essays of a later date are there which show that he has had more time and woven it into life works which present us with thought deeper wider richer and more complete but not surpassing the simplicity and loveliness of that maiden flower of his poetic spring we know how true it is that a man cannot what he cannot comprehend nor comprehend either a man or a work greater than himself let him get on a never so high it him nothing are in and are even in a review critics often afford an involuntary proof of this yet grow no wiser by the experience few of our tribe can make the simple of the old hebrew poet and say tire have not exercised ourselves in great matters nor in things too high for tm sundry critics have we seen their way on wing to overtake the eagle flight of some of them have we known getting near enough to see a fault to overtake a feather falling from his wing and with that tumbling to ve name to a sea if one cared to notice to what depth they fell some of the on mr and have been very remarkable not to speak more definitely what of this new book said mr public to the who was not seized and tied down to judge but of his own free will stood up and answered oh t is out of all my lord quite an irregular thing not one march of the angles at the four comers is a right angle i had my rule and my lord in my pocket and for the poem your bid me look at it upon taking the length breadth height and depth of it and trying them at home upon an exact scale	37
of s they are out my lord in every one of their dimensions oh gentle reader we have looked on these efforts of our brother critics not without pity there is an excellent bird r marine and semi a broad footed bird broad backed broad a notable bird she is and a long lived a useful bird once indispensable to writers as furnishing the pen now fruitful in many a hint but when she to the music of the or the movement of the humming bird why she the modesty of her nature and if she essays the flight of die eagle she is fortunate if she falls only upon the water no man says the law may himself does not this apply to critics no the critic may do so suicide is a but if a critic only himself himself to with his own why t b to be for ven that in our aspirations to be great onr o oar mortal state in a place where there were no journals the historian sir walter scott relates that ambitious of fame asked his fortune of an tell me shall my lays be sung like s of uie after s ad and gone or shall s own one note to john she answers that as things work after their kind the result is after the same kind the eagle the sky the goose to fly must be content to along when seal and sea dog list his song we are warned by the fate of our when their example does not guide us we confess not only our inferiority to mr but our consciousness of the fact and believe that they should judge others who themselves and that authors like others on trial should be judged by their so we will not call this a criticism which we are about to write on mr only an attempt at a contribution towards a criticism hoping that in due time some one will come and do faithfully and completely what it is not yet time to accomplish still less within our power to do all of mr s literary works with the exception of the poems were published before they were printed delivered by word of mouth to various in reading his pieces he had an opportunity to see any defect of form and it mr has won by his writings a more de reputation than any other man of letters in america has yet attained it is not the reputation which brings him money or honors or of learned societies nor does it appear in the literary journals as yet but he has a high place among thinking men on both sides of the water we think no man who writes the english tongue has now so much influence in forming the opinions and character of young men and women his audience steadily at home and abroad more rapidly in england than america it is now with him as it was at first with dr the fairest criticism has come from the other side of the water the reason is that he like his offended the and party spirit the personal prejudices of the men about him his life was a reproach to them his words an offence or his doctrines alarmed their their party or their personal pride and they accordingly condemned the man a writer who should bear the same relation to the english mind as to ours for the same reason would be more acceptable here than at home is neither a nor a par no man less so yet few men in america have been visited with more hatred private personal hatred which the authors poorly endeavored to conceal and perhaps did hide from themselves the spite we have heard expressed against him by men of the common morality would strike a stranger with amazement especially when it is remembered that personal character and daily life are of such extraordinary loveliness this hatred has not proceeded merely from ignorant men in whom it could easily be excused but more often from men who have had opportunities of obtaining as good a culture as men commonly get in this country yet while he has been the theme of vulgar abuse of and ridicule in public and in private while critics more remarkable for the of their poison than the strength of their bow have at him their march little shafts more than pointed he has also drawn about him some of what old called the idle smoke of praise let us see what he has thrown into the public fire to cause this incense what he has done to provoke the rage of certain other men let us see what there is in his of old or new true or false what american and what let us weigh his works with such imperfect scales as we have weigh them by the standard of beauty truth and love and make an attempt to see what he is worth american literature may be distributed into two grand di visions namely the permanent literature consisting of books not written for a special occasion books which are bound between hard covers and the transient literature written for some special occasion and not designed to last beyond that our permanent literature is almost wholly an imitation of old models the substance is old and the k old there is nothing american about it but as our writers are commonly quite deficient in literary culture and scientific discipline their productions seem poor when compared with the portion of the permanent literature in older countries where the writers start with a better discipline and a better acquaintance th letters and art this of culture is one of the misfortunes incident to a new country especially to one where practical talent is so much and so justly preferred to merely literary accomplishment and skill this lack of culture is yet more apparent	37
in general in the transient literature which is produced mainly by men who have had few advantages for intellectual discipline in early life and few to make acquaintance with books at a later period that portion of our literature is commonly stronger and more american but it is often coarse and rude the permanent literature is the other is but we have now no time to dwell upon this theme which demands a separate paper mr is the most american of our writers the idea of america which lies at the bottom of our original institutions appears in him with great we mean the idea of personal freedom of the dignity and value of human nature the superiority of a man to the accidents of a man is the most republican of the most of the serene as a july sun he is equally fearless he looks every thing in the face modestly but with earnest scrutiny and passes judgment upon us merits is too high for his examination nothing too on earth only one thing he finds which is thoroughly venerable and that is the nature of man not the accidents which make a man rich or famous but the substance which makes him a man the man is before the institutions of man his nature superior to his history all things are only of man useful convenient or beautiful man is master and nature his slave serving for many a varied use the results of human experience the state the church society the family business literature science art all of these are subordinate to man if they serve the individual he is to foster them if not to abandon them and seek better things he looks at all things the past and the present the state and the church christianity and the market house m the daylight of the intellect nothing is allowed to stand between him and his manhood hence there is an apparent he does not bow to any hat which has set up for public adoration but to every man or profane who bears the mark of native he eats show bread if he is hungry while he is the most american he is almost the most of i our writers the least restrained and by the popular follies of the nation or the age in america writers are commonly kept in awe and subdued by fear of the richer class or that of the mass of men mr has small respect for either would bow as low to a as a lord to a as a scholar to one man as a he all but the law of his own nature them with manly scorn the traditions of f the churches are no to his thought or were the same to him if either stood in his way and the development of his individual life the forms of society and the of are no more his thought of today is no barrier to freedom of thought tomorrow for his own nature is not to be either to the history of man or his own history tomorrow to fresh fields and pastures new is his motto yet with all this freedom there is no wilful display of it he is so confident of his freedom so possessed of his rights that he does not talk of them they appear but are not spoken of with the and of america he has none of our ill he m america often he always it he seldom praises and never of our the most of no of the old is better for it is only the vulgar or who his follies in your face while it would be difficult to find a writer so m his to just principles there is not in all his works a or ill natured sarcasm none is less to the common forms of reverence but who is more truly while his idea is american the form of his literature is not less so it is a form which suits the substance and is modified by the institutions and natural objects about him you see that the author lives in a land with free institutions with town meetings and boxes in the vicinity of a church amongst men whose terrible devils are poverty and social neglect the only devils whose is much cared for his is american and the and the of new appear in poetry or prose and are better than the or or crowned with new york fall and have a place in his writings where a vulgar yankee would put or his men and women are john and jane not and he of the the club moss the blooming not of the and the he knows the the the bat and the and is not ashamed to say or sing of the things under his own eyes he his high thought by common things out of our new england life the meeting in the church the sunday school the a party the boys and hastening home from school the youth in the shop beginning an unconscious courtship with his customer the farmers about their work in the fields the bustling in the city the cattle the new hay the at a the village in a tavern full of riot the who thinks the nation is lost if his ticket chance to the the knot hole through which a dusty beam of light has looked in upon his darkness the radical who declares that nothing is good if established and the patent who screams in your ears that he can finish the world with a touch and out of all these he makes his poetry or his philosophy now and then he off to other lands reports what he has seen but it is an american report of what an american eye saw even mr s recent exaggerated of england is such a as none but	37
an american could bestow we know an american artist who is full of american scenery he makes good drawings of and but to color them he his pencil in the tints of the american heaven and over his olive trees and his and his priests he sheds the light only of his native sky so is it with mr give him tiie range of the globe it is still an american who travels yet with this he has a culture quite and extraordinary in a young nation like our own here is a man familiar with books not with many but the best books which he knows intimately he has kept good company two things impress you powerfully and the man has seen nature and been familiar with books his literary culture is not a on the surface not a mere polish of the outside it has penetrated deep into his consciousness the effect of literary culture is more perceptible in than in any american that we know save one a far younger man and of great promise of whom we shall speak at some other time we just now mentioned that our writers were sorely deficient in literary culture most of them have only a of learning but some have read enough read and remembered with ability to quote here is one who has evidently read much his subject required it or his disposition or some accident in his history furnished the occasion but his reading appears only in or in the margin his literature has not penetrated his soul and got with his whole consciousness you see that he has been on by the huge in its that he you with not by the of the flowers he has trampled or gathered in his pilgrimage not by dust clinging to his shoes or mountain vigor in his eye the rose smells of his sweets and needs not jou with the thorn to you of what he has dealt in here is another writer who has studied much in the various of the world but has lost himself therein books things art stands between him and nature his figures are from literature not from the green world no x tj is gone a on the ocean of letters he has a in every port and a lodging place where the night him all flags are the same to him all he has no wife no home no country he has dropped and in becoming a has lost his everywhere so with all and for his metropolis he is an alien everywhere in the wide world he has no literary now he studies one author and is the thereof for a time now another with the same result or is the same to him and he is or as occasion demands a thin with small of its own he is continually from his natural course by the attraction of other and more substantial bodies till he has forgotten that he ever had any of his own and in the literary sky now this way drawn now that his only certain movement an with a he himself to this or the other writer and for the time his own color and he along with it with all is very his literary culture is i of him and not merely on him his learning appears not in his but in his talk it is the wine itself and not the s brand on the which shows its quality in his reading and his study he is still his own master he has not purchased his education with the loss of his identity not of his manhood nay he has not forgotten his kindred in getting his culture he is still the master of himself no man him even into a momentary imitation he keeps his individuality with and with a conscience rarely found amongst literary men and plays now and then plays always he honors greece and is not a stranger with her noblest sons he pauses as a before tiie lovely muse of germany he bows low with reverence before the practical skill of england but no one nor all of these have power to subdue that serene and upright intellect he rises from the he stooped to consult just as erect as before his reading a certain richness to his style which is more than that of any american writer we remember as much so as that of he takes much for granted in his reader as if he were addressing men who had read every thing and wished to be reminded of what they had read in classic times there was no reading only a select of highly men it was in england once the literature of that period the fact only and dramatic works were designed for pit box and gallery nobody can speak more clearly and more plainly an but take any one of his essays or and you see that he does not write in the language of the mass of men more than or his style is as an of or and the allusions are to literature which is known to but few hence while his thought is human in substance and american in its and therefore easily grasped comprehended and welcomed by men of the commonest i it is but few who understand the entire meaning of the sentences which he writes his style american scenery and is into rare beauty as it flows by and so has a pleasing fascination but it also the literary scenery of his own mind and so half of his thought is lost on half his readers accordingly no writer or finds a access for his thoughts to the mind of the people at large but no american author is less intelligible to the people in all his manifold meaning and beauty of allusion he has not completely learned to with the and then put his	37
thoughts into the plain speech of plain men every word is intelligible in the massive speech of mr and has its while has still something of the of the scholar as compared to the power of the man of action whose words fall like the notes of the each in its time and place yet without picking and choosing and do not trip in their speech says he it is a shower of bullets it is cambridge men who correct themselves and begin again at every half sentence and moreover will and too much and from the matter to the expression but of the peculiarities of his style we shall speak again s works do not betray any exact which has a certain as well as about it it is plain to see that his favorite authors have been especially that of his immense common place book his moral writings george milton and of late years his works contain allusions to the ancient oriental literature from which he has borrowed some hard names and some valuable thoughts but is led astray by its influence march for it is that he does not understand that philosophy he from hence his oriental are brought up to take a stand which no man dreamed of in their time and made to defend ideas not known to men till long after these were at rest in their graves in s writings you do not see indications of exact mental discipline so remarkable in bacon milton and south in and neither has he the wide range of mere literature noticeable in all other men i he works up scientific facts in his writings with great skill often penetrating beyond the fact and discussing the idea out of which it and many other kindred facts seem to have proceeded this not only a nice eye for facts but a mind singularly powerful to detect latent and see the one in the many yet there b nothing to show any regular and discipline in science which appears so eminently in and he seems to learn his science from occasional conversation with men of science or from statements of remarkable discoveries in the common journals not from a careful and regular study of facts or with all his literary culture he has an intense love of nature a true sight and appreciation thereof not the eye of the but the vision of the poet a book never clouds his sky his figures are drawn from nature he sees the fact no of nature hangs up in his windows to shut out nature herself how well he says if a man would be alone let him look at the stars the rays that come from those heavenly worlds will separate between him and vulgar things one might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design to give man in the heavenly bodies the perpetual presence of the sublime seen in the streets of cities how great they are i if the stars should appear one night in a thousand years how would men believe and and preserve for many generations the remembrance of the city of which had been shown but every night come out these of beauty and light the universe with their smile to speak truly few persons can see nature most persons do not see the sun at least they have a very superficial i seeing the sun only the eye of the man but shines into the eye and the heart of the child the lover of nature is y he whose inward and outward senses are still truly adjusted to each other who has retained the spirit of infancy even into the era of manhood his intercourse with heaven and earth becomes of his daily food in the presence of nature a wild delight runs through the man in spite of real sorrows nature says he is my creature and all his impertinent he shall be glad with me not the sun or the summer alone but every hour and season its tribute of delight for every hour and change to and a different state of the mind from breathless noon to midnight nature is a setting that fits equally well a comic or a mourning piece in good health the air is a cordial of incredible virtue crossing a bare common in snow at twilight under a clouded sky without having in my thoughts any occurrence of special good fortune i have enjoyed a perfect almost i fear to think how glad i am in the woods too a man casts off his years as the snake his and at what period of life is always a child in the woods is perpetual youth within these of god a decorum and reign a festival is dressed and the guest sees not how he should tire of them in a thousand years in the woods we return to reason and faith there i feel that nothing can me in life no disgrace no calamity leaving me my eyes which nature cannot repair standing on the bare ground my head bathed by the air and uplifted into infinite space all mean i become a transparent i am nothing i see all the currents of the universal being through me i am part or of god the name of the nearest friend sounds then foreign and accidental to be brothers to be acquaintances master or servant is then a and a disturbance i am the lover of and immortal beauty in the wilderness i find something more dear and than in streets or villages in the tranquil landscape and especially in the distant line of the horizon man somewhat as beautiful as his own nature the the attorney comes out of the din and craft of the street and sees the sky and the woods and is a man again in their eternal calm he finds himself the health of	37
an old writer it was once proposed m the british house of that james afterward the celebrated of but then a march young man should be admitted to the assembly of the s the proposition if we remember rightly gave rise to some debate upon which john a younger man than but highly distinguished and much respected rose and said that it reminded him of a proposition which might be made that jones the famous should be admitted to the company of makers mr s writings are eminently ous christian in the best sense of that word this has often been denied for two v reasons because mr sets little value on the of the christian no more perhaps than on the of the and the and also because his writings far the mechanical morality and formal commonly recommended by gentlemen in highly religious he is not at all or he has small reverence for forms and traditions a manly life is the only form of religion which he and hence we do not wonder at all that he also has been deemed an it would be very surprising if it were not so still it is not religion that is most conspicuous in these volumes that is not to be looked for except in the special religious literature yet we must confess that any one of s works seems far more religious than what are commonly called good books including the class of sermons to show what is in mr s books and what is not let us make a little more detailed thereof he is not a logical writer not not what is commonly called philosophical to a great degree but never so we are not to look for a scientific plan or for a system of which the author is himself conscious still in all sane men there must be a system though the man does not know it there are two ways of upon an author one is to represent him by specimens the other to describe him by analysis one to show off a finger or foot of the de the other to give the dimensions thereof we will attempt both and will speak of mr s starting point his a then of his method of his in then of the conclusion he arrives at his ad in giving the dimensions of his statue we shall exhibit also some of the parts described most writers or unconsciously take as their point of departure some special and this man starts from a tradition the philosophical tradition of t or this from the of the or the and never dare get out of sight of his authorities he takes the bearing of every thing om his a man may sail the sea for ages he arrives nowhere at the last oar mast not his tradition the catholic must not get beyond his church nor the his bible others start from some fixed fact a a constitution the public opinion the public morality or the popular religion this they are to defend at all of course they will retain all falsehood and injustice which favor this institution and reject all justice and truth which oppose the same others pretend to start from d but in reality do take their departure from a limited conception of god om the hebrew notion of him or catholic notion from the or the notion of god by and by they are and stopped in their progress the philosophy of these three classes of men is always by the prejudice they start with mr takes man for his point of departure he means to take the whole of man man with his history man with his nature his intellectual moral and religious instincts and faculties with him man is the measure of all things of ideas and of facts if they fit man are accepted if not thrown aside this appears in his first book and in his last the foregoing generations beheld and nature face to ce we through their eyes why should not we also enjoy an original relation to the universe why should not we have a poetry and philosophy of insight and not of tradition and a religion by a revelation to us and not the history of theirs for a season in nature whose floods of life stream around and us and invite us by the powers they supply to action to nature why should we among the dry bones of the past or put the living generation into out of its faded wardrobe the sun shines today also there is more wool and in the fields there are new lands new men new thoughts let us demand our own works and laws and worship nature again he speaks in a higher mood of the same theme that is always best which gives me to myself the sublime is excited in me by the great doctrine obey that which shows god in me me that which shows god out of me makes me a and a there is no longer a ko x necessary reason for my being already the long shadows of oblivion creep over me and i shall forever wherever a man comes there comes revolution the old is for slaves when a man comes all books are all things transparent all are forms he is man is the wonder he is seen amid miracles all men bless and curse he yea and nay only the of religion the assumption that the age of inspiration is past that the bible is closed the fear of degrading the character of by representing him as a man indicate with the falsehood of our it is the office of a true teacher to show us that god is not was that he not let me you first of all to go alone to refuse the good models even those which are sacred in the imagination of men	37
and dare to love god without or veil friends enough you shall find who will hold up to your and saints and thank god these good men but say i also am a man imitation cannot go above its model the himself to hopeless the did it because it was natural to and so in him it has a charm in the something else is natural and he himself of his own beauty to come short of another man s yourself a bard of the holy ghost cast behind you all and men at first hand with deity to it first and only that fashion custom authority pleasure and money are nothing to you are not over your eyes that you cannot see but live the privilege of the mind addresses c let man then learn the revelation of all nature and all thought to his heart this namely that the highest dwells with him that the sources of nature are in hb own mind if the sentiment of duty is there but if he would know what the great god he must go into his closet and shut the door as said god will not make himself manifest to he must greatly listen to himself withdrawing himself from all the accents of other men s devotion their prayers even are to him until he have made his own the soul makes no appeal from itself our religion stands on numbers of whenever the appeal is made no matter how indirectly to numbers is then and there made that religion is not he that finds god a sweet thought to him never counts his company when i sit in that presence who shall dare to come in when i rest in perfect humility when i bum with pure love what or say essays p and again m his latest publication the gods of fable are the shining moments of great men we ran our vessels into one mould our colossal of are the necessary and action of the human mind man is that noble plant which grows like the palm from within outward i count him a great man who a higher sphere of thought into which other men rise with labor and difficulty he has but to open his eyes to see things in a true light and in large relations whilst they must make painful and keep a eye on many sources of error the genius of humanity is the right point of view of history for a time our teachers serve us personally as or of progress once they were angels of knowledge and their figures touched the sky then we drew near saw their means culture and limits and they yielded their place to other happy if a few names remain so high that we have not been able to read them nearer and age and comparison have not robbed them of a ray but at last we shall cease to look in men for completeness and shall content ourselves with their social and quality yet within the limits of human education and agency we may say great men exist that there may be greater men the destiny of organized nature is and who can tell its limits it is for man to tame the chaos on every side whilst he lives to scatter the seeds of science and of song that climate com animals men may be and the of love and benefit may be multiplied the world is young the former great men call to us we too must write to unite again the heavens and the earthly world the secret of genius is to suffer no fiction to exist for us to realize au that we know in the high refinement of modem life in arts in in books in men to exact good faith reality and a purpose and first last midst and without end to honor every truth by use representative mm in this is more american than america and is himself the highest in literature of this idea of human freedom and the value of man talks of the dignity of human nature his great and brilliant theme but he commonly perhaps always the nature of man to some of the accidents of his history this never does no not once in all his works nor in all his life still we think it is not the whole of man from which he starts march that he the logical and historical understanding with the results thereof and also the affections hence his man who is the measure of all things is not the complete man this defect appears in his which are a little cold the of marble men and in his religious the highest which this age has furnished full of reverence full of faith but not rich in affection mr has a method of his own as marked as that of lord bacon or and as rigidly to it is not the method by which you arrive at a general fact from many particular facts but never reach a universal law it not the method whereby a minor law is derived from a a special from a general law it is neither nor demonstration but proceeds by the way of or spiritual go to the fact and look for yourself is his command a material fact vou cannot always and so for that must depend on evidence a spiritual fact you can always legitimate for yourself thus he that which seems faintly possible it is so refined is often faint and dim because it is deepest seated in the mind among the eternal science is apt to cloud the sight and by the very knowledge of functions and processes to the student of the manly contemplation of uie whole the becomes but the best read who an entire and devout attention to truth	37
will see that there remains much to learn of his relation to the world and that it is not to be learned by any addition or or other comparison of known quantities but is arrived at by of the spirit by a continual self recovery and by entire humility he will perceive that there are far more excellent qualities in the student than and that a guess is often more fruitful than an and a dream may let us deeper into the secret of nature than a hundred experiments every and of the mind is entitled to a certain respect and we learn to prefer imperfect theories and sentences which contain glimpses of truth to systems which have no one valuable suggestion a wise writer will feel that the ends of study and composition are best answered by announcing regions of thought and so communicating through hope new activity to the spirit nature and again and people they cannot unite him to or reconcile him with themselves as they come to their and to live their own piety explains every fact every word the inquiry leads us to that source at once the essence of genius the essence of virtue and the essence of life which we call or instinct we thb wisdom as whilst all later are in that deep force the last fact behind which analysis cannot go all things find their common origin for the sense of being which in calm hours rises we know not how in the soul is not from things from space from light from time from man but one with them and obviously from the same source whence their life and being also we first share the life by which things exist and afterwards see them as appearances in nature and forget that we have shared their cause here is the fountain of action and the fountain of thought here are the lungs of that inspiration which man wisdom of that inspiration of man which cannot be denied without and we lie in the lap of immense intelligence which makes us organs of its activity and of its truth when we discern justice when we discern truth we do nothing of ourselves but allow a passage to its beams if we ask whence this comes if we seek to into the soul that causes all all philosophy is at fault its presence or its absence is all we can affirm perception is not but if i see a trait my children will see it after me and in course of time all mankind although it may chance that no one has seen it before me for my perception of it is as much a fact as the sun the relations of the soul to the divine spirit are so pure that it is profane to seek to helps it must be that when god he should communicate not one thing but all things should fill the world with hb voice should scatter forth light nature time souls from the centre of the present thought and new date and new create the whole whenever a mind is simple and receives a divine wisdom then old things pass away means teachers temples fall it lives now and past and future into the present hour the soul is the and of truth we know truth when we see it let and say what they choose foolish people ask you when you have spoken what they do not wish to hear how do you know it is truth and not an error of your own we know truth when we see it from opinion as we know when we are awake that we are awake the great distinction between teachers sacred or literary between poets like and poets like pope between philosophers uke and and philosophers like m and men of the world who are reckoned accomplished and here and there a fervent half insane the of his thought is that one class speak rom or from experience as parties and of the fact and the other class wit as spectators merely or perhaps as with the fact on the evidence of third persons it is of no use u preach to me from without i can do that too easily myself the soul gives itself alone original and pure to the lonely original and pure who on that condition gladly leads and speaks through it then is it glad young and it is not wise but it sees through all things it is not called religious but it is innocent it calls the its own and feels that the grass grows and the stone falls by a law inferior to and dependent on its nature behold it i am bom into the great the universal mind i the imperfect my own perfect i am somehow of the great soul and thereby i do overlook the sun and the stars and feel them to be but the fair accidents and e r which change and pass more and more the of everlasting nature enter into me and i become public and human in my and actions so come i to live in thoughts and act with energies which are immortal all your learning of all would never enable you to anticipate one of its thoughts or expressions and yet each is natural and familiar as household words nature and p the same method in his last work is ascribed to add to this he believes that poetry prophecy and the high insight are from a wisdom of which man is not master that the gods never but by a celestial these miracles are accomplished r p sometimes he the value of this and puts the before the self state it is pitiful to be an artist when by to be artists we might be vessels filled with the divine enriched by the of	37
of mankind society never advances the civilized man has built a coach but has lost the use of his feet he is supported on but loses so much support of muscle he has got a fine but he lost the skill to tell the hour by the sun a he has and so being sure of the information when he wants it tiie man in the street does not know a star in the sky the ee he does not observe the he knows as little and the whole bright of the year is a dial in his mind his note books his memory his his wit the number of and te march a question whether machinery does not whether we haye not lost by refinement some energy by a christianity in and forms some of wild for every was a but in where is the christian bat this is an exaggeration which he elsewhere and justly says that the great men of the century will one day be quoted to prove the of their age he teaches an absolute trust in is the union of man and god in every act of the soul the simplest person who in his integrity god becomes god yet forever and ever the of this better and universal self is new and ver it awe and astonishment when we have broken our god of tradition and ceased from our god of then may god fire the heart with his presence it is the of the heart itself nay the infinite of the heart with a power of growth to a new on every side it in man an trust he has not the conviction but the sight that the best is the true and may in that thought easily dismiss all particular and fears and to the sure revelation of time the solution of his private he is sure that his welfare is dear to the heart of being in the presence of law to his mind he is with a reliance so universal that it sweeps away all cherished hopes and the most stable projects of mortal condition in its flood he believes that he cannot escape from his good in how many churches by how many tell me is man made sensible that he is an infinite soul that the earth and heavens are passing into his mind that he is drinking forever the soul of god where now sounds the persuasion that by its very melody my heart and so its own origin in heaven shall i hear words such as in elder ages drew men to leave all and follow and mother house and land wife and child where shall i hear these august laws of moral being so pronounced as to fill my ear and i feel by the offer of my action and passion the test of the true certainly should be its power to charm and command the soul as the laws of nature control the activity of the hands so commanding that we find pleasure and honor in obeying the faith should with the light of rising and of setting with the flying the singing bird and the breath of but now the priests has lost the splendor of nature it is we are glad when it is done we can i make we do make even sitting in our a far better sweeter for c god himself to man in forms we distinguish the of the soul its of its own nature bj the term revelation these are always attended by the emotion of the sublime for this communication is an of the into our mind it is an ebb of the individual before flowing of the sea of life every distinct apprehension of this central men with awe and delight a thrill passes through all men at the reception of new truth or at the of a great action which comes out of the heart of nature in these communications the power to see is not separated from the will to do but the insight proceeds from obedience and the obedience proceeds from a joyful perception every moment when the individual feels himself by it is memorable the nature of these revelations is always the same re of the absolute law this energy does not descend into individual life on any other condition than entire possession it comes to the lowly and sim pie it comes to will put off what is foreign and proud it comes as insight it comes as serenity and grandeur when we see those whom it we are of new degrees of greatness from that inspiration the man comes back with a changed tone he does not talk with men with an eye to their opinion he tries them it requires of us to be plain and true the soul that to worship the great god is plain and true has no rose color no friends no chivalry no adventures does not want admiration dwells in the hour that now is in the earnest experience of the common day by reason of the present moment and the mere trifle become to thought and of the sea of light how dear how soothing to man arises the idea of god the lonely place the of our mistakes and disappointments he says the same thing in yet more notes not from a vain or shallow thought his awful jove young brought never from lips of fell the thrilling mm tbe of the of the old the of came like the i of flame up from the core the of love and woe the hand that rounded peter s dome and the of christian wrought in a sad sincerity himself god he not free he better than he knew hie conscious stone to grew the passive master lent his	37
hand to the vast soul that o er him planned and the same power that reared the the that knelt within ever the fiery with one flame the countless host the heart through and through the priest the mind m l m u wi p t t o na into five great i re his idea of of god and of n love hit idea of rule the of man s to hb hit idea of ob the ef to god of the relation of man to man and of economy the relation of man to nature we find him in tiie first rank of modem science no man in this age is before he nothing but his x in advance of mankind is the treatment be has met with then in hia there a a love of in all in nature in art literature and all in human life the leaf the the s die s the swinging spider s silver line the of the drop of wine the shining of die pond thou with a in thy momentary play would oa to repay oft in ts i detect which la lowly homes b r their way l i men have for this in or nice an eye for it in nature writings do not disclose a very clear of the beauty of animated it is still life that he described in water plants and the he seldom to the forces of lie that are everywhere balanced into such proportions e perception of which makes the of alexander von so attractive and delightful in all s works there appears a sublime in man a respect for human nature which we have seen surpassed never equalled man is only to be true to his nature to plant himself on his instincts and all will tom out well build therefore your own world as fast as your life to the pore idea in your mind that will a correspondent revolution in things will attend of the spirit so fast will disagreeable appearances swine mad enemies vanish tbey are temporary and shall be no seen the and of nature the sun shall dry up and the wind as when the summer comes from the south the snow banks and the face of the earth becomes green before it so the advancing spirit create its ornaments along its path and carry with it the beauty it visits and the song which it it shall draw faces and warm hearts and wise discourse and heroic acts around its way until evil is no more seen the kingdom of man over nature which not with observation a dominion such as now is beyond his dream of god he shall enter without more wonder than the man feels who is gradually restored to perfect sight nature foolish bands may mix and mar v e and the issues are he has also an absolute confidence in he has been foolishly accused of which sinks gk d in but no man is further from it he never sinks ood in man he does not stop with the law in matter or morals but back to the yet probably it would not be so easy for him to his definition of d as it would be for most i ba h at or cambridge with this confidence in he looks thing fairly in the face and never never fears toil sorrow pain these are things which it is to boldly he faces every t never retreating behind an institution or a great man in his trust is complete with the scrutiny he the highest reverence hence come his and serenity he is balanced and at repose a more tranquil cannot be found in literature seems to fret or jar him and au the tossing of the literary world never him into anger or impatience he goes on like the stars above the noise and dust of earth as calm yet not so cold no man says thin more terribly severe than he on many occasions few m america have encountered such abuse but in all his writings there is not a line which can be referred to ill will impudence and terror are wasted on him s averted eye which the hope of the is powerless on him as on the of granite in new hills and he does not wait to any man s he is again on his road new powers and honors to his and new claims on the heart he takes no notice of the criticism from which but warning is to be had warning against and impudence and goes on his way his answer a act many shafts has he shot not an arrow in self defence not a line that he has been treated ill this is small but rare even cool treated his critics with haughty scorn comparing them to dog who bark in the court yard when the master to ride will der spite stall der i t he the power of orderly arrangement to a remarkable degree not only is there no obvious logical order but there is no subtle method by which the several parts of an essay are joined together his deep sayings are jewels j i strung wholly at random this often the reader i this want appears the greatest defect of his mind of late years there has been a marked to correct it and in regard to mere order there is certainly a eat improvement in the first series of essays on nature rather book a then he is not like and perhaps not like many r men he seldom or never to prove any he tells what he sees see ing things by glimpses not by and continuous looking he often fails of seeing the whole object he does not always see ad of its relations with other hence comes an occasional exaggeration but this is commonly corrected by some	37
subsequent statement thus he has seen books many a youth and speaking to men desirous of warning them of their danger he the worth of books themselves but the use he makes of them in his own writings shows that this statement was an exaggeration which his practical judgment speaking to men whose danger was that they should be or mechanical at a lo c he says that ecstasy is the method of nature but himself never anything poor and what he gets in his moments of inspiration he carefully in his cool hours and it is printed as reflection never as the simple result of inspiration having not only the stamp of divine truth but the private mark of he is never b his enthusiasm he possesses the spirit it never possesses him if the god comes into his soul without bell it is only with due consideration that he to the world the message that was brought still he must regret that his extravagant estimate of ecstasy has been made and has led some youths and maids astray this mode of looking at things and this want of logical order make him appear inconsistent there are actual and obvious in his works two sons of in one chariot ride now he is all generosity and shining like the sun on things mean and low and then he says with a good deal of truth but some exaggeration do not tell me of my obligation to put all poor men in good situations are they my poor i tell thou foolish that i grudge the dollar the the cent i give to such men as do not belong to me and to whom i do not belong there is a class of persons to whom by all spiritual i am bought and sold for them i will go to prison if need be but your miscellaneous popular the education at college of fools the building of meeting houses to the vain end to which many now stand to and the belief societies though i confess with shame i sometimes and give the no x b so dollar it a dollar which by and by i shall hate to withhold r essays p thus a certain appears in his hen and there bat take them all together they form a whole of m take them in connection with his private character and life we may challenge the world to an example of a fairer and more consistent whole with the exceptions above stated there is a remarkable balance of faculties of and of the spontaneous and and the voluntary and powers he is a slave to neither all are balanced into y lovely proportions and intellectual harmony in many things is superior to in of invention in a wide acquaintance with men in that perception of character which seems an instinct in some men in regular discipline of tiie understanding in literary and artistic culture but in general harmony of tiie intellectual powers and the of purpose which comes thereof is the superior even of the many sided he never his time on trifles he is too heavily and lies so deep in the sea that a little flaw of wind never drives him from his course if we go a little further and inquire how the other qualities are blended with the intellectual we find that the moral power a the intellectual and the religious is a before the moral as it should be but the seem to be less developed than the intellect there is y no total balance of all the faculties to correspond with the harmony of his intellectual powers this seems to us the greatest defect in his entire being as lack of logical power is the chief defect in his intellect there is love enough for any man not enough to balance his intellect his and his faith in gk d hence there appears a certain coldness in his he is a man running alone and would t lead others to not society notwithstanding his own intense individuality and his and respect for individuality still persons seem of small value to him of value except as they represent or help develop an idea of the intellect in this respect in his writings he is one sided and while no one mental power has subdued another yet his intellect and conscience seem to and the affections yet he never goes so r in as who used men and women too as cattle to ride as food to eat in a i writings there appears a of the k d all we find in or in or it is reverence it is trust the worship of the con science of me intellect it is obedience the worship of the will it is not love the worship of the affections no writer in our language is more rich in ideas none more suggestive of noble thought and noble life we will select the which occur in a single essay which we take at that on self reliance it needs a divine man to exhibit anything divine nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own mind the virtue most in request is self reliance is its aversion no law can be sacred to me but that of my nature the only wrong what is against it truth is than the affectation of love your goodness must have some edge to it do your work and you shall yourself a foolish is the of to be great is to be misunderstood character teaches above our wills greatness always appeals to the future the centuries are against the and majesty of the soul if we live truly we shall see truly it is as easy for the strong to be strong as it is for the weak to be weak when a man lives with his voice shall be as	37
sweet as the murmur of the brook and the rustle of the com virtue is the governor welcome to gods and men is the self helping duty is our place and the merry men of follow as they may my giant goes with me wherever i go it was in his own mind that the artist sought his model that which each can do best none but his maker can teach him every great man is an unique nothing can bring you peace but the triumph of principles his works abound also with the most genial wit he clearly sees and sharply states the of things and men ui wit is never coarse and wholly without thai of i often the accompaniment thereof let us now a word of the artistic style and form of these remarkable books mr always towards first principles bat never sets them in a row groups them into a system or makes of them a whole hence the form of all his prose writings is very and much of his rare power is lost he never fires by companies nor even by only man by man his soldiers are never into line but stand scattered and individual each serving on his own account and fighting on his own hook things are huddled and diamonds pearls bits of chalk and thrown together you can no joints and no find nor their loose parts to any method bring here is a specimen of the of for things are joined by a casual connection or else b mere caprice this is so in the which were denied to be heard not read where order is the more needful his separate thoughts are each a growth now and then it is with a sentence seldom with a paragraph but his essay is always a of composition and not take any one of his volumes the first series of essays for example the book does not make an whole by itself and so produce a certain of impression the separate essays are not arranged with reference to any progress in the reader s mind or any development of the author s ideas here are the tides of the several papers in their present order history self compensation spiritual laws love friendship prudence heroism the over soul circles intellect art in each essay there is the same want of completeness and orderly tion of the parts there is no logical arrangement of the separate thoughts which are subordinate to the main idea of the piece they are shot together into a curious and mass of beauty like the colors in a not laid together like the gems in a collection still less grown into a whole like the parts of a rose where beauty of form fragrance and color make up one whole of loveliness the lines he draws do not to one point there is no progress in his drama the end the interest not from an artistic arrangement of accumulated thoughts but only because the author finds his heart warmed by bis efforts and beating quicker some artists produce their effect almost wholly by form and outline they with their pencil the of michael is an example so some writers their pupils by the severity of their intellectual method and scientific forms of thought other artists have we known produce the effect almost wholly by their the drawing was bad but the color of lip and eye of neck and cheek and hair was perfect the likeness all men saw and felt the impression but the perfect artist be true to both will keep the forms of things and only clothe them with appropriate hues we know some say that order belongs not to poetic minds but the saying is false in all s high poetic works the form is perfect as the this appears in the of the grand divisions of the paradise lost and in the arrangement of the smallest details y in l and ii and then the appropriate hue j of morning of mid day or of night is thrown upon the whole his love of individuality has unconsciously deprived him of the grace of order his or essays are like a natural field here is common grass only with him not half so common as wild roses and for his common are flowers and then rocks then trees thorns now flowers now weeds here a log with bushes on the one side and vines on the other and creeping among them all there are and wood worms earth worms and more obvious sheep and oxen and above and about them the brown the hen hawk and the crow making a scene of beautiful and intricate confusion which belongs to nature not to human art his marked love of individuality appears in his style his thoughts are seldom vague all is distinct the outlines sharply drawn things are always from one another he loves to he talks not of flowers but of the violet the the and not of birds but the and the not of insects but of the not of men and but of adam john and jane things are kept from things each surrounded by its own atmosphere this gives great distinctness and animation to his works though he seems to imitate himself a in this respect it is remarkable to what an extent this is carried the essays in his books are separate and stand apart from one another only mechanically bound by the of the volume his in each essay are dis s ma t m and or but loosely bound to one it with in the paragraph and in sentence take for example hie essay on experience it is into seven parts which treat of temperament succession ce surprise reality and these seven are put in one army as little unity of action as any seven officers not subject to one head nor fighting on the	37
same side the under these are in no order and discipline sometimes the the king but this very lack of order gives variety of form tou can never anticipate him one half the essay never suggests the rest if he have no order he never sets his method a going and himself with his audience goes to sleep trusting that he they and the conclusion will all come out alive and waking at the last he nothing to the discipline of his camp all to the fidelity of the individual soldiers his style is one of the beauty there is no affectation no conceit no effort at effect he to everybody and nobody no writer that we remember except paul is so rich in beautiful there are no blank walls in his building but s temple of is a rich elaborate of costly stone adorned with costly work but as a whole rather grotesque than sublime and more queer than beautiful you wonder how any one could have brought such wealth together and still more that any one could combine things so oddly together a rambling church with an irregular outline a chapel here and a tower you do not see why but all parts are beautiful and the whole the soul to love and trust his manifold images come fix m his own sight not from the testimony of other men his words are pictures of the things from nature lake and he describes the thing and not the effect of the thing this quality he has in common with the great writers of classic antiquity while his wealth of sentiment puts him with the of modem times like he lays all literature under contribution and presses the facts of every day life into his service he seems to keep the sun and moon as his and black mail on the and the on the preacher and the snow storm which seemed to rebuke his unnatural his works with beauty take examine this n r m what do we wi h to know of any worthy person so much as how be has sped in the history of this sentiment love what books in the how we glow over these novels of passion when the story is told with any spark of truth and nature and what attention in the intercourse of life like any passion affection between two parties perhaps we never saw them before and never shall meet them again but we see them exchange a glance or betray a deep emotion and we are no longer strangers we understand them and take the warmest interest in the development of the romance all mankind love a lover the earliest of and kindness are nature s most winning it is the dawn of civility and grace in the coarse and rustic the village boy the girls about the school house door but to day he comes running into the entry and meets one fair child arranging her he holds her books to help her and instantly it seems to him as if she removed herself from him infinitely and was a sacred among the throng of girls he runs rudely enough but one alone distances him and these two little neighbors that were so close just now have learned to respect each other s personality or who can his eyes from the engaging half ways of school girls who go into the country shops to buy a of silk or a sheet of paper and talk half an hour about nothing with the broad faced good natured shop boy in the village they are on a perfect equality which love delights in and without any the happy affectionate nature of woman flows out in this pretty gossip the girls may have little beauty yet plainly do they establish between them and the good boy the most agreeable confiding relations what with their fun and their earnest about and and and who was invited to the party and who danced at the dancing school and when the singing would begin and other concerning which the parties by and by that boy wants a wife and very truly and heartily will he know where to find a sincere and sweet mate without any risk such as milton as incident to scholars and great men the passion re makes the world for the youth it makes all things alive and significant nature grows conscious every bird on the boughs of the tree sings now to his heart and soul almost the notes are articulate the clouds have faces as he looks on them the trees of the forest the waving grass and the peeping flowers have grown intelligent and almost he fears to trust them with the secret which they seem to invite yet nature and in the green solitude he finds a dearer home than with men behold there in the wood the fine madman he is a palace of sweet sounds and sights he he is a man he ba h walks with aims he he the grass and the trees he feels the blood of the violet the and the lily in his veins and he talks with the brook that his foot essays is a great master of language he he and in his speech and in his speech also he in greece and were mighty masters of the pen and have not their in ancient literary art so m rome were l and four men so marked in individuality so unlike and withal so skilful in the use of speech it were not easy to find four mighty masters of the art to write in later times there have been in england bacon milton swift and on the continent and all masters in this art skilful to work in human speech each of them possessed some qualities which has not in bacon milton and there is a majesty a dignity and giant strength	37
not to w claimed for him yet separating the beautiful from what men call sublime no one of all that we have named ancient or modem has passages so beautiful as he from what is called sublime if we separate what is simply vast or merely grand or only wide it is in vain that we seek in all those men for anything to rival take the following passage and it is not possible we think to find its equal for the beautiful and the sublime in any tongue the lovers delight in in of love in com of their regards when alone they solace themselves with the remembered image of the other does that other see the same star the same melting read the same book feel the same emotion that now delight me they try and weigh their affection and adding up all costly advantages friends ties properties in discovering that willingly joyfully they would give all as a for the beautiful the beloved head not one hair of which shall be but the lot of humanity is on these children danger sorrow and pain arrive to them as to all love it makes with eternal power in behalf of this dear mate the union which is thus effected and which adds a new value to every in nature for it every thread throughout the whole web of relation into a golden ray and the soul in a new and sweeter element is yet a temporary state not always can flowers pearls poetry nor even home in another heart content the awful soul that dwells ia day it at last these as toys and on the and to vast and universal aims the soul is in the of each craving for a perfect defects and in the behavior of the hence arise and pain that which drew them to each other was signs of loveliness signs of virtue and these virtues are there however they appear and and continue to attract but the changes the sign and to the substance this the wounded affection meantime as life wears en it proves a game of and combination of all possible positions of the parties to all the resources of each and each with the whole strength and ess of the other for it is the nature and end of relation that they should represent the human race to each other all that is in the world which is or ought to be known is wrought into the texture of man of woman the love does to ns fit like has the taste of all in it the world rolls the vary every hour all the angels that this temple of the body appear at the windows and all the and vices also by all the virtues they are united if there be virtue all the vices are known as such they confess and flee their once flaming regard is by time in either breast and losing in violence what it gains in extent it becomes a thorough good understanding they resign each other without complaint to the good offices which man and woman are appointed to discharge in time and exchange the passion which once could not lose sight of its object for a cheerful disengaged whether present or absent of each other s designs at last they discover that all which at first drew them together those once sacred features that play of was had a end like the by the was built and the of the intellect and the heart from year to year is the real marriage foreseen and prepared from the first and wholly above their consciousness looking at these aims with which two persons a man and a so and gifted are shut up in one house to spend in the society forty or fifty years i do not wonder at the emphasis with which the heart this crisis from early infancy at the beauty with which the instincts deck the bower and nature and intellect and art each other in the gifts and the melody they bring to the thus are we put in training for a love which knows not sex nor person nor partiality but virtue and wisdom every where to the id of increasing virtue and wisdom we no x march bj nature and thereby that is state we are often made to feel that oar are bnt tents of a night though slowly and with pain the objects of the affections change as the objects of thought do there are moments when the affections rule and the man and make his happiness dependent on a person or persons but in health the mind is presently seen again its vault bright with of lights and the warm loves and fears that swept over us as clouds must lose their character and with gk d to attain their own perfection but we need not fear that we can lose any thing by the progress of the soul the soul may be trusted to the end that which is so and attractive as these relations must be succeeded and only by what is more beautiful and so on for ever we can now only glance at the separate works named above his nature is more in form than any of his pieces but rich in beauty a rare prose poem is it a book for one s bosom the first series of essays contains the fairest blossoms and fruits of his genius here his wondrous mind itself in its its simplicity its strength and its too the second series of essays is inferior to the first the style is perhaps clearer but the water is not so deep he seems to let himself down to the capacity of his hearers yet there is an attempt at order which is seldom successful and reminds one of the order in which figures are upon the of a south	37
sea rather than of the of limbs or bones he sets up a ld not a living tree a too on which none but himself can walk some of his and addresses are noble efforts old as the world is and much and long as men are ven to speak it is but rare in human history that such sermons on the mount get as the address to the students of and that before the at cambridge they are words of lofty cheer the last book on representative men does not come up to the first essays neither in matter nor in manner yet we know not a man living and speaking english that could have written one so good the lecture on contains not usual with it fails to describe the man by or species he gives you neither the principles nor the method of not even his he does not e you the specimens to judge by the article in the last e i on classical dictionary or the history of philosophy for french normal schools you a better account of the philosopher and the man the lecture on is a i appreciation of that great man and to our way of thinking the best criticism that has yet appeared he but does not him the same may be said of that upon those on and are adequate and worthy of the theme in the lecture on napoleon it is surprising that not a word is said of his greatest faculty his power for we cannot but think with that he will be better known for his laws than his battles but the other talents of napoleon are with a faithful hand and his dealt with not enlarged but not hid though on the whole it seems to us no great admirers of napoleon that he is a we must briefly notice m s volume of poems he has himself given us the standard by to try him for he thus and describes the poet the sign and of the poet are that he that which no man foretold he is the true and only doctor he knows and tells he is the only of news for he was present and to the appearance which he describes he is a of ideas and an of the necessary and for we do not speak now of men of poetical talents or of industry and skill in but of the true poet i took part in a conversation the other day a recent writer of a man of subtle mind whose head appeared to be a music box of delicate tunes and and whose skill and command of language we could not sufficiently praise but when the question arose whether he was not only a but a poet we were obliged to confess that he is plainly a contemporary not an eternal man he does not stand out of our low like a under the line up from the base through all the of the globe with of the of every latitude on its high and sides but this genius is the garden of a modem house adorned with fountains and statues with men and women standing and sitting in the walks and we hear through all the varied music the ground tone of conventional life oar poets are men of talents who sing and not the children of music the argument is secondary the finish of the verses is for it is not but a making argument that makes a poem a so passionate and alive that like the spirit of a plant or an animal it has an architecture of its own and nature with a new thing the and the form are a an equal in the order of time bat in the order of the prior to the form the poet has a new thought he has a wh new experience to he will tell us how it was with him and all men will be the richer in his fortune essays d series it is the office of the poet he tells us by the beauty of to announce a new and higher beauty nature offers all her creatures to him as a picture language the experience is rich enough for all the purposes of ex pressing thought the world being put under tiie mind for and the poet is he who can articulate it he the world to ass and shows us all things ki their right series and proportions for through that better perception he stands cue step nearer things and sees the flowing or that thought is within the ol every creature is a force it to ascend into a er form and following with his eyes the life uses the forms which express that life and so his speech flows with the flowing nature the poet alone knows vegetation and animation for he does not stop at these bat them as this insight which expresses itself by what is called imagination is a very high sort of seeing which does not come by study but by the intellect being where and what it sees by sharing the path or circuit of things through forms and so making them to others the path of things is silent will they suffer a speaker to go with them a spy they will not suffer a lover a poet is the of their own nature him they will suffer the condition of true on the poet s part is his himself to the divine which breathes through forms and accompanying that it is a secret which every intellectual man quickly that beyond the energy of his possessed and conscious intellect he is capable of a new energy as of an intellect doubled on itself by to the nature of things that beside his privacy of power as an individual man there is a great public power on which he can	37
draw by at all risks his human doors and suffering the ethereal tides to roll and through him then he is caught up into the life of the universe his speech is thunder his thought is law and his words are intelligible as the plants and animals the poet knows that he speaks then only when he speaks somewhat wildly or with the flower of the mind not with the intellect used as an organ but the intellect released from all service b i and suffered to take its from its life or as the were wont to express themselves not with intellect alone but with the intellect bj as the traveller who has lost his way throws his reins on his horse s neck and to the instinct of the animal to find his road so we must do with the divine animal who carries us through this world for if in we can this new passages are opened for us into nature the mind flows into and through things and highest and the is m series s do in reading on s poetry one is reminded of a passage in s where that worthy judgment on some of the works of perhaps it may be thought an appropriate introduction to some of our own to by water reading of which i have heretofore esteemed a mighty good play but having so read the adventures of five hours it seems a mean thing ih to king s theatre where we saw night s dream whidi i had never seen before nor shall ever again for it is the most and ridiculous play that ever i saw in my life is one tu me yet his best poetry is in his prose and his poorest j and least musical prose is in his poems the to contains some beautiful thoughts in a form who gave thee o beauty the keys of this breast too lover of and say when in ages thee knew i of old or what was the service for which i was sold when first my eyes saw thee i found me thy by sweet tyrant of all i drank at thy ba h false waters of thirst intimate thou latest and first i dangerous glances make women of men new x m we are melting into nature again the three pieces which seem the most perfect both in matter and are the problem from we have already ven liberal above each in all which however not a great poem but natural and beautiful and the which has higher merits than the and is a poem of a good deal of beauty the is the creation of the old classic but her question is wholly modem though she has been waiting so long for the to solve it that she has become drowsy this is her problem the fate of the man child the meaning of man all the material and animal world is at peace erect as a the palm the elephant and calm in beautiful motion the his wings kind leaves of his covert your silence he sings see earth air sound silence plant bird by one music one deity stirred each the other accompany still night the morning the the hill in his early age man shares the peace of world the babe by its mother lies bathed in joy glide its hours the sun is its toy i ba h m shines the peace of all being without cloudy in its and the sum of the world in soft miniature lies but when the child becomes a man he is ill at ease but man and and he and he and jealous glancing around an an he the ground mother nature of condition who has my boy s cup who has mixed my boy s bread who with sadness and madness has turned the man child s head the to know the meaning of all this a poet answers that this is no mystery to him man is superior to nature and its unconscious and involuntary happiness is not enough for him superior to the events of his own history so the joy which he has attained is always the that man is love of the best the pit of the lit by rays from the the of nature can t trance him again whose soul sees the perfect which his eyes seek in vain man s spirit must to his aye rolling no goal will arrive the heavens that now draw him with sweetness once found for new heavens he the old even sad things turn out well pride ruined the angels their shame them and the joy that is sweetest in of remorse om thus the riddle is then the the and no more in stone she melted into she in the moon she into a she in o ms red she flowed into a foaming wave she stood s head l we pass over the where well woes mi t soothe a ghost the some that are foil ef and well expressed he who this to reap its what mystic his yield at midnight and at winding gleamed below pouring as wide a flood as when my brothers long ago came me to the wood but they are the holy ones who trod with me lovely the strong star bright companions are silent low and pale my good my in f ma who made world the it was who learned with me the of lime who loved this dwelling i touch this flower of silken leaf which once our childhood knew its soft leaves wound me with whose never grew to von pine singing in the tree o traveller what he to me not unless god made sharp ear with sorrow such as mine out of that lay st its heavy tale an go lonely mad it	37
they loved thee from their birth their hands were pure and pure their faith there are no such hearts on earth ye cannot your heart the key is gone with them the silent organ the master s here is a little piece which has seldom been equalled in depth and beauty of thought yet it has sometimes been complained of as obscure we see not why to thee dear friend a brother not with but truths which not but to light which the morning s eye i have come from the spring woods from the fragrant listen what the tree and murmuring waters me if with love thy heart has burned if thy love is hide thy grief within thy breast though it tear thee for when love has once departed from the eyes of the false hearted and one by one has torn off quite the of purple light though thou the loveliest form the soul had ever dressed thou shalt seem in each reply a to his altered eye thy seem loo bold thy will seem to though thou kept the road yet thou and broad but shalt do as do the gods in their periods for of this lore be thou sure though thou forget the gods secure forget never their command no x ea h march bat make the of this as thej lead so follow all ever have done ever shall to the blind and deaf t is written on the iron leaf who drinks of cup downward and not up therefore who loves of gods or men shall not by the same be loved again his sweetheart s falls in a new degree when a god is once by beauty of a mortal child and by her radiant youth delighted he is not but his love shall never be and thus the wise immortal t is his study and delight to bless that creature and night from all evils to defend her in her lap to pour au splendor to earth for riches rare and fetch her stars to deck her hair he music with her thoughts and her with heavenly doubts all grace all good his great heart knows in love the king saying earth sea air i this monument of my despair build i to the all good all fair not for a private good but i from my b scorned as none was scorned adorn her as was none adorned i make this maiden an to nature through her ample whereby to model races forms and fairer faces to carry man to new degrees of power and of these presents be the which i for my release see to o universe thou art better and not worse and the god having given all is freed forever from bis several of the other pieces are poor some are stiff and having no lofty thoughts to for their forms some have names which seem given to them out of mere caprice such are the following c these names are not more descriptive of the poems they are connected with than are and of the men thus what have and de la to do with the poems which bear their names we should think the following lines from were i written by some of the youngest once i dwelt apart now i live with all as shepherd s lamp on far hill side seems by the traveller a door into the mountain heart so thou and for me through the rock now deceived thou in strange lands and my kindred come to soothe me is my next of blood he has come through wood with from warm and in every twinkling and twilight nook thy form out of the forest way forth paced it yesterday and when i sat by the watching the daylight fade it up from the brook such things are unworthy of such a master here is a passage we will not attempt to he is speaking of love he will preach like a and jump like a he will read like a and fight like a c good sometimes nodded they say but when he went fast asleep he did not write lines or print them here is another specimen it is that speaks march fast for many an age i await the bard and sage who in large like fair shall string like a bead and yet another for the present hard is the fortune of the bard in tbe woods he travels glad without bitter fortune mad melancholy without bad we have seen of this sort of poetry which even the original it does not seem possible that can write such stuff simply from lacking the accomplishment of verse is it that he has a false theory and so writes verse and plays his all and thus out of tune certainly it seems so in his poems he uses the old and in bad taste talks of and not god of pan the jove and the and the there are three elaborate poems which demand a word of notice the contains some good thoughts and some pleasing lines but on the whole a pine tree which should talk like mr s pine ought to be plucked up by the roots and cast into the depths of the sea is the title of another piece which appears forced and unnatural as well as poor and weak the third is called and celestial love it is not without good thoughts and here and there a good line but in every attribute of poetry it is far inferior to his majestic essay on love in his poetry mr loses his command of language fail him and the magnificent images which adorn and j all his prose works are gone from what has been said notwithstanding the faults we have found in it is plain that we him a very high	37
rank in the literature of mankind he is a very extraordinary man to no english writer since milton can we so high a place even milton himself great genius though he was and great of beauty has not added so many thoughts to the treasury of the race no nor been the author of so much loveliness is a man of genius such as does not often appear such as has never appeared before in america and but seldom in the world he from all sorts of men but no english writer we is so original we sincerely lament the want of logic in his method and his exaggeration of the powers the unhappy consequences of which we see in some of his followers and admirers they will be more than he to the false principle which he lays down and will think themselves wise because they do not study learned because they are ignorant of books and inspired because they say what common sense in s poetry there is often a and want of finish which seems wilful in a man like him this fault is very obvious in those pieces he has put before his several essays sometimes there is a seed corn of thought in the piece but the piece itself seems like a pile of rubbish shot out of a cart which the seed from his admirers and not give us only the rubbish and probably justify themselves by the example of their master spite of these defects mr on the whole speaks with a holy power which no other man possesses who now writes the english tongue others have more readers are never sneered at by respectable men are oftener praised in the journals have greater weight in the the and the of the nation but there is none whose words so sink into the mind and heart of young men and maids none who work so powerfully to fashion the character of the coming age seeing the power which he exercises and the influence he is likely to have on generations to come we are jealous of any fault in his matter or its form and have allowed no private and foolish friendship to hinder us from speaking of his this is his source of strength his intellectual and moral sincerity he looks after truth justice and beauty he has not uttered a word hat is false to his own mind or conscience has not suppressed a word because he thought it too high for men s comprehension and therefore dangerous to the repose of men he never he sees the chasm between the ideas which come of man s nature and the institutions which represent only his history he does not seek to cover up the chasm which daily grows wider between truth and public opinion between justice and the state between christianity and the church he does not seek to fill it up but he asks men to step over and build institutions with their ideas he himself man and god he has confidence in all the attributes of hence he is serene nothing the even of bis character and he walks erect nothing him in his search for the true the lovely and the good no private hope no private fear no love of wife or child of gold or ease or fame he never seeks his own reputation he takes care of his being and leaves his seeming to take care of itself fame may seek him he never goes out of his way a single inch for her he has not written a line which is not conceived in the interest of mankind he never writes in the interest of a section of a party of a church of a always in the interest of mankind hence comes the influence of his works most of the literary men of america most of the men of superior education represent the ideas and interests of some party in all that concerns the welfare of the human race they are the mass who have only the culture so while the thought of the people is putting man before the accidents of a man the literature of the nation is aristocratic and opposed to the of mankind to the exceptional literature of the times and while his culture him to the of man his ideas and his whole life enable him to represent also the nature of man and so to write for the future he is one of the rare exceptions amongst our educated men and helps redeem american literature from the reproach of imitation meanness of aim and hostility to the progress of mankind no faithful man is too low for his approved and encouragement no man too high and popular for his rebuke a good test of the comparative value of books is the state they leave you in leaves you tranquil resolved on noble manhood fearless of the consequences he gives men to mankind and mankind to the laws of god his position is a striking one a child of christianity and of the american idea he is out of the church and out of the state in the midst of and su e he does not fear but loves and him e does not worship the of our time wealth and respectability the two set up by our modem he fears not the these have the power to inflict neither poverty nor social disgrace in busy and bustling new england comes out this man serene and beautiful as a star and shining like a good deed in a naughty world reproached as an he is active as the sun and out his radiant truth on at at i pan at and all over the land oat of a cold this most lovely light here is boston perhaps the most humane city in america with its few noble men and women its its material and	37
its hardy enterprise commercial boston honor is weighed in the public scales and justice reckoned by the dollars it brings boston the grave of the in its wealth yet for more seeking only money of justice with cotton yet for sick with the greedy worm of loving money as the end of life and as the of preserving it boston with in its in its in its press itself a tory town preferring the accidents of man to man himself and amidst it all there comes graceful as fearless and as the bud he was supposed to guide and f down the enchantment of bis light falls where er it may on dust on diamonds on heaps to hasten their rapid rot on seeds new sown to their ambitious on minds of youth and maids to the natural seed of therein and make it grow to beauty and to the beauty of his speech such the majesty of his ideas such the power of the moral sentiment in men and such the impression which his whole character makes on them that they lend him everywhere their ears and thousands bless his manly thoughts art v dr bishop of in sung of north america to freedom the following verses the e disgusted at an aged of every in a better dine producing a t in where from the ana and iu earth scenes the force of art by s fancied beauties hj the true in happy the s t af where nature des and virtue where men shall not impose for truth and the i r of courts und schools be another golden age the rise of empire and of arts the good and great inspiring rage the wisest heads ana noblest hearts not as europe in her as she bred when fresh and young when flame did her clay future poets shall be sung westward the course of empire takes its the four first acts already past a fifth shall close the drama with the day time s noblest offspring is the last westward dr s muse takes her flight how many thousands of europe s children have since hastened in the same direction how many thousand hearts are still sending thither across the atlantic their longing wishes the mighty of the nations of middle europe during the two past years has been followed by so terrible an overthrow from the that even yet one his eyes and asks himself where and in what times are we living its head again in power and to down the fruits of centuries of care and culture the of the courts martial in in and in the filled throughout i e land and especially in and with political testify to the effects of the influence that is dragging western europe away from america with the arms of russia and are now m contest for the of europe is the will of a single privileged individual to be law or the pronounced voice of the community that is the question towards the solution of which all are now tending seemed a year ago secure of victory now we might almost pronounce it entirely either statement however would be an exaggeration thus much is certain the struggle still continues the of the movement were only successful the dangers are still great the position of russia is threatening the stands forward so as the champion of that sheer blindness alone can overlook or disregard the advance of the northern giant and truly gigantic are the proportions of the russian empire nearly half of asia and more than half of europe are united into one whole under the sway of the of st what david and the foretold of a universal kingdom seems to find a fulfilment in russia what the jews dreamed of what the attempted is perhaps reserved to the to accomplish the roman empire it is true embraced the most cultivated nations of the shores of the but russia also since the time of peter the great has been making advances in culture and at the same time to get into her possession the sea of the north and the the contest for freedom in in which the poles kindled the flames of on the borders of the s by cunning and by force the flame has been got under and the smoke rolls in volumes upon the west of europe the attempt to introduce the spirit of the new world and the new time into the neighborhood of russia has and has only gone to increase her might and importance lies prostrate in the bonds of her powerful neighbor and seeks a cold comfort in the notion that russia fought in only for her own germany is the against this but how stands it with this we can only say the stones that must compose it the individual german states are there but the wall is not yet built the unity of germany is as yet far from being accomplished russia knows who her foes are and their power she will leave nothing undone that may contribute to prevent a union in germany the matter at present is in her own hands the german union is in treaty between the hostile jealous states of a and every government in germany has it in its power to interrupt and to hinder in short germany lies open to the enemy the of the russian monarch are at work in all the the german princes among themselves are the more inclined to the russian policy in proportion as they seek to oppose the progress of and the more they oppose it the more they come under the yoke of russia then is not the power of the at dependent upon the pleasure of the does not russia know that the christians of greece are anxiously expecting his approach and can hardly wait for the day when the russian eagle will perch	37
upon st s and the make room for the cross will powerless italy and the tottering throne refuse the a passage over the and over the and finally france with her that is with the ashes of napoleon will she dare to remember the battles of no x s pan and every fibre of france is with the painful thought napoleon s m was ihe triumph of russia the balance of power in europe has long ago become an empty figure of speech in the mouths of european russia m particular looks down with a of pity upon this decayed fragment of ancient times in the heads of in politics russia the balance of power and thinks only of an of a scale with in one scale pan and the hundred weight of her might and greatness in the other people in europe are afraid of a european war and this fear moderation and forbearance russia does not fear the war she desires it a european war is for russia equivalent to the possession of europe already the armed are on the western ready at the word of the to and conquer the of his and already half he will then openly rule over the powers that before were already in his interest and the emperor of russia will be emperor of europe will england withstand him she will suffer the punishment due for having left and to perish at the feet of russia the nations of german and roman origin will be swallowed up bv russia such is the progress of in point of fact but there is also an which is the foundation of the other the race consider the right of universal dominion as belonging to itself and itself as the of true christianity ti e true church and thus the true source of salvation to the nations moreover it has always kept itself free from all movements and desires and has preserved in its politics a system every thing has a fixed stamp a untouched by the of the west of europe if we wish to look a into the cradle of notions we must amongst other documents examine a book that appeared in paris in under the tide of l et le v et u by adam the author of this work calls the the people of the purest on by and by science full of innate piety the people of expectation whose history and development are yet to come a people of of priests and of true christians with whom a new era of spiritual philosophy will commence thus it is that sets i off its in what light does appear to it the author of the above work says a great number of have taken to abstract philosophy because they no longer believed in page it is the customary of the philosophers of the school to cover themselves with the cloak of christianity this is based on a profound contempt for the people who must be left in their ignorance thus the preach in the pulpit a truth which they ridicule in the study page did not even believe in the existence of of the roman catholic church he says salvation is no longer to be expected from the official church of rome she has no clergy no speech no sympathy for misfortune no power to produce new prayers no no force to oppose no inspiration from inward sight no fellowship of the spirit no idea and no living word her priests are only the du the views of the as to the part they are to play in history and how they consider themselves appointed to conduct the of the nations chosen of god and rt for the task of the world from destruction and all this may be best seen from the following account in the of st of a year back the emperor before his departure for the campaign against summoned the russian and polish to st from the and were sent for the first of these gave thanks in the name of the whole for the condescension shown to them and said that by means of the faith of conscience love and persuasion they would strive to lead the people in the way of quiet and obedience and resist the spirit of and that they thought in this way to further the wishes of the emperor the emperor shook him by the hand and said amongst other things i will have no new a of germany dr of in replies fur no s who that knows of history and philosophy can overlook the refreshing spirit of s doctrine of the consciousness or the moral law as the divine order of the world s lofty s into the divine unity of all in nature communicated from to the church and to science and especially to german so that all humanity has to thank the leaders of german philosophy for a good part of the progress we have made towards and science church and state march ith thej have invented a new catholic faith abroad bat i will not have it introduced into mj empire for these new lights are the greatest of without the faith nothing can stand we see in the west what becomes of men when they have no belief what they are there i i foresaw it all when i returned from rome religion has entirely disappeared from the west this is shown by the manner in which they are treating the pope it is only in russia that the true faith and i hope here the emperor crossed himself that the holy faith will sustain itself i said to the late pope what no one had ever said to him before the present pope is an honest man and had good intentions but he gave himself up too much at first to the spirit of the time the king of is a good catholic they	37
him to the pope but now he has had to take refuge with him after all bishop replied circumstances prevailed upon holy father he could not resist the spirit of the time that is possible answered the emperor but all these troubles come from a want of faith i am no but my faith is firm in the west there are only two either or complete here he turned to the polish you are the neighbors of these people your example ought to be a lesson to them should you meet with any difficulties apply to me my whole force shall be directed here he raised his clenched fist to the of this torrent of and disorder which is spreading more and more and which even seeks to force its way into my the spirit of revolution guns ground through in the west there is no faith and i swear that worse will come of it to them here the emperor turned to the kissed his hand and hi we have ever been on good terms with each other i hope it will so continue in these words of the emperor we have a full expression of sentiments in russia alone the true faith in the west there is no faith what an mission is bestowed upon russia in the name of the faith they are to go forth against and and conquer the world the are the people chosen of god in modem times what was shown to the jews and only from afar is granted to them to them therefore apply the words of the th the lord pleasure in his people he will the meek with salvation let the saints be joyful in glory let them sing aloud upon their beds let the high praises of god be in their and a two edged sword in their hand to execute vengeance upon the heathen and punishment upon the people to bind their kings with chains and their with of iron to execute upon them the judgment written this honor have all his saints with this proud consciousness the lust of dominion is justified by their own of belief and the of their enemies and its gratification favored by the of their and their struggle for absolute power for themselves more western countries of europe have but one way of escape from russian namely to form themselves into a thorough and consistent opposition to her principles by accepting free sentiments and developing them in all directions in the state thereby embracing with renewed enthusiasm a practical christianity with all its deep inward joyful peace and freedom thus would they be outwardly and inwardly armed and the threatening storm of ideal and practical would melt before them into mist would that all men of western europe might accept with the joyful of victory the truth held up to us by the d and or the and churches their and their essential unity is the future towards which all nations are advancing would that all the of western europe and especially of germany would pay attention to the words of st rev des du de paris iv the triumph of tiie and party would be the triumph of russia and after having made use of this dangerous ally and should be thinking of themselves her it would be wise for these after the of the two last years to reject the counsels of a blind reaction and themselves up the constitutional party in the present condition of germany this would be not merely an act of generosity it would be the most sagacious policy the have the ancient unity of germany and put her liberties in peril let the repair these let them lay the foundations of a new union let them secure to modem society the le demanded by the progress of reason the have brought russia into germany let the by taking the liberal protect germany against russian influence i the po ud of u a march vi the system exclusive the various topics that grow out of the system of this country is one which touches the of the establishment it is now for the first time denied that that system has had or has any legal existence under the constitution as a a denial from a high source and calmly and clearly made is entitled to consideration all constitutional questions are grave and momentous ones but the extent of operation and the influence of the post department are such its economy and success and the necessities of the people depend on such influences that this becomes one of the most important ones which can be presented to the people the source from which if at all the power to claim a in the post office department is the in the constitution that body to establish offices and post roads art and to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers and all other powers c under sanction has during the whole course of the government passed laws more or less exclusive in character it has been very justly stated as the result of an analysis of the post office of the country that under the power to establish post offices and post roads the general government has claimed the right to raise a by on letters and the exclusive right to convey matter not only throughout the country but also between our own and other countries the question is whether the constitution any such exclusive right let the right of mail carriage throughout this country be first considered the most obvious remark that the power is not granted in exclusive terms and is not either to states or individuals will be found to have little force besides begging the question it a doctrine of construction that has never been held sound and what is of more importance it all considerations relating to the subject matter and	37
the objects of the grant a constitutional frame of government cannot be thus it is not in all or most instances to be settled by mere rules of grammar or scientific definition of terms which like and may aid in construction but rather s ne system of u s a b the nature objects and of the grant there ia danger in to the strict letter there b another danger of bj the of what was not written wit a view to though that may be a help to a extent and for certain ends thus because certain powers granted to are to the states such as the of commerce the treaty making power and the right to coin money the rule is not to be applied and the drawn that all not are reserved to the states nor can it be held that this power is not exclusive because it is not in terms granted to exclusively as is the right of le over the district c nor can one justly go a step further and hold that this power is exclusive because the exercise of a like power would be in its very nature as is the right of or claim the converse that so far as a exercise of the power did not prevent or interfere with the exercise of that granted it would be lawful there are subjects over which the power granted to must from the nature of those subjects be exclusive the surrender of from labor is a matter of concern the right of and copy rights had the word exclusive not been used would from nature of the things have been exclusive over other subjects has which is exclusive to a yet the states may also le late upon them instances are seen in license and laws on others still there is and direct or interference now the power b question is not granted exclusively nor granted to and to states or persons in terms it is not by nature it is not of exclusive concern so that for that cause it must be under the control of a power above the states to keep them from conflict it is not of such a public national character that it must be in the general government as alone fit to with foreign powers it must obviously depend on considerations from those that govern these various classes of cases though they may all serve to illustrate it if this be correct many of the objections to the exclusive grant of the power are disposed of we must turn then from that construction which is based on and rules of an arbitrary nature to that construction which the of s a march looks to the nature history and ends of the itself and of the government now the first inquiry is at the time of the formation of the constitution what was understood by the terms post offices and post roads which had the power given to it to establish one might stop at any point from the mere of buildings and up to the of mail carriage the present system how r was the grant thought to extend when it was made post offices and are of recent under the english government the carriage of the of the had been an exclusive right a secured as a source of to the king or some subject by grant as the various acts of parliament from the time of the first establishment of downwards show in this country under the a few short periods the post office had always been understood to mean not a place of deposit or for receipt and delivery of letters not the carriage of the not alone a system of offices posts and officers but the department in which was the of the mail business of the country in the earlier history of the colonies indeed we find the virginia idea of a post office thus in on the records of the general court in th th month it appears that for preventing the of letters it is ordered richard his house in boston is the place appointed for all letters which are brought beyond the seas or are to bee sent thither are to bee brought unto him and he is to take care that they bee delivered or sent according to their directions and bee is allowed for every such letter id and answer all through his own neglect in this kind provided that no man shall bee compelled to bring his letters thither except bee please in the merchants of boston presented to the general court this petition we whose names are under written hearing many complaints made by merchants and others and several of us being sensible of the loss of letters whereby merchants especially with their friends and in parts are greatly many times the letters and upon the exchange so that who will may take them up no person without some satisfaction being willing to trouble their houses so that the system of u s a letters of great moment are lost our humble request therefore to this honoured court is that thej will please to some meet person to take in and convey letters their direction and the honoured court the prices on letters state that and if this honoured court please we suppose lt way may be a fit person for that service signed william others but in a system was established the act of after that their in had by letters patent granted for the term of twenty one years the right to establish an office that a general letter office be erected and established in some convenient place within the town of boston from whence all letters and could be sent into any part of their and it conferred on the master of the office his servant or agent no other person or persons whatsoever the right of up ordering	37
and sending post or with speed and delivering of letters and whatsoever where posts should be established except letters of merchants and masters sent bv any masters of ships c and letters sent by private friends on the way of their journey or by special messenger the act after fixing the that no person or persons whatsoever or body or other than the post master general shall presume to carry or deliver letters for hire other than as before expressed or to set up or employ any foot post horse post or boat whatsoever for the carrying conveying and bearing of letters or by sea or land within this province or shall hire or maintain horses furniture for the of any persons riding post with a guide horn as is usual in their realm of england upon the pain of the sum of forty pounds current money of this province for every several offence against the tenor of this present act to be and recovered in any court of record within this province by bill or information wherein no protection or of law shall be allowed c it then that all letters or brought by any masters of ships or their company or passengers must be delivered to the to be delivered by him provisions were made to compel the to support the regular posts to deliver and despatch promptly and to stamp no x the po system of u s a m a letters with e of receipt ud to compel tj the post similar were passed in the other in tiie boston committee of correspondence proposed to the committee to establish a post office and post between those cities independent of parliament the proposal the character of the mail system in resolved that a general be appointed for the united colonies and a line of posts established this created a by the articles of art th the united states in assembled had the sole and right and power of establishing and post offices from one state to another throughout all the united states and such on the papers through the same as may be requisite to the expenses of the said office thus stood this subject when the of was called the first trace of it in that is found in the of a plan of government submitted by may th in this language to establish post offices in s resolutions it was proposed to by on letters and passing through the the subject however was left in the language of mr in the the of a constitution reported th it was on the th by adding the words and a proposition was afterwards made and referred to c to in power to stages on post roads but the provision was not altered now the general language to establish post and post roads is broad enough to confer a sole power if the idea then attached to the grant was that of an an thing it is true the language of the the sole and exclusive right and power is not used were the constitution in fact a mere or copy the would be significant of an intent that the grant should not be exclusive as it is it is to be inferred that the was because the terms themselves the general language without k were expressive of an entire and exclusive grant e was first created bad from time been and then was in actual operation as a a a department of government it was not thought of as an existence in any other form and it was thus to be granted more would have been i the system of u a this is confirmed by the fact that there are no marks of design in the that can warrant the of an intent to leave the business of mail carrying to private enterprise or to create a public department that should be subject to the of private competition such too was the understanding of the of the constitution the law passed in provided that the of the post office should be the same as they were under the resolutions and of the late it is not just to say that this was passed without thought in the emergency of the time whilst getting a new government into operation but if there did then exist a necessity for creating an exclusive power it would follow that the power granted was meant to be exclusive rather than the entire grant should be empty and useless under the constitution took the thing as it existed as it had been created and used under the colonies the document of of shows that according to the best opinions of that day the constitution in the right to all persons from interference with the internal or the foreign system thus he names amongst the evils which be more easily under the present government that stage drivers and private post may have been of many letters which ought to have gone in the and that ship letters may not have been properly attended to the grant was not made to as of a thing to be taken away in this mode from the states or the body of the people and for which a could be secured for the benefit of the general government a regular branch of trade then followed by private men and companies but as a system which had always been an self supporting because not of such universal use as to be a just ground of general exclusive because a was the only means by which its existence could be preserved and one to be built up and confirmed to meet the wants of trade and commerce to add to the comfort and convenience of the people strictly this grant created a department not for the state but for the people a public institution the object of the grant was not stated as was that of the power	37
been exercised under the constitution then this argument would warrant a construction that should secure to the people the existence of this department with its exclusive rights as a thing made and established for the and of which because of its nature and mode of operation tiie people must have one other fact must be to if the and constant construction or of the grant has decided that it was intended to be exclusive the constant acquiescence of the whole body of the people in that tiie uniform action of all the branches of government certainly have placed the point beyond question so far as any point can be settled by one long and acquiescence it is not a singular that not a angle public man has ever questioned that the laws were constitutional though they have been in force since the position seems now to be taken because it is a time of revolution or at least great change in the principles that govern the mail system and because of new inventions have essentially changed the means of the and of communicating intelligence between places distant from each other questions like this arise naturally enough but so far as a question of constitutional law is to be made it must be decided not by the present state of facts but by those that existed at the period when the constitution went into force no argument against the can be drawn from the the of u s a that the of tiie law have been every day and every hour in the day which has been more particularly as in the breath it ia urged that no one had any interest to them the t is tiiat the same evils interfered with the fo under the as are now felt and the acts are aimed against them if any were justly and to be from the of present to the old law of the it would not be that the law must be or its construction be varied age after age as the machinery and inventions of the age vary or improve but rather that any new inventions for doing the old work if of such a character as would throw it all into tiie hands of private destroy the mail of the country and leave the people to such arrangements in such places as might be found profitable for speculation should yield to the higher claims of the whole country it might be claimed that it settled cm the highest grounds and on mature that the people must have this department under its supreme control for safety security and universal operation m the and most certainty no invention like that of the telegraph for instance should be allowed to be by private in the shape of a which should the operation of the post department or defeat the ends for which it is supported the end is to put all men on equal footing so far as the of intelligence is concerned and for reasons vital to the public welfare mm as far as human power can effect it to have it as free as quick as sure and as cheap as the light of day the time may come when a free mail will be felt to be as necessary as free schools is a term which cannot justly be applied in its odious sense to tiie action of government the power now exercised by the department is not one held for its own or the benefit of the government to the and prejudice of private individuals in order that and because the state should make the money tiiat is to be made rather than private men or companies but as a sacred trust there for the very reason that it is of such vital moment that no men or companies ought to make money out of it it must be surely safely universally done as no men or bodies o men would or could do it the whole body the system of u s a march of the people it to prevent the only forms of that ever need be feared were any one now allowed freely to any mail it would not be long before private enterprise capital personal or influence the various things that affect all trades and others more dangerous and obvious that would be peculiar to this would be in operation in their full force then there would be now whilst our government is not above the people but of the people and for them it is rather a universal in what is of such universal concern that all should share and sustain it alike and no man be allowed to make a gain out of what must be the loss of some one or of the whole of the people k the people do not yet feel that all means for ought to be open equally and freely to all they do see that the and pays the best and that they alone can secure that by it in their own control it is very likely if not sure that the post office system in this country has many defects it may be that money is not always well charged or spent that the true principles on which the of e is charged or the sustained and conducted are not known or acted upon but is it safe to throw up the matter now that the light is dawning upon us and leave it all to those who will for the sake of attempt to effect what we come so near to will not the people take care of themselves the matter is in fact one for under the constitution the people only need to use the powers which they possess rightly and they need not abandon the right if it is not well used surely not because it is seen to be of such interest that a body of men should	37
open a door for a new trade that in its extent would rival some of the great branches of commerce if this were made free and became an established line of business and were subject to the same influences that are seen to operate in other and no other peculiar ones trade must soon die and the people themselves sink but there are also peculiar dangers the nature of the system is such that to make mail carriage free to all persons would be to destroy its best features its safety and this would tend to a of the benefits of using the mail there would be danger too as in all trades of a of the profits of the in the hands of a few which every day s experience shows even free com i the tm of u s a petition the results to society are too plain the ultimate result must be to the system itself one other consideration should be to if the laws of are then many acts that have been done are even the judgments of the courts will be in questions of mere law where rules have been long settled and ed in such results furnish just grounds for refusing to change but in questions of constitutional law these considerations have yet greater force for the action of government not only the law but is itself the interpretation of the constitution the result is that has an exclusive right to the control of the first because such was the thing granted second because such was the interpretation of the grant and it has ever since been so understood third if this were not so that has by an and uniform as well as an course of that the of the power granted is to render it of any practical value and having the power granted and with tiiat all means necessary for the exercise thereof it has decided that the entire control of those means is necessary to support the right granted and that this is a matter entirely within discretion and not open to the of any other branch of the government but only of itself in relation to the states it is to be remarked that they could not have intended to reserve to themselves the power to whilst by the constitution they deprive themselves of the power to make with each other which would be necessary to establish any system or useful line of posts under their control such seem to be the principles directly to the present system were they less other powers of that are might be held to require that it should control the mail carriage of the country as a necessary incident suppose there were no such department in this country and in some other country one were invented then might not establish it here to commerce surely a thing can hardly be named more vital to its existence if it could establish the thing and a were necessary to its existence could it not create an ve right if it were a mere question of support it might be otherwise could a man es a on his own ko x the of u s a march shore if it were to the merchants of the country enter into an alliance and fit out an armed fleet states are but if individuals were not would it be in the power of each man to make coin for himself the post office department seems to be one of those things of which the of commerce and the of money are not unfit illustrations in other which from its very nature must be exclusive it is very true that if government has a line of posts from boston to washington one might yet send letters by express over the same route and have the advantage of the double conveyance let it be supposed that all other objections are overcome and this is true still it will not be thought that private posts can be sustained save on a limited scale for were one ever to rival that of the government of this day in completeness it would be the most dangerous power in the state now what is needed is that every man should be able at his yery door to drop his letter into a post that shall with and convey it to any place ed practically one sees at a glance that completeness is necessary it must be borne in mind that nothing but an exclusive system can secure any post to frontier or to a large portion of the southern states because nothing could pay its way now turning to the question of the system between our own and foreign countries we can see more clearly the force of tho argument in its application to the internal mail carriage it is true letters can be carried to england by ship cheaper if you please in any given instance under private contract than by mail but it is also true that it will not be practically possible for one every tune he wishes to send a letter across the to make his own arrangements for that purpose it will not do to trust to private expresses there might never be one a man from a far inland town could not avail himself of either this is a subject that must exist by system complete and exact system the general government alone has the only means that can establish such in the treaty making power it is therefore a fit subject for the exercise of that power it is also a subject not to be neglected in view of other powers granted to and the duties of the sovereign power in the country we are very fast coming to the time when a man in the most remote spot on our the n of tj s a can communicate with his friends anywhere in the civilized through	37
the mail that runs regularly to his door perhaps through the telegraph speak in his friend s ear wherever he may be surely it is for the interest of all men that there shall be no speculation in or of intelligence or the means of its one wishes to know that wherever he is the government is pledged to carry and bring his messages with certainty under the seal in a state of society any thing is which does not keep this power entirely in the control of the whole body of the people not by competition but by united and efficient action the need of unity of action in connection with the fact that the general government is the only power that can enter into the necessary with foreign powers and make the between the states of the union requisite to establish a system adds new force to the reasons on which private individuals have been excluded from interference with this most delicate machinery the action of a single part of which sensibly affects the whole the whole government then is to be the exclusive manager of the internal and foreign for the sake of safety unity and of operation throughout this vast country and with all foreign powers none of these ends can be secured by any thing less than the whole power of the union whilst such reasons lead to the result that has the right of the exclusive and absolute control of the internal and foreign department using that phrase in its the receiving carriage and distribution of all mail matter and of all such inventions and means of communicating intelligence as may or shall be resorted to for purposes for which the mail is now used they go far to the of some principles touching the mode of this right which not yet beyond dispute have been partially out by experience indeed it is a firom them that the power in should be so exercised as to enable each man from any point in the country to communicate promptly surely and in the mode with any other point in the world tears of returns that should show a below which would not pay should not shake one s faith in this conclusion yet all returns go far to prove that all mail the of u s a matter will pay best at for the reason that the actual cost of its carriage and equal the value of the smallest sum that can be paid it is only because of the burden of what is not mail matter or of free matter that the cost is not below the value of the smallest coin if such be the the system is supported not for nor any pose but the public good the theory is that it is paid for a direct tax on all those by it government roads schools and the like are for by all it being that all derive benefit though many a never or travels over the roads or sends children to school it might veiy well be urged that the direct benefit to the whole people would be quite as great from a free mail as from various other things which from this reason alone are supported at public cost it is very well worth consider whether the mere cost of the post office tax in the present mode be not vastly to its amount it is plain however that the nature of the uses for which the is resorted to is such that it is for the interest of the world that every man should be able to avail himself of the mail with the least possible restraint quite as much as it is that streets or schools should be free the day has gone by when the was thought to be only for the merchant men know now that it is not for the interest of any body or any state that any sort of should be set against the finest inter communication with all parts of the world in view of this our foreign system is of importance it should be sustained with most liberal hand as the most powerful of engines to contribute to the comfort and convenience of those entitled to the protection of our government and from far higher considerations of its influence on the culture and peace of the world vast as the cost might be of a foreign system of sufficient completeness to carry out the idea one cannot help reflecting that it would be well spent and would not be so great in comparison with some that now swell the annual debt of the country on the army and navy list perhaps if a more liberal were to govern foreign relations it might be found that its cost would be saved in the reduced for the national police and the ends of man quite as much promoted by provisions for kindly intercourse as by costly for war the system of u s a every one has at hand ample material on which he can reckon for himself and decide on the proper price of internal the main problem may be stated thus does the cost of each letter amount to the value of our smallest coin but without dwelling on this topic we would remark that the of foreign are very extra it cannot cost twenty five cents to take a letter to england or ireland or forty cents to carry one to the to most foreign countries from a quarter of a dollar t one dollar such are so enormous as to be a serious obstacle to the correspondence which most needs with many countries the arrangement is such that it can hardly be said that it a mail at all whilst we aim within our own borders to secure in the most perfect form completeness safety and either from some lingering jealousy of foreigners or other causes as idle	37
our foreign policy seems to be managed with different views yet it cannot be denied on a just or practical estimate of the relative importance of different relations that if a distinction were to be made at all it might be found expedient to not against but in favor of foreign correspondence it is well to hold americans scattered as they are over the world true to their to keep them warm with american ideas and keep alive their love for their country for in these days they are to the rest of men and whilst there are our borders many thousands of men and women from almost every country on the globe who have ven the best proof of their love and to our government by it it is well that no means be omitted that can aid in their love of home the land of their and education the relatives and friends of their childhood the foreign influence that would result would be increase of knowledge advancement in science and the arts increase of wealth and comfort and above all sympathy love which would quietly settle many troublesome questions that present hard problems to and and would do some good work in the causes on which man is laboring ko ix sh h and vn short and notices l der von dr r a a d j c vo vol i and dr is a young man not long ago appointed extraordinary professor of at we have before ua a small work from his pen at an earlier day with the title i et ii lips p i p i it is a learned and promising much from the diligence and ability of the author in years to come it was noticed at the time by in the tenth no of s for s et has recently prepared the named above as a manual to aid him in teaching history without finding fault with the valuable works of and both of which have been translated by accomplished american scholars and laid before the there is still need of a manual like this of dr he the history of the christian church into three periods i the ancient period from christ to the reign of n the middle period from to the m the modem period from the re to the present time he to devote a volume to each period this volume contains an introduction with the usual on the history of the church and a preliminary history of christianity in which and are briefly defined and described then comes a brief and special introduction to the history of the first period and next that history itself which he into three parts namely i of the inward development of christianity n of the external development or extension of christianity of the constitution of the christian church l he is sometimes inclined to follow the authority of the acts rather than paul s in treating of the three portions of church history he is necessarily brief but by no means a from general histories of the church he goes back to original sources and his students also to the modem writers whose works bear upon the subject in hand his chapters on the and the are well considered and valuable he does not make the between paul and peter so great as and others have done i and notices neither is he hasty in the doubtful ascribed to the or the fathers the ch on are well studied and refer to the latest literature on the subject he the into four classes the first maintain the of christianity and the ancient forms of religion on the side this doctrine is represented in the on the heathen side by the the second class maintain that christianity is the old forms of religion carried out to their completion der this is represented by and the the third class maintain that christianity is the only divine religion here he puts and his followers the fourth class of opposed to christianity here on its side he puts the three with the followers of john the and on the heathen side he finds the he traces the gradual development oi as a system of doctrines briefly the most important of this period his account of the practical or moral development brought about by christianity is brief and his limits did not allow him to say much he shows how easily the moral element of christianity was turned aside into merely mechanical modes of action and several sections to an account of the development of and its consequences in various forms et the is treated at length ii in part ii he treats of the extension of christianity and the various of christianity with the people the state and the science of the times the successive of christianity with and the of the and the the and and the m the third part treats of the constitution of the christian church in a moderate and candid spirit he traces the gradual and growth of that powerful organization the ca l r church he gives a long and interesting account of the of the church of its political form and of the clergy he dwells at length on the of the forms of the church which arose from the this volume contains important from the original authorities is well printed and furnished with a copious index of names on the whole it must be regarded as a valuable contribution to the literature of history and we may pre diet that the other volumes will increase in as they appear this volume alone would make the literary reputation of any english or american author and march n dr etc lips vo and in this new edition of the works ascribed to st the common text only altered a little here and there and it with notes derived chiefly from the version of and	37
the version or thereof published by mr in this work of and the published in the same year by mr london one volume in large are the most valuable made to the literature for many years the publication of s work in the ancient version of the of st c c excited considerable attention the celebrated wrote his die und die des and his und c while dr of replied attacking the of the in bis die e und has published a valuable translation of s text of the three of in the new for november accompanied by some remarks characteristic of that learned and candid scholar we are a little surprised to find dr in a note at the end of his history saying that the of the text which and seek to defend is generally regarded in germany as the three are as merely us ul der vo iv in this work the author designs to give a report of the annual doings in the department of literature the present volume contains essays on the present condition of science review of the works in that department which appeared in an explanation of the early history of the bible history of freedom in origin of the on the of the bible word des the hebrew and on a knowledge of the with a on the inscription lately discovered at these essays are from the pen of and exhibit his well known peculiarities i list of new der und in des und des von dr w professor der in der vo and a learned and book containing a faithful account of the intellectual moral and religious condition of the and at the time spoken of c and mo this little contains wood cuts of the letters in s celebrated dance of death the text is in latin and german it is a work of rare beauty opera a h et et a a job der st c y c c mo xii and this is a neat and convenient edition of all the works of the famous st francis d which have not been we think since s life of the saint is also but we are sorry the earlier life by his thomas de was not also given as also the later one by both of which contain some curious particulars but neither of those authors was a saint list of new received two london mo an by the author of margaret a tale of the real and ideal boston mo this contains some sentiments and ideas which appear in and though in form not so i or so pleasing as in the earlier it contains much that is humane if little that is poetical c the birds of with notes and a table by c x professor of greek literature in college cambridge mass cambridge mo xvi and a neat and convenient edition of this charming drama the notes are in well studied and suitable for the use of young men at college mr with the aid of of new march and von der hu brought tho of to the text of and voices by james with a sketch of the author and york ft vl and j mr appears to hare been a and amiable man of considerable promise who died at the age of the poetical pieces of a pleasing form and animated by a kindly and of a l nd and other poems y new and philadelphia mo and poems by g boston viii and host of these poems have been published before they are remarkable for wit and in the of language the most original piece it seems to os is the poem called boys j the history of england by david boston mo vol vi xvi and the boston edition of s history of england with the index it is well printed and in a convenient form the whole work costs bnt the second advent or what do the teach respecting the coming of christ the end of the the of the dead and the by boston mo the life religion of as contained in the traditions of the ul translated from the by james l eleven years missionary to the member of the american oriental society boston vo and the war with by boston and a book worthy of the praise it has received history of the town of from the grant of the by the of in to the present time by mo the stars and the earth or upon space eternity first american from the third english edition boston mo a few thoughts for a young man a lecture delivered before me boston library association on its th by the first secretary of the board of education boston mo the history of the decline and fall of the roman empire by edward esq with notes by the rev h h ac a new edition to which is added a complete index of the whole work in six volumes vo vol iv and the and the fireside by henry boston mo iv and der fur den ministers manuscript m or a tour to the by george esq new york and london vo and the author says little about the country he visited bnt states some particulars hitherto unknown concerning the dress and manners of a people who are seldom visited by or americans william and thomas being brief observations on the charges made in mr s history of england against the character of william by w e for the american edition by the author philadelphia s vo this work is the result of a good deal of and seems to be written with and it certainly mr from much of the cast upon his memory by mr the tongue two by t w minister of the first society in vo p two wise and sermons i of new received lecture to the in the college of not th for the of	37
still more with the pen and extends to the great leader of the polish philosophy who gave a new and great impulse to the literary movement not only in but in all the countries i the during the first of the polish literature was emerging slowly from under the foreign influence of the latin language and roman clergy it appeared mostly in national songs and poetry flowing from a cheerful heart which loved nature freedom and god but with the establishment of the of at the end of the th century by the first of the who married the queen of it took a bold free and national flight and under the paternal care of his and liberal institutions reached such a development as to merit the title of the golden age among many genial and profound writers and poets like of john and others it is enough to mention a pupil of the university of known to the scientific world by the system in the following period however there began an animated quarrel between the university and the about the control of public education which was to be divided equally between the struggling parties as is now the case in france with regard to the university of paris and the catholic clergy although an able defence of the university of was made before the king in the council of state by its hi minded who like the true mother in the judgment of solomon was willing to leave possession of it to the and a complete triumph was obtained over the enemies of liberty light and progress nevertheless si the third who had been a pupil of the favored them by every means in the influence of the university and in obtaining control over both public and private education with the support of rome and that of tiie high catholic clergy it was an easy task to succeed the more so as the great moral and intellectual power of the polish was weakened by their divisions and their different tendencies though a gloomy yet it is a very instructive period in the polish history to the american people at large because it is an historical feet that the lives energy and activity of the free republic imprisoned within unintelligible and under the influence of rome and that of the could not but have burst out into blind passions and from this influence have resulted against the and their celebrated the june schools and offices were shut up and destroyed but the memory of their virtues science and exertions lives until now among intelligent families this cause also proceeded the religious supported by the civil wars with the and there followed a rapid decline which led to the of the exhausted and distracted republic amidst so many misfortunes the energy and sacrifice of the poles continued to shine forth in deeds if not in literature and their exploits under john at the close of the th century bear evidence to this assertion but their inward eye was clouded and both intellectual and spiritual darkness spread over all the nation there were in this period many eminent writers and authors but they had little influence on the national life and progress as they wrote mostly in latin a foreign language intellectual night covered and the nation continued lost for a length of time in the of ignorance and superstition but there arose a great and noble who seeing his country to rome and the stood forward as a champion against the servants of internal slavery he undertook boldly to reform the national education and to this end travelled all over europe wrote many valuable books and established a college at in order to form good virtuous and enlightened citizens who might become devoted to their country supported by many distinguished families he over ignorance and superstition but only to sound an alarm against danger from abroad many writers took up their patriotic pen and shed a lustre both in prose and in verse upon the polish literature they wrote in the polish language but still m literature did not throw off the yoke of foreign influence of the age of louis the notwithstanding there is a visible tendency towards the polish originality and genius the struggles for national independence under the celebrated in and in though unsuccessful did not fail to awake and stir up the nation to new exertions of intellectual life and this tiie more so as the at the national diet resulted in the and constitution of the last period was opened by those glorious exploits which the battle of europe with polish blood but the literary movement promoted by the three of war the saw and soon enabled the poles to develop their inward life energy and power an spark was not wanting and the internal fire burst into flames in the national against the government of russia in though the war was disastrous though was nevertheless she gained an intimate conviction of her high moral and intellectual mission among the and the sympathy of all civilized nations the flower of her and nobility banished from their home are wandering m different countries and while studying foreign institutions are striving to prepare their countrymen and the people for future this hasty survey of the history of polish literature is intended to show its new tendency a new spirit has already pervaded the entire people of however it did not come to consciousness and reveal itself in a complete system until now when is attempting to defend her holy mission on philosophical and literary ground to give an idea of this new tendency we introduce to the american public one of the best living polish writers and a leader of tiie literary movements which will excite no less interest in the new world than in the old bom in in the beginning of our century having completed his studies in the university of assumed	37
the profession of public teacher when the revolution broke out in the year he served with honor the national cause as a soldier and afterwards studying and teaching m germany as an exile was called to the chair of philosophy at in the of where he triumphantly repeated and violent attacks from all the of directed against his system by the of in his principles of philosophy have been made known to the german public in the work named above principles of universal philosophy his later works written in the polish language on logic and and those about nature politics and god contain the full development of his system we do not now intend to make a minute analysis of these works interesting as it might be but to present a general outline embracing the principles of his philosophy applied to the civilization of the whole race if this article be acceptable to the free and enlightened the june american public shall be encouraged to publish subsequently bis analysis of man s faculties with regard to education instruction and but we now sketch what we have intended professor in his political fragments to the people as follows until now only two worlds were known and the real and ideal or and and and roman and german the dead and the vain protesting in a word and speculation to the first of these worlds that is to the roman race in europe has paid homage for centuries to the other that is to speculation the german race has devoted itself both these worlds looking into them attentively present themselves partially and constitute a the and the protesting which are and always a vain and worldly struggle of they belong to the earth only and do not pass beyond its limits to the race which till now as a large plant with a future flower and fruit grew peacefully and did not work out its own spirit was destined the third world that is divine whose essence is eternal truth being the foundation of the real as well as of the ideal world this world is essentially actual a true a pure religion engraved by god himself on the human heart and revealed by his beloved son christ not tlie roman nor the german nor the greek but the christian the living word of god expressed by the lips of a true image of god in a word the god man s philosophy as god is master of universal matter and universal spirit so the human soul is a mistress of the body and its spirit body and spirit are servants of the divine force or soul it to work out and manifest its divinity in time the soul is a strong will divine action conscience and character human destiny with regard to the soul is to work out itself as well generally as and attain to the divine human state let the roman race pursue only industry and drown itself in the depth of let the german race run after a pure and thought a speculation full of visions to the race there smiles from heaven a divine action to comprehend and to accomplish it is true wisdom let the roman race found the kingdom of satan on the earth and the german race the kingdom of the angels the race has to establish the kingdom of god the divine and moral power whose forces are god in heaven and man on the earth is the queen both of the and in all the universe the polish race itself finally today as a and moral force in europe must have an advantage over the roman race as pursuing mostly and over the german race as living in speculation this general view of the dispositions and tendencies of different races in europe may be regarded by the american public as a presumption and an to be proved s leading idea however is that the two in this are but temporary agents and ought to work in harmony for their master and for the third divine world in which he the race to become workmen he believes that this third divine world changes the present system of philosophy science and all learning that it explains a profound christianity from a new and most important side and throws a fertile seed into and that it in the people their own feelings and them to triumph over their that it puts finally the polish nation as such for their chief by whose lips is expressed a new thought and a word for their salvation and that every watching the movements of ideas in europe will agree to these both nation and man says are of body spirit and the soul in body dwells a physical force that is an animal force and vegetable health in spirit dwells a force that is thinking knowledge science learning talent genius in the soul finally dwells a moral and divine force that is strong will enterprise bold action and readiness to sacrifice and an ardent love of truth virtue liberty conscience in a word character the soul this immortal though created deity is in us an and mistress body and spirit are only her temporary her servants the soul as divine power considers death not as an enemy but as a friendly angel who calls us to our new birth and leads us into the better eternal and true world according to this direction of the polish philosophy sets forth a new principle as a moral standard and cries out to the race and especially to his own nation let us leave to the race utility this merely good which the roman church and the political powers with her spirit which the and the present crowns have possessed and what is noble as a speculation only the june this good let us leave to the for the and especially for the	37
poles god has reserved duty which is as well as noble and leads to the highest true good alone the then and the pole who will have brought himself to the inward knowledge that he is a created deity whose is himself will disdain the animal force and the or rather wisdom of his enemies and will be united with god that he may partake of his his divine nature like that of god himself is truth beauty virtue liberty light law and knowledge of himself he will then permit himself to be for truth beauty and virtue for and liberty and self sacrifice are his duty he cannot fear death because the soul as immortal deity cannot die it is better to a hundred times under the of enemies by the most cruel death than to his divine nature by the yoke of slavery the pole ought to be for his oppressed and what christ was for all the human race the polish people must suffer much because they have a high mission in the world that is to reveal and realize the kingdom of gk d on earth we can account for the application of these views by a pole to his own country as possessing a higher civilization and more rich literature than that of the other let us hear for a moment s ideas with regard to religion and politics religion and politics says he are two separate and wholly independent inherited possessions of human deity religion draws up the soul to heaven politics attract it to the earth the first seeks the second after humanity the one looks to what is there the other to what is here religion after the eternal salvation of individual persons politics after the present happiness of humanity or that of a certain nation religion on the love of god politics on that of our neighbor religion leads man from the earth to heaven and politics desire to draw to him heaven on earth the end of religion is that of politics is freedom religion and politics are two sisters of divine birth they us to virtue and but they cannot be united by violence into one conception because the one is heavenly and the other earthly religion has its end in itself he then who it into a political instrument it and his father in heaven for it making god a human servant and using the most holy thing for a worldly power somewhat as money such a man is an because in asia for instance in china even in the and the religion has been made to politics such a man is a pupil of the tyrant and according to whom gods are a political invention and stand under the order of men the earthly power such a man like the emperor of russia wishes to use religion for an instrument of his and he can easily become a of his wisdom is holy then it is a great sin and offence against god to change it into a political instrument but politics have an end in themselves he also who wishes to change politics into a religious means only the human law the road for the abominable sway of and tyranny and under the cover of freedom under foot such a man is equally an because in for instance and all politics are the slave of religion the of the middle ages having thrown politics or the state under the feet of religion transformed themselves instantly into the european and prepared their own between the pope and the emperor of russia is this difference that the former in all europe to make politics a slave of religion and the latter makes religion a slave of politics the of religion with politics is in both cases the and the acknowledgment of their mutual independence is the european principle and eminently that of the american republic church and state are in the same relation to each other as spirit and body and only such aa spirit and body are able to inter penetrate each other and create a sound and harmonious unity if we turn our attention to these three words and the same confusion of ideas will disappear as soon as we shall have explained them according to the above principle and says the polish philosopher are two opposite but acting in harmony produce a total divine truth of with aa body and spirit as the past and the future ought to each other freely and but never struggle aa enemies for an absolute empire as they both ought to be friendly servants of which is their living master an image of god the followers of proclaim that the state is an institution of god but they are wrong because man is a free being as god himself and freedom cannot be either or slavery if the state were an institution of god god would be similar to the absolute emperor whose orders create a social world and man would be a slave a being without will a brute animal are then such states as ancient and the june and russia institutions of no they are institutions of man what the past created and what in its time could be useful and necessary the same becomes a vile and in relation to the present time which cannot be stopped in its course and such an institution of god is a tyranny worthy of public disdain the people who live in the present time have their own free will and natural ability for self government self or such men of as are at their own advantage are and and their institution of god speaking properly is an institution of satan the followers of tell the world that the state is the result of agreement and free contract in the beginning as they affirm people lived in a continual war among themselves when tired they must have	37
one reflection form and substance the source of it is the harmonious union of memory with judgment or it is the attention of a higher power it leads to or figures lo and relates to both the real and ideal world or the existing living divine total one its object is not a substance but a form mind is the father as well of sense as of reason or of and of thinking it is the of attention and reflection and the harmonious union of understanding with reason it leads us to or or to the close union of intelligence with pure ideas also to that of observations with or what was once called that is to the truth living divine total and existing truth mind being the harmonious union of sense with reason is the third the last or the true and full source of the oar it is the of a true eye for the truth sense sees only the outward reason the inward world mind sees both together or sense knows reason mind a mind says est sum sense is a reason is an activity mind both together or it is a sense belongs to body reason to spirit mind to both body and spirit together or to the moral and divine force our moral and divine force has for its object both the and the physical power mind is the eye through which the sun of existence looks into it wisdom of the mind is and protesting together or the extremes and representing fulness harmony then it leads to the full truth attention reflection and especially mind ought to be exercised by us in order to have the full total and living wisdom u of heart the love of neighbor without limits and condition is the first sign of is followed by greatness and another quality of a great heart is the conquering of self love not as an individual being but as belonging to society and humanity as who took poison for the love of truth commands us not to love life top much because our divine and eternal soul cannot perish he who knew felt and did most lives longest as selfishness is a proof that our deity forgot this relation to god and became insane head and heart separately taken are obvious if head is an heart will be a the union of head with heart the fire of the soul action energy ni spontaneous head without action and heart without action are dead spontaneous energy is wisdom and melted together into action he has no character who has only a wise head nor has he who possesses a great heart alone even a good head and a great heart taken together without action do not constitute man s character spontaneous energy alone is character character is a man s virtue spontaneous energy possessing the essential character is a self acting energy to wit a divine being living in the world a sovereign three roads lead to character speculation and melted in the heart strong and will is the first sign of character because man s character is a self acting energy and belongs not only to head or to heart alone but to both together strong will is an of a man he who possesses it does wonders our good and true will is the will of deity in our breast then it is divine then it is free the june freedom therefore is the second sign of character he who takes away our freedom tears out from the breast our deity and our entire being because freedom is the soul of man and belongs to god in nature a fate but it is always obedient to the will of god and very often to that of man god is king of nature man is his lieutenant if a man has the same will with god his voice is to him the elements give homage sum est freedom acknowledging another freedom behind itself and treating it with kindness as its own sister is morality the aim of morality is both usefulness and together man without character possesses neither will nor freedom nor yet morality his virtue is the school of life is his wisdom the reverence of our own laws as the free of our will is the evidence of a good character sincerity proves the good will and independence of character and only the open character becomes virtuous and ought to be worthy of its own divine original constancy never broken is the third and the last basis of character it is a noble confidence in ourselves through our relation to god but constancy must be distinguished from the dull drowning of our soul in the ocean of or even in that of pure science with regard then to the above statements with many and other so called philosophers fell into error and every and is founded upon false principles it is the greatest honor for man to be a man it is the basis of true human happiness to know truth as a philosopher to act as a wise man and to live as the entire man therefore man s head heart and virtue constitute man s character leaving to the judgment of impartial readers the tion and farther application of these general principles we will give lastly his idea of moral government in the conquered and its influence upon the people the polish nation says in his political writings possessing her own language manners habits and literature fell down and ceased to be the state in but continues still to be the state in these men then who keep her in the condition of ability to create a new and independent state who carry by successive steps her ability in into that of in or the institution of god living in her bosom into her spontaneous action compose a moral government they are of what g	37
d himself to them priests in the temple of virtue and holy duty opposing as they can the earthly force to the moral government belong generally men of the most the genuine that is such as are ready in every moment to sacrifice all for and so die for the liberty of their nation as christ did for humanity these may be divided into three kinds men of the most genuine reality men of the most genuine men of the most genuine men of the most genuine reality are the descendants of families that are celebrated and deserve well of their the of estates and all good given to industry and commerce men of the most genuine are excellent writers these draw out of themselves new ideas lifting up the nation they awake her own feelings advance her on the road of light progress and spiritual victory over her enemies they explain to her the past the present and the future they point out to her the high mission which she has received from god they work out the national tendency the star of a new existence they are the active spirit of and the pure thought of their moral power is greater than any political one every genial word is a breaking down the hardest rocks itself as a lightning and thundering through the length of ages our know this power the sentence of the second who said great writers are the most essential and of the world they to the utmost those who have taken up a patriotic pen men of the most genuine are political or all those national and blessed saints who groan in or in exile who die under the of their enemies and become an example of holy such moral government is as it is divine in its foundation to the question whether can rise from her political grave answers she can do it he says if she upon her ancient mission but it inwardly and enters again on the road pointed out to her by god himself for the struggle of the european and the american principles with the lasts until our days or rather is carried on with a harder than at any former time if on the european and the american principles and becomes an of freedom light and progress if she throws away from her bosom the doctrines of rome and the if she her own christian church as a branch of christian she will be s messenger working for the progress of the world she will then be necessary to europe and all europe will be with her what the were centuries to europe the armies of the russian the j are at present composed of these same but better exercised in military and to battle was two and forty years under the yoke has been penetrated with and has appropriated its spirit and organization she the principle which has grown stronger by and now europe the russian has power a hundred times more extensive than the arbitrary of because he in himself and that is the political and powers he commands his subjects to believe that all the earth is his property that nations against him are to their he is king of kings more than the chinese a lieutenant of god and a visible his order is a law before and behind him goes the ancient the old cruelty and where he walks there are the weeping and anguish of many years the russian europe for he possesses the greater part of it and what is yet worse he is the powerful pope of that christian confession which not only in russia but in the countries of the ancient eastern empire millions of blind his european possessions and christianity lead the russian to various relations with europe and open to him an extensive field for his artful doings he is active and does not neglect his business he has already swallowed and now opens his mouth for turkey as many european countries fall under his yoke in many so much space does asia gain in europe the russian by his alliance with which delights in the arbitrary will and the principles has strengthened his influence in that country and shakes germany by the neck his hand reaches already to the and the threatening liberty light and the progress of europe and europe experiences this shame in consequence of permitting the robbery and the of by the unsuccessful polish and asia gained a splendid victory over europe and the russian strengthened and obviously extended his influence over the civilized world the the friends of freedom light and progress to groan everywhere in the was established over all literary and patriotic pens free lips were sealed by the institution of the secret police and the of this new holy in our days abominable st is what shameful rome was once the murderer of the body and the spirit the russian surrounded by and his many to the eastern and southern about the blessings of blind obedience mouths represent the russian as their from the yoke of the and the and call on men to i the under the standard of thej however can show nothing but the physical power of russia instead of intellectual and moral power they breathe in the spirit of the emperor and his military government the poles are singing h of liberty light and progress among the they send to them the words of freedom they them with the sound moral food of their rich literature old and new and are certain of their victory upon this field of battle until there comes a general war of europe against asia justly europe against the danger which it uie people almost a tenth part of the whole population on the globe because they pay homage to the principle will be able to all the rest of europe but if they love	37
freedom light and progress europe by their aid will conquer asia and spread her civilization there they are a people of the future the epoch of their is come they have passed their studies in the most perfect school under a foreign yoke in order to prepare themselves to accomplish the mission which providence has destined for them it is true that the russian moves by his agents all the and the people by his idea of wishing to unite them under his yoke but the southern countries will no longer endure the idea of to the of the instead of forming constitutional states and if she be true to herself at any change will be able to establish herself as a constitutional middle state between russia and the southern she has been and will be a bright star for all the who will prefer liberty light and progress to slavery darkness and the poles continually their mission now oppose to the the constitutional union of independent and free states united so far as circumstances will permit by the strong central power of this idea unite with them the russian and even now some distinguished and learned have left their native land endured and of their property and have become members of the polish moral government they write and publish books about liberty and progress paying a public homage to the eldest and most enlightened sister of all to for her divine love of truth and holy duty who indeed says our polish and philosopher can the june support and lead on the countries oppressed for centuries who can deliver them from slavery and the yoke of the and the who in this respect can come with aid to them shall it be the poles with their history rich in splendid deeds and sacrifices for liberty with their liberal philosophy poetry and literature or the with their physical power the latter might deliver them from the yoke of the and the but could not awake their own souls which hunger only for power over animals in the human form shall this be done by the polish moral force or the physical force by the polish spirit or the finally he calls on them with all the power of his soul o southern and eastern people what does the offer you the religious and political blended together the and of government the of the middle ages and the ancient empire united in the unlimited by any law the external and the internal the earthly and the heavenly tyranny the death of body spirit and soul in a word the principle he will order your children to be torn away from the breasts of their mothers to be trained up for soldiers who must deny their own parents and be of their own fathers and brothers according to order and under the threats of a thousand lashes his will carry you by hundreds to and he will crowd his political with your he will kill you with like wild beasts will give you a secret police and will you so far that the husband will be afraid of his wife the father of his son and the mother of her daughter you will be ashamed of your beloved native speech and ordered to acknowledge the russian government language for your own look at poor without measure once so celebrated such a lot you you will recall with sorrow your present situation because not only but even slavery is heaven in comparison with the yoke such is the salvation you may hope from the russian and what do the poles bring you liberty light and progress the acknowledgment of separate the freely constituted the of nations adapted to their local circumstances and wishes independence equality and brotherhood the european and the american principles already today you make wishing to break asunder the chains of slavery which principle then is it the or the polish which with your feelings o people hate th russian as satan the philosophy keep firmly with the poles and you be independent free and happy addresses his countrymen as follows literary men of seize your pen and write for your beloved nation because a great responsibility lies upon you open to her the gates of the future take off from her eyes the old that she may see the bright sun of her mission and destiny scholars of your nation that she may know what she was what she is and what she ought to be her for spiritual darkness is the most terrible of deaths preach to her every hour that a great magnificent eternal deity her soul that she therefore shall not and can not die that there is no death for her unless she herself her own immortality by folly and ignorance moral cowardice want of self respect for self sacrifice and by vile deeds ye learned men of teach the polish people so eminently gifted by nature to think and the numerous damned of superstition and ignorance shall cease to them teach them to think and they will know themselves will feel their dignity and will not bow before vain titles human and other teach them to think for thought feeling and action and you other support with your hand the national for wisdom is today more necessary to our than at any other time when a general light shall have been spread then the day of our general moral and national salvation shall follow the genius of will feel his heavenly power and god will be with her the polish and all in europe speak language to and to the whole people groaning under the triple of three the russian the and the this tendency has already its books of freedom are scattered among the and the christian peacefully prepare for their moral god himself efforts so just for divine liberty light and moral progress and as says between	37
out of the kingdom on account of the leaving the tenant a bare and that commonly a very poor one the common practice of the great of irish estates is very different from that of english the former build no houses for their tenants no money and make no improvements on their lands the rent is paid for the natural power of the soil without any expense to the owner it appears from the latest accounts that much land in ireland heretofore cultivated has been recently abandoned and left entirely waste this is the case with more than one hundred thousand acres in the single county of the taxes and especially the enormous have driven off the farmers who with what personal property they can save are in parts of this county says one of the poor law so wasted are the people by want and disease that an able man is hardly to be seen it has been lately stated in parliament that the expense for the support of the was much reduced in consequence of the great of the population by and es of the of there must be some great defects in the and social state of a community when such things are seen in so fine a country as ireland the established church of ireland maintained as it is may justly be considered a great grievance to the in his charge to his clergy says that the have a religion without a church and the a church without a religion the establishment happily the advantages of both a church and a religion an advantage not mentioned by the worthy is that of having all wealth appropriated by the state to the support of religion and of being one of the richest churches in in ireland the church has the and the catholic church the people the one has all the church s wealth but all the moral and religious instruction received by five of the people comes from the other the annual income of the established church in ireland is said upon good authority to have been about one million pounds the annual average of the to be eight hundred pounds three having no property originally have died within a few years leaving no less a sum than eight hundred thousand pounds one might suppose that these wealthy were of opinion either that is great gain or that great gain is it may be truly said that the irish have never or but very imperfectly enjoyed the protection of law they have generally at least until a recent period known govern ment and law only as enemies until they have come habitually to regard them as such how should they do otherwise that collection of called the code passed in the of william and anne was specially directed against the from three to seven of the inhabitants the great object plainly was to deprive of their property all who had any and to prevent them and all other from acquiring any property in future so rapidly was this effect produced that that the such a vast majority of the people had not one twentieth part of the property in ireland dean swift describes with much coolness the condition of the irish in his time we look upon them to be altogether as as the women and children their lands are almost entirely taken from of the of ireland june them and thej are rendered incapable of acquiring any more and for the little that remains provision is made by the late act against that it will daily away in the mean the common people without leaders without discipline or natural courage being little better than of wood and drawers of water are out of all capacity of doing any mischief if they were ever so well inclined so far as the object of the code was to convert the irish to the faith there never was a more complete failure the proportion of being much larger now than when the code was the successive of landed property in ireland are probably without a parallel in any other country in addition to those that took place before the various during the of the and in the time of the amounted to nearly or quite as many acres as are contained in the island in the political of the english nations whatever course was taken by the irish they seem in general to have been considered as by the party in power whether or and treated accordingly one of the largest was in the time of the and the land was out by among his soldiers when the english revolution came another large took place and the irish for to king james the second whom the english had set over them were deemed and to william and mary most of the were for treason charged to have been committed the very day that the prince and princess of orange accepted the crown though the news of that event could not possibly have reached ireland on the same day and the lord lieutenant of james was then in ireland with an army and in possession of the government it is admitted by all writers that the poverty wretchedness and suffering of the people are without a parallel it has been also admitted with nearly the same that their miserable condition was owing to the oppression and of that unfortunate country by england for nearly seven centuries past or ever since the connection of the two countries on this point we believe there has been little or no difference of opinion ah parties and englishmen and and and who agreed in hardly of the condition of ireland thing else were in opinion as to the tyranny practised on the irish people or on the great majority to five of the population that it was without example in any state in not only and radical but the london	37
review and other tory have on this point abundantly proving this might be made but lately a different tone has been assumed by the review and it has just been discovered that though the english have generally in the charges of of ireland yet that they are totally that england has been in fact the great benefactor of ireland the better we love the real ireland the more strong is our conviction of the duty of to rescue her from the deplorable extremity to which she has been reduced not more we are satisfied by the unexpected of providence than by the extravagant the almost incredible obstinacy and of her own people and why should we hesitate to tell the truth the irish as they call themselves accuse england of all the misfortunes and miseries of ireland even the other day when we sent them ten millions of they told us it was only a paltry and forced of a long series of and whenever they are driven to admit that there is any thing wrong either in the habits or feelings of their countrymen they the reluctant by charging it all on the selfish policy and jealous tyranny of england why therefore are toe not to on such wild by statements of the sober truth why are we not to insist on a fact notorious to all who are not blinded by national vanity or deceived by popular and delusion namely that all of civilization arts comfort wealth that ireland she owes exclusively to england all her errors misery she owes to herself and not accidentally but by a dogged and unaccountable obstinacy in not merely the counsels not merely the example of england but in and all the attempts that england and englishmen have with most patient and prodigal generosity been for nearly a century and especially for the last fifty years making for her advantage this unfortunate result is mainly to that confusion of ideas that of purpose and above all that reluctance to steady work which are features of the national character but also no doubt in a most important degree to the adverse influence of the roman catholic priests who have always been jealous of any improvement or instruction even in of the present condition of ireland june the ordinary arts of life proffered by the saxon which they not we must own have looked on with apprehension as likely to their own influence and as the probable of light and education in other directions if the statement of the review is well founded the prospect of america as well as of england so far as relates to the irish is dismal indeed and we may well despair of any if the irish for seven centuries have and resisted all the efforts of a wise and paternal government for their improvement and remain for all the lavish generosity of the english they must be given up as but if there is reason to agree with most writers on this subject english as well as others in their degradation to persecution oppression and then it may be hoped that a different treatment may produce some improvement in their character in opposition to the review we quote the opinion of the rev smith so well known in various walks of literature as expressing though in pretty strong phrase the general opinions of both english and irish writers on this subject we think the conduct of the english to ireland to have been a system of cruelty and contemptible meanness with such a climate such a soil and such a people the inferiority of ireland to the rest of europe is directly to the long wickedness of the english government nothing we believe can be more and more directly the of the truth than the statements in the review any one who will take the trouble to examine the history of ireland during its whole connection with england will be abundantly satisfied of this the measures of uie english in relation to ireland and especially the laws against in operation during nearly the whole of the last century will go very far towards for the present and degradation of the irish people without supposing any peculiar faults in their national character we have but little information concerning ireland prior to the reign of henry the second about the middle of the twelfth century according to whose information must have been derived chiefly from his father in law of whom he has left such a beautiful memorial the inhabitants e of the present of of ireland were similar in character and manners to the people of britain this renowned commander after the conquest of would gladly have carried the roman arms into the neighboring island and have subjected it to the imperial sway says that often spoke of the facility of this enterprise a single being in his opinion sufficient to conquer and retain possession but the emperor jealous of the fame already acquired by in britain was by no means disposed to r his general to gather fresh in ireland thus as says this rational plan of conquest was forever defeated and ireland remained the only country of western europe not subjected to the dominion of home the reason assigned by for the conquest of ireland shows a curious contrast between the relative condition of the people of the two british islands at that time and the present it was supposed by this able that the would wear their chains with less reluctance if the prospect of freedom in the neighboring island were forever removed from their sight alas during the seven centuries of ireland s connection with england there has never been the slightest danger that the prospect of irish freedom or felicity would excite the envy or discontent of the if as it would seem such counsel were given by and rejected by the emperor it might	37
influence nearly seven hundred years for the first three hundred and fifty or four hundred years the irish were not even admitted to the protection of english laws but might be or killed with during the whole of the english rule until a very recent period they have been ill treated and oppressed as since the in england they have in addition to other been persecuted as and how far the english sovereigns and people attempted to carry into execution the pious and benevolent designs expressed in the application to the pope and also as conditions in his grant of the island to henry and his may be judged of from the following sir john who was attorney general of king james the first who had held various offices in ireland and was very well acquainted with its condition and history and by no means too disposed towards the irish thus speaks of the english policy it was certainly a great defect in the civil policy of ireland that for the space of three hundred and fifty years at least the conquest first attempted the english laws were not communicated to its people nor the benefit or protection thereof allowed them for as long as they were out of the protection of the laws so as every englishman might spoil and kill them without control how was it possible they should be other than and enemies to the crown of england soon after the murder of the thomas k by the at the of henry an english reproached the irish of with a great deficiency in the irish church you have your says the englishman but where are your i can not find a single irish martyr in your alas replied the bishop our people have not yet learned to murder god s servants but now that the english have come into our island and henry is our sovereign we may soon expect enough to take away this reproach from our church in the reign of edward the first that part of the native population which came in immediate contact with the english settle of the pre ent of and which it was therefore a matter of the utmost importance to the king to adopt them as his subjects and to admit them under the shelter of the english law they even tried the experiment of the throne into justice an application was made says to the chief governor and eight thousand marks offered to the king provided he would grant uie free enjoyment of the laws of england to the whole body of the irish inhabitants a petition wrung from a people tortured by the painful feelings of oppression in itself so just and reasonable and in its consequences so fair and so could not but be received by a prince possessed with exalted ideas of policy and government and where ambition did not interfere a friend to justice edward though well inclined to grant this request was prevented by his who assured him that a compliance was not possible in the present state of things the method says of the soldiers on the inhabitants and leaving them to support themselves by arbitrary was adopted with alacrity and executed with riot and all the tremendous effects of were the natural consequences every party who under pretence of loyalty received the king s commission to the adversary in some particular district became enemies to the inhabitants their properties their lives the of their families were all exposed to these the great english found it more for their interest that a free course should be to their that many of those whose lands they should be considered as that they should be furnished for their petty wars by arbitrary and in their and be freed from the terrors of a rigidly impartial in the reign of edward the third the irish addressing themselves once more to the throne of england that all those odious distinctions which had so long the land with blood should at last be and that the irish inhabitants should be admitted to the state and privileges of english subjects this petition of course was refused the following laws or in the same reign show in what light the irish were regarded it was by royal that no mere should be admitted into any or trust in any city or castle in the king s land again by the ce called e of the of june the of it was that marriage of and with the should be considered and punished as high treason and it was also made highly to the english to permit their irish neighbors to their lands to present them to or to receive them into and religious houses even the poverty and misery of the poor irish were and it was made to entertain their who the imagination by romantic tales in the reign of edward e third says pride and self interest in regarding and representing the irish as a race utterly four hundred years after in the time of swift it was the he tells us in england to think and affirm that tho irish cannot be too hardly used the in religion by henry the eighth was said to be a great good accomplished by most wicked means however in its consequences its origin and principal features bore the marks of its capricious cruel and author the says in his history that england in embracing the faith went astray from the road to salvation but the change was greatly for her advantage it is important for a man s salvation at least to select the right time for changing his religion or politics the same is true of sovereigns and nations when the star of napoleon was on the decline the king of more grateful than prudent too long to the cause of his imperial benefactor he was punished for his fidelity by the loss of half	37
his it was that the only difference between him and his brother sovereigns who had been arrayed under the same banner was in his watch being slower than theirs their watches we may suppose were regulated by the rising sun and pointed to the happy moment for the falling fortunes of the emperor and thus they not only preserved their old but acquired new henry the eighth by in his own person all civil and authority became one of the most absolute that england or europe has ever seen he was not only king of england but what none of his had ever been he was also the supreme head of the church of england and the church of ireland he assumed all the power i of th j e ent condition of ireland t of king and pope in both countries and was well disposed to exercise to the full extent his in both these as supreme head of the church he determined all and articles of faith to be received by his subjects and any from the prescribed faith of the da for it was frequently changed according to the king s caprice subjected the to capital punishment and courts of justice were always to do his bidding and were in fact most convenient instruments to execute will the parliament even went so far as to that the king s should have the force of law thus lords and judges and were equally and ready to condemn to the stake or the all who bad incurred the king s pleasure queens lords clergy and were liable at any time at the pleasure of the sovereign and supreme head of the church to be for treason or burnt for as the occasion might require one of the most curious incidents of the american revolution was the english government s calling in aid the criminal code of henry the eighth to the in the colonies near the close of henry s reign and not long after the bloody was passed and when the criminal le of this great reform may be supposed to have been brought near to its perfection a law was passed to extend the king s beyond the sea and bring to england for trial persons charged wit treason committed out of the when during the century the spanish were at a loss what to do it was usual to say let us consult the genius of philip the second so the british of the third in their difficulties with tiie colonies after trying in vain various measures of their own thought it best to consult the genius of henry the eighth who was so successful in putting down treason and rebellion and whose will no man with the parliament m order to try the of the criminal code of this formidable upon the americans the king to cause the charged with treason in america to be brought to england and tried under the of henry the no wonder it was thought the americans would at once be frightened into submission by the prospect of being transported to england and tried under the criminal code of henry the eighth the experiment would undoubtedly have been success e of the pre m of ireland june and have completely treason and rebellion in america if the king and his ministers had only been able to bring the to england for trial remarks that in the reign of henry the eighth the english were so thoroughly subdued that like eastern slaves they were inclined to admire those acts of violence and tyranny which were exercised over themselves and at their own expense by an act of parliament henry was recognised to have been always by the word of god supreme head of the church of england and it was also declared by the act that and have no manner of bat by the royal and that to him alone and such persons as he should full power and authority are given from above to hear and determine all manner of causes and to correct all manner of errors vices and sins whatsoever the english nation in general seem to have displayed much more facility than the irish in the faith of their fathers and the creed prescribed by henry the great body of the people seemed ready to follow him in all the successive changes which he made and to embrace the standard of the day any from which was a capital offence the irish perhaps as much from hatred to the english as from any other cause seemed resolved to in the religion of their ancestors we come now to the reign of elizabeth which however glorious for england was most disastrous for the isle in the time of elizabeth however the wars with o and which were carried on on both sides with frightful terminated in the absolute of all the possessions of those great chiefs the whole provinces of and and much of the adjoining country and the whole of this vast region was immediately divided among the english who had to the distracted land for the purpose of themselves by its plunder and had undoubtedly sought both to provoke and to the wars with a view to this desirable result it is enough for us to remark that under the sway of grey and not only were the most practised upon the irish but a disposition manifested by these and other to them into hostility with a direct view to the profit to be derived from their it is also certain that of the present condition of ireland herself though ignorant perhaps of the by her officers was perfectly aware of this detestable principle and of its in her armies to the continuance of the war if it goes on she is known to have said to her council it will be the better for you for there be estates for review	37
of o history of ireland no article the following are from the poet s state of ireland was secretary of the lord grey and held a grant of the lands in ireland where he resided several years and had a thorough knowledge of its concerns the are usually envious of one another s greater glory which if they would seek to by better government it would be a most but they quite otherwise for this is the common order of them that who next in place will not follow that course of government which his held either for his of himself or doubt to have his doings drowned in another man s praise but will straight take a way quite to the former as if the former thought by keeping under the to reform them next by the english will favor with the irish and so make his government seem plausible as having the irish at his command but he that comes after will perhaps follow neither the one nor the other but will the one and the other in such sort as he will sweet out of them both and leave to the poor country the desolation brought upon the province of by the war into which the great irish leader the earl of was driven by those who wished for his vast possessions is thus described by notwithstanding says that the same was a most rich and plentiful country yet ere one year and a half they were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would the same out of every comer of their woods and they came creeping forth upon their hands for their legs could not bear them they looked like of death they like ghosts crying out of their graves they did eat the dead happy where they could find them yea and one another soon after as the very spared not to scrape out of their graves and if they found a plot of water or there they as to a feast for the time yet not able to continue there withal that in short space there was none almost left causes of the present of june and a most and plentiful country suddenly left man and beast the same system was adopted in and as was supposed the most speedy and effectual method of the irish to submission and to acquiescence in the of all their lands the soldiers says encouraged by the example of their officers everywhere cut down the standing com with their swords and devised every means to deprive the wretched inhabitants of all the necessaries of life the like expedient was practised in the northern provinces the governor of sir arthur issued from his quarters and for twenty miles round reduced the country to a desert thus for about four hundred and forty years during the of all the and all the the irish with very few and short exceptions did not have the protection of law or the common rights of humanity the english kings during the whole of this period the of uie irish and the homage of their chiefs yet with a strange refused them that regular government and administration of justice which they earnestly sought and which all rulers owe to their by the wars and both the native irish and also the irish had become so much broken subdued and weakened as to cease their resistance to the english and to wait hoping for better things in the next reign these hopes were doomed to disappointment james the first before his accession to the english throne had made promises to the in which they placed much confidence but he soon took care to them one of his early ordered a general jail delivery with the exception of and to prevent the irish from making mistake as to his intentions a was issued whereas his majesty is informed that his subjects in ireland have been deceived by a false report that his mi was disposed to allow them liberty of and the free choice of religion he declares to his beloved subjects of ireland that he will not admit any such liberty of conscience as they were made to expect by such report his majesty kept his word in this instance the priests were banished and the exercise of the catholic religion pro of ik of compelled to attend the church service every sunday under severe li this reign the english and administration of so called were for the first time extended over the whole island it is a very curious ct that the irish who are now said to be so to law and order were in the reign of james and for a long time before of an entirely different character if we may trust the highest english authorities sir john and lord both say that no nation love equal and impartial justice more than the irish which virtue says lord must necessarily be accompanied by many others the irish had suffered so much in the last reign that they wished for quiet at any rate sir john the king s says whereupon the multitude being as it were in a mortar with sword famine and together submitted themselves to the english government received the laws and and most gladly embraced king james s pardon and peace in all parts of the realm with of joy and comfort this joy and comfort at the prospect of english law and justice for which the irish had been duly prepared by being as it were in a mortar with sword famine and was not of long continuance very many of the people throughout the island both and and irish soon found that the laws and courts were mere instruments to rob them of inheritance for the benefit of the king and a few greedy and were appointed to make an into land titles in ireland and were	37
conducted in such a manner as to place the estate of every individual and the whole country at the mercy of the crown and its creatures vast numbers were robbed of the estates which had been in their families for several generations whole were declared to the king the process was a short one the claimed for the king a to a whole county the question was submitted to a jury and if the refused to find a verdict for the king they were imprisoned by the until they complied six of the county of many estates in other parts of the island and the whole province of were thus declared and the title in the crown were everywhere e of the pre condition of jane employed says in finding out in men s titles to their estates the case of affords a specimen of the manner in which law was then administered in ireland to any formal defects in the titles of the landed of that province new had been engrossed by james and had received the great seal but bv some neglect of the king s officers in the had not been though the fee for to three thousand pounds had been duly paid for this neglect the whole province was to the crown but it near the close of this reign the project was not carried into execution till the next in the reign of charles the first lord the famous earl of was the king s m ireland the king wanted money and obtained large sums firom the irish on making fair promises one of which was to secure them in the quiet enjoyment of their lands but having got the money his promises were entirely disregarded and the system of was pursued by with increased vigor one instance will be sufficient accompanied the to inquire into the king s title through the province of and all the in this province were declared to the crown in one county the jury were deaf to every argument in favor of the king s title and refused to find it was enraged he laid a fine of one thousand pounds upon the and bound the obstinate to appear in the chamber and answer for their offence where they were each in the sum of four thousand pounds to imprisonment until it should be paid and to acknowledge their offence in court upon their knees but we have not space for the melancholy tale of irish history during the reign of charles and the time of and the the seems to have been in a great measure if not entirely owing to contest for lands in the manner we have described between the who had been driven from estates and the english to whom they had been granted the irish who had suffered much in the of the first two had still more to fear from and the the had been in the main loyal subjects of charles and james but in the eyes of and the they were not only enemies as bat et of ihe present of whom it was lawful to or drive from the country the barbarous policy of in ireland is well known the garrison of who had surrendered on a promise of quarter were cruelly to the number of two thousand shared a similar fate and the war carried on with s usual vigor and despatch in somewhat the same manner as that of against the was soon terminated in his letter to the ment giving an account of the capture of where the lasted five days says i wish that all honest hearts may give the glory of this to god alone to whom indeed ihe praise of this mercy belongs in the settlement of affairs in ireland by was set apart for the irish who had not made terms with him had already been appropriated by the london companies and the scotch the two other provinces and about one half of ireland were allotted to the soldiers of and the english who had advanced money for the expenses of the war the irish were now driven into and issued a that all who after that time should be found in any other part of the kingdom man woman or child might be killed by any body who saw or met yet mr says on this and similar deeds this is the first king s face poor ireland ever saw the first friend s face little as it him poor ireland and the curse of is the only gospel of i can ever yet discover to have ever been fairly there on the restoration of charles the second the catholic who had been from their lands expected with some reason to regain their former possessions they were nearly all of english descent and had been loyal to the but the as were called were numerous and powerful charles was indolent and ungrateful and they were suffered to retain their lands it is remarkable that many of the descendants of the and who settled these two provinces became in the third generation and adopted the manners habits and in many instances the language of the irish a very large majority of the people of these two provinces are now in the of charles the second and james the second e of june the in ireland had little to complain of religious persecution and nearly all the common privileges of english subjects we must except however the time of the plot in the reign of charles when the catholic of who was considered by as a wise sober pious and quiet man was on a false accusation hurried over to england condemned and executed the views of irish history in the following firom are very striking the most able says are of opinion and whom i reckon amongst the first of them has i think shown that a religion not	37
which the irish have in our day were most solemnly assured to them by the articles of and now what was the fate of these articles of which were under the great seal of england which on all principles of good faith and public law were as binding on the english government as any treaty ever made and on the of which the the great body of the irish people finally submitted to the government of william not only was every one of these articles without any provocation but a persecution was now commenced and carried on for nearly a century against the irish more odious than had been known even in ireland or in the opinion of at any time in any country had the irish surrendered and at discretion sound policy and the obligation of the government to consult the well being of their subjects would have required i of the present condition of ireland the king and parliament to do for the all that was supposed to have been secured to them by treaty the following is a mere sketch of some of the laws called the code passed at various times in the reign of king william and queen anne it is taken from the work of which contains a full view of these laws and of the odious means provided for carrying them into effect it will be recollected that these laws were in full force at the time he wrote it is worthy of remark that this barbarous code was in the brilliant of william and anne when by the settlement at the revolution the english constitution was supposed to have been brought near to perfection in the time of her and and and in what many deem the age of english literature in the days of and swift of and no catholic e any real property by purchase or devise or or by descent from any relations no catholic could dispose of property by will no catholic could sell any estate except to a land of a deceased catholic was divided equally between his sons who if could not sell to each other or to any but on the death of the sons to be again divided and so on ad unless it should get into the hands of no catholic was allowed to own a horse of the value of five pounds a catholic having no land could not possibly acquire any by purchase devise descent except as above or by marriage settlement any child of a catholic or his nearest relation by to be a immediately acquired the and inheritance of the estate and could sell and dis of it forever and also acquired such portion of the present income as a should give him those few parents who had any property may be said to have held it entirely at the mercy of their children or of any child thus one mode of the to poverty was by the morals of their children and putting it in the power of any vicious child or next relative to rob the whole family of their inheritance of the present of ireland june to take away all authority from parents and to give the children of all dominion over their parents any child might and was encouraged to come into court and compel his father to disclose on oath all his real and personal property and the court might any portion of it at pleasure to die child or children and even take the whole property out of the owner s power and secure or invest it at its discretion this process might be repeated at any time in case the parent was suspected of acquiring any additional property if the wife of a catholic should profess to become a the children were to be taken entirely away from the father who was deprived of any management and direction of their education and compelled to furnish whatever sum the might please for their support all were from taking or directly or by a trust any lands any upon land any rents or profits from land any lease or for a term of years any for life or lives or years or any estate whatsoever upon or which may in any manner affect any lands there was one exception to this from all property a lease for thirty one years but this was with so many and was rendered so precarious as to be of little or no value no land could of course be taken by a catholic as security for a loan or in payment of a debt the object was to compel to change their religion or otherwise to reduce them all to poverty as soon as possible and prevent them from acquiring any property in future with respect to the acquisition of property the law met the in every road to industry and threw all possible obstacles in their way they were excluded from all civil offices from all offices in the army and entirely shut out from the profession of the law in all its branches from chamber council private and from and under the most severe all clerks of court and were required to take a solemn oath not to employ any not even as clerks at the miserable salary of seven shillings a week no catholic of course could be on a jury no catholic or could by any service e of oe present of ireland or his freedom in any town so that he was obliged to trade and work in bis own native town as an alien paying such charges and as were required from strangers they were forbidden to take more than two in any employment excepting only the linen manufacture let us next see what the law was in respect to education an object of the first importance in every well regulated state from all the in england scotland and ireland they were	37
of course excluded as no can be admitted there but in order to prevent from obtaining an education in any school or of their own the law armed itself with all its terrors against such a practice catholic of every description were and it was made for a catholic to teach in a school or even in a private family so that were entirely excluded from all means of education at home but this was not deemed sufficient the law endeavored by the most severe to prevent from obtaining any education abroad any person or a child of whatever age sent to any catholic school or college abroad incurred a perpetual was from in law or from being guardian or or from receiving any and all his lands goods and all persons concerned in any way in sending them abroad incurred the same the mode of trial prescribed is as curiously as the law itself but we have no room now to describe it as to the to keep any kind of weapon whatever it may seem hardly worth mentioning among so many but the mode of execution rendered it a very serious one and of course might at their discretion and without any information break open and search houses of at any hour of the day or night and the search was required by law to be made the law of king william and queen anne ordered all all orders of and and all the priests not then actually in to be and to be banished the kingdom and if they should return from exile to be hanged drawn and twenty pounds reward is given for them penalty on and concealing as all the priests then in being and causes of the present of june are long since dead and as these laws are made perpetual every priest is liable to the law the operation of one of these laws is thus stated in an address by the to king the third in the year praying for a of this law which had been in force about eighty years by the laws now in force in this say they a son however or shall merely by the merit of to the established religion deprive the roman catholic father of that free and full possession of his estate that power to or otherwise dispose of it as the of his may require but shall himself have full liberty immediately to or otherwise the of that estate forever a by which a father contrary to the order of nature is put under the power of his son and through which an early is not only suffered but encouraged by giving a privilege the frequent use of which has broken the hearts of many deserving parents and poverty and de on some of the most ancient and families in this kingdom there may bo other causes of irish degradation though these laws seem sufficient to destroy the prosperity and morals of any people and introduce universal poverty ignorance and wretchedness says it was truly a machine of wise and elaborate contrivance and as well fitted for the oppression and degradation of a people and the in them of human nature itself as ever proceeded from the ingenuity of man i vow to god says i would sooner bring myself to put a man to immediate death for opinions i disliked and so to get rid of the man and his opinions at once than to fret him into a feverish being with the jail of a to keep him above ground an animated mass of himself and all about him the calm philosophic in his constitutional history expresses an opinion somewhat similar to have the by the sword or them like the of spain would have been little more to justice and humanity but more probably many good who have been struck with horror and with od reason at the of the spanish queen mary s in england and the su rings of the in france from ix the four of ihe present of ireland are not aware that a system of persecution in some respects as bad or worse and affecting a much greater number of persons has been in force in ireland for centuries and until a recent period he further after all is it not most evident that this act of injustice the of the of which let loose on that monarch such a torrent of and reproach and which threw so dark a cloud over all the splendor of a most illustrious reign falls far short of the case in ireland the privileges which the of that kingdom enjoyed prior to this were far greater than the of ireland ever to under a contrary establishment the number of their if considered absolutely is not half of ours considered to the body of community it is not perhaps a twentieth part and then the and which grew from that are not so grievous in their nature nor so certain in their execution nor so by a great deal to the civil prosperity of the state as those which we have established for a perpetual law in our unhappy country it cannot be thought to arise from affectation that i call it so what other name can be given to a country which contains so many hundred thousands of human creatures in the most abject the laws against says are one leading cause of the of the country the stock of materials by which any nation is rendered flourishing and prosperous are its industry its knowledge or skill its morals its execution of justice its courage and the national union in directing these powers to one point and making them all centre in the public benefit other than these i do not know and can scarcely conceive any other means by which a community may flourish he then goes on to show that these laws of ireland	37
sufficient to produce the phenomena we think that the history of ireland examined shows sufficient causes for her present condition without to any inferiority of the to the saxon there seems much reason to suppose with many writers that a majority of the people of ireland are after all of saxon origin the descendants of the successive english colonies settled in ireland previous to the all the english as well as native irish were of course a very great portion of the descendants of those english in ireland have become catholic it is said that nearly all the descendants of the now belong to that there is no question that the proportion of to has been rapidly increasing since near the commencement of the reign of charles the second to the present time how far the great increase in the proportion of the great wealth of one church and the poverty of the other may be explained by the following we leave our readers to judge it is a subject of much importance to the clergy and people of the different ous in our own country says in his history of ireland the extreme anxiety of the church of england to preserve its connection with the crown was not surprising the established religion of england is the religion of the rich and polite but as these classes are rarely religious the church has little hold upon society whatever may be its importance as a or e of the present of state machine deprived of the of government the church would lose almost all its support the middle and lower orders of the people hang loosely upon it or are scattered among the the church of england has never been able to attain what that of rome has so perfectly accomplished to be the religion of the rich and poor the secret perhaps is to be found in the grand spectacle of the sacrifice which the roman church presents in her which gives her the semblance if not the reality of a while the british church has all the appearance and in many cases the reality of a mere profession the church too had in the outset the taint of motive the great men of the had little other object in view than the plunder of the old establishment nor when the new church had accumulated wealth was the contrast favorable which she presented with the old the old establishment like the new had been greedy of wealth but had used it differently notwithstanding many the poor were provided for at her expense the sick and the stranger had provision made for their wants her orders of charity were multiplied as the of the people increased of hospitality were erected for the in the desert her extended over the globe and were often zealous and devoted at home her tenants lived in ease and abundance on her and hardly felt the light rents they paid while she reared everywhere costly and beautiful churches at her own expense and without charge to the people for the worship of god and the ornament of the country all this was changed at the with the purer doctrines of the church came an increase of the burdens of the people charity and zeal odd effect seemed extinguished by the truth the poor and the sick and the stranger were left to the tender of the parish officers the ceased the orders of mercy were no more the expense of building churches was thrown upon the a new and order of architecture showed the melancholy change which had taken place the was collected with severity and the and the flock exhausted their in the courts of law but to what purpose b it to remind us of the laws now because though many of the bad laws are the consequences remain the evil that men do lives after them and the laws passed the last century must have had a much greater share in forming the present irish character than all the laws and acts of government since that time a nation degraded and by conquest causes of the of ireland jane of property a bad social and centuries of is not easily is it to be expected that an ignorant idle turbulent and vicious population will by a mere of bad laws become industrious moral and intelligent the supposition is contrary to all history and experience to all the laws so far as they are known which the human in individuals and though most of the bad laws are their spirit and disastrous effects in full vigor the irish have for centuries been taught by sad experience to regard the as their enemy and practically they cannot be said bow to enjoy its benefits but it may be said that the present generation and present government of england are not responsible for the conduct oi their ancestors and true so far as they do not put themselves in the way of and so far as the do what they can to the wrongs of ireland what is the remedy is the important question for the british government here we apprehend that the of law will not be found correct that there is no wrong a remedy there is reason to think that the english government is now more disposed to do justice to ireland and adopt some measures for her benefit than at any former period the very little effect produced by some measures from which great good was anticipated is somewhat ng and reminds one of the following remarkable passage in s state of ireland marry so there have been divers good devised and wise cast already about of that realm but they say it is the destiny of that land that no purposes whatever which are meant for her good prosper or good effect which whether it proceed from the very of the or influence of the or that almighty	37
god hath not yet appointed the time of her or that her in this state still for some secret which shall by her come into england it is hard to be yet much to be feared the following extract from the character of bacon in s lives of the lord shows us the views of that great man concerning ireland when it is considered that is advice was given by bacon before any english colonies were planted in america the contrast now between ireland and the united states might afford matter for grave re i the arts in and perhaps instruction to the present rulers of tiie british empire the advice bacon gave respecting ireland is all praise and never having been steadily acted upon it is unfortunately highly to our own times on new year s day he presented to the king james the first as a gift a discourse touching the plantation in ireland sa ring to him i assure myself that england and ireland united is a as no prince except yourself who are the in his crown and points out to him how by liberality and kindness the union might be accomplished he a most intimate knowledge of the miseries of ireland their causes and cure this desolate and neglected country is blessed with almost all the of nature with rivers woods good soil temperate climate and a race and generation of men hard and active as it is not easy to find such of if the hand of man did join with the hand of nature but they are severed the harp of ireland is not strung nor to the arts in russia ik a former number of this journal we said something of the financial condition of russia we now propose to speak of the state of commerce and industry russia has advanced in a pretty regular and natural manner from pastoral life to but this advance was not made by the voluntary efforts of free men as in the united states of america but by means of labor the owners of land did not find willing among its poor men so they availed themselves of the base character of the who was from to and obtained a law that on any estate should be attached to the soil and forbidden for the future to remove firom it at that time the land owners with their connections formed the main portion of the russian army and it was only with their aid that the could retain the absolute power which he had acquired by murder and various other since was not conducted by the hands of free men it continued in a very imperfect state and never flourished to a great degree for men only work to the best advantage when they labor from the art in jane own impulse one need only look at russia to be satisfied of this the intelligent of peter the great seem to have known that though the primitive source of national wealth is not sufficient so accordingly they took measures to open the next source of prosperity commerce but here they almost wholly lost sight of the that men do nothing well without freedom they thought they were managing in advancing trade at the expense of accordingly men entirely or partially slaves at the emperor s command were forced to apply themselves to trade and as before they were compelled to engage in the fruits of which others were to enjoy the population of whole provinces was withdrawn from which still needed labor in order to build a city in the of the which might serve as a commercial metropolis after this had been done at the cost of their lives another decree collected in it the people of distant and interior provinces and they were compelled to live there and apply themselves to commerce or mechanical arts while the people of yet other regions had been taken as soldiers to conquer these and then defend them the himself appeared in person at the head of these for with his own hands he worked as a carpenter as a and a blacksmith the rod put in motion by the supreme hands of the drove others to imitate his example trade is connected with but the russian like the jew the water bo the himself became a sailor and with his own hands his people on to imitation of himself this was the beginning of russian commerce it promised no rich return not even to be permanent it was begun and continued by brutal violence yet foolish and short sighted as it may appear to any one who looks deeply it is still continued to the present day there has been established a brutal and sometimes a system of commercial policy because nothing better could be built on a foundation so bad and because one evil always brings another in its train after this rapid glance let us see more how in russia were brought to their present condition under peter the great and his the arms of russia were carried to the east to the black sea and the northern ocean nothing seemed more likely to promote the commerce the in of the world for besides the new men could still use the old avenues of trade through to and india thus a wide door was opened for commercial enterprise it seemed as if commerce and industry would all the more for the government came to their protection after the destruction of russia was brought into direct communication with the rest of europe and could hardly be kept from an influence on all that to commerce and industry in turkey and in her influence was likewise powerful enough to protect and advance her own commercial and interests while in and her power was so great as to alarm the english but notwithstanding all has not improved in russia and still	37
mines are by no means so splendid as it is commonly supposed in consequence of the corruption of the of the mines in they yield but we know well that this fact seems to be contradicted by the apparent readiness with which not long ago sent the precious abroad but this produced a total of gold and silver from the internal trade of the empire itself russia is only rich in show money and in show in general we have been informed by one with public in st that in respect to the one hundred million which it is pretended are kept in the treasury in the fortress of peter and paul only children and fools are deceived by the pretended back and forth of bags of gold and silver other persons know that the appointed to examine this treasure only look at the top of a few ai the bags and there is the rf no gold and anywhere it ia weu that the of uie higher are from higher quarters to e it was very easy to deceive in respect to the of the nation the emperor has shown so much at the circulation d the named story that it is plain he has been in a tender spot it is certain that very few are rich want of actual money is very common in russia the wealth of individuals so far as money is concerned of paper and not coin the true cause of this will appear to any one who a eye upon the condition of trade and industry in russia but before we do this let us consider the steps which it is pretended she has lately taken for the improvement of of which the most accounts have been put in circulation especially in foreign countries much has been said about the enterprise of individuals and the encouragement which the has afforded much is said oi agricultural societies orders distinctions b el farms and the like great pains are taken to bring this horse before the eyes of strangers who visit russia or there and from whom information would naturally be sought they are shown the agricultural institutions which ave in the neighborhood of st and the district of where as it is natural every thing is prepared to excite if a man looks no deeper into the internal of the land if he does not observe the reaction of slavery and other forms of the of officials the consequences of ignorance among the people and of the superstition and prejudice consequent if he the great number of holidays and and its results general and lack of skill if he leaves all this out of the account and stoutly believes in tiie illusions before him then his eyes are blinded and he does not heed the causes which make it impossible for real and improvements to take in one word he the solution of all this riddle the reports sometimes made us of the tales in the nights if a traveller should be led the to some blooming and there be shown the beauties of the spot if he were told see our progress in the desert we have sunk wells through the sand and have led springs to the surface of the earth the art of we have n from beneath to the land and soon all this of sand will be a blooming garden even this tale would be almost as probable as the story of splendid under the russian government for the free of the wilderness be brought to a state of improvement more easily than the poor and russian from whom freedom the first condition of all welfare is so completely removed as long as liberal institutions are withheld from the russian people as long as the emperor proceeds with a corrupt and system of government as long as the elevation and instruction of the e are rendered impossible so long all the orders distinctions and model will be worth a hollow movements of a miserable political but while men are in such degradation they cannot t e comedy which is thus played before all the pretended of the government to promote the industry of the people is shown in the attempt to shut the ports of the kingdom this is carried on with a good deal of violence this gives rise to and and to the inhabitants of the large towns while at the same time l e russian are freed from thai foreign competition which is essential to success in any of industry there are about four thousand in the kingdom their owners rely on the protection of government become and careless and their are inferior to those of surrounding nations and so the people are obliged to do without many things while the welfare of the state is not promoted by this self denial while the raw material and articles of wool are about one hundred per cent cheaper than in england the articles of russian manufacture are twice as dear as the english and are also inferior in beauty and under such circumstances it seems very remarkable foreigners do not invest their capital in where they might obtain larger than elsewhere this is the reason it is difficult to obtain willing and skilful for in the use of machinery tiie show that and which are the faults of the state besides the evils which attend attempts to e by the hands f slaves are continually increasing in russia thus b free states the continually income more elevated and i honorable the art of june tiiat can make use of their intelligence and skill the of makes the people gives them a tendency to lie to deceive and to steal and in way the business of is rendered difficult and sometimes enlightened withdraw their families from the neighborhood of their which the people at this time the in russia seems like a flood into which	37
no one who can keep out of it unless driven thither by thirst for such is the melancholy state of the law and the yet more miserable administration of justice by its courts and such the uncertainty of property if not of the person that those social evils are not needed to men from undertaking to establish on a solid in the higher classes of society the difficulties of a russian are so well known that he cannot become even respectable and the naturally the disagreeable qualities in any man who is not perfectly indifferent as to the mode by which he makes his money when we remember that for successful it is necessary that whole generations in succession shall contribute their experience and their capital it becomes plain that in russia must be in a very bad state for men only aim at this to get money enough as soon as possible to escape into a foreign land or else to secure for their children admission into the service of the state thus in russia the business of the character of a mere shift for the time and does not rest on a solid foundation saying so much in general by way of let us now say a word on the of leather silk and the manufacture of leather of advancing has gone back at least some articles have lost their former reputation and the of the best carriages in must get their leather from abroad leather is no longer and glove leather is of a much inferior ty of and almost wholly in russia and we might say the sale of the raw material continues chiefly by the fact that it is and because in this article deception is more easily prevented if should be used in the manufacture of linen the must decline the of the inferior quality of is well known but of their quality the obvious bad taste of the article is sufficient to prevent from with the superior of other countries the of russia nearly six hundred in number can only with other countries in the manufacture of the poorest articles and at the lowest prices by them to china in the manufacture of there is an almost total want of invention hence the are excluded from the very which they might so easily with their goods the degrading influence of the government which puts the people down and holds them down appears everywhere in russia but its influence is most clearly seen in the industry o the people all the efforts of the emperor to the condition of the state continually ul for lack of freedom in the people it is very plain that slaves are not able to engage in trade and commerce but in a country where the is the only man that is free there is no disposition to allow the merchant the entire freedom which is the element of his life a certain amount of freedom is allowed the merchants as citizens so called they have some privileges above the and other persons without however being able to approach to the privileges of the nobility the merchant is from military service but may serve if he will but in that case he has not the same shown him as to tiie nobleman so the only motive for military service the opportunity for distinction which it might afford is taken away employment in russia is the only quite honorable business productive labor is attended with more or less reproach while idleness and enjoy distinction accordingly in such a state of things the merchants can have but freedom or social consideration the russian merchant is wholly devoted to material things for nothing but the of his wealth and has no beyond it under such circumstances it is not possible for trade itself to flourish in full vigor the degradation of the merchant prevents the full of trade but the russian feels strongly that the nobleman a consideration not granted to so long as he continues in trade he therefore desires to secure to his children this privilege bo he them to the public service of the state in which they always speedily the estate which the f june fathers left them while had they trade it would help and promote the of trade itself then there is a general want of credit which arises from the and lack of honor among the the education of the people has been purposely neglected and so it is no wonder that the foreign trade of the the most branch of business is in the hands of foreigners none but a would have chosen st for the capital and seat of commerce of a great nation if the chief port and place of trade was to be in europe there were the mouths of the the and the don as they empty themselves into the black sea was it more naturally to be in ana there was the mouth of the in the sea these are the only streams which form the natural channels in which the productions of this vast interior could easily be borne these are the only streams which could supply the great capital of the state at st only about two thousand ships are in a year and of their freight nothing but wood is brought by water while grain c are subjected to a long and costly carriage by land the foreign trade is exclusively in the hands of foreigners the take the lead then come the the french and the the principal however are obliged to employ as their agents and go and this is rendered difficult by the russian laws of trade and the of the national character fer even the most honorable russian merchant always payment as long as possible not seeing that thereby his credit is and his goods will have cost him so much the more it is easy to see how difficult it	37
must be to on business with such persons free trade might be established at st better than anywhere else in the world but the duties are very high thirty three per cent on the average and though they produce fifty millions of a year at st alone it is obvious that this general effect is injurious to the kingdom while moderate duties would have a good effect by the of trade and competition at home iv s poems poems by in two reed and fields christmas and day a poem london thb two volumes first named present an field for the critic here are gathered plays dramatic songs all of them of a great and peculiar excellence and it is not easy to that prevailing characteristic of all these which might attract analysis and if we have made up our mind that a faculty both keen and profound is the writer s gift we our judgment when he us some of the most subtle of human character and motive that exist ce lest we should decide in favor of this great trait of genius he us into the domain of nature charms us by description at once delicate and sublime brings the fleeting graces of earth and sky to match his thoughts gives animals an individuality from uie quick none such as he for a wonder to the lion thinking of his desert with hope in those eyes wide and steady there is not a dead or living with which the poet has not the sympathy he brings them all out the shy birds the dumb flowers and them to show their best side to us he understands what is on abroad and for us the native we yield our to his pictures of still life and are on the point of calling him the artist of nature when he gives his another turn were it not for the genial relations which all his gifts bear to each other we should say that another poet was before us with the power of vivid relation the dramatic rendering of scenes into life and wonderful movement with inevitable word with and that in our estimation the best pictures we can remember then he us a with the rich golden cry of the trumpet such as along incident of the french camp the lost leader then his clear voice rolls out the sly humor of the of and one of the garden fancies then he breaks into a fierce scorn with the and himself with the singing of the boy and the angel and those two exquisite pieces at once song and picture at night and parting at morning oh then he sings songs he is the english is he or the clear smooth part of with an of ale and animal spirits tou do not catch him so easily suddenly he grows serious as he calls up the scenes of to pass before you and you to refresh your moral sense with a look at his the grave and sustained of duty as you become elevated and strengthened he bids you look again after passes over the mirror each a character or a life the pure pathos of s lapse in the blot in the and the fast loyalty of that real woman her sister at whom you are so enraged that you cannot marry and call her wife the and sweet of ood s unconscious singer making the true in hearts that were forgetting him the the endurance the love of of rewarded by a of all these in who tells him that she prefers to her god s earth and thee the great lesson of the impulsive ruined greedy after knowledge yet impatient of labor forced to out his idea before the world with tricks of the with the desire of that which he will not obtain his heart broken by its last throb suggesting too late that love should power that love itself was knowledge another yet i ll see no more the line will stretch out to the of doom if we look into his weird glass so long a goodly for the critic whoever will tell us where to begin and what to choose will t save us the chief trouble we find in writing this article now we recollect mr asks what s become of we for one cannot inform him on the contrary we have wanted to ask mr hoping that he would reply as on oath is there such a person as mr in our own community one or two have been within the month but we must confess with due deference for the feelings of anxious friends no case of a person supposed missing has interested us like this of mr if there be such a person that is our only difficulty such are made upon sympathy nowadays that we have determined to spend no more upon mr if he be really that is only real in that case nothing but our admiration at the artistic skill of the cheat will repress i i poem our at having wasted so much interest and upon the vagabond whom we have expected every day to with a printed circular genius in distress turned out of russia for nearly starved in land with to get up an on precarious pulse and now beg way back with a sublime whether you give him blessing or to mr somebody who to have seen this describes the circumstance to the anxious poet thus we were sailing by where a day or two we a sunset was in the west when looking over the s side one of our company a sudden speck to and as a sea duck flies and at once so came the light up with its sole sail that and turns the water round its dancing as round a sinking cup and by us like a fish it curled	37
and drew itself up close beside its great sail on the instant and o er its a shrill voice cried a neck as as a s buy wine of us you english or fruit tobacco and cigars the boy leaned laughing back and one half hidden by his side under the sail soon i with great grass hat and black who looked up with his throat said somewhat that s a glimpse of and of an exquisite sea piece the reader will admire precisely what he should without forcing us to for his we began this article with a resolution not to quote a line one might as well leave out the part of hamlet without some specimens it is impossible to appreciate the life and nature of mr s dramatic the characters are as substantial and probable as the they are with all the of thought and feeling belonging to a the illusion is complete in such pieces as my lost the flight of the you cannot be persuaded that i june real persons with their and qualities are not depicted you long to know more about them for their imagined acts and situations have won you completely heart and soul in their behalf you sit with the book in your hand striving to extract here and there some hint of their subsequent fortunes or some clue to the discovery of who they really were and this strong charm of is not dissipated by a frequent perusal for as in a genuine history of note yon do not at once embrace and appreciate all their traits they are as worthy of study as though they were true they are not lay figures nor are they painted in single attitudes but they have all the that comes with years and varied fortunes the story related may be simple enough but it is with the life s blood of the actors vou do not see merely so much of them as is adequate to the incident but as in real life you are conscious of their reserved power and character chance touches reveal to you a of feeling or passion and a couple of lines gives you a of their lives this appears even in such short and slight productions as the lost leader which is so true to the of a great man who has deserted the cause to which he devoted his youthful eloquence and so having any thing more to do with it that we revive our memory of english history for the last twenty years to find the aj but all these figures receive their breath of life from the poet s genius it is in the flight of the that this dramatic vitality is most apparent the first four lines connect the story with a listener who has evidently been indulging in some of his own wide of the truth mr everywhere shows the greatest art in suggesting by a line a phrase or a all the of the scene in the an will carry on his own thought and at the same time indicate by the of bis language how his listeners receive it how they look what they are probably meditating their presence bis whole address the story of the is told by the duke s favorite his the little lady a white bigger was taken out of the one day to be married to the duke who had just returned home after long travel with his sick tall yellow mother she was a mother cat and had claws he was one of your middle age manners the in paris had told s poems him what ma the old were and had put urn up to all thoroughly worn out the souls of them forth the hearts of them torn out he was a very stiff suit of clothes indeed and our friend who had inherited a bluff honest german heart with speech and spirit of the true pine was extremely annoyed at all his solemn but he was the little lady s friend as soon as she reached the castle gate poor child they received her with all the of a cure establishment the duke stepped rather aside than forward and welcomed her with his smile and mind you his mother all the while chilled in the rear like a wind to and up like a weary with its went in a shriek the and like a glad sky the north wind the lady s face stopped its play as if her first hair had grown gray a plain case of nobody but our the with his indian instinct for nature ever found out what heart and fire she had how he watched her in a day or two he saw by her looks that she had concluded this is all a jest against god who meant i should ever be as i am content and glad in his sight therefore glad i will be so smiling as at first went she we take the placid little lady s part and begin to not without indignation that the cat and the monkey mean to worry her to death between them for amusement found in a doubtless an orphan then no friends to her through a gate or catch her from a short rope tied to her chamber window and gallop her out of the as for trying to escape alone if she ever thought of thai leaning sorrowfully out of the she gave it up with a shudder at sight of the great wild country but sheep range and cattle tract and one vast red burnt up plain full of and wild furnace men till at the last for a bounding belt comes the salt sand of the great br an interesting of personal for a lady no bigger than a does not oar who has the ran of the help her off and perhaps go with her yon shall hear	37
one fine day the to get np a grand age g upon reference to the that it would be then extremely all the old books were antique and laboriously and traditions but the duke could not be happy he had found out the lady s function also somebody upon consulting the authorities discovered that it was ordained in eminent deference to the female character that she should at the certainly our little lady must have become rather for she the pleasure the with amazement stood for a while in a and then with a smile that partook of the turned her over to his yellow mother to learn what was and lawful and the mother smelt blood with a cat like instinct as her cheek quick all its she receives such a as only an old yellow mother with whiskers can give and the duke revenge weu on the very of the hunt a troop of come up to the castle with their annual gifts their guardian angel seems to be the oldest then above ground and ugly in proportion altogether a weird and presence a thought strikes the duke as soon as he eyes upon her he will give his anti wife a d t by way cf punishment so he over his horse s neck and whispers the whole history of her into the s ears who instantly it contrary to intent while she promises to do his and forth the duke to his old witch was a personage no sooner has he turned his back than she drops the and becomes the the dress its arrangement the head sits erect the eyes light up with meaning our friend her tiie way to his lady and takes measures to watch her shortly from a balcony he witnesses the strange scene of the lady passive and radiant at the feet of the drinking in grateful influence from those mystic eyes hands and the woman sings from i this chant in which the beneficent wins the harassed lady to escape with her to land and feel there how love is only good in the world we must quote the following nor will we promise that it shall be the last from a poem each line of which witli vitality either a laugh a grace or a tear we are beside thee in all thy ways with our blame with our praise our shame to feel our pride to show glad sorry but no whether it is thy lot to go for the good of us all where the meet in the crowded city s horrible street or thou step alone through the where sound yet was save the dry quick of die s bill for the air is still and the water still when the blue breast of the dipping under and all again is mute so at the last shall come old age as that stage how else thou retire apart with the memories of thy heart and gather all to the very least of the fragments of life s earlier feast let fall through eagerness to find the crowning yet behind on the entire past laid together thus at last when the twilight helps to the first fresh with the faded hues and the outline of the whole as round eve s shades their roll fronts for once thy soul and then as mid the dark a gleam of yet another morning breaks and like the hand which ends a dream death with the might of his touches the and the soul then then indeed but no matter about with such poetry as this now such an of summer silence such a picture of the pure of age such trumpet words the in death match those lines m english if you can reader we challenge you that you s june have not them but read them till you have become into their spirit our friend the is coarse as he ought to be born in the he airs his just enough to be characteristic without our respect for his tenderness and loyalty to the nobody objects to s or to s license the latter perils virtue as little as the former does intelligence the is an admirable specimen of a noble nature far above his condition the soul of true delicacy and honor the little of hair that the gave him and that last look which placed a crown on him yet with his speech now and then of the coat and and a phrase or two caught up in the of the stables we like him all the better for his we know that it is not a in livery for this night only he hates that mother in law too cordially not to have known her how refreshing it is to hear the whole disgust with which he describes the of the ferocious old until she grew from to l just the object to make you shudder alter a word and you the after all he was cautious how he more than needs on the otherwise we can easily imagine how he might have favored us with sundry touches and when he has told his story and made a clean breast of it why my heart s blood that went but anon in such muddy is up brisk now the main and me about the here are all the marks of that a could desire he had evidently the and in his day but here is the true heart of the man with which we conclude notice the delicate freedom of his touched was his wife as he parts from the then do you know her face looked down on me with a look that placed a crown on me and she felt in her bosom mark her bosom and as a flower tree drops its blossom dropped me ah had it been a purse of silver my	37
friend or gold that s worse poems why you see as soon aa i found myself so understood that a true heart so may gain such a reward i should have gone home again kissed and drowned myself it was a little of hair such as friends in a make to wear each for the other s sake this see which at my breast i wear ever did rather to s and ever shall till the day of judgment we do not find the energy and meaning of mr an objectionable trait hamlet has to be studied a little and we remember that s do not possess us till we have heard each half a dozen times mr seems to take his poems after writing them and crush them together at both ends till he gets the well knit and of a he in making a sort of intellectual and spiritual sometimes indeed the desire to produce something dense and nervous gets only obscurity for its result instead of an effective vivacity when mr began to write we say with deference that this was his sin one of his former productions not included in the present volumes is full of passages in which the sense is sacrificed to an insane hatred of more words than will suffice to them and even then the reader must have a very suggestive imagination to ve the skeleton its in fact is not a poem though it contains poetical passages we laboriously that the idea of s life and fortunes as it rested in the of the writer was a poem of this we get hints enough to justify the impulse of his pen but he does not strike out the form clear and smooth the colossal block is left with lines of beauty lost in parts that remain rough or running off into intricate as if the nervous structure with the rounded skin it is as if set himself to restore the of an is a occasionally but hardly relieved with some exquisite pictures of life and art we contemplate for instance that passage in which finds the marvel of a marble supported by shrinking in the dim room just kept alive by golden haze of the sunset as contemplated the itself it is a most perfect rendering of a work of art moreover with such individuality ji and that wa return to it aa if ire knew that had the frail of in mid life in the first blush of their too fond compliance we to the sad of so much beauty in a penance whose grace makes us pray for a our maiden and a smile her as if one grain her load were lightened one shade the stain obscured her forehead twice forms by the of art and the pen of a passionate fancy then too contains some of mr s happiest lines and phrases he us this for a sunset piece a last remains of sunset dimly burned yer the far forests like a turned by the wind back upon its bearer s hand in one long of crimson as a brand the woods beneath lay black he sketches a crowd of hearty in s letting the silent luxury slow about the hollows where a heart should be malignant and better than the which he sports in to know that hate is but a mask of love be better than some of s i like the red till autumn spoils their quite with rain and a coarse brown rattling we have marked many other passages in even more worthy than these bat too long to quote yet it is not a poem the analysis of s moods and the of growth are purely they are very obscure also from excess of nor do always repay a deliberate into saxon sense to attempt doing any justice to the work a separate criticism should be to it in the mean time we feel that mr br s defects largely in it and it ever a bitter of a book these defects with diminished strength in the volumes before us we say that sometimes his desire to obscurity and he also attempts sometimes to too many related ideas into the breath allowed for a period he thus gives a confused impression the fancies throng to the pen s point throwing and behind them till they get out of sight of their arch in the first lines upon page of volume u is an instance of this we love to linger over such passages no time till we tie the two ends together then we can enjoy the picture so it is no condemnation of such pages to say that few people will consent to bestow so much time and labor upon them the lovers of a smooth poetry which can be caught at a glance or of an easy flow of thought which does not the average intellect cannot sit in judgment upon mr s and for they are not the persons who wait to see whether the picture at first so confused and apparently destitute of a leading group or idea is worth the contemplation which may finally the poet s point of view and thus call a beautiful order out of the prodigal chaos yet whenever mr s pen in this way it seems to us a fault in art he would do more justice to his own point of view and satisfy equally well his impulses by breathing his pen more frequently this would not some of his and they would captive many more we may mention also a for excessive self which sometimes sends off his characters to themselves when they should be the of the piece they have the trick of hamlet without the apology of hamlet s express design to precisely this trick a will sometimes throw the man back upon himself and he drops	37
mr s genius he part of its the fresh ear y humor the subtle irony for a great in solemn of the nature of ood solemn yet cheerful with his vital fancy like thoughts of death long past with the sunshine lying the placid hearth no man can read without acknowledging that here poetry her highest object she takes of the things of god and shows them unto men and we are disposed to say the same thing of many other landing places in some may consider it as a poem with too long for one that is so devoid of action to break up the current of meditation it does not poem become an object of personal interest with the first people have doubtless a dozen of its speeches but let each speech or perhaps each part of the poem be taken on its own merits and let talk as long as he pleases without a that he should be interrupted by his friends in other words accept it as a poem too grave to entertain a of the theatre and too earnestly developing a great idea to in many of the romance or and its vitality will hours of quiet leisure it is filled with a rare knowledge of human motives and the operations of the mind sometimes other thought and illustration are remote and the reader cannot immediately possess a conception of the page whoever wearily turns the leaves then in suspicion that some thing obscure from refinement or seeks to detain him will miss many passages capable of a generous to small labor it b dangerous to turn the leaves too sometimes the of a natural grace with a very subtle thought has all the surprise of wit again a with a new flash and color will be dug out of that look most unlike this poem contains no passages out of which the process of has squeezed the which keep the sense alive till the lines are more than strings of and we released once twenty five lines of from mr s pressure and it did not recover its normal state short of half a sheet of english it is plain that cannot be in cakes in the natural of thought is never so cruelly compressed this poem contains mr s noblest sings it and it the story of his he s failure it is the sad rhyme of the men who proudly clung to their first fault and withered in their pride the activity of his intellect forth after knowledge by wants of the heart and by a scientific study without the one he became tiie solitary using his knowledge for contemptuous comparison and his nerves in sudden fits of riot wanting the other he was compelled to resort to the of the to justify the great pretence which his youthful ambition set up among his fellows between june and was the of motive the hero of the diamond was nothing but an and hungry but the carrying his newly discovered in the of his sword and permitting people to believe it a spirit was the victim of a position honestly but assumed by his desires he sings we knew too late how bare the rock how desolate to which we had flung our precious freight whether we the perfection of its or the sustained and delicate illustration it would be difficult to match this after becoming familiar with the poem the frame as you approach it and you anticipate its movement as you do tiie choice passage in a the poem for it and lets you into the change of key with grace and a sweet surprise and it is impossible to imagine a single letter or of it whose alteration would not mar the melody his ambition puts out to sea with the glow and of youth itself over the sea our went with in order brave to a wind and a bounding wave a gallant there is joy triumph a disappointment and pure pathos for its close but has become a confirmed alien from human love his ambition has grown gross from his occasional and enforced whenever the of his youth seeks to open before him a nobler asking to let god kindly a path for him into his love and service the back to its clay oppressed by a that only reminds him of his weakness no no learn better and look deeper i if you knew how a devil within me while you are talking now of this now that as though we differed scarcely save in trifles all this obstinate and resistance is just as truthful is the occasional flaming forth of the old thoughts mixed with the hope of a new youth b poem in god s love which the shattered will refuse to realize how very full of tis that just at altar service the hymn rising with the rolling smoke when glory and all is at the best the sacred fire may and grow faint and die for want of a wood help thus the body and the soul is pulled down in the overthrow not so or if at all yet soon to recover its best ideas and in some condition and in the ranks of some service the pains taking hand of the creator already the embers together to make out by the tremulous light the long missing fugitive who comes back at last asking to be recognized the of that happy time when he vowed his help to man they know each other the outcast ideal and the parent spirit reconciled at last they depart for leaving and ruin i press god s lamp close to my breast its splendor soon or late will pierce the gloom i shall one day what the poet told him about love from his earthly service is all true love and knowledge of one world he pledged	37
his faith to but the intellect soon struck at the soaring and sent it into air the touching song of that won him so long ago comes back to the failing sense with its pathos deepened by his ill fortune its lines of truth out clear by his remorse the words of warning to be his lost lost i yet come with our wan troop make thy home we trusted thou speak god s message which our lips too weak refused to utter how shall we better arm the spirit who next shall thy post of life inherit how guard him from thy ruin is a noble poem to the service of this great neglected t which i contains mr has t all the of his the analysis of moral states and tendencies is scarcely less rich in than the passages of feeling and description the illustration is always inevitable and completely finished from beginning to end it is fall of mental life the discourse has the serious probable air shared by all of mr s characters they talk with right good will under the stress of the moment all moods are reported as earnestly as if they were the actors in some popular subject of yesterday instead of being so far removed by the abstraction both of lime and thought moreover we believe that mr has described the precise variety to which belonged if we consult we shall find that he is put down as mystic with a dash of enthusiasm now and then some one will acknowledge that his works are full of suggestion and that like he has vaguely anticipated several results of modem investigation but we nowhere find stated the exact amount of and genuine purpose which he possessed for he had them no man will write work as he did for the sake of a life long deception your veritable lives from hand to mouth cards in stocks and paying to out of the principal blowing forth and south sea turning up like friend in russia to sell the his latest in spain to manage the of grumbling armies in new york with the plan of a great western city not yet emerged from the element your literary none the less veritable for his pen is half half thief picking in the dust heaps around clubs and dining out and all the private scandal soon to appear in a biography of authors making very plausible volumes with an and selling himself to whatsoever interest is by his but so far as motive is concerned we would as soon call jacob a as the never would have worked so if he merely wished to get a living and the story of his indignant of the who refused to pay him for the successful employment of the miraculous and his quarrel with the authorities who took the s part is a mark of honesty the genuine goes constantly and like the is always careful to carry his retreat with i poem him he a quarrel with the true he takes care not to spoil his business by any special of manhood k the object of was to enjoy a premature fame in the which his and lectures procured he would have his when he fell into disgrace would have taken to preaching perhaps and made his living out of the tion or become court physician under a new name in or london we believe that mr s poem by the spell of and analysis the veritable we mean his motives and he has put into his mouth some noble which may or may not have dimly divined some acute criticism and exquisite poetry all of which we will credit to the writer but we have the moral and nervous structure of the man the cause of his failure the key to this variety of humanity wherever found we have no doubt that in the second state upon application would every line that to represent his prevailing tendencies and characteristic defect plenty of and kings there would serve as while he to the effect that he was like a man who mistakes a taste for the drama for dramatic talent whose youthful enthusiasm him for life to a position in which clap trap is a species of self defence and the need of self defence all nobler second thoughts to tell this and story mr has well selected the meagre notices of his life into the finished history of a soul the poem reminds us of the of professor who those extinct from the hint of a scale or a it will last till men have ceased to love life thought and nature we notice that now and then mr affects an unnecessary intensity us pen is caught by the paper with a scratch and a one of the best meditations of is slightly in thb way the following is only a conceit put with great vigor make no more giants but the race at once we ask to put forth just our strength our human all starting fairly all equipped alike gifted alike all eagle eyed true hearted see if we cannot beat thy angels jane it however that and giving a name to the style which he originated might have indulged in similar remarks on which ground he may have the whole credit of the following we get near so very very near an old tale jove strikes the down not when they set about their mountain but when another rock would crown their work but here is an outbreak which rather than represents human pride but if my spirit ful my once proud spirit me at the last hast thou done well by me so do not thou crush not my mind dear god though i be crushed hold me before the of thy and say i crushed um lest he should disturb my	37
law that distinction between his mind and himself would fetch a liberal price in germany before the next and might be useful in proving the certainly mr need not bis own vitality to our attention to the current of his thought we are already pledged to him heart and soul and do not like to stop to pick up his we feel as if he were imposing upon our friendship all this should be cleared away to let us have a clear vista among the noble trees a prompt and willing vivacity is his always within call there is not a man living who need so seldom urge his pen pity the did not catch these of as they arc sliding triumphantly into fame but we wish to avoid the impression that they are frequent and we cannot leave without sharing with the reader a few more of the shorter passages full of for we would tempt him to love the poet the life and motion of the poem begin almost immediately each meditation has its climax the beauty and tenderness scattered everywhere prepare us for the of the close parts of the latter we have quoted here is something on the first page will say this autumn was a pleasant time for some few sunny days and overlook its bleak wind after leaves poem t we are against here is in the sunset over the waters in the west the sun goes down as in a sphere of gold behind the outstretched which between with all that length of and the splendor black and crooked runs like a verse along a here is a specimen of grave satire in the pathos of nature i helped a man to die some few weeks since even from his go cart to one end the living on princes reflected from a mighty herd of no mean trick he left and truly well nigh au traces of god s finger out of then died grown old and just an hour before having lain long with blank and he up suddenly and with natural voice said that in spite of thick air and closed doors god told him it was june and he knew well without such telling hare bells grew in june and all that kings could ever give or take would not be precious as those to him thus death at last a long affection here is a way to have the morning dawn the heavy darkness seems grey and clear without the stars the shrubs and rouse themselves as if some snake that weighed them down all night let go his hold sings to the dying and brings thoughts of remembered scenery to soothe him the river its gentle way through g rushes where the glossy king when noon are near glad the banks to bed and steaming in the sun where the mouse with pale throat and the where the quick sand in and out the and that seems to breed them brown as they poems but all these which we can quote are much finer in their connection they are of the poems of nature bring your sea weed with its delicate flush from the still pool y where you found it floating the whole truth of water and sky with its grace to spread it isolated on the sheet and it looks less spreading than before the fast space us that we have yet the greater part of this new to sail through and taste the d rent fruits while we have hardly indicated the beauties that remain behind visit the des to appreciate the hopeless bewilderment of the critic fairly turned into mr s and halls of relics with the door behind him none of the plays have yet be n noticed nothing said yet about the innocent with her holiday a pure voice of nature heaven s opportunity to redeem many sinful hearts and each of these hearts too worth our sympathy no love yet expressed for who is ood s grace and woman s fidelity to the and one of mr s most natural characters apart from the living throng of the street before she has learned the tricks of self consciousness no hint of the subtle in uie soul s tragedy with its prose sly reaction against a patriotism none of the purest and not yet a line of s integrity of another real woman by a year s splendor resigned to the legal the true duke s generous rival in love but at last the husband of simple the man left alone with her undisturbed content when the rushed like to the new it is with the hope of in this rich field that we content ourselves now with to our perception this play is not so and human as the blot in the its fortunes do not touch our feelings so deeply and the heart s well they draw for us the pathos of home and the same draught sadness for the of sin with gratitude for home s loyalty and mercy yes we thank with our eyes and hearts for she in assuring us that god will yet find the but is grave and somewhat remote it represents duty in the midst of and with no motive beyond the s self we do not deny the of the conception and we acknowledge the impressive it ap s poem to the inner man touches conscience and honor and us to understand the reserved power of character but it is a lesson the blot in tho is an experience the one is a drama the other is a heart s or home s interior is stately and inspiring but and are of women kiss them all sit and weep with them has we believe certain faults in execution which we wish to notice the scene is laid at s camp between	37
and during the complicated italian of the century is a who offered his services to at the nick of time when pressed her hardly and the old commander had been is patriotic but out of humor he serves under and him a malicious exceptional praise the brave and is the object of several distinct first trivial faults of the ear of the who understands his discontent and makes use of it for he has a plan of his own to spring the sentence of a secret trial all time in progress upon just when he his victory in order to save the republic from the ambition has the italian and suspicion but he has himself by to his own he cannot believe it possible that would not abuse ms success for a selfish purpose s secretary understands him better but is tne tool of his master then a lady has a object in coming to the camp she watches with deadly hatred for sacrificed her family grown dangerous by successful service therefore she is trying all the while to to direct the army flushed wi i victory and devoted to their general against the is not without love for her is a die friend of suspecting all these actors and their hidden motives and urging to secure his own safety bv attacking the piece opens with a successful military operation of by which he cuts off the from a with certain the of who fears the result of s success a battle is fought and the are reports again certain and at last sends a mission to bidding the pass sentence upon and poem jane his ambition but this despatch as well as some previous ones was bj the commander of the so then here is a chance to turn s victory against can the hesitate to taste revenge after seeing this despatch there is a noble scene when the treason to and him to his so have all the rest tempted with various motives what a is this for the generous so devoid of as unable to suspect it so frankly with the faith of a child and the duty of a man what a christian is this with his foot planted on his passions and simply opposing his word of honor to the whispers of revenge he does not even read the letter so torn is he between sincere mien of and his faith in he will first test these see says he to chance has pat into my hand the means of knowing what i earn before i work should i fight better should i fight the worse with your crown before me see here lies my whole reward best know it now or keep it for the end s entire delight the tells him that if his honor is that of the he can break seal and read in which case the act will justify the writing is there and she thank gk d and take revenge just at that moment s trumpet sounds if gives up his trumpet will not reply then he is s thus ends the scene my simple instinct bids me sink the obligation you relieve me from still deeper sound oar answer i should say i doubt and thus tearing the paper the battle that every another battle the salvation of then himself him of the secret trial maintaining the right of to such a in and does not believe the would bear the which destroyed her own family she was he would not bear but live and fight against seeing he was of other stuff than they who then will speak for the loyalty of the tempted appears speaks to join b poem go a to is mj place leave me to tell her of the i from the first told knowing it a new temptation imagining that would consult his safety instantly the command to who has too much soldier s honor left to take it i want men their hearts as well as hands and where s a heart that s not with what will do has gone to and and the lady are left to him with their eager of a course that is at once revenge and safety at last the from this web of he sees the but he finds in it no argument for his own the christian i ruin teach her friends confirm her enemies in harsh belief and when she finds one day as she must find the strange mistake and how my heart was hers shall it console me that my walk with a step a graver face who took me with such frankness praised me so at the glad outset read this of when the heart needs thoughts of placid forgiveness and some man s to illustrate the idea of duty but he takes the poison more deadly than the souls of his who return at last to lay the love and devotion of at his feet and to hang their heads in shameful recollections is or does he accommodate himself to the one generous moment of the as he says speak here begins your true career look up to it all now is possible the glory and the grandeur of each dream and every prophecy shall be fulfilled save one nay now your word must come at last that you would punish i pointing to s dead body that is done i such is the bald outline of a plot clothed in thought and poetry and alive with generous sentiments the verse often has an elevated repose in harmony with the impressive thought and the style is not so involved as in some of the other plays s i june the eye and acknowledge its it is transparent finished and has all the ease and of a self collected woman in a	37
return to the east with all our drooping sorrows and wild there might we see him sit on the ruins of cities dashing away the hot tears and down the sobs that rise at the bidding of his indignant memories we should follow him as he sought with every fibre of his character more firmly knit by the cruel trial the early the only green spot left in the waste of his disappointment where the dusk forms would crowd around the true hero him fresh instinct to them into law perhaps too in land what but wherever he led the captive hearts as he left the stage of they would gaze upon a fate more pathetic and than a hundred deaths and so should every such tragedy conclude if the hero s previous life can afford the te to the imagination but what does the great in the play he tt es a small from his b poem breast pocket shakes it well before taking the contents as all the strength has settled to himself strange this is all i brought from my own land to help me strange indeed we had throughout the play been under the impression that he had brought his own will with him his own conscience and mild simplicity his own noble indifference to every fate less than reproach to help him he we say this the and water with what an air the of every season themselves lives through the whole of the fifth act doubtless with much and sinking of the lower and dies just as and sends to him bidding him live for his reward there is a pathos in such a catastrophe it is indeed bitter to think that the noble did not live to accept the repentance of the selfish city and to enjoy the complete of his character but he did not foresee the result and the effect of the character is precisely at the spot where he seeks in oblivion an refuge for his wounded feelings so do all the heroes turn the last scene into comedy they fall upon their swords or take bought at an s when shall we learn that the true pathos of a drama s close in the by the spectator s imagination of the hero s suffering of the long regrets of the slow of the poison into and life s character is spoiled merely that every body may exclaim when justification comes too late for him what a pity that may be very sad but it is not truly tragic the of the character is ruined and its total effect seriously for the sake of an unhappy accident and because it is not a custom of the fifth act to leave the heroes alive suffering with the imagination if the play was really written to develop the great of a man whose idea of life is duty ana whose whole has shown that he can afford to be misunderstood not without luxuries of feeling far exceeding his deserved reward either should not have repented or should have departed of the justice then would have been indeed punished for s contempt would have remained alive any thing rather than another suicide there remain to be quoted a few lines showing the fine art and feeling that have been on this play t m he battle to see ha and thrown aside at peace and the calm heads come oat again the penetrating eyes aa if a broke ail s art ton boast more vivid that it slept the heaven o er the white the interrupted anew the walls are peopled by the painter s brush the statue to its to dwell the present s noise and trouble have retired and left the eternal past to rule once more tou speak its speech and read its records plain greece lives with you each breathes your friend where win then be s place thinks that he should ha e been one of them he answers oh no not one of you and so escape the thrill of coming into you and changing thus feeling a soul grow on me thi the boundless of the savage the sea up hangs loaded o er the land breaks there and its tumultuous strength horror and silence and a pause lo inland the gulf miles away in rapture of assent subdued and those strange banks those skies his instincts with the calm of europe the lines are fine we doubt s right to them unless he really has the which he describes so well for on their calm sagacity i lean their sense of right deliberate choice of good such stays when mere wild belief would go yes when the desert s heart at amid the scattering tempest s sands its steps into the drift the calm instructed eye of man holds by the sole bearing of the visible star sure that when slow the whirling wreck the boundaries lost now shall be found again the palm trees and the over all m poem a fine thing for a they called our thirst of war a transient thing the battle element most pass away from life they said and leave a tranquil world master i took their light and turned it full on that vein they said would burst and away and as i looked on still i this though it hid and shifted lay so silent as it thought changed oft the hue yet ever was the same why twas all fighting all their nobler life all work was fighting every harm defeat and every joy obtained a victory the volume heads our article is mr s latest production it is divided into two parts which are headed eve and eastern day its commencement us of the flight of the with the same rich em of humor and	37
the same but these as in the former piece have such a sensible air of necessity that it seems difficult to imagine how the story could be told without them we acquire a respect for riot is so useful and here we ha e with the surprising but extremely sensible combination of stir there is nothing like a connection joseph couples with knows if leads off a has indebted ease has thank for t do not quarrel with yours nor statue with that vou christmas eve is but poet has taken it into his head to attend the service in chapel meeting we find m a very moist and uncomfortable porch rather by the and of the saints who brush past him astonished at me waiting at the gate of their from the road the lanes or the common in came the the fat weary woman panting and bewildered down her umbrella with a mighty report it by me and flapping a wreck of then with a i poem jane like a startled at the who humbly knew improper bat could not shrink up small enough bound to the door and in the s invariable making very blood run cold each arrival is hit off in admirable style with usual for and latent humor then a tall yellow man like the penitent thief with his jaw bound up in a handkerchief and eyelids together tight led in by some inner light finally with the of a indignant u upon he up his courage to the point of entering accordingly as a s lad with face in want of and wet apron wound round his waist like a rope after stopping outside for his cough was bad to get the fit over poor gentle creature and so avoid disturbing uie preacher passed in i sent my elbow at the door and entered likewise he says that he very soon had enough of it there was a dreadful smell he sat next a man a greasy coat but au other were by the pig of lead like pressure of the preaching man immense stupidity he had sufficient presence of mind however to notice its upon the audience my old fat woman with pleasure and thumb round thumb went faster while she to his periods keeping measure devoured the the man with the handkerchief it showed us a horrible inside it gave his eyelids yet another and rocked himself as the woman was doing concluding quite soon that he had seen the elephant he pursued the usual course of and left the place here the humor deserts the poem save an occasional poem glimmer or two chiefly in a subsequent visit to a professor at the thought and become serious and while the does not change for mr has a very serious object in writing the poem nothing less than to develop his views of christian faith and of life we pursue the current quoting freely without the least remorse as the book has not yet become frequent here the same firm from whom we have received the two handsome volumes above noticed will soon place this also within our reach and we hope that readers will liberally the taste of those there was a lull in the rain as he left the chapel and as he walks along he the serenity of nature the atmosphere around the preacher s there is an analysis of the general style of chapel meetings following which we have a discussion of love and power with proper labor it will be found to contain thoughts worth pondering and we gain a definite impression of the true healthy religion of mr s nature his soul rises to ood earnest for the future time when it shall be with love the wind and rain now cease the black cloud was and we have a glorious description of a rainbow with a one as its above it for me i think i said appear i good were it to be ever here if thou wilt let me build to thee service three where forever in thy presence in acquiescence far alike from learning and ignorance s i may worship and remain i a few lines the poem continues thus all at once i looked up with terror he was there he himself with his human air on the narrow pathway just before only the sight of a garment vast and white with a hem i could recognize poem june he to the of the and out his heart m that the may with him when have lord on us i the whole face turned upon me and i spread myself beneath it as when the to it in the son his wool in the flood df whiteness some web so lay i with brightness he is caught up and borne along m the whirl and drift of the s across e world it is christmas eve at rome how beautiful every is now dome the multitude clustered round of in the great waiting to see the s the of the fires the organ s j who holds his breath and latent as if s st him like when he praised him at the silver bell s shrill he prefers the clue of his reason to the truth that m shines the lies of rome but he tiie obedient love of the keeping them st to god through the night of error as a babe can find its mother s breast as well la darkness as in light love shut our eyes and all seemed right with his whole verse in a fine enthusiasm he sums up his perception that too much love there can ne er be out again borne along in the s bound for a to a professor so the christmas lecture of a is the contrast	37
to the devotion of the spectacle a few touches give us the room the and the professor he pushed back higher his spectacles let the stream out like lamps from and giving his head of hair a of tow for color and quantity one rapid and impatient shake as our own young england a tie i n poem when about to impart on some thrilling view of the the s grave voice sweet though broke into his eve s discourse he finds in reason the foundation for the whether best christ was or never was at all or whether he was and was not together it matters little for uie name so the idea be left the same upon all these points we heartily with mr s acute and and consider that he has not while the theory we rather surprised too to find him so easy and parent in this domain a slight difference between us springs up at last when he seems inclined to the person above hie continual and sufficient presence of god but the glow and conviction of his us now for any criticism of particular statements he to feel veiy talks about the value of religion and the of the phrase mild and his heart becomes quite genial in lazy glow of benevolence but the is not suited this and leaves him alone on the steps as we think rather considering that long ago tiie same s hem was touched by such as needed healing but let us follow the rather poet who lu second person of the and starts up in tenor ing needs must there be one way our best way of worship let me strive to find it and when fi und contrive my fellows also take their share if with his best endeavor he in this he believes that god in his own method will bring all to a single track on the whole his reflections are so tory that they bring back the flying robe again and he feels like a man who has answered au tiie questions of a council and has gracious permission to be ordained of a sudden at a passionate bound i sprang out of the wandering world of rain into the chapel again s he his the saints hare edged away from him looking spiritual and yet how he remember all about the sermon if he had been asleep so it was however he keeps the of his dream in a gentle for the pope s and professor s salvation and the christmas eve thus if any me thinking that merely to touch in the topics i dwell on were or worse that i with undue levity on the bounds of the holy and the i praise the heart and pity the head of him and refer myself to thee instead of him who head and heart alike looking below light speech we utter the and frequent prove that the soul s depths boil in earnest may the truth shine out stand ever before us i put up pencil and join chorus to tune without further apology the last five verses of the third section of the hymn in s collection to conclude with the day in the style the s et and his imaginary foil the difficulty of being a some fine things are said upon the of faith for instance the difficulty of believing is the of belief could he us or condemn for holding what no hand can loose when we can t but choose as well the victor s wreath to should take breath duly each minute while he lived grant heaven because a man contrived to see the sunshine every day he walked forth on the public way you must mix some uncertainty with faith if you would have faith be for a while this is the spirit of the conversation one wishing to grow smoothly as a tree the other declaring that so the world lives now some respectable pursuits are shown up poem light of irony then men find what of belief thej desire as is your of so is your sort of search a very thing said in jest but the poet the divine in the person of a single history and then reminds as of words broad plain which cannot be away announcing this world s gain for loss and us reject the same the pursuits of the world are finely contrasted with the spirit of denial we the better part have chosen though only hope nor envy like you that amid your veritable more than the would for yours their passionate life away that itself in leaps all day to reach the sun you want the eyes to see as they the wings to rise and match the noble hearts of them and so he proves how hard it is to be a christian forced always to ward off the stroke of doubt caught upon the guard of the better hope the other speaker him small thanks for this he already lives in trusting ease indulging only the blind hopes to the meal of life with whereupon in of we have the relation of another vision it is a vision of judgment this is a noble effort of imagination pledged to the service of religious thought the verse into sublime description and the pages with the fierce hues of this tremendous vision the material of this judgment passes away and the scene fills with the presence of god dealing with the human soul the poet his affections upon the world and and beauty and love in each case the spirit declares to him the of his choice love existed in all the other things which he had even his choice of love is somewhat late now take well thy conscience i haste to take	37
the show of love for the name s sake i june the poet at last g of the world hoping to find his peace and lie of ike spirit m entire be all the earth a only let me go on go on stiu hoping ever and anon to one eve the better land then did the i knew him through the dread as ihe whole god within his me ea te a breaks no paradise stands barred to entry spite of dreary moments hope is and the poet knows that mercy every way is so cordial is oar agreement the pore spirit of au this that we cannot spend a word upon in with this of ous love the reader can return to the power and beauty of this world with such loving in ad the verse of mr and permit them amid enjoyment to worship of the unseen world the kingdom of to these partial shows of time thanks to mr we learn m n his poem to mingle content with we will keep of earth every beautiful line that he has to the treasury of poets every minute marvel with which god us to of the of heaven all partial beauty is a pledge of that the pledge shall not suffice our mood yet we cannot refuse to love it now with a tranquil hope nothing of late has so lifted the veil behind our customary routine and feeling letting in upon them of glory from tiie sphere of perfect beauty as the latter half of eve with its hues its its thought we forbear to mar tiie sustained and solemn grace the poem by of that which every man must buy and read it has the full vital force of all the other strokes from tiie same pen there is no easy sentiment for summer and reading it is not an amusement for that as the word carries us oftener from mu e than keeps us m their instructive o mr makes our senses alert we to him m a reverie but with self possessed sometimes even his best images require a to clutch them are not confused and i br poem dim but palpable the handle towards the hand the the way it ought to go this is true of all his works we think we can p in christmas and day that mr has also gained clearness without a single of indeed its power is materially increased for his pen serves the thought with a greater regard for human sympathy such lofty beauty which the many need is more to the style of the many without ever stooping to win by a its subtle energies is it too much to say that with this pen for his mr can exact the homage of hearts f he will permit us to apply to his of truth and beauty what he says of the chief best way of worship let me strive to find it and when my fellows also take their share we deem that he possesses all the gifts and the needed by the great artist and he makes us conscious of a that can command their services for the ood of men give the world a direction towards the good says to the artist you have given it direction if as a teacher you its thoughts to the necessary and eternal if while acting or you the necessary and eternal into an object of its impulse create the conquering truth in the modest stillness of your soul array it in a form of beauty that not only thought may pay it homage but sense lovingly comprehend its presence last words of admiration and gratitude linger on our pen we for every future line of mr a cordial welcome here and it is pleasant to think that he cannot regard the warm personal he has unconsciously established here with indifference we assure him that he can take his piece entitled time s and for a friend in the first line read friends the passage to express our ever increasing regard for the books he writes contrive contrive to rouse us i who s alive our men scarce seem in earnest now distinguished names i but tis somehow as if they played at being names still more like the games of children turn our sport to earnest of the y of the united of america from the of the continent to the of government under by id three volumes new york k brothers at the present day the united states present one of the most interesting and important political phenomena ever offered in the history of mankind england has planted her colonies in new holland in new in the east and the west indies at cape good hope and at at and in the islands of the pacific she has forced an entrance into china she to get firm footing in and her children wander they carry the seed out of which british institutions are sure to grow institutions however which never produce like but nobler and better on another soil all mention of ireland abundantly treated in a previous article america was the oldest of these colonies the first to itself from the parent stem and is perhaps the prophecy of what most of the others are destined to become it must be a vigorous tribe of men which can hold so vast a portion of the earth while themselves are so few in numbers three hundred years ago in the reign of edward the sixth england was a third rate power in europe her population was less than three millions her were trying and consisted of the raw materials of her clumsy and her treasures which the had traversed the ocean to purchase two thousand before her soil could hardly raise a scotland was independent ireland not wholly subject to english rule wales had	37
but lately been added to her realm she was remarkable chiefly for the stormy seas which the isle and the along her shore for the that cover it for the of her inhabitants and the tough of her soldiers now in three hundred years england contains some seventeen millions of inhabitants scotland and ireland ten millions more russia and france the only nations in europe that her in population turkey with nine millions and spain with twelve are powerless beside her her ships are in all the of the world the sun never sets on her flag her subjects capture the whale at s of oe united states bay and the elephant in india sport at hunting lions in south her with scientific hood explore each comer of the northern sea or locked m ice wait the slow hand of death or the slower sun of an summer she has too cold for the too hot almost for the cane and the the lean of scotland and the tree of both grow in the same empire and are tongues subject to at least an eighth part of the men now living in the world owe ance to the queen of that little island her children came to america when the nation was in all the vigor of its most rapid growth the progress of their descendants in population and in wealth has been without parallel two hundred and fifty years ago there was not an english in the united states now the population is not from two and twenty millions two thirds of the are of english origin the increase of property has en more rapid that of numbers in fifty years boston has multiplied her inhabitants nearly five fold and her property more than twenty five fold in the same time the increase of intelligence is very remarkable and probably that of property the americans are now trying a political experiment which has hitherto been looked on with great suspicion and even horror here is a on a large scale a church without a bishop a state without a king society in the free states without the distinction of and what is more surprising the experiment than its most sanguine friends ever dared to hope the evils which were apprehended have not yet befallen us the bed which hostile foretold has not come to pi there are red enough of them the other side of the world bom red doomed we fear to die in that sad livery of woe but in america the person of the citizen is still respected quite as much as in and england and nowhere in the world is property safer or so much honored the lovers of liberty here are lovers of order as its condition even mr accustomed to speak of america with bitterness and contempt and of the box with and to the success of the experiment so far as wealth and numbers are concerned indeed it is a matter of rejoicing to warm hearted men that we have cotton to cover and com to feed tiie thousands of r who yearly are by from ba d to a home or a on soil of it m to the of the people to the of the idea ob which the and the attempts to make the idea an this ib one of the few great nations which trace its history back to certain there ie no in our annals no my centuries when oi fm f m tt a is od d m art p f x s ai g to be rightly appreciated history requires to be written by a a condemn our institutions for an established church with its privileged i an for the absence of con military men might sneer at the of the army and navy and men the want of a splendid court the lack of and other spectacles in the towns the looks for the substantial of the de and studies america with reference to that point at present america is not remarkable for her or her art she has made respectable advances in but her works and her political institutions are by her most remarkable achievements hitherto we are not sanguine enough to suppose that all the advantages of all the other forms of government are to be secured in this but yet trust that the most things will be preserved here in due time we doubt not the hi er results of will appear and we shall estimate the greatness of the nation not merely by its numbers its cotton its and its com but that is not first which is spiritual first of all the imperious wants of the body must be attended to the woods are to be the log built the com got into the ground the wild beasts destroyed the savages kept at peace there must be many generations between the who the first of logs and the poet who sheds immortal beauty on log and were there not ages between the wooden but of in greece and the from to the steps are many the united a generation the of only asks two thing time and space space enough she has all is before her time she takes possession of fast enough a second at once and in the course of ages we think she will make her mark on the world up to this time the achievements of america are taken as a whole such as we need not much blush at some things there were and are to be ashamed not of the whole that dreadful blot of slavery yet an ireland in america among the on the one hand causing the most shameful which modem times can at and on the other calling forth heroism that seems almost enough to redeem the wickedness which has brought it to light but turning to that half of the nation free from personal contact with	37
this sin of the state forgetting for a moment the foolishness of political the cowardice of those leaders who never dare justice as a but take the responsibility of making a law and the of men who their habitual worship of a calf of gold to bow down before a face of there is certainly a gratifying spectacle here are some fifteen millions of free men trying the voluntary system in church and state richer than any other people of the same numbers in the world and with the wealth of the nation more distributed a nation well fed well clothed well industrious temperate well governed and respecting one another and them selves that certainly is something in all that territory there are probably more in the hands of private men than there are yet not one is kept for actual defence and through the free states no soldier walks abroad with loaded gun only in the large towns is there a visible police there are not two thousand soldiers of the state in all that territory and they are as to the citizens as tiie in the field only not so useful nor so well paying for their keep of this population some three millions are in the public schools and nowhere are churches so numerous or so well attended nowhere such indications of happiness comfort intelligence morality among the mass of men this we repeat is something we have no very great men we have never had such an alexander a c ar a a napoleon we have not had perhaps we never shall but it is hardly worth while to go into mourning yet for the absence of such great artists poets philosophers men of letters we have not had hitherto i of the united state june we have shown no great respect for to onr shame be it spoken but in due time we may trust that they also will come and shine for ages with the of around their brow however it does seem a little remarkable that in america every thing seems to be done by the combined force of many men with moderate abilities and not by one man of powers it was so in the early periods of the nation so in the revolution and so now it has always been so with the tribes of men much more than with the nations from the stock with them there comes a moses or a who a nation for one or two thousand years and its progress seems to be by a series of leaps while the western nations with less and more accomplish less in that way but slope upwards by a more gradual ascent in the english revolution was no one great man who the age into himself and created the institutions of coming generations as moses and have done spite of the great abilities and great services of no just historian will claim that for him it was so in the american revolution so in the french washington led our armies and napoleon the of france but neither gave the actors the idea which was slowly or suddenly to be realized in institutions it is an interesting work to trace the growth of the american people from their humble to their present condition to discover and point out the causes which have helped that growth and the causes which have it to a philosophical historian this is no field the facts are well known it is easy to the ideas out of which the general political institutions of america have grown it is not to see the historical causes which have modified these institutions giving them their present character and form none but a can thoroughly appreciate that history as the history of christianity must be written by a christian who can write from within and the history of art by a man with an artistic soul so must the history of america be written by a we mean one who puts man before he accidents of man his permanent nature more than the transient results of his history american history up to the of the constitution forms a whole and has a unity which is not obvious at first sight the several colonies were getting established learning to stand alone they were quite unlike in their of the united form of government and other institutions different ideas prevailed in and new looked at carelessly they seem only but when studied carefully it seems as if there was a regular plan and as if the whole was calculated to bring about the present result no doubt there was such a of part with part only the plan lay in god not m the mind of and smith of and considering this history as an whole to treat it it seems to us it is necessary to describe the material theatre on which this historic drama is to be acted out to describe the american continent telling of its extent and peculiarities in general its soil climate and natural productions and its condition at the time when the white men first landed on its shores this of course a description of the inhabitants at that time in possession of its soil then the historian is to tell us of the men who came here to found this empire of their origin their character and their history in general he is to tell the external causes which brought them here or the motives which impelled them and the ideas which they brought as well as those which sprung up under their new circumstances next he is to show by the idea and practically by the facts how these ideas worked under the new conditions of the people how they acted on circumstances and circumstances on them and what institutions came thereof the historian very poorly his duty who merely relates the succession of rulers the increase or of wealth	37
and numbers the coming on of wars and the termination thereof the rise of great men with their decline and fall and the presence of institutions without telling of the ideas they represented showing the continual growth of the ideas create the institutions is little more than the work of an or if a great idea appears in human affairs new institutions and the old it is part of the work of a philosophical historian to give us the story of this idea to refer it back to its n in the permanent nature of man or the accidents of his development to show the various attempts to make the thought a thing and the idea a fact such is the case in american history political institutions were set a here unlike any others in the world true we may find points of agreement between the american and various european the trial by jury dates far of the states june back beyond the gray goose code and has in remote antiquity the hai s is doubtless of origin and its history may be read in and elsewhere the notion of to represent or may haye originated with the early christians who sent their ministers and other servants or masters to some provincial the idea of individual liberty the of the person before the state may be traced to the of germany long before the time of christ we know how much of american freedom may be found in sir john s of the laws of england or in the books of moses if we will but yet the american government in nation state and town is an thing the parts are old many of them but the whole is the most original thing that can be found m the political history of the world for many an age almost every special and true moral of the new testament may be found in some heathen or hebrew writer before but spite of that christianity was an original form of as much so as the statue of a goddess which a gathered by a grand from five hundred maids corrected by the ideal in his own and critical mind you trace the secret cause of the american institutions far off in the history of mankind here it is a dim sentiment in the breast of the german in the forest then again it in the bosom of the christian and he tells the world that is no of persons that jew and are alike to him but it leads at first to no political consequences even its results are trifling and its social consequences at first of small moment it could not make st paul hostile to personal roman slavery in the middle ages you trace the path of this idea sometimes it goes over the mountain side and is seen amid the works of great men but commonly it winds along in the low valleys of human life a path known only to the people and worn by their feet not knowing whither it leads them a by path for the not the highway which the baron and took care to have in order the record of its existence is found m the song of the peasant or in the popular proverb in some legend of times times that never were or in the of days to come this idea has not a place in the pulpit of the but in the silent cell of the devout of oe united mystic it has its dwelling place and his heart as a of the kingdom of heaven now it mighty and against the oppression of men less in the state than in the church fast as it becomes an idea men it as well as they can now in little or then in trading companies then in of in cities and small states as in italy and the low countries in and the towns at length this impulse it was hardly an idea puts all europe into commotion men call for spiritual freedom under the guidance of that great spirit who stands as the water shed between the middle ages and modem times feeling the of a divided age imder martin men break the yoke of tyranny they have borne bo long liberty of conscience was all mankind called for but for that time they must put up with liberty of conscience limited on the divine side by the bible on the human side by the strait and oppressive limits both proved to be bonds that approached nearer and threatened to crush the straggling soul still men were not satisfied they wanted liberty as well as spiritual and of spiritual much more than they got how rapidly the idea of a free state got abroad over europe in his republic thomas more in his bacon in his new very men at the best are witnesses to the power of this demand the sentiment had long been in men s hearts it was now rapidly becoming an idea kings and priests told men the less liberty they had the better if they tried to go alone would certainly fall was it not better to sit on the hearth of the king their head under the apron of the church than thus try to walk in the open air there was good and bad scripture for such a course and of the world was full but men would not be satisfied the king s hearth was warm and the apron of the church made the head easy and comfortable but there was a divine soul in man which would break out into all sorts of peasant wars of jack s of and the like at length the idea gets bo fully set forth as an idea and so widely spread abroad by and amongst sober men that the chief question is where the idea first	37
become a fact shall it be in germany where the began and succeeded most no the system had taken deep root in the soil and could not be pulled up for some ages to of the united jane come the had affected thought in all in but politics suffered little change and bj that little it does not appear that the people were directly to any considerable degree could it be in france there was a body of enlightened men taking the lead in european science and literature but there was no intelligence m the people they seemed subjects of authority not subjects of and though they now and then gave indication of the sentiment for freedom which has since become so mighty in that nation yet then no idea of it swept through the land stirring the tree tops and the grass and the very dust in france there was a gorgeous court a wealthy king rich famous and of long renowned descent there were soldiers with genius and skill merchants and ar and from to cardinal but there was no people to appreciate or desire freedom in spain no one would think of free institutions the mind of the nation chained by the state and by the church had only life enough left for the mere external things for gold and sugar even her european possessions she could not hold against the vigor of italy had given lessons in commerce arts literature religion and politics to all the rest of europe in the dark ages she had kept the holy fire of science and of literature covered in the ashes of her old renown and when occasion offered the embers with her garment them to a flame and sent thereof to ireland england and to all the north while laid his iron rod on all the north of europe and the centre too little sprung up at practical at prudent and at haughty as a poet calls them green gardens were they in a snowy world filled with many a precious plant but too had declined art literature science la the sweet art of had flourished there but the nature of liberty another soil the which the nations with a rough wind did not separate the wheat from the in italy the priests were too powerful the people too indolent the is so thick and dry withal that the poor wheat can but slowly ay down to the dust with them slaves as they are might well be said of italy in the end of the sixteenth century other she had helped to plant but her own she had i of the united not kept the last service she did mankind was perhaps the greatest she showed them a new and savage world beyond the island of in the west and and the were of freedom for mankind when turned his bark s head to the west he little knew that he was leading the nations to universal but so it seems now the new idea must come across the water to make its fortune to escape the persecution of the with seven heads and ten horns the man child must flee with his mother into the wilderness and there said our fathers giving a private interpretation to a dark prophecy at any rate the american earth helped the woman here three thousand miles from their native land out of the reach of old aristocratic institutions the new nation could its sentiment to an idea could develop the idea into institutions and trying the experiment on a small scale at first prepare to found a great empire on the american idea that all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with rights and that it is the business of a government to preserve for each man the enjoyment of all these natural rights on the sole condition that he does the corresponding duties there are two great periods of human history in the one men seek to establish unity of action and form the individuals into tribes and states this is commonly done to the loss of personal freedom the state the citizen and he becomes the subject merely in on the christian forms represent this phase of men s affairs and in politics it is indicated by and then comes the second great period of history in which men seek for personal freedom in religion this is represented by christianity not the christianity of the or the but the absolute religion of human nature in politics by a the government of all for all and by all the of america in coming here mainly escaped from the institutions of the former period of history the institutions which once helped mankind but at length them they brought with them the sentiments and ideas of the same period imperfectly formed and such helps and institutions as had previously come out of their sentiments and ideas they came from a nation more vigorous in the arts of peace than any which the world had seen before they came from that nation in the time of its greatest spiritual vigor they brought with united june them the best treasures of the of english nation the common law the trial by the form of representative government the rich noble literature of england of its age from the general spiritual treasures of the world they brought and the experience of mankind for five or thousand years virgin america hidden away behind the atlantic and pacific is now to be married to mankind the first came with different motives and expectations driven by different forms of there came two types of men quite unlike in most particulars the of the rf and the south the of new england the and more worldly of and the they came from different motives for a different purpose they founded different institutions which produce the contradictory results we now see the difference between south	37
and in dates plainly back to the different of the two colonies new england was for the sake of an idea a and the by men who reasonably thought to better their con and make their fortune m pointed out the between these two types the and the only he finds a distinction in birth wealth and breeding in favor of the which he would not have found had he known american history somewhat better however the difference between the and the religious colonies still continues in the descendants of the two but these types unite or will unite as he says to form a future national type namely the western man let us look at the volumes of mr his work is divided into forty eight chapters and beginning with the first voyage of ends with the election of the first president after the of the constitution when so great a theme is to be treated in the small compass of three volumes the author must needs be brief accordingly he quite the preliminary matter relating to the discoveries of the continent by the italian and briefly sketches a picture of the country and its inhabitants at the period when european first began the account of the indians is short occupying but about twenty pages yet distinct and clear for one so brief it is the best account we remember to have seen the whole indian population within the united states the limits of the united states and west of the rocky mountains he thinks never exceeded if it ever reached three hundred thousand others make the number not far from one hundred and eighty thousand the indians have not yet received the attention which they demand from the historian and the philosopher they are as remarkable monuments in the development of the human race as the are in the history of the physical changes of this earth but they are passing away their institutions manners traditions and language will soon be forgotten and by and by it will be impossible to the history of which they furnish so valuable a chapter mr speaks of the french in america and then comes to the history of the english here for a long time there is an apparent want of unity in the subject which no historical treatment can wholly disguise the reader is hurried from virginia to new england then to new york to to the to to and to however for a long time virginia and new england are the objects of chief interest we shall dwell chiefly on the latter and call the attention of our readers to some things of considerable importance in the story of america the character of the has been the theme of praise and condemnation the of of and of are quite characters perhaps no one of these three great masters of the art of history has given us a fair and just likeness of the men mr is not ambitious in his attempt to defend the fathers of new england he rather leaves their actions to speak for themselves he thus speaks of them however as the other traditions of the church fell more and more into contempt the entire reverence of the people was concentrated upon the bible recently made accessible in an english version and read with eagerness not as a mere form of words to be solemnly and gone through with but as an inspired revelation an authority in science politics morals life it began indeed to be judged necessary by the more ardent and sincere that all existing institutions in church and state all social relations and the habits of every day life should be and made to to this divine model those who entertained these sentiments increased to a considerable party composed chiefly indeed of the classes and but including also merchants landed the united and even of the they were by not inclined to go with them as but the of their and doctrines and their confident to internal assurance of a second birth and special election as the children of god made a powerful impression on the multitude while the high schemes they entertained for the of society brought them into sympathy with all that was great and heroic in the nation the the church ceremonies and presently the but they long entertained profound reverence for the church itself and a superstitious terror of some of the bolder and more ardent whose obscurity gave them courage took at length the decisive step of the english and setting up a church of their own upon what they conceived to be the bible model that however was going than the great body of the wished or dared to follow and these remained for many years obscure and vol i there are certain in the they at first founded which mr very properly dwells upon and we refer to the which they founded no historian of america has so fully done them justice in this respect he fears no man he ia not by any for the he shows no to them nothing adds nothing and sets down naught in malice we shall a little on the tyranny which they sought to exercise in john and samuel at insisted on using the of the english church and set up a separate worship of their own for that purpose they were arrested as and evil and home to england in the government of decided that no man shall be admitted a that is a a citizen in full unless he were a member of a church in the colony the candidate for church must state his religious experience before the church convince them of his assurance and justification before he shall be admitted as a member thus the road to the box led through the church and lay directly in the range of the pulpit hence it was no easy matter to become a mr says	37
not a fourth part of the population were church members was the special of church members and their infant seed the clergy were aristocratic in the evil sense of that word they would not let tiie inhabitants of cambridge m of the united remove to in for the removal of a is a great which ought to be avoided were imposed for absence from public worship they aided the to carry the point against the was forty pounds forced to make acknowledgment in all the churches and give bonds for a hundred pounds because he said all the ministers in the colony except and as he thought mr did teach a of works men were forbidden to erect a dwelling more than half a mile from the says mr the authorities became as arbitrary and unjust as the court of high commission in england and persecuted men and women not less for from the opinion of the officers was for political opinions for religious and mrs for philosophical notions on questions of the most subtle character and were imprisoned whipped banished or put to death no man was allowed to settle in the colony without a permit from the magistrate a new comer must not have a house and no man was suffered to entertain him more than three weeks without permission before had been settled ten years the at condemned eighty two opinions as and and mrs were banished for opinions freedom of worship was forbidden even to the like minded and the lords brethren became as as the an attempt was made in to establish a church at on the principle of admitting all persons without requiring a profession of or relation of experience it was promptly suppressed the minister concerned in the business was forced to make an apology some of the were from two to twenty pounds one whipped eleven and one two persons once called the churches of anti christian and were heavily and imprisoned for the offence governor of island it is alleged once said the elect have the holy ghost and also the devil he had provocation for his the treatment of mrs was infamous and the conduct of the leading clergy was worthy of the darkest ages of the misfortunes of that noble woman were attributed to the hand of god the treatment of samuel and his is i of the jane did dr child and others petition for a change of laws so that inhabitants not church members might have the rights of english subjects it gave great offence to many priests elders and others the petition was a contempt the were from ten to fifty pounds apiece when the doctor was about to for england his trunk was searched for dangerous papers it might contain copies of two were found in the study of mr addressed to the of one of them signed by some of profane persons and by young men who came over and never had any show of religion in them and by men of no reason a young fellow a carpenter by the name of joy had been busy in to the petition and was kept in irons till he himself and blessed ood for these irons upon his legs they would do him good while he lived the offence of the men in whose hands tiie were found was deemed in nature capital treason against the was kept in prison more than a year and child with others was heavily the of were long averse to ing fixed laws preferring an arbitrary government by men to the sober and government of impartial the code made in contained some remarkable stubborn and rebellious sons and children over sixteen who curse or their natural father or mother were punished with death courtship must not be undertaken without the of the parents or of the maid or in their absence that of the nearest ma of fine and imprisonment was a capital crime men were to be banished for preaching and maintaining any as denying tiie immortality of the soul or of the body or that christ gave himself a for our sins or for declaring that we are not by his death and or for denying the morality of the fourth or the of infant or for from church at the administration of that a few years later a law was made with fine or with death any persons who denied the received books of the old and new to be tiie word of we know some persons who would be glad to revive these pleasant at the present of the united day we are told it is not long since an attempt was made in to secure the of a distinguished scholar for a learned article published in a very respectable journal in which he that there was no prophetic passage in the old testament which was originally intended to apply to of it is not yet ten years since there appeared in one of the leading newspapers of boston an article written by a venerable clergyman calling for the arrest and punishment of a young man who had in a sermon spoken against the corruption of the christian church at this day and the doctrines that had no foundation in reason and the nature of three years confinement in the state s prison was the punishment demanded for the young minister every body knows the treatment of and in the great cotton declared that denial of infant was soul murder and a capital when was thirty pounds for being a as he went from the bar he thanked god that he was counted worthy to for the name of whereupon says john minister of first church in boston struck me before the judgment seat and cursed me saying the curse of god or go with thee would not pay his fine and was whipped thirty with a three whip man striking with all	37
new england at the very beginning continually increasing in at first it is more powerful in than in for eighteen years all the laws of were made in a assembly of all the people the governor was only president of a council of the church had no for eight years the ruling elder and such members as had the gift of prophecy the on sunday there was a free meeting a question was started and all spoke that saw fit but gradually the spirit of invaded the sister colony still church was not required as a condition of in the in began to be jealous of the which ruled the colony and claimed the right of new the constitution of towns was from the be and has been changed but little since the towns were then as now little managing their own money taxes and choosing a town clerk and town system is an original new england institution and has proved of great value in the acquisition of political liberty the freedom of the town helped overcome the tyranny of the church at first the the taxes for the whole colony but in the people of considered that it was not safe to pay after that sort for fear of bringing themselves and their posterity into bondage it was a wholesome and a fear the determined to choose their governor and governor in the first representative court assembled there were three from each of the eight towns or soon they demanded fixed and definite laws it seems quite remarkable but it is true that while money was not the chief basis of social respectability boston was far before the country in point of liberality now the opposite is true providence plantation led the way in the establishment of liberty for in the government was a of the united states declared freedom of faith and worship was assured to all the first formal and legal establishment of religious liberty ever says mr in in in and in some other parts of new england church was not necessary to began to be demanded for the church of england and as the had established a tyranny as bad as what they fled from so the became an humble instrument in religious freedom in america in the king demanded the of the law which limited to church members a property instead and the admission of all persons of honest lives to and the lord s supper for some years there were three parties in new england the party which continually diminished the and who demanded religious freedom and the moderate men who between the two extremes the was adopted in a few years later a church was formally organized in boston and though persecuted for a long time to this day after the of the the party was weakened still further and their at length came to an end a new school of known as sprung up among the towards the conclusion of the previous century had the delicate task of reason with revelation they not only rejected the authority of tradition so highly and relied upon by the and the english high they also that special interior persuasion which the after the early had faith but which to these reasoning seemed no better than enthusiasm they preferred to rest the truth of christianity on the testimony of prophecy and miracles of which they undertook to establish the reality by the application to the bible history of the ordinary rules of evidence by which same rules they undertook to establish also the and inspiration of the bible vol they presently pushed the principle of the so far as to grant to all persons not in their lives admission to the lord s supper indeed all the privileges of full church much to the mortification of the who wrote and protested against this doctrine the college at cambridge presently passed under the control of the new party a change not without important results on the intellectual history of new england j p s of the united june in the century since its settlement new england had undergone a great change the manners of the fathers were still indeed preserved their language was repeated their were kept up their institutions were forms and habits remained but the spirit was gone the more ordinary objects of human desire and pursuit the universal passion for wealth political with the royal land speculations paper money and projects of and personal had those that spiritual vision and that absorbing passion for a pure which had carried the fathers into the wilderness even cotton such was the progress of opinion boasted of the harmony in which various religious lived together in boston and spoke of religious persecution as an blunder vol il p g education and habit especially in what relates to outward forms are not easily overcome made but slow progress in new england a greater change however was silently going on among the more intelligent and thoughtful both of and ministers continued to spread some approached even toward carefully concealing however from themselves their advance to that abyss the seeds of were sown but extreme caution and moderation on the side of the long prevented any open they rather than their opinions afraid of a in which they were conscious that popular prejudice would be all against them unsettled many of them in their own minds and not daring to matters to the bottom they patiently waited the further effects of that change by which they themselves had been borne along to over their they called themselves they even took the name of moderate like all they lacked the zeal and energy of faith like all they were timid and hesitating as well as they wished above all things to enjoy their and in comfort and in peace free comparatively in their studies they were very cautious in their how they shocked the fixed	37
the glorious happiness of our world if not by some christians that had among them tke works of the pious joseph b d y sometime fellow of college in c c london at the indians were treated with more justice than it is usual for the civilized to show to in legal provision was made in for such red men as should become civilized but with saxon they were to be formed into by themselves major at a later date was of the distance which is to be observed christians and as well in war as in other it was with difficulty that obtained liberty to a church at yet the threat was made by the praying indians to the that unless they accepted the gospel would destroy them by war a sharp distinction was always made between converted indians and other christians they were treated in every respect as an inferior race to villages of their own and cut off by opinion as well as law from and intercourse with the no one was allowed to sell them horses or boats it was proposed to them as being of the cursed seed of ham thus causes were put in action which at length have brought the indians to their present condition in at an early date many of them were reduced to slavery some in new england others were sent off as slaves to the west indies eight score at one time though regular prisoners of war there were old testament examples for this and even worse treatment once received a boy as his share of the plunder obtained at an indian defeat in forbade the further of indian slaves not from any moral scruples but on account of divers and other notorious crimes and and committed by indians being of a surly and spirit rude and insolent in their behavior and very there seems to have been no moral objection to slavery in the great and general court at that time outrageous were often practised on the indians it was once proposed by the for the colonies that in case of war dog might be of good use but of the state june we think the proposition was not carried out till nearly two years later then in a different latitude to the amazement of the civilized world even the men of loved bloody spectacles at the cost of the indians in s head was carried thither and set up on a pole as a warning it was in vain that pious mr wished they had converted some before they killed any an order was once given to to put to death all the indian men on block island and make slaves of the women and children he could not kill the men so he stove their burnt their and destroyed their standing com while the rev mr stone was once praying for one pledge of love to confirm the fidelity of the indian they came in with five such namely five no doubt he thought his prayer was answered in the war with the in under and the of pity and without compassion gave no quarter and showed no mercy not even to old men women and children in the capture of an indian fort they took only seven prisoners seven more escaped but hundreds were slain says great and was the sight to the view of young soldiers to see so many souls lie gasping on the ground so thick that you could hardly pass along but then twas a famous victory on another occasion in the same war twenty two indian prisoners of war were put to death after they had surrendered about fifty were distributed as slaves not to every man a or two but among the principal the of was sent to boston heads and hands of warriors were brought in by other indians even the savages thought the war too furious and to too many but what can satisfy in the name of the lord to the wars of david for his precedent and for authority says we had sufficient light from the word of god for our proceedings adds that the lord was pleased to our enemies in the hinder parts and to give us their land for an inheritance the new commanded him to kill their captive and former friend he did so and ate a portion of the body for which there was no warrant if an indian injured a white man and the tribe did not give satisfaction the might be seized and delivered to the injured party either to serve or to be off and exchanged for the women of once murdered two indian prisoners i of the united it was sunday and the had just come out of church the most of the indians took place during king philip s war more than two thousand were killed or taken in a single year the of and friend of philip was drowned but her body was saved the head cut off and stuck upon a pole at amid the and of the philip s dead body was and one of his hands was given to the indian who shot him and his head was carried in triumph to on a public day of august oh that men would praise the lord says secretary for his goodness and wonderful works unto them his wife and son were taken prisoners what should be done with the lad a boy nine years old the opinion of the clergy was asked cotton of and of thought in general that rule to be moral and therefore perpetually binding and the crime of the parent did not the son yet they say yet upon serious consideration we humbly conceive that the children of notorious and especially of such as have bin principal leaders and actors in such horrid and that against a whole nation yea the whole of god may be involved	37
in the guilt of their parents and may republican be to death as to us seems evident by the scripture instances of the children of whom were cut off by the sword of justice for the of their parents although concerning some of those children it be manifest that they were not capable of being co therein edition p o no increase says i should have said something about philip s son it is necessary that some effectual course should be taken about him he makes me think of who was a little child when his father the chief of the was killed by and had not others fled away with him i am apt to think that david would have taken a course that should never have proved a to the next generation no of gave a counsel which was followed the boy was sold into slavery and the money deposited in the treasury of the colony philip s wife also shared the same fate the state of is so much richer at this day we wonder the money arising from the i the united jane sale price of blood was not given to he society for the gospel among the indians in a of one hundred pounds was offered for each indian it was estimated that each in the war of had cost one thousand pounds the treatment the indians receive at the hands of at this day is a terrible reproach to us there is another matter of a good deal of importance we wish to refer to namely the servants brought to new england governor in one of his poetical thus to them another cause of our declining here is a as doth appear many for servants hitherto were brought others came for gain or new ends they sought and of those many grew loose and profane tho some were brought to know and his name these servants says mr seem in general to have had little sympathy with the austere manners and opinions of their masters and their frequent of decorum gave its no little trouble in sent out nearly sixty of them brought many the next year sir william sent several more in nearly two hundred came in richard sent twenty in it was one of the of that his merry mount was a refuge for servants at one time a master received a grant of fifty acres of land for each servant he brought over about two hundred servants were once set free on their arrival in new england in consequence of the of provisions in the colony in the law allowed any man to harbor servants flying from the tyranny of their masters until the master could be examined notice must be given to the master and the nearest a faithful and service for seven years entitled the servant to a dismissal he must not be sent off empty handed says the humane following the code in this particular if a master or his servant he was entitled to liberty and to also still the law was not very precise in regard to the treatment of this class of persons in the united colonies of new england forgetting the old testament when property was at stake agreed to i of the united states surrender servants in the law pursued such and arrested them at the public expense they were required to make up the time of absence in the condition of servants in new york is remarkable under a provision borrowed from the code fugitive servants might be pursued by hue and cry at the public charge but this was presently found too expensive and the cost was imposed on the parties concerned servants were to double the time of their absence and the cost of their all who aided in concealing them were liable to a fine masters and might be complained of to the and proceeded against at the and servants by their masters were entitled to freedom and during they were forbidden to sell or buy any master of a vessel carrying any person out of the colony a pass was liable for his debts and by a subsequent provision any person travelling through any town a pass u as liable to be arrested as a and detained till he proved his by work and labor j if not able the cost of his vol il p the of this class of persons continued till after the middle of the century the for keeping these servants in order and especially for preventing them from running away were often very harsh and severe thej were put for the most part in these on the same level with the slaves but their case in other respects was very different in all the colonies the term of service even where no express contract had been entered into was strictly limited by law and except in the case of very young persons it seldom or never exceeded seven years on the of that term these freed servants were absorbed into the mass of white inhabitants an the way lay open before them and their children to wealth and social distinction one of the future of the declaration of independence was brought to as a in virginia at the of his term of service every in common with other to the colony was entitled to a free grant of fifty acres of land and in all the colonies certain of clothing were required to be made by the late masters p the subject demands a distinct and entire for which we have no space at present but the following document copied for us by a friend from the court records at throw some light on the age of which we have been speaking l of the united june may be it known all men bj these presents that i george master of the ship have unto mr	37
samuel two of the irish i brought over by order of the state of england the name of one of them is william the other edward to serve him his or for the space of years and the said samuel in consideration doth promise sc engage to be paid unto the said master the sum of in com or live cattle at or before the end of october next provided he give good assurance for the enjoying of them at the end of seven years the two irish ran away or refused to work any longer it was to recover the two years service or their value that the action was brought in the following is their reply or defence it will be seen that their names do not agree with the names mentioned by the captain to the honoured court jury now assembled the humble defence of w philip in the action between them their master w that which we say in defence of ourselves is that we were brought out of our own country contrary to our own will sc minds sold here to mr by y master of the ship mr but what agreement was made between mr y said master was never acted by our consent or knowledge yet notwithstanding we have endeavoured to serve him the best service we could these which is more than the spirits used to sell them for at when they are stolen in england and for our service we have calling or wages but c now service being so much as is the practice of old england c thought meet in this place we being of age we hope the honored court jury will seriously consider our conditions the testimony op john this that he with divers others were stolen in ireland by some of y english soldiers in y night out of their at the held in december th whereas it has been represented to his that by reason of the frequent of a sort of people called spirits m many of his s subjects to go on where they have been seized carried by force to his s in america that many idle persons who have themselves to be transported thither have received money n their entering into service for that purpose have afterwards pretended they were betrayed carried away against their wills h their friends to the merchants who brought them c c of the united beds and brought to mr s ship where the lay ready to receive them aad in the way as they went some others they with them against their brought them aboard the said ship where there were divers others of their countrymen weeping crying because they were stolen from their friends they all declaring the same amongst the rest were these two men tv philip there they were kept until upon a lord s day in the morning y master set sc left some of his vessels behind for haste as i understood in court june there were similar servants in the other colonies of the hundred and five persons who settled in virginia in forty eight were gentlemen brought up to esteem manual labor degrading there were but twelve four and four other the rest were soldiers and servants in one hundred and twenty men of the same sort arrived in virginia vagabond gentlemen to labor and of it with three or four london and sent out to seek for mines governor smith said of them that it was better to send out thirty than a thousand such men servants were indispensable in such a community in the governor of virginia had for his support a plantation cultivated by one hundred servants in ninety young women pure and were sent out to be disposed of as wives for the the price was a hundred pounds of tobacco about seventy five dollars a similar cargo the next year however brought only about half that price we think that was the last adventure of the sort sent to virginia a woman for fifty pounds of tobacco was certainly too cheap about the same time by the order of the king a hundred were taken from the and sent to virginia to be disposed of as servants they were known by the name of jail birds in the law forbade dealing with any servants without consent of their masters and punished such as married without the master s consent they once planned an in virginia which was detected beforehand and the of september the day the plot should have been put in execution was declared a perpetual holiday servants sold for the custom that is having no if over nineteen years of age are to serve five years if under nineteen till twenty four their ages to be by the county of the june court are to provide wholesome and competent diet clothing and lodging by the of the court nor shall ey at an j time give nor whip a christian white servant naked without an order from a justice of the peace under penalty of forty shillings to the servant to be recovered with costs on complaint to a justice of the peace without the formal process of an action are bound to receive and investigate the complaints of all servants not being slaves any resistance or offer of violence on the part of a servant is by an additional year s servants are the possession of such property as may come to them by gift or otherwise but no person may deal with them except by permission of their masters in case of inflicted by laws unless some one would pay the for them servants are to be punished by at the rate of twenty lashes for every five hundred pounds of tobacco or fifty shillings sterling each stroke being thus estimated at about sixty cents women servants having are to to their	37
masters an additional year s service unless the master were the father in which case the to the church in case the father were a negro or other are added as by a law formerly mentioned the provisions for the arrest of which are sufficiently apply equally to slaves and servants except that slaves might be killed and vol governor thomas of the servants in into the army and many of never returned to their masters whom the state for their loss in the were much offended because the english government the of servants though a compensation was ven to their masters in the war many of the soldiers in the middle and southern states were or servants it was proposed in to direct a portion of their pay to the masters for the loss of their services but at the earnest request of the plan was dropped and the servants who were declared since the revolution we there have been no servants of this character some curious anecdotes are preserved of the resorted to by servants to escape from their condition a citizen from ireland was once sold to pay his passage to america and bought by a farmer in new england as a servant the set him to read the bible one sunday he held the book bottom upwards and could not read one day he was sent by his master into the woods to chop wood at night when the united states he came home he was asked how he had cat he said about a on looking it appears he cut it up into when bade to the fire he did it with water he was found of no value for any of the common work of the farm and his master who lived on the sea shore set him to tend the ducks and to keep them from wandering or being destroyed thinking it well we suppose to set a goose to watch a goose at night the servant came home with his charge and complained that they must all of them be sick for he added they have not sucked their mothers once all day his master considered him a fool and finding him worthless refused to keep him the servant pretended that he was afraid somebody would kill him unless his master gave him a legal discharge all upon him whatever this was done and within less than a week the foolish servant opened a school in the very town where he had been bought and from the office of rose to high political stations in new england and founded a family still proud of his name we cannot pass over the matter of slavery to which mr l has directed much attention and which is likely to be an interesting subject for some years to come at the time of the settlement of america the idea was beginning to that it was wrong to hold christians in bondage but this objection did not extend to and it was discovered that the were the descendants of ham and the of the curse of the who so fit for as the it to to make them slaves as well as to great gain the same year in which the came to twenty were brought to virginia as slaves for life no doubt to the great comfort of the gentlemen there it is not long before we find them in new england not long before boston is concerned in the slave trade from which she is not yet become free for while we are writing this paper we learn that a ship from boston the anne has lately been seized loaded with five hundred and forty seven slaves another vessel from the same port the pilot is also in british for the same offence the actual of five hundred and forty seven slaves in africa is by no means the most infamous part of the support which this city to slavery only one of the obvious indications of a spirit well known to exist in boston and by no means confined to of the united states jane and profane persons the laws of in justified taken in just wars and such strangers as willingly sell themselves or are sold unto us in virginia the rule of the common law and declared that children should follow the condition of their mother all the southern states have since adopted the same provision in made a law that the child of a free white woman shall follow the condition of the father if he be a slave this was a few years later but a fine of ten thousand pounds of tobacco was imposed on the or the masters and who promoted or at the marriage of such persons in virginia declared that christianity was no bar to slavery but the slave should not escape from bondage by communion and killing a slave was declared not indians imported by shipping and not christians might be slaves for life in there were two thousand black slaves in virginia and six thousand christian servants of whom about fifteen hundred were imported yearly in all or indians brought into tiie colony by sea or land or not were declared slaves for life unless they were of christian or country in an act for slaves declares that if they resist run away or refuse to surrender they may be killed or destroyed with guns or any other way whatever the state was to the master for the loss giving four thousand pounds of tobacco for a negro a thousand pounds of tobacco were offered to any one who should kill a certain the negro slave in laws were passed to prevent between and and against slaves summary were established for the trial of slaves without the solemnity of a jury they were to be kept in jail well laden with irons even in william could not secure the right	37

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