Datasets:

NicholasSynovic
/

Modified-VEAA

Dataset card Data Studio Files Files and versions Community

Split (2)

train · 42.9k rows

text stringlengths 1.96k 5.76k	author int64 1 50
are most numerous are as healthy as any other portions of ireland owing to the increased population of the country and the greater consequent demand for this fuel has risen very sensibly in value and in some of the older a is complained of in are frequently let for seven and eight guineas per acre after the turf is cut and has remained out a sufficient time to dry it is carried to the peasant s farm stead in bags not unlike in size and appearance large cotton on our journey to we were several times amused with seeing women and even boys bearing with ease these burdens on their heads which had we have estimated their weight by their magnitude we should have thought would have required shoulders of the curious properties of the irish their quality as is well known is not the least remarkable the horns of the deer which have been found in them illustrate this very forcibly for the earlier irish histories if i mistake not are entirely silent upon the existence of this animal it is not long since a shoe composed of a single piece of leather was dug up in some the form and make of which showed very clearly that it had laid centuries undisturbed on opening various extensive of trees have been discovered having their smaller branches and as well as trunk and larger boughs preserved soil seems indeed to exert an quality of singular upon the which it wood becomes very much and is found to resist longer the action of the ur when it is subsequently exposed the discovery of trees in the manner mentioned it may be added in despite of present appearances that ireland formerly origin and progress institutions with excellent forest timber in fact several of the old buildings in england were indebted to this country for the wood employed in their construction and i remember in the cathedral at on admiring the rich and finish of the wood work around the altar and within the choir to have been informed that the material itself was the native irish oak to be continued translation from art il the spirit origin and progress of the institutions of the principal countries of europe by j d vol ancient part f and customs have undergone a material alteration since the of learning in the person of that who had never seen yet could tell the number of steps in the tower of who had neglected to himself with the houses of france and yet knew that was left handed and double handed it would be difficult at this time to know for whom the original of this portrait was intended the learned man of this age not to live among his and it is amid the bustle of the world he his to the of antiquity in these laborious he does not propose to himself merely the gratification of a vain he does not study these subtle and minute merely to solve questions which have no other interest to them than the difficulty of conquering his design is to his age by the experience and example of the past he from the dust of and from the obscurity of ancient manners customs laws he their origin he traces their progress and decay he by studying the order and series of facts to the causes of their errors and misfortunes of their good government and prosperity yet he never suffers himself to be abstracted from the present while he on the past such is the philosophy of learning to admire the ancient for our not for themselves that the dead may serve for the instruction of the living let us be careful however to appreciate the merit of those learned men whose modest ambition them to collect materials from all kinds of history without pretending to originality when such men have nothing to recommend them but their patience they merit our admiration but it would require more than the patience of a a a a saint and all their worthy to penetrate into the depths of antiquity among the rubbish of the middle ages and to bring them to light whereas they themselves would have been lost and we equally with them if they had not possessed from la so strong and sure a judgment so rare a sagacity so profound a genius in clearing away confusion from the the geography the institutions the usage the doubtful facts they have laid uie foundations of history these are the persons who er die true works from the and who warn us against the of the and against the authority of dangerous examples maintained by error and passion the of states for the security of commerce persons appointed to prove and to mark upon the faith of their word all gold and silver before it passed into the hands of the workmen the learned fill the same office as to history history receives from them the to which it is entitled the philosopher the certainty of his remarks all of us owe to them the truth the historian of every description could neither satisfy his duty nor his conscience and engage the attention of those whom he himself to instruct if he did not borrow the assistance of the learned if he was not himself learned this second consideration is absolutely necessary i have made these reflections on the work of m er they have induced my criticism they shall be the rule of my approbation and censure if any one is desirous of previously the spirit which the author the principles which guide him he should read his introduction and should he not experience that weariness which are usually attached to those ordinary and insignificant it is a learned and useful of all the works says he which describe to us past ages there are none more interesting for the genuine historian than the laws and institutions of	48
proper to separate them and if we have made our upon the ancient forms of the french follow immediately after those of england we have reserved the new institutions for the latter part of our remarks which relate to the actual state not only as the succession of these events but also because they are the result of a before we proceed to the institutions of the we the author would say that it has not been since these were we should dot have made this remark if the expression had not the thought we sometimes find in the of mr improper terms and very turned sentences but we from noticing them li e object of this article is not a criticism r j origin and of institutions excuse ourselves from examining those of the low countries the very sensible that exists between the forms of these provinces and those of france or of germany between which there exists a natural transition indicated by their and political relations the rank which the low countries have always maintained among the most powerful and liberal nations and the interest which their institutions have inspired justify this the author the charges which will be made against him on account of many we have not extended our to russia she cannot perhaps be compared to any country and does not present any result to ordinary circumstances it is not if it is permitted to use the term that the have themselves formed these institutions it is by an act of authority alone that they see themselves elevated to a rank with well organized people the south of europe spain italy and the three of the north the and the do not present as many of their institutions are known to us any point sufficiently prominent to justify a departure which would be necessary in the examination of these institutions it appears to me that these reasons are not sufficient to determine the author to pass over in silence in his historical examination the institutions of these people i maintain that these reasons are not just it would doubtless be an interesting description the rapid triumph of civilization over and the new relations established among the different people of the same empire according to the improvement of manners and their the institutions of nations who have found in honour and liberty resources to supply their number and force and who after having been polished by their contact with the have finished by them from their territory the institutions of italy itself so fruitful in in virtue and in crimes in the middle ages the institutions of that fierce and warlike republic are objects worthy to attract the attention of the philosopher and the and we could not consider an examination of their institutions as a ture in the consideration of the laws of the principal countries of europe at the end of the introduction the author the dis and order of the several parts of his work divided into two books of which he only at present gives the first part to the public and which contains the organization of the ancient from la the part will be appropriated to the modem institutions the third book treats of those of england the of ancient france the fifth of die low countries the sixth of germany and the seventh of france since the revolution such is the general idea the conception of the work it remains with us to examine the execution of the part which has been submitted to us if it be true says die author that all these nations may be derived originally from the among whom are to be included the ancient inhabitants of the country it is in the ancient of the that the first basis of the existing institutions of europe ought to be found first part of our work shall therefore have for its subject the german people from the most remote mention of them in the writings of and other authors both and roman down to those which may be considered as common to all these people ti i j is destined to the the institutions and the second to the organization this division is not without its in the first book the author traces the german colonies in their cradle afterwards in the roman provinces and in their conquest showing their primitive customs their new in their new the alteration of their government the rise die progress of the system and at length its ruin and the rise of villages and cities when we come to the second book a description of the organization we are obliged to go back to the point from which we set out and again to travel over the same period of time and to pass through the same historical aspect from which results a monotony chat the interest of the work moreover as the institutions such as are considered by the author are so mingled and blended with political and institutions it is impossible but he must sometimes fall into superfluous in treating of the matters in the second book it would have been better if he had thought of the two divisions of this double history and have suffered the political and institutions to if we have noticed this defect it is but just to praise the method of the author and the of his discussion he begins by the principal points the customs and manners in the darkest periods he considers them as the of the institutions which developed themselves as the people advanced in experience afterwards he with sagacity the changes they have undergone and to render these changes more obvious he them into different marking each one with a particular character if i undertook to enter into a profound examination and detail of this work i should enter into which would exceed origin and progress of institutions the bounds of this i shall content myself	48
with stating my doubts upon some of the author the ancient were acquainted with an hereditary nobility so has formally declared na but we are ignorant how they acquired it and what were their only the chiefs were selected from among the ex the author could have twenty other passages from containing the word but he will nowhere find proof of the existence of an hereditary nobility he must content himself with the value of the words and these were the that the have found m their language to indicate institutions and customs for whidi they had no appropriate terms because they bad nothing like them in their policy by turns three kinds of persons by the word st men who had about them a troop of voluntary companions devoted to their fortunes and attached to them merely by affection and by an oath not by any obligation of birth d the chiefs elected to administer justice in the districts the chiefs elected again to command a party of the colony or the entire colony in an expedition none of these could their to their children by hereditary right of what then did the nobility consist in this early state of society so little removed from a of nature a simple personal a great fame acquired by superior courage distinctions exist not in a state of nature but they do in the constitution of men at first and strength were the grounds of a man s merit or rather the man himself in the dark ages without these qualities he was as it were degraded from manly condition while those who possessed them in a great degree attracted the esteem and admiration of their equals and governed some by of love and others by that of fear the were the among the the words which the god a male a man the best man and the noble and virtue have sprung from the same root shows us among the f and among the nations of the north the same origin of nobility afterwards the greatness of the father procured esteem for his children it is thus according to a young man whose father had acquired much glory could obtain after him the rank of prince that is to say could place himself among the principal men of the colony this is an from fact and not from right birth could only be an advantage not a t t see german from la title the of a kind of and not a power when it is said that an hereditary nobility exists in a country we figure to ourselves privileged families ruling over those of the and the slaves but how could this kind of nobility establish themselves in a nation where all the lands were in common all the all the citizens so jealous of their independence that they themselves on not attending at the meeting of the general to pass laws to protect liberty such people know nothing of nobility as we understand it they have illustrious and powerful families they have noble personages but no hereditary nobility things continued in this state among the primitive race until privileges becoming attached to the titles of property in certain families custom introduced hereditary advantages granted to the faithful followers of the king mr appears to me to make an criticism upon a passage of and to give an unlikely explanation to the subject of the title of and of noble he subjects to have been the common name of all the of the great and that the were those whom he calls the but if he had more attentively considered the authorities which he in support of his opinion he would have seen how opposite they were in all barbarous the men or were free men whom the king had elevated to rank for their fidelity and the the free men the citizens and the people i perceive that is already too long and that i have not yet given the necessary development to this discussion nor alleged proofs which it would be easy to this reflection me besides that it is impossible to give a complete account of this important work within the space to which i am confined i shall again make some observations on other which appear to me not from error relative to the of the from military service to the election of counts from the nobility to the of the name r the transition of royal justice to the assistant judges of the i am surprised that the author has not made mention of a particular right of the royal power in the administration of justice at this epoch i speak of the by which the king could remove any man be he who he might from his ordinary judges and or all sentences and tiie laws themselves at his will bell f etc see sen fr torn etc etc m has declared with a very sincerity that the extent of his has not permitted him to the whole and that he has found himself constrained sometimes to rely on those which have been maintained by others he has derived considerable assistance from the writings of the but he has also met with contrary opinions he a judicious mind which knows how to keep itself on its guard against systems but whatever may be the wisdom and of an historian it is to refer to sources and to consult both the text and the original we perceive that m has read the of barbarous laws and other documents of the of the middle ages but at a time when customs had so much importance the code is to be looked for in the habits of the people and it is then above all that as m has justly observed laws must be by history perhaps he has not sufficiently by the resources which could be furnished him in of and	48
all our old if a justice has compelled me not to pass over what i have found justice also commands me to praise the extensive knowledge the honourable sentiments the profound and elevated views which recommend this book to all those who are interested in the history of the middle ages and the history of civilization in general we propose to comment on many historical questions that have suggested themselves to us in the other volumes of the same work j de art iii in the june number of this journal was inserted an abstract of the observations then recently published by this officer upon the relation of the campaign of by general and an opinion was then expressed that the justification of the field was complete and his son col it appears has the observations in france and obtained access to the book containing a of all the orders given by duke of the chief of the staff during that campaign and all his official correspondence this important document strong to s and entirely general as to the proceedings and views of the emperor on the th and th june there is no entry of any order to on the th but a letter of that date addressed to the minister of war contains the following post the army is formed on the great road from to where the emperor is this moment going the last report from gen is dated at on the road to and the left wing is in the direction of napoleon therefore did not anticipate at this time the battle of but expected to proceed without opposition to the following day at ten o clock in the morning it appears by the the following despatch was forwarded to in advance of the farm of the th june ten o clock in the morning le the emperor has received your last report dated at you speak to his majesty of but two columns which have passed and a but reports mention a third very strong which has passed through and in the direction towards the emperor commands me to you that at this moment his majesty is going to attack the english army which has taken a position at near the forest of therefore his majesty desires that you direct your movements upon so as to bring yourself nearer to us where you should arrive as soon as possible you will cause the columns of the enemy upon your right to be followed by light corps in order to observe their motions and cut off their inform me immediately of your dispositions and the order of your march and also what intelligence you have of the enemy and do not neglect to strengthen your communications with us tne emperor desires to hear often from you signed the chief of the staff c due de it is very remarkable that although this despatch never reached the right wing the did direct his movements upon and thus acted in precise with the directions of the emperor as pronounced by the chief of his staff the following translated from various french journals will show that the opinions we have advanced with those of writers whose situation gives them the best possible opportunity of forming a judgment upon this subject from the observations upon the campaign by count much has already been written upon the campaign of or rather upon the battle of which the whole of it those great events which influence the fate of nations almost always constitute after the result historical questions upon vol i which the parties interested reason blindly the world will long continue to inquire why could not have gained the last battle after having gained so many others and some persons will verily believe that his former success was entirely a matter of chance of accident and that the which has taken place the extreme danger of europe was to happen sooner or later by a kind of in political events the honor of france is not concerned in this discussion she was not conquered at since the battle was not fought with her good will she and for the brave who perished in the between and europe it becomes her to mourn for them as for it is natural that in the obscurity of exile he should be anxious that his reputation in europe be not injured by this defeat in the day of his power it was his policy to the he experienced to his and he has more than once cast an odious stain upon their courage and devotion in order to screen his own errors at this day when nothing remains to him but the recollection of his battles when it is no longer in his power to gratify his revenge he is so much the more interested to sustain his glory in past events and to preserve that great military reputation by which it was his misfortune to bound his ambition but he cannot effect this object without casting censure and reproach upon unfortunate men can a situation more painful be imagined than that of these very men assailed in their character as soldiers by him on whose account they are now suffering and compelled in defence of their honor to prove that they have faithfully served a cause in which they have become these reflections at once present themselves in the answer of count to the account published by general this answer proves by fair reasoning and official documents that the faults of the campaign if there were faults are to be placed to the account of that general neither his orders nor made the mistaken movements nor in any way occasioned the loss of the battle we shall not examine the detail of which h e has given upon this subject nor discuss the errors which he attributes to it would be somewhat ridiculous for a newspaper editor to sit in judgment	48
upon the talents of a conqueror it is for military men to read this new account and inquire whether did actually commit a decisive fault in remaining idle upon the field of battle of during the morning of the th or whether he was only conquered by the greatness of bis own genius because he attributed to his plans too vast and too bold and daring the measure of the talents of napoleon whether more or less extensive the perfection of his d for war whether more or less admirable is a question of no importance he never took a false step nor committed an error in which was in itself less to be regretted the work of count is distinguished by a tone of frankness and elevation plain truth without severity which is yet careful of the glory of the celebrated chief whose reproaches he is obliged to and whom he charges with errors this work first published in america is preceded in the french edition by a note from count s son equally distinguished by his noble character and filial piety as by his talents col solely occupied for three years by the hope of restoring his father to the country which he has so long served with honor appears to have yielded only to an imperious sense of duty in the memory of an epoch so fatal to his family he is honored by the of an august prince who will render doubly worthy of historic record the noble courage he displayed in the crisis of the th march by with it the recollection of a generosity this is a sentiment which no one can understand without in and also extending to others who have been driven into exile by a law to which the royal has already made so many exceptions among the objects of this measure some are recommended to our by their youth and experience of in a career thus early interrupted others by the maturity of their talents and their former literary pursuits which it would seem ought to excuse them for faults committed in a storm more than one general has been restored to his country we earnestly desire that it may be even so with general but does a poet and a literary man appear more dangerous or less worthy of interest an attachment to the throne a distinguished zeal in its cause is perfectly in accordance with the desire to see an end to all unnecessary it is no to a party to deprive them of all cause of complaint it is precisely because the differences of opinion are clearly exposed because the friendly to withstand every attack and reject all corrupt that they should wish every thing to be placed upon that legal ground which their strength and security extract from la a journal conducted by messrs and constant no event has ever taken place productive of more important results than the disaster of the political consequences of this battle have been such to france and to all europe that it has become one of the most remarkable in after the ruin of this dreadful day when the french arm lost every thing but its honor each one to be from the responsibility napoleon himself who at the same time lost both his sword an s his his companions in arms is desirous to attribute his misfortune to secondary causes it is at least in this spirit that the work of general is and all the accounts published have more or less of it they have endeavoured to cast the entire blame upon napoleon s two and this by arguments the more unsatisfactory both in matter and manner as they are by any official documents and from plans of the campaign made after the events had the first thing which strikes us is that few of the writers have remarked the enormous between the french army and that of the the one containing scarce men while and commanded strong ought not such a superiority to have great weight in settling the accounts of this campaign count after four years of exile and silent resignation has just published his observations upon the work of general the only one which he admits has any he at the same time the of the other writers attacked and under circumstances the severity with which he sometimes replies is more especially as he himself by facts and official documents we will attempt a brief analysis of this work count attributes the loss of the battle of to the of the french army on the th the day following the battle of it was not till half past twelve that napoleon gave orders to pursue the army which had been in retreat since ten o clock the preceding evening the battle of won by the french army was not decisive in its character and on the morning following the th the were by fresh the corps of general the verbal instructions given to count by napoleon himself were to follow the to them and hot to lose sight of them when he parted from napoleon he supposed that the army was in the direction of he was soon that it had retired towards he marched for this town where his rear guard did not arrive until ten at night it was not until the th following at ten in the morning that the right of his corps only strong and pursuing the army of who had eighteen hours march advance came up with their rear guard this was attacked and until it reached on the evening of the th during the night and in the morning of the th count had sent many officers to napoleon with reports of his situation and movements all of which reached the quarter master general on the th about noon the of was heard by the right wing count was astonished not to receive new instructions but he had	48
positive orders to attack the and supposed that he ought to continue his operations without being drawn aside by a four to his left which could be no other from the direction in which it appeared but the of a partial engage ment at the entrance of the forest of beside could he so soon forgot what he had himself witnessed the preceding evening the reproaches which napoleon had cast upon for having halted and sent troops to upon hearing the noise of the of instead of marching upon as his instructions directed and his example as well as a sense of duty decided him to execute strictly the orders he had received it is certain that on the th about seven o clock in the evening count received a despatch from the commander in chief dated from the field of battle at half past one this despatch approved of all the movements of the right wing it announced also that a battle had been gained on the line of and it was only in a that it directed count to upon saint or to show himself at the head of s column count made all his dispositions in with this important order but it had arrived much too late for him to execute in a way to have any influence upon the battle of he being four in a direct line from saint the enemy was master of the direct communication by the left bank of the the passage of which was defended with spirit it was not until night that our troops effected it and even supposing there had been no resistance they could not have arrived at until eleven at night long before which hour the fate of the battle had been decided not content with proving that he had executed his orders literally count goes on to show that general has been led into an error when he states that on the evening of the th and in the morning of the th orders were sent to him to march upon saint he it impossible that on the th napoleon who was ignorant of the movements both of the and of the english could foresee that he should give them battle at a note of col who has charge of the publication of his father s work the error of general still more clearly by evidence the register of the orders of the commander in chief from which he the only orders given his father on the th and in the battle of the th is an document he find there but one letter and this is the very letter which was not received it is dated from the field of battle at ten in the morning and commands him to march upon and not upon saint as general and other writers have asserted we are entirely of opinion with count when he declares that he cannot believe that a general ought directly to move towards a which he hears upon his flank when he has special instructions to execute from the commander in chief the passive and literal obedience of orders appears to us to be the first duty of a soldier and the most certain pledge of victory exceptions after a battle has been decided prove nothing against the principal rule especially when on the other hand a hundred instances could be in its support to one in opposition all military men will read this with deep interest it supplies all those details which hitherto have been wanting relative to the campaign of it will serve as a preface to the of count which would throw no small light upon the events of his time heretofore but little understood we unite in the wishes of his family from whom he has been four years separated and sincerely hope that he may soon be restored to the bosom of his kindred and crown with repose a life in which the folly of ambition and the tumult of war never produced a single blot and to finish which with glory it cannot for a moment be doubted no exposure to danger or suffering will be avoided from many contradictory accounts have detailed the events of the campaign of and have distributed censure or praises to the actors in that memorable drama according to the different opinions of their authors public opinion was still unsettled when there appeared in a relation announced as having been written in st and published by general it was impossible not to see that the source from which this author drew his information retained some bitterness and that all the efforts of the were designed to throw the responsibility of a tremendous catastrophe upon others than the chief of all the operations of that campaign but many contained in this and seemingly official publication received new importance from divers preceding published by practical men and with which they nevertheless those who a duty regretted to see reproaches cast upon two so much in the french army whose first exploits and whose wounds were it has been su to that this some which it would be proper to mention for instance count gives the credit to general for the handsome defence of held out long against the enemy and secured the of the french army this handsome feat belong entirely to general who was it is true under the orders of general but who remained witli his division alone at not exceeding strong cannon and wliich after having caused the third corps a loss of men did not retire until six at night when the post was after the enemy had lost all hopes of the retreat of our men united with our first success whose blood shed on fields of battle secured their and whose talents were by great military exploits by the esteem of the brave and by the confidence of the chief of the army circumstances rendered this regret still	48
more painful for the blow was aimed at men not in a situation to defend themselves the one sinking under the weight of his own glory a sacrifice offered up by accustomed to victory and forgetful of that elevated respect with which it is so delightful to render honour to misfortune had seen the remnant of his life submitted to the chances of a law suit and forms attend his death his heroic shade could no longer make a reply silent and indignant it under the gathered t the in the at at the and in the campaign in france of if so many glorious recollections could not gain forgiveness for his conduct on the th june at least no frenchman should have bad the cruelty to judge this officer with and to refuse to his memory every latitude necessary for his defence history severe but impartial proceeds less hastily than passion and not her judgments as policy at once timid and her and state the other general thrown by evil times at a distance from a country to which he has constantly done honour by his courage and virtues covered with numerous wounds which his generous heart had hoped to use in favour of the dragged also before the and defended like another by filial piety could not until very lately learn in the other the uttered against his operations of the th and th june he to reply to them and whatever may be our opinion as to the manner in which the right wing fulfilled its orders after the victory of to pursue the and not to lose sight of them and to preserve a communication with the centre of the army we cannot refuse to read with the greatest interest the new details which the count de on this subject a bosom with so many wounds received during five and twenty years of fighting gives to this officer the right to justify himself and on the friends of their country the duty of hearing him c c from the general s work has produced a great sensation because the place in which it was written gave it an appearance of that no one thought of doubting we see nevertheless with pain that the author has attributed the of the th of june to two who seemed protected in public t opinion as much by their misfortunes as by their services it ignorance of the french character to endeavour to disgrace and general when one was dead and the other a relation of thought it incumbent to answer the attack directed against this unfortunate commander it was useless public opinion has sufficiently him every one knew that at as well as elsewhere he displayed all the resources of his courage and this conviction has not rendered the tears less bitter that were shed on the tomb of this noble victim general has received the same justice from his countrymen no one thought him responsible for the that attended our arms they saw with sorrow his exile from a country he had honoured and the voices which demand his return have more than once in another afforded a solace to his heart nevertheless his feelings have been wounded by the thought that his fellow citizens on the faith of some slight could attribute to him the greatest disaster that ever happened to france he has endeavoured to the facts that have it to him and his son a worthy has published the observations this his justification so interesting in itself becomes still more so since it is presented to the public under the double recommendation of exile and filial piety the observations of general have been read with not that we looked for his justification for no one accused him but there was a melancholy pleasure in this terrible drama and in following the divers chances with more interest and anxiety than if the result was not already known that napoleon committed a great fault in dividing his army and in sending to a distance a corps so considerable as that of general cannot be disputed and we will easily that this first fault was the cause of others we must give credit to general who in guarding his reputation and in the necessity of answering unjust attacks has not been carried beyond the bounds of moderation in regard to a misfortune still greater than his own general s work contains much precious matter for history and it may even at the present day afford ample subject for reflection to military men what is most important to a great number of readers is that in the catastrophe which forms its subject the honour of the french army remained and heaven be praised this fact appears in every s age as to general his claims are known his life speaks or him the interest that his the regrets that accompany him in his exile are the most honourable testimony that a citizen can receive the day is not afar off when justice will triumph when general will be restored to the embraces of his family and te the sight of his countrymen c and iv ir of the lives of and by the rev joseph c he most curious part of the volume is that which tht correspondence between and and here the superior of the e mind for excellence is very apparent while hb letters are cold stiff and uninteresting hers abound in touches of nature that show distinctly the true state of her feelings in these with pope s before us w seem to behold the to look behind the cur and see the poet s notions in all the of their first before they were clothed with the magic of his fancy a letter to a friend describing his and dangers at st had been shown to at her sympathy was excited and the idea of her husband s sufferings revived the of her affection	48
which neither absence nor the selfishness of had been able to she immediately wrote the letter which pope has into a beautiful and impassioned a letter of consolation you had written to a friend my dearest was lately as by chance put into my hands the in a moment told me from whom it came the sentiments i felt for the writer compelled me to read it more i had lost the i hoped therefore from his words a faint image of himself to draw some comfort but alas for i well remember it almost every line was marked with and it related the lamentable story of our and the long list of your own sufferings she then to some of the particulars of his misfortunes who think you could read or hear these things and not be moved to tears what then must be my situation the singular i precision with which each event is related could but more renew my sorrows i was doubly agitated because i perceived the tide of danger was still against you are we then to despair of your life and our breasts trembling at every sound be alarmed by the of that terrible f for christ s sake my and he i trust as yet you do inform us and that repeatedly of each circumstance of your present dangers i and my sisters are the sole remains of soon as letters i that well known name all my woes pope line t tremble too where e er my own i find some dire misfortune follows behind ih f vol i the lives of and all your friends let us at least partake of your joys and sorrows the of others is used to bring some relief to the sufferer and a load laid on many shoulders is more easily supported how pleasing are the letters of absent i remember teaches us by his own example i thank you say he to his friend for your frequent letters by this you do all you can to be in my company the moment i open your letters i see before me and indeed if the portraits of our friends can give us pleasure and ease the pain of absence by the weak impressions they make what may not be said of letters which speak the genuine sentiments of the dear absent friend god be thanked no passion can forbid and no obstacle can hinder this manner of your being present with us on your side let no i pray be a to it f she proceeds to remind him that he is the founder of the and ought to its concerns our new establishment therefore is yours but can the young plant prosper if it be not often watered with peculiar care we are women by nature weak and delicate thus had our society been long formed it would still be exposed to much danger but now if you give us not all your care and all diligence how shall we brave the storm the says i have planted has watered but god has given the increase he is writing to the whom he had lately converted to the christian faith his own had then given them further instructions and divine grace had completed die work but you cultivate a which you have not planted and your sacred are lost on an ungrateful soil i speak of the of st of which you are rather recollect then what you owe to us you preach to them but you preach in vain your words are pearls which you throw to swine the treasures which are lost on them should be kept for us who are who are obedient and you who are so prodigal to your enemies do reflect on what you owe to your own children but i will say nothing of others think only how much you are indebted to me whatever obligations bind you to the devout part of my sex are all to your a few reproaches of this neglect of her then follow after which she continues yet write oh write me all that i may to thy and sighs to thine c i t heaven first taught letters for some wretch s aid ib i ah think at least thy flock deserves thy care plants of thy hand and children of thy prayer c line the lives of and my you well know how much i lost in losing you and that infamous act of treachery which by a cruelty before unheard of deprived me of you even tore me from myself the loss was great indeed but the manner of it was doubly ing when the cause of grief is most then should consolation apply her strongest but it is you only can administer relief by you i was wounded and by you must be healed it is in your power alone to give me pain to give me joy and to give me comfort and it is you only that are obliged to do it i have obeyed the last of all your commands and so far was i unable to oppose them that to with your wishes i could bear to sacrifice myself one thing remains which is still greater and will hardly be my love for you had risen to such a degree of frenzy that to please you it even deprived itself of what alone in the universe it valued and that forever no sooner did i receive your commands than i quitted at once the habit of the world and with it all the reluctance of my nature i meant that you should be the sole possessor of whatever i had once a right to call my own heaven knows in all my love it was you and you only i sought for i looked for no no of marriage i was even insensible to my own pleasures nor had i	48
a will to gratify all was absorbed in you i call to witness in the name of w j there may be something more holy something more imposing but the name of mistress was ever to me a more charming sound the more i myself before you the greater right i thought i should have to your favour and thus also i hoped the less to injure the splendid reputation you had acquired this circumstance on your own account you did not quite forget to mention in the letter to your friend you related also some of die arguments i then urged to you from that fatal marriage but you the greater part by which i was induced to prefer love to matrimony and liberty to chains i call heaven to witness should master of the world me his hand in marriage and secure to me the command of the universe i should deem it at once more eligible and more honourable to be called the mistress of than the wife of caesar f the source of merit is not in riches or in power these are the gifts of fortune but virtue only gives worth and excellence the woman who prefers a rich to a poor man shows she has a soul in a husband it is his wealth and not himself which she and to her who with this view some reward may be due but no gratitude it is clear that i have not t how oft when press d to marriage have i said curse on all loves but those who love has made love free as air c hm t should at my feet the world s great master fall o line s of mid her intentions propose but a richer match and if not too late she will embrace it with the truth of my opinion die learned has confirmed in a with and his wife as related by the of when to effect a reconciliation them she had proposed this thus when you have got so far as to be convinced that there lives not a better man and a more fortunate all your thoughts will be directed to produce ae greatest will be happy in the reflection that ho is married to the best of women and she on her side that her band is the best of men these sentiments are beautiful they seem the production rather of wisdom herself than of philosophy but in the married state should this favourable opinion be even on error how charming is it to be thus deceived it produces love and on this rests the pledge of mutual fidelity while purity of mind far more than her sister virtue but that happiness which in others is sometimes the effect of fancy in me was the child of evidence they might think their husbands perfect and were happy in the idea but i that you were such and the verse knew the same thus the more my affection was secured from all possible error the more steady be came its flame where was found the king or the philosopher that had your reputation was there a village a city a king that did not wish even to see you when you in public who did not run to behold you and when you withdrew every neck was stretched every eye sprang forward to you the married and the unmarried women when was away longed for his company and when he was present every bosom was on fire no lady of distinction no princess that did not envy the possession of her you possessed indeed two a tone of voice and a grace in singing which gave you the control over every female heart these powers were peculiarly yours for i do not know that they ever fell to the share of any other philosopher to soften by playful amusement the stem labours of philosophy you composed several on love and on similar subjects these you were often heard to sing when the harmony of your voice gave new charms to the expression in all circles nothing was talked of but even the most ignorant who could not judge of composition were enchanted by the melody of your voice male hearts were unable to resist tiie impression thus was my name soon carried to distant nations for the loves of and were the constant theme of all your songs what wonder if i became the subject of general envy again she reproaches him for his neglect the of and st having as i said complied with all your i thought indeed i had great pretensions to your esteem even at this moment i am a victim to your will it was not religion that called me to the of the i was then in the bloom of youth but you ordered it and i obeyed for this sacrifice if i have no merit in your eyes vain indeed is all my labour from god i can look for no reward for whose sake it is plain i have as yet done nothing when you had resolved to quit the world i followed you rather i ran before you it seems you had the image of the s wife before your eyes you feared i might and therefore before you could surrender your own li i was to be devoted in that one instance i confess your of me tore my heart i blushed for you for my part heaven knows had i seen you hastening to at a single nod i should not have hesitated to have preceded or to have followed you my soul was no longer in my own possession it was in yours even now if it is not with you it is now here it cannot exist without you but do receive it kindly there it will be happy if it find you indulgent if you only return	48
kindness for kindness trifles for things of moment and a few words for all the deeds of my life were you less sure of my love you would be more but because my conduct has rendered you se cure you neglect me once more recollect what i have done for you and how much you are indebted to me by that god then to whom your life is consecrated i you give me so much of yourself as is at your disposal that is send me some lines of consolation do it with this design at least that my mind being more at ease i may serve god with more alacrity when formerly the love of pleasure was your pursuit how often did i hear from you in your songs the name of was made familiar to every tongue it was heard in street the walls of every house repeated it with how much greater propriety might you now call me to god than you did then to pleasure weigh your obligations think on my petition have written you a long letter but the conclusion shall be short my only friend farewell the reply of is in the words of mr dry uninteresting and he his wife td pray for him and sends a form of prayer to be used for the purpose he also his desire in case his enemies should succeed ia taking his life to be buried at the the commencement of her second letter is quite characteristic of an and not in the least so of the passionate she thus at the style of her husband s communication e mil thou i and let me the rest line the lives of and i am surprised my dearest that contrary to the usual style of correspondence and even contrary to the obvious order of things you would presume in the very front of your salutation to put my name before your own it was preferring a woman to a man a wife to her husband a to a or priest and a to an decency and good order require that when we write to our or our equals the names of those to whom we write should have the first place but in writing to they are first mentioned who are first in dignity she then gives him a for speaking of his own death a subject too dreadful for his daughters the good of the to be thought of again let me you to be more considerate for the sake of us all at least on my account do refrain from all expressions which like the shafts of death penetrate my soul the mind worn down by grief is a stranger to repose plunged in troubles it is little able to think on god to him you have devoted our lives and will you his service it were to be wished that every necessary event which brings sorrow with it might take place when least expected for what cannot be avoided by human foresight when permitted to torment us only raises fears full of this thought the poet thus heaven sit sit but if i lose you what have i to hope for you are my only comfort deprived of that shall i still drag on my miserable pilgrimage but even in you what comfort have i save only the thought that you are still living all other joys are forbidden to me i may not be allowed to see you that my soul might sometimes at least return into its own bosom she of her hard fate in prosperity and in my life has known no measure my happiness was unbounded so is my affliction hanging over my melancholy state i shed the more tears when i view the magnitude of my losses but my tears when recollection tells me how dear those pleasures were which i have lost to the greatest joys have succeeded the greatest sorrows and that my condition it seems might be absolutely desperate even the common rules of have been in our regard for while we pursued pleasures divine justice was indulgent to us no sooner was this and the holy bond of marriage united us than the hand of god became heavy on us having lowered yourself to raise me and thus given dignity to me and all my family what more could be required all guilt was before god and man why was i bom to be the occasion of so black a but such has ever been the e lives of and influence of women on the greatest men hence the caution of the wise man against us vii eve our first mother drove her husband from paradise heaven gave her to be his but soon she became his destruction was alone strong enough to that brave whose birth an angel had foretold she delivered him to his enemies when deprived of sight he was no longer able to support the load of misery involved in one common ruin he expired with his enemies solomon the wisest of men was so by a woman the daughter of the king of egypt as even in the decline of life to become an in preference to his father who was a just man he had been chosen to build a temple to the lord that lord he had publicly announced by word and in writing and he had taught his worship but that worship he deserted job that man of piety had to endure the of all his from his wife she him to curse god the arch temper well knew what experience had often taught him that the most way to destroy a husband was to employ the of his wife his usual malice he tried also upon us he had failed in his attempt while our union was therefore he had recourse to matrimony he was not permitted from our	48
evil conduct to work our ruin but he drew it from a source which it is impossible not to be interested by the following eloquent confession i will disclose to you all the secret weaknesses of my unhappy heart tell me then can i hope to the divine anger i who at every moment am charging heaven with cruelty my murmurs may draw on me greater vengeance the sorrow at least of such a penitent will not it but why do i talk of while the mind all its former to sin what the external language of grief it is indeed easy to confess one s faults it is easy to put on the imposing garb of but oh god how hard it is to tear the mind from those which were once so dear for this reason when the holy job had said i will my tongue to speak against myself that is i will accuse myself of my faults i will confess my sins he immediately adds i will speak in the bitterness of my soul these words the blessed has there are many says he who readily acknowledge their faults but they know not what it is to grieve what should be a subject of tears they relate with a face of joy he therefore who in real declares his sins must do it in the bitterness of his heart his must at once punish what his tongue is made to utter how rare this sorrow is st has also told us i have found more says he who have preserved their innocence than who have recovered it by so fascinating were the pleasures we once indulged the thought of them cannot give the l of and me pain nor can i their impression i turn m eyes in all their charms there are they present to me even in my dreams the dear round me during the of the august mysteries when the soul on the wings of prayer should rise more pure to heaven the same ideas haunt my wretched soul they seize every avenue to my heart when i should grieve for what is past i only sigh that the same pleasures return no more f my mind has been too faithful to its impressions it holds up to the imagination every circumstance of pleasure and all the scenes of past joys play before me i know the strong workings of my mind sometimes even betray themselves on my countenance i am heard to utter words escape from me how wretched is my condition to me surely may be applied those plaintive expressions of the miserable mortal that i am who will free me from body of death could i but add with truth the grace of god through christ our lord this grace my dearest you are possessed of it has been peculiarly indulgent to you even the very circumstance which we consider as an instance of great severity does but announce die paternal goodness of god like a skilful physician who to cure his patient does not spare the knife i have to combat the of youth and that burning flame which the indulgence of f pleasure has raised within me my arms are but that poor which weak female nature can supply they who think me virtuous they think me because my external actions are such when surely this amiable virtue only dwells within the mind the world may praise me but before god i am worthless he is the of hearts and his eye into the inmost thoughts i am deemed virtuous in an age when religion too generally wears the cloak of when he is most loudly praised whose actions do not the public eye indeed the man perhaps may deserve some even before god who whatever be his motive from those which are a scandal to the church which expose the name of god to the tongues of the wicked and by which are induced to ridicule the sacred of religion this is at least a small effect of divine grace from which proceeds not only the power to do good but also that of from doing evil yet after all what the latter without the former it is decline from far other dreams my soul employ c f i to bat cannot when i bt i th lover not lament the fault c ib i ah believed the of god in vain confessed the slave of love of love and t thoughts on the weather by professor evil and do good and even both can have no to a reward unless they be done from the motive of pleasing god through the whole course of my life heaven knows what have been my dispositions it was you and not god whom i feared most to offend yon and not god i was most anxious to please my mind is still it was not love of him but solely your command that drew me to the how miserable then my if so much i have no prospect of a reward hereafter by external show you like others have been deceived you ascribed to the impressions of religion what sprang from another source thus you recommend yourself to my prayers in hopes of finding that which i look for from you if these letters be genuine and we see no cause to doubt it they show to have been a woman of very extraordinary mind as well as passions who loved not wisely but too well who in the midst of an age attained to a degree of mental improvement that would even now be respectable and surrounded by a selfish and vicious society devoted herself a willing victim to that noble and disinterested passion which under happier circumstances would have her a model of female virtue with all her faults she has been more against than and her name has been most sacrificed pope for the	48
sake of the poetical glory of his own art v thoughts on the weather by professor from the new monthly ms the inhabitants of our island are i believe pretty generally said by foreigners to be more frequent and anxious after the state weather than any other people in europe and this again has been as sufficient proof of the peculiar of our climate i cannot but think that we are neither more anxious about the weather nor have more reason to be so than most of the nations of the north of europe it is perhaps not an uninteresting remark that the southern nations of europe content themselves with the same word to express both time and weather whereas the northern have a distinct word for the weather may be considered as a proof of the importance they attach to it not to dwell too long on a point for weather time french spanish italian german dutch vol i g thoughts on the weather by professor to my present purpose i proceed to give you an account of mr s instructive and entertaining just published at under the title of thoughts on the weather on the title is the very appropriate while the earth seed time and harvest and cold and heat and summer and winter and day and night shall not cease gen viii the author says people in general have very ideas respecting the course of the weather they commonly fancy that it at a very great distance from our earth by the powerful influence of the principal celestial bodies and that its effects and consequences extend to large tracts of country nay even to whole and that they produce general changes in the great economy of nature the author thinks that this is the reason people expect or desire respecting the weather from whose according to appearances indeed are directed to the same regions but that it is the business of the only to examine into the physical causes of the and often rapidly changing course of the weather but he gives the some hints towards a more solid judgment on this natural phenomenon from a higher and more suitable point of view we go too far to look for the physical acting powers which determine the course of the weather but they lie extremely close to us and we are continually surrounded with the processes of their elements the highest clouds of and rain borne by the air do not pass above half a german two and a half english mile over our heads for the of the mountains which however are not seven of a mile in perpendicular height rise far above all such clouds the universal air magazine of nature or what we call the atmosphere is formed within these cloudy regions and receives in continual all the animal vegetable and detached from the surface of the globe developed and dissolved into the most thus various kinds of are which by means of and change them into rain snow hail dew mist c and impelled by the winds return them to earth as a moisture but this whole atmosphere in comparison with the entire mass of the earth to little more than the thickness of a piece of paper on a globe one foot in or than the moisture which appears upon it when it is removed in winter from a cold room to a warm one all the phenomena of the air and weather are in this of the earth and therefore if small portions of the earth suffer by them yet the general economy of h va der english time weather thoughts on the weather y by professor nature cannot be thereby disturbed or interrupted it is therefore an error if a change in the position of the earth s c has been thought possible the author proceeds to show that the of the sun affects only the course and of the weather in general but that the calculated influence of the sun s beams is extremely unequal owing to the temporary and local nature of the soil of a country and its situation of the air the wind and the actual stock of the above mentioned materials but the moon it will be said its part in our weather by no means so regularly and sensibly as it has long been supposed to do the sum of all the hours during which in the whole year the moon shines by night or in the absence of the sun by a rough calculation to only one half of all the nights in the year that is hours or one fourth days and from this must be the time in which for two or three days before and after new moon it appears only in the shape of a its light besides is at least times fainter than that of the sun and we have therefore the less reason to expect its rays to have any influence on bodies many years observations have clearly shown that there is no certain and constant coincidence of the changes in the weather with f s monthly returning distances positions and of light as far as any does take place yet the local and temporary state of the atmosphere and its various composition will never allow it to be determined either before hand or according to the effects and consequences the author then takes a view of the and and declares them innocent of all the bad weather on the earth or at least that our intellectual sight is too dim to discern their influence and what is its nature places the only real cause of all possible changes of the weather in the and caused by the sun and a warmth over the surface of the globe which may here and there disturb the of the air and thus cause in particular the origin of the winds during this active operation	48
of the grand economy of nature the surface of the earth itself is subject to natural changes it besides suffers great changes from the active hand of man from the often destruction of great forests from the building of large cities by which new animal and take place instead of vegetable ones with such incessant variations of the it is therefore almost impossible to attain to any precise rules in or to certain of the though in some countries it is considered as to walk by moonlight with the head uncovered yet i believe its alleged influence on the atmosphere has not been ascribed to the warmth or light of its rays but o its tion four through greece ther tke higher or lower situation of a country bare or wooded mountains wiu likewise contribute to cause very different weather in places but a few distant from each mr thinks that there can be properly no such thing ai a science of a regards the weather and that the pains taken by some to invent a theory appears wholly fruitless that the utmost that an be attained by frequent and continued observation will be probable conjectures respecting the nature of the future changes of the weather with the however that they would be only to districts of no great extent and but for a short period of time it is farther to be observed that we cannot give the of the atmosphere such a direction as w wish and must submit to their effects the author further than on account of the changes that have taken place in the physical climate and course of the weather for some years past thus in the number of cloudy days and nights have for twenty years past as the journals prove the days hitherto marked in the as relative to the weather such as st for instance cannot at any rate now answer the accidents of the weather seem however to make a kind of progress in irregular periods over the surface of the earth hence as experience the physical climate and the of many countries become in the course of years more or less favourable which however has no connection with the climate for the of the earth s always remains the same in general no advantage could be expected from a certain fore knowledge of the accidents of the weather it could never satisfy the wishes of ally not even of one village but might often or the active or make the weak whereas here as in other things a happy ignorance is often an excitement to our courage in physical therefore we shall probably be obliged to content ourselves with uncertainty and continual exceptions from rules often laid down and with the consciousness that this phenomenon of nature is also under the direction of an all wise providence content ourselves with the best of that which many years experience has hitherto taught and which attentive and have long since known in relation to own districts or have sufficient experience to conjecture as probable from the british critic art vi a classical and tour through greece during the years j and by edward well esq to r sailed from in april in a merchant ship trading to the islands the first place of any con greece s he touched at was at that time under the protection of the and he had scarcely landed two hours on this island when a firing was heard in the streets it was in consequence of an between the and the which cost the lives of about seventeen of the former and five or six of the latter the immediately landed five hundred men to prevent more bloody consequences and by these tions and the activity of mr the british general peace was at last restored this specimen of national habits with an account of the murder of a physician his wife child servant and two by their in their passage from to were mr first pleasing to greece the canal of is the haunt also of who proceed much on the same principles as the present italian a sum is demanded for the of their prisoners and if this is deposited at the fixed time the utmost fidelity is observed in their if not they return the of the unfortunate captive to his friends a french merchant in this way not long ago lost his nose both ears and all his the front teeth were preparing to follow when the who practised these in were taken and the profession ol however is by no means ble in greece as the following adventure which occurred to mr during his stay in will we were not a little surprised one day when the servant of die house came in to announce the captain of the thieves and his men who were desirous of making our acquaintance the door opened and about a dozen of the wildest and aspect marched in dressed in velvet and gold and armed as if they were going to the field of battle they saluted us with a of the head with the right hand on the breast and the usual compliments of i a v t and ir f they then took their seats and without further ceremony began to smoke their pipes after a few minutes silence and mutual gazing the captain of the thieves opened the discourse and t ad us he came first to pay his respects to the and then to offer his and that oi several hundred i or brave fellows he had under his command who would follow us any where we might choose to lead them being at that moment idle and having lately the on the opposite coast and hav ing brought away every thing that was of any value we expressed all due for the kind offers of the captain which	48
we however begged to decline these thieves are christians who long exercised their talents in the territory of the of but owing to the vigilance of his police have been obliged to take s tour through greece refuge in the neighbouring islands where they have found an asylum under the protection of the republic they profess only to against whom they an eternal and religious warfare in imitation of more powerful they even condescend to rob on the seas and was the deposit of their plunder captain their leader is an and has a brother also captain of another band and as great a thief as himself vol i p the first tour which mr made led him from to by and to and thence by the to in he projected a second expedition from and as he then examined the same country more in detail his accounts are principally given from this latter journey he was accompanied by an artist of considerable merit we can scarcely find space to follow him step by step on his very extensive route and we must content ourselves by stopping with him at those spots which present the most interest to the general reader at he was compelled to surrender his plan of proceeding by way of to from the appearance of the plague in the if the account which mr our gave of the conduct of the jews and may be depended upon we are much surprised that any part of greece is ever free from the of this hideous disease those who have recovered from this disorder once are less exposed to the danger of and a second recovery is almost a certain the jews from purchase the clothes of the dead the from custom plunder their houses and both are employed to bury them they have been detected dipping rags and into the blood and matter of the deceased and throwing them into the windows of wealthy houses from a hope that by they might increase their profits m once saw an throw a into the window of his own residence the dress of the is extremely rich their boots are of silver sometimes gilt and very curiously worked and being of different pieces they easily yield to the motion of the leg they walk in these the manner of our own military with a heavy tread in order to make a noise and clatter their arms which they never quit for a moment consist of long silver mounted pistols a and a dagger which still among the the name y and serves like that of for the two equally useful purposes of and as occasion may require they carry also a long piece of wood called at one end like a seal this is a most essential part of their and is used in moments of to scratch the from their tour through greece backs an amusement which necessarily no portion of time since they sleep on the ground and like the of charles xii of and many other great warriors seldom if ever wash themselves near the end of the plain the guide pointed to a in the part of the rock called in which he stated that a man who had entered to steal honey was converted into stone we mention this to show how well a hint was bestowed on mr and how he endeavoured to improve it he immediately that there must be a statue in the cave and attempted but without success to ascend it his enterprise deserved a better reward than the miserable fare with which the bishop of entertained him on the night of this adventure rice bad cheese and wine so that it his lips this of wine with more or less throughout greece and is considered by the natives to improve the quality as much as the brandy of our english merchants does that of port mr with great difficulty sat upon his legs a la at the table and was by the for the ridiculous distinction of rank which prevented his servant from sharing their meal the bishop s a y i or housekeeper captain says in the is a good travelling name it stops a great many foolish inquiries was mr was requested to feel her pulse and give her some from his medicine chest which although he professed entire ignorance of the science the bishop wisely observed must do her good because it was contained in such nice little bottles the lady was better in the morning and her master with equal wisdom then requested a second dose to prevent her from being ill again but every thing which a frank does or possesses is marvellous in these countries at a village at the foot of mr was nearly pulled to pieces for the contents of his tea and when ihey saw him some pencil marks with indian rubber the grown up persons exclaimed that he was m iy in plain english a and the children ran away and said he was the devil of the far temple at r if y m not a trace its position is not to be determined even its very form is unknown the prophetic is searched for in vain and of the in which ten could start at the same moment no is to be found all that man in his pride had devoted to its magnificence is swept away and its probable site is only to be by the eternal forks of and the of but the are dumb close to the of in this neighbourhood is a perpendicular in the rock s tour through greece the have a tradition that at the birth of christ a priest of who was sacrificing at this place suddenly stop the ceremonies and declared to the surrounding multitude that the son of a god was at that moment bom whose power would equal that of but	48
that the god would ultimately triumph over the new bom divinity the words were scarcely finished when the rock was rent in two by a clap of thunder and the priest consumed to ashes by a flash of lightning vol i p of the at mr speaks largely and strongly we have already in our review of mr s work on turkey expressed our to take any part in this not so much from reluctance to commit ourselves as from a conviction that the question is attended with such difficulties as render a suspense of judgment absolutely necessary in common all wanton under a pretext of love of the arts we utterly but if these precious remains were exposed as it is stated by lord s friends either to destruction by the or by any other european government whose influence chanced to prevail at the moment in the we arc not sorry to have been the first to profit by favourable opportunities we cordially wish if they could have remained there m safety that our never bad been from their original and we feel that a nation which is content to lodge them in the miserable bam which they now occupy but little deserves possession the feelings of the on this subject may be estimated by the following anecdote during my residence at the work of having been begun by the christians was in an humble man ner by the and a large block of the of the at the south west angle to the was thrown down by order of the and placed over one of the doors of the fortress as i imagined that he intended to other parts of this elegant edifice which seemed doomed to destruction i took the liberty of on the of his proceedings he pointed to the to the and to the and answered with a singularly enraged tone of voice what right have you to where are now the which were taken by your countrymen from the temples vol i p we rejoice to hear that lord by an honourable act of private has removed the disgraceful l was the inscription which it bore which supplied the place of the now in the british museum his has in its place a statue of artificial stone made from a cast of the original the monument of s through greece and the were preserved from violence solely through their to religious purposes there was a practice some years ago of a of for the sake of the materials threw down the single which stood at the western extremity of the the of demanded seventeen as a compensation for the offence after the destruction of this column the three nearest to it were heard every night to lament the loss of their sister nor did their terrific cease till the profane was poisoned even now the temple is under supernatural protection you know where the are said an old woman surprised to see mr drawing its ruins with his but with all your magic you cannot them into your box for a black watches them all day and at night from column to column why were not the of and the negro at their posts when the invaded them in mr made numerous among the and discovered many interesting remains a night in his excursion to we must leave him to relate himself the of is about half a mile from the ruins of and one hour and forty minutes or about four miles and a half from we arrived there in the evening and to our great surprise found it completely deserted and the doors fastened the prospect of passing the night in the open air at this season of the and in a spot remarkable for its made us take a liberty which we should not otherwise have done but for which we were confident that the or would accept our apology upon our return to with a great deal of difficult and some er we the lofty walls when we entered the night was closing in and a deep silence prevailed throughout the the occupants of which seemed to have retired the store rooms were open and well furnished with of honey ranged in neat order next were large of and from the roof hung rows of grapes and the only inhabitants left in the were some cats who seemed to welcome us in the absence of their masters we took complete possession oi the place and on the produce of the deserted mansion which seemed to have been prepared for our reception we the doors with great poles and as it grew dark expected to hear the astonished demanding but they did not come and no noise during the night disturbed the tranquillity of our solitary abode we slept in a room to whidi we ascended by a ladder which we pulled up after us vol i p vol i s tour through greece for several nights they used the as their in the same manner and as it may seem encountered neither wandering nor sleeping beauty in its deserted the of are not much more enlightened than their countrymen elsewhere when the saw the reflected in all its lines and colours by the he his beard and contented himself with repeating several times but when some of his soldiers happened accidentally to pass by and appeared in motion on the paper he became outrageous called mr pig devil and and told him that he might take away the temple and all the stones of the but that he the never would permit his soldiers to be into the box mr in reply threatened to put him into the box and that he should find it a very difficult matter to get out again the stared with fear and astonishment retired as soon as possible and kept out of the way ever afterwards by another of no small consequence	48
our traveller was once asked whether england was as large as whether we did not pass most of our time in ships and go about in boats from house to house much as we have been told of the beauty of the we suspect that this dance in truth has neither grace elegance nor activity according to mr s account it is more than a heavy jumping alternately with each foot in spite of lady m w the modem greek music is equally deficient in good taste with their dancing it is more noisy than harmonious we may judge something of its style when we are told that the only foreign air which has been completely in every body however sings love of course is the principal topic of song and they love in songs like these if the sky was paper and the sea was ink it would be insufficient to write down the troubles of a heart absent from the object of its adoration oh may the mountains sink down and be seen where my love walks about hie a an animal which of all others as its gait is most slow and heavy is supposed in these countries to be the most elegant an interesting adventure occurred to mr during his stay in the like a second had the to intrude upon the mysteries of the female bath et he was discovered and as the insult was was compelled to fly from the vengeance of the outraged husbands mr resided at that time in the of the catholic one night after all within the walls of the had retired to rest a stranger knocked loudly at the gate and in s tour through greece a voice of deep distress implored admission it was the who had returned in disguise he was for a long time refused but through mn s interference who notwithstanding the which he had received very generously interested himself on behalf of the unfortunate exile at last was suffered to enter the of a violent and character was about forty years of age of a noble and imposing appearance with a fine flowing black beard and in scarlet and gold his wife was a greek and his family was numerous the is situated at no great distance from the and one of the rooms which i occupied was opposite to the eastern extremity of that fortress when the became a little by the security of his retreat the domestic affections of which i should not have previously thought him so susceptible began to operate powerfully upon his breast and he warmly entreated me to procure him an opportunity beholding his wife and children from my window the secret of his return to was confined to the myself and our servants but it required considerable precautions to prevent the disclosure and at the same time to obtain for the distressed individual the particular gratification which he sought it was agreed that i should pay a visit to his wife who lived in the and should arrange with her the three stated periods of each day at which she should show herself and her children at the eastern the poor woman received me at first with trembling apprehension and cautious and the more so from her knowledge of my previous with her husband after much persuasion however i succeeded in conducting her to the appointed spot where i showed her the who was anxiously watching for his wife a which i had lent him for the purpose this unexpected sight of one whom she appears to have tenderly loved was too much for her natural unaffected she uttered a scream of joy and fainted in my arms this incident was alarming for if any had been passing at the moment the retreat of the would probably have been discovered or else i should have incurred the suspicion of an improper familiarity with the wife of a and my situation would have been hardly less perilous than that from which i was to the fortunately however her house was not far off to which i conducted her with some danger and considerable difficulty when she reached her home and recovered from her surprise she expressed her gratitude in the most affecting manner and in her confidence her face which exhibited the of care and wo her eldest son a fine youth of about fifteen years of age was called in and with the secret s tour through greece of his s return and place of th same was also to his eldest daughter who however did not make her appearance the other children were not of a sufficient age to be the of such an important but they all accompanied their mother to the eastern without being at all conscious of the purpose for which they went and little suspecting that they were affording to their afflicted father a spectacle of unspeakable delight vol ii p these distant visits were renewed daily during mr s stay and a promise of continued protection after his departure was given by the prior who in the course of time brought about a reconciliation and restored the to his command of the the birds of are particularly tame and in contradiction to and dr not only fly into and over the but frequently build on the a small hawk was a guest at mr dinner table till he took offence one day on accidentally burning his bill the still continue to in chorus and the to chatter like an old the of need no longer excite our surprise for the gardens abound with such as carry large in their mouths with seeming facility the beauty of the scenery is vividly described by mr more particularly in the neighbourhood of ther and he certainly traversed the of with a more favourable impression of the of the accounts which and have left of its alternate and than we can find in	48
the papers of mr at the guide who accompanied the travellers from begged them in breathless haste to come and look at some horses of such size and shape as he was certain they had never seen before he was right for these horses were which begin to be common in and and we pardon both of and live on very good terms with their friends the horses and the at their greek host had lately received a most useful protection from the of who had not neglected to demand its full value in return the document which contained it began as follows we the grand of declare that of shall neither be stung by the flies nor bitten by the serpent such in the oriental style are the tides of the of and king s taxes we consider the journey in the to be by far the most interesting portion of these volumes but any attempt to it would be unjust and endless we had marked much for as we proceeded but every fresh page added a fresh tour through greece heap to our already overgrown materials and we were obliged to in the scholar and the lover of the arts wm we doubt not be more obliged to us for referring them to the work itself than for and it by this expedition in parts was attended with no risk at the neighbourhood of which was reported to be the haunt of the travellers very committed themselves to the charge of some stout and well armed this precaution was by no means unnecessary in passing the village of they witnessed a regular between one and forty thieves and about as many and and were near to see the movements of the reflected on paper by the and to distinguish the smoke of every that was fired the under command of their leader captain george effected a retreat to their strong holds this warrior some years afterwards entered the english service and informed sir william that he remembered seeing mr and his pass by and that if he had not been otherwise occupied he should have taken them all though as they were he would not have hurt them he was delighted with sir william s accurate knowledge of the country and him by saying this knows the ground as well as if he had been a thief himself proceeding in the direction of they found another deserted oxen and pigs were in the court yard a fire on die hearth and two cats not white enjoying the fragments of a recent dinner but not a single human being they wished to pass the night in this comfortable abode but their guards were panic struck at the silence and desolation of the in which they persuaded themselves that the thieves were concealed with much reluctance they continued their journey to on the ruins of where they were received in the papa s cottage they occupied one end of a long room while the daughter of their host at the other end was delivered of a fine boy in the course of the night it was not however till they approached the plain of that their situation became most critical the villagers seeing that we were determined to penetrate through the forest where it was supposed the thieves were concealed joined our party to the number of about twenty with their at their head we crossed the river and plunging into a thick forest of oaks in the course of a few minutes found ourselves in the presence of a small party of the thieves who were in the wood my and one of the villagers of immediately rushed upon a sturdy and with some danger secured him and tied his arms together the tt s tour through greece being inferior to us in number fled into the forest without making the least resistance and while we were eagerly but pursuing them we were unexpectedly drawn into an and found ourselves in an of bushes and and surrounded by a large band of robbers who ordered us instantly to prostrate ourselves before them some of our party however firing upon the thieves we were answered by an immediate discharge of pistols and and two of our men fell badly wounded this was the signal for general slaughter and our escape appearing impossible and resistance useless we expected immediately to pay dear for our at this critical moment loud voices were heard with the galloping and of horses and in another instant about three hundred headed by the of who was in search of the robbers rushed to the spot where we stood and taking us all for thieves trampled some of our party under their horses feet but as they were not long before they perceived their mistake they their pursuit of the robbers and i never beheld a more spectacle or witnessed a more singular conflict the costume formed a striking assemblage of military glitter and this blended with the gay and gorgeous of their horses moving rapidly along at times appearing disappearing and among the trees and the shade of the forest with sudden of coloured light formed altogether a rich and interesting picture we must also recollect that it derived an additional attraction from the danger we had escaped and the security we then enjoyed in a few minutes we came up with the thieves and although they formed the main body of one hundred and forty yet they were so unprepared for this general attack that they dispersed and were indebted for their safety to the dense of the forests and the of the mountains only seven of our men were wounded during the day several of the thieves were badly wounded one was killed and five were taken prisoners and sent to where they were they were badly clothed extremely dirty and had very little money or they belonged to the great band of captain	48
george whom we had so lately seen fighting at the foot of vol ii p many fragments still exist on the site of notwithstanding the more than treatment which this city in common with many of its sisters experienced from the stupid and insensible of the we the selfish spirit which induced a late who otherwise deserved well of the arts to melt his into a pair of but this petty offence sinks into nothing before the gigantic crime of it is not for s tour through greece s gotten on the spot which witnessed it the guide who accompanied mr to the ruins of after pointing out some detached carefully turned them over and concealed them under the bushes he did so he said to preserve them because many years ago a french after having copied some and out the letters many fine of marble upon inspection bore visible marks of this barbarous mr continued his journey until the period during which he was allowed to travel on for he was a had expired he then surrendered himself to the french general at who thought this to the laws of honour so impossible that he committed him a close prisoner to a miserable till he had his papers we do not find much reason to hope from any thing contained in these volumes for a political of greece mr is of his opinions on this point he once that he never found any insolence or so disgusting as the pride and low impertinence of the contemptible and filthy inhabitants of an island inhabited by independent who though rich and industrious have all the insolence of slaves and are by an over bearing and contemptuous manner which is far more than the haughty though genteel and dignified of the this is no very favourable specimen of the fruits of liberty on that soil indeed it is rather a change of masters than absolute independence that the look for when mr was drawing the ruins of some countrymen came round him and expressed their happiness to see him taking plans for the king of the a a wm was the burden of their self they liked the and were it not that we eat meat on fast days they believed that we should be christians in spite of this liking they had no high opinion of our sagacity and were willing enough to profit by any seeming lack of it at when they had sold mr all the which they possessed they went into the fields to pick up cows horns horses hoofs and bits of bones which they to him as the mixture of languages which these countries sometimes occasions a confusion the modem port takes its name from the of on an island in this port remains an statue probably of in a sitting posture in modem greek a tailor and this statue is called the tailor s daughter the following the genius of their tongue named mount with as little as could reasonably expected such as it is however the and of have adopted it by a literal translation of the italian t v s tour through greece former call it i the latter both of which words signify the mad mountain and many of classical origin abound every where in greece while m r was one day drawing the exterior of a chamber near two women wished to drive him away as they had something important to do in the cave finding that neither abuse nor threats availed one stood at the mouth and the other having entered and remained a short time they both went away warning him not to go in at his peril his greek servant assured him that they had been sacrificing to the m u or and on his knees him not to disturb these fatal sisters who were doubtless on the banquet which the piety of the women had provided in spite of these mr persisted and he found in the inner chamber a cup of honey and white a cake on a and a of burning the greek on his master s return trembled violently and crossing himself frequently insisted on his service assuring him that some great misfortune would speedily punish his daring mr not believing that the ass who carried his c apparatus was a gave him the cake to eat he perceived no change of form but the animal grew and to the great triumph of the greek ran away kicking and till he broke the which was on his back every about has its peculiar virtues one husbands another children and a third if properly in the accomplishment of revenge in the latter case the evil spirits are to be fed not on honey and but with a piece of a priest s cap or a rag from his clothes a log of wood burnt at one end with some hairs twisted round it placed secretly at night before the door of an enemy inevitably his des this curse was on the english agent while mr was at but the wisely its influence by and holy water the blade bone of a lamb scraped is an the call this mode of the scotch who use a very similar magic term it in greece as in all other countries the principal actors of these forbidden rites are old women the evil eye is still fatal to children and to prevent its effects the same must be applied which were in use among their forefathers the first place where i discovered this superstition was in the island of i was taking a view near a cottage into which i was kindly invited and entertained with fruit and wine two remarkably fine children the sons of my host were playing about the cottage and as i wished to pay a compliment to the parents i was lavish in my praises of their children but when i	48
had repeated my admiration two or three times an old s woman whom i suppose to have been the grandmother became with alarm and starting up she dragged the children towards me and desired me to spit in their faces this singular request excited so much astonishment that i concluded the dame to be disordered in her but her were immediately and earnestly enforced by those of the father and mother of the boys i was fortunately accompanied by a greek who explained to me that in order to destroy the evil effects of my the only remedy was for me to spit in the faces of the children i could no longer refuse a compliance with their demands and i accordingly per formed the unpleasant office in as moderate a manner as possible but this did not satisfy the superstitious and it was curious to see with what perfect tranquillity the children this nasty operation to which their beauty had probably frequently exposed them the mother then took some dust from the ground and mixing it with some oil from a lamp which was burning before a picture of the virgin put a small patch of it on their we then parted good friends but they begged of me never to praise children again vol ii p mr will perceive that our object in this review of his elaborate work has rather been to draw up an article with which our readers may be entertained than to exhibit a great deal of learning by a critical examination of the use which he has of his extensive acquaintance with classical literature it is however from this last that his volumes will acquire and deserve their permanent reputation and it is but common justice to add that wherever we have followed his steps we have found him treading on very certain ground other travellers have faithfully presented us with the and of these interesting countries but we are indebted to mr for having most successfully filled up a chasm in our literature by connecting existing with existing objects and forming as it were a catalogue of all that remains or is wanting of art we would recommend to future two very useful in these pages a nice of proper names and an accurate distinction of the by their appropriate marks of quantity we take our leave of this author with every possible feeling of respect he has presented us with a work of sound learning good taste and lasting utility art vii or the at philadelphia by m and son this very sweet little poem is not known among us it has been more than a year but has yet found its way into few of our we cannot wonder that the public vol i should be unwilling to purchase poems when such of dignified with the name of poetry are yearly issued from the press however is by no means of the common stamp indeed it is remarkable for having not a single bat tie castle indian nor knight in the whole book yet this singular deficiency it is interesting and beautiful by what magic a reader will be disposed to inquire is such a produced as a fine poem without a battle or a mystery tne wonder is effected simply by a recourse to the too much neglected fountains of now we are aware that the mere mention of ancient greece is sufficient to scare away half the would be readers of any work of fiction we have grown dreadfully afraid of any thing that reminds us of our studies and prepare to over a story twenty times told of and line or the tale of divine but in this instance an agreeable disappointment the reader who not discouraged nor dismayed ta open the volume the author or rather for we are told it is the production of a lady has taken advantage of the prevailing taste for the dwarf or in rhyme and without being less purely classic has constructed neither an nor a pastoral but a very spirited and entertaining story with all the charms of beautiful and animated description the ground work of this tale as set forth in the preface is this the belief in the supernatural powers of music and to the earliest ages of poetry its most beautiful forms are the of and in the days of her youth as she appears in the third book of s on the goddess contains much wild and wonderful and his though it does not mention magic in particular is a of almost all the ideas entertained by the of supernatural power distinct from and subordinate to that of the gods though the gods were supposed to be drawn from their cars by magic and compelled however reluctantly to yield it a temporary obedience these subjects appear to have been favourite topics with the in their hours as we may judge from the and from the tales related by and at the feast given by the latter in the of his marvellous narrative by saying tin the words which form the motto of this poem you must of necessity believe that there are women of supernatural science of who can turn the world down it will appear from these and more might have been made if it had not appeared superfluous that the power ascribed by the to magic is by no means exaggerated in the following poem though its forms are in some measure the opening scene of the poem is in the temple of love at a town of near the foot of mount that love was the principal deity of we learn from and in the beginning of his dialogue us that a festival in honour of this deity was celebrated by the with great splendor every fifth year they also celebrated a festival in honour of the who had a sacred grove and temple in the hero of the tale	48
an youth the festival at the temple of love at he has brought an offering of wild flowers and sacrifices them to the god with a prayer that the divinity will restore his beloved and maiden to health the of having failed to cure her of a disease which threatened her life beside the altar s foot he stands and low his and now with hands the wild flower wreath and at once as when in night comes pale frost or eastern sweeping with destructive wing banks the wreath the wild flowers die one by one on earth they lie strangely suddenly his brain round across his fancy flies shall death thus his dear does love reject his sacrifice he caught the arm of a near m this is the who in semblance of a of surpassing loveliness whose bright hair in the noon beams glowing a rose bud wreath above confined from whence as from a fountain flowing long round her temples and fell in many a graceful fold streaming in curls of lightness around her neck s whiteness love in the smile that round her lips twin roses of persuasion played of sweets than the bee bis laid and his own shafts of liquid fire came on the soul with sweet surprise through the soft of young desire that trembled in her large dark eyes but in those eyes there seemed to move a flame almost too bright for love that shone with flashes beneath their long deep shadowy she offers him consolation in language most at the court of to and sin and an offer of half her own wreath flowers may die on many a may fall from many a tree not the more for loss of them shall this fair world a desert be thou in every grove wilt see fruits and flowers enough for thee stranger i with thee will share the fruits and flowers i bear in fragrance fresh in bloom these may find a happier doom if they change not not now deem that love thy vow of the maid her flowers and offers them with her the flowers and again upon the altar she declares his sacrifice is accepted and again with eloquent the folly and impossibility of constancy he remains faithful however to his and after his accepting a flower from they part wandering and sad the dancing is met by an aged man that explains to him the true character of his new acquaintance what evil thus the stranger spoke has this our city done to thee ill boy that thou should st be a blot on our solemnity or what bade thee wear that laurel rose to love pro ne whose leaves in semblance fair of love s maternal flower contain for purest fragrance the youth explains how innocently he received the flower and the old man describes its qualities oh youth beware that laurel rose around s evil walls in rank grows mid dreary by the of haunted streams and magic knows no or plant of might when footsteps wake by night the echoes of those dismal what time the midnight dew on many a leaf and blossom that draws from earth s bosom mysterious virtue to the of unnatural these roses were not true roses they were flowers of the wild laurel which men call or rose laurel it is a bad dinner for either horse or ass the eating of it being attended by immediate death he also how to get rid of the spell connected with it for which purpose he is to seek the river side and with averted face to the stream tbat nor look upon the a does as he had been advised but is tempted by the sound of a voice resembling his as if in the last extremity of drowning he turns his head the sun upon the surface ht poured his last line of light half sunk behind the hill but h the solemn plane trees past the of a blast and in its many sounding sweep among the foliage broad and deep seemed to sigh as if the spirits of the mourned in prophetic sympathy with some disastrous lore we pass rapidly over the pages because the story does not bear g and this notice ot e poem is intended to invite to a perusal of it not to supply its place again the and again her but does not escape without a kiss with poison to all lips that thereafter press his own with this spell he seeks his home and his beloved a spell laid on him by a power which the its even in this age of plain fact and dull realities magic and mystery the that the sea and the soul in the enchanted sparkling free with wine amid whose with linked and wo mantle and whose beneath g race in subtle wreath with and young desire and soft persuasion whose touch with sympathetic fire could melt at the mind have passed away for truth young fancy s foe and reason chill have chased the dreams that charmed the youth of nature and the world which still amid that light severe our colder spirits leap to like echoes from a fairy hill deem not so the power of still on the earth but dwells in deeper folds of close disguise that reason s nor that mystic power resign to truth s cold sway his of till woman s eyes have ceased to shine and woman m have to and i voice hot to he the melody he finds her whom he had almost again to see perfectly restored to health oh joy the maid he left so fast whom death impatient to destroy had marked his prey now rosy blooming and beaming like the morning star with loveliness and love has flown to welcome him his cares fly far	48
like clouds when storms are for where such perfect reign even memory has no place for pain the poet s task were passing sweet if when he tells how lovers meet one half the flow of joy that iti magic on hour could touch with sympathetic power his s strings it may not be the is mute when would suit its numbers to so dear a theme but many a gentle maid i deem whose heart has known and felt the like can hear in fancy s kinder dream the i dare not strike the reader can but anticipate that he forgets s fatal kiss oh he has kissed s lips and with the touch the made grew pale and sudden shade of strange drew o er her eyes its dusky veil as the meadow pink its head by the rude in summer s prime from its parent stem and spread on earth to ere its time even so the flower of faded than when the sun hath shaded in the young storm his setting ray the western radiance dies away though pity s self has made thy breast its earthly shrine oh gentle maid shed not thy tears where love s last rest is sweet beneath the shade whence never voice of tyrant power nor trumpet blast from skies nor winds that howl nor storms that lower shall bid the sleeping rise but mourn for who live to keep sad strife with fortune s rude for them who live to toil and weep to solitude c agricultural societies if enough has not been by this time shown to recommend this delightful poem to the reader his patience would be but sorely to pursue the subject further and to those who feel for the lovers in the tale more need not be said to them to read the in the book itself merely therefore that three yet remain still more beautiful than those from which the have been made and that is restored to life and happiness we close this very hasty account of a work which is particularly worthy of the attention of the youthful poets of this country because it affords a striking proof that border wars or fairy legends or scenes of indian are not at all necessary as the ground work of popular and interesting poetry the history of ancient greece in subjects admirably fitted to be with the sweetest dreams of romance and to sustain the most delightful of sentiment and fancy and such possess this peculiar advantage that it is impossible to pursue them or to employ the mind about them such is the charm of classical antiquity without the taste and the imagination k art viii agricultural societies a the associations for the very purpose of pro agricultural knowledge no one is more conspicuous for zealous activity and practical usefulness than the agricultural society of county new york the excellent plan adopted by this institution of rural industry by publicly bestowed is known to have the happiest effects and the manner in which it is managed gives dignity and interest to those rustic occupations that are too often deemed unworthy the of the wealthy and refined inhabitants of our cities the proceedings of the second cattle show and fair c held september are now before us and we make the following to show the manner in which those affairs are conducted the second show and fair of the county agricultural society was at the village of on the th and th days of september last the exhibition of stock and domestic far exceeded that of the last y ear the stock was principally young but of a superior quality and evinced an attention to this important branch of surpassing the most sanguine expectation it afforded strong evidence that our farmers are not of their true interest and was a sure of their future prosperity the specimens of domestic were of a superior kind a few of which have been particularly noticed by the committee on that subject in their report and they observe generally agricultural societies that too much praise cannot be bestowed on the improvements made in this most useful of all at on the th the of the society entered on the various duties assigned them the president with the officers of the society attended during the day and the proceedings our farmers improved this day in receiving and conveying information on the various subjects which occupy their attention during the year and thus by each others experience which is among the most important objects of the society the proceedings on the th commenced by a match with horses and one with oxen here was a contest between farmers as to the best and most of a quarter of an acre of land the spot selected was and the number that entered the list was large the sound of the drum was the signal for starting and here commenced a trial of skill and diligence seldom witnessed after the match a procession was formed and marched to the court house accompanied by the excellent band belonging to the d u s whose services as heretofore were politely offered by col the exercises at the court house commenced by prayer by the rev mr banks of the first vice president gen brown of the u s army then addressed the society as follows c the speech of vice president brown is a plain practical address containing the result of much actual survey and experience within the limits of county the facts mentioned in the two following are very interesting to farmers in all parts of the country as the lands which i have had under cultivation have always been adapted peculiarly to wheat what i know of the produce or value of crops is by way of experiment i have derived but profit from any of the family except from peas and potatoes but as of	48
the soil i am however convinced that may be cultivated to great account and particularly upon the deep and moist of which i have been speaking i have found this vegetable the most certain of the root crops to give a rich return for the labor bestowed in it a supply of it on every farm to aid in such of our animals as are to be disposed of in the fall and in passing the remainder through the winter would add much to the wealth of the county every farmer can prepare a sufficient amount of soil for for it will be found if the ground in which the seed is placed is in a proper state that it will not require many acres to supply the most extensive farm in the county agricultural societies my rule has been to prepare perfectly in the fall a rich soil one foot in depth as early in the spring as i found the ground settled and in a state to be moved i gave it another dressing and put in my seed about three times as thick as i desired the plants to stand in rows nine inches apart when the plants came to a proper state for a small was passed between the rows to up the soil and clear out such weeds as appeared and at this a part of the superfluous plants were pulled up to open the ground by the sides of the remainder at the next say from two to four weeks according to the season the remaining plants which could be spared were drawn out being careful to leave the strong ones standing the crop required but little attention after this if heavy rains fell the ground between the rows was stirred as deep and as near to th m as could be done with safety to the roots under such cultivation i should not deem it to expect from three to five hundred per acre as an average crop the produce of my experiment last year gave at the rate of nine hundred and sixty the acre upon grass or the cultivation of artificial as a principal means of raising and animals and giving profit from a i shall not detain you long i am aware how deeply this branch of the subject enters into whatever concerns the interest of rural economy but being very little skilled in it i shall detain you with but few remarks i have under my eye gentlemen so deeply in this business that it would be unnecessary to name them to make them better known to this assembly at our next annual meeting the interests of this society and of may be much promoted by listening to the instruction which some one of these sound practical men can give upon grass and the best method of feeding and raising domestic animals this is a subject very interesting to a county like ours which so much grass land i have it from authority that the town of received the last season for its butter alone more than twenty thousand dollars and that received for cheese sent from that town upwards of twenty two thousand the appointed to on state in their report their tour through various parts of the county was above miles they visited towns viewed farms and examined more than different articles which were presented for from what your committee have seen they cannot be deceived when they say that the effects already produced by this society vol i agricultural societies are very apparent whilst they were surprised they were highly gratified with discovering a ambition to and a spirit of honourable awakened in many parts of the county which are the evidences of the advancement of our agricultural interest and of the approach of that day in which this county will take that high standing among the of this state to which from her local situation her climate her soil and her and productions she is capable of being raised the list of on one of silver valued at six dollars for the best farm in each of the thirteen or towns in the county for the best managed farm in the county a silver valued at forty dollars for the best nursery in the county a silver cup valued at dollars for the best orchard a similar and for the best corn on one acre and sixteen others for various the on stock were five those on domestic were job best yards of cloth not less than yard wide in the family of the person exhibiting the same s daniel do do second best do best yards flannel of domestic manufacture not less than yard wide do do do second best do c b fish best yards of pressed cloth women ware do best ten run of do moody best not less than yards do s best specimen of straw hats and silver cup best cheese not less than weight silver sugar george white best one hundred weight of sugar david champion greatest quantity of do do ann brown best wine not less than ten sugar daniel w most useful invention in or john mc best plough sugar miss ann d best bonnet silver appeal fc st the being distributed the procession was again formed and marched to the large building lately erected for a paper mill by mr for the better accommodation of so numerous an assembly the successful being formed by themselves where a dinner in true farmer style was prepared at the head of the table was placed the bust of washington and the declaration of independence with a of the hand writing of those brave men who adopted it the room was decorated with some of the finest vegetables of different descriptions the produce of the past season the greatest order prevailed and the society at	48
an early hour art ix an appeal from the judgments of great the united states of america by robert tn a recent number of the london review the of that journal take occasion to remark upon the internal suffered by the american republic from which they add we hope she will not soon recover this sentiment is we confidently trust not it is the wish at least if circumstances forbid the hope of most of the citizens of our republic that britain may be able to the dreadful evils which her internal now threaten to produce and if we thought mr s book calculated to or to keep alive a spirit of between the two countries we should not take so much pleasure in it but we cannot but hope that it will lay the foundation of a better mutual understanding and tend materially to that feeling which has been by the continued and reproaches of our friends this effect will be produced we trust by the influence of the lesson of caution and forbearance which they will derive from having the conviction brought home to them of the extreme of their own a circumstance to the existence of which they seem to have hitherto remained and the greater self respect with which it will inspire us as to certain particulars on which we have been accustomed to consider ourselves to some degree of censure it is not to be expected that the of their national pride will be but surely our must see tlie absurdity of their charges against us when they find that similar and higher can easily be found to infinitely more grievous against themselves the is presented to them from which as they cannot escape either your country is much more guilty than ours and therefore it is not for you to utter reproaches or else the evidence is and and consequently your against us are totally s appeal by proof candid and liberal men therefore who not having duly weighed the testimony have been persuaded to adopt the views of our in the review cannot but be influenced by an appeal of this character and as reproaches that are felt to be not entirely the most deeply we shall feel less hereafter to the of which we have become convinced is perfectly it is from these considerations we infer that the appeal besides its effect on the continent of europe will have a pacific tendency even as regards the literary intercourse between great and the united states but even should the reverse prove to its consequence if ill will should be and the renewal of pacific relations further postponed we must recollect the warfare was commenced on the other side and its sin lies not at our door but at theirs who provoked it if our defence prove a battery as well as a it is obvious that it could not well be one without acting also as the other and as on our side began late and are carried on with reluctance whenever our are willing to lay down the pen we shall no doubt cheerfully adopt the and faithfully observe its terms we have been accustomed so long to read in english of the debate in upon declaring the united states to be the most enlightened nation in the world without any contradiction on our part that to many among us as well as to most in europe it will be matter of some surprise to learn that the national show the circumstances on which the has been founded were not such as can fairly support any charge of national vanity mr has thus this hitherto unpleasant subject we have seen that the review talks of the proposition of the american to declare herself the most enlightened nation on the globe the review also in the of s letters on this supposed proposition and that it was withdrawn only through fear of giving to the french mr alexander to it in his on the orders in council saying that the americans gravely once in whether they should style themselves the most enlightened people in the world but he the of the allusion by relating how a distinguished member of the house of mr seriously declared in his place and was no doubt as seriously believed that great britain was too honest to have any political with the continent of europe by a natural or of reading the now goes as the british critic has it that the americans during three successive days whether they were not the greatest wisest s appeal fc ingenious and most learned of mankind this is the shape in which it will doubtless be by the british let us attend now to the facts of the case as they are apparent upon the face of the printed debate and remain notorious to all who followed the course of our public affairs at the time the french revolution had divided the american people into two great parties the one disposed for an intimate alliance with france the other averse from any with the new republic and more affected to great britain general washington by and maintaining the policy of between the powers of europe and by giving his countenance and official sanction to s treaty so called of with great britain had rendered himself to the leaders of that division of our who favoured her enemy and would have her trade their in were fortified in their dislike and dread of the french republic and their for the most friendly political intercourse and free commercial relations with great britain by the ill judged and language of the french representatives in this country and the open support which the french government lent to the most insulting upon our national general washington having announced his resolution to retire into private life an election for a successor to the chief took place in and	48
gave new animation to the feelings and plans just mentioned at the close of the year while this election was raging if i may be allowed the term washington delivered his farewell address to the and in the house of representatives a committee composed of five members three of whom were friends of his administration was appointed to prepare an answer to his speech the draught of an answer which this committee reported contained the following paragraph the spectacle of a whole nation the and most enlightened in the worlds offering by its representatives the tribute of approbation to its first citizen however novel and interesting it may be its lustre from the merit of which c the phrase which i have put in found its way into the draught from the desire of the committee to place washington at the highest elevation possible in opposition to the designs of some of party in who aimed at the lustre of his personal reputation and the credit of his system of politics moreover france had not long before asserted for herself the pre eminence over all nations in freedom and political intelligence and the authors of the draught with those of the same side in were eager to this as well as every other which might her influence in the united states ro s appeal fc mr one of the most distinguished members of the anti party explained to the house that the light spoken of was political light and had no reference to arts science or literature that it was intended to make the compliment stronger to general washington and was to be regarded as a matter entirely domestic and not as a public act for foreign nations the answer at large brought into view the main political questions which agitated the country and expressed an approval of washington s official career a debate arose upon the general strain of it which lasted two days it turned chiefly upon the point of the wisdom and firmness of his administration in reference to england and france and embraced the investigation of all our relations with the latter power objection had been immediately made to the phrase which has furnished so much sport to the british wits not only by the opposition but by several of the most decided members one of these mr finding that it interfered with the principal purpose of obtaining an appearance of in the homage to washington and his course of policy moved at length after it had been discussed with some though incidentally that the words spectacle of a whole nation the and most enlightened should be so as to read the spectacle of a and enlightened nation which was carried without a division in the course of the debate a suggestion was indeed made in the way of exception that the use of the would give to france but this consideration must have proved the reverse of for the majority in the state of their feelings towards that power with whom they so soon afterwards came to open war they in the with such readiness from the two fold motive of the of the material parts of the answer and avoiding what might have the air of national thus we see that the proposition of to declare america the and most enlightened nation on the globe the act of by which the americans established that they arc the most enlightened people of the world was no more than an occasional phrase by a committee in the draught of a domestic paper for purposes distinct from that of the nation which phrase though equally suited to favourite aims of the majority of was and rejected by that majority chiefly because it of presumption and seemed to upon strict national decorum the transaction on the whole in the sentiments opposite to those which it has furnished the english writers occasion to and when we to the nature of the dispositions towards england which were mingled with its origin we must find their representations more and an instance of the same is not to be found in the annals of the british parliament i refer to the answers of that body to the speeches s appeal c from the throne and to the of thanks as presented by the speaker particularly the last mr to the public servants whom it has distinguished for self applause and claims of national superiority beyond which no of pride or reason of state can ever in the civilized world national pretensions this reference from an american will perhaps be thought a very deficient measure of but it is to be borne in mind that however may be the british nation in all respects in the comparison with her of the west her pre eminence in and science at least over the other nations of europe is not so far and notorious as that while constantly asserting it herself she can without or assurance make a standing jest of the single example of which she charges upon the american the phrase in the draught of the american committee was in fact in itself and might have been adopted as it was meant with perfect propriety the committee had in view civil and religious freedom combined and the of political light and knowledge points in which i think it hardly possible to contest the of the united states for this there were strong motives derived from the peculiar situation of the country in regard to france at the juncture the confidence of a part of the american people in their own institutions and political wisdom seemed to be shaken in some degree by the pretensions of french and to stand in need of such confirmation as the body of their representatives could furnish for their protection against the most mischievous although may appear to have allotted already too much space to this topic i must claim permission to	48
frequent delivery of the vo london from the review t he motion of the honourable member for the county of which this speech introduced relates to a most important branch of that reform which is so loudly called for in the administration of our criminal the great obstacle which continually presents itself to any attempts to introduce and a better discipline within our is the crowded state of the from the return made by order of the house of it appears that eighty five which are stated as capable of containing only prisoners had in them at one vol i western s speech by the th of the king the number of classes or pointed out to be essentially necessary amount to eleven in number and even these are not sufficient to keep of different descriptions properly separated from each other and to prevent the fatal mischief of the young with the hardy and now out of three hundred and ty eight of all descriptions it appeared that seventeen only were or divided according to law ninety had only two divisions merely to separate from females eight had only three fifty one four nineteen five and so on the same gives directions for materials to be found and prisoners set to work but in two hundred and seventy four of the no work at all was done in sixty four some work was done and in few of these sixty four a considerable deal had been accomplished now mr western showed that if there was but another jail delivery some time in january it would to very nearly one the total number of prisoners for whom it is now necessary to provide room in the and to maintain so many months longer the following facts appeared from the papers laid before the house of at the last out of prisoners for trial were in prison before the st of october last and before the st of january a jail delivery in january therefore would have reduced the number for trial from to at the last lent at the total number tried was of whom were in prison before the st of october of these eleven were six of them being discharged by two were in prison eight months three seven months and eight days three six months and eighteen days whilst on the other hand sixteen convicted of were considered to be sufficiently punished by imprisonment under six months mr western upon the injustice of this long before trial so contrary to the spirit and even the letter of our law than one third of the prisoners tried are in general of the twenty nine tried at who had lain in prison since the first of october seven were nine of them by having no bill found against them or not at the same time twenty five convicted were to the longest period of confinement being six months nothing is more common than for the court to address the prisoner and tell him that in consideration of the time he had lain in prison his sentence was a further imprisonment for one month only two men thus brought to the bar who had each been in prison five months the one convicted is told that his sentence is one natural bridge s month imprisonment only in consequence of five already suffered the other is put up afterwards and a jury of his country return a verdict of not guilty yet has he endured of the punishment of the one who was convicted there were three at who after being above seven months in prison were discharged by upon the whole it appears that of those persons who were tried at the last had been in jail before the of october whilst persons convicted of suffered under their sentence a lighter punishment than the had experienced before trial it is impossible for eloquence to add to the force of these facts and indeed nothing can be more than the tone in which mr western argued in support of the motion he brought forward it must we think be adapted to impress a foreigner with a high idea of the british house of to notice the calm business like way in which the most important measures are and to contrast with the and set speeches of foreign such sober unaffected as this speech of mr western art xi the natural bridge explanation of the plate coloured print accompanying this number is executed from a drawing made on the spot by a gentleman of well known for his taste and talent and is believed to be a very correct likeness of the wonderful scene which it represents the natural bridge in county virginia is too familiarly known to require a very minute description in explanation of the plate the account given by is this the height of the bridge from the water is about feet the of the are in different places from to feet apart the mean distance being about feet one of these walls or is nearly perpendicular the other falls back so that the top of the arch is from to feet wide the covering of the arch is from to feet thick it is of lime stone forming one entire mass with the two is thought by some to contradict the idea that this was produced by some great its surface over which is a considerable road is a gentle slope and stony but generally covered with earth which many large trees the under side is lower at one end than at the other both ends rise like an arch but in the middle extend nearly in a straight line the walls which support the arch and those which form the sides of the bridge are very irregular in some parts they are smooth and perpendicular m others there are while other parts exhibit a and surface the bridge crosses the in the middle it is	48
feet in breadth but much wider at the ends the banks which support the bridge extend with the same height several hundred yards on each side of the stream but they do not correspond with each other as if rent asunder neither does the continue straight for a considerable distance above and below the bridge its course an ill formed spreading wider as it extends either above or below neither the blue ridge nor the north mountain can be seen below the bridge they are both visible from its top the former six the latter eight miles distant few persons have the courage to approach the sides of this bridge those who do are instantly seized with terror they involuntarily fall to the ground cling to a stone or tree look down on the frightful abyss gaze with astonishment at the walls the deep winding valley the rushing stream and the distant hills to persons below a prospect not less awful and grand is presented they view the towering arch the frightful precipice the gloomy forests the distant sky and that god who and it was done who com and it stands fast this print is the first of a series of views of remarkable american scenery executed in similar style which it is intended shall the numbers of the j art xii published by c and co new york vo a work under this title which we shall call a poem although the author with rare modesty has so to do has just appeared it is attributed to the pen of one of those gentlemen who have amused the public with the d in the newspapers under the signature of co the present production is only a more prolonged effort or rather a more prolonged indulgence in the same humorous style the total absence of all appearance of effort and the graceful ease and vivacity of the forms indeed one of its most pleasing characteristics it is a series of verses which make harmless sport of many of the public characters of new york mixed with some general satire preserving the same vein of delicate humour and free from there is little or no story in it and the poor heroine is but little attended to the local allusions are frequent and appear we understand extremely and to those who comprehend their full force we must avoid them however as much as possible in the we are about to make for the entertainment of readers generally the heroine is thus introduced in the first was younger once than she is now and prettier of course i do not mean to say that there are wrinkles on her brow yet to be candid she is past eighteen perhaps past twenty but the girl is shy about her age and god forbid that i should get myself in trouble by revealing a secret of this sort i have too long d pretty women with a poet s feeling and when a boy in day dream and in song have knelt me down and d them alas they never thank d me for t but let that pass i ve felt full many a heart in my day at the mere rustling of a muslin gown and caught some dreadful i blush to say while shivering in the shade of beauty s frown they say her smiles are it may be but never a would she throw on me but s is an eye that you may gaze on for half an hour without the slightest harm e en she wore her smiling summer face on there was but little danger and the charm that youth and wealth once gave has bade farewell here is a sad sad tale tis mine its woes to tell her father kept some fifteen years ago a dry good shop in street and d his little sure though slow till having muster d to meet the gaze of the great world he breath d the air of pearl street and set up in square the change from obscurity to wealth and importance is then described and local subjects are touched upon some of which it is impossible for any but an of new york entirely to understand the following hit at mr and the comparison between ancient and modem excellence is easily at a distance dear to the exile is his native land in memory s twilight beauty seen afar dear to the is a note of hand rt secured the star is dear at midnight to the sailor s eyes and dear are s volumes at half price f but dearer far to me each fairy minute spent in that fond forgetfulness of grief there is an airy web of magic in it as in s pocket handkerchief the wrinkles on the brow of sorrow the gathering gloom to day the thunder cloud to morrow the last words were beyond his comprehension for he had left off ere the greek or latin claimed his mind s attention besides he often had been heard to speak contemptuously of all that sort of knowledge taught so profoundly in college we owe the something you have read their works no doubt at least in a translation yet there was argument in what he said i scorn or and own it must in be they were an ignorant set of men at best twas their misfortune to be bom too soon by centuries and in the wrong place too they never saw a steam boat or or review or wore a pair of s black satin breeches or read an or c n s speeches in short in every thing we far em art science taste and talent and a stroll through this enlightened would em more than ten years hard study of the whole their genius has produced of rich and rare	48
account of a patent taken out by sir william england for a new steam engine t raw aright and let ab be the top the bottom ac being the perpendicular line on the left hand of the then at a take ac to one fourth of ac and draw ab parallel to and to one third of the same from b draw a curve approaching to towards that line and going off in an to it let this line end in i leaving a distance between its termination and ab next from ab at the point g whose distance from k must equal the distance of k from and both be comparatively very small draw the line parallel to the and curve and not passing beyond b within aa draw a circle and to which the sides aa ab are and the curve nearly so this figure will be a section of the steam engine ab is the is an iron division of the same cutting off the part aa and having a in ab in which a pipe is inserted so that the water may flow freely from the upper the lower division is a similar division open at a but the space g is air tight the circle represents a water wheel freely suspended on its within the and working a wheel of smaller dimensions whose centre is just above the line ab the is open except the small part b and is supplied with water by a at a with this arrangement when the steam arises from the water in a it will ascend up towards i and pass down the open space forcing the water before it and thus communicating to the water wheel being compressed in the steam chamber according to the height of the column of water thus forced down from i to a rushing therefore with the force thus acquired through the a it not only drives round the wheel by its energy and as it but produces by the actual of all the water or other in the ascending a power on that side of the wheel equal to the actual weight of the quantity of water or other thus the least moving power therefore of such a wheel independent of the energy and of the steam may be reckoned as equal to the power the same wheel as would exert working in by the fall of a column of water or other equal in quantity to the of the steam in this case the upper part of the is always kept full by a common ball cock and die water in the upper of the communicating with that in the lower through the bent pipe ef the lower will thus also be regularly fed and when the steam is up the water in the lower or rather in the bottom of the steam chamber will always stand on a level with the top of the a for then the opposite columns of pressure the steam between them will be in and up to this level will be the lower of the while workings be always supplied through the pipe ef though the steam cannot escape through it art xiv miscellaneous articles is c comparative table of tiu extent population and britain ana france fur the year britain population capital gross produce of ag culture net produce gross produce of horses c te sheep te value of cotton imported and wrought public debt interest of the state proportion of individuals fr try de france the observer the publication of a work on in the language entitled tu that is to say elements of civil law by e professor of civil law in the royal academy of this work written with per will increase the reputation of its learned author and it is tne more agreeable to us to announce it as it is production of a country more abroad for the warlike spirit of its inhabitants than for the culture of the national language rev modem mr professor and of the new greek college at has arrived at for the purpose of several works he has already issued the two first volumes of his cf philosophy in modem greek he has also published the i of mr translated from the french and the of the of by translated from the german these two are also in modem greek and to mr a greek a native of but established at and become illustrious for his generous patriotism it is at the of this noble minded these works are published for the instruction of youth by his direction miscellaneous articles fc more than three hundred copies are distributed among those professors and students who distinguish by their virtues their talents and their zeal in learning ih among the learned men who do honor to modem greece mr justly a distinguished rank in he published an excellent he is professor of greek and latin literature and has formed a number of excellent he is also preacher in the churches at and has acquired a great reputation by his attractive which draws to his sermons besides the inhabitants of that town and other of distinction in the number of bis admirers is mr of a native of a respectable and a zealous friend of letters mr without having ever quitted greece is profoundly in literature in the latin italian french and german languages the present of offered him one of the first chairs in the grand college at that capital but he as been unwilling to leave the country of where he is detained by gratitude and friendship he is the author of a work entitled c or a course of letters recently published and to mr alexander one of the richest merchants of greece and at the same time one of the chief of that unhappy country the greater part of the greek merchants particularly those of where the	48
france in by the duke of travels in france by francis hall esq late military secretary to general g in canada i a law a practical on the settling of evidence for trials at and on the preparing and arranging the proofs by of gray s inn esq at law i s an index to the term reports and others containing all the points of law argued and determined in the court of king s bench common and during the reign of iii with tables of reference by royal the commonly attributed to from a manuscript lately discovered in the library of the palace at rome in the tenth century by mark the with an english version and of the original and illustrations by the rev w b d royal biography notice et les de madame le de par madame de son et sa the life of robert by his friend c d some account of the invention progress and establishment of steam boats c f don the third s d novels the cottage boy by maria r author of the children of the abbey s the third and fourth volumes of a f of uie history and religion of the by the rev w ward of mr s new the fall of is announced also italy in and s by john scott author of a visit to paris c c of north editor of s magazine with plates c joe a new novel by the author of tales of my landlord and the by the author of new american a poem new york price cents the state or the a poem new york the sketch book no new series no a view of the lead mines of the including some observations on the geography soil climate population and productions of and and other sections of the western country accompanied with three by henry b corresponding member of the of natural history of new york vol new york free remarks on the spirit of the constitution the practice of the government and the obligations of the union respecting the of slavery from the and new states by a published by a n e comer of and fourth streets philadelphia every where in the united states are requested to post paid to the publication office of the magazine s e comer of and fourth streets philadelphia the titles price c of works published by them such lists will be inserted in the last pages of the magazine and thus if come into the measure a complete view will be presented of the operations of the american press the magazine february art i description of the character manners and customs of the people of and of their institutions religious and civil by the j a missionary in the by m son philadelphia as according to the poet the proper of mankind is man a work of the above description must afford ample materials to the philosopher and on which to and must excite a ft cling of compassion for the dark and superstitious condition of so large a portion of the human family so vast a proportion of the globe and who with respect to some of the arts have arrived at a state of perfection by their more enlightened neighbours of europe man in his original state left to the guidance of his own blind will is little elevated above the brute his natural disposition is evinced on every opposition to his authority and itself in the most rage guided neither by the rules of moral or natural justice he goes on in the work of destruction regardless of consequences and intent only on the gratification of the most revenge the vol i n w series description of the character c slightest insult is to excite his ire and the punishment of death alone can his resentment for many ages the ancient and savage of the north were little removed from the state we have described until their in the west and consequent association with the civilized inhabitants of it y gradually refined and softened their natural ferocity and eventually produced aa of character manners and customs but the continent of india presents a phenomenon difficult of solution a nation which was once the of all learning science and philosophy whose or were the of ancient c and whose improvement might naturally be presumed to have increased with years to customs and and the practice of the most absurd and superstitious ceremonies with disdain the light of reason and revelation and compelling even their to with their prejudices is f a matter of considerable astonishment and a subject sufficient to excite the curiosity and consequent endeavour to penetrate into so extraordinary a mystery many have been written descriptive of the character c of the people of india but the writers have preferred dealing so much in the marvellous and relating the most improbable and ridiculous that they have fallen into contempt as late as the year our author in his preface says though have been in possession of regular and permanent among the people of india for more than three hundred years it is wonderful to observe how little information they have collected respecting the various nations which that vast region a few prominent features present themselves to every traveller in a foreign land but to found a judgment on the general conduct and disposition of a people as is too the case on so superficial an observation is deserving of the highest and both an injury to so of the people of and literature an intimate association with the inhabitants in their more private and secluded state an of their manners a to their customs and domestic economy and above all an acquiescence even in their prejudices is the only true mode of the character and the qualities of a nation it is not by exhibiting them in their worst and	48
most state or holding up to public and their vices that we ought to judge of the moral of a people but by equally their virtues and their vices by searching into the origin and intent of their various institutions and studying the genius of the people for they were created statements founded on such pretensions are entitled to our belief a certain the pages of such a writer and forces conviction upon our minds by the simple and unaffected style of the narrative if such be the of the historian the venerable is entitled to our credit a residence of many years among the during which he lived as one of themselves their manners customs and even prejudices afforded him the means of becoming intimately acquainted with the subject on which he writes and the respect and esteem in which he was held by all ranks and degrees of men enabled him to into their civil and ous institutions but it possesses further and higher confirmation in the approbation of such men as major sir james mr and general whose intimate acquaintance with the eastern languages and high standing in the service of the east india company must with every mind render their evidence the author his subject into three parts the st contains a general view of society in india nd of the stages of life of the and rd of religion of ih character fc the division of society into casts a ie term which has been adopted by to the or tribes and the various divisions and together with numerous and tribes several of whom have customs peculiar to themselves form a feature in the state of society there are however four principal tribes as the first and most of all is the or the second m rank is that of the or the third the or merchants and and the last that of or subordinate to the others each of these four principal tribes is several more of which it is difficult to determine the number and the sort for this division in the different countries and several casts known in one province do not s in another it would not be consistent with the limits of this paper to follow the author through the various divisions into which these four grand casts arc separated i shall therefore content myself with quoting those the most remarkable and as of the subject for as he says speaking of the i have never found any man in the provinces where i have lived able to fix with precision on the number and species of them although it is often and indeed repeated that there are eighteen chief and one hundred and eight others again speaking of those who are distinguished by some singular peculiarities i am not aware for example that the very remarkable cast of or in which the women enjoy a of husbands is to be found any where but in the forests on the coast of cast of or robbers who exercise their profession without disguise as their is found but rarely the a territory on the fishing coast the princes of this little state belong to the tribe and profession of robbers and conceive their calling no wax of ike m to or their tribe as having descended to them by right of inheritance so far from shrinking at the if one of them be asked who he is he will coolly answer that he is a robber there is another cast in the same province called the to in which brothers and other kindred when married enjoy the wives in common in the cast of the there is a tribe known by the name of in which when a mother gives her eldest daughter in marriage she herself is for to submit to the of the two middle fingers of the right hand as high as the second joint and if the mother of the bride be dead the bridge groom s mother must submit to the cruel ceremony each cast is known by some mark either in dress or manner of it and extravagant as many of their modes and customs are they never draw down from casts of the most opposite habits and fashions the least appearance of contempt or dislike upon this point there is through the whole of india the most perfect every nation has a peculiar costume which it from another the had their and during their empire in the east it was to all to wear except the royal family hence the distinction of or bom in the purple the use of silk among the ancient was also confined to the royal family and nobility and to this day the descendants of are distinguished by the green the star is the mark of nobility of the modem nations of europe but the vast variety of costume among the some of them of so ridiculous a fashion is sufficient tu raise the smile of pity and compassion for the gross ignorance and superstition that occasions it the tribe of a species of similar to the of spain and italy description of the character who live upon the and superstition of the present an appearance so disgusting that it is difficult to conceive how any human beings unless by religious could render themselves so odious their hair which is suffered to grow very long is and with their bodies with the same perfume over which they throw a white der a small piece of round the lower part of the body all their clothing some are even destitute of this covering and are frequently seen the streets in a state of to the eye of the who has been accustomed from his infancy to look up with awe to these this voluntary sacrifice of all decency and cleanliness is considered as the of religious perfection some in consequence have become extremely rich by the of their ignorant followers	48
it is a melancholy contemplation to reflect that so many human beings should resign themselves to the guidance and direction of a set of and exercise rites and ceremonies that almost them from the pale of civilized society reason which is the feature between man and brute is never called into exercise in this the poor never thinks of from the customs of his ancestors and through along lapse of ages has continued in the same and depressed condition from the which is paid to institutions of all descriptions an on the privileges and customs of each other would be attended with the most se results as we shall have occasion to point out of the divisions and common to all the casts and the from one tribe into another through all india a farther distinction arises from one family making alliance with another this distinction is still more to be attended to in the case of for the of good casts avoid as much as they can any the of alliance and the heads of families use their utmost to dispose of their children amongst families with whom they are already connected either by or marriages are more easily contracted in proportion as the parties are more nearly related a with the sister of his former wife the uncle his and the cousin his cousin persons so related possess an exclusive privilege to upon the ground of such relationship and if they choose they can prevent any other union and enforce their own right but there is one singular exception from the rule for the uncle will take to wife his sister s daughter but by no means his brother s the children of a brother will with those of the but not the children of two brothers or of two sisters this distinction is invariably kept up through all the casts from the to the and although in the generation or in the twentieth degree of the male line its right in all cases to con itself with the female yet never can the children of the male line with each other nor those of the female line unite in consequence of this distinction many are prevented incident to the state of society in europe but at the same time the finer feelings of the heart are the passion of love is a stranger to the bosom of the those little offices that affection and constitute the happiness of the marriage state are never considered in their domestic economy contracted at the early age of five or six years a period before reason has even begun to dawn no room is left for choice or selection and neither of body of temper or disposition or any other cause can the contract and on the side of the woman it is for if even she become a widow she is from marrying again under pain of from the cast m of the character c the most distinguished amongst the four great tribes into which the were originally separated by first is that of the of whom alone we shall have occasion to speak though they do not hold their rank the or five casts of claiming an equality of all the however the strive the most to keep up the feeling of outward and inward purity hence their are most frequent and their most not only from all kinds of food that has had the principle of life but even from many of the productions of nature which their superstitious prejudices lead them to consider as or capable of communicating it is chiefly this sentiment of propriety which raises that high cast into the respect and reverence which they enjoy in the world there is another division of the tribe still more general than those that have been yet mentioned it is that of the right hand and of the left hand from this distinction which is of recent invention has arisen the most violent frequently attended with bloody conclusions when any is made by either party of all creatures timid under all other circumstances here only the seems to change his nature there is no danger that he fears to encounter in maintaining what he terms his right and rather than yield it he is ready to make any sacrifice and even to hazard his life to such extreme violence are these carried that even the presence of a military force is frequently insufficient to the commotion but no sooner does an opportunity occur than they are up again without reflecting on the evils they formerly suffered or showing the smallest tendency to moderate their impetuous violence such are the to which the timid the sometimes himself whilst his con of the of india spring out of motives which to a european at least would appear frivolous and trifling perhaps the sole cause of the contest is about his right to wear or er he may parade in a or on horseback on the day of his marriage sometimes that of having a trumpet sounded before him or the distinction of being accompanied by the country music at public ceremonies perhaps it is the ambition of having flags of certain colours or with the resemblance of certain displayed about his person on such great occasions these are some of the important privileges amongst many others not less so in asserting which the in do not scruple occasionally to shed each other s blood as it not happens that one of the hands makes an attack on the privileges of the other this occasions a quarrel which soon and becomes general unless it be appeased at its commencement by the prudence or the vigor of the magistrate i may perhaps be thought to have said enough of this distinction of right hand and left but i may be permitted to relate one instance at which i myself was present the dispute was between the cast of and or	48
and produced such dreadful consequences the whole district where it happened that many of the inhabitants had begun to remove their and to leave their villages for a place of greater safety with the same feelings as when the country sees an impending invasion of a army and with the same dread of sa treatment fortunately in this instance matters did come to an extremity as the principal inhabitants of the district came forward to between these vulgar casts and were just in time by good management to the armed ranks on both sides that only waited the signal of battle one would not easily guess the cause of this dreadful it from a at a public vol i m e of the sticking red flowers in his which the that none of his cast had a right to wear the are not the only people who have suffered from religious the early history of the christian church the most disgraceful and disgusting scenes of tumult and the very of st so streamed with the blood of the of in the between the and and ail the horrible invented by and superstition were hurled with fury at the heads of the of the party who had gained the at one of the the of each party came attended by armed men and the ministers of the gospel of peace hurried on by religious zeal converted that meeting which was intended to the and declare the attributes of a and into a scene of murder and the pages of the of the church display throughout the most spirit of persecution and are stained with descriptions of the blood of and holy men a great proportion of the population of the kingdom are even li these days of illumination suffering under and and are exercise of their religion happy ought we to consider ourselves who live under a government where universal in spiritual matters forms the basis of the constitution here the catholic the the jew and every and of christians have the free use and exercise of their respective opinions without the fear of or the chains of church our author next proceeds to consider the advantages from the division of casts and his subject by several judicious observations on the of judging from external circumstances without taking into account the genius and spirit of the people and the of the of a w of the the division into casts was the only method to prevent them from falling into absolute the authority of the casts says he likewise forms a defence against the which princes are ready to commit sometimes one may see the through a whole shutting up their shops the farmers their labours in the field the different workmen and their by an order from the cast in consequence of some deep insult which it had suffered from a governor or some other person in office the labours of society continue at a stand until the in is repaired or the injustice for or at least offended cast has come to an accommodation with the person in power i might be justified in asserting farther that it is by the division into casts that the arts are preserved in india and there is no reason to doubt that they would arrive at perfection there if the of the rulers did not restrain the progress of the people as soon as it is known that an artist of great skill exists in any district he is immediately carried off to the palace of the ruler where he is shut up for life and compelled to toil without and with little in the countries that are under the government of where the workmen are paid according to their merits i have seen many articles of furniture executed by the natives so exquisitely that they would have been ornamental in the most elegant mansion yet no other tools were employed in the manufacture but a a saw and a plane of so rude a construction that a european could not ve used them in those parts i have known travelling who with no implements but what they carried in their consisting of a small a two or and would with so simple an de of the c apparatus toys as neat and well finished as any that be brought from distant countries at a great expense to what perfection might not such men arrive if they were instruct ed from their infancy under fit masters instead of being guided by the simple of nature such absolute enemies to all kinds of are the that they prefer using their own simple tools to those of european construction though they could execute the work in one half the time an attachment such as this to peculiar customs must ever the advancement of die arts independent of the of the rulers die employment of one family in the same branch of trade and this handed from to generation without consulting either the bent or inclination of the party must tend to repress the genius of the people and prevent their arriving to that degree of perfection which th have attained in the of america and europe the author then one political reflection on the advantages produced by the division of casts in india parental is but little respected and the parents of tile so over all the country are at pains to inspire into their children that filial reverence which is the greatest blessing in a family by preserving the necessary for domestic peace and tranquillity the affection and attachment between brothers and sisters never very ardent almost entirely as soon as they are married after that event they scarcely ever meet unless it be to quarrel the ties of blood and relationship are thus too feeble to afford that strict union and that feeling of mutual support which are required in a civilized state it became necessary therefore to	48
unite them into greater where the members have a common interest in supporting and defending one another and to make this system effectual it was that the which bound them e of india it y this is precisely the object which of india have stained by the establishment of the different casts they have thus acquired a title to glory without ex in the annals of the world for their work has endured even to our days for thousands of years and has almost without change through the succession of ages and the of often have the submitted to a foreign yoke and have been subdued by people of different manners and customs but the of their to impose upon them their own modes have uniformly failed and have scarcely left the slightest trace behind them the authority by the casts has every where preserved their duration this authority in some cases is very large extending to the punishment of death a few years ago in a district through which i was passing a man of the tribe of put his own daughter to death with the approbation of the people of his cast and the chief men of the place where he resided his son would have shared the same fate if he had not made his escape but no person any blame to the there are several other fences real or imaginary which the casts have the power of a who should disguise his real cast and mixing with the or even with the should dare to eat with them or touch their food would be in danger of losing his life he would be overwhelmed with blows on the spot if he were discovered but though the punishment of death is in certain cases by some of the casts it is inflicted but seldom are more common such as the heads of women sometimes the are to stand for hours in presence of the chiefs t f im of the fr with a on their heads filled with they are set upon an ass with their face to j fi l i op occasions their faces are with or the cord is stripped from those who have the right to wear u at times they are from the tribe or some other mark of is inflicted whatever may be the of a people society must be in a most deplorable condition and the laws little adapted for their happiness where parental authority is out regarded and the ties of merely that natural affection which a parent to protect his offspring and to train them up in a course of virtue is by the which the children are to occupy having even in their infancy been assigned them their solicitude also for the future and prosperity of their children never gives them the least uneasiness from the very ear ly period at which they are contracted in act all the dear relations of father son and brother are mere terms only the degree of relationship without any of the correspondent feeling is practised in india as a religious and happy is that parent who is witness to the of the infant by the or more tremendous are numbers sacrificed by their cruel and parents to the wrath or gain the favour of some deity more savage even than in a government like this so materially from all others in the world it is matter of speculation and inquiry by the whether the advantages arising from the division of casts is not more than by the of morals the absence of all the of nature and that cold cruel and disposition so peculiar to the inhabitants of india and incident to a state of society in which superstition is blended with every transaction of common life and is the sole moving principle of action the above alluded to are but seldom inflicted so if the of los u the of morals that few are found willing to where all arc alike guilty the only punishment dreaded by the is from his cast the account of the consequences of such punishment wiu be better understood in the words of the author though tha reader will discover the close to in the catholic church from the cast which is the penalty inflicted on those who are guilty of the accustomed rules or of any other offence which would bring disgrace on the tribe if it remained is in truth an punish ment it is a kind of civil which the unhappy object of it from all intercourse whatever with hia fellow creatures he is a man as it were dead to the world he is no longer in the society of men by losing his cast the is of friends and relations and often of wife and children who will rather him than share in hia miserable lot no one dares to eat with him or even to pour him out a drop of water if he has daughters they are no other girls can be approached by his sons wherever he appears he is scorned and pointed out as an outcast if he sinks under the grievous curse his body is suffered to rot in the place where he dies even if in losing his cast he could descend into an in one the evil would be less but he has no such resource a little scrupulous as he is about honour m delicacy would scorn to give his daughter in marriage even to a thus degraded if he cannot re establish himself in his own cast he must sink into the infamous tribe of the or mix with persons whose cast is of this sort there is no where abound but unhappy is he who to this resource a of cast may be and a cheat but a without cast has always the reputation of a rogue of the character fc it not necessary that against	48
die of ae east be either or of great magnitude it happened to my knowledge not long ago that some live in my neighbourhood having been convicted of eating at a public entertainment with a disguised as a were all from the cast and did not regain admission into it without an infinite number of ceremonies both troublesome and expensive i witnessed an example of this kind more unpleasant than i have alluded to in the cast of the the parents of two families had met and determined on the union of a young man and girl of their number the usual pre were offered to the young woman and other ceremonies performed which are equivalent to among us after these proceedings the young man died before the time appointed for the marriage after his death the parents of the girl who was very young married her to another this was against the rules of the cast and no one would afterwards form any connection with long after this happened i have seen some of the advanced in age who remained in a solitary state for this reason alone another incident of this kind occurs to me which was rather of a more serious complexion than the preceding eleven in travelling having passed through a country by war arrived at length exhausted by hunger and fatigue at a village which contrary to their expectation they found deserted tliey had brought with them a small portion of rice but they could find nothing to boil it in but the vessels that were in the house of the man of the village to even to touch them would have been a almost impossible to but being pressed with hunger they bound one another to secrecy by an oath and then boiled their rice in one of the pots which they had previously washed a hundred times one of them of the of alone from the and as soon as they reached their home he accused the other ten before the chief of the town the rumour quickly spread an assembly is held the are summoned and compelled to appear they had been already of the difficulty in which they were likely to be involved and when called upon to answer the charge they protested as they had previously that it was the only that was guilty of the fault which he had laid to their charge which side was to be believed was the testimony of one man to be taken against that of ten the result was that the ten were declared innocent and the being guilty was with from the tribe by the chiefs who though they could scarcely doubt of his innocence yet could not help being offended with the sure he made when was condemned to undergo the fiery ordeal at at the time the preparations for the ceremony were completed and he was directed by the to lay hold of the red hot bar of iron he avoided the inevitable consequences by the would himself deliver to him the bar that as a man devoid of sin the of the would be more perfect if he received it from his hands such a re quest could not fail to the unfortunate who was fain to close the ceremony by declaring that the apology of the general was sufficient to satisfy the church truth is a principle regarded by the and however they may be of every from the rules of the cast they do not hesitate to supply the deficiency of evidence by as many persons as can be brought to swear to the fact in proceedings the weight of evidence is regarded by the quantity and not the quality every and man of has a person in his establishment who is solely employed to swear on every occasion that may be ne vol i of the character fc and in their courts the most and corruption is carried on but nothing less the of the pains and attached to a breach of the rules of the cast can the offence in that instance except as we have seen in the case of the the tender con science of the will not suffer him to from the truth and where moral is disregarded superstition steps in to occupy its place the sacred laws of honour and integrity which bind society by the confidence inspire and call into action all the feelings of the heart by men in one common bond of social union the charm which of sentiment and polished throws over european circles is to the from religious the slightest intercourse one of a different cast at the social board subjects him to the most severe punishment hence arises their attachment to their own customs not from love but fear and their hatred and contempt of all nations who are not like themselves to particular forms and especially for their employment of for their servants nevertheless like the the gale of interest will bend their otherwise stubborn to custom for as our author their principles however do not hinder them to act with the lowest submission when their interest requires it from the cast does not imply for in many instances the individual maybe this how ever is attended with great sacrifice of property and bodily suffering when the has proceeded from his relations the after gaining the principal members himself in a le posture before his kindred assembled on the occasion he then to the severe which they seldom fail to administer or to the blows and other to which he is sometimes exposed or the fine to which he may he condemned and after shedding tears of and i to by his future good conduct the infamous stain of his from the cast he makes the or of the eight members before the this being completed he is declared fit to be in his tribe the literally with the eight body	48
because when it is performed the feet the knees the belly the stomach the head and the arms must touch the ground this is the greatest mark of reverence that can be given it is used no where but in the presence of those to whom an absolute and unlimited obedience b due this reverence is made only before the highest personages such as kings and others of lofty rank a child oc it before its father and it is common to see it practised by various casts of in presence of the when a man is from his cast for reasons of great moment they sometimes bum his tongue with a piece of gold made hot they likewise to different parts of the body iron heated to which impress marks upon the skin in other parts they compel the to walk on burning embers and last of all to complete the he must drink the a word which literally the ve things which are so many that proceed from the body of the cow namely milk butter and all mixed together there is nothing more ridiculous nor more disgusting in the of these people than their veneration for this animal the worship offered to an ox by the appears quite moderate in absurdity compared with the and filthy use made of the cow by the we from the s on this subject but any reader desirous of knowing the particulars may find p description of the character c c them in page set forth with much delicacy the ceremony of the being closed the person who had been must g ve a grand entertain ment if he be a he g it to the who flock to it from all parts or if he belong to another cast those that belong to it are his guests this the whole ceremony and he is then restored to all his privileges there are however so in the eyes of the as leave no hope of restoration such as a who had publicly married a woman of the detested tribe of the if the woman were of any tribe less base it is possible that after her and dis claiming all his children by her many acts of and a large expense might at length procure his restoration but very different would be the case of one who should be so abandoned as to eat of the flesh of a cow supposing the idea of such enormous wickedness to enter into the heart of a or any other of respectable cast if such a crime were by any possibility committed even by the would be beyond all hope of when the last prince reigned in and formed the ambitious desire of extending his religion over all the of india he seized a great number of and had them afterwards he made them eat cow s flesh in token of their cast and their customs after the war which that people from the yoke of the tyrant i know that not a few of those who had been forced to become made every effort by offering large sums of money to be re admitted into their cast which they had not abandoned but through force were held in different parts for examining into this and the heads of the cast out of which they were formed decided that after many of an excursion o who for re admission might be from the complicated contracted in their communication with the but when it was ascertained that those who were had been also under the necessity of eating cows flesh it was decided with one voice in all their that a of that nature and such a prominent crime could by no means admit of forgiveness that it could not be by presents nor by fine nor by the this decision was not confined to the casts of the for i know well that many in the same si had no better success and were all obliged to continue but whatever the cast may be from which one has been much cost and many ceremonies are required to him even when he has regained his place he never the scandal the blot continually remains and in any he may fall into his former misfortune is sure to be from the we have made a judgment may be formed of the general tenor of the work as it advances the interest is considerably increased in a future number we propose to give further which we hope will contribute to the amusement if not to the instruction of our readers p art ih sketches of an excursion to april among the various objects which in every large city the attention of a stranger not the least prominent is the theatre he may often find there much to illustrate the character of a people and will obtain a closer insight into their manners and habits by a single visit than he could by a from the observations of repeated daily walks to one however who is as little fond sketches of an excursion to of dramatic representations as myself a single evening at the play will in most cases prove sufficiently irksome to pre vent a desire of the speedy of another so employed and yet with an ordinary degree of attention he will be able to bring away enough of recollected incident to his own personal inconvenience as well as to afford by which to determine the very age and body of the time its form and i am far from to representations in themselves they are often harmless and sometimes useful the drama is an important engine and though it has been frequently to corrupt purposes it has exerted and is capable still of a powerful and happy agency upon the character and manners of society in public sentiments deepening the feeling of patriotism and even in the moral sense by examples of history and popular	48
follies this is not the place however to discuss the merits or of the stage and i perceive that i am proceeding too far i will only therefore add that no one i conceive can witness the performance of the better plays of the great english by the more distinguished actors of the british stage but with real benefit as well as interest and for myself i am free to say that i have again and again beheld the various and delicate but impassioned of miss o have listened to the classic and lofty of john and have viewed the thrilling action combined with the deep toned pathos of with a satisfaction as i conceived both rational and solid last evening i went to the theatre royal in this city expecting little and was therefore not much disappointed is too near to london the of superior talent sketches of an to ill hi the line to retain long any celebrated the great play houses of garden and lane are where genius is in high demand and accordingly like s rod they swallow up the of each minor establishment as soon as their pretensions and merits have recommended them to popular acceptance in the metropolis of the empire heroes are rewarded with better as well as pay and while their vanity is also gratified by playing before the crowded of westminster they have an opportunity in the intervals of their to visit the provincial boards among which are comprehended the theatres in the of the two sister ttie citizens of complain and with seeming reason that though their stage has produced not a few great actors they have uniformly witnessed the speedy operation of the causes suggested and instead of any advantage from their fame have found that they have only been brought forward to be speedily and impressed into the don service but this grievance if it may be so termed acts with pressure upon the country at the theatre was pointed out to me where miss o commenced her brilliant career and it was remarked that whenever any new of more than common talent appears there the individual is immediately bought up by the of the boards how much farther these complaints might be found to extend by those who would search the records of still establish ments it is difficult to say certain it is that madame the heroine of the british opera has not been contented with the success which she has acquired even in london but has repaired to the cities of the continent to display her astonishing powers and gain fresh before the delighted of paris and lie sketches of an tion to the theatre of is large and elegant in each of these qualities greatly superior to that in the play was wild a comedy of little interest jones of the garden train played very well mrs in lady mary performed tolerably nothing better the entertainment was blue beard a clumsy stupid it brought to mind however a humorous incident which is reported to have occurred during the performance of this very piece at a time when the administration was thought to be peculiarly to the irish one of the was singing which with the words pit a pat when finished some one from the gallery briskly cried out there you re right my honey with and up with fat judging from what was witnessed last evening the theatre in is not well attended or at least at this season the house was very thin and such company as occupied seats in the boxes came in at a late hour a good band played in the the tunes of god save the king and st s day in the morning were introduced between the play and during which every person in the house stood and the men remained uncovered they are played regularly each night and always form the in the theatres of england and scotland god save the king the performance one of our friends a member of the society of arts gave us a day or two ago tickets of admission to the garden which belongs to that institution and this morning we availed ourselves of them to visit it it is distant from the city about two on our walk there we crossed the royal canal and stopped to examine the locks the construction of which is precisely similar to those in the canal in a boat was passing through them at the time f an u the garden contains between and acres it is laid out with care and taste but in the open air are not sufficiently old or large to and enough its walks and in the centre of the garden there is a pond and near it an artificial rocky eminence there are eight green houses which are and convenient and contain plants among them is the largest island pine in the united kingdom a tree which is remarkable for the greatest size of any other species this however has not yet exceed ed twenty feet the tree has been introduced into europe only within a few years the varieties or kinds of in these are about the plants i no were not placed over the as they generally are in american green houses and as i have remarked in some of the english the gardener who conducted us round said that he knew the latter method to be bad as it exposed the roots of the plants to be or dried and many he added were destroyed through ignorance of the tendency of the custom there was some company in the garden during our visit on pleasant days it is usual for many friends of the to repair to it from the city their names are all in returning to town we again called on sir charles at the society house and were showed the marble casts three sets only were permitted to be taken	48
chief in the opposition it is his singular fortune to enjoy the confidence of all parties and there is no one whose opinions are uniformly listened to by f an to ministers with higher attention and respect are those of mr p mr who for a number of years has held the of of general for this kingdom is now considered at the head of the irish bar in the solid of an advocate indeed mr is thought by many to equal him but as a speaker wants much of his eloquence mr is to be always happy in the statement at his argument and to appeal with wonderful effect as well to the passions as to the reason of his hearers a which he made in some weeks ago is one of many which we find still fresh in the of every one what is of remark though this gentleman has passed the of his days he is regarded as still rising to the of his reputation and as giving promise to continue for a lengthened period lord of the among the younger worth is very promising and has already obtained an high character retired some years since and is at a watering place in england it is lamentable to hear confirmed what popular report has too strongly asserted to be that this man whose talents have certainly shed lustre upon the irish bar is at present abandoned to habits of gross he is described as a in morals and is and by his former acquaintances and indeed by all the better three months after the date of the the writer was present in the of the british house of during a debate in which mr took a part it was protracted till about o clock in the and as it did not possess much general interest most of the bad retired not more than i or twenty being left on either side mr p had spoken times but on rising once more to address the he was with an and fell he was into the behind the speaker s chair and after medical aid had been rendered and some signs of returning consciousness appeared he was with difficulty home he but three or days and died amidst the regrets of the whole nation t of an excursion to part of society his humble admirer quite a subordinate rank as a r and has a limited practice it is common here to speak very lightly of him although candid persons pronounce him clever and capable notwithstanding his and p is one of that class of lawyers found at the bar of every country who gladly seize upon popular causes such as all criminal trials for the want of better and the sake it may be of making a display his taste too leads him occasionally to to the city or county and empty as are his it is not surprising that they should avail with those who mistake noise for eloquence or that the of should be willing to be entertained with the same food which has so often the of london and the of they who know not whither he would lead them resolve to follow him and those who cannot find his meaning hope he means rebellion while walking in the anti room of the four courts a friend pointed out to us the person of this singular man p has a tall and light figure thin dark complexion and and a sharp black eye his manner is distinguished by an air of extreme as we were of letters to the general it gave us much concern on our arrival here to learn that he was absent from home on a circuit he returned to town however a day or two ago and immediately called with a most obliging tender of his services conduct us in the intervals of his official duties f any objects of interest in this city which might hitherto have been of such as are more directly in the way of his profession during a call which he repeated to day we were struck with the variety and elegance of his conversation and of address united as they are with a frankness and of manners the most and en of an to the general was one of the members of the irish parliament and his cool and powerful fitted him for that season of stormy discussion during which his talents were exercised he has occasionally also communicated with the public through the medium of different journals and his writings are ever marked with an easy elegance of style and a vein of but humour in the course of the day captains m and h of the royal navy called and proposed a walk to the castle to show us more particularly its buildings and especially the chapel a beautiful specimen of light said to be the finest in the country some and in the latter are rich beyond expression and the windows over the piece are painted with great taste the throne of the lord lieutenant which is cm the left of the pulpit is decorated it is erected in the gallery and is elevated above the other seats on the same side a of crimson cloth embroidered with gold it the arms of various noble families entirely i believe of those who have enjoyed the vice office with their names are to the front of the gallery the effect is better than might be supposed having last come from a country which has produced a number of highly female writers whose distinguished of mind and various intellectual exertions have produced the happiest influence upon the manners of its celebrated metropolis it was natural to inquire how far the spirit of combined with the examples of mrs mrs and miss might have introduced into this city a similar passion for letters and by it have exalted as well as refined die character	48
of its society ireland within the last fifty years has produced her full proportion of literary women and even the lady notwithstanding her iso of an excursion to extravagant fancy taste and is an evidence of the genial virtue of a which impart a mind of such glowing and an imagination of such vigorous and fertile invention it was our fortune to come addressed to a lady in this city distinguished for mental accomplishments and the of taste her house is frequented by the learned and polite and there the stranger may often meet with a of literary assembled for the purpose of easy and improving intercourse by the of a courteous hospitality a select party of the friends of this lady we had the pleasure of meeting at her dining table to day among whom were several other very pleasing ladies and two or three of the university fellows conversation was as it should be and unaffected but polished and instructive the magic of its charms seemed to the passing minutes and the evening in the drawing room was protracted to a late hour in the latter i remarked what i have elsewhere seen in this city a table spread with the recent several beautiful tions of standard english works together with paintings prints and maps remarkable for and finish this rational of a drawing room is universal in the better houses of and as it is met with in is a of honourable between the citizens of the two the which it in regard to the state of is highly favourable from the hasty which i have yet been able to make of this c ip ed with the opinion has been v th the latter decidedly it in the and of letters they are more a trade there and from the d im i e of objects are rendered important articles of exchange and in on the other hand owing to its situation and other to gains these sketches of an excursion to of mind are less sought after and the inhabitants are naturally more employed in pursuits directly sub to the maintenance of life whilst those of the capital being in most cases possessed of an easy of fortune and freed from that restless desire to it inseparable from daily witnessing the busy stir of engagement are more inclined to habits and resort to books and occupations purely mental both for the pleasure and benefits of the exercise hence that character for intellectual superiority which has obtained a character which it to the of the or porch not only of great but of europe a lady there feels it to be no to be familiar with any liberal study philosophy is no sealed book to her and she may range through each department of and exact science fearless of the charges of or such a result marks a radical and happy change in the condition of civil a change too which ia beginning widely to operate the female character is obtaining a degree of respect which it has never before pro enjoyed whatever may be thought of its in the courts of charles ii and louis xv happily in the republic of letters the avenues of arc open to all no law there and the ir candidate for eminence by a vigorous application of the energies of an accomplished mind may successfully challenge the first honours in gift sunday april we called this morning by invitation on major and were gratified with his collection this gentleman has about an hundred in the whole the best of which are in a single apartment of considerable constructed for the purpose and well lighted from above the paintings possess great merit much more than we expected to find in any private collection va they arc the works of many artists i of an to of the and italian schools major is of the committee of fine arts to the society and at the same time holds an office which seems with the pursuits of taste that of chief of the city police it is owing to tlie of this patriotic individual that the turbulent of are kept in a state of tranquillity which would reflect credit upon the most and well disposed people major was and engaged in behalf of government in the great rebellion of if at the head of which was lord edward son of the duke of this gained intelligence of a daring conspiracy being in agitation just as it was on the point of and understanding one night that the nobleman was to lodge in a certain house in the city he en it with a small armed force and succeeded after a short struggle in seizing him this achievement in no degree to an effectual and termination of the evils which were th n impending over ireland for on the of their chief and the disclosure oi the plans on foot the measures of the party were and as they were obliged to do without any leading or decisive character for their head they were reduced after a though contest to their by strong arm of government this rebellion it is cost ireland the it may be remembered tbat towards the close of the last of the british parliament ending in july was made and car to reverse the bill of which had passed the family ot lord ed in consequence oi his it was by ministers and and only spirit bat a desire to the recollection of die unhappy which introduced and followed upon the rebellion a son of was an officer in the army of the duke of and his grace when the motion was under consideration by the lords bore the most testimony to his merits su tf m ion io of of its subjects of whom were roman addresses aod other flattering of obligation were presented to s for his in conduct in the affair referred to as also	48
in others which occurred during the rebellion several of these we saw during a call which we had previously made at the time of service we repaired to the castle the house was full at an hour the lord and lady lieutenant were present on the throne they descended without state to tl e chapel by a private passage leading from that part of the castle which is aj to the town residence of the and family the celebrated dr preached a divine of great popularity who is listened to with deep interest whenever he visits dr delivered me of the best practical which i re ever to have heard and i wished that it might be my happiness to listen to him more than once this gen a professor in college is now settled on a distant that of cork i believe his work the whatever may be thought of its premises and by christians is universally to be a of great and as marking a mind of rare vigour and the appearance of this excellent divine is and venerable he seems turned of h erect in his person not above die middle size and has a hale and rather complexion his manner of preaching is simple and unaffected but energetic and the rev o a of in the of is at t e t thought to be the most popular the general mentioned to the writer of these that in a which he once had with the present of that dr s work on the to be the which had been added to the mass of o within the last half of an excursion to in this part of ireland not long since he published a volume of sermons which gained him great here although they are hardly known on the other side of the channel they are by that glowing eloquence peculiar to the irish a too great fondness for which indeed occasionally him into a vehemence of expression not a little upon the by which i mean not seems to be gaining a footing among the clergy around the but in general it meets with very little encouragement in ireland in this city there are two societies and they are each respectable for numbers their are of the and are esteemed for worth and piety jews are numerous every where but in ireland they have no in nor in any other part of the country and possess only a which is at bridge monday april the of the university rev dr had politely made an appointment to show us this morning the interior of that noble institution and requested our company at a classic breakfast after an agreeable which proved something more than a mere feast of reason the and his n mr e a junior fellow in college drew on their robes and accompanied us to the university buildings the house of the is included within the college and separated only by a court from the first it is a massive building resembling more a palace than a private dwelling constructed of free stone and presenting in front a range of supported by an under story of fretted rustic work the interior is finely finished and to the dignity of its outward appearance the college buildings are about thirty five in number forming two main besides a smaller one the front towards the college green a circular area so called formed sketches of an to by the termination of dame and other streets extends three hundred feet and is of the order in the theatre which is erected opposite to the chapel and appropriated to lectures and we were shown a piece of irish which would have done honour to the of it is a monument of and representing the figure of learning bending in tears over his body the whole from a single block the hall of exhibition is feet long and about in breadth and height it is ornamented by some portraits of and eminent of the college the library is large and the books are arranged in the best manner for display their number including is between and the library is rich in these last the of the great forming a part some of them are adorned with illuminated characters and other quaint devices of times i remarked in the collection a copy in fine preservation of the old bible the version which preceded the of and also the well known but the directed our attention particularly to one which is highly valuable as well as curious and which came into the possession of the college by a singular fortune an old manuscript filled merely as it was thought with some idle legends or of a barbarous age had long been in the library and had lain neglected amidst a heap of learned rubbish by a strange accident however there was discovered imder this writing another work the letters of which traversed those of the former and though nearly were in most places faintly perceptible on a near view it proved to be a greek ms of the gospel of and is evidently of great antiquity it is written with letters without points of accent and other marks of a modem age and the characters are blended in lines without any distinction of words or sentences the latter precisely of an excursion to in form and size those of the which i saw at cambridge in england and of the which i have repeatedly met the u who possesses a singular pains taking genius undertook to the ms and has succeeded very well he was obliged often to hold the to the light of a window and sometimes to measure the space left where a of a letter was wanting in order to determine what to supply if a whole character was or still more if a word was the space was left naked and no attempt was made to fill	48
ii a second defence of the system of the reply to an apology for the present state du worship by ram vo pages are called on in a review of these to a distant scene to which the attention of literary men has been but seldom called and whose aspect seems at first view rather what is it to me the american reader may inquire that as to the ar vol i defence of tides of their national faith and how am i to determine a contest maintained by those who are much better skilled in their subject than i can possibly be notwithstanding these objections we apprehend that an investigation of the religion will not be wholly uninteresting even to those whose practice is not to be affected by a discussion of its principles whatever may have been the evils attendant on the british in india it has at least not been to tile cause of science the name of sir william jones is familiar to most of our readers and many of them will recollect that it is associated with a disclosure to tiie european world of much of the science and literature of the east to whom the british government has protected in their we are also indebted for the result of inquiries which have given a general acquaintance with the religion of we are therefore not entirely without guides in entering on a consideration of the principles of the faith the knowledge of the principles of true religion which existed in the family of appears to have been soon lost among his descendants we find stealing her fa gods the of and prevailing among the inhabitants of at a subsequent period the adorned many a poet s song prior to the christian era appears generally to have prevailed except among the jews but it seems likely that whenever a nation became enlightened by and the arts some men would be found who were disposed to separate themselves from the of the vulgar in some degree and to concerning the divine nature we do not suppose that human reason is able of itself to form suitable of the deity though it may obtain some faint of his nature and attributes hence in the pagan jt defence of some slight traces of truth are found d with the mass of error of which it is principally composed appears to have been a characteristic feature of most of the false systems of religion but it is not unlikely that some of the philosophers might occasionally conceive certain ideas as to the unity of the deity we are therefore not surprised to find this truth sometimes asserted on the pages of the the zeal of the author of the before us has led him to fix on it as a mean of his countrymen from their try we heartily wish him success in his labours it is impossible for any one who the to be blind to the fact that their writer or writers had but very inadequate of the deity for they consist in part of hymns addressed to different we have expressed our sentiments concerning them generally and refer our readers for a further knowledge of their contents to our from the of ram the first of the before us contains a between ram a and we presume also of that cast and head english master in the college of fort st george appears as the advocate of we extract the following specimen of his argument the attributes in the preceding extract are affirmed by the to be the creating protecting and the like powers or of the supreme being their worship under various representations by means of ed objects is prescribed by the scripture to the human race by way of mental exercise who owing to the waving nature of their minds cannot without assistance fix their thoughts on the incomprehensible and almighty being though the representations of the attributes are yet the nature of the supreme being in the attributes in their representations and in the objects to them s mm of it not and i regard the lame at an throughout ten if thia be admitted why cannot the prayer to the all spirit in the object be considered aa prayer to the and almighty god if one part of the ocean be adored tlie whole ocean is adored it becomes us as christians to regard with pity the melancholy state of these poor alas how weak is which can support so a doctrine so unworthy to be practised by an immortal soul who on reading the above extract does not wish that no obstacles might ever be interposed by the ruling powers in india to the labours of those men who are willing to instruct its inhabitants in that which is emphatically the truth we add another extract from s plea for if the worship of the attributes be rejected what means can be to the truth and to the understanding of an indolent man who on being told that god is all and invisible thinks him to the air or the sky or hearing that by a figure of speech he is called the splendor of splendor believes that he is of a luminous nature if these helps be denied him will he not at last become ignorant of the true or be induced to follow doctrine rather than to trouble his head t attain the difficult knowledge of the divine nature the highest argument which we can oppose to the pr extract is the divine command against the practice of but we apprehend that this is not one of those subjects to the discussion of which reason is unequal and in regard to which it becomes her to bow in meek submission to the authority of religion may not the vulgar by the contemplation and adoration of be induced to consider that which they worship not as an image of god	48
what evidence he sir william jones was of opinion that they were very writings the suppose the to have been revealed by one of their principal and to have preserved by tradition until they were committed to writing by a sage who thence received the of a of the the are four in number and each is divided into two parts the former containing hymns for different occasions and the latter the and part of the religion veiled in absurd legends the are ascribed to many different authors and are as we have already mentioned addressed to various we have already intimated that this offers an bar to the argument that the teach a consistent system of the parts do indeed sometime the great truth of the divine unity but our readers will judge from the following extract of the unworthy and con manner in which this sublime doctrine is in these writings the are only three whose places are the earth the region and heaven namely fire air and the sun they are pronounced to be the of the names and the lord of the creatures is the deity of them the syllable m every deity it belongs to hi him who dwells in the supreme abode it to the vast one to god to the defence of ing soul other belonging to those several regions are portions of the three gods for they are named and described on account of their different but in fact there is only one deity the great soul he is called the sun for he is the soul of all beings and that is declared by the sage the sun is the soul of what moves and of hush that which is fixed other are portions of him and that is expressly declared by the sage the wise call fire and a c we cannot wonder at the degraded state in which the human mind has remained in for so many centuries when we see the doctrines of their religion involved in so much absurdity in another part of the a human form is said to have been first created by the universal soul from different parts of this body almost all the various furniture of the universe was produced these different parts of the creation were gods who entering into the human form became the very parts and faculties which as we have been told just before produced these gods nothing existed before the production of mind say the except death who desirous of acquiring a soul framed mind f they inform us in another place that the being afraid as it would appear because he was alone considered that as there was no other person or thing he had no cause for fear in another part we are furnished with a legend the scope of which it is to teach that heaven is the head of the universal soul the sun its eye air its breath the ethereal element its trunk water its and the earth its feet vol p t p x p p vol i defence of yet this is the pure and rational religion which ram wishes to clear from subsequent and to restore to its original excellence surely he could not find in christianity were he to take the trouble to examine its any thing to which as a philosopher he is bound to be so hostile as chat religion of the around whose standard he wishes his countrymen to rally but how does it happen that this religion has become so we are informed by mr who has examined the with much attention that they either mention or indicate most of the gods which are at present worshipped in the indian it is therefore of but little moment that other sacred writings whose authority ram does not deny together with the influence of custom during a long succession of years have given a new aspect to the national religion many subsequent would naturally spring up with the of time and be added to the old stock and it but little against that its more modern forms should be to while it remains prescribed in those very books which assert the divine unity but we return to a of the of ram i cannot admit says he that the worship of these attributes under various representations by means of ed objects has been prescribed by the to the human race as this kind of worship of consecrated objects is by the to those only who are incapable of raising their minds to the notion of an invisible supreme being i have quoted several authorities for this assertion in my preface to the and beg leave to repeat here one or two of them the vulgar look for their god in water men of more extended knowledge in celestial bodies the ignorant in wood bricks and stones but learned men in the universal soul thus corresponding to the nature of powers or qualities numerous figures have p hay s defence of been invented for the benefit of those who are not possessed of sufficient understanding if we mistake not ram in the extract gives up his cause it appears that the or of the have prescribed to much the largest portion of the human race to wit the ignorant if the authors of these works intending to establish a permanent religion directed a class of society which would probably always be numerous to use ram cannot on the authority of the of his religion pretend to disturb the of a great majority of his countrymen if he teaches to the enlightened merely and only wishes to that class leaving the rest to then the general position that the the pure worship of one god should be qualified in with those writings so as to admit that while they teach the divine unity to one class of mankind they also teach to another on the absurdity and of such	48
a system it is scarcely necessary to remark in his second we find ram again giving up the question as we apprehend in the same manner as appears by the extract in that work to wit the preface to the i admitted that the worship of these was directed by the but at the same time i proved by their own authority that this was merely a made to the limited faculties of the vulgar with the view of in some degree the misfortune of their being incapable of and the spiritual worship of the true god thus in the preface i remarked for they the c repeatedly declare god to be one and above the apprehension of the external and internal senses they indeed expressly declare the divinity of many gods and the mode of their worship but they reconcile those by frequent jt defence of ly that the to worship any beings are only to those who are incapable of their minds to the ideas of an invisible being it is a fact too plainly established by history to admit of any dispute that all except the true one involve in themselves and too glaring for the consent of any rational being the modem like the ancient considers that the deity is a being so concerned with his affairs as to require from him no regard or worship the wisest of ancient philosophers never pretend to devise or execute a suitable system of religious worship to the one true god the greek and roman ascribed to his gods the most degrading vices paradise consists in pleasure and ram after having properly argued against from the pages of the and and after having without contradiction the representation that the former of these books the worship of of gravely places both these writings in our last extract among the or sacred of his religion and accounts for their direct of false doctrines as we suppose he would do for the vile which they as a charitable condescension to the character of the mass of mankind or the desire of novelty may lead men off from the true faith among us as the of original light has done the but all however they may be pleased for a time with their ingenious would find reason were they capable of sufficient consideration for in mysteries which they cannot rather than submit to the in which they are always involved the ram and tlie against whose defence of li second is directed to be united in a common confusion on the subject defence of of the existence of their celestial gods ram the following passage from the that it is prescribed also to celestial gods and heaven ly beings to attain a knowledge of the supreme being because a desire of is equally possible for them and the following from the from him the supreme being celestial gods of many descriptions or beings next to celestial gods mankind beasts birds life wheat and all are produced in the above passages the inferior worshipped by the are treated as beings having an actual created existence but it will be remembered that ram as well as his opponent in the first had considered them merely as attributes of the deity and he charges this contradiction on the in the following terms the having in the first instance all the attributes and powers of the deity and also the celestial bodies and natural elements does in to this idea of per treat of them in the subsequent passages as if they were real beings to them birth animation senses and accidents as well as to but he his opponent in the second with this in the passage in p l the learned states that the itself in treating of the several declares them to be possessed of forms and their actions and are all on their nature but p he says because the male and female whose being i contend for are nothing more than accidents existing in the supreme being he thus at one time considers these as possessed of a nature and at another declares them to be mere accidents in god which are quite inconsistent with the attribute of i am really at a loss to un f defence of how the learned could admit so dark a contradiction into his light of the in concluding our remarks on these singular we may remark that though by no means remarkable for elegance of style they exhibit a knowledge of the language which for we consider somewhat surprising the of the learning which they play is indeed chiefly confined to the sacred books of the ram however in his first under twelve divisions his answers to his and shows some acquaintance with logic in the second he to the practised by the and the deplorable ignorance which exists among many heathen nations and which in an to the progress of christianity certainly does not prevail among at least one class of the inhabitants of how truly lamentable is it that though the human mind is there to a certain degree improved by civilization it should still remain closed against that religion which is peculiarly fitted to adorn and soften the human character it should the tions of christians in this and in other parts of the world in using the means prescribed by the divine author of their religion for its to know that in the regions of there is a class of whose minds have been exercised with considerable ingenuity on the subject of ram teaching the unity of god on the principles of the is indeed like a endeavouring to form a statue from a mass of coarse and crude materials which are incapable of admitting elegance of form or the display of excellence of work but he shows great though ingenuity in his attempts to reduce the chaos of into form and order is it must be admitted an s	48
defence of yet amidst this mass the may still be found and it is some consolation to the christian to behold mixed with much error and contradiction some principles of religious truth it is an encouragement to him to think that the day may not be far distant when god shall pour around the path of the poor who is now groping after him in darkness the light of the of let this blessed event be an object of the wishes and the prayers and as far as providence may afford ability and opportunity of the of every reader we suppose that among those ancient nations who a considerable degree of civilization religion may be viewed under a aspect and that these divisions may be considered as having for the most part ly arisen the one after the other in proportion as the nation advanced in improvement in the arts of life and in refinement of manners we would consider that in the first place when as a for their neglect of god he from their minds by what appears to have been a miraculous the knowledge of him a nation feeling society to be going to wreck without the worship of god resorted to religion for the purpose as the word of binding together again in civil union the com which was on the point of being dissolved the importance of religious worship was among the considered so great that to omit it and to be were terms hence arose the necessity of some system of devised according to the best notions which the priests the wisest men of the nation could form and of ceremonies of public worship the most august solemn and imposing this we consider as the first aspect in which the ancient heathen are to be regarded thus we conjecture that long ere egypt the great ancient nursery of the a defence of arts and had furnished to the resorted thither for instruction that information on which their systems of philosophy were founded its priests had for many ages established a code of and a routine of public religious so too greece much before her poets and philosophers had handled religious subjects in their writings we think had her public religious services established by law in rome too in the of the kings much care was taken relative to public worship in some the bonds of social order have never been drawn sufficiently close to cause very great importance to be attached to the national religion and these societies still remain barbarous of the poetry of egypt we do not know that there are any remains nor of its philosophy further than it may be embodied in that of the but we know that one of the earliest poets of greece adorned his writings with allusions taken from the religion of his country we suppose that when civilization had attained a certain height to the of the priests was the of the poets collected from among the people and adorned with the charms of verse to the first it belonged to establish and maintain the national religion to the last to adorn it men of fertile fancy would naturally exert it on so dignified and interesting a subject and collecting the scattered stores of fable which lay diffused among the nation would display them with all the of poetry the stories thus collected being adorned by the splendor of genius would naturally add much to the national system of religion even since the christian era imagination has invented the of and in countries and occupied much space in the minds of the people some of which were not wholly unknown to the ages of chivalry poetry it is true did not always these systems into conspicuous notice nor was the be defence of of them always they were the of that fanciful invention which is nearly allied to the poet s art and the belief of them obtained in some christian countries until the general of religious and other truth among the people has caused it in our times to be nearly extinguished rome borrowed her religion principally from greece and we have if we mistake not an account of their re principally as a system of public worship until in the age introduced into his the of placed the greek system of in a conspicuous station among the stores of latin literature and collected popular stories into his among the fancy does not appear to have been idle in adding to the primitive stock of the national religion and it is probably owing to its among the people at large and among poets that the has now become with an assemblage of of whom different stories are related on a scale which when com with the greek system that and gross er aspect which we might suppose would attend all oriental institutions of this most extravagant that has perhaps ever existed in our world the following may be considered as an outline three principles of creation preservation and destruction or rather change of the mode of existence are and produced the world together with the four casts or tribes into which the are divided from his head sprang the priest or from his arm die warrior from his the and from his foot the the second principle and who has more than any other divinity of the is at once the sun the earth water air and space or is fire and from his or flows the river these have each of them a vol i defence of or wife and children and have descended to the earth in under various forms it can scarcely be imagined that some oriental po would not avail himself of the of his religion and assume a portion of them as a theme at once interesting and exalted before the christian era the had celebrated a part of the story of one of the in strains which	48
sir william jones thought worthy of being translated into our language this second aspect of the ancient false appears to us to be the one against which ram has set himself we think that he may be among those of old who retired to reason concerning religion and discovered that the of the people could not meet with the sanction of men of cool and sober reflection ram however entirely the idea of and himself to protesting against the as inconsistent with the sacred writings of the religion falling into the hands of philosophers and being treated of by them the third aspect imder which we have deemed that the ancient false systems may be viewed priests poets and philosophers appear to have in some measure handled these systems and to have exhibited them with features in some degree the priest in the administration of public worship the poet exerted his genius in the regions of imagination and the philosopher attempted to instruct the understanding the state of morals in general among all the nations to which we have referred is a proof of the of their systems of religion but we have been bom in a land where the on the subject of religion has ample means provided for obtaining satisfaction and these it each one of us diligently to use from la art iv on the genius of the and the actual condition of their literature translated from la since civilized nations have felt the desire to be ed with the literature of other countries than their own the most contradictory opinions have been published upon the literature of italy dictated in general by national pride more or less exclusive thus germany allows little merit to the because they have not adopted the notions of and seem to have that species of romance in which were composed some of the d of their literature the englishman does not find among them either of thought or force of sentiment qualities which he considers peculiar to himself and the frenchman would exact from them that simplicity of style and those and lively expressions which enable him to give interest to the subjects and to the most abstract but it is not enough to cast these various reproaches on the literature of italy they to it some faults which belong only to a particular epoch and others which to a single class of writers if for example any author is named you hear immediately a repetition of the ordinary observations on the the play on words the attempts at wit the c feeling these the have eagerly answered by apologies perhaps not better founded hence the continued of their literary which in proving the well known merit of their ancestors may furnish also an argument of the of their modem writers in fact that the have preceded the in several kinds of literature as they have themselves been preceded by the and they by the is that which we shall find it useful to inquire is the rank that italy deserves in the republic of letters now when most other nations have made such astonishing progress in i on italian literature and the fine arts m let us therefore en to trace a picture of literary italy keeping on our guard against exaggerated praises on the one side and on the other instead of repeating what she has it will be more useful to point out what she is or better still what she is capable of becoming whether it is an effect of the influence which physical causes possess upon moral qualities or not the vigour and which nature in that fine is also in the character of its inhabitants often indeed those elements of genius but wherever they have been cultivated and developed by suitable means they have produced results which might proudly exhibit to other nations after the impartial observations which m and m have published the one upon a department of natural science the other on the literary history of italy it would be superfluous to that italy is distinguished before every other country in the various walks of literature let us observe merely that the light of science and of letters had scarcely shone anew upon europe when italy first availed herself of it and delighted to and it through succeeding ages however the circumstances of the moment frequently were in the century was produced almost in a perfect state thanks to the genius of and that language which notwithstanding the abuse it sometimes suffered will ever be distinguished by its force its grace and its elegance in the following century more studies were generally pursued which induced a direct communication with the whom the of the times had almost entirely separated from us the sixteenth century by the lights and the experience acquired in the two which preceded attempted to equal and even to pass in many particulars those by m md from m hot for a short time known and whom they already know how to appreciate then all branches of literature became productive every limb produced its fruits but this dance itself diminished perhaps the glory which italy should have derived from it only the productions which shone with extraordinary brilliancy could command attention each one attached himself to some particular genius distinguished in such or such a department of learning and neglected to inquire if other did not possess authors of merit some for example would know nothing of italian literature but in the novel writers and poets others nothing but in or political among those were m and but the philosophers and the were forgotten who had the first undertaken to trace the history of na ture those who created philosophy and the true method of reasoning such are who laid the foundation of the school of bacon and of and that of and of notwithstanding the corruption of style which was introduced at this time the century	48
was not less remarkable for the same genius and the same richness of imagination and if at this period the mind took a false direction it must be acknowledged that the error was accompanied with those great efforts of the intellect of which a nation very far advanced in civilization is alone capable it would be wrong nevertheless to believe that there yet existed only such writers as the and the it was towards the middle of the age that founded his school the academy of was established and a prodigious number of writers such as the c united the with philosophy in the charms of the former to explain the the of the latter on italian literature at the same time in the crowd of those who followed the brilliant of the of the empire of already were seen judicious their countrymen for their love of before it was attributed to them by strangers and it was in the century that the celebrated i v not only taught the principles of th social contract before j j had yet exaggerated its consequences but also the school of and restored the of good taste by his and his example and above all by at rome that academy of the from which arose au those literary associations that multiplied through the whole of italy we owe to the pupils of and to the academy of the such writers as c and it was owing to them also that italy was speedily cured of that of false taste which had not attacked her only but had invaded almost all europe notwithstanding these brilliant proofs of the genius of they have been considered inferior to other nations in respect to extent and depth of knowledge because of the nature of their which it was supposed could only produce minds as and limited as themselves such causes are certainly not without influence but we should not their effects if italy in its political division does not present to view a capital like london or paris where are united in one all the intellectual lights of the nation to again and like blood through all the veins of the body she is in some degree for this disadvantage by the great number of smaller and which each one of the provinces takes care to supply every state however small has to make a figure in all kinds of knowledge and often has claimed the glory of from thence the prodigious number of literary of from la schools and by consequence of men of letters to be found no where else in the same proportion it is not only in the such as rome c that this spectacle is presented but also in the towns of the second and third order as c it is however that this division of italy into petty states of which each one has its particular school has caused a great of opinions and tastes which has not only excited but at times has produced bitter and each country has desired that its schools its philosophers its poets its artists shall often they seemed to have nothing in which there was felt a common interest thus in the fine arts were distinguished the school the roman the the c the celebrated fourteen distinct schools in painting and there b the same of schools in literature and philosophy but what is most remarkable the same school sometimes produced hostile in observing the warfare which and the against and the that which and the de la carried on against and his admirers and that of and the against and the one is tempted to believe that the of and were not extinct the same and the same often took place in the bosom of particular whose professors and students divided into two parties almost ready to fight these were doubtless but they the ardent imagination and enthusiasm of the who are not so much disposed as it seems to be thought they are to submit to the judgment and authority of strangers it may be said on the contrary that as soon as they began to awake from their long they sought to themselves for their po on hj independence in learning always possessed philosophers more or less daring but never of the dominant party each one has endeavoured to retain his peculiar style of thought however celebrated and followed for a time these philosophers were soon overcome or neglected and of all those masters and leaders no one has been able to preserve his power or his and founded a school in england and left des worthy to maintain it the french boast and remain so faithful to his laws that they were the last in europe to receive the theory of t ie became and still remain all or while among the used all his to and establish the philosophy of and this was the first we hear of a school of philosophy in that country but it disappeared with the success of the sane may be said of and so many others who perhaps would have enjoyed less influence elsewhere after ao many examples is there not reason to believe that des and would not perhaps have obtained brilliant success among the but we must not confound the school of man with that of nature which is common to all men all nations and all ages in this respect the system of like that of does not present a character either particular be cause it was founded on experience reason and truth and is therefore beyond the power of the imagination the school or rather the method of and the of to is still preserved in italy c are but their but as to other opinions and hy there is no distinct and permanent school in short i repeat it was the who while they lost their political independence gave the earliest example to europe of an independent philosophy	48
it might here be proved and i will perhaps at some time or other attempt the de from la that the revolution of intellect which made so great a progress in the major part of europe had commenced long before in italy where it would have met the same possibly greater if the had had fewer obstacles to overcome or if they had been placed in more favourable circumstances but the fatal consequences of that revolution to the greater part of its authors the from the perilous analysis of certain opinions which too nearly approached questions of politics or of religion the fate of so many writers sacrificed by a blind and ferocious and still more the danger which threatened the lives of and so many others justified the caution of they would not have otherwise remained inferior in one branch of learning while they in every other it would therefore be unjust to reproach them because having become timid and indifferent at the sight of and difficulties they did not follow the example of their more fortunate it has always appeared to me to be well established that the characteristics of the are a great force a prodigious and singular of mind their talent for composition which appears so astonishing to strangers and which is generally attributed only to the resources of a and language is like that language itself the effect of that ardent genius that lively imagination which them it may be said to even when their intent is philosophical speculation but it must be admitted that the studies and mental occupations to which the class of inhabitants that compose exclusively good society are accustomed to devote themselves establish a very marked separation between that class and the rest of the population who possess but few if any opportunities of approaching the well educated ranks and by their instruction it follows that in every town there are lis n ont pas de vol i on italian literature two races of people much more different firom each other than in the other towns of europe their manners and their notions differ totally and above all their language indeed die italian language such as genius has made it b in its prose and still more in its verse much superior to the intelligence of the vulgar if we except and rome with other towns in all the rest of italy the vulgar have little intercourse with the educated class from whence it comes that these are like strangers unknown in their own country iii and the admirers of his well knew the work which a published upon the art of war ro when joseph ii arrived at he desired to see the writer who lived close by in his retreat it excited much astonishment that a man unknown to his countrymen should be celebrated among strangers the same thing might be said of and so many others who had no reputation among their country men until after strangers more just and more enlightened had given them it is thus according to my opinion we should regard italy and it is necessary to keep in view these con when we endeavour to estimate the present state of literature in that country and the merit of those writers that have become recently distinguished or are so now let me not be accused of for the whatever be the associations and the recollections that unite me to that country i consider her but as a province in the european republic of letters france cannot behold without interest a neighbouring nation which she has learned to esteem run with her the same career and tend towards the same goal and italy also should rejoice to find herself more connected with a nation to whom she is bound by so many interests in london art v ta in london or sketches of english manners mo published by m son philadelphia price a series of papers that appeared in the london literary under this tide have been thrown together to make these volumes and form a very entertaining collection of spirited and probably not over drawn sketches of english manners customs and character in the wealthy circles of the metropolis many of the have already been transferred from time to time to some of our journals two further specimens will limit our at present and are given merely as justification of the opinion pronounced in favour of the and comic merit of the book no xvii wild is old ten per cent up said a wild young dog a distant relation of mine to the of my banker as she was the parlour no mr thomas replied but i expect him down every minute then said if he come before i have had time to change my tell him that i am gone out to lord s to inform him that he has us and to hint to him that it is our time of all our accounts and my dear doll oh you gay i say my dear doll you took your wages yesterday do lend me a pound to my with it was lent my nephew thomas is the third son of a clergyman s widow in very poor circumstances and i thought that i had done a charitable act in getting him the situation of a banker s clerk he now pulled off his bond street coat himself of his dress shoes his diamond his gold rings and glass set in gold hid his snuff box took off his gold chain and dozen to his watch locked up his opera hat and he not belong t i the in n to any and put an a full suit of black the worse for wear clapped the pen behind his ear and went down to the counting house his looks he could not so ea y lay aside for he was heated and fatigued with all night at the crown	48
and anchor you look as if you had not been in bed exclaimed old on entering the room why sir the young i have not slept a wink all night i have been thinking how much we shall lose by the house of van and co and counting the many bad debts which we have i think it would be meet here he heaved a sigh to arrest the young wine merchant i think that he is going on a little too fast he keeps a and a lady here he heaved a deeper sigh and he owes us two hundred i have reasons for doubting the of the new country bank and i tremble for our any more of the s good thomas said his master you are a conscientious youth and i will take you into the firm at lay day i hope sir replied tom you know that i am as anxious for your interest as if it were my own right tom every clerk should be so besides one hundred per is a handsome allowance but in future when you are my partner you will have a sixth of all my profits tom was overcome with gratitude i cannot resumed the old gentleman trust those my other clerks who will spend you a five pound note on a sunday thomas gave a groan aye sir and ten pounds hack horse tavern treat a lady to an ice and a little go besides shocking cried the old man fare thee well thomas take out a writ against the stop the s credit wind up the concerns with the country bank and write to all who owe us money lend the life guard officer that money at ten and take a walk into the city to find how all our customers the in stand with regard to credit it shall be done replied mr thomas now this partner this steady young man upon one hundred per keeps a at the west end of the town a groom also goes every night half price to the play looks in at no st james s street occasionally and owes his tailor three hundred pounds this is done by re presenting himself as on the eve of being a partner in the firm by giving out to another that he is going to marry miss with a large fortune by doing a bill occasionally in private and unknown to the firm by making love to his woman by at matrimony to doll each time that he a pound of her or that she sits up to let him in at three four or five in the morning by giving intelligence to young men when the old banker means to arrest them by taking a from them when they keep out of the way by treating his with old s wine he keeping the key of the cellar and by laying the on a rat which he hunted through the bottles or on a brick which fell down but which he really out of the arch and throws upon the empty ones these and a number more ingenious tricks have kept him from detection but there is a tide in the affairs of man and it is much to be apprehended that the storm will burst upon him ere the be entered into for his are beginning to be very and the coachman is jealous of the clerk and the is jealous of doll the groom has found out thomas s real name and where he lives though he passed himself off for a hero and pretended to reside a way in the country with his lady the of the groom s wages against his secrecy and the livery stable keeper has threatened to sell the horse for his keep the business is near a close he will be a partner or prisoner ere it be long may his take the hint thus afforded them by the london r in london no the i made one last week at lady s which my the calls the it with the at homes on which he calls little hell on account of a certain round table which forms a principal feature in the even ing s amusement i met at the first named assemblage with an ll d how some people are the moment he entered the room he was surround t m y all the i am charmed to see you lady you are just come in time we are all in the dark on an subject and you are just the man to ten j madam replied the i am very willing to do the best in my power but the sun itself cannot the blind not very polite thought i the point being discussed and the d giving his common place opinion oh by the by said mrs m don t you think that young man is a close of lord in his moral or graver poetry not a close replied the doctor you perceive the resemblance yes madam said he in his did you condescend said the of to look in at lady h s no madam responded the i received one of her cards but i never go to a bath without the advice of the faculty admirable cried lady but i dare say doctor told you that he was to be there your is right said the ie went there doubtless in the way of his profession and caught on these occasions added to the of our sex and the of yours are the greatest resources of medical men i have a thousand apologies to make to you for my nephew said the he was really far gone and i considered it as a condescension on your part to allow him the in to be set down in our carriage on	48
your way home the other night m adam replied the doctor i d not think him so far gone as i could have wished your did well to set him down in any way and as to myself i considered your carriage on that occasion like a stage coach and was prepared to put up with any company what a brute thought i it is a pity rejoined her that he should be so given to swearing not at all said the doctor when a man is given to lying he does well to adopt the habit of swearing for he can have no for his own word and cannot expect those who know him to have any more reliance on it an oath on such an occasion may therefore be imposing very severe a host of he now looked sour but self satisfied my son says that you did not know him when he you going to see the observed the lady no madam replied the i took him for a stage coachman and was perplexed to think how i came to be in debt to one as i conceived that perhaps he me for his very fair a the doctor frowned his brother is a great scholar observed the lady again yes madam a great greek scholar but his knowledge has been acquired amongst the modem instead of the said he smiling have you seen him lately resumed her saw a stiff and a pair of this morning in the park with part of a face grinning through a horse collar attached to a coat and i concluded that he was in the midst of these fashionable a general laugh your old friend the general is much altered observed a classical parson he is grown quite an old man an old woman sir you mean replied the ll d and of the kind by the by what do you think of his wife i consider sir that she has more in her composition h t e in london than any i know being a strong of attraction fill duke interrupted lady is gone to russia i hope that it will be a to the of replied the grave i meant to have made a northern trip myself resumed her but on reflection i altered my plan i am happy observed the doctor that your s reflections go so some people merely confine them to their king glass i now got weary of so much of so much ill natured remark without value and i withdrew reflecting how many individuals gain an over others the reputation of a scholar grave dress a severe countenance and boldness enough to be rude have raised the doctor to his eminence in his circle where he holds forth like the philosophers of old in their and where weak would be and come each with their to borrow light from an offensive half illuminated lamp shining in neighbouring darkness thus are many spoiled for my own part the only novelty i perceived in this character was to have kept an admiring circle attending to his saying nothing but every thing ill natured which was in his power a eye will find more of this species in the intellectual of the metropolis these are the successful of literature who live upon as the french said to his and they have covers at the houses of the great seats in carriages and what is more astonishing they hold a high situation amongst their admiring among whom however they cannot reckon the in london u system of art f system of with c philadelphia published by the author i as one of the principal ends of this journal is to fix the attention of our countrymen on whatever intimately belongs nd essentially ministers to literature we shall not be thought to travel out of our proper walk or to descend from our tion in making an american system of the subject of a short article it gives us a particular pleasure to employ the epithet american in this case because we c weu recollect the time when every work of the kind r in our schools came from abroad and because the one now under consideration appears to us decidedly superior to any of foreign or domestic origin which has our notice a complete independence upon matters of this description is by national pride as well a interest even an equality of merit in native attempts where taste and ingenuity enter largely into the execution forms a source of permanent gratification and advantage hence it is that of the sentiments awakened in us by the subject we dwell with so much complacency upon the splendid of the declaration of independence recently presented to the american by mr the art of writing or of what we now call was traced by the directly to the gods it was in their estimation what it must be in ours the gift next in value and grace to that of speech and seemed to them to merit a species of in fact it must be universally admitted to be of all the arts to human knowledge and comfort the most important and that it is capable of being made to furnish delight to the eye need not be indicated to those who have seen mr s system or the brilliant specimens of professed display occasionally submitted to the public gaze vol i ip mi t system of the is not the less just for being old tile degree of attention usually bestowed and of stress laid upon acquisition of a neat or elegant hand is far from being such as we might expect from its utility and in regard to this point mr makes some observations which we with satisfaction since they are very well expressed perfectly with our own ideas and deserve especial attention jf as the object of writing is to record our thoughts to and	48
copies of them c our first grand aim should be that they may be read without difficulty the second elegance that the characters used to may by t beauty of form be pleasing as well as and the third despatch that the man of business may be relieved in his affairs it is a lamentable fact that professional gentlemen have too often neglected this part of education themselves and in some instances it in others the c is that an and hand writing has like many vices of the present day received the sanction of fashion how embarrassing and even it is to be under the necessity of spending more time in a word or paragraph than it would take to write it a number of times why should elegance in writing be entirely neglected while that of composition reading c are attended to with so much care and expense it is to be hoped that this work will have a tendency to remove all prejudices against good writing and place this art in that re light which its importance demands there are many persons who are excessively fond of good writing but still write very indifferently themselves they really think that they possess no natural talent for the art therefore consider it useless to make any attempts towards acquiring it such persons by frequently examining the best specimens of and with the assistance of a good system of teacher would generally be convinced that th taste and talent of which they supposed themselves only required cultivation to make them tolerable and in many cases excellent at certain periods in our history and that of england a great indifference prevailed respecting a handsome and particularly for the ladies whose in was at the same time miserably neglected in both respects there is a change of opinion a considerably improved practice but it is as yet too co men to find females of the educated ranks capable only of scratching with the pen and members of the learned professions not to say heads of counting houses and offices whose lines can with difficulty be constitute a most assemblage of pot hooks and some of the causes of this very inconvenient state of things are accurately explained by mr in the following paragraph the advantages of the best instructions are often entirely lost by a practice very in many of our first schools and it is that of giving the pupil before his hand is perfectly formed long exercises in the different languages to be written in a time quite too limited this custom is often attended with very effects as it regards his style of writing finding that the length of his exercise the possibility of his attending to the style of writing as weu as to the construction he is obliged to on without any regard whatever to the proportion of the letters it is generally found more difficult for the teacher to correct bad habits contracted in this way than to form good ones in those just beginning to write and again one of the greatest obstacles to the acquisition of this art has been the want of a proper standard for imitation this is severely felt where scholars are in the habit of frequently changing schools in which the teachers have adopt im system of ed no definite style or what is equally each has a different one which he has adopted as a standard rather from its being accidentally his own hand than from any in of its merits scholars who attempt to acquire writing under teachers who differ in their instructions will find themselves compelled to change their hand as they change schools learning and with every removal which chance or may dictate till the few correct ideas they may have acquired become so confused with ones that they are unable to make the proper between them it is owing to this perhaps than to every other cause that so few write scholars weary of endeavouring to rules and ms and without being able to judge of the merits of any they catch at the peculiarities of all and them with their own hand till ease and proportion are en lost we trust that the great obstacle described in the last pa will not long continue to exist mr has in out opinion supplied a standard for imitation which should be every where adopted it is worthy we think of being introduced into our public schools if it be not already used there and we should hope that it might be furnished at so cheap a rate as to any difficulty on the score of price the rules of the art of pen are and briefly in it the es are chosen and executed with much pre and beauty and it presents in an adequate measure one advantage which we consider as of no small consequence and which has been but too much neglected we mean that of conveying moral instruction to children as they are es their fingers the frequent of sound of human conduct of in natural and revealed must fix them in the memory though they may not excite the heart and judgment letters from lu what thus deposited and brings forth fruit in due season we are entitled to bestow every upon the select sentences and the poetical to serve as exercises which are found in the system under review to teach the young idea how to shoot is evidently one of the aims of mr as it will be of every sensible man en in the instruction of youth in whatever province of art whether merely mechanical or like that of of science and liberal accomplishment art letters from asia written by a gentleman of boston to a friend in that place new york published by a t small mo price cents letters from or from the would been a more appropriate to this little volume for the scope of	48
the writer s observation took in but a very portion of the continent of asia the island of the town of and its immediate vicinity with the ruins of the whole subject of his descriptions the letters were probably not composed with any view to their publication therefore we shall not stay to quarrel with his style which is quite nor complain of the of facts related as within his own knowledge and from which his readers might draw their own of the character of the people but proceed to abstract the information such and so much of it as there is to be gathered from the book nothing strikes the reader more forcibly in the letters nor appears more extraordinary than the repeated and hearty by the author upon the morals refinement and religion of the certainly the seldom receive such high praise from their christian acquaintances thus he us the unhappy prejudices of the christian world against the professors of s creed which had been letters from asia into my mind led me to fear a thousand dangers where none existed on the african shores from cape to the bay of and in fact to the coast of would be attended by death or slavery but when the seaman approaches that part of asia inhabited by he may with safety bury all alarm and rest satisfied that al though he is not near a christian country still he will find among the inhabitants all the virtues possessed by christians with but few of their vices and again speaking of the occupied by the are in that of the called and as the of our religion have not been suffered to reside in that quarter has our vice of made its appearance there riches in equal profusion are displayed in their shops frequently by the owners and exposed to the multitude un guarded with the exception of a chair placed with its back to the door to signify that the owner is not at home i questioned one of the through my on the policy of leaving property thus exposed it being as i considered an encouragement to his answer although was just we have no among even the administration of justice which we are apt to suppose is brought to considerable perfection among us by the institution of the trial by jury our boston traveller thinks b on quite as good a footing among the justice of some kind we are told may always be obtained in this country he writes at an advantage that he is by no means willing to to his own nation and al though he feels himself obliged to admit it is doubtful whether a ever his stolen property still he adds as if anxious for the reputation of justice he may rest assured that the thief if discovered will meet his reward and this must be taken for decided when we find close at hand that it is a melancholy fact notwithstanding all nations boast of their justice that it cannot be from asia i found with and the very laws that were originally intended to establish happiness among mankind form a source whence flows a great portion of our misery and wretchedness the are remarkable for their generosity too it seems those grounds owned by and arc during the harvest guarded by persons who prevent both men and dogs from entering when the former are not better armed than themselves while the show their superiority in the christian virtue of benevolence by permitting all to par ke of the fruits with which it is pleased the almighty to bless their lands and for their forbearance in a still more wonderful degree according to the following story of an occurrence said to have happened some years since during a performance of rope dancing where the christians alone were admitted a wishing to in the amusement offered money to gain an entrance this being refused he endeavoured to force his way into the when the man who attended at the gate shot him with a pistol which he drew from his breast confusion immediately ensued the were in the greatest state alarm and fled to their houses not knowing yet the consequence instead of taking ample revenge while their murdered lay before them the in the most reasonable manner demanded the of the representing his country that he might be punished for his crime agreeably to the laws of god and man but either from mistaken pride or through ignorance that possess feelings like other human beings it was denied and they retired highly dissatisfied breathing vengeance against the christians universally for some days the flames of discord were half smothered they still retained hopes that their reasonable demand would be complied with but finding it vain they set fire to a s k letters from the buildings in frank street which with the property they contained were entirely consumed and those of the inhabitants only escaped the who were fortunate enough to gain the country or find an asylum on board the shipping the catastrophe was not quite so cr table as it might have been to the of the ut is now ai every frank that is every european or we presume american we are told in letter xx provided he gives no cause of jealousy to the as regards their women and shows a proper respect to their when permitted to enter a may enjoy more liberty and as much happiness in asia as in any part of the world he can own houses and of every description without being by government merely paying to the owner a ground rent for the land on which his dwelling stands but should he be detected in an with any of their women his life would be in danger and of the woman would certainly be sacrificed to their rage that noblest work of god an honest	48
man is to be found we are informed in every full grown honesty so often sought and rarely found among the enlightened and religious of and america in this part of asia and in the west of the stands whether a sense of virtue or moral obligations to each other contained in the pages of the is the cause i am unable to say but all travellers who have visited this country and are of prejudice will do them the justice to say that is a crime almost unknown throughout the of the grand a merchant of having occasion to send about five hundred pounds sterling a distance of about four days journey into the country requested his to find a suitable i d person the first they met in the streets although one of the lowest was engaged for that purpose the gold was handed him in a bag and without even inquiring his name or residence in the city he was directed to hand it to the merchant in the village whose name was him on a piece of paper and on his return he should receive the amount agreed on about five dollars as a compensation for his trouble on the eighth or ninth day he returned to the city stating he had delivered the money when he received his pay and went to seek employment in the streets after an of nearly a month a letter from the merchant announced that he had not received the money and expressed surprise at the circumstance this excited considerable alarm particularly as it was almost impossible to find the messenger having a second time neglected to take his name after three days search however he was found staggering through the streets with a heavy on his back and being informed of the cause why they sought him he laid it down and exclaimed god forbid that i should wrong any man even a christian but he continued i will go back again at my own expense and see who has the property otherwise my reputation will be ruined this speech had a curious effect from a man whose whole real and personal estate would not in all probability have amounted to fifty he departed and arriving at the village examined with a eye every christian he met till at last the greek to whom he had given the gold presented himself you have injured my reputation like a dog as you are said the porter and have taken from me that which belongs to ther but thank god you are found at last i will take you to the and have you hung that the world may be rid of such a scoundrel the greek on his knees begged forgiveness i was in distress he said when i saw you and vol i j i letters from asia having occasion for the money i assumed the name of my neighbour it was my intention to have paid him before he would feel any alarm as to the but spare my here is your gold and here are five hundred for yourself the allowed him to depart took the money to the right owner and returned with hu pockets better filled than they had been during the whole course of his life the above anecdote would be more valuable if for by the personal knowledge of our author in the follow ing extract however he will be found bearing witness to circumstances either of great and general or extreme carelessness we will not pretend to determine which so universal is this virtue of honesty among the that property the most valuable may be sent with perfect safety to any part of the empire and as none but are permitted to act as or in any other capacity integrity on the part of the little risk exists of its ever changing in my excursions and travels about the country i have frequently seen of valuable lying on the sides of the roads far distant from houses or human beings and on inquiring of the why they were so exposed was informed that the drivers sometimes finding their beasts heave off a part and take it up on their return or at some other convenient opportunity during the spring orders are given for cotton and the has a mark given by the merchant to place on the in the autumn it is brought to the city thrown into a in one mass and each merchant that portion belonging to himself i was informed that no instance has a ever been lost lastly the piety of the is as indeed the perfect resignation with which the sub letters from asia to of providence cannot but be pleasing to every one li they are fortunate god is praised if the reverse they say his v ill be the never effects on his commercial adventures but often previous to his vessel makes a solemn promise that should he be fortunate a sum of money shall be bestowed in charity which promise is never broken but should she be lost and as often happens his whole property with her he god s will be done and seeks in the streets the means of another in the laborious employment of a porter his friends continue to show him the respect he previously experienced remarking our brother has been unfortunate but it was the will of god why should we treat him otherwise we are all liable to lose our possessions and it would be the of the almighty were we to neglect him how can we but admire these principles notwithstanding they from the breasts of those from us in religious it was probably a belief of this amiable resignation and benevolence that our author to mark notwithstanding their religion from ours still i cannot help respecting it they worship the same god that we do they esteem our as a great prophet	48
and law their prayers are evidently offered with a sincere heart and considering that it is the religion of their ancestors how can we blame them for preferring it to ours did you but know in what contempt they hold a you would agree in opinion with me that the combined power of the whole christian world would not be able to persuade a virtuous to change his faith there are a few facts mentioned however in the letters that rather against this perfection of c ha r letters from asia every office ment in turkey is sold to the highest and the person who them rom the people in a fully equal to the amount they pay this sentence alone a charge of and what in christian land would be the following also of treachery and ingratitude a few months previous to our arrival the fleet from entered the port of commanded by the captain who observed to the governor on being visited that understanding ha was a good he had brought him an elegant and requested he would call again on the and accompany him on shore c blinded by the present of a gun md dreaming of treachery he obeyed the order but instead of bring received with kindness he was conveyed on board a which immediately got under weigh and on below the castle his head was struck off and sent by an express to adorn the gate of the at ended the life of after having held the government of upwards of twenty years against the will of the grand who had tried many methods to him were appointed without effect as they dared not face his and when a greater man than himself arrived at he had been in the habit of retiring to one of his country seats and leaving the town residence to him superior in power but in this instance he was deceived for having shown the captain much kindness on one occasion he thought he might depend on his friendship and we learn from the subsequent paragraph what it is our author to when he states that justice of some kind may always be obtained p a jl explanation of the plates he was charged with being excessively to the subjects of the empire this is true for he took a fancy to the wife sister or daughter of a poor greek or he would order her without any ceremony to his and if the relatives complained they were almost sure of receiving the probably the relations would have preferred our kind of justice notwithstanding all its art viii explanation of the plates the coloured representing a view near is executed from a painting by the sketch for which was made by that artist on the spot possesses the fidelity that is so remarkably the attribute of his pencil the point of view selected is from one of the windows of the magnificent mansion of the count de looking down the river the fore ground in a part of the ornamented garden immediately round the house and the eye passes directly from the edge of the bank to the waters of the on the left are seen a few houses of the village of with the wharf at which the steam boat lands her passengers to the right of the centre an is partly seen and a is at anchor in the inner channel no single view can however convey any thing like a complete idea of the beauties of the place nor of the improvements made by the present owner two other views together with the one from which this plate is taken display nearly all the prominent beauties in the scenery but the splendid dwelling house has been recently consumed by fire and almost all the valuable collection of paintings and has been lost the house it is said is about to be but the pictures cannot be replaced and are the more to be regretted as the collection was unique and in this country and the liberal hospitality and kindness of the possessor rendered frequent access to it easy for all that possessed taste to enjoy the beauties of art f explanation of the plates it may not perhaps be thought ill placed here to record the following letter which was written immediately after the and bears such honourable testimony in of the inhabitants of from the union translation of a utter from the count de jo on the subject of the loss of his house by fire point th s william esq judge and justice of the peace sir you have shown so much interest for me since i have been in this country and especially since the event of the th instant that i cannot doubt it will afford you pleasure to make known to your fellow citizens how much i feel all they have done for me on that occasion absent myself from my house they collected by a spontaneous movement i ii the first appearance of the fire which they v united courage and perseverance and when they found it was impossible to it exerted to save all the flames had not devoured before their arrival and all the furniture statues pictures money plate gold jewels linen books and in short every thing that was not consumed has been most delivered into the hands of the people of my house in the night of the fire and during the next day there were brought to me by men drawers in which i have found the proper quantity of pieces of money and of gold and valuable jewels which might have been taken with this event has proved to me how much the inhabitants of appreciate the interest i have always felt for them and shows that men in general are good when	48
have not been in their youth by a bad when they their dignity as men and feel that true greatness is in the soul and depends upon ourselves explanation of the plates s i cannot omit on this occasion to repeat what i have said bo that the americans are without the most happy people i have known still more happy if they understand well their happiness i pray you not to doubt of my sincere regard your s c joseph de the country wedding is engraved from a painting by an artist not sufficiently known to be duly appreciated he is a native of germany but long since chose this country for his residence and has painted many in which the style of so much admired in england and of dow so much celebrated of is most successfully followed he the broad humour of the school as much as possible as not congenial to the refinement of modern taste and aims rather at a true of nature in real rustic life in the picture here presented he has a scene of no rare occurrence in the dwellings of our native the whole is in admirable keeping the furniture and of the room the costume and attitudes of the characters show perfectly the inside of a farmer s dwelling and the business that the group the old clergyman appears to have just arrived his hat and whip lie on the chair near the door the bride stands in all her rustic finery rustic bloom and rustic the bride groom s hand on her shoulder seems intended to revive her courage while the manner in which he her hand is at once affectionate and awkward the distress of the mother by the father who points to a r daughter as if indicating her as the successor to her sister s rank in the family is well expressed and the by play at the door which is opened by a servant girl to admit an old woman the awkward affectation of grace and in the maid whose attention seems to be by is passing between articles the young man and young woman on the other side of the room ail are full of life and true painting mr s painting room in street above seventh in philadelphia contains many admirable specimens in the same style his dance return from camp return from school c afford the amateur a rich and varied art w articles f mr s g great britain and to any military of the the boston paper by the american army in is a biography of the late governor finished and at the strong has been published at ly no street it con boston a full size portrait mr n g of washington and also to publish one of of general st and sermons ci the late dr james in the speak of it in the for the benefit of the orphan most terms mr children of the deceased author has recently finished a beautiful mr a p view of the passage of the brandy to publish the musical by a corps of the bat of his leisure under the on their march to title of of music in in september and c a fine sea piece representing the mrs author of a journal wreck of the near cape of a residence in india c who is now in italy is preparing for he the most recent american press two months io the are the south sea mountains near rome with some containing many interest account of the and also ing facts relative to the former and of the that that state of society in the island the same lady has also of c new publish been her time upon a ed b w b of of the late m d ll d a humorous and work delivered at the re entitled lessons of is on the quest of the york historical eve of publication it is ascribed society by m d to the pen of a distinguished new an in the fields of and re the family in washing port speaks of it as the ton a poem by harry placid good sense and amiable small mo of with the a work under the title of the of swift and the united states military review is richly gifted philosophy of preparing for the press and will be it is to be illustrated with in numbers its from designs by object is to examine all in the best style of that having relation to the late war with ib f i the magazine original ab of new journals and from the most british vol l no m march and by t b m t i the magazine march art i essay on the writings and opinions of mr de addressed to my children by the count de d peer of france member of the academy of and and grand of the royal order of the of honour paris and london m la few works merit more than this to fix the attention whether we consider the subject or the author we have displayed to us the life and writings of an illustrious philosopher by a writer respectable for talents character and rank we were not wholly ignorant of the life of mr de for it forms a part of history but those who with different abilities but with one pen have recorded it have not so closely examined his writings and opinions as to exhibit him in one view as a citizen philosopher author and public character the count d has we think successfully undertaken this he has not rejected the known and characteristic anecdotes of his hero but has added others which his intimacy with mr de enabled him to collect he has not confined himself to a single portrait but has displayed ufe wc of mr de around his principal	48
personage other remarkable men who have played a part in the scenes of the drama of which a vast empire has recently been the theatre he has therefore composed a truly historical painting in an account of the events in the life of an eminent man to that of the principal political of france during nearly half a century he has certainly not wanted opportunities of entering on of the highest public interest and he has on all occasions examined these questions with noble and rare honesty we need scarcely add that the reflections which he has advanced on these important subjects are all favourable to philosophy justice and liberty mr d gives us die following portrait of mr de one of those of whose acquaintance and esteem he is he was says mr d acquainted with many branches of human learning and had a knowledge of almost all of them we behold m him an eloquent orator a writer of distinction a man of polite literature with information and taste a profound states man an able a magistrate foil of sagacity and firmness in private life he preserved a uniform course of goodness simplicity and modesty we saw him the greatest moderation and the utmost in manners mild and easily accessible by all he was truly a good natured man not in the style of h silly eccentric and but by a charm which was found in him alone we follow mr d an to his of mn de in public life in his different situations as president of the court of of the and minister of we always find him the man the of every kind of liberty the of the oppressed from la we are struck with astonishment and admiration when we read the different writings which he has composed on subjects most deserving the attention and regard of mankind what and what elevation do we perceive united in his what what superiority of reason we can scarcely believe that at the court of louis xv this was the language of a magistrate bom in one of the highest ranks of society living in the midst of a class of men for the most part to the yoke of habits and almost all of them occupied in miserable how many words of liberty of country of rights of the people so natural in the mouth of that respectable magistrate must have appeared to them strange if they did not find them ridiculous but such is the irresistible power of progress of knowledge kings themselves do not fear at the present day to render it homage more enlightened than their friends the chiefs of nations know that a just and candid application of the ideas attached to that word is in our days the pledge of the strength and tht of on the question of the liberty of the press mn de established since the middle of die last century in favour of that liberty the which since have been developed with so much lustre by the most illustrious we may judge of this some extracted from his on that important part of our political rights the liberty of the press says he is necessary to make appear is a list where every one has a right to enter each philosopher each man of polite literature ought to be considered as an advocate whom we must always the nation at large is the judge in time it always right let us not consider the people in our age in same light as they were regarded in past ages an of the states without the liberty of the press ever bo more than a representation r f c of mr de mr de in demanding that the press should be free did not doubtless understand that should be secured to authors who should abuse it but he wished that from that epoch the which the press might cause to be committed should be and that they should he judged and punished by a specific and by an independent and impartial mr d in examining this question could scarcely fail to the principles which he has himself in an eloquent manner defended at the national he shows evidently that the establishment of a jury to determine on from the liberty of the press is indispensable as a of that liberty but it was the right of personal liberty which was so cruelly trampled on in the reign of louis xv which excited the generous obstinacy of mr de it is remarkable as his historian that no one before him had dared to oppose the arbitrary acts which that essential right he had the honour of being the first who dared to inform kings of the unjust use which their servants made of their power and who ventured to tell them that the time had arrived when it was necessary to place that power under the control of the sacred and severe rules of justice it is well known that the court of of which mr de was president was originally to direct the and the application of the taxes n the course of time through the destruction of the liberties of the nation that court retained none of its original powers except the right of deciding on which might arise in the collection of the taxes but our worthy magistrate evinced that there is no employment in which a virtuous man cannot do much good we may be permitted to bring forward an instance for the instruction of those who ignorant of what they are pleased to call the ancient constitution d om la s of france are silly enough to regret the loss of its advantages a certain an obscure citizen was arrested as a although there existed no proof against the farmers of the public did not hesitate on that account to have him thrown into one of the of the where he remained twenty months he	48
would have died there without sentence had not the court of obtained for him the restoration of his liberty that court demanded the punishment of the of but its members received an order to proceed no further in that affair this was the period says mr d when mr de made his eloquent and i may be permitted to say holy voice to be heard from one end of france to the other the of the throne with the protest of one of the great bodies of the state demanding justice in favour of one of the least exalted individuals in the kingdom mr de after having exposed to the king in a which he had in the name of the court of the of which his had been the gives a tremendous description of the of the your majesty would scarcely believe adds he that a man merely suspected of fraud could have been detained for more than a month in that abode of horror yet it is said that a for against the authors of a arrest is to act in contempt of your authority but your subjects still enjoy the re of ancient liberty of which it would be hard to deprive them he adds in speaking of of state they were reserved heretofore for affairs of state and then it was necessary to respect the secrecy of your administration now they are thought necessary whenever a has failed in the respect due to a person of rank as if men in power had not advantages enough this is also the common punishment of speeches of which there is t c mr ji no other proof than evidence always doubtful an is ever a suspicious witness the is that not a sing citizen within your king but is liable to have his liberty sacrificed to the vengeance of a superior for no one is so great as to be safe from the hatred of a minister nor so humble as to be worthy of that of a of the not long after this affair happened the revolution wrought in the a which may be regarded as one of the causes of the great catastrophe which was to the throne it is known what was tlie stroke of state policy which destroyed in y the authority of the that solitary and feeble barrier which still resist ed the power of the minister and of the king but we cannot at present relate in their extent the noble but vain which mr de on behalf of the court of in that memorable they obtained the greatest throughout all europe and left upon the minds of men in france an impression which has never been they must remain the of virtuous magistrate not only as models of eloquence and virtue but also as a solemn in favour of public liberty at the moment when its tion was the of the court of and the exile of mr de were the of a which at that epoch of general degradation had all the of heroism one of the most important acts of justice which die accession of louis xvi to the throne was the of the and of the other courts of as it were in triumph at the bead of his court delayed not to submit to the king a of the oppressive laws the united operation of which overwhelmed ae people and he presented the r m la of the taxes i come a he in that work to defend the cause of the people at the of their king to show him the true situation of that people of whom the spectacle of a stately court does not remind him in thia are found these remarkable words justice is the true of kings the nation has a right to demand that the king shall limit those which are conferred at its mr d after having quoted for the use of his children many passages of these remarks at the close that recital so clear and so exact is the best answer that can be made to those who are such bad as to exhibit as necessary to the repose of europe the restoration of that oppressive administration a of errors and of arbitrary power of and of which so long weighed upon us and the effects and consequences of terminated so unhappily to the nation and to its an administration to which we could not return but by torrents of blood and of tears mr de so enlightened a philosopher and the most humane and most generous of men could not fall to raise his eloquent voice in favour of the freedom of worship he to publish many in order to combat the hateful system of persecution which the clergy so should be employed with the obstinacy of it was the least that i could do said he to mr d to to the for the injuries which mr de my uncle inflicted on them our enters on this subject into some details as to the situation of the in france before the of the national assembly but we perceive that he has refrained from exhibiting the whole truth in relation to the pf which they were the objects the wanton devised in order to convert them in the name ol i i lift er r mr de of a god of peace and of kindness of the common god of the victims and of their we must to the reception of mn de in the french my because it was truly a national for the first time perhaps the choice of the academy found no as soon as mr de offered not a single candidate placed himself in the ranks men thought that a man like him ought to find no even in a career in which a superiority of right in others is hardly acknowledged the discourse which he delivered at the meeting of	48
his reception the most solemn of which the records of the academy furnished an example deserved the approbation of the nation his modesty had not permitted him to treat in that place a subject of literature he did more he had the art to transport to the a kind of eloquence which the nation had for a long time lost that political eloquence so honoured among the and of which they have to us such wonderful models there has arisen said he in a independent of all sovereign powers and which all sovereign powers respect which on all kinds of merit which all talents it is that of opinion it was about this time that mn de was invited to the almost at the same time as mn got and men saw good morals show themselves at last near the throne we beheld with pleasure says mn d a kind of succeed at the court of a king of twenty the of that of a monarch of sixty one of the first cares of mn de was to restore to liberty the individuals who under the administration of mn de had been deprived of it by the detestable practice of state we arrive at a period when events acquire daily a higher degree of importance when the narrative of our from la as well from his genius as from his subject a more lively interest carried away hitherto by the pleasure of quoting from the writings of the french or those of his worthy we have forgotten to consider the space which is allotted to us for this task and we are obliged to nothing more than a dry and indication of the most interesting part of the work it is this portion of mr d s work which we recommend particularly to readers to those especially who are ignorant or who have been instructed by what a succession of of gross errors and of fatal follies a government already abandoned to all the elements of decay moved rapidly towards its ruin they will be able to collect useful information as to e true causes of the revolution we behold the virtuous whom the wishes of the nation had called to the withdraw filled with disgust from a court in which perhaps one man only and it was the pious louis xvi appreciated his knowledge and his virtues but had not power to defend and maintain him in his office the picture of that court where for a long time the genius of a is worthy of the fixed attention of observing minds the government soon discovered by the of its motions the distress of a situation which became daily more troublesome it took none but insignificant or childish measures if they were not destructive convinced at last of the of its resources it to the assistance of the nation of the nation unhappily it was not to that generous na tion always resigned to the greatest sacrifices that the voice of the monarch applied it was to an assembly of the chief men that is to say of rich and privileged persons fully determined to abandon none of their pretensions so hostile to the interests of society we know what was indeed the result of that assembly mi f mr i it hi in misfortune that we our true the thought of mr de he drew him once from his retreat from his peaceful but the counsels of the sage were not long listened if he found not again at court the same men he found the same spirit the same passions his was again clothed with the tide of minister he could scarcely the king he was at last obliged to die aid of a to cause the most useful counsels to reach him alas they did not all reach that unfortunate monarch friends raised between him and truth a barrier of brass while they concealed with flowers the abyss towards which itself it was only in the im of the temple that the king was enabled to read the ad of his virtuous minister on the situation of louis having seen mr de again having read that work gazed for some time with tion on that respectable old man and then himself his arms him with his tears is not this touching which was an honour at once to the prince and the citizen an eloquent answer to those degraded ten who still endeavour to the fairest glory whidi a man could to posterity who would believe that have been published in which mr de h confounded with the will men never grow tired at that common name of dangerous theories of to principles consecrated either by a die most virtuous man of his age or by a who not less perhaps for knowledge and generous sen had the unfortunate advantage of showing them on a more exalted p e and in more difficult circumstances will not all enlightened and just grow weary in turn of so much the moment in which mr de was to give to his king the last and the most heroic testimony of bis de fr m bi arrived but too soon we will not by a cold analysis the of the historian and the merit of his judicious reflections on events f to be no other part of the work can give a more just idea of the exalted sentiments of the style and of the genius of the author such says he in conclusion is the man in regard to whom ancient times offer nothing more glorious than his death modem times more honourable than his such is the most perfect model which it is possible to exhibit to those whose love of virtue noble thoughts mr d has placed at the close of the second volume some notes in which he with a great superiority of reasoning the different opinions which have arisen in regard to the men and	48
the events that he has had occasion to speak of in his work the most remarkable of notes perhaps is that concerning mn it ap to us to contain what may be said and thought moat justly respecting that celebrated personage we find these articles many letters addressed to the author by mr de one of these letters is a touching profession of moral and political faith in which the soul of that philosopher is completely seen mr d is one of those public characters who have escaped from the terrible of the tion who has it most in his power to furnish valuable ma for the history of that memorable epoch and if among the qualities indispensable in order to write with dignity we ought to require especially an an absolute independence of opinions an upright judgment a few writers are so capable of ing that important and difficult commission mo m voyage art ll to south america performed by order of the american government in the years and in the by h m esq secretary to the mission in two ths interest in south american concerns which was by some considerable part of our countrymen about two years ago has in a great degree vanished from causes which it is not material to develop but of which we would simply remark that they are of a nature such as to our republic from all blame in the case information concerning the new states of la was eagerly desired at one period and with respect to several points has been abundantly a in the reports of the american who visited those provinces as of our government their accounts are made up of details and general political views but these however curious and valuable did not give what common readers would receive with more we mean sketches of man hers of local scenery domestic anecdotes and in short the usual of books of travels in the work of mr we expected to find ah amply supplied his powers of minute observation and description had been already proved in his views of and his journal of a voyage up the we must confess that after having attentively the two volumes of the to south america we felt in a measure disappointed and dissatisfied they contain indeed some excellent matter of the kind which we particularly desired but they are still too much in the nature of a and political tion upon south america in general and the author has allowed his attention to be too frequently attracted to the party of the new he writes as one who had earnestly taken a side and is drawn into some what unjust in reference to the individuals whom he to south america im and not a little for the reader who can repeat what he should have been able to with truth to his we cannot but think moreover that the two volumes might have been easily and compressed into one stout the to which we have just are worse than useless and another though not considerable portion of the work could be fairly described as superfluous we are pleased notwithstanding at the appearance of these volumes they certainly constitute a plentiful fund of useful and agreeable knowledge concerning the tries of which they treat they are written besides in a style which if not always neat and correct is generally clear easy and characteristic of a lively vigorous mind familiar with good models of i he occasional or with which it is may be ascribed to the haste with which the work was composed as may likewise most of what can be deemed objectionable in die choice of topics and quality of substance to the majority of american readers the greater part of what has here from foreign writers in relation to the former condition of south america is entirely new and cannot fail to be read with satisfaction as well as profit his introduction which is particularly and properly devoted to that subject forms an instructive we shall proceed at once to make a quotation or two the introduction and such from the rest the work as may convey the best idea of the nature and value of the whole contents and contribute most to the of our readers in order to secure to the spanish merchant the whole benefit of the american commerce the americans were not permitted to own a single ship the domestic commerce between the different american which would have tended so much to their mutual comfort and advance voyage in general or placed under dis ing at to be productive of the same effect no foreigner could enter the without special license ao vessel of any foreign nation could be received into their and no one was permitted to trade with them without permission under the penalty of death those portions af america such as and la which were not possessed of mines and depended on commerce entirely for the value of their were kept in the low est state of misery and depression until a in the system took place they were regarded as the poorest of all die spanish possessions although they afterwards came to rank among the most and important they are now indeed the strong holds of liberty and by them in all will the independence of south america be achieved p the view of spanish america which i have given in this introduction may serve in some measure in the question that so naturally presents itself how spain has been enabled to establish and maintain this wonderful empire and why the south americans have been apparently so and in the accomplishment of their liberties something is to be attributed to the situation of the first and who stood in need of the countenance of some european nation because they themselves held millions of men in a state of they had not ceased to be though removed from spain they	48
carried with them spanish opinions customs and prejudices they willingly submitted to a yoke which their descendants have found so and who in the course of time having forgotten the parent state in many respects became identified in feeling with the of america they were bound down and by the system which spain bad been enabled to establish the dominion of spain therefore rested partly on the high notions of loyalty by the first but still more by the influence of a priest to south am hood under the immediate control of the sovereign pi also to the prevailing in the mass of the population to the ease and of the inhabitants of the new world to which their situation invited and to the calm of ages by which the human mind came to be deprived of its energy one part of america could be turned against another and from the vast extent of the spanish possessions and their separation by almost boundaries there wa little of their making a common cause perhaps the most powerful was the great number of european of those in office throughout the indies another cause may be mentioned which is that they required the protection of spain from foreign but they did not see that they were exposed to this chiefly on account of their with her that whenever they have been it has been on account of quarrels between spain and some european power it is most truly observed by mr tiiat this state of things would long have continued but for events in this country and changes in europe the of the revolution in in proves that the great body of the people were not then prepared for independence they required the powerful excitement of some event whose shock would produce an effect similar to that of to the apparently dead in order to awaken in them political life or as they express it themselves to cause a such a one was presented in the of and the acts of that singular political drama when the spanish mo seemed to be threatened with dissolution it was now seen that there was no want of and that all that was requisite in the first instance was some event of interest their enthusiasm even exceeded that of the of europe one would have that the of napoleon bad planted their standards on their vol i voyage they they spoke they md acted loyalty gave the impulse and they flew to arms but this loyalty was not agreeable to the who were alarmed at this sudden transition from the calm of to the most terrific energy not so with the enlightened native americans in whose breasts die desire of independence had long burned and who conceived new hopes from the political of their countrymen all that was now wanting was to give a direction to the torrent which had to flow this was the work of genius and intelligence aided by circumstances which carried with them the justification of necessity to the cry of long live our king it was not long before that of la succeeded and america became the theatre of one of the most bloody civil wars ever recorded by history in some places it has been thought necessary by the to put to death all the intelligent and so tiiat the tion may have no leaders in others shocking to relate the only remaining hope of these countries u by of the inhabitants can any mind human or divine wish success to such a cause interior of an american being now fairly in the trades our course was hardly interrupted for a moment we had a steady breeze filling all our sails and a smooth sea nothing could be more agreeable than the temperature of the air the sails required little or no attention but there was no want of employment in this busy world i could not have imagined such a variety of occupations as the we re continually engaged in the officers not on duty spent their time in reading and study while the fifteen or twenty in number were kept closely to their books there was no lounging no idleness no silly no loud talking and as to this is regarded on board of an american man of war a vice for which there is no forgiveness p to south america j early in the morning the pilot having on more for the sake of with every precaution than because his services were necessary we passed into the spacious harbor of the entrance is about a mile wide and probably the safest and easiest in the world we passed on the right fort built upon a shelf of a rock with several tier of guns and most formidable in its appearance strong works are also erected on die steep rock behind it from which it is separated by a singular crossed by a on the left under the sugar loaf acre is another fort but comparatively of not much as the best channel lies pretty close to vessels generally pass under its guns we passed another small fort just within the harbor the place is said to be very strongly fortified it certainly possesses natural for this purpose it was forced about the beginning of the last century by the celebrated french who took possession of the city it under contribution but its were in greatly improved as we entered the harbor a most magnificent scene opened upon us the noble basin scarcely surpassed by any in the world resembling a large lake rather than a harbor expanded bordered by high mountains with rocky peaks and their or spurs sloping down to the water s edge in some places abruptly in others leaving narrow and a thousand beautiful or recesses with sandy the or broken grounds below the mountains are covered with churches and beautiful gardens while the or sandy are oc by elegant country seats a	48
great many of them constructed by since the establishment of the court at this place or by english merchants who have grown rich since the opening of trade a range of much higher mountains is seen to the north east probably at least b m e ke voyage forty or fifty distant the of mr st is built in one of the just mentioned under the mountain the houses much crowded together and of the buildings perched m heights or raised on die neighboring it would not possess a very ng appearance but the quantity of shipping gave proofs of a busy and active commerce p the harbor of new york alone can bear any comparison to this place in indications of commercial prosperity a noble spectacle is exhibited by the number of a great proportion english l ring at the or in the stream great numbers of small boats were continually moving about in a very awkward clumsy manner or rowed with a slow and solemn stroke as if to the tune of the dead march in p is a collection of people attracted by curiosity were lounging about the their looks directed towards the american as the principal object of their curiosity i shall not attempt to describe their dress or looks nothing could be more unlike our the english or french fashions do not appear to among these people i felt myself indeed a stranger their countenances made a impression on me though by no means disposed to judge hastily for i have been too often taught by experience the danger of people by merely on account of their looks the of the middle and lower classes are generally dark their features coarse and their persons in general to a number of them were distinguished by ribbons and attached to their button holes many wore ill contrived cocked hats and all appeared desirous to distinguish their persons by the wearing of some or uniform p below the landing there is a fountain of fresh water conveyed hither for the which is constantly sur rounded by a crowd of noisy waiting for their turn f to south ff i i saw about twenty of these miserable wretches chained by the neck and each one carrying a bucket of water on his head they relieved the bodily pain or by a kind of harsh noise not unlike that made by a flock of wild i saw others to carts or carrying and all screaming in the same style producing a general effect of which i can convey no idea p two american gentlemen who had been at this place some time in the most friendly manner offered to become our guides they first conducted us to a kind of boarding house where together with some other foreigners they had procured lodgings for there is no respectable inn or coffee house in the city i can scarcely imagine how they contrive to dispense with what in our cities appear so necessary after ourselves here for a short time we proceeded to examine the city our walk was extremely unpleasant through narrow and dirty streets without side walks the houses in general have a mean appearance with projecting galleries on the second story which approach so near that two persons might almost shake hands across the street probably the ancient taste on account of the great number of old fashioned principally drawn by which dashed along without paying much attention to any one we were constantly exposed to the danger of being run over great numbers rode also on horses of a small size with tails sweeping the ground but a still greater number of both sexes were carried about in a kind of chair of a curious construction and generally ornamented with the curtains were sometimes drawn aside for the purpose of peeping out the men who were thus carried along were generally priests and as i judged by their ribbons and for it is not the custom in this country to lay aside any of distinction to be used only on days of ceremony or parade nothing surprised me more than the number of i saw in the street with v im voyage of one kind or other i could not but think that in becoming so common and being so frequently exhibited they must cease to impart dignity or importance to the contrasted with the habits and opinions of our country where man is by nature a noble and dignified being this idle and silly display produced in my mind the very reverse of respect tlie town seemed to be crowded with inhabitants of every color and hue but the proportion of those who with us would be called white was by far the least considerable the are generally of a very dark complexion bat the number of and of the mixed race was such as to give a different cast in the general appearance of the population from that of any town i have ever seen we were continually meeting pairs of lazy lounging soldiers who it seems are constantly walking in the streets with their for the purpose of preventing disturbance their insolent and insulting to the lower classes of people gave the most certain indications of a government p the of the city appear to be especially in the lower classes extremely lively active and cheerful but from the of gaining a and the frequent occurrence of their holidays the greater part of their time is spent in amusements few beggars are to be seen and all except the wretched slaves are decently clad the streets swarm with children and in the country according to they are even more than in the united states fifteen and even twenty of a family being not unusual young children enjoy excellent health and are in general young and nourished with the w hich is extremely wholesome and well adapted for the purpose the upper classes are said to	48
lead a very and indolent life consulting only the gratification of their pleasures in consequence of this their old age is overtaken by diseases among them the or swelling of the legs to such a degree as to bear a resemblance to those to south america of the elephant i saw one case of this malady at which i was greatly shocked the inhabitants in general are temperate in their living but if we may credit the accounts we hear very as well as ignorant this is not to be wondered at considering the nature of their composition all the are either or and indeed almost every business which requires attention and is pursued by colored people a great proportion of whom are free the people in general are sunk in the lowest state of political degradation they know nothing of the measures of government affairs of state are never the subject of their conversation unless indeed with a very small number among the higher classes who observe the greatest secrecy and caution the prejudice with respect to complexion did not s to me as strong as in the united states this may be owing to the great number of persons of color who own large fortunes and possess wealth and consequence i remarked several priests and in one instance a negro p there is but little skill displayed here in the arts although they have the finest wood in the world for cabinet work their furniture is very badly constructed and the defect is supplied by a profusion of they however in making ornaments of gold such as chains cross es c but precious stones are not well set by them and in general they display but little taste as to the fine arts they are extremely low the king s library of sixty thousand volumes has been thrown open for the use of the public but within this capital of a great empire it will be long before there will be any thing that will deserve the name of literature the rich native inhabitants have generally other tastes there is nothing to call forth public from the press there is yet in fact no public the art of itself which was in the state is not yet sufficient ly spread to satisfy the demand small as it is p s voyage contains upwards of two millions of square and when we consider the small proportion to be for lakes and or for excessive of climate as im die case of russia we may form some idea of its greatness it is washed on the north for three thousand miles hy the mighty course of the and it has a sea coast of nearly twice the extent of that of the united states from the capital to its northern extremity at the mouth of the it is in a straight line between three and four thousand miles from the to in the province of the distance is upwards of a thousand miles by land no country is better supplied with ports and those of and st are not surpassed if equalled by any in the word and those of st and many others the of in relation to asia and africa amongst those advantages usually pointed out by those who seem to be of opinion that this is destined to hold the highest rank among commercial nations the possessions of may be said to occupy both shores of the atlantic the distance from cape st to the nearest point on the african continent u estimated at five hundred p there is something extremely painful in the contemplation of scenes of recent and rapid decay the in the and desolation are brought near to us and we cannot but in their misfortunes ancient ruins are associated with beings who in the course of nature and time would long since have passed away at any rate but we share in the miseries of our where we are surrounded by their sad at every step i found something to awaken these reflections traces of the most rapid of this lately flourishing and town every where present themselves the greater part of the houses were tumbling down or whole h m m m e b l for m i ry ff ted few w tt ee i besides so or a ry re in y stealing to to be da there fe be little or business doing any where not even i t the or shops the in ke m if h bi d ihe t i part of oar wa it being u e of ie about one o clock the silence in the city was in some measure to be attributed to this we observed a of the s of people lying across flat on their backs in the shady side of the with their or rug spread under tb mi obliged to pass round being to s p oyer them he same kind of apprehension e should fee from a or butt dog happening to peep into a meat shop j a kind indian lying x n his on the in midst of of who covered face and hands without causing him the slightest u these people of whom i have been ing to have a considerable mixture of indian race ing from their complexion and their black hair is almost as coarse as the m e of a horse the town pro f of having once been the streets laid off at angles and mv ch mo e spacious than those of as weu as less filthy a m e or attention is paid to them buildings general erected in much e the are paved but the s narrow and indifferent ib c i he of this city by general with e principal division consisting of five thousand men which has been may be considered as giving it the blow within eight years the population	48
the tides a number of people were seen here presenting some appear ance of the busy bustle of trade while the border of the ri ver for more than a mile was occupied by and the green covered with clothes spread out in the sun p our boat having been prepared i embarked with tenant mr breeze the dr and the owner of the it was necessary to make some ar at the custom house with respect to our baggage to prevent unpleasant mr and declined going on shore as it was low water it was so shallow that our boat though small could not approach we were therefore compelled to get into a cart according to custom and to be thus to shore at least a hundred yards these carts would appear in our country rf a most awkward and clumsy structure they are by two horses the wheels are of an enormous size and tke quantity of wood m in the structure of the voyage one might suppose would be a load of itself i am told that within a few years past an english carriage or wagon maker has established himself in the and has already made a fortune by carts and on a more mo plan that his price at first for a common two wagon was five hundred dollars but since they have become in more general use it has one half but it will be a considerable time before the present clumsy and ent machines will be it will happen here as in every thing else that the progress of improvement will be slow p i had no sooner been comfortably settled in my lodgings than i felt impatient to take a stroll through the town the streets are straight and regular like those of a few of them are paved but hollow in the middle the houses are pretty generally two stories high with flat roofs and for the most part on the outside which without doubt at first improved their appearance but by time and neglect they have become somewhat shabby there are no elegant rows of buildings as in philadelphia or new york but many are spacious and all take up much more ground than with us the reason of this is that they have large open courts or both in front and rear which are called these are not like our enclosed by a wall or railing their dwellings for the most part properly compose three connected buildings forming as many sides of a square the wall of the adjoining house making up the fourth in the centre of the front building there is a gate way and the rooms on either hand as we enter are in general occupied as places of business or merchants counting rooms the rear building is usually the dining room while that cm the left or the right as it may happen is the sitting room or parlour the is usually paved with brick and sometimes with marble and is a cool and delightful place vines are planted round the walls and at this season are loaded with their fruit i p to south america mv but little attention is paid to the cleanliness of the streets in one of the front streets where there was no pavement i observed several deep mud holes into these dead cats and dogs are sometimes thrown from too much to carry them out of the way the side walks are very narrow and in bad repair this is better than at where there are none at all i observed however as i went along a number of as i took them to be engaged in mending the bad places already mentioned in these particulars i was very much reminded of new in fact in many ther points i observed a striking resemblance between the two cities i can say but little for the police when compared to our towns but this place a still greater superiority over and many important improvements that have been introduced within a few years past were pointed out to me i should like to see however some trouble bestowed in cleaning those streets that are paved and in the rest as well as in the fronts of their houses from the quantity of dust collected it can finding a resting place but it is time to speak of the inhabitants of ac city and f the people who frequent it ib p c i saw nothing but the and simplicity of in the streets there were none but plain citizens and citizen soldiers some of the latter perhaps showing a of the and others exhibiting rather a appear ance not the less agreeable to me on that account in fact i could almost have fancied myself in one of our own towns judging by the dress and appearance of the people whom i met nothing can be more different than the population of this place from that of i saw no one bearing the of nobility except an old crazy man followed by a train of boys there were no or rattling in these matters there was much less luxury and than with us the females instead of being im m voyage by jealousy are to walk abroad and breathe the ain ih p may very be compared to the bust of a beautiful female placed upon a of rude stone great numbers oi and other people are seen in the streets and f s on horse and as there a universal passion for riding the of horses is very the european of is occasionally seen but most usually the bridle aad d e c would be regarded as by us the of the are so small aa to admit little more than the big toe of the rider who makes a very grotesque figure with his long flowing this is a kind of striped ton or rug	48
of the manufacture of the fine or coarse according to the of the with nothing but a b the middle through which the head is thrust k hangs down perfectly loose resembling somewhat a s frock in rain it answers tha purposes of n big con and in hot weather is placed on the saddle these i generally observed clustered about the or of which there are great numbers in the city and these people drink and on horseback while the horses of those that are dis mounted continue to stand still without being fastened aa they are all taught to do and the bit these ca rousing groups would afford excellent subjects for painters the horses though not of a large are finely formed i do not recollect a single instance in which i did not remark good limbs and bead and neck the g u are often bare and bare legged or instead o boots make use of the skin of the hind legs of the horse the joint answering the purpose of a heel and furnishing a very cheap kind of it p c as this is the fruit season a great number of people were crying j up and the hut h o rs c b k to america with large made of the raw hides of oxen on each side milk in large tin was cried about in the same way and as they were carried in a tolerable trot i expected every moment to hear the cry changed to that of butter as i moved along towards the great square a part of which is the principal market place immediately in front of the castle or government house there appeared to be a great throng of people i met some priests and but by no means as many as i expected and nothing like the number i met at p on approaching the market place as it was still early in the day i found that the crowd had not entirely dispersed there is no market house or s except in the meat mar situated on one comer of the square which fronts on the every thing offered for sale was spread on the ground i can say but in favour of the appearance of cleanliness dirt and appeared to have a right here one who had never seen any other than a philadelphia market can form no idea of the condition of this to make amends it is admirably supplied with all the necessaries and that an abundant and fruitful country can a ford beef mutton game c with a variety of excellent fish were here in great plenty and for prices which in our would be considered very low beef particularly is exceedingly cheap and of a superior quality it is the universal dish chiefly absolute want is scarcely known in this country any more than with us as i passed by the stalk they presented a much richer display than any i had been accustomed to see here apples grapes pine apples water were mingled in fair profusion p the shops or stores as far as i observed in my through the city are all on a very small scale and make no show as in our towns there are but few signs vol i s voyage and those belong chiefly to foreigners such as j f c t m london the greater part of the trades which are now flourishing here particularly and others that i might have been established since the revolution the are chiefly half indians and in receding from the river towards the country the streets wear a much more mean appearance being very dirty and apparently much neglected while the houses seldom exceed one story in height and built of brick scarcely half burnt in walking from the front streets we seemed to be transferred at once to some half civilized village a thousand miles in the interior every where in the skirts of the town much of the indian race is visible generally a very poor harmless and indolent people p on my way back to the hotel i met a party of twenty or thirty indians on horseback who had come to town for the purpose of skins for such things as they wanted they excited no curiosity as they rode along the street although out with their and and except the which they wore entirely naked they were rather taller and more square shouldered than but their was very nearly the same p the inhabitants generally are a shade than those of north america but i saw a great many with good they are a handsome people they have nothing in their appearance and character of that dark jealous and disposition we have been in the habit of to the men dress pretty much as we do but the women are fond of wearing black when they go abroad the fashion of dress in both sexes i am informed has undergone great improvement since their free intercourse with strangers p a very animated and martial scene was presented to me by the of the regular troops and the to south america black made an uncommonly fine appearance and seemed to be in a very high state of discipline the is said to be fully as well trained as the i saw several very fine bands of music a of slaves consisting of five or six hundred men was also and then marched to one of the churches with all these things going on the city exhibited one of the most scenes i had ever witnessed these are certainly a more enthusiastic and perhaps warlike people than we are if they possessed with these qualities by way of something of our steady habits and general stock of information i they would nearly equal us p the city of and its vicinity probably ten miles square contains about thousand inhabitants the villages of and a	48
was with a feat performed by a wild the bull being let out he was immediately by the on horses back who threw him and held him by pulling in directions he was then tied and a saddle on him by the who was bare legged and had nothing on but a shirt and a kind of something like a scotch die ordinary dress of these people the animal being properly prepared he was suffered to rise with the on his back and ran wild and furious around the leaping plunging and to the great diversion of the spectators while the was continually him with an enormous pair of spurs and him with his whip when the animal was sufficiently tortured in this way the drew his knife and plunged it into the the bull fell as if struck by lightning rolled upon his back with his feet in the air which were not even seen to quiver such is the barbarous amusement of formerly the delight of the representatives of the kings of spain and their in a more enlightened and a happier age confined here to the coarse and vulgar and it is to be hoped that in the progress of science liberty and civilization will disappear for ever p i have already said something of the province of to south america previous to the revolution the beside being the capital of the new was the seat of government of an of which fee c were subordinate districts but it is now as the reader will have perceived con ned to the immediate of its own the population is estimated from one hundred and five to twenty thousand souls of whom about one half reside in the city it contributed formerly as well as fee and to supply the upper provinces with but has been somewhat more agricultural and the inhabitants of the country in the neighbourhood are probably better informed than those of the interior from their greater opportunities there are a great number of small land and rents are hardly known and the produce of their fields has generally increased in value they are greatly devoted to the cause of independence and no people seemed to me more national industry is increasing with the introduction of a variety of artificial wants and the desire of those who are among them a serious evil is however complained of in the want of and the consequent exposure of their crops to be destroyed by the cattle the raising of stock has hitherto occupied their chief attention to the ne j of culture nothing can the of the soil and there is no of doubt but that cotton and sugar can be cultivated here as well as on the banks of the these would at once be sources of great agricultural wealth some has already taken place to this country from europe every encouragement is held out the sober industrious german especially would do well here p from its local advantages which are lar to those of new with the exception of its harbor near the mouth of a vast river which with its branches a country capable of supporting fifty millions of souls must become some day or other a great city there is no town in south america whose position is in any br e s voyage way to be compared with it besides its as a great for the interior provinces it is situated for a trade with the west indies europe the cape of good hope and asia the assertion of that neither nor rome had higher than this city is not exaggerated p los some apparent exists in the political divisions of the united provinces a few remarks may not be unnecessary this confusion arises from the mistake of some of the smaller or with those which property come under the of provinces and considered members of the union governed in the manner prescribed by the it must be borne in mind that the was divided into two four included in each four in the lower country and the like number in upper each of the eight had their subordinate with lieutenant and sub p in the of the term is no longer used that of province having taken its place and at the same time the number of provinces were increased in after the capture of by the division of some of the for instance and were taken from fee and were taken from five new provinces were therefore laid off making the present number including instead oi four they are fee and they are called free provinces because the spanish authorities have ceased to exist although during the contest and were for a short time the seats of war but for the last three or four years the spanish arms have been confined to upper the in their war with have taken possession of part of the province of i a to south america the intention of from against those provinces which are at present united of the nine provinces all are united except fee and the first entered into an arrangement with at the commencement of the revolution but has since resolved to keep aloof from all parties and is therefore to be regarded as a excepting so far as respects since fee has withdrawn itself the town and immediate vicinity only have been free from the of as all the rest of the province has been subjected to the control of the general government part of the was under the of and part of fee the people however of fee are in favour of joining the when they can do it on such terms as they think to their interests whatever may be the intentions of who at present them what may be the ultimate wish of is not known p the five provinces of the union contain four hundred and fifty thousand exclusive of indians and about six hundred	48
thousand square miles little short of the whole extent of our old thirteen states p it appears that the capital has a force of seventeen thousand seven hundred and fifty two well and men ready at a very short warning to make front against an enemy without counting those who are not and who would be called out on any p the total given in the table that is to say twenty nine thousand seven hundred and fifty seven may very safely be taken as the lowest estimate of the force of these about one half are in the pay of the state the different kinds of force are in the following one thousand two hundred and ninety six thirteen m voyage sand six hundred and ninety three and thousand seven hundred and eighty eight cavalry p the most effectual plan fallen upon by the government for their forces has been the purchase of negro slaves entering them as soldiers under the condition of giving them their liberty after two years service about a fourth of the are have been thus purchased and are not inferior to any troops in the world p in their and of arms they have fourteen thousand stand in their different they have an extraordinary quantity of fine and field and in their public stores a great abundance of of war of every description they have the finest brass non ever the greater part of which belonged to the king their supplies of this nature are in fact more like those of some old and powerful state and not of one so re established they will not have to any large in these things for many p the of the state are at present almost in the province of with the of about two hundred thousand dollars collected from the province of and the re of the customs is the only tax which on the provinces generally and its proceeds are appropriated to the support of the common cause the duties on are still continued but do not afford any great amount of the tables to the report of mr exhibit a view of the and as well as of the debts of the state the of the customs amounted to one million one hundred thousand may be regarded as about the average it is the largest item in the account of their in consequence of the high rate of duties which had been established under the mistaken idea that they fall entirely upon strangers a good deal of was occasioned r m to south through the representation of english merchants and experience of the evil they have since been induced to lower them considerably they ought to be extremely cautious how they give occasion to a renewal of the old s r of corruption and which had fallen into disgrace in the republic when formerly nothing was but de an important item b composed of from native and foreign merchants not altogether voluntary what degree of may be used i know not nor am i prepared to say how far a people for their existence would be in going there is another irregular mode of raising money which heavily upon individuals though intended to be borne by the community as there never has yet been established any system of direct last year for instance the sum of seventy eight thousand four hundred and eighty three dollars was among the different or bodies on the commercial class on ship owners on various classes of people on house rents in the country the old are occasionally called upon and are required to pay liberally considerable sums have been drawn for the of the there are be sides large sums from and and considered a species of tax on the people the are the and also the in wheat this tax was very heavy but has since been reduced the of last year to the amount of eight thousand dollars monthly fell upon thirty p art iii the or state fc a poem published at new york verbal of the ceremony of of of the new historical society a review of the first named of the above productions has been handed to us for in this journal the style and import of the its origin in a vigorous and cultivated understanding but the sentiments which it holds forth are so much in with our own that it cannot be admitted into the pages of the magazine there is in the very respectable community of the city of new york a fashion we fear much too of turning into ridicule and both persons and things connected for the time at least with the best interests of literature and science our national literature is at present struggling with many difficulties and repressed by many among which not the least nor most is national neglect it therefore those possessed of the powers of wit rather to turn the shafts of satire against the enemies of learning to be indulgent towards its professors and encourage by all the means in their power the zeal whether real or affected of its friends our scientific institutions are of course yet in their infancy and have obtained no ver strong hold on the confidence and respect of the nation eminence in literature has not except in the case of the present attorney general of the united states to political promotion nor has it often happened that men distinguished for their success in professional or political life have desired the reputation of being of science or have made any to among those under the influence of their example a taste and a veneration for liberal studies there can be no question of the unfortunate effect of the circumstance above mentioned as long as eminence in any branch of natural science or is deem and verbal ed with a zealous pursuit of professional success or an entire fitness for political the two great and	48
objects of desire in our country so long and in precisely the degree in which this opinion is received must learning be neglected and philosophy be despised except indeed learning and philosophy imported from abroad there may be among the most prominent members of the new york historical society as among the most prominent members of any other of our scientific institutions a portion of and even the existence of which is much to be regretted and its removal equally to be desired and possibly all which that or any similar association has yet does not add very materially to the value of our national literature on both these points we express no opinion and them only for the sake of explaining our views more clearly but if such an evil and such a deficiency exist the remedy should not be in casting ridicule and as its consequence contempt on the institution but in that time and talent in the production of and to the formation of better models and the creation of more valuable matter with the political merits or of the governor of the state of new york and his friends in office we have nothing to do nor does that question at all interfere in our consideration of the subject we speak not of the effect of these works upon the election possibly they may be exceedingly influential there and they may have been intended solely for that purpose so much wit however and real humour are seldom brought into action for such an end but as humble on the of the of our literature and therefore a part of the care ne we fed ourselves bound to protest against even these in wit who would pull down the temple of science because those that are in their eyes are sheltered beneath its dome s among us the worship of still wants all the aid that it on the other side of the her want the splendid of art to render them imposing and respectable in the regards of the her priests want the dignity of an from vulgar cares and every day her followers are tempted by no other attraction than the pure flame that on her simple if they minister in the temple have some of the about them some of the of human nature and some of the error of human passions let us notwithstanding while they are covered with their robes and in the performance of their sacred functions from rendering them objects of hate or laughter lest we other and more worthy men from following their steps and succeeding to their stations and to leave figures and return to prose it we conceive a bad taste and a disregard or ignorance of the interests of science to employ the force of humour wit and in the endeavour to bring into ridicule and contempt tiie men who no matter whether or occupy the first stations in scientific institutions or men that have publicly their devotion to the cause of literature and exerted their best efforts in its behalf and more particularly we consider this system and lamentable as it is manifest that from the injurious of this species of ridicule no elevation of character however pure and valuable to the dearest interests of our country can ever be secure art iv v in france in by francis hall th light h p author of in canada and the united states london vo our old acquaintance lieutenant appears to less advantage in his new character than in that of the satisfied en m th in the united states his late production is indeed a very meagre volume made up chiefly out of old from minute descriptions of the dimensions of old churches and and endless common place remarks on the italian and french schools of painting his journey seems to have been extremely rapid his meant of collecting information very imperfect and the objects of his attention very limited entering france at he proceeded by and to paris he afterwards made an excursion to la and and continued his ride through and to thence to and back again to paris how many weeks or days were allotted to this tour he does not inform us but there is evidence that not much time was lost in lingering it is impossible to avoid from the style of his remarks that he stayed no longer any where than was necessary to apply his scale and measuring to the walls of the principal buildings mark with his pencil the quotation to the place and take his seat in the diligence for the next town on his route sometimes indeed he was at the pains to copy very long at least he fills page after page with them and does not say he took them from a book but his messrs and brown had no reason to complain if they paid his expenses of any needless to look after such unimportant matters as manners customs the actual condition of the arts or public tranquillity or any of those subjects on which we expect information from a traveller sometimes a very few times he was against his will obliged to withdraw his attention for a short time from roman remains and towers thus he was forced he says to pass a sunday at probably under the of the police for i had forgotten my but this delay s m t mixture of the road is literally a road in which any vehicle but a wagon would be ill at ease it be ing narrow sandy and broken but it hedge rows through woods fields up one and round another in a manner as as possible ac stately solemnity of a it was twilight when we reached the village having at the i was directed to the door of the which had as far as i could distinguish in the light the appearance of a substantial farm	48
house i rang the bell a opened the door and per a stranger himself before me to my de of a night s hospitality he replied by leading the way to the with a courteous gesture of assent here he again bowed himself at my feet a ceremony much more embarrassing to me than him and inquired if while supper was preparing i chose to attend evening service which beginning on my he conducted me into a small chapel near the altar of which a single lamp threw a feeble light on the white habits of the brethren who with their drawn over their faces were kneeling down in at of deep humility and devotion this was by the most solemn part of the service the faint breathing of their whispered was alone audible nor could i refrain as i stood in a comer of the chapel from regarding the unwonted scene with a feeling of almost solemn interest the beings thus around were so far removed from all or pursuits and habits of social existence there was so little their destiny and mine nay there was so little of general human sympathy us i found myself regarding them with almost as much curiosity and wonder as if they had been given back from the world of spirits or had wandered into our sphere from some distant planet after having prayed some time in silence they rose and the usual evening service which was ed by their again kneeling in the same attitude of al after which they glided ghost like from the chapel three persons had stood near me during the service two of them young men seemingly the third a rustic these i afterwards understood were in their year of the two former had such wan enthusiastic countenances as the inward sway of melancholy but my skill in afforded me no clue to the mental of the third whose dull simplicity had been probably wrought upon by the madness of others or the of example from the chapel i was conducted to the where i found a table spread with fruit vegetables bread cheese butter honey and good wine and of which i was courteously to partake the who has the charge of entertaining strangers that in ence of its being a meagre day he could afford me no better fare an apology superfluous though i was no after supper i was shown into a neat chamber ornamented with a few pictures of saints and a the having desired be informed of my wants and the hour at which i wished to be called bade me a good night and withdrew as it was yet early i took up a volume of the on which those of la are one struck me it the brethren of the order to consider a particular as more sinful and than the most deadly hatred by directing the affections from the creator to the creature with what extraordinary logic has superstition the earth the incidents we shall next quote are two of the very few to be found in the volume from which any can be drawn of the actual condition of the country and are the best specimens of the traveller s descriptive powers and man ers i overtook a decent honest looking man who though not of the lowest class had m i ii mode ot as i mo ti v bi of entered into n u tbe md of the a bid j the inhabitants are off f of them ace he answered but the iu off judge how they fare when man but ten a day and wheat b from ten to the but wages rise with wheat no for ae last four or five years wheat has been extreme ly dear but wages have at die old rate how can a man maintain a family ten a day miserably they drink nothing but water i m am a master carpenter employ four or five and can earn a day though i have no children i can put by nothing and live enough om are many small j among you very in my there are or with a of to the farms are all large and greater put of the people in great poverty i continued you find trade generally on die increase since die peace yes people begin to improve because they feel some security in their condition they are not liable to be called upon by the nor to support wars you are not then a friend to no i am not one of those who regret him i find more business and more money spending than was during his government when people never knew what might become of them i had walked from to a kind of i generally managed to procure after breakfast if the first daily meal you make when travelling by a diligence may be so called consisting as it always does of two courses with fruit and wine fortunately for me the french have no idea of hurrying on their meals because they believe with dr johnson that few things are really more im m than and because it bad economy to pay for a meal eating as long as they possibly could besides some nt tiie this disposition i accounted fortunate first because themselves i consider a hurried as neither ant nor profitable and secondly because it gave me half hour s start of the vehicle which in an country and according to the french rate of travelling the ment of a whole day s exercise should the traveller be inclined for it i had wandered on in this way night overtook me beyond and i entered a by road side to request leave to sit down and the arrival of the diligence the owner however very by told me that there was an not far where i might wait if	48
can scarcely fail to the public mind much more seriously than the discussion which now the national the or the permission of a traffic in human flesh throughout the widely expanded regions of the west considered as an abstract question of humanity and national glory touches indeed the and the interest of the and the while it ms also some points of local deeply in the result but the sphere of all these sympathies is very small compared with the wide circle of varied interests in the of a new scheme of national industry or a continuance in the system hitherto pursued if slavery with all its horrors into should be allowed to brood like a gigantic on the fair bosom of the in sincere and universal would be the regret among the well informed population of those states within whose limits the miseries of human bondage are unknown the feeling however like all earthly founded on pure would be very we should lament the event as a misfortune to human nature and perhaps it as a national disgrace but yet no hearts would break and few would be less sound but when the nation is fully roused to an investigation of the proposed plan of our home far different will be the anxiety awakened and infinitely more dangerous tiie that will probably be excited instead of a generous sorrow at the of human misery in its worst shape certainly still in a form from which the are secure there may then be tiie bitter disappointment of thousands that have looked forward to a change of system as their only means of escape from actual want instead of mortification to national pride there may be the destruction of every hope of individual happiness how wide will be the limits of this influence it is not easy to calculate nor encouraging to consider but when we look on die present situation of the middle and eastern states with regard to share in the profits of the national industry and then turn an eye to our southern neighbours and look at die course of their trade it is difficult to avoid a belief that it will require all the ingenuity and all the public spirit of our to keep the opinions of these two sections in perfect with each other it is impossible to be blind vol u american to the that a belief is fast spreading among the people of that domestic must be protected as a means necessary and to prevent general whether the belief be well or ill founded we do not presume to say it is sufficient for the purpose of these observations that the notion rapidly gains ground the vast the unspeakable importance of the inquiry is therefore manifest to every one that will reflect upon the probable consequences of such a state of things as we cannot but see there is reason to anticipate when the states which produce com and are convinced that they are sinking into ruin and that a new scheme of industry with new rules of trade are necessary for their salvation while those which cultivate cotton sugar and tobacco feel themselves growing richer and regard any alteration as of their prosperity with interests so opposed what harmony or agreement can be expected a single individual may be moved to seek the crown of but nations or states have not yet been known for the sake of any abstract principle to court self we do not that the real interests of the north and of the south are so much at but such is the doctrine at present taught in many of the on the subject of domestic and it is a doctrine that for all we see is likely to gain full possession of the mind it is on this account we repeat what we long since advanced that from the time of the declaration of independence there has scarcely been a question before this nation so with the most serious and awful consequences it is a question however that has not yet exercised the most influential and powerful minds among our or citizens i he discussion has not called forth such powers oi argument such efforts of nor such investigation s have been brought into action by the tm important on the of slavery in as far as the discussion has yet proceeded the for have plainly the advantage in the field of argument and have exhibited much more of reasoning and a far better knowledge of the only kind of knowledge that on this question can be very the general principles of political economy as they are to be found in the works of the best european writers form but an guide in an inquiry that respects a country so peculiarly as ours and the common place topics of that science so constantly quoted and appealed to by the of further encouragement are in a great degree to the to talk of buying cheap and selling dear of die greatest possible quantity of produce with the least expenditure of labour and of capital and all the other which may easily be in thousands from the pages of the review answers exceedingly well to give an air of and eloquence to an address or a resolution but goes very little way towards convincing an american what is the true policy dictated by die peculiar situation of his country we want facts facts and when we are well informed as to them general principles may then be applied and particular infer may be safely but not before in the two above mentioned proceeding from highly respectable associations there is to be seen a very remarkable of this too common to put forward certain of political economy my in themselves and very important to be observed but applied very in aid of the cause which it is intended to support thus are gravely informed in the of	48
the society that the prosperity and hi of society depend not upon m american and granted to one class or order of society at the expense of another c that all free trade of whatever description must be a mutual benefit to the parties concerned in it that countries should study to direct their labours to those of industry for which their situation and circumstances are best adapted c c all which as general principles no one or doubts but the question is left untouched whether the of a whole nation can be called a or measures taken to save it from the attacks o foreign jealousy an that we have at present free trade with any nation on earth is not asserted and would be difficult to establish nor is any attempt made to show the mutual benefit arising from our commerce with great britain in particular that the situation and circumstances of the united states are best adapted to without is equally and these of which the above are but specimens leave the question precisely where it was before the same remonstrance is still more unfortunate in its facts doubtless without any intention to thus the virginia are made to say we ask no tax upon for our benefit neither do we desire any thing of government to enable us to cultivate the soil as as we could wish but to leave us free so far as it depends on them to carry our to the best we can find and to purchase what we want in return on the best terms we can either at home or abroad c one is almost tempted to conclude from the of the assertion in the above sentence that the gentlemen who made it were not aware of the existence of any duties whose or object is to protect agricultural industry and particularly the agricultural industry of the southern states from the dangers of foreign competition yet tobacco in the leaf is subject to a duty of fifteen per cent american tobacco pays ten per cent per pound and snuff twelve cents for the protection of the of virginia and the other states that raise tobacco cotton is subjected to a heavy duty cheese spirits from grain and coals are also to the benefit of whether the object of these was merely or a protection of from foreign we know not certain it is the effect cannot be mistaken the truth therefore is that at this moment a of cotton goods is not allowed by the policy of our laws when he purchases his raw material to enjoy the benefit of that which the remonstrance to buy as cheap as you can no matter where but is forced to procure his cotton from his own countrymen without having the advantage of that between the foreign and domestic growth of the article which the remonstrance declares it is the duty of every wise and just government to secure to him he his tobacco his his his cheese under the same imposed on him for the benefit of the yet it is said he must not expect any of favour the and the farmer from whom he is obliged to buy his cotton tobacco c at a price ten per cent higher than he need g ve for them if the laws allowed him free access to a foreign market are not to be prevented from going into that same foreign market and goods there at a price lower than the of their own country can afford because of the operation of these very laws to sell them for this is an important fact and quite lost sight of in most of the essays resolutions c against domestic whether the present system in this respect is right or wrong we do not pretend to say the remonstrance terms the of the earth the fountain head of all wealth of all power and of all prosperity it claims for them however no exclusive privileges and those who american it probably were not aware that the law gave them any from foreign we do not purpose at present to contend for either the plan adopted or the plan proposed but to remark upon the obvious in the reasoning which are addressed to the public on either side mr s three letters are worthy the attention of all such as desire to form their opinions on the subject he is a zealous a and an able advocate he has written much and of course thought much on this question and his writings have the advantage of being free from the and as to that the value of so many productions of less experienced of either side it has appeared to us that in his writings and in the addresses of the philadelphia society there has been too frequent a reference to the example of england and too confident a reliance on the made from circumstances in her history let him answer this objection in his own words the following extract is from the seventh page some of our have written long essays protesting against the example of england in consequence of the immense numbers and the distress and misery of her poor and the wars she wages which they charge to the account of her the misery of her poor arises from their labour being by and her wars arise from her ambition to censure the system by which she wealth for the ill uses to which it is applied would be as absurd as to censure for the waste of the money made by an industrious but extravagant farmer or the case of france is more decisive and more recent and not so well known she has merely by protecting the industry of her subjects healed all the wounds she received by the ambition of her by the of an art vl tht an by a j gentleman of philadelphia aged fourteen	48
of this once powerful the facility of a by mistress ocean there now exist another process become an object scarcely any traces some of comparatively little i hare ble ranged in irregular lines observed in several places on the dignified with the name of streets coast of the and a few buildings of a rather bet something resembling a muscle ter description occupied by the which on being pressed of government compose nearly a pink but the colour was not the whole of the town tt still makes of that brilliant hue which is some efforts at as peculiar to the commerce and to on the coast near the liquor to of in these was contained in a small silk and tobacco but the amount white vein placed near the centre of merits no consideration the noble the jaw the colour of the of alexander traced by the was not universally red on the af found a beer coast it was of a dark violet re would scarcely afford a and hence possibly arose the contrast of grandeur and application of than at the period a the city of of its being by that con in a collection of small and the modem town of es built white stone and scatter erected on its ashes ed in irregular clusters towards the the small shell which for foot of a which rises in supplied a tint to adorn the jar sweep so as almost to s it the is chiefly hare been not ex and to or twelve or fourteen feet in this is indeed rather a vague length and eight in breath mate but the from whom i re the place where joseph it had no accurate means of ed his art is about one hundred yards the exact the from the church it was in we are lodged is circular but a only re a spacious well built edifice and ca the greater part having been of affording excellent bed by the an altar for a numerous is near the entrance not at present however it has not more far from thence is the school where than eight tenants the church christ received the first consecrated to the service oi these of his education from the religious is preserved with masters and near to this last but in neatness but has no an opposite side the road is a small and the chapel the fragment of a painting and which clothe rock on which our is sup the walls arc such as a posed on some occasion to have great want of in the arts spread his fare and shared it with the building within its his an inscription ancient dwelling of jo ed to the walls it to have and been consecrated by the presence preserved the identity of the spot of christ both before and where the angel announced to the to his the virgin her future miraculous con form of this table is an irregular it appears to have the scene of interview between been the extreme the angel and the wife of is about four yards its great joseph u marked by an altar erect est breadth three and a half ed in a recess a few feet below the every species of information principal aisle of the church be whether derived from books or the hind this are two apartments which accuracy of verbal also to the house of the is insufficient to convey to a father of the their native of europe any adequate idea appearance is sufficiently antique to of a country which has been justify the date and there is great on principles essentially to probability from the na ent from european the mind ture of their situation in the ac having no comparative standard to count delivered of their former ap refer to on a subject so totally new but the who at is at a loss how to frame its to point out the different ob and it almost inevitably hap usually held sacred injured pens that the reality has a faint the effect of bis narrative by inter correspondence with the image a statement of the figured this observation applies flight of one part of the edifice to lo with peculiar force to the traveller he assigned as the motive who visits the land his ar for the disappearance of this rival on the coast of the necessity of its avoiding him to objects that hare no from the presence of resemblance to those with which bo the who were then in mi has been hitherto associated the re possession of the country kingdom the brute there are in the wall to tion and even his own species are the space the apartment in appearance greatly by which it i to a id seem to point out that be is u on m b ir distant to md will the first sensations probably in the of a which fill of year exceed one those of and bat time since a office was e at for which the sacred and an presses types and other plain out on all were purchased in paris a sides those sensations are of the name of is at the ly succeeded by feelings more head of this the ed a mixed emotion of surprise and of takes possession of his faculties selves by their far from the spirit ty they have several the mind and gives vigour upon european models nor is there to the heart the scenes any want of benevolent that are every where unfolded an a remarkable event in the annals of to the spectator that he sur modem greece is the of a regions which were on e public library at it already the chosen tl of wonders the contains about volumes and climate the impetuous ea the funds which are supplied by the the fig tree all the liberality of private individuals will poetry	48
all uie painting of the sa speedily the number it is writings are present to his to the advice of mr that the view patriotic men who direct this nt in greece are indebted all greece the ardent the bust of this venerable man has and well directed patriotism of the been put up in the large saloon of inhabitants of tliis charm the college that the youths may ing place continues to enjoy perfect always remember him with gratitude tranquillity which may be attributed and respect to the wise government of the ma a mr at s which consists entirely of has extracted from works the great college of of a collection of has become so celebrated that thoughts observations c which youths crowd thither from au parts will doubtless be very popular we of greece the first professors in select a few this institution are messrs grateful men are like john s pi and the fill fields they return what they have latter has spent some time in paris received ten fold and studied natural philosophy and people become ill by drink the he is about to ing he who drinks the in modem greek an health of every body drinks away on after his own he has already published a spirit the a on which love of high and low tale bearing was received with particular is a fly that at by the greek from one s windows and the pen of the respectable professor thing have appeared a poetry ought to be the essay on and a maid of and dress her very able on the road to marriage is as mental philosophy a course of rough as a highway in by professor s l pi cards and hearts have in ms resemblance to each other on the the number of at present side they all seem smooth and mi indeed thej hare been the this r too c d played bet who will be printed id look at them till they are id the many a man down and with g expectations and when ib he k t at what he has got he says there has been published at aside i pass saw the first of a work s men are like cards in the of ate there they figure for a ta hi aa z time till they are played and j k u by death the history of the a girl is often a bill of ex reign of iii king of which the father o by the bridegroom the it is the to a great girl pays the according to the work upon of bills of exchange the society of of to kill the brings to produce as a no glory revenge to become a of the work of and be public which is but little known to foreign the splendor which sur countries se members of tlie rounds a martyr has condemned society who have made many a one to the who known by their have become the of labours have undertaken this his nation t task bit d mr the last fair catalogue has discovered in new the which has just been published of a bird measuring each a pages the number of yard in length and the as new and books which him they had frequently in have appeared during the last six their hunting excursions met with months at the literary market of and even feathers of this to s bird the of which were large british enough to admit a man s arm a publication by s s j ag secretary during that period and effectual prayer a fellow embracing the history of the two mounting a horse one near him cried years from the to heaven help you by to the battle of is among an over balance our tumbled our we noon the other side curse your pray that it some said he as soon as he could particulars respecting the speak for they got me more help invitation sent to and the de than wanted lit of whom a an eastern treated with great alter was reproached with not being he got him to commit himself s firm it is by that alone s ms is also in b said he that i have so long re and may be expected to in office i am sixty years this winter madame m old and my teeth which were in brought it from st and firm enough are almost travels in africa by mr all gone while my tongue which who has it seems been able to was always remains tlie same sue a new and unknown track are as ever t we hear about to be m the bible society of russia french and english it will be seen printed last year copies of from our present of the dark quarter of ttie t b o the catalogue of books io the year up to the of east being a of me october tt new works relating to european and and new a list of en turkey by and pieces of the protector since the first of january t and his sons and a by madame henry c by de t mo a of the family tales of my landlord se this work it is said containing castle the literary labours of madame de mr mr if so few writers could take the and ihe of the of the public with a title preceding series that this to its esteem and gratitude whether is a and not by the feelings or the author of the real tales of my the understanding and she has done landlord c vol both with no common power she has mo never forgotten to advocate the america and the british colonies of piety and virtue it a an abstract of all the most useful she has long meditated on the	48
formation relative to the u b of a of such a work and has and the british colonies of canada that a certain sympathy be the cape of good hope new south her character and that of her wales and v an s island hero gives her a facility in the at one view the otherwise so difficult advantages and in au things she says each country offers for with regard to talents i have c by william kingdom nevertheless found myself in vol with him as to character the of commerce for study love of solitude a code of commercial and the arts also in the habitual law practice customs and he made of his imagination and exhibiting the present either as a source of consolation or state of commerce home foreign of happiness and with the shipping ma the life character and writings of de al and artificial of the various by madame de nations of the world c translated from the by samuel and john vol vo to in boards letters from a on the nature and tour through and cure of and c with some account of the dead and practical observations on and of vol vo el by charles d c history of the a work spoken of very the of england king coal s or from the earliest period to the nor etiquette a put m with man conquest by notes c to which is added ba f a s ol yo s tour work not only of the c by of scientific usefulness but charles esq author of a of very considerable humour and vo merit j lit of the life of john germany and the revolution by m m late editor of the maps aod it it an h translated of fl to the the by black and to in yo the tale of this work hai been the k one of the io or of a he that i contented with a greek written at the of the answer in the hi will indeed th ro never be at a loss for at least the ap a story and other poems of information by l mo the it will seldom bear a london critics speak in most a second question generally terms of s the e the first how l is this it be s a novel is about mile twenty mo scenes a novel miles sorely it cannot be so mo may be it will be winter evening tales collected it does not seem more than among the cottages in the of indeed i m ye m by james it right really yon seem to know familiar lessons in i say i do this trait of and c by j t character is and the with this is always so decided that the work is recommended by the he is a of the journal of letters is not induced to the history d by rob statement by this mode of a very curious and examination interesting work by an author cape of hope and iti d whose literary character is not ap an accurate and in this country and who is description of those d supposed to entertain situated views towards the v states north of the cape by the and late of parts to containing the the american east indian named whole of and a portion of the lost on the coast of caesar with an portrait of within a few miles ef and numerous wood cuts a river where the g r e splendid edition printed in a very perished in s expensive style out and of don with a stout s travels account of lord and his fa vo d vo this is to be a this is one of the catch and extravagant of the times at once vulgar unjust boy injurious and expensive such is tale bv mrs the judgment of the english critic a moral tale for the a description of the western improvement of readers in the islands of including the er of life the of a isle of c by john ter who could do better things if i to any thing is superior to teaching ear the literary fellow the nearest wi le of this work its is ample the purest happiness and minute and the third volume life of wm presents many clever some of the times in s mi articles lie lived by lord john in which the elements of vo edition that science are familiarly explain life of lady by the ed and adapted to the of do nd s letters sion of young pupils rot to with plates by the of con sound mind or to on natural history and at t york of the human by john mrs the lady to whom the m d vo world is indebted for these essays on by works for political and george o the which the manuscript of the tragedy of renders to ix a new and and more to she just brought out at paris brings it home to the youthful mind mm been purchased for ranks it of all its and by a of paris it with the most agreeable en produced so much associations of the imagination in lo its author and yet we that this last work is inferior told thai this is the iron not ike to those which she age of poetry t to the public very slight censure is three of s implied since it may be as it is un history of russia has been lo them and yet very from the language into and pleasing to the century the family mansion a tale by materials are principally mrs of l mo mn the writings of a a small price cents of the princess a neat little containing who introduced christianity into a	48
story of sufficient interest to en and all the princes who chain the attention of youthful the are readers and the purest the of these an principles of virtue and piety i by the author of wa m ni our t mo by invitation to is m and son philadelphia and we are of very happiness for the use w recent or intended of husband and wife and young among those which have come to persons of either sex who or knowledge are the following themselves for the married state history of the united states from by john of first settlement as colonies to translated by an american the peace of price important political event ke intended american by william of the mission of the published by b vol united brethren amongst uie no ware and indians from its a very good school book and one commencement in to its close that was much wanted printed in a in by the rev john but form sketches of travels in a treasury of the w and italy and france in a series of english tongue by james addressed to a friend in the ted states by john james m d see the on the vol mo cover conversations on natural magazine i original ab of new h and tions from the vol i no iv april p ard by james t aim magazine art i of an to re ib a pain whidi tbe g from a teu low in foreign und thou at times modified and reduced by connecting circumstances cut never weigh on a bosom of common simply aa identity in the land their birth however remote therein be the places of their abode from each other is sufficient at a distance to attach individuals in ties of close who else if brought into the of each other would be contented with a cold and formal intercourse a moreover of such a connection would be by which it would be difficult to subdue however they might be disguised but where as is the case separation takes place from a companion united to another not but by the of a tried and lengthened regard the aching heart bears testimony to the void which is produced and experiences a sensation of loneliness which it can neither repress nor define such was the state of ing with which i yesterday bade adieu to return ing from street where we had parted i my steps to my in a mood which was any but cheerful though surrounded as i waa aware by new indeed hut who every desire to contribute to d sketches of an excursion my i could not myself of a sense of i experienced in fine the du pays in its force and thought that i could then rightly appreciate the feelings of one whose doom it may be to wear out his days in a distant land in involuntary exile there was something in the state of the atmosphere around which rather served to than to the gloom which oppressed me it wanted an and there was a in it such as is common in the evenings of a new england november and which in the present instance added to the of twilight and gave to each passing countenance expression which conveyed the belief that it was the index of feelings different perhaps in kind but no ways inferior in intensity to those which i was i know not whether are agreed in the nature of that evil spirit which is related to have and was happily charmed away by the of david be the opinion what it may it is not improbable i conceive that a person from causes of which he is wholly may labour at times under a morbid temperament not unlike in its that which was experienced by the royal sufferer and which may yield to the kindly influence of a similar remedy at any rate i was resolved to make trial of the application and on my return to have heard tliat the race of the ancient irish was not wholly extinct and that one or two were still to be met with in the city i despatched a servant immediately on the search an hour or more had elapsed and i was beginning to despair of his success when a noise upon the staircase and subsequently along the passage leading to my apartments induced me to apprehend that the of an hundred were approaching and that no less than the court of with the s self were coming on the rustling blast to upon the song of former years and listen to the voice of their praise the door was opened and two men entered bearing a harp the from to form and size of which showed plainly that it of no irish origin and had never sounded in the of however it might in those of the came next supporting himself by a staff with his right hand and leaning upon the arm of one of the house servants wi the other a of an interesting appearance followed who from his age and countenance i supposed was his behind these at some distance were two or three of the family household who drawn after by motives of curiosity though far from expecting the harp and par with such a i had little leisure to on the disappointment the himself soon arrested my attention and produced an impression which can be his appearance throughout was and venerable though his countenance was much it retained a expression and his person was tall and commanding a slight the of his years what remained of his hair which was almost white with age was collected behind and hung loosely upon his shoulders his dress was in other words singular to be in but the interest which was inspired by hia general appearance was heightened by perceiving that whatever might be his joy	48
in the light of the song he mourned the of the ray and that at least in fate if not in renown he claimed kindred with blind and blind aad and old being led to a seat and having paused a little to recover breath he commenced putting his instrument in order aod at the same time returned replies to the inquiries which i made in a manner which still further awakened sympathy he was from wales he said and a native of in early life he was deprived of his sight and obliged by sketches of mi im fi for a to his present occupation i himself tl neglected in common with his associates lie resolved on the channel in the of condition pursuing his calling among a people of re had been in this city a number of years and had encouragement though that he said had i can remember he added when ae was every where received a welcome and ready home but times have changed and i too have changed i feel the of age increasing daily upon and i fear that will be seeming cause of won ar at my declining estimation should any past skill which i may have possessed be judged of from my present efforts that he wronged me if he thought that i was not already sufficiently interested to admire any trials on his instrument and to his inquiry if there were any airs which i would propose he was gratified by my replying that his o wn native music would be although i wished mm to his own taste in the particular selection hb hand passed over the strings and touched a hasty of a peculiar io the sense of ss well as cannot have failed to strike the most observer any one who has resided in a city may brings to mind some professed blind either from birth in life milton who has recorded his own calamity in immortal verse had an ear not more delicately of the of numbers than to the melody of sounds it was his s either to listen to or bear a part in various exercises of music in the science of which he g tho famous irish was blind his name in connection with this fact a which the writer omitted to mention in its pro per place in the chapel of the he saw a bead of this on the front of the organ with a note book before it vl is well known he was om blind this blunder which might be regarded enough in any place may be in reference to its origin an fr m to si i to define tf e for ef a to md he seemed to belong to an earlier ag to sent the bard of or kindred his i felt assured must be that of other times and while to that description of night closed around struck the harp his gray hair in the beam i was prepared respond to the call of some spirit son of strike the string and let the voice of music arise i stand in the cloud of years arc its towards the past and when the i is but dim and dark but i hear thee harp of returns like a breeze which the sun brings to where dwelt the lazy mist however high my of the s skill had been raised and however his appearance had me i was no ways ed by what followed as the tones which he upon his ear his frame seemed to feel an inspiring energy and his countenance to beam with the fire which kindled in his bosom his hand of age and the sounding with a boldness and combined with a delicacy and proved that he wm still capable of the honours of and though last be was not least in the line i had heard this instrument repeatedly played before bnt never with an effect to the present tlie was as willing to its tones as i was to them and after an entertainment of two hours which not merely in chasing my gloom but in a kindred satisfaction to many others he concluded at desire with the national of race was an air which to my taste within its short compass all the sweetness and all the majesty of song i was happy a few days ago in forming an with mr il a junior follow in the and a gentle i hem of an man of extraordinary at the early age of he a of poems which possess no merit their being the production of a mind so six years afterwards he was elected to his present office which was a flattering distinction as in these are supplied out of many who undergo very public these arc often prolonged through three days and of course require a thorough preparation mr r though scarcely years of age has since amply fulfilled the which were formed by the early of his genius and the singular of his reputation at his rooms thb morning i had the pleasure to meet two or three other very intelligent who hold in college the whole number f these in the university is twenty two seven se and fifteen junior the of the senior fellows are large varying from to o sterling those of most of die are as low as and even l xii but then have the prospect of rising to the higher form by right f and they receive in the meanwhile a large part the from besides these the university has three medical and five which it owes to royal in the several of divinity common law civil law and greek there are also professors of natural philosophy l and the oriental tongues the course of discipline and instruction in college is after die habits of the english the students are into three ranks	48
offices which he sustained all parties did homage to hia commanding aad and m of an the of dining are late the four and five o clock habits of north britain were sufficiently unreasonable at least according to my plain yankee notions but good citizens of prefer to follow more closely the westminster standards six half past six and seven are usual hours of appointment on cards and i have sat down to dinner as late as eight i should be unwilling to omit in this place a remarkable instance of the benefits to the from a judicious employment of the poor accompanied with a suitable attention to their morals which has been by esq of this gentleman having recently put into operation in that county a very extensive has endeavoured to improve to the utmost the condition of those whom he and to ascertain whether the establishment instead of proving a to morals might not be rendered a nursery of correct and habits the buildings are so arranged as to admit and secure an entire separation of the sexes the besides receiving a suitable school education are presented with the needful books well as others of an excellent moral tendency and to guard against the evils which are often occasioned by the incident to their employment they are instructed in the use of the implements of and taught to combine thereby the habits of the peasant with the skill and of the the benefits which were contemplated have been happily realized and their influence has extended beyond the immediate neighbourhood thus says the humane and proprietor i quote his words from a sketch of the history of the establishment which he presented to the society of arts and a copy of which with an engraved view of the buildings he presented to me thus have peace and civilization been around it an idle and ignorant race have from to been converted into an educated and moral people and in securing the happiness of above individuals its immediate objects it has thrown a shield over the per sons and property of all within die sphere of its influence and enabled them though within a few miles of a disturbed district to sleep secure without or bolt j but to return from these remarks to the incidents of my narrative there is a singular vehicle used in this city called car and another little less singular though rather more comfortable termed a they have no tops and are drawn by one horse the former has a square body swung low without any sides and having two seats which are placed in the middle and disposed these seats accommodate three passengers who are obliged to sit back to back with their sides instead of their faces towards the horse the latter vehicle somewhat the body of a common coach with the top off and the seats being placed at the sides allow the passengers to sit e to face although with the same position towards the horse as in the other case the is a good sort of enough but in respect to the poor beast who is to draw it the car on the other hand or to give it its whole the car is much cheaper and consequently in more general use i was desirous from curiosity to try the motion of this vehicle its uncouth appearance in passing having more than once drawn a smile from me walking yesterday with of the navy towards a friend s house i incidentally mentioned the thought said he we will make the trial together i confess i did not think he would have closed with the quite so n however i with him to a turn in the street not far from a tion on which we saw two of these machines and their drivers in the most pacific mood possible stretched upon the pavement near them our distant call brought them along of an side of their horses but not till after a furious scramble of which their coloured apparel had most reason to complain coming off as usual second best their and running along side then urged the poor animals into a sort of half gallop towards the place where we were but in point of it was easy to see that their masters greatly them not content too with pushing his own beast honest pat had an eye to his neighbour s and while he lashed here he there and this kind office being we had begun to apprehend on the principle of opposite forces that their would be soon brought to a stand but a smart stroke being by one of them across the forehead of die horse of his rival the ire of die latter rose to a towering height and to himself upon a object he his whip tremendous about the legs of comrade and leaving him to r over as well as he might from this de made effort to reach our ground and succeeded the of pat when he came up was well worthy of inspection the coat looked truly venerable and with its of many similar showed like a tattered banner in st it had suffered so severely in this latter engagement from a rent having found its way from die of the skirts to the cape that it would without have called our but for pat s coolly remark that it had parted in die same place die week before and we thought more than once before that we were soon in the crazy vehicle and pat was on his stand although hardly on his guiding the reins with one hand and flourishing the other towards his in the rear he dealt out a with and whip will you by my but ill crack a upon your drum head when i get my honey wont i aye and every s son uke you but i will f om to though	48
but hia notwithstanding was unhappily lost upon the other who had better employment than listening and as long as the vehicle was in sight pursued it with a similar to our satisfaction friend pat in the meanwhile drove on despite of our remonstrance with all speed the car occasionally giving us a which the ribs of could scarcely have at length it was intimated that as no terms had been made it was at our to pay him by the time immediately pat recollected that his beast had been drove hard in the morning and wa ant it a pity if their honors wa ant in no haste to drive a poor to death for nothing understanding the hint soon in a slow pace why pat we both spoke as we were going up a slight ascent when the animal or twice seemed actually asleep why pat you do not call this a hill your honors but i call it a and such was the spirit of all his replies proceeding with this like march along s green where the gallant captain has many friends our humble did not prevent several fair hands from being waved accompanied however with a smile and look of inquiry but of us had cause to regret our arrival at the place of pat received for the passage just double the legal fare but hoping to better the account wished their honors to consider the time that had been spent and had nt he lost therefore to drive other and he nt the four ten my friend glancing significantly requested a return of the money which was readily given back in the hope of an increase it however he was proceeding deliberately up the steps when pat timed a suitable acknowledgment and receiving nothing loth the ten mounted his car and drove back to settle the point of honour with his comrade mm the use of in p ro tion fer which country is noted even the dogs have been to hark in a is not a little to a s ear use it is than die and other joe of new ng and but it is not quite ao bad as i had been led so imagine it b decidedly in my opinion to the broad scotch and most of the m in and which b true of the lower orders is die y the parallel is carried the better classes of have of the and its men of letters speak the english language with even their organs of utterance are aa aa of the lo n do ner s and they enjoy this advantage over at least over die of bow bell that any of their they bring out full and the of on die hand have a muffled tone of voice and they in a trotting np and down e e that an english ear is half die time puzzled to know whether they are the irish have a great vivacity in conversation and are distinguished as is known a fondness of and quickness of various instances of die latter peculiarity are present to my mind it is efficient to mention only being with a mixed party at a s house the day turned upon the probable of the of the sister isle and of that enormous mass concentrated in london england said one i to be she is an and the which ave collected in london as its will ere long prove the of the whole body you are not quite right there rejoined it is no morbid action england remains as sound as ever but she is not a would call her in a word from to df she is top heavy and depend upon it london b the head which will ink the nation i have before taken occasion to hazard an opinion upon the beauty of the irish women from the general sentiment as then advanced i have found no cause hitherto to although i am free to say that i have paid a wiu ling homage to a few signal exceptions to its truth the remark however was in ao respect intended to touch upon th accomplishments in mind or manners of the fair for the of these a stranger cannot fail at first glance co acknowledge and admire to day too in a circle at the i met with ladies who for beauty of countenance and person not only reflect a brilliancy upon die isle but would grace the of any the lady of the s g is herself distinguished for the elegance of her appearance and a finished refinement of manners with the reported of an exalted mind the evening amusements of the drawing room were with music on the piano and harp in the execution of which great skill and taste were displayed but i must not forget to mention a gratification which i have experienced in hearing the tones of the true irish harp the who had so greatly interested me in formed me that he knew of one who played that instrument in this city and that whenever i should wish it he would procure his attendance in the course of this morning i accordingly sent to have him produced his harp was about one half the size of the common harp and one third of that of the it was strung with wire instead of as is the latter and this gave its tones a indeed somewhat a shrill sound the music nevertheless was good and struck my fancy very much it was heightened by association the airs which were selected being native irish and they embraced the best of tom s not forgetting the harp that once through a vol i and the glories of brave the appearance of ae was very little a ic he was a plain prose looking being but of civil manners and address he was bom in somewhere in the	48
neighbourhood of and had come to with an associate who now shares with the gains and honours of may l f this is may day but has exhibited few of those which used to mark the occasion and which are still kept up in many parts of england i have seen out of the common course is the grotesque appearance of the chimney sweeps this is a to them it would be for die sake of humanity if they had the first day of month they deck themselves on present occasion with figured paper caps and ornaments and the side walks season pence from every passenger perhaps has flowed rather more co than usual and pat accordingly has been in his passing several tap rooms my ear was by the melody of that l of ah nations the fiddle whilst tea e was keeping time to the chorus with a na f bit of a i the hospital established here is a most humane institution i had hitherto deferred a visit to it but should have deeply to have left the city seeing it the measures which are adopted by the of this hospital preservation of children undoubtedly rescue a large number from death it has been usual for a cradle to be kept at the gate for the reception of those exposed that parents might be from the crime of in either through to give them support or a desire to avoid a detection of their shame the institution is supported solely by the inhabitants of although a xx yearly is collected for this purpose from the city and liberties which ii raised chiefly by an of one shilling in the from k to f pound on each house the children who are into the establishment average one hundred and eighty a month but a of one fourth for the same period has not been the hospital itself one sand and five thousand more are with country nurses they are all at a suitable age instructed in reading and writing ai d the principles of the faith after which they are ap in the nursery there is a clock which was presented by a lady some forty or fifty years ago but coupled with aft inscription which runs in the following for the benefit of lady presents this clock to mark that as children who are fed by spoon must have but a small quantity of food at a time it must be offered for which purpose this strikes every twenty minutes at which notice all the that are no asleep must be fed a friend accompanied me to s school and christ church as the of the former of these are generally known by the many reports which are before the public and the given in the art of memory a description here is unnecessary the institution it may be added has thus far fulfilled expectation and the pledge of tht the arrangements and course of discipline nevertheless struck me as complex and artificial christ to use a strong is the westminster abbey of but the actual resemblance is very imperfect it is an ancient edifice of little grandeur and less beauty and was founded as early as the commencement of the century it has undergone few alterations since except on die south side of the the walk of which fell down in the year this accident injured severely a monument to earl the and pr n of y as an inscription states and lu under the of a is not only a duty we owe to their memory but an advantage to ourselves we indulge in admiration of the character exalted by great public virtues and dwell with melancholy pleasure upon the remembrance of who wound themselves round our affections and were to us in the domestic circle clinging to their re we follow them to die grave and when the first violent emotions of sorrow have subsided we wish to feelings of admiration and by some lasting of for this purpose the funeral monument has been invented as die most appropriate and table method of our sentiments no custom has been more generally adopted die of these of the living to the dead through every the simple stone of die retired country church yard to die magnificent of departed though die gaudy splendour sometimes displayed ia the design and the extravagance of the by giving die character of and a feeble attempt to bestow tt earthly grandeur upon what is fleeting and often defeat their object yet the judicious use of monuments is not destitute of advantage it the name and virtues of the deceased it fills the bosom of the living with generous and noble sentiments and the generous affections the heart and towards the living and not gives rise to useful and serious reflections when looking upon the tomb of the great every emotion of envy dies within us when we read die of the beautiful ever desire goes out when we meet with the grief of parents on a tomb stone our hearts melt with compassion when we see the tomb of the parents themselves we consider the vanity of for those whom must quickly follow when we see kings lying by those who them when we consider rival wits placed side by side or the holy men that divided the with their and we reflect with slid astonishment on the and of mankind when we read the several dates of the of some that died yesterday and some six hundred years ago we consider that great day when all of us will be and make our appearance together since the of the near six thousand years have gone by of our fellow beings have passed away as a dream like the troubled waters of the ocean wave wave and is soon lost for ever amid the boundless swell among this countless number many useful and great men have risen	48
above the surface and their characters a conspicuous guide to those who follow where virtue ia peace and bravery in war have the conduct of an individual his actions become interesting his fame is the per d succeeding generations his name worthy of hie muse the virtuous man to die and die arts should unite to his memory he who has himself eminent or he that daring for his count try or his friends to die has himself in arms and broken the bondage of tyranny enlarged the circle of human distinguished himself in letters and delighted the world by the rich of genius increased the benefits of society by the formation of laws and the duties of a good and useful extended die power and grandeur of his country by his talents as a warrior and his wisdom as a deserves that us name be recorded in a public and manner in more limited walks oi domestic life where virtue has practised and the useful and innocent pleasures of social iii have been promoted some of these ties should be recorded for though the urn or bust cannot back to its mansion tht breath nor honours voice provoke the nt the dull cold ear of death yet we j d some from the marble making it in a measure speak ot our esteem and love and at a dis interval revive our affections from the earliest ages there has been a desire to preserve the remembrance of departed greatness and the virtues of ancient heroes have been retained and delivered to us by monuments in the of these the displayed a magnificence and liberality unknown in modem days before the art of was known or that of painting much used various methods were adopted to retain not only the character but the the believing that the soul susceptible of a higher degree of enjoyment remained even after attached to the body as long as that could be continued entire applied all their art to secure urn frail substance from corruption and from the violence of the living carrying the art had discovered to the greatest perfection they were enabled to preserve the body for ages and it became the usual practice among the wealthy to have their deceased relatives them in their secure and strong or placing them in in some magnificent apartment of the house these cut into the solid rocks are visited at this remote period by travellers and stone found in them the most ancient of which we have any description is that of the d king of egypt who flourished thousand years since it was of uncommon magnificence with a circle of gold a in breadth and three hundred and sixty five in showing the rising and setting of the sun and die many of he egyptian are now exhibited as in a perfect state of a lai and ancient egyptian or stone of black granite with figures is in the british museum it was carried to london from where the had used it as a which they called the lover s fountain t a lots to admire most die of the materials or the industry and of the artists of all the of the there are move remarkable the which have the of rs the wonder of the philosopher and the they were composed of one entire stone cut with and erected to convey so posterity the fame and power c their who reigned years since raised two each of which was of one piece of granite feet high the side of the square base feet one of these was transported to rome by and placed in the the son of raised which was taken to rome by but none of these were equal in size to tiiat erected near by who reigned since it is the moat valuable monument which now remains of antiquity it was respected by when he put all to fire and sword ordering the flames of the city to be extinguished when he saw them approaching the transported it to rome and placed it in the it there fell and was broken but the care of pope v repaired restored it from the apparent impossibility of cutting such an enormous block from any the were supposed to have discovered the secret of melting stone or of smaller stones into a mass capable of polish and strength but the absurdity of these conjectures is apparent from the quality of die stone which is not and doubt is removed by respectable travellers having examined the and seen the from whence they were cut the largest are in made of red granite and die smaller of both of which in egypt this description is accurately by several of tlie early much of fable may be blended the we do not pretend to conjecture vol i hie e in no pot f d egypt are the general of confirmed by the l of modem travellers to been of die of egypt the one which was opened at hia time and is examined by o have been built as a tomb oft ma family by who flourished three years since and exhausted his immense treasures in it a desire their bodies from die expected outrage of their oppressed and to their names to remote led to the of these solid nothing of a more character can be raised as the being the most solid figure and admitting of no of destroying it but by beginning at the top die of time and the of man these beautiful and with a bold grandeur overlooking the surrounding country have been justly among die wonders of the world and far in extent and any modem of their object and origin we have no correct account and h is only known they have existed from the remotest antiquity before die times of die earliest profane whose works we possess a long period was occupied	48
the above calculations and as the i have taken are and greater the results exceed considerably the whole exterior surface of the was with marble which from the of the has now disappeared ten years were occupied in making the to the materials and in the stone twenty more in the building and one hundred thousand employed at the same time who were relieved every three months sixteen hundred talents of silver or eight hundred and forty three thousand seven hundred and fifty expended in vegetables for the workmen the one which is now examined by travellers was opened by the g in the life upon the of exquisite and whiteness adorned their temples and public walks with specimens of their art the in which the body was was made of aa er and in tbe hope of bat they tone s few egyptian sad in the a a of a the the md as a of as and had the a hall the of which m hj and a deep to p to be e with been p were ia tended as for and ss for corn when was pi e h i as ip in of the deity as to the sun bat the opinion is that the j intended as for the who to which after all thej not as the d et e s of their it is said their bodies were and secretly in some other place it appear at least the body of one was aad to publicly held ont he was elsewhere the i hare not observed one that has and may force their that they were intended as a precaution against tbe of the or any extraordinary flood from the rising of the not as a place of for tiie royal and for this not calculated either their or interior arrangement hut as a secure for the most valuable part of their treasures any of these but an inadequate idea of their magnitude and the best way of forming a view of their ie to it home to the eye by a comparison with that are fond liar to us upon the above the base of tbe a space of square feet and the squares into the plot of our city is divided though various are on an average side area of square feet the is feet high and the of is feet the then is four and one half times the height of the and an extent equal to four of our cr acres possessing the peculiar property of animal substance as the name they were large of beautiful architecture and much with ornaments and many of them according to and other travellers are now found in perfect order amidst the ruin of cities statues and temples the at first adopted from the the custom of the body in and afterwards borrowed from the die practice of burning and the ashes of the d purpose encircled the body in a robe or winding sheet of or a stone into which resisting the action of fire retained die ashes pure and these were with pious care deposited in and placed in or in some favourite apartment of their dwellings rome amidst the splendour and elegance of her public buildings possessed numerous monuments of her great men and were the records of her history to be forever the exploits of her the virtues of her her her would still be known the ancient though in a rude and barbarous state celebrated the funeral rites over deceased heroes and placed monuments on the grave which though rude marked their veneration for the spot believing that the souls of the wandered restless and unless the song oi the bard was struck and the tomb raised wide skirted comes down the foe a beam of joy comes on my soul i see them mighty before me it is when the foe is feeble that the sighs of are heard lest death should come without renown and darkness dwell on his tomb let my name be renowned and the shall my rising soul take the and raise a tomb to night let dwell within his house not the soul of the wander on the winds faint the moon on raise stones beneath its beams to all the in the war though no w i an ii mm i mm iu they their hands were strong in fig t they were my in danger the mountain from which i spread my hence am i renowned thus the hero at the battle of where fell and loud at once from the hundred rose the song of the tomb la russia and many of the ancient are perfect of great extent and height and in america are of immense size the of the savages some of which having been opened are found to contain interesting specimens of and when further by the traveller may throw much light upon the i w obscure origin of the of this country the of the monument it as a mean of conveying to succeeding generations the knowledge of memorable actions and where time or accident has often the records of written history the monument of stone remains and like the of antiquity is produced to the doubtful page of the historian the history of the early kings of egypt is lost in and the capital of their empire the city of jove covering an extent of twenty seven miles is now no more of the city of not a its beautiful temples have disappeared the ruins of its fallen grandeur have adorned the palaces of and its former site is now planted with com and date trees yet the of egypt erected in the vicinity and probably about the time that the was at its greatest splendor are still entire and may remain so as long as the world though the account of their object and origin is known no	48
more the ancient palace of the kings of called the house of once a superb edifice is now a magnificent pile of ruins whilst many of the of their earliest kings built on a great scale with their columns and ornaments remain perfect sir john visited at the celebrated tomb of samuel over which is erected a fine in the middle of the to which tiie go m pilgrimage at he saw the of the two kings of and that of ter of than which nothing could be more rich or magnificent the door to each being with silver and the surround ed with of the same metal to that of the per g ve the title or pure and hold it in veneration near is also the monument of one of the most celebrated of the po is and visited in and the holy land the of joseph and the tomb of tht pillar of and saw splendid arches sup by columns and many stone with beautiful of and foliage by time whilst was a barren spot to dry their on and once the residence of queen of the east and the ancient ur city of the sun exhibited only the i of the specimens of architecture that ever existed in according to dr at the modem the of joseph and still remain as everlasting as the solid rocks in which they were and with the passage of the the bones of joseph which the children of brought up out of egypt buried they in the veneration paid in all ages by jews christians and has preserved the of their situation lapse of time and the of nature have had no effect upon them and they continue as perfect to this day as when first completed though the of the holy is now destroyed the of our over which it was erected still remains devout may yet approach the consecrated shrine and over come with holy and awful feelings pour forth their pious aspirations has attempted to throw a doubt upon the of the spot where the body of our vol i s n tlie the bill j c tbat the e e where from age to age who the t tomb end hail the pope s a veneration for t se celebrated by their has preserved them fr e from the of time and the rude band of the though the empire against which the heroes long since was rent from old foundations and even the ruins of are now no more the wars of and the sublime poem of have been termed a fiction that they are not founded on these monuments where travellers in all ages have poured forth the tribute of the r homage remain a lasting testimony and heroes who have visited these of ancient glory have confessed the inspiration of the place at the tomb of poured forth his enthusiastic admiration of great sublime virtues and standing on the sacred spot the of his mighty hero received the inspiration of his character and threw it glowing with poetic fire into his immortal line there the young hero of paid his vows to the illustrious shade with oil the pillar and call it may be remarked that s of not the sod or the many of rope s if more to the author and more of the spirit of the as may be ob by comparing the both we a noble tomb v e warriors of the cm host on a tall into the spacious that all who live and who shall yet be bom may thy record from the distant waves r nothing the mighty ghost by pope to up the sc l is b has arranged ui lilies it i g upon f df sublime rapture oh happy in thy life happy in h mend at happy in such a poet as to thy memory m be art i i r v and n tribes in its i by a military attached to the yellow stone expedition in th force des form military on the of the th regiment of and the st rifle regiment these troops were concentrated in the of st louis early in the month of june the of the u was i by the novelty of having pa t of the for die and visions up th v four l ge m to the th success of the s was not however t npon th result oc experiment in steam preparations were mad v ant of iu a a iso tip the waa a small steam boat tf the accommodation of the scientific men who accompanied u in was intended to have drawn but and d with uncommon our present advanced post i aft the v as beyond forty rom tho of the and about four the month of the to point e troops e in from there they must be embodied the appearance of the aft tis the i and gloomy no ate to the of it shores and its bid rushes a channel ed with sand and filled with of trees whole tops above th wi like to m stone forbid die approach of its current of the whose stream in vain to avoid the at certain seasons a union of the waters does not take place until they reach below st louis and so convinced are the inhabitants of this of the superior of the water that on these they go a considerable distance to obtain it for domestic uses is eighteen miles up the it was formerly a military post and is still a for and other military an instance of the of the river upon its banks is evident at this place the main channel flows where in the fort stood and the garden which was two hundred paces in rear of the fort is now on the verge of the river	48
the bank is not washed away from one to three hundred yards in a few seasons this is a serious objection to the formation of on the rich up n the margin of tiie river st charles thirty six miles from the mouth of the river is one of the early french in this country at die period of and s expedition it was our most remote western since that time it has considerably increased the change of government in appears to have been but by the inhabitants of upper they speak with respect and affection of the mild and rule of the spanish government which nothing from them in the shape of taxes but required a acquiescence in the orders and a respectful towards the persons of their and to be ready to render their military services whenever necessary and to interfere in no shape in the administration of the government under such institutions the value of civil privileges was entirely lost sight of an so did they appreciate what we consider rights they regarded the stone expedition trouble of and the labour of occasionally judging for themselves as grievous with that wonderful of temper however for which are remarkable they have themselves to their new government and countrymen with the same facility as they did to the native indians with whom they were first associated the to this country are principally from the states of and virginia the current of the is rapid immense piles of drift wood upon points or sand bars round which the water flows with these together with the immense number of sand bars and trees planted every where in the channels render the extremely difficult the country on the is more healthy than that on the or any other of the western waters the current of the confined to a deep and narrow channel is no where no vegetables are in the space between its high and its low state of water the decay of which in other rivers produces the also of the immense by which it is surrounded and above all the circumstance that this river never its banks contribute to produce this superior the rises sixty feet from its lowest stages of water the not more than from ten to twelve in conversing with from the banks of the they all agree t here their families are more healthy they remark also that they are less troubled with and mould and that lose more by here than where they formerly resided owing doubtless to that purity and of the atmosphere which preserves also the body from disease the absence of moisture however it may contribute to the health will be a serious obstacle to the agricultural prosperity of the country no inconvenience is now felt because the to the immediate of the water courses od the there is a tract of may average twenty miles the north and its south side and as high as la river which for of soil to a market and of is not surpassed or perhaps equalled by any in the western world beyond limits however is a country extending the rocky mountains of a thin meagre soil destitute of timber and of water and td the of a white population and although occasional s of good und and timber be found the d la i and other rivers yet they are very insignificant compared with the whole body of the and the im of those streams ill from a distant any produce that may be there on is strip of good die our are both their li of indian i p t ie move with a ill th i of any white troops ah ad him tt ie passed die on the ind the on the fi m with off t strip of frontier to the tt s aiid t vi ho a town with a on hundred twenty the f any civilized in how extend u to hundred beyond at the di f ninety miles south of fort live the tribe of indians the proper name of this is the the french t have given them the of stone m they are into three the or tribe on the river s the g eat e tribe reside od the e river the little tribe on the f the bands by which this are held together consist exclusively in their attachment to national glory no authority is exercised by one tribe over another nor do any occur for general purposes but a in wars appear always to take place as well from necessity as choice the little separated from the great about one hundred years ago and moved to the river they were however so sorely pressed by their enemies that they begged permission to return and now reside within six miles of the great village the was effected in about and there is reason to believe that the other villages will join the rather than the return to its ancient residence inasmuch as the great and little are obliged to hunt every winter on the and the nations they are least afraid of reside westward of that river and it is from thence they get all their horses their government is but still of the nature of a republic for although the power is in a small number of chiefs yet no measure of importance is ever decided upon without the consent of the majority of the nation the chiefs are hereditary in most instances yet there are many men who have risen to more influence than those of illustrious by their activity and boldness in war and the upon this hereditary right are so that almost every man in the nation can boast that the supreme power was at one time in of his family when the regular heir is too young the power is by vol f s stone his uncle or next nearest relation this is now the case	48
with the little their chief died some time since leaving a young child the power was assumed by the uncle who still holds it and will probably not be during his life the in their hunting excursions over a vast extent of country the head waters of the white st francis the whole of the river and its branches the middle region of the and the branches of the far the greater part of this immense tract is sometimes they hunt even beyond the and their war excursions often extend to the waters of red river and to the north west branches of la but their war and hunting excursions are more limited than they were a few years ago and are yearly growing less extensive their is very limited and probably has been the same for one hundred years com beans and are all they raise these are planted early in may at spot near their village they remain at their village until about the th of the month when they their com and leave it for their summer s hunt on the plains after they do not return until the com begins to in august and as soon as they have gathered it they start again on their winter hunt the procure deer and skins these they exchange for blankets guns beads and paint either at the trading house near their village or at the united states factory at fort o ge as they do so far south their are not very valuable these people have been noted for their uncommon stature and they are undoubtedly somewhat above the common size of men this probably is to be attributed to their living in a very healthy country the constant exercise of hunting the frequent removal of their and from being in their persons and free use of the bath stone the appear to have from the as they speak very nearly the same language as the and there is also great of manners the by parting from these tribes and leaving the river escaped the small and their mortal enemies the they have however fallen into the hands of the does and with several or with all of whom they have since been at war they are now at war the and and are on the most friendly terms with their neighbours the at their or on subjects of national as going to war making peace selecting hunting grounds c the greatest order and decorum is preserved the chiefs warriors and other distinguished men alone speak on these oc the question is discussed with great freedom if a chief happen not to be a good speaker he generally an orator to deliver his sentiments is allowed among all indian tribes an indian takes as many wives as he b able to support of his capacity to do so the parents of the woman are the judges and the exclusively managed through their medium female virtue is much among the and the women are extremely guarded in this respect no people in the world can have a more horrid to an intercourse cousins are forbidden to marry it appears to be the general opinion of that the are in number this is owing to the continual wars in which they are engaged in the course of which they have met with severe losses they have now so far to go in pursuit of the that their enemies meet them on those excursions not long since party of and hunting together were by their enemies and one hundred of them killed soon this a war party of consisting of fifty men were stone expedition and forty nine killed if they were less to war they would probably increase rapidly the believe in a great and powerful being who created and the world and to the go and to the bad his is the sun and the moon is his wife their prayers are addressed to god the great father and to the moon their good mother they in what they call the god of all bad things who suppose to be very powerful and to whom they often address when in great misery and distress they believe rewards and are inflicted during their lives and that when they die their affairs as regards this world are finally closed they appear to believe in a future state of existence but give themselves very little care or concern in what it will consist and no certain opinion or belief exists among them on that subject after death the bodies of the dead are dressed by their relations and friends in their best apparel their faces painted with and and deposited in graves without logs and stones over them to prevent being dug up by the wolves when they mourn for the death of relations they paint themselves black and frequently retire to the woods and their bodies the women mourn aloud with cries not only for the loss of relations but in most difficult and unpleasant situations an indian was about eight ago confined in the jail at st louis for the murder of a white man some of his relations came to st louis to his release a few mornings after their arrival they painted their faces black placed a blanket over their shoulders which fastened by sticks thrust through the parts of their arms and bodies and singing their death songs and with blood streaming from their wounds they went to the house of the to make their ne the possess all the vices peculiar to indians who have been long in contact with die they are in the extreme much to stealing lying and and are very great beggars they believe their own nation superior to all the rest of the world the americans they think next to themselves and the the most contemptible the are armed and for hunting and war in hunting the which they do mounted	48
object in visiting their country the chief ordered the crowd to keep off which they did and forming a lane for us we moved forward towards the village we were conducted to the lodge of the principal chief and our soldiers were carried to that of one of the on our reaching the entrance of the lodge we were met by the favourite wife of the chief who took charge of our horses and baggage we entered the lodge followed by a consider able crowd who however kept at a respectful distance after being seated a quantity of jerked meat was produced by the women cut into and placed in before us some cool water was sent for and we were in to eat we eat heartily and considered it as the best meat we had ever tasted owing probably as well to the real excellence of as meat the novelty of it and the rough diet we had lately been accustomed to this being ended and a pipe smoked the inquiry was again repeated of our object and destination we informed the chief that we were bound to the village on our way to the council and that curiosity was our motive for taking his village in our route the chief proclaimed aloud to the crowd in the lodge the explanation that had been given him they in return stated to us that they had only returned the day before from their summer hunt in which they had been very successful and had found the much nearer their village than they usually do that they had re turned to the village to gather their green com and other vegetables that they had received a message from the in stone agent to meet him at the isle that their principal men would start directly for the this business being concluded we were invited to a feast by one of the head men we accompanied him to his lodge and were invited to seat ourselves on a mat two wooden filled with meat soup and com were placed before us with made of the horn we found the dish very and although we had just risen from eating we ate heartily again as soon as we had finished we arose and left the lodge we were immediately however invited to another feast and conducted to another lodge we seated ourselves again on the mat and com prepared in a manner new to us was again set before us we thought it good and took our leave in the same manner as before we were invited again to a feast that consisted of water during the course of the day we were invited to partake of nine or ten the chief at whose lodge we resided came to tell us t as he was obliged to go and to take with him his principal wife he had left a man in his lodge to see that his other wives cooked for us and that we had plenty to eat the village is situated near the of the and blue earth rivers the village itself is a confused assemblage of covered with dirt their figures are circular and their from thirty to sixty feet piles are driven into the ground in the form of a circle which are elevated four or five feet from the on these rest which meet in the centre at an elevation of six or seven degrees forming for the roof a figure with an in the centre to permit the smoke to cape the is covered with earth and on the roof and sides and forms a comfortable the entrance is protected by a through which you stoop to pass the interior of the lodge is by a platform raised about two feet from die ground on which are placed the skins com tc of the owner the floor is die bare vol i w stone expedition generally however covered with in some parts in the evening the village with musical sounds from the voices of the natives and from one or two rude instruments the most noisy of which was a hollow reed having holes something like a or they appear to have no idea of a regular tune although they raise and their notes occasionally with some degree of regularity their songs are generally the mere repetition of certain sounds some of them however we understood had words descriptive of particular warlike achievements they have drums which they use in their wars and dancing bells also which they obtain from the and a whistle made of tile bone of the sand shell this they carry in war excursions and blow it when they charge or commence firing upon an enemy in singing together they keep their voices very in and beat time with a stick or the hand the singing continues until midnight our lodge was crowded with the relations of our host and others who slept round the fire the smoke of the pipes and the smell of the skins and provisions made no very agreeable atmosphere the or as they are generally called the are not a large tribe we counted in the village in each of which resided on an average two families and ten persons one lodge however frequently contains only one and some of the principal owned two the whole population may amount to and they can muster probably warriors the manners habits language and agricultural pursuits of the resemble those of the in the same particulars the language is very closely the formerly resided on the about seventy miles above the river they were very much reduced and finally about sixteen years since banished from the position by their enemies the and these tribes being more stone expedition and better supplied with fire arms although equally brave were unable to contend with them the hunting excursions of these people extend and to the immense plains between the its branches	48
and la and between the and rivers it is here they find the on which they principally rely for in their winter for they resort to the and hunt between the and river here they procure and deer skins to trade with the for guns blankets c it is to be in the neighbourhood of that they choose the for their hunting ground on the branches of the is a country more in valuable when they hunt for on the plains the whole nation moves and together and follows the herd of when they come down on the to hunt they are compelled to scatter into small parties the game they procure being deer and which are soon exhausted and compel the indians not only to separate in small parties but frequently to change their position there are in this village two french or white men they have several indian wives and children and live like the natives however disgusting this of civilized to savage life may appear it is not extraordinary when the characters of the individuals are considered they are invariably excessively ignorant without education and being generally they have not only been lost to civilized society but have acquired the habits of indians by their previous profession the are armed with guns bows and arrows like other indians on the they are not good with fire arms this arises from their hunting the with bows and arrows from their in seldom at a mark the value of and the little ble they take to keep their arms in order they prefer ing the with r and arrows because as they are always mounted on occasions and a is seldom one shot find it more easy to fit an arrow to the bow than to load a gun on horseback the bow and arrow is by no means a contemptible weapon in their at a distance of thirty paces they shoot their arrows great force and accuracy and with irresistible they appear to have no poisoned weapons the inconvenience suffered by indian in child birth is really remarkable no of their usual laborious occupation takes place on the contrary the only assistant or remedy they make use of is exercise which they always use freely when in this situation a woman following the excursions of her tribe carrying a bundle on her head or back will step aside bring forth her wrap it in a piece of skin resume her load placing the infant on the top of it and continue her route without the least halt or delay to the party at the first water she herself and her child or during the winter if no water is near she it in the snow or breaks the ice of the stream at the evening s camp she as usual in putting up the lodge c those who have children by white men suffer more severely the indians appear to have no mode of salutation at meet ing or parting that they have not learned from when friends meet who have been long separated they are silent take a seat and after some time beg n to talk relations meet in the same way no embracing or evident of joy takes place although it is considered a great honour in war to capture a man alive more so in fact than to take his yet die risk of escape is so great and the chance of future usefulness so small that men are seldom taken prisoners women however and young boys or girls they are fond of making prisoners the former are useful by taking their share in stone corn c they are considered the property of the and the manner in which they are treated depends very much upon their own character and that of the person to whom they f sometimes they are treated very harshly and frequently they are taken as wives by their masters and receive the same treatment as the other women the boys are brought up and adopted become attached to the nation and often prove useful hunters and brave warriors such a man we saw yesterday he is a indian by birth taken prisoner when young he is anxious to see once more his relations and talks of accompanying us to his native village it is quite an opinion that women are treated with contempt and or that they have no influence among indians they occupy a position quite as important as they do with the they do not actually go into their or to war neither do they with us but all domestic concerns all the property of the family and all matters of trade are under the direction of the women and although what we consider hard is performed by them yet neither the men nor the women think the labour or duties assigned to women degrading or humiliating they appear to think them important and they are performed with cheerfulness alacrity and pride and in the exercise of them are seldom advised or ordered by men that they should carry com c they consider as an equal distribution of labour with their husbands who are compelled to hunt and war rather than an unequal task imposed upon themselves wars among indians are to be attributed principally to the influence of women no man is regarded by them until he has dis himself as a warrior the influence of the mothers is very great they train their children to make bold and though they sometimes are treated by them with yet they retain the stone expedition er of exciting them to deeds of war either to gratify their their malignant passions or to procure es to ease them from the immense they are sometimes to the apparel of the women consists of a sort of of blue fastened to the waist and reaching to the knees a covering of like material over their shoulders and breasts and	48
of our prejudices to that whose influence is most constant over our opinions and our affections that which makes us cherish the recollections of infancy life at its commencement was of itself enjoyment our growing powers exceeded our wants our hopes were far reality lively emotions were mingled even with our sufferings which were attended by a sensibility so active an imagination so fertile that the remembrance of them is agreeable as we advance in life we regret every thing belonging to our youth even its illusions its pains and its defects sensibility is imagination is extinguished confidence so often betrayed flies m us and reason which and us affords us no for what we have lost our powers of intellect become weaker as we advance in life but we cannot consent to entertain a worse opinion of them we only think worse of the world we fondly believe that there is some reality in those sentiments of which we have preserved for so long a time such a lively remembrance we attribute to a change vol i in others and not in tliat met within us it appear to us as if mankind were worthy of that unlimited confidence which we in them princes priests never seemed to abuse power because we suspected them of no abuse husbands masters seemed to have no interest but that of because we obeyed without distrust mo were then pure because we dreamed of no the dream of the golden age the love of the good old times respect for the wisdom of our fathers are the consequences often agreeable but always of that which we cherish the recollections of our youth and of that love which we even at an advanced age for all its emotions the general bias of mankind to cultivate the recollections of infancy to the of all those public institutions which form the pillars of society a popular tion almost unaccountable families the of a power which from its very nature is more employed to punish than to reward in their are ordained taxes of every kind war and the raising of soldiers and tions whilst the good that princes do is of a nature it is which is not perceived and order which seems to exist of itself most beneficent influence is like the air which we breathe we live in the midst of it without seeing it some men who live at courts obtain per f but the great mass of the people know them only by their notwithstanding soldiers scarcely ever speak of the head of government without expressions of confidence and affection which he does not appear to have deserved it is our good king say they our beloved monarch if he does it is because he is because he cannot see every thing because he is by the people never attribute his crimes his errors or his faults to himself why then should subjects love their king he is above every thing the representative of the old times of the recollections of infancy the of that blind deuce which at an early age we are to grant and which we withdraw only when sad us because he is the king of our fa and that name to us the time when we stiu had about us those first objects of our affections and when they took upon themselves for os ail the cares of life it is he or the son or the of him who reigned in the good old times the times which we supposed to be free from abuse because did not come to our knowledge when the historian the events of several ages the wickedness the abuse of power of which some have been guilty he often vain for the causes of the love confidence and gratitude of the people but the causes are within themselves it ia not die king that they love but the old the old time is that of their infancy respect for ancient families for ancient authorities for ancient laws for an ancient constitution is also of the same nature time is the great enemy of our race and every thing that has over time becomes dear to us by that title but most it is less the antiquity that we love in things that are old than our own infancy by a association the two ideas almost always present themselves to us united our respect for the old time would be very cold without the remembrance of our years and the act of our memory which a vague of love is the towards a period in which we loved ourselves better every religion offers in its turn as a certain proof of its origin that instinctive respect for its mysteries which after a long interval in the hearts of those who it oh mm it the of die which to ui time different from the present to evil and to the good because always to us the new order of things and bat it represents ourselves as younger more full of life hope and enjoyment bearing ease the of evil less conscious of existence and having more confidence in others and when once a revolution has changed the government under which we have lived the lapse of few years we look upon the new order with the sa views of advanced age whilst we look back upon our former state through the of youth if has succeeded to the c worship the old man regrets tiie pomp of the an church which he saw in his youth the magic of her mysteries and that sincere faith which whilst it forbade examination also excluded doubt when a warlike to a long of idle and kings the old man regrets those times of peace and ignorance when long were buried in profound silence and his ear not being assailed by complaint he did not believe in the existence of evil if the conqueror should	48
be and the legitimate king find himself again upon the throne the nation regrets the g tiiat it fed upon in the days that are no more and forgets the sacrifices at die price of whidi glory was purchased this constant difference in our appreciation of the present and the past this universal prejudice in of die we have lost is one of the great causes of long which always follow political and religious of those unexpected and often efforts to restore an order of things which was supposed to have no more history shows us effects in every page from the conspiracy of the sons of in s to the present day di art iv to captain accompanying this number of the magazine is a correct view of a monument erected in philadelphia to the memory of captain charles a who was much esteemed and whose death in the prime of life and usefulness caused general regret the die presents four for the i on the west side in qui est v vm su c xl vi south side in the field to the manly virtues of the soldier he joined the discipline honour and of the officer in private life the of the gentleman the valuable of the useful citizen dutiful son brother sincere friend governed his conduct noble generous honourable he departed in the prime of life it is left for us to mourn his loss to his and by this testimony of our to show our respect for his talents and his north side this monument is erected by the members of the first troop philadelphia city friends and associates of their late commander charles monument to captain of which troop he was a member years and captain years consecrated by friendship to departed worth the virtues of the brave and honourable we cherish east side sacred to the memory of charles how sleep the brave who sink to rest y all their country s wishes the body but the immortal soul the last trumpet s joyful sound the monument is a specimen of much beauty and is probably the only one in our country in which the marble and bronze are it stands in an surrounded by a wall and iron railing the under ground is an arch sprung upon walls five feet deep and covered with solid brick two feet above the surface of the ground which is to conceal the brick work the whole is covered by a marble fourteen feet by four extending in length between the wall of the on the rests the base of the monument nine feet on u i by four by three steps and rising two feet to the base of the die which is a solid block three feet by two feet four and five feet high on the top are piled cavalry and on two of the sides of laurel between egyptian all of which are of solid brass the height of the ment is twelve feet from the ground and the effect of the whole is and imposing it has the merit of being en american in design materials and execution art vii on from the late work of count on the national industry of france a good system of duties is perhaps of all problems which arise in the of government the most difficult to resolve the great object is to reconcile opposing interests and as this is impossible every law which is proposed must in some degree hazard the interests of one class for die good of another and the is always placed between approbation and censure the wi es him to or lay upon the of all those articles which the french soil can furnish either for manufacture or for the don of man the that those raw materials should be free of duty which with others of domestic origin his industry and that all foreign should be excluded the merchant whose interest from all desires that he should permit the import and without or duty of every article of commerce the whose only object is to at the would prefer he should the of every production of the soil and of industry and that he should freely admit similar productions from abroad government which the proceeds of import duties among the number of its resources must in vol i on a way as not to deprive the treasury of a needed supply it is between such conflicting interests that the must open his way but as it is impossible to reconcile all be must find some other basis upon which to establish his after what has just been observed the of unlimited non would not fail to conclude that all duties must be suppressed i am very far from being of this opinion to it wc have only to look at the consequences of such a if the duties were we should soon see those numerous where now iron can be to the amount of more than forty millions fall to the ground as these can hardly with those of the north of europe notwithstanding the enormous duties paid by the latter we should see those beautiful for thread for weaving and cotton shut up which established in our day have not yet acquired sufficient strength nor can they command sufficient capital to contend with those of other countries we should see those precious of hard ware disappear which could not have been formed but under the of duties and to check the from abroad and we should reduce to misery millions of active and industrious inhabitants whose very existence depends upon those at the same time that we should a prodigious capital in machinery and buildings which would cease to be productive upon the of these works of industry i shall doubtless be answered that this part of our industrious population would be restored to but can there be a single spot on the	48
surface of france where hands are wanted for field labours do we not see that many provinces are over peopled and that a large excess of inhabitants is yearly furnished for the population of is an ment which like all has its requires experience in which bodily is necessary and circumstances which could hardly be hoped bit in grown old in the that portion of population which is compelled to by labour is naturally divided between the country and the of the town in proportion to their respective wants to change this order is to destroy the and cause a which would produce misery in the extreme it may be observed also tiiat the which is the whole nation will find an advantage from the free introduce tion of those of industry which foreigners can furnish us at the lowest price but i would ask how should we pay foreigners for the ten hundred millions d un of these which are now lied by our own should it be with the productions of our soil but the measure of foreign consumption has long since been determined and this does not go an hundred millions beyond our own wants it is said that this will be i do not think so but if it should be the amount now reserved for home c would still be of value then the would lose that which he hoped to gain and the nation would sacrifice the of manual labour by no means in the of industry in which a greater part of the produce of the soil is employed should we pay the excess of our in where are our mines especially since by the in in south america we are deprived of fifty millions which we drew from spain by our commerce should it be by the fine and of the works of industry that we could to advantage if the foreign market for these articles should be doubled which is not probable we should not to the value of one hundred and fifty millions france then not to the half of what she m her and the would deprive herself of the wealth of manual labour p an actual value of at least in or seven so instead of losing ourselves in the of abstract us rather foster the established system aad endeavour to render it perfect a good of is the true guard of agricultural and it or the duties according to circumstances and it com the disadvantage our suffer under the comparative price of labour and fuel it ike rising arts by in not leaving them open to competition foreigners who have attained greater perfection it to secure the independence of france and her by labour which as i have frequently said is the source of wealth these embrace the interests of the nation and as it is impossible to serve alike it becomes necessary to give the preference to those which more immediately demand support in this sort of of necessities the industry the first rank the as as tile and the merchant capital in his but his capital is so invested that it is productive only in proportion as flourish a bad it upon his hands since for the most part it is placed in buildings and machinery this loss would also be a one to france because it would the actual amount of her and of her manual labour the merchant and the may be in their operations bat their capital still remains they can change their plans while all is lost to the the as well as the and the merchant hands but the manual labour requisite in his opera on u ia greater than that of the other in many we see five hundred hands employed to the produce of a million in value although some commercial produce an equal sum with the assistance of a few clerks the merchant gives no additional value to the articles which he takes the almost the en tire value of what passes through his hands by labour bestowed upon the raw material all without doubt deserve the protection of government but all do not require the same care because their interests do not so much depend upon the of the thus it appears that to establish the rate of duties upon correct principles it is necessary to understand the situation of our and to compare them with those of foreign countries it is necessary to know the difference in the price of manual labour of and of the raw here and in countries and upon these to calculate the duties so as to competition at least equal on our part there are persons who look upon duties only in relation to their private interests and who give judgment as though there was no other interest to be consulted there are some others and their opinion is the most who rely upon the principle that raw ought to be allowed free admission without payment of duty others again contend that the duty upon foreign productions should never exceed fifteen per cent on the value let us these three opinions first we have already observed that the the the merchant and the have opposite interests which no of duties can reconcile amid such conflicting interests and opposite what is the duty of the to calculate the advantages and which result from each and take that course which will most benefit the country on it would be for the interest of the that the of and should be but besides that these productions of our soil do not possess the desirable qualities requisite for the different of manufacture in which they are used do they now remain on the hands of the is their cultivation diminished if this were the case there can be no doubt that the administration should pass a law laying duties upon the of articles of this kind with a view to so important a	48
culture but in such case it would still be necessary to leave those articles free which we cannot pro or which we produce in too small quantity such as the and tlie long so as not to dry up the source of industry which is supplied by them the asks for the free admission of raw materials and the of foreign if these demands were listened to ih iron of the north and of england would be the only kinds used our work shops and france would lose an industry which an hundred thousand of her inhabitants yielded by the value of her forests and immense machinery which would cease to be productive we already possess many for the manufacture of different kinds of the of which was not known within a short time and which do not yet h all that is wanted for to the foreign articles then would be a disadvantage all that the law can reasonably be expected to do in such case is to establish moderate duties to foster this infant industry and to afford it such encouragement by as to place it upon a fair footing of competition this is the only way to reconcile the interests of all as the principal object in laying duties is to protect industry a portion of the ought to be devoted to its encouragement d f there are no general rules for laying duties thing depends upon relative circumstances the comparative state of industry with the wants of the or wise administration should take care to obtain a perfect knowledge of all these subjects second it is said that generally speaking ought to be admitted without paying any duty and this principle is made the foundation of a system of let us begin by the of the term is it intended by raw material that which has received no manual no such material exists cotton the all go a certain process before they become articles of commerce and cast steel which ought to be considered as a raw since in this state it the substance of a new species of industry a very considerable part of its value from the labour bestowed upon it and since wool and hides have received a portion of manual labour as well as thread for lace and cast steel all ought to be in the class of raw materials the only difference between them depends upon the greater or less proportion of manual labour they have received whatever manual labour has been bestowed upon an article it does not cease to be a material if it can be of no service to the until after it has passed through certain other operations of industry to fit it for final use departing from this principle one knows not how or where to commence nor where to stop i am not ignorant that the different degrees of manual labour bestowed upon a substance ought to be taken into consideration because this manual labour is a kind of wealth which we should endeavour to supply ourselves but since the additional work to be applied to the material already prepared gives it an enormous value in comparison with its cost is there not in this sufficient reason for admitting it into our in preference to other less wrought but which nevertheless can receive an bo additional value from the threads which serve to make lace the cast steel which is converted although they may already have received much work are they not more to our interest do they not require the exercise of more skill and than the of which have scarcely received any in departing from the principle that a can only be established upon a perfect knowledge of the comparative state of our own industry with that of foreign countries we must inevitably go astray suppose for a moment that the for a free of raw materials should confine themselves to those which have received the least degree of labour and let us apply principles so as to judge of the consequences cotton thread the raw material in our numerous for weaving and open our ports to this product of a first operation of industry and see the inevitable result a capital of more than an hundred millions now productive would be lost to the to the and to france because it consists in buildings machinery and implements appropriated exclusively to this use a population of two hundred thousand workmen would be deprived of employment about eighty millions of manual labour would be lost to the country commerce would be cut off from one of its principal resources which consists in the of from asia and america to france and that no one may suppose i am deceiving m i know the state of our cotton with those of two neighbouring countries here manual labor is cheaper there the greater their supported by immense capital constitute advantages against which we can not as yet contend add to this the english spinning their machinery have existed for sixty years that the expense of their first establishment has been that the profits have created new capital whilst those of s france have been started in our own day and the interest of the money first expended must for a long time be from the profits of the english having the expense of their establishment and being rich in capital can make sacrifices to suppress a rival industry the french have no means of opposing them unless protected by law to enable the industry of one nation to enter into competition with that of another it is not sufficient that its productions should be of the same quality it is necessary also that the means of operation should present equal advantages on both sides coal is certainly a raw material very well let its free be permitted without duty we should soon see closed those rich coal mines of the north and middle of france where	48
such immense sums have been expended to reach the veins and to raise the water and coal by means of steam engines the low price at which the english could deliver their coal at our ports from the facility of its and the vicinity of their to the sea gives them an advantage which we could in no way meet it will be replied that the situated on the sea board would derive advantage and be able to sell their productions much i am persuaded of this but is there not an important branch of industry employed in working our own mines and do not those who are engaged in these merit some consideration ought we to destroy the capital they have invested in machinery all the can do is to calculate the expense of the coal of the two countries to the place of consumption and ascertain what duties laid upon the foreign coal will place it upon an equal g with our own he ought to suppress with regard to a material of such importance as coal all the taxes upon inland dig to the distribution of it and allow all our to be supplied at a low price vol i want they act also distributed in such a man ber as to be able to sup the wants of each district but the is difficult and too renders their mc very limited and the prices of our arc higher than they should be we were lately to other countries or pot ashes and which constitute th raw material of our most important arts has endowed france with these and we have laid duties upon the of them to and encourage the manufacture and further we have the duty upon salt which is used in the manufacture of pot ash if at this day we should or the duties which have been laid upon foreign productions of this nature and should in whole or in part the of salt not only should we a solemn compact under which the embarked in these but by destroying that confidence in the acts of government we should do away in a moment the achievements of french industry we have already spoken of iron which is without dispute a raw material in the sense since it cannot be applied to any useful purpose in the state in which it is imported having out the consequences which would result from the free of this metal we will not return to this subject we will confine ourselves to the that so long as fuel is so much dearer in france than in the north of europe and in england it will be impossible for our irons to enter into competition with those of foreigners and we must necessarily have recourse to duties to balance the disadvantage it must be already seen after the examples just that the industry and wealth of the country raw materials cannot be admitted h free of duty dr third a principle having so has derived some importance from the o those who it it ia said that which cannot flourish with the aid of fifteen per cent duty upon do not deserve the protection of government to art h of tr in s l y mj in a of ed to in states bj john james m d vol the volume before us is a bat spirited of b made during short at and in in the winter of m in a voyage to a journey to rome and from l to a second journey the mentioned city through and to p th whole were d before ai of spring of so t hat the author had time to give h hasty glance at ae objects hit shows tiiat he has not been aud hb volume b and in some degree the of a voyage is succeeded by the agreeable scene which opens on the at the public the is thus described our hotel is situated near tiie wall of the city and a short distance from the through which we to the we stopped a moment tt admire tiie noble which forms this gate of happiness so named from its opening to tiie a devoted to exercise and amusement it is ornamented wi and rich in white and fine marble tho by we mean those which hare off to at use dr james is a extending al ng the beach a mile having a broad and elevated flag walk near the water for foot passengers and behind this a space for carriages it is so situated as to command a view of the bay and to receive the sea breeze it has no shade trees but is ornamented with two fountains which supply an abundance of water and are both by statues of marble to this place the repair to meet their friends to display themselves or their and to view a scene of and splendor which is every day renewed we walked to the garden which is entirely ornamented and contains a collection of the trees and plants of this delightful climate we entered at a large gate which like die attracted our attention as a magnificent building it is ornamented with marble of various kinds ib its design it has a relation to the shaded avenues to which it opens and its proportions it an elegant appearance when viewed from any part of the garden a straight broad walk led us to the centre of the where there is a large fountain springing from an rock and flowing into a marble basin about feet in groups of beautiful are placed near this fountain as well as in various parts of the garden bat it would be for me to attempt to describe in detail its and ornaments this garden being the first of die kind i had ever seen i walked through its avenues and enjoyed its shades with delight	48
of mount in buried a great part of the city on his arrival at dr james a guide who him to the principal objects of curiosity which are the cathedral the museum unfinished palaces and gardens of the prince de the cabinet of the the of st with its fine organ and a large and well hospital an excursion to was found to be on account of winter being so far advanced the following are some of the ob on the city we went through the principal streets which are wide and extremely well built the largest street leads from the bay nearly west and commands a view of the mountain and the sea the city has an airy and cheerful appearance and the glorious summit of seems to shine into every avenue the mountain is always before our eyes the streets are wider and the situation of the city better than that of is certain that no city in italy is so magnificent with the exception of immortal rome the principal square is nearly in the centre of the city and is ornamented with a large fountain the basin of which is placed by the side of a which an elephant out of a vast block of it is of dimensions and an admirable representation of the animal the surface is left in its natural state without polish so as to resemble the rough skin of the elephant the dr james travels are of white marble the flag pavement under our feet was laid with square blocks of no other stone is employed in buildings or walls there are about persons employed in a large factory of silk the of which form one of the principal articles of this article was first into by count whose lieutenant on and from the eastern empire sent to a number of persons skilled in the manufacture of silk whom in a large building at and afterwards on a restoration of his prisoners to the greek emperor after about a week s stay at dr james returns in the same vessel to on his voyage he sails by the islands one of which contained a in a state of activity its at intervals attended with loud to a great height in the air this we are informed by dr james possesses the peculiarity of having been continually active from the earliest periods of its history we notice a favourable trait in the character of the inhabitants of many of the priests are regularly instructed in medicine and care of the sick forms a part of their duty it is a custom among the higher orders of gentlemen to watch with the poorest sick and to do for them in the as a religious humiliation in addition to the personal aid they their example makes it a fashion to practice kindness and humanity i am confirmed in the observation made at that the sick are well treated in dr james of die of the at and visits the shrine of st its patron saint whose chapel is situated on the summit of mount near vol i m dr die the daughter of king william die good one of the princes and celebrated for her accomplishments and early piety is said to have retired to mount for the purposes of solitary devotion and to have perished from too long the calls of nature from the summit of the mountain is visible though distant more than one hundred miles near is a beneath the church of which is a vault where human bodies are preserved after a long process of drying by heat dr james saw subjected to this preparation die corpse of an aged prince who had died a few days before of excessive joy as was said on hearing of the marriage of his only daughter to a spanish nobleman at after receiving the of the prince d gardens near and visiting the palace of die prince which is described as very dr james his second residence of about three weeks longer at this city and from for the town of and afterwards dis was founded by the whose language prevailed in the neighbourhood till a late period as appears by the discovered at it was for a long time in with the and was so strongly fortified that declined it us that he resided here when he wrote the me while i at pan my days of praise the vicinity of was a favourite winter retreat for the who adorned the coast with magnificent buildings this city remained for a long time attached to dr s the eastern empire but experienced at last the successive sway of the french and in whose hands it at present remains as the metropolis of the kingdom of on his arrival at dr james becomes busily engaged in visiting the or principal gallery in which is collected many of the spoils of and and the extensive in the vicinity which are not at present used as places of burial the of is a remarkable near a mile in length through a mountain of that name and used as a road its height from to feet and it is lighted by lamps and by two through the mountain dr james thus describes the approach to the ancient near and some of the objects in the vicinity a few small cottages which we noticed scattered in delightful solitude with a aid of the imagination may be supposed the romantic of rural happiness and innocence the approach to is one of those beautiful portions of earth which are indescribable what invisible spirit has chosen it i know not but surely some being more pure than man watches here over the graves of millions the ruins of cities and the regions of silence and oblivion before us is the site of ancient now a waste the cape of the the shores of and the hill	48
that die of the when the name of england was unknown and the existence of our country had not been by civilized men those whom england has been proud to imitate and america has called illustrious have stood perhaps where we stand and wondered at the quiet sea the glorious sky and the varied landscape having reached a rocky point on the sea shore we came suddenly in sight of and stopped on the gentle rise which it to examine the ruins of a temple of and of an ancient if we had required any further evidence that man existed here two thousand years ago these ruins furnished it but the rocks the earth and the ocean seem to me as monuments of the lapse of ages we ascended the gradual steep a little farther to the it is shaped like an extinguished which it doubtless is and contains five or six acres as we descended into it we followed a foot path through a low growth of shrubs the shrubs only extend around the margin of the the bottom is covered with of and so hot that i could feel it burning under feet a rises slowly from the earth but in of a and half the bottom all with um smoke if milton did not borrow his ideas of the aspect of the infernal regions from this place he has nearly described it when he the prince of darkness to stand upon the firm on dry land he if it were land that ever burned with solid as the lake liquid fire the following is a pitiable trait of poverty and wretchedness i rode back to just after sun set the vine their labour done had collected around their miserable with less appearance of comfort and content than i expected nature is so lavish of her provisions in this delightful country that one would suppose idleness itself could hardly reduce men to starvation and want yet these articles were covered with rags and almost without exception ran toward us instead of bowing or us as would have done they begged for money jo be continued s art ix articles british notices of american literature after tlie disgust excited by reading the stupid of the aud the of the the insolent of the and tlie faint praise of the it is quite refreshing and to meet with such honest and liberal views as arc contained in the following article from s h magazine a work of g at interest and ability and very superior to its rival s which is now in this country specimens of american literature we have too long been in the habit of he literature of the americans and have rather set down their in that particular to the score of a genius there arc many reasons however which may have readily prevented them from coming into competition with the great writers of this country using the same language with ourselves it is not at all unnatural that they should have been satisfied with the entertainment which we could afford them without putting own invention to the rack there is a too in genius which prevents it from coming forward where it must encounter the of tried and acknowledged excellence and the silence of the americans is no proof that they have not been secretly meditating on the splendid energies which have been exhibited before them perhaps we rather to draw the conclusion even the want of taste which may appear in their occasional literary efforts and the defects in their are nothing more than might be expected in circumstances it is long before the tongue of a child can get round its if we are not much mistaken something of the same kind is to be found in the history of for many years it was completely repressed by the of english genius but are we to suppose that during thai period the seeds were not in secret operation from which that harvest of glory has since sprung which has now fairly placed us on a level with the sister kingdom there were then doubtless many scholars among us and many men of genius who read and admired and thought ag c but who scarcely ventured to write or if they did it was to be expected that they would labour for expression and sometimes be awkward and at other times perhaps but when once found free use of their pens england soon learnt that they were by no means inclined to hide their talent in a we strongly suspect that america is at this moment passing through a similar and we apprehend the time is not far distant when her too will be put forth into many of her promising youths have for these several years past been travelling in all directions up all the treasures of modem tore and the m j and the of her mother at that period i shall a few from a piece oo the infancy of madame de by a lady of wit madame then madame who was always intimate with her the excellent of madame and an ancient intimacy led madame to be of lier be the friend of her daughter she relates her first with the of latter at the idea of a companion and the promises she made of her she spoke to me with a warmth and facility which were already and made a great impression on me we did not play like children she asked me immediately what lessons i learned whether i were acquainted with any foreign languages and if i went frequently to the play when i told her that i had been only three or times she expressed her regret promised that i should go often with tier and added that at our return we would write down the subject of the pieces and note what had appeared striking to ns as was her custom she	48
said to me afterwards we will write to each other every we entered the by the side of mr s arm chair was a little wooden stool on which his daughter seated herself obliged to very upright scarcely had she taken her customary place when three or four old persons came up to her and her with the tenderest regard one of them who had on a little bob wig took her hands in his and held them a long time conversing with her as if she had been five this was the others were messrs thomas and the of and baron von when we sat to table you should have seen how attentive she was she uttered not a word yet seemed as it speaking in her turn all her features displayed ao much expression her eyes followed the looks and motions of who you would have said she seized their ideas before she beard them she was mistress of every even politics which at that time had become one of the leading topics of after dinner a great deal of company came in every one on up to mr had something to say to his daughter either joking her she answered all with ease and ance they took pleasure in attacking her embarrassing her exciting in her that little imagination which already appeared so brilliant the men most distinguished for their ta were those who were meet eager to make her talk they asked an account of what she was reading pointed out fresh subjects to and gave her a taste for study by conversing with her on what she had learned or what she had not she composed and portraits at fifteen she made from the spirit of laws with remarks wished to prevail on her to write something on the of the of for his great work this inclination for writing was not encouraged by mr which nothing but her decided excellence could have induced him to pardon for he was naturally averse to female authors by means of electric a professor of has just succeeded in producing a brilliant illumination by means of electric light and with the aid of an artificial air in glass as the electric sparks themselves to the professor thinks it will be possible to light up a whole city with a single machine and at a very trifling expense by the and probable improvement of the apparatus he has already invented thb magazine original biography ab of new from french journals and from thb most esteemed vol j no v may philadelphia printed and published by james x or and the magazine art i notes on the river and some of the na tribes in its neighbourhood by a military gentleman attached to the yellow stone expedition in continued from p appears very rare among indians their hair is coarse and frequently shaved close to the head this with probably has the effect of preserving it the men arc very particular in the manner of wearing their hair each one a peculiar fashion of cutting it which lasts through life this is so much the case that in describing an indian the manner in which he wears his hair is always an item of considerable importance notwithstanding the exposure of the heads of indians to the direct rays of the sun we can hear of no instance of the disorder called with us de in travelling over the during the heat of the day they frequently with them a small bush to keep off the sun this is the only protection they make use of the indian horses are small they commence using them when so young that their growth is they however possess considerable activity and carry immense loads notwithstanding there is no care taken of them and they have no food but the grass of the in the winter the in d stone expedition cut down the trees the bark of which is very excellent food for their horses the are certainly increasing in number the village is crowded with children and they have of late met with no severe losses in war about eight years ago a party of men went to war it t tbe i crept up to the com fields where the women were at work in open day and killed and several of them the alarm was soon raised the turned out mounted their horses pursued overtook and attacked the and finally killed thirty of best warriors a loss of description is a serious of national strength and for a long time the spirit of and the have displayed since considerable gallantry in a party they found near their village yet no operations have been undertaken since ae dis m ter to their war party it is no part of the indian system of to make an attack upon a whole village or even to enter a single lodge their wars are carried on by war parties of from five to one hundred and fifty men who move with great caution generally in the night these parties hang round their enemy s village and watch their opportunity to steal horses or meet whom they kill and and retreat with the utmost the are now at war with the and with the they have lately made peace the history of their war with die well the manner in which their wars are and peace made about eight years ago the were at with the the village lies between these tribes a war party of the returning from an into the country of the passing near the village one of the war party dropped behind and stole several as he was conveying them towards his village he happened to be met by a stone s party of the who the horses beat the indian severely with clubs discharged a gun loaded with powder only into his face and left him the man	48
recovered and reached his village the next spring a war party of went out to revenge this insult and killed five women and children the war continued until the fall of when die sent word by a that if the wished for peace and would send up some of their head men with a peace pipe to make it it should be concluded the found the very willing to make peace and on his return he carried with him several of the head men in order to effect it the were at that time out hunting and separated into several bands they sent word therefore that if the peace makers would return at the time the grass begins to grow in the spring that they would meet them at their village and treat with them accordingly early in eight of the were despatched to the village to make the peace on their arrival found the abandoned their in consequence of an alarm of the approach of enemies the they despatched two of the party to the place to which the had retired to inform them of their arrival and to request they would name a place where they could meet these had no sooner delivered their message than a party of by their passions out went to the spot where the remaining six indians had remained and killed them all this transaction was considered by the indians themselves as a foul stain upon the character of the they excused themselves by saying that the party them for but it is an affair they are ashamed of notwithstanding the unfortunate issue of these the were still anxious for peace and in a party of them under the of the assistant indian agent again ventured to the village their arrival stone the village into a in which the women evinced indignation and wishes for the war to continue by loud reproaches and threats to the messengers they were however with difficulty got into a lodge and protected on the day a council was held at which it was decided that peace should be made while they were on the subject a woman whose husband had been killed last summer came into the lodge with a knife concealed under her skin she advanced towards one of the indians and made a desperate at him one of the indians saw the blow and stopped it at the expense however of a wound himself the pipe of peace was smoked and five horses presented to the and they departed m safety no or agreement of any kind is entered into on these occasions but the parties visit each other and remain until a new outrage is committed either by killing each other or stealing horses either of which a of hostility as we to purchase some meat previous to our leaving the village we intimated our wishes and a ascended the roof of the lodge and proclaimed in a loud voice what we wanted the lodge was soon crowded with pie principally women bringing their meat and offering it or sale for some and and a few we pro cured a good quantity of meat they are very in making their and frequently after it was they would insist upon a return of the article having procured three indians to guide us on our first day s march towards la river we left the late in the day on the d of august with feelings of high respect for the and hospitality with which we had been treated after proceeding about eight miles we halted on the bank of a small stream pitched our tent and turned our horses to in the dusk of the even stone ing we discovered rushing towards us over the ft large body of indians the fled in the utmost dismay ing for security upon our flag we advanced to meet them and were greeted with the usual of friendship however had mounted our horses before they reached us and soon crowded round our camp in a tumultuous manner and it required all our efforts to prevent their our baggage unfortunately our had gone out hunting and had not yet returned the chiefs of the party endeavoured to restrain their warriors from but they ap to have but influence our situation was for some time critical and we expected they would commence an hostility which from their superior numbers could only in our destruction after remaining in this disagreeable situation for nearly half an hour the indians became alarmed by the appearance of the at a distance and concluding that he was leading on the nation they commenced a retreat carrying with them our horses and several small articles they had it was now dark and we were apprehensive that the indians would upon discovering that we had been only joined by one man we carried our remaining baggage into a thicket made a sort of and determined to defend ourselves and not permit them again to us we the night with our arms in our hands without being disturbed about o clock the next morning we were again alarmed by the indian yell but soon discovered that it proceeded from our friends the who came towards us on horseback they appeared at first rather disposed to be towards us but soon from this temper they expressed their satisfaction at finding us safe and acknowledged that but for our accidental with this war party they probably would have stole all their horses and killed some of the people which was undoubtedly the object of the party for and the tlie had made their previous to on our camp this ceremony always takes in an indian war par before they attack or go into danger sticks are stuck up in ae form of a square and on them are placed heads of birds and other things considered sacred or the throw off their travelling robes enter this square and	48
paint and dress themselves this done the stoop down before ae or of the party who puts his hand on the back of their necks and giving them a out of the square they are then prepared for battle after some conversation the agreed to carry our remaining baggage to their village they appear very much in hopes that this will produce hostility between the and the who are their most bitter and dreaded enemy the whole village came out to witness our return they received us again with hospitality and we returned to our old lodge being the means of horses it was possible for us to continue our journey towards la river we determined therefore to make towards the isle the nearest point on the where we expect ed to meet the ascending we find we can borrow three horses from the indians for this route they would not lend to go to their enemies the after a march over a country of rolling we reached the on the th of august and met the expedition at the isle the troops destined to ascend the river were on the d of september it was determined here to the steam boat entirely and on the september the troops and provisions were embarked fa sixteen boats and proceeded on their destination we find the of the exceedingly independent of the ty ol ihe current the channel is where stone mid vexed with concealed sand ban of bodies of projecting above the water we make use of to our boat the first and far the most efficient is this is by a rope fastened one end to the bow of the boat and the other to the top of the mast to the centre of this is attached another rope which reaches to die shore and the boat is this means dragged along by the men who walk on the bank it is so necessary in the course of the day to change sides of the river and the bank of the river being sometimes knee deep in mud and the men having often to for hours in the water to clear sand bars we consider if we average ten miles a day it is doing very well the the river are so numerous that can be but used it requires also a strong breeze it is that a wind is fair for any considerable distance and it not happens that a wind which would be perfectly fair if you had passed the bend before you is so strong against you you are unable to reach the point when it would be favourable oars are of but little use except in crossing the river and the fourth means we use are poles these are very effectual when the water is the bottom however of the is so unequal that we make but little use of this method to the difficulties of the may be added the necessity of being in a constant state of and preparation to an attack and although this is not at all to be expected yet it occasions no of caution on our part the troops in order of battle and after dragging the boats all day frequent ly wet at night their arms are the cleared and many of them called to mount g rd standing however these such is the of the climate that no increase of sickness has taken place among the troops after twenty five days incessant toil we reached the bluff and a position being selected a few miles above it vol i ss si ne tar purpose ac of a was commenced from month of the to la river u in the appearance of the country die are rich and heavily beyond la large approach the river in act only points that are ed the growth becomes more to and somewhat in size immediately above the council bluff the the river for a distance of miles on the first of october tile indian agent held a council with tiie tribe of indians this nation about thirty miles from the council bluff on la river the were once a more powerful nation than they are at present resided on the western bank of tiie being reduced by the small and their enemies they to their present position which is near th whom they are now in strict and friendship they have increased within the last six or seven years very rapidly and have received some accession of by a union with the remnant of tiie nation and a number of families of die tribe they can muster probably three hundred and fifty warriors and are esteemed the on die and although a small nation they are held in great respect by their neighbours they have manifested strong attachment to the and independent of their bravery have more independence of spirit and generosity than most indians in attempting to save a boat that was lost last summer they made the most disinterested exertions and when informed how severe a loss it was to the to whom it belonged they determined to sell him all the they made and to pay him and liberally all he had by die fulfilment of this determination though the had lost he was fully they are losing however their respect and becoming stone us in consequence of die opposition an collision among the are now at war with die and the they think very contemptuously of the they appear to dread with the former they from time their war with the commenced in in way a war party of consisting of twenty in returning from an unsuccessful ex against their enemies the great passed near the village they happened to discover an alone in the and attempted to cut him off he perceived them got to his horse mounted and gained the village the nation out and attacked the party on horseback they defended themselves as	48
they always do with great desperation the fight was carried on for sometime at a distance during which the killed five of the the finding they were thus losing their men made a furious charge upon the and killed all but one this one they wished to take prisoner he most defied the whole of them refused to surrender drove his last arrow through the man who approached him and only ceased to resist with death the of this soon reached the and a war that ever since continued the like other indians never operate in their war parties are usually small when a large party goes out they have a commander for the whole and for each ten or twelve men those selected for these stations are generally proved warriors during their time of service they exercise considerable authority but not to prevent by individuals of the party although they frequently inflict punishment in the most summary way the authority they possess is purchased bj exposing themselves first on all occasions of danger and by these war parties generally leave di village in the ni t without their par if the party is made up the consent of the chief or against the will of the nation the courage of an indian ia seldom of the description which we call constitutional it is rather a desperate feelings die result of passions than tiie sober dictate of a sense of and a calm determination to be unmoved in the midst of peril in attracted by the glare of glory and distinction or the fear of shame may per form acts of great but in speaking of general military it may be said that are easily appalled by a bold imposing front that they never attack boldly where they know danger positively to nor will they stand a vigorous charge if there is any probability of escape by retreating several instances occurred on tiie in which parties of white men have ten times their number of indians bravery however among is a characteristic of the last importance without it no man receives political or any other consideration generosity is a virtue next in consequence to bravery and in fact without the exercise of it no chief can arrive at any influence the reputation of giving freely to young men and entertaining strangers must form part of a chief s character i am poor i have the old long hairs to us but why is it so it is because i am a great man and give freely whatever i possess at die conclusion of the council the performed their war dances a ring was formed by die warriors those in it beat time in a low key on a drum with a stick and with their voices a warrior jumped up from among them took the and began to dance and his exploits in war going round and round the outside of the circle when he had finished the was taken by another their speeches were not and die gestures they made stone s of were graceful and appropriate they appeared to more advantage on occasion than they did in council their exploits appear to rank in importance in this way ist a man alive d touching an enemy the first after he is killed in battle this is considered a much greater honour than to kill a man in action they say it is no proof of courage to kill a man from a distance and probably by an accidental shot but to up and touch a man who has been killed is evidence that you are not afraid to come near the enemy the degree of is killing and a man in war after that killing women and children stealing horses and striking a man in anger after this they boast of their or actions giving away horses or having entertained so many strangers on one occasion a man rose up and said i was once in the middle of an immense i gave away there my horses my bow and arrows my gun my lodge and every thing in it i burnt the wood i had collected and carried so far and i scattered the ashes to the four comers of the earth i retained nothing but my and my children on these occasions the greatest attention to the truth is always paid the actions of each individual arc in fact so well known throughout the tribe that it would be impossible to deceive them with exaggerated stories if an indian of his having performed any thing that is not of common he is requested to produce proof of his and if he fails to do so he what an indian very much di the of public opinion the are much attached to the and the opinion they entertain of their own nation can be readily brought to acknowledge the superiority o the a travelling an chief after in the immense on the timber for n lo veiy tbat the carry it on their pack great t stone they hid halted one evening made fire and were had the dialogue chief i think we indians have a great deal more sense than white people why do you think so because we can make bows and arrows better shoot approach an enemy and endure cold and heat better white men are lost in the plains and do not know how to themselves but this is because they are to things am not i who have been so long among quite as expert as any of you chief that is true but we have never seen a white man so active as you but can you indians make a gun or powder or or a watch chief ah laughing you have me now i know well enough that the great spirit has made white men more ble than indians single or are very uncommon among an appointed combat	48
never occurs and it would be at with their ideas of bravery or the point of honour to place themselves on an equality with their if an indian is injured he thinks himself justified in obtaining revenge by any method however foul to us it toy appear the troops continued at work on the on the th of october the council was held with the indians the are a numerous of indians once the most numerous on the and probably quite to any of them now they are certainly die most powerful in our neighbourhood they are divided into four bands the great on la river about miles above its mouth the reside on die s fork of la river within miles of the great and the republic ao called from their on the republican fork of the river from whence they were driven by their wars with the and and they now reside near the great the fourth band appears to be very little known to the they on the red river the bands near this post as near as we can judge om muster the following number of warriors the great too the the are within three days march of the bluff when these bands were visited by the late general in the and the were at war they are now in a state of profound peace and as the three bands live so near to each other they may be considered as one nation the are now at war with the and their war excursions are very fire carried into the of the latter from whence they procure a great many fine horses they likewise obtain horses from the nations south of them for blankets guns sec their horses they sell again to the nations on ae for double or the quantity they appear to prefer obtaining european goods by this species of traffic to hunting for and other valuable and their trade is of very importance to the their war parties last summer brought them in near four hundred horses principally stolen from the spanish they held the in great respect as they put large of troops into their since however the have not done so re strained probably by the consideration that the territory belongs to the united states and l from the stone expedition only effectual of checking indian their are placed in the same unfortunate situation that ours were on the borders of the of the is about the same as the and like them they only reside in their ages during the intervals of planting and gathering their com living nearer the haunts of the than those nations they more exclusively upon it they never hunt on the and have but intercourse with the they are a proud haughty people and have great ideas of their own strength and importance one of their principal men told the what do we care for the did not our fathers live very well knowing that such people had an existence have we not plenty of meat and com not only for ourselves but to g ve our friends when they come to see us and what is so poor that he cannot if he choose give his guest a horse to ride home who is there in the world that does not know of the bravery and numbers of the great nation notwithstanding however the good opinion they have of themselves they are believed to be less warlike than their neighbours owing to the comparative ease with which they live entirely on which they find so near them the of the besides being less laborious than that of or deer does not require the use of fire arms with which the are not expert their language is more than that of the and and approaches nearer to the their figures are tall and slim they have remarkably high cheek bones and a certain of look that is peculiar to them their government like that of the is an hereditary aristocracy the power and authority of which is very much dependent upon the individual character of the principal they arc not so or rather they are more stone ml filthy in their persons and cooking than the other tribes there is a custom among these indians of swearing they will not survive the death of a certain friend or friends that frequently leads them to desperate deeds about two years since a descending the some of and about thirty men was by a party of tl hundred they made a breast work of their of and finally succeeded in beat ing off the indians killing five or six of them after tht indians had of success and were about giving up the attack two indians who had lost their friends made a furious charge by themselves they were both cut to pieces the memory of these men is universally cherished their names are celebrated in their war songs the find that formidable animal the white or bear in hunting excursions towards the head of la river on the it is seldom seen below the great bend and is found most on the stone and its branches and at the three forks of the this bear will usually attack a man if approached very near indians consider it a great to kill one of them when they are alarmed they rise completely on their hind legs and dart forward by they move much than a man can run rushing forward with die utmost ferocity their mouths wide open and snapping their teeth which makes a noise like the shutting of a steel trap a man attacked by one of them on the open plains of the has but little chance of escape if there be neither tree to climb nor water to uke to the of life in these animals has been exaggerated but is very as many as thirteen balls have been put them	48
for the trial of s their differences are generally settled by to the interference of m da friends or the voice of public opinion as to what is proper to be done on the th of october the indians arrived having been sent for by the agent to ex n the motives of our expedition which he did in council on the next da at these a circle is formed and the agent having delivered his sentiments the chiefs rise in succession and make their speeches their gesture is frequently appropriate and sometimes their remarks indicate great the general character of their eloquence is and nor have we heard any thing from them superior to what we might expect from the most shrewd among a bo of white men after the council the chiefs were invited to dine with the commanding officer they behaved with great de two of the chiefs objected to eating the meat of a buck which formed the principal dish of the it was their medicine it appears that when a man becomes oc age he a certain animal for his medicine and killing or eating it this medicine is frequently adopted by whole families it b the case in the present instance the two chiefs were brothers among the people of this tribe are three men in the dress of women we were told that in almost every tribe there are two or three men who the dress and occupations of women cut their hair like them associate with them make cook carry wood c and in some instances actually marry men these people are regarded with that sort of respect which indians hold for every thing that relates to their tions they think that the great spirit has ordered these things and that they must treat them with respect among die however they lost the veneration in which they were once held one of them was detected by a chief in being guilty of an towards his wife he immediately assembled some of his warriors and put to death not only stone the man who had injured him but all the men women in the tribe the village of the is on the west side of the about miles above our camp they were formerly a powerful and military people but about eighteen years ago they were very much reduced by the small on the th of october we visited the camp we reached it after dark in the evening and were shown to the lodge of the principal chief the big a our horses and took care of our baggage and we entered the lodge we were treated with great politeness a seat was spread for us and much diligence displayed in putting on the kettle picking and cutting up a goose the only fresh meat in the village for our supper the of the are made of hides together and when stretched on poles have a figure with a of about fifteen feet at the base and an at the top to permit the escape of the smoke they are carried on their winter excursions and form comfortable and secure protection from wind and rain the possess better dispositions and less ferocity of temper than most indians these characteristics have induced them to court the protection of the and to listen to their advice as to remaining at peace with their neighbours they boast very much of their superior attachment to the and that no white man has ever been killed by any of their nation depend upon it said their principal chief to us in council that if any wars take place between us your people will be the since i was a little boy white men have come to our one or two at a time and in small did we insult or kill them no we treated them with kindness and hospitality the blood of no white man has yet stained the hands of a and shall we now for the first time become hostile when the woods are filled with your brave soldiers stone expedition the principal chief of the tribe is the big a very f sensible indian but too much to we have found him too drunk to business this tribe is very much divided into parties one of these lately severed from the nation and now live on the waters of the big horn river during our stay in the village we were invited to many and among others to the lodge of a son of the chief was a chief of great consideration not only in his own tribe but among other nations on the like most ambitious men he cared little about the means by which he should arrive at unlimited power that made use of by was of the most kind he procured from a a considerable quantity of with which he poisoned every man who endeavoured to his authority or who did not obey his commands it is said he destroyed sixty of his tribe by means of this poison fell a victim to the small about years ago when about to die he directed his friends to carry him t the top of a high hill near the village have a large pit dug to put his horse in alive and place him on his back armed and in his war dress and to cover them over from there said he i will see the of the white men as they pass and on the river i will see the war parties of my nation going out and returning i shall hear your for victory and your sighs for disaster this was faithfully executed the hill was for some time regarded by the natives as holy and to this day the name of s hill little respect is paid to old age the when it arrives with au its the old man becomes a to feed and to carry he	48
is treated with neglect by all and made a jest and of by the young men and boys they left at the trading house a few years since two old men and an old woman the remonstrated against their doing so and said he had scarcely food enough for himself they told him they would leave them and if he had no food to give them they might starve the supported them during the winter and when the indians returned from their hunt he found considerable in persuading them to take them back although they had brought plenty of meat the stealing of horses among these bands is always regarded as cause for hostility their very existence being dependent upon them both in and in avoiding or pursuing their enemies the stealing of com is thought much less of upon their return from their summer s hunt the found the with whom they are at peace taking com out of their com fields the chief of the told his warriors not to touch or pursue them that com was made to eat and that the might take it dogs are considered by the indians as a great delicacy one of the to which we were invited consisted of a boiled dog it was although they had cooked it without being and merely the hair which gave a smoky taste to the dish the growing out of the ties of relationship are of the strongest character and extend to the most remote of not only the influence of every individual but his choice of obtaining justice or revenge for injuries depends in fact upon the number of his relations indians the vast plains of the are subject to weakness of the eyes and blindness this arises from the reflection of the rays of the sun upon the plain from the light of sand drawn by the winds together with the ashes remaining after the of those this disorder by an pain in one of the eyes and the stone expedition extends itself to both eyes and is attended with and weakness for a long time and sometimes in deed in total blindness the indians for this disorder by a place near the organ and ing it this and themselves to a dark place are the only they use another disorder to which the natives the plains and hills near the rocky mountains are subject to arises from exposure in when the snow is on the ground particularly in the months of february and march this appears a much more distress ing disorder than the former it generally comes on after three days exposure the eyelids contract the pain becomes and upon forcibly opening the a dis charge of water takes place which gives a momentary relief the remedy for this disorder is remaining four or five days in a dark place the pain then and the sight is regained but the eye does not recover its natural tone or for one years and sometimes it in a permanent weakness this disease is considered by the crow and snake indians who in the vicinity of the rocky mountains as a serious to their war or hunting excursions a party of seventeen americans belonging to the fur company going over the rocky mountains in were all attacked by this disorder except two fortunately they were on good hunting ground and the two men were able to the others until they recovered while in this situation a party of indians appeared that they had reason to suppose were their enemies the they expected of course to be sacrificed and throwing the from their eyes flew to their arms fortunately however they proved to be the snake indians who were re turning from a war excursion they had themselves just re covered from the disorder having lain by several days for that purpose vol i on a par of five of the fur an were despatched on a journey of six days on the of die third day the eyes of four of the party be came sore and on the morning of the fourth they were unable to see at all fortunately the fifth man retained his eye sight sufficiently to act as a guide and after being without for four days they reached the trading house the on which they had calculated to were abundant and the man who could see might have found and shot but the blind men begged him not to strain his eyes for that purpose they would rather suffer hunger than run the risk of his being blind in which event they would all have been lost these indians appear social they frequently visit each other at their and besides inviting us to their they come and see us one day an old blind man called he introduced himself by this speech when i was a young mai i put the tail of a buck in my head and went to war i killed my enemies returned with their and was foremost in the war dance if a stranger came to the village he always inquired for me if there was a feast i was sure to be invited if there was but one pipe of tobacco in the village i was asked to smoke then there were plenty of fine young women anxious to marry me every thing i wanted was at my disposal now i am old blind and useless cares for me nobody minds me we hear every night cries and coming for hours from the same voices it is a practice among indians particularly the when they think themselves have lost any thing they value or any sorrowful recollection happens to cross their to retire to some distance from their lodge and give vent to their grief by mourning aloud all the tribes have this custom but the practice it more than the others they frequently cry in th s way for half	48
the night we heard a stone man crying one night and upon inquiring were told he mm the loss of his wife who hung herself last will ten it appears that her husband had two remarkably fine horses both of which were stolen in one night this was too much for the philosophy of the and she hung herself suicide we were told is not common among indians il is more so among the women than the men they appear to regard it not as a crime but a of the great spirit the iron eyes a very sensible indian and the second chief in the nation came to us one evening and we had a long talk he told us one of his children was very ill and that to morrow he would start for the doctor who was with part of the nation that have been hunting on the soldier river iron eyes has now eight wives and has had in course of his life eighteen we asked him if the plan of the in having but one wife was not to the indian custom of having many yes he replied it certainly waa a man that has many wives with all his industry can provide for them he is continually asked for a blanket for one for another and so on besides the and that take place among several wives but why do you follow a practice that you think wrong the custom was established said he before i was bom and i have fallen into it besides i think there are more women than men in my tribe and if we only took one wife there would be some women without husbands we asked him what he thought would become of him after death he said his father had told him and he supposed it was true that after death indians were put on a large trail that led to a great house one set of them reached the house the others on the way each set however passed their time alike dull and melancholy he had no idea of a future state of rewards and he told us that the pursued the following routine in the spring of the year they meet at their village to plant their com if they have but little pro vision they start as soon as it is planted if they have they wait until it comes up and they can it they then start for the plains where they find the they remain during die summer at this hunt carefully preserving and all the meat they do not use the at that season are not valuable the skins however they dress and use in making their about august they return to their village bringing with them the meat they have cured they remain in their village on their com and meat until october or november when they procure a credit for guns ball and powder c from the conceal the com they do not carry with them into small parties and descend the as far as the council and hunt on it and the smaller streams for and deer skins it is at this season they set fire to the to the pursuit of the game when the winter really approaches the streams are frozen over and the cold weather drives the they move until they meet the skin of the is now become valuable and they preserve it also for the they hunt until the season for planting com when they again plant their com and renew the same wanderings my nation said the iron eyes is increasing very rapidly we will soon be as numerous as the or as we were before the small destroyed so many of our people about eighteen years ago the the nation immediately above them on the he thinks have increased nearly double in fourteen years they were reduced about that time by the small and the to fifty he thinks they now have one hundred we asked him if the increase of his tribe would not occasion a of game he replied no that probably they would have to go a further for he appears to have no apprehension of their nor that any change stone has taken place in their numbers or haunts during his recollection we asked him if it would not be better for his people to raise cattle c like the no he said the great spirit has made the indians to live after one manner and the after another and he hoped it would continue so one evening the principal chief the big sent to beg we would use our influence to obtain him some from the this we refused after some time he came himself and requested it very earnestly we reminded him of the influence he once had in his tribe and told him he had lost his importance by his fondness for drinking and begged him if he wished to retain the esteem of the or regain his influence among his countrymen that he would from the practice he appeared to receive this vice very kindly and after some time that the white people were to blame for bringing among them and that when it was far from him he never thought of it but that when it was near and his inclination was irresistible but the loss of my power said he is owing also to another cause since you have come among my people to buy skins they have distributed to and made chiefs of every man who can raise a party to hunt for him it is the ambition of these men that make me powerless i know there are now alive as brave and as wise as i am fortune alone placed me at their head but i cannot rule my tribe when the assist my rivals he appeared a little affected at the conversation and soon left us	48
there are three points which distinguish the savages west of the from those on the eastern side first occupy a country infinitely less capable of a dense population second they are a less stationary people having in fact no fixed residence but over their boundless plains finding a home wherever chance or far stone tune may throw them third they have an number of hardy horses on the backs of which they fight and the whole nation moves with a that will the pursuit of any white troops these nations are at present all friendly and entertain the highest opinion of the and their military are certainly inferior to their more northern neighbours the martial superiority of the northern indians ia however more to be attributed to a long contact with the french and english having taught them a bolder manner of fighting than to a difference in natural when the indians of the become better acquainted with white men a familiarity will commence that will destroy the high opinion they now entertain of us they will learn from us our vices and our bold system of and considering the unfortunate positions they occupy in relation to our west of the the nature of their country and habits hostility with them is very much to be when engaged in the or in pursuit of an enemy indians are patient hardy and active but when from the necessity of laborious exercises they abandon themselves to the most indolent indulgence remain for days in a state scarcely removed from that of absolute from which nothing them but hunger or the desire of revenge or the love of glory it is this characteristic that must be taken advantage of to them as the first step towards it must be to destroy their habits this can be done by making it possible for the labour of their to obtain from alone such a supply of provisions as will render distant unnecessary make them stationary destroy their horses and introduce among them distinctions arising from property and other white men and they can be into any shape cannot be to the of time t are necessary it must be be gun by making their villages so secure that old men and others useless in their may remain in safety gradually all who are lazy will decline going out preferring at tending to raising domestic animals and the hunting par ties will soon be confined to a very few by such a plan their comforts would be increased and the danger of their enmity much diminished art ii a visit to in a letter from an american traveller to his friends in the united states july nd you who are acquainted with my disposition which has already carried me to the tops of and will not be very much surprised at learning that i have attempted with success to mount to the summit of an journey which many have wished to accomplish but few have undertaken and in which still fewer have succeeded i am somewhat afraid that you will condemn the expedition as a wild one and i am sensible with considerable justice but you need be under no apprehensions of my making any similar attempts in future hav ing reached the highest point in europe if not in the old world which some recent discoveries concerning the of india render at least doubtful my curiosity is entirely gratified and there is no probability of my meeting with any future temptation sufficient to excite it anew to give you a correct idea of the nature of our undertaking i will commence with a account of this gigantic of europe and of the various attempts that have been made to attain its summit is situated amidst some of the highest of farming a part of the great chain of the above which however it far its snowy head with m to the summit of air of dignified triumph it is this white mantle which it always preserves that gives its name on the north side and immediately at its foot is the valley of sixteen south from and much frequented in the summer season by the inhabitants of that city and by strangers who go there to enjoy the view of the several of which are formed by the snow and ice down from itself on the side is the valley of which from the great and the little st and through which runs a small river that the po below while the flowing through the near these rivers finally discharge themselves in to the sea at the distance of more than three hundred miles from each other one into the sea near and the other into the near the chain of of which forms a part runs from n to s w and is partly covered by sharp pointed rocks whose sides are too steep for the snow to rest on and of which seven rising abruptly to a great height have the appropriate name of the needles of the height of according to the observations of is feet above the level of the sea which is only feet less than of the summit of which has never been reached on the other hand its relative height above the surrounding country is greater for is feet above the valley of while according to is only above the plain of it is calculated that from this height the eye could reach sixty eight miles in every direction without being interrupted by the of the earth is seen from in all its from the mountains of from and even from sixty five distant in a straight line m the of thought he recognized it from the a above notwithstanding the great extent of the base of i its summit is nearly inaccessible on every side on the south s w and s e immense walls of rocks presenting of between nine and ten	48
thousand feet in height render it absolutely so while to the north n and n w it is surrounded by immense of ice and these are the obstacles which render its approach so difficult and so that until within fifty years the idea of the top was regarded as perfectly in and the celebrated philosopher of then engaged in examining the of the promised a considerable reward to any person should succeed in finding a practicable path to the summit b even to pay for the lost time of those who ineffectual efforts the first who undertook this was a hunter of in but he was in four men of the tone village endeavoured for the same object and with as ill success to follow th ridge of the de la runs to the of in three others followed the same track but were attacked by an increasing disposition to sleep from which they could only relieve themselves by returning m of made two attempts the same year and the following year another accompanied by his own and fifteen guided in june six men of the valley of renew ed the attempt to reach the summit but fatigue and forced them to it one of them however separating from his companions to search for and having lost himself was prevented by a storm from them and compelled to pass the night and alone youth however and the vigour f vol i to the of us constitution saved his life in the morning he ed the top at no great distance and having the whole day before him to descend he examined leisurely the to it and observed one that appeared more accessible than he had hitherto at his return to he was taken ill in consequence of his great exposure and was attended by dr the physician of the village to whom he communicated his discoveries and offered in for his care to conduct him to the summit of in consequence of this and dr set out from the th of august the tame year and slept on the top of the de la the next day they experienced great difficulties and excessive and were long doubtful of the ultimate event of their but finally at half past p m they reached the pin of the mountain in sight of many visitors who were at watching their progress with the cold was so intense that the provision was frozen in their pockets the ink in their ink horns and the in s sunk to eighteen and a half degrees they remained about half an hour on the top regained at midnight the de la and after two hours repose set out for where they arrived at eight in the morning with their lips swollen their and their eyes much and it was sometime before they recovered from these disagreeable effects as soon as the of this success reached at he determined on making a similar attempt which he in fact did the same year but was compelled by weather to return he was however not discouraged but as the season was now far advanced he postponed his operations until the summer accordingly on the st august he again set out from accompanied by his servant and eighteen guides carrying a u th summit of r tent a bed and philosophical in the party arrived early the same day at the de la where they passed the night the next day not an increase of dangers and difficulties they passed under the dome de and reached a platform or small plain at the height of feet above the sea where they pitched their tent in the snow md passed the the following morning august d the snow was so hard and the ascent so steep that they were compelled to cut their footsteps with a and it was only by pro with the greatest caution that they were enabled to pass this dangerous with safety they however and reached the summit about an hour before noon in view of many persons who were observing them from mr turned his eyes to the house where his mother and sisters were watching his progress with a and had the satisfaction of seeing tiie waving of a flag which was the signal they had agreed to make as soon as they should be assured of his safety the latter part of his ascent was the and most owing to tiie difficulty of breathing occasioned by the of the air the of his guides could not take more than steps without stopping to take breath no one had the least appetite but all were much tormented by thirst the guides pitched the tent in which mr remained four hours making a number of observations at half after three the party began to descend and slept feet below the summit a short distance lower than the preceding night the next day they arrived without any accident at this successful of and the interesting account he published of it inspired many persons with n wish of die same but they were general ly soon by an into the a f i i me tending its and returned satisfied with a view from the below of the terrific and everlasting which defend the approaches to the summit the are the principal attempts that have been made and it will be perceived that of these few only a part have succeeded the year following mr s journey mr of in company with son two other gentlemen and a number of guides attempted the ascent of the party was dispersed by a storm and only mr his son and three guides succeeded in reach ing the top where the violence of the cold compelled them to their stay to a few minutes while there mr thought he perceived the sea in the of but the immense distance rendered the objects aft the horizon	48
too indistinct to be certain of it the whole par ty returned tp in a condition one of mr s companions who had lost himself suffered dreadfully as well as the guides who were with him and returned with his and hands frozen while some of the company who were more fortunate had only their fingers and ears in the same condition mr was obliged to wash for thirteen days in ice water to restore the use of his limbs which had suffered from the extreme cold the of august col an englishman set out from for accompanied by ten guides he reached the top the following day and turned the third day to the village with his face swollen and his eyes so that he nearly lost his sight in in four englishmen undertook the same journey but were prevented by an accident from proceeding farther than the de la where one of the guides had his leg broken and another his skull driven in they selves were all more or less wounded a false step of one to the summit of ml of die foremost of the party rock which brought it and a number of others down upon his companions the cause of this misfortune m of and m d set out the th of august with seven guides for and notwithstanding a storm reached the summit the following day they remained there only so minutes and re turned on the th to protesting that nothing in the world could tempt them to undertake again the same expedition in august his having been the first to discover the way to the summit safely conducted thither fifteen of the inhabitants of one of whom was a woman about this time he returned with two of his companions and placed on the top an of wood twelve feet in height which they had up in pieces to serve in the survey that was then making of the country in m a banker of undertook and accomplished happily the same journey the i th of september the de a frenchman succeeded notwithstanding the of the cold he experienced in a rock only feet lower than the summit of he was there however so entirely overcome with cold and fatigue that he was unable to proceed this short distance and compelled with much reluctance to return on reaching the valley he was unable to walk but was carried to the inn where his feet proved to be so much frozen that on drawing his boot the skin off and remained in it two of his guides were also severely frozen count a pole left the th of august for accompanied by eleven guides reached the summit the following day and returned in safe t the of the without suffering much more than having his nose frozen during our visit to in the of this month r and myself in our various excursions to the conversed with the guides who had in these and among them with the of the result was that our curiosity was strongly excited and being induced by their representations of the almost certainty of succeeding in the present favourable weather we finally determined to make the we therefore engaged an experienced guide who had been three times on the summit as leader and eight other guides to accompany us they refused to undertake the journey with a smaller party on account of the number of articles which it was necessary to take with us as a ladder provisions to melt the snow for drinking aa a number of other things which were and which formed a sufficient quantity to load each of the nine with a considerable one day was occupied in making the preparations on which our comfort and our ultimate success depended these were passed in review in the evening and having found that nothing material was omitted an early hour the day was appointed for our departure accordingly on sunday the th of july we left the of at five o clock full of anxiety and by the good wishes of the honest inhabitants for our success the necessity of taking advantage of the fine weather opposed our another day our guides who in common with all the inhabitants of are very scrupulous on this point were unwilling to set out on a church day without having previously attended mass to ease their conscience and at the same time not to delay our departure the cure had arranged to it at o clock to the summit of which gave them an opportunity they had not neglected of attending it we descended the valley by the about a league till we approached the of and then turning suddenly to the left into the woods we began immediately a very steep ascent parallel to and about half a mile from the edge of the after about three hours mounting we came to the last house on our road it was the highest dwelling in the neighbourhood and was one of those called which are inhabited only ing three of the summer months when the inhabitants drive their cattle from the plains below to the then richer of the mountains we found there the old man and his two daughters his wife as is the custom was left behind to take care of the house in the valley after refreshing ourselves with a delicious draught of fresh milk and receiving the wishes of these good people for a bon voyage we bade adieu to all traces of man and continued to mount another hour s toil brought us above the region of wood after which the few vegetables we met with gradually ed in size and when we arrived at o clock at the upper edge of the of only a few and the most hardy plants were to be seen we had been compelled a before by the of the du which presented themselves like	48

Subsets and Splits

No saved queries yet

Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.