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cdd8td | in what way do anti depression pills change your Brain chemistry? | So the most commonly prescribed kind of antidepressant is called an SSRI, or selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor. Serotonin is a neurotransmitter which helps with mood regulation (among a bunch of other stuff) and low levels are linked to depression. So when a neuron fires normally, it releases neurotransmitters into the space between it and the top of the next neuron. If the levels of neurotransmitters are high enough in the space, the next neuron "receives" the message and fires as well. Neurotransmitters in the synapse (that gap) can either break down, hang out, attach to the new neuron, or be re-uptaken (go back into the end) by the firing neuron. The SSRI blocks a lot of the re-uptake, which means there's more serotonin just floating around in the gap. This is useful because it means the next neuron needs fewer serotonin molecules to be released to get the message, because it's already got some around.
Hopefully this made sense. :) | fed56c6b-fc29-4db7-8030-dd5ce9a0031f |
cddcw3 | Why is anxiety sometimes worse at night? | Distractions occur during the day. At night, your mind is free to wander toward your anxieties. Also, if you've grown to expect feeling anxious at night, you will be more likely to be anxious about becoming anxious, creating physical tension, which keeps you awake and so the anxiety reinforces itself by manifesting just as you feared. | 0db9117b-000c-41b7-8f18-6a61a1960e97 |
cdddrl | If we saw (on the news) that Queen Elizabeth II was suddenly taking hula-hoop lessons, would the neurons that store everything we know about the Queen of England suddenly create a synaptic connection to the neurons that handle hula-hoop information? | I think the Duke of Edinburgh is more into hula-hoops than the Queen, from what I read on The Onion. | 55382be1-80ab-4a48-85de-e834cd1484ab |
cdewgj | What do modern Chinese people think of Mao Zedong and why are there still statues of him throughout China? | Deng Xiaoping, Mao's successor, described him as "70% good, 30% bad." While some might view him as completely good or bad, most people on mainland China view it as some mix. His early actions are widely seen as heroic. The view is that without him, modern China wouldn't exist. However, most also recognize that his later actions were horrible. Few people try to deny that collectivization, the great leap forward, and the cultural revolution were complete disasters. | dfb384f4-3f99-4e82-939d-fedc062734aa |
cdexnl | Why do humans have the need to sleep? | In my understanding, science is still trying to figure out why we sleep. We've observed though that lack of sleep has a ton of harmful effects on the human body though, (lowered neurogenesis, increased weight gain, lowered cognition, lowered life expectancy for chronic sleep loss, and more). | 6180cd6d-9aab-4bea-b1ab-ec4a709ab3ee |
cdf3mm | The universe is “Infinite” and yet it’s “expanding”. How? | Imaging an infinitely long ruler with divisions every 1cm. If you now stretch every point on this ruler so each division is 2cm you have caused an expansion but it still takes up the same amount of space, its length is still infinite.
The universe is not expanding like a gas expands to fill a space, it is expanding as each point in space becomes further away from each other point. | 3ca03984-b938-4f5b-8b5e-8d4ea1a330f2 |
cdf4nv | How do thermometers in PCs for example work? | They'll use either a thermistor or a thermocouple.
A thermistor is a type of resistor (a circuit component that resists the flow of electricity) that has a resistance heavily dependent on the temperature. By running a known voltage through the thermistor and measuring the voltage at the other end (to get the voltage drop, and thus the resistance) you can calculate the current temperature.
A thermocouple is a device with two types of metal in it, which are put in contact with eachother, usually one metal encased in another. One wire is attached to each piece of metal. Because of the thermoelectric effect, which creates a small voltage between two metals when one is a different temperature from the other, you can read the voltage on the two wires and use that to calculate the current temperature. | a22eb5a9-7541-49da-9ef1-b69c4abfb1a5 |
cdfc2n | What technological advancements have occured for the 5G mobile network to be so much faster than it's predecessor? | I used to be a patent lawyer for some of the companies doing this work (Ericsson, Qualcomm, etc.) so I feel pretty comfortable answering this. In my opinion, there haven’t been any truly groundbreaking technologies in this field that have allowed for 5G. Rather, 5G is a mix of a number of now relatively standard technologies that work in sync with one another. To understand why things are working out this way, you should realize that the number of devices that use wireless signals have increased exponentially, and that different types of devices work better in different configurations (i.e., different frequencies, different distances, different battery lengths, different amounts of data to transmit, etc.). While this all might seem relatively obvious, it is the big motivating factor for 5G.
For example, if autonomous vehicles are going to work at a large scale, then there needs to be a network capable of handling their needs. These needs include large data transmission, high reliability, high speed, and high continuity. To meet these needs, an eNodeB (i.e., a radio tower) can transmit a high frequency signal to the vehicle because more information can be included in a higher frequency signal. However, high frequency signals tend to be disrupted by their surrounding environment more easily than lower frequency signals. For example, millimeter wave signals (i.e., high frequency signals) can be blocked by trees, human bodies, some buildings, etc. To counteract this type of path interference, you need to have more antennas over the same area. So instead of having an eNodeB every .5 km^2, you might place them every .1 km^2 (by the way, this is where the term "cell" in cell phone comes from, because each of these areas are considered a "cell").
While all of the above might cover the autonomous vehicle use case, we have also seen a major boost in internet of things (IoT) devices, like small sensors that are remotely located, not hooked up to a connected power source, and do not need to transmit a lot of data. For example, there are sensors that are attached to various portions of a bridge that transmit vibration signals, amongst others, back to a central server to monitor the structural integrity and wear on that bridge. Since these devices only need to transmit a small amount of information every so often, they can be set up to send very intermittent signals at a low data rate to conserve energy and battery power. Since they are usually remotely located, they also may be better set for low frequency signals, as those types of signals don't experience the same path interference that higher frequency signals usually do. Therefore, you might want to send lower frequency signals at a lower rate to these devices, but they might occur at a much larger volume because there are more IoT devices than there are self-driving cars. Your standard smart phone falls in the middle of these two use cases, but it is slowly creeping toward requiring more and more data with more and more reliability.
So what does 5G do to accommodate all of these needs? Well, they do a bunch of things, almost none of which are super groundbreaking. One thing they do is use antenna arrays. Antenna arrays are devices that include a bunch of antennas, and different antennas in each array can be configured to emit a signal of a different frequency. The antennas in each array can also be configured to change the direction and/or intensity of its beam so that it can avoid potential interference along a path. 5G also uses something called MIMO (multi-in, multi-out) to increase bandwidth and/or reliability. This technology has been known for a while now (you see it in multi antenna wifi routers for example), but they are now applying it at a larger scale and across multiple users (referred to as MU-MIMO (multi-user MIMO). 5G technologies also include using machine learning technologies to understand user preferences so as to predict behavior of a user and needs of a device. Many 5G technologies also include energy harvesting (e.g., solar power) technologies so as to increase operation time for IoT devices, for example. These technologies also use various forms of coding, such as trellis modulation, turbo coding, and a number of other mathematical techniques to increase data transmission and/or reliability.
In summary, 5G is really just adding a bunch of existing technologies together in a relatively new and complicated manner. If you get involved with this field, you find out pretty quickly that most of the researchers and engineers are throwing different combinations at the wall to see what sticks (i.e., what the 3GPP adopts to their standard). I really just grazed the surface here, so if you have any follow up questions I'd be happy to answer.
**TL;DR:** There aren't many new technologies. 5G is just adding existing tech together in a complicated manner.
**Edit**: I initially only posted the first paragraph, but I added the other four to provide some more detail. | e154622d-3595-4f9a-9567-307c7b32b066 |
cdfi7z | When we run out of carbohydrates how does our organism decide whether to gather energy from protein or fat? | It‘s regulated by how much and how quick you need that energy. It‘s easier to metabolize proteins than breaking down fat, but if you need the proteins because you do something physically exhausting the body will rather start metabolizing fat. Also important is how often you eat. As an example you did some sport, then eat something and then don‘t eat for like 16 hours. The body will first regenerate your muscles, cell environment and so on. Afterwards while waiting for new energy it will use up the carbohydrates. If they are gone the body will rather start burning fat, because it‘s built up for „bad times“, than proteins because they have a physiological more important function than delivering energy, whereas the main function from (white) adipocytes is storing/delivering energy. | 5449f4b3-c03d-48d7-a73f-7416f398e7dd |
cdfz82 | - Why do our muscles "burn" when lifting? What causes that burning sensation? | The short answer is, when you lift weights, the cells in your muscles are using a lot of energy.
Usually they make this energy using the oxygen you breathe, but when there’s not enough available (for example, after strenuous activity like exercising) they resort to using a different method.
This method still produces energy, but also produces lactic acid as a byproduct. This acid builds up and results in the burning sensation you experience during/shortly after a rigorous workout session. | 8e316c56-5be3-4363-8461-4fa85fd7806f |
cdgibq | Why is it when people are watching TV They feel so sleepy and then go straight to bed and feel wide awake? | Blue light drains your eyes making them dry and tired. Also lots of times the brains wiring when it comes to going to bed is slightly off simply bc most people now play on their phone in bed or watch TV in bed making the brain think "okay you're in bed still at least two hours of other things going on before sleep" | 38113b75-da7c-48f6-8e56-d8143acc3ccc |
cdgvga | How is it possible that female athletes who train extensively don’t get their period? | Main reason is those atheletes have such a low body fat percentage that their body shuts down a lot of the reproductive machinery. It's not worth trying to have a baby if you are in a starvation situation so if your body fat gets too low your body thinks food is scarce so stops trying to make little people. | 0f6fd726-012d-4f19-9776-40fb8f4d1b65 |
cdgzfs | How do animals, such as chameleons or some types of sea creatures, adjust their skin to blend in with their surroundings? | If I remember right, there are cells that shrink or expand in reaction to various stimuli in the surroundings. These cells are filled with a type of pigment that reflects one type of light. When these cells shrink, less of that light is reflected. When they expand, more of that light is reflected.
Cuttlefish are able to change their color based on their surroundings but I'm not sure if anyone remembers how. I heard somewhere that they're ironically colorblind.
Chameleon though... they don't change colors at will, their cells change color in response to temperature. Imagine if getting goosebumps made you purple. | 04317d1a-840e-40c9-b37d-43461f404c49 |
cdhqir | What causes a headache and what are we actually feeling when we feel our head ache? | I've had a constant headache for 25 years. Took doctors 20 years to figure out muscles in my head, neck and shoulders are aggravating my nerves and making them inflamed. There's one answer :) | 6abdf1a7-6ede-447c-bd11-d4f9a1391041 |
cdi1s9 | Why is it that 4-leaved clovers are so rare? | The clover plant is genetically coded to have three leaves. Four-leaved clovers are caused by a mutation. Similar to humans who have an extra finger or toe. Do they exist? Sure. But that’s not how they are supposed to form and they are uncommon. | 43c7f4cd-a532-45a0-aadc-326ca146ed02 |
cdijp2 | How do my solar power calculators that I never expose to direct sunlight work for so long. | Artificial lights, such as florescent lights and incandescent bulbs, mimic the sun's spectrum. Therefore, the calculator doesn't know it is getting charged by artificial light and not natural. | 30c8a2a2-6ca4-4529-b92f-2b6f3581c7fa |
cdivrt | How does Dolby Audio (in a gaming laptop) simulate wide spatial stereo (i.e. speakers 2 feet apart) vs small spatial stereo (i.e. speakers 1 foot apart) on my laptop speakers? | They are proprietary algorithms and circuits. Easiest way to expand stereo is to remove mono. We take the original stereo signal, split it to create a "copy" of it. You keep everything in that copy that is different between the channels and remove the things that are the same in both of them. Add small amount of delay to this new extra information (if i remember right, delay has to be within the Haas window so our ears don't notice there is a delay), remove low frequencies since they absolutely have to be in mono in this kind of application/device, mix it with the original signal and the stereo s increased without destroying the original signal completely.
If you have external speakers, you can do an experiment and reverse the polarity\* of one of the speakers (\*yes, that is what it is called..) by switching the wires other way around, red to black, black to red (or - to +). It creates the feeling that there is a "hole" in the middle of the speakers, in the place where our phantom mono channel would normally be (when both speakers play the same signal, they create a third, virtual speaker right between them. This is how stereo works, using two channels to play back three channels of information.
Note, they may use completely different idea, it is proprietary after all. What i explained is just one way to do expand stereo signal.
For "small box" sound: boost middle frequencies to simulate the small room resonance that create the room sound, add very short reverb, decrease stereo view (which happens by letting some of the left channel signal to be routed in the right channel and vice versa). Narrowing the stereo image is also the most simple headphone correction: headphones sit in your head 180 degrees apart where as stereo signal is commonly made to be played with 60 degrees of separation. On top of this, we need to recreate Head Related Transfer Function: [_URL_0_](_URL_1_) that simulate the sound we normally hear around us. For larger room effect, add longer reverb and don't do as much filtering. | 31021e50-7e7c-4e3d-9cb6-2df68fe9357a |
cdj2tj | When videogames are in development for years on end and there's new generations of consoles, how the hell do they keep up with adjusting the quality and graphics? e.g : Kingdom Hearts 3, FF15, etc. Do those videogames just constantly rework their textures ? | > do the devs just constantly rework or update the graphics of their game?
No, they develop with the idea of what kind of graphics that will be possible in that time. When it comes to 3D models; they are made at the "highest" quality and then reworked to "lower" quality a game can support. You can do this yourself in Blender if you want. Also since majority of games are developed for consoles who have their hardware set for the next 6 to 7 years, the developers don't need to worry about not keeping pace with hardware.
> How do they manage to not release something that's 10 years behind in technology (including AI and other features)
Because either A: those features are already built into the engine, or B: they themselves develop those features. The game F. E.A.R - who's more than a decade old - still has better AI than most, if not all, shooters. | 4f44a6fe-e4ff-47e7-9349-2dcf54887d88 |
cdji3e | How is air humidity measured and why is it measured in percent? | Relative Humidity measures the amount of water vapor in the air as a percentage of the amount of water vapor that the air can hold.
The amount of water vapor that the air can hold is strongly dependent on the temperature. So an absolute measure of water density is not very helpful.
The percentage answers the question of 'how full is the air with water?'. When the air is 'full' water can't evaporate. When it is close to full, then evaporation is very slow. Evaporation of sweat on your skin is a very cooling effect. When your sweat can't evaporate, your body can't cool off as quick so the air 'feels' warmer. | f1b5e1a2-3e66-4dfb-8984-39352cd0247f |
cdjq5k | when shopping online at a store that has physical locations, why does it almost always not have the "closest store" correct? | Because the website is looking at the address of your ISP, and the physical address for their hub is not normally in your backyard. It gets even worse when you are using mobile data, the last point in the chain of hubs between you and the store could be in another state. | 8ed5ca58-0bd6-4fa6-8c19-40f92fe36e83 |
cdjtdg | How do animals with natural camouflage know the colors/patterns they have to adopt on each environment? | If you camouflage well, you survive better and have more kids, and those kids will also inherit your good camouflage genes, and they will in turn survive better and have more kids.
Conversely, if you don’t camouflage well, you die sooner and have fewer or no kids at all, and your bad camouflage genes don’t get passed on.
After many generations, most individuals do camouflage well. You didn’t have to “know” the best color/pattern to adopt, nature selects that for you.
For octopus specifically, they have developed chromatophores, or cells containing an elastic sac of pigment. They can create different colors by contracting or relaxing those sacs through muscle fibers. Their skin contains opsins, pigmented proteins that are light-sensitive and are found in eyes, so it is hypothesized they can “see” with their skin and change colors accordingly. | 4b7ca625-3253-4232-8a08-618ddfea74ae |
cdjzbk | How do private prisons make a profit? | They bill the government a whole bunch of money per prisoner and then do their damnest to do things as cheaply as possible. Shit food, shit pay for guards, barely functional housing. This is why "Big Prison" wants to keep simple things like weed illegal. Bust a pretty non-violent guy for weed, lock him up for 3 or 4 years, and the prison makes a bundle and they don't have to spend a lot of money guarding him. | ae1a711e-6cab-465c-ba2c-3039277352be |
cdk4j6 | Why are silent letters a thing? | Different silent letters are there for different reasons.
Some are there because they didn't used to be silent. The K in knife and knight used to be pronounced, and the gh in knight used to be pronounced like the ch in loch or the h in Ahmed.
In other cases, a silent letter was deliberately added to be more like the Latin word it evolved from. The word debt comes from the French *dette*, and used to be spelled dette in English too, but we started spelling it debt because in Latin it was *debitum*. | 5078a490-bc26-43b1-be02-2dbc43c91d9e |
cdk9db | Bell's theorem | Bell's Theorem is definitely science, and is probably not wrong, but it is just a theorem (like Einstein's theory of relativity). Bell's Theorem states that no local variable theorem can explain quantum mechanics. In this regard, it is a theory describing what QM is **not**. Like many other theories (look at [Brouwer's Fixed-point Theorem](_URL_0_), it says there is a special point but doesn't show how to find it) Bell's Theorem is non-constructive, it says what QM isn't without addressing what it is.
Regarding Alice, Bob, and "spooky action at a distance"; Bell's Theorem says that the outcome isn't some hidden variable that's preserved by the entangled particles unbeknownst to Alice and Bob. That doesn't require it to be "spooky action at a distance", it could be something else that's non-local, like a pilot wave. (Hint, Pilot Wave theory has it's own very-unlikable properties.)
While it seems to be true, QM has some features that many scientists don't like because they seem horribly counter-intuitive. | 146c6123-a995-49c5-99f9-193dcc9db154 |
cdkti2 | why does everyone want nuclear weapons when we know the devastating long lasting effects? | The goal of war is to ~~win~~ kill the enemy with minimum risk to you. If you're a big, technologically advanced country, you can rely on superior numbers (big armies) or superior technology (carriers, guided missiles, satellite weapons) to achieve this. If you're a smaller country, you don't have the numbers to recruit a big army, and you don't have the money for all the technology, so you want the most effective weapon for mass killing = the nuke.
Ultimately, using the nukes is a loss for the entire planet, including small countries, but HAVING nukes is like a ticket to the "big boys" negotiating table, where maybe you can threaten your way into a trade deal to save your poor economy from completely collapsing.
Nukes are get-rich-quick schemes, at the "nation" level. | ba73b888-3f68-4b1e-ba5d-6074fb4902fe |
cdky7h | How realistic is the phrase “that food went right through me”? In other words, when you eat really greasy food, does it actually go through your entire digestive system in under a half hour? | no, there's really no way for this to happen. if something like that happened, then you got diarrhea and blamed it on that food but there's no way that food is out of your system so quickly. everyone is on a 12-48hr or so cycles. meaning what you poop out today is what you ate 12-48 hours ago. | 45c79f42-a3c0-471b-b6af-f781cc456dbc |
cdl89v | How do Russian bots or "agents" work? | Here's the basic idea.
1) A programmer makes a bot. It is designed to accept an input and generate hundreds of thousands of outputs.
2) The programmer copies his bot and gives it to the various Agents who are going to use it. There might only by 8 agents, but thats 8x the outputs.
3) If the bot is really sophisticated, it will post mundane stuff, post pictures, cast votes, whatever, in order to look like a regular person. These activities are not biased or political, they are just meant to hide the fact that it is a bot.
4) An event happens. Each Agent reads about the event in the news. A couple of them decide to generate a response according to whatever it is they want to accomplish.
4) Agents then supply their copy of the bot with an input. It might be something like "lock her up, bengazi, personal email" and then a few original phrases that the agent writes themselves.
5) The copy of the bot generates hundreds of thousands of outputs. These are comments, likes, upvotes, shares, posts and various types of short phrases that carry the same message, but sound slightly different. They utilize accounts at social media websites that look like real people. If the agent created any new content, like a meme, then the bots might post it (or repost it) or comment on it.
6) If the bot is sophisticated, then it will use multiple accounts at the same website to talk with itself. So a bot uses Account A to post a comment, then uses Account B though Z to upvote it, then uses Account AA to comment on the comment, etc.
7) All of this activity from all these accounts looks like public interest in a topic. Social media platforms see "This post got 1,000 likes in 5 minutes, and the OP has 1 million followers, therefore it must be good, therefore I will push it to the front page." This means that the comments are now being promoted by the platform itself.
8) To real-life-people who use the platform, they now have to sift through the hundred thousand outputs. The same topic keeps popping up again and again, and "people" keep saying the same things over and over again. This starts to brand the message on the person, gets them to think about an event in a certain way. Maybe it pisses the person off, so they make a comment. This then feeds the cycle of making the topic appear to be popular.
9) Media influencers look through various platforms. They visit the front page and trending articles. They see the topics that were pushed there, and assume the items there are popular, then they generate their own content as a response.
10) We have now forced an idea into the conversations taking place on the internet. 1 person built a program that allows 8 people to appear to be 800,000 people, who then yell at each other until real people start yelling, and then no one can tell who is real and who is a bot.
11) Add to this the fact that all social media platforms have advertising of one sort or another. Agents can supplement their bot by paying a platform to push a comment to the front page, or buy sponsored content from a media influencer, or pay for a thousand clicks on an ad box. The Agent may pay the platform to allow the agent's bots to post more content, or to get priority views, etc. | 4c8da8f6-5c8a-4d18-adb1-504a48506405 |
cdlr2k | How does THC help the cannabis plant? | This is an uneducated guess but after seeing how pot affects other animals (dogs, cats, birds) I'd guess the highness is intended as a deterrent measure from eating the plant or it's flowers.
It clearly isn't intoxicating enough, if that's the purpose. | ad1c0b01-8b39-413f-a578-ef5609c578c6 |
cdmk6p | Lumbar Strain, Disc Hernias, Foraminal Narrowing, and difference between Spondylosis, Spondylitis, Spondylolisthesis, radiculopathy, radiculitis | Disc hernia - A disc has changed shape and has bulged out somewhere where it shouldn't. Discs have a tough outer circumference, but the core is soft. If the outer edge is stretched or torn, then the disc can bulge at this point.
& #x200B;
Foraminal narrowing - The nerves escape from the spine through little bony tunnels called foramina. The front part of the tunnel is not actually bone, but part of the disc. If the disc has herniated in the region of the tunnel, it can narrow it.
& #x200B;
Spondylosis - Just means spine is worn out. Usually means multiple disc hernias +/- multiple foraminal narrowing +/- multiple spondylolisthesis +/- symptoms of radiculopathy.
& #x200B;
Spondylitis - Spine is inflamed due to an automimmune disease, or similar condition. Occasionally, incorrectly used to mean spondylosis.
& #x200B;
Spondylolisthesis - The spine isn't lining up correctly. Usually because the joints which hold the spine in alignment are worn out (spondylosis) and the bones of the spine can move in the wrong way. Can also occur due to stress fractures of the vertebrae called pars defects (the part of the bone that fractures is called the pars) - this is often seen in athletes and children. Can also be seen in injuries were ligaments have been damaged.
& #x200B;
Radiculopathy - Symptoms coming from a specific nerve. Commonly due to compression of the nerve in a narrow foramen, but the symptoms could be due to any cause related to the nerve.
& #x200B;
Radiculitis - Inflammation of a nerve or multiple nerves - usually part of an autoimmune disease, but some medical treatments can cause it as a side effect. Occasionally, incorrectly used to mean radiculopathy.
& #x200B;
Lumbar strain - not a well defined medical term. Guessing that in this context it means an injury to the ligaments holding the spine in alignment. | f1ffa52b-d68f-40a0-a566-44b8be772e29 |
cdmrv1 | How are we able to drink and eat upside down? | There is musculature around the esophagus and GI system to push the food in the proper direction. | 549f4c78-f4cb-4bfd-9752-979cd043ace7 |
cdn0s6 | Why does the concave part of a metal spoon reflect upside down? | Imagine a line of light, like on a laser level. Turn it slightly and aim it at the spoon. The reflection is upside down, right?
Now, trace the light in your mind; a point at the top of the concave spoon is pointed down, so when the light hits it, the spoon reflects the light down. Likewise a point at the bottom reflects the light up. Now, you see? Upside down. | 54a4a270-d538-43e3-a5d0-3f713690267d |
cdn3w7 | Stoicism | Emotional reactions are perfectly normal and acceptable. It’s destructive behavior, which stems from those strong emotions that is not acceptable. Your job as parent is to help him develop healthy outlets for expressing those emotions.
There are entire books dedicated to this. I don’t think you’re going to get a ELI5 that is sufficient to help. | 9067a4bc-ac0f-40b0-bcba-be35f90b91e3 |
cdn3zm | What is the relief we feel after sneezing? | Sneezing is good for you. Anything that is good for you is rewarded with a good sensation so you don't try to prevent it. | df7e0332-0982-46e6-8d50-021212fceffd |
cdnlw1 | Why aren't there many naturally occurring liquid substances on Earth? Does matter have a "preference" for being in a solid and gaseous state? | It's largely a matter of temperature. Different substances change states at different temperatures. We are in the liquid water range, which is necessary for life as we know it. | f6dac056-0057-4024-9fb4-06842fe18a08 |
cdnn7w | Could humans alone affect the motion of the Earth whilst being on Earth? | The short answer is yes, the long answer is "not really". Vsauce actually did a great video on this. Link bellow!
_URL_0_ | bfa3cb63-2b82-4d04-be6a-6df186f55fb6 |
cdnp34 | what is the point of sentencing someone to life + 100 years or more? | "Life" doesn't mean "Until the person dies", and the length of a life sentence and it's terms and stipulations vary depending on the state and/or nation.
Each of those sentences is for a different crime, and is charged as such to make sure that even if one of those crimes falls trough the person isn't going to walk free due to still having to serve the other sentences.
So f.i a person who raped someone ten times, with each sentence being f.i 25 years, isn't serving 250 years for rape: he is serving 10 25 year long prison sentences for 10 different instances of a crime. Even if *one* of those sentences is overturned, the person is still serving 225 years for the other 9 rapes. | c3c71caa-96a3-4179-8fb7-3c75cc6aad7f |
cdntyp | what does tax withholding mean? | You get a paycheck from your job. They deduct a piece and pay that as taxes to the government.
When taxes are due you get your total taxes owed. If they paid enough/too much (depends on your viewpoint) upfront you get money back. *Hooray* If they paid too little you have to pay taxes then. *BUMMER*
*(my opinion)*
Nothing is a terrible idea. It means you'll think you have more income than you do, spend too much, and will be slapped by a huge tax total and will have to pay it all in one go. Hopefully you'll have saved for that day. Get it fixed asap.
Can't believe they'll let you pick nothing.
Normally they should know (what percentage) how much would be good for (somebody like) you, ballpark. | 8daeeee5-8b0b-4adb-ab27-ecf6c6bd3836 |
cdo3jr | When a generator rotates it produces electricity, which is flow of electrons. From where is the generator getting unlimited source of electrons? | It has to be a closed circuit so eletrons flow in a circle. Think of it as a bike chain where the pedal is the generator, the other gear is the load (device reciving power like a light bulb) and the bike chain are the electrons. | 5e1f0d71-0aa6-4c55-9be9-01cbdeee767a |
cdod7r | the difference between heart failure, attack, and stopping | Heart attack is a specific issue of blood being blocked to part of your heart. Heart failure is a more general issue when the heart is unable to pump enough blood through your body. It can be caused by a heart attack or any other issues. Depending on the degree of heart failure a patient might be functioning close to normally or he might be seconds from death. Heart stop is when the heart is no longer beating at all. This is of course very serious as even a defibrillator can not shock you back into rhythm and you are just seconds from death. | 427efc49-c1d9-4c63-a3c0-b8e3dd288806 |
cdohh5 | What point of time the electricity needed to power the lamp was generated, when turned on? | The short answer is, yes. When you are talking about these millisecond changes in the current consumption and corresponding changes in current production they are taken up by flywheels. As you know the electricity grid alternates the current 50 or 60 times a second. An old fashioned three phase motor/generator will try to keep its output shaft synchronized with this alternating current. When you power on the lamp you will be causing a ripple effect throughout the electricity grid reducing the voltage and therefore all these motors/generators will start to slow down and thereby give off their energy which will keep up the voltage in the system. How fast they spin down and how much energy they can deliver into the system depends on how big of a flywheel they are attached to. A hydroelectric, coal, gas and nuclear plants have fairly big turbines that acts as flywheels. The rest of the power plant is just to make sure the turbine is not slowing down. The issue in the future is that solar cells and wind turbines do not have big flywheels synchronized with the electricity grid. So as coal and gas power plants are disappearing there is not enough flywheels in the hydroelectric and nuclear power plants to handle the common power surges you might see on a daily basis. | 17c87d95-8bf4-41d5-ac70-960dff032908 |
cdophl | What's with all the hate towards Nestle recently? | They're objectively among the most evil corporations on the planet. Knowledge of what they've done--which includes, among other things, [deliberately socially engineering](_URL_0_) a market for baby formula over breastmilk in the third world, literally causing millions of babies to die from malnutrition, or the deliberate moving into drought-stricken areas to pump out what water remains on the cheap--is spreading and people are reacting to it. | 70cee556-a6a7-4dae-b3b1-c9ccd4c42e70 |
cdp309 | How and why does salt change the flavor of food so much? | **Salt is** used **as** a universal **flavour** improver because at low concentrations it will reduce bitterness, but **increase** sweet, sour and umami, which **is** desirable for sweet recipes. But at higher concentrations it suppresses sweetness and enhances umami, which **is** good for savoury things.
Source: Google, search term used was the title of this post. | 570b218a-2f94-4c01-a4d1-6a7351e006da |
cdp6jo | What is involved in Kant's ethical theory of the moral law? | Kant has a deontological view of morality. This means that he believed on following strict moral rules which in turn would provide a moral outcome. To find what would fit in these rules he would consider whether the action would be universilizable, one could imagine everyone commiting the action and it still seems moral. | 52af0438-5931-4010-9b72-654651f2175b |
cdpj20 | How the brain choose which memories to keep? | it's often tied to emotional response. if something felt particularly good or particularly bad, our brains tend to take note of it. during a moment when you're in the fight-flight-freeze response though, the prefrontal cortex can shut down. this is a problem because the PFC is what controls what we pay attention to and blocks out things we don't need to pay attention to. it's very good at this. but when it's shut down, the amygdala jumps in and tries to do the same job. we might wind up paying attention to something that's actually very important, or we might wind up paying attention to something essentially meaningless, like the texture/color of the carpet. it's pretty hit-or-miss. anyway, because things that make us go into FFF mode are REALLY IMPORTANT to take note of so that we can keep this same thing from happening again later, our hippocampus kicks into "super-encoding mode" where it basically jots down everything the amygdala is telling it to, and saves all that info as long-term memory. so years and years later you might still remember that carpet and it might still make you upset. | c95af8a4-1cb8-4dc7-822c-f5b6b2708890 |
cdpw5a | How does an automatic transmission work? I know how a manual (stick) works, but Autos ellude me. | They shift gears like a manual, but use a torque converter instead of a clutch. The torque converter has hydraulic coupling between rotating halves to allow slippage between the input and output when at idle or changing gears. It also increases torque at low speed. The newer ones lock up at speed to avoid losing power. | e5fb18a7-ba23-4139-9def-bcf20979a924 |
cdpwyn | What happens when the cauterize veins for surgery? Does the person then have less blood flow to that area afterwards? | The cauterized area is a wound that will heal and usually restore blood flow in some manner. It might not be the same path as before though. | c182e2e1-9249-4619-a27c-8d6858626d1b |
cdpzuf | What is the difference between scotch, bourbon, and whiskey? | Scotch and bourbon are whiskey. Scotch is whiskey made in Scotland. Bourbon is corn whiskey made in oak barrels. There’s other rules too but that’s basically it. | 07d6614d-1743-4a18-800c-f8e99c8dcd15 |
cdq02a | When crying, where do tears come from? | Tears enter the eye through ducts (small tubes) from the lacrimal glands. These glands are above your eye to the outside, under your eyelid. The glands don't "hold on" to water; they aren't like, for example, the bladder so they don't have an 'on/off' valve and they don't store any extra tears. Instead they are constantly producing and secreting tears to moisten your eyes.
When you cry or your eyes water this is because the lacrimal glands start to produce tears at a faster rate, not because they're releasing a stored up reservoir.
The tears they produce take water directly from the bloodstream, so you won't "run out" unless you're dangerously dehydrated. | 66a84ea0-e6da-419a-80f1-f249dc90c33c |
cdq2n9 | Why does liquid from plastic bottles taste worse than liquid from glass or can? | Three factors:
* The plastics could leach some chemical into the liquid inside the bottle, over time. UV, visible light, and heat possibly degrade plastics a lot more than they degrade glass or the metal of the can, over time.
* Plastics are [polymers](_URL_1_), they look more like sponges / thick mass of spaghetti under the microscope, and while the holes are small enough to keep water in (mostly), the plastic may allow the oxygen and/or carbon dioxide that's usually dissolved in water to escape. It really depends on the plastic. Soda bottles lose liquid AND some of the pressure over the years, but it takes years.
* Glass and cans are first manufactured to specifications, then filled. Plastics are often shaped and then filled on the spot; the process is called [blow fill seal](_URL_0_), and they possibly have hot plastics that may still be leaching vapors come into contact with the liquid (and the liquid cools down the plastic). Rather than time, it's the manufacturing process (robotics) that causes the issue.
Companies perform studies where they detect stuff that's dissolved very sensitively (parts per million), but, there are different types of plastics, and different levels of "acceptable" vs. cost. | 603cb513-6e10-4c84-908e-65fca02e6d6c |
cdqav4 | How come when you’re outside, and you’re sweaty, and you happen to have your shirt off, and you roll in the grass, you get itchy? | You probably don’t see grass as “sharp”, but the edges of the blades of grass can make tiny little scratches on your skin which causes the itching sensation.
This is also paired with the fact that grass has little hairs on it which secrete fluid which irritated the skin. When you got into the pool, that fluid washed off and it stopped itching. | a694c02b-2d43-4bd9-b179-06477981afc8 |
cdqm54 | Assuming that official GDP figures are correct (big assumption), what is so bad about 6.2% GDP growth for China, which is well over 2x that of most developed countries? | Markets don't like it when things change. Markets like to be able to predict what the future will be. China has been growing a lot faster than 6.2% for a long time. A quick drop to 6.2% is a huge change. It makes the market uneasy because it means there's something big happening. | 991d163b-9724-4d5c-848b-af1c9290b0b0 |
cdr1kz | How do solids stay solid? | Great topic! We are talking about intermolecular forces. Those are attractive forces that exist between molecules. These forces hold the molecules together when substances are liquid or solid. The strong intermolecular forces holds solid together, less strong ones are liquids, and gases mostly have broken these forces. | 7d5ebd9e-c01a-411c-ac76-642e58a6972e |
cdr3o2 | What happens to the sex chromosomes during meiosis? How are they divided up in daughter cells? | For each of the 23 chromosomes, you have one from mom and one from dad. In meiosis, these multiply into 2 so now you have 2 from mom and two from dad. Then these chromosomes randomly get sorted into 1 of four cells such that each cell has 23 total chromosomes made up of a random assortment of mom and dad chromosomes (remember a normal cell has twice the amount)
In females, one of these 4 becomes the egg. In males, these 4 cells become 4 different sperm cells.
To add more diversity, a chromosome from mom and dad may also exchange DNA prior to being divided up so that the chromosome you got from your mom has a bit of dad DNA in it.
Gender is determined by your dad, who sends out sperm with either a X or Y (they got X from mom and Y from dad)chromosome and the winner gets to decide the baby's gender. All eggs moms produce have X chromosome cuz thats all mom has (they got a copy of X from mom and dad). | f81f78cc-dacd-46f4-b6a3-50875898843e |
cdrc68 | Why does punctuation go inside the quotation? | /u/Laughatme13 is correct for American rules. Commas and periods go inside the quotes. Question marks and exclamation points go either inside or outside depending on if it's relevant to the original quote, e.g. put the question mark inside if the quote is a question. Finally, colons and semicolons go outside of the quotes.
I believe British English puts them all outside of the quotes unless it is integral to the quotation.
As for why, sadly it's just as simple as rules must be made to keep things the same. This is what was generally agreed upon and that's it. There are some that put them outside all the time and others that do it inside all the time, but the majority (at least academically) follows these rules. | af5b2eec-84ec-41be-94da-7d5d25b7f24b |
cdrj13 | A lot of beer I see in stores is unrefrigerated, so how come beers lose their carbonation after you refrigerate them and take them out? | Ahoy!
There are two factors at play here. Firstly, beer is carbonated as it contains carbon dioxide (CO2) that is dissolved.
However, both temperature and pressure affect how much CO2 can be dissolved. Essentially, the higher the pressure and the lower the temperature, the more CO2 that can be dissolved.
When you take the beer out of the fridge, the solubility of the CO2 will decrease, as it will when you open the can of beer. However, if the pressure remains constant like it is when it’s on the shelf at a grocery store, the CO2 is able to stay dissolved. If you want to get specific, you could say that this is due to Henry’s law, which states that S = K * P where S is the solubility is that gas, K is the Henry’s law constant, and P is the pressure of the gas. As you increase P, you’ll notice that the solubility goes up.
By keeping your drink chilled, you minimising the amount of CO2 that can be lost due to temperature of the liquid even while there is no lid on the can. This is why you typically want to have your beer cold when you drink it, as it’ll stay carbonated longer.
This is also why you want to keep a lid on all carbonated beverages whenever possible, as the pressure is able to increase inside the bottle and keep more gas dissolved.
Edit: I believe this is more of a chemistry question than a biology one. | 7c46a0ab-9391-4320-8003-bf43bfc8aa4d |
cdrm9x | What is the purpose of a USB killer? | some people just want to watch the world burn.
& #x200B;
it's essentially taking a stun gun to the computer. | 5e0841cc-cabf-4458-bced-61319590d253 |
cdrn1w | Does the human eye have a frame rate? | The eye does not see in frames, because life does not come in frames. A frame is only a measurement of something that is created as a still image, and then played quickly enough to create the illusion of movement. Life does not happen like this, there is no "frame" of a moment of something in real life.
& #x200B;
Superfast movement illusions, such as wheels appearing to spin backward, do create issues for our eyes, as the brain only processes a certain amount of input at any given time to avoid overload. It will throttle the input at a certain point. But this is demonstrably different than a frame rate.
& #x200B;
Anything that says the eyes see at a certain FPS is just an estimation that puts what our eyes do and tries to compare it to a frame rate, which is why there is such disparate numbers and nonconclusions in it. | 785efc05-f89f-45ba-a8b4-2fc8f6146714 |
cdropa | What is real reason why the majority of Americans are struggling so hard to afford even the most basic human needs despite working 40+ hours a week? Why is there such a large gap between wages and the cost of living? | Because every business is driven by profit , so they pay the least that they can legally .theres no incentive for companies to pay people livable wages , it just cuts their profit margin . | 5c8fbc3d-df08-49ee-aff6-2a28c5bb6ea7 |
cds2jn | How do the "check to ensure you're not a robot" things actually work? what prevents computers from "clicking all pictures with a car"? I'm especially confused with the ones that dont require you to do anything except check the box. Does somebody have an explaination? | It checks the way that the person clicks the button (path, speed, etc) to determine if the clicker is indeed a human | 3c4cb363-c8be-4530-b1f0-7e0aabd24b33 |
cdsa2s | What are the cores and threads on a processor and why does it seem like more = better? | In bare bare basic terms a core is like an office and a the threads workers. More cores more space for workers. Some processors are able to have 2 workers per office (hyperthreading Intel and multithreading amd). More workers more productivity. Although it is not always the case.
And the new ryzen 3600 for 200 us is a super good deal for budget gaming or work machine. 6 cores 12 threads. | a56b7ab3-bd7f-43c8-987a-6ffdf1629452 |
cdsgfw | . Why aren't women's clothing sizes labeled the same as men's in the U.S.? Ie size 6 instead of size 38" 60" 34" | Vanity sizing is a really effective marketing strategy for women unfortunately because we are continually pitched that our value as people is tied to a number, preferably one that is small. For instance if I go into one store and I’m a size 10 but I go someplace else and I’m a size 8, which is my low self esteem riddled mind more likely to choose? Probably the 8 because even knowing internally my size does not represent my self worth, I know society preaches a different message entirely. Most women are aware of this marketing nowadays though and begin to establish preferences for specific stores that don’t make them feel like garbage based on an arbitrary number. | 5739a63b-854e-4a36-9799-5fa041ee8046 |
cdswwq | Why are some bugs so determined to fly around your head even though you are literally trying to kill them. | Bugs dont know youre trying to kill them. They fly around you because theyre attracted to the heat, moisture and smell of your body. | 1bb2cd63-dfd3-4cd9-aa09-f472c88f9421 |
cdt7hw | Why can't teeth repair and/or replace themselves just like skin does? What makes them not being able to, while being so vulnerable to eating sweets? | Your skin is mainly made of living things. So it's soft, but can self repair.
Your teeth are made mainly of minerals. So it's hard, hard enough to rip through skin and flesh, but there isn't really enough living things on the surface to repair much. | def2798a-bdda-4174-ba90-ce133a50d8ce |
cdtc40 | Why isn’t every book advertised as a ”best seller”? And what’s the publisher’s criteria for choosing books that will be advertised as such? | The New York Times is a news paper which publishes a list of the books that sold the most copies in the previous week.
Any book that appears on this list of best selling books is a NYT Best-seller.
If it appears on the first place in that list it is a #1 NYT best seller.
If an author has previously written a book that appeared on that list they can put "from the NYT best selling author" on the cover of his other books.
The New York Times actually has more than one list, splitting it up into categories like 'fiction', 'non-fiction', 'children's books' etc.
So each week there are potentially dozens of best-sellers and hundreds per year.
Most books that get featured prominently in book stores and are advertised a lot fall into the category.
There are many other books that don't, but you won't here as much about them, because nobody wants to spend marketing money on books that won't sell very well. | 75eb6122-e7ac-4da5-a010-f87615ef4f62 |
cdthhj | Belief can be manipulated. Only knowledge is dangerous.” ―Frank Herbert | There is only one reality, regardless of what you believe. Nobody interprets reality perfectly. Belief defies reason, and sacrifices reality for comfort. This makes belief exploitable. Knowledge is more inline with reality, therefore less easily manipulated. | ce5464b2-c01e-4a85-99ab-a1b1e6e774cd |
cdtx8b | How does "bail" work in the USA? | People often don't understand the difference between going to jail when you're arrested versus being sentenced to prison after being found guilty.
The point of going to jail after you're initially arrested is so you can be held until your trial date. However, there are ways for you to circumvent this part with a promise to appear in court. Bail money is determined by the seriousness of the offense and the risk that the person might flee the state/country before the court date. The person can front bail money or "post bond" and provide the courts with money as collateral with a promise to appear in court. Once you appear, you can get your bail money back. If you don't appear then you can lose that money.
Once you actually go to court and are found guilty then you may end up being sentenced to jail (minor/short term) or prison (serious/long term). You don't get to pay your way out of that one. You serve the time and hope for a reduced sentence if you be good.
Some people use a bail bondsman if they cannot afford the bail money to get out. A bail bondsman will usually ask for 10% or so of the total bail money and they front the rest. You later appear in court and the bail bondsman gets their money back but may keep the 10% you paid for them to front the money. If you flee and dont appear to the court date, the bondsman can lose that money the fronted for you. And they will send people after you to find you. And that is what a bounty hunter is.
TL;DR
Commit a crime, go to jail, get advised of bond, post bond, free until trial, go to trial, get found guilty, go to prison, serve time. | 7430f902-120d-4576-8412-890a4faef9ef |
cduamx | How does freezing your body/head work? Do your cells get frozen while alive? What is it for? | The principle is that they do get frozen alive to be thawed at some other point in time when you could be brought back to life, however as far as I know it does not work since cells break down from the extreme temperatures. Cryogenetics it is called I think. | 06f44c36-09b1-4117-9578-a90a38f77671 |
cdufj2 | Why are “poetic” contractions such as (th’), (an’), and (o’) used, considering they’re not exactly easier to say nor write? | Sometimes it's to preserve the meter of the poem. Shakespeare, for instance, liked to write in iambic pentameter. An iamb is a two-syllable unit consisting of an unstressed and a stressed syllable. For example, the word "about" is an iamb: the "a" is spoken with less emphasis than the "bout". "Pentameter" means there are five metrical units per line -- in the case of iambic pentameter, there are five iambs per line.
Now then, let's look at the first line of Shakespeare's Sonnet 129:
"Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame"
If the Bard had written "The expense of spirit...," we would have two unstressed syllables ("the ex-") followed by a stressed syllable ("PENSE"), a pattern known as an anapest, and not an iamb. However since the rest of the line is iambic ("...of SPI-rit IN a WASTE of SHAME"), the anapest throws off the rhythm of the opening line.
So instead, he wrote "Th' expense...". The spelling hints at the intended pronunciation: the (missing) e of "the" is elided into the initial e of "expense," resulting in something like "thex" (rhymes with "vex") as one syllable. This preserves the iambic meter of the line:
"thex-PENSE of SPI-rit..."
Similar use can be seen elsewhere, such as in Sonnet 12:
"...And sable curls all silver'd o'er with white;"
Again, the line is in iambic pentameter (and SA-ble CURLS all SIL-ver'd O'ER with WHITE). "O'er" is pronounced as one syllable (like the word "oar"). "Over" would have added an extra syllable and messed up the meter. | 4002a79a-caa6-471c-ab84-920f7e749969 |
cdv53j | What is Kernel? | The kernel is a section of code within a computer's operating system that has the most amount of privilege and has direct access to the hardware. When a user has a program that needs to access the hardware, say to read from or write to a hard drive, the program must request permission to have access from the kernel. A system call is the process by which a program requests these accesses to the hardware, and the kernel grants or denies access based on permissions.
In windows the kernel is made of two layers. The upper layer is called the executive and this contains functions for object management/retention, permission verification, memory management, etc. The lower layer is the actual kernel, which is responsible for low-level processor synchronization, interrupts and exceptions handling, thread scheduling, and recovery from power failure (power loss, hard shutdowns, etc). These layers work together to provide everything that a user may need to access the hardware and make changes to the system as they need to and are allowed to.
Forgive me, but I don't have as much knowledge about Linux to this level, but the kernel performs basically the same in Linux (I'm a windows instructor). Instead of being built with layers, it instead has kernel loadable modules (KLMs) which can provide additional functionality to the kernel.
Hope this helps. | ced9e3bd-0388-4872-987a-ad4067710170 |
cdvb0i | why nuclear explosions are so devastatingly destructive | There's of course the radiation side of things to consider, but really, the main reason they're so effective is because they're so darn *powerful*. Splitting or combining atoms (which the most powerful nukes do both of) releases an awful lot of energy.
The most powerful recorded nuclear test, the Soviet [Tsar Bomba](_URL_0_) had an estimated yield of 58MT. That's fifty eight megatons.
58,000,000 ***tons*** of TNT.
Think about that.
[This](_URL_1_) is one KG, and if you were in the way of that you'd be dead, no question about it.
The worlds most powerful nuke is fifty eight *billion* times more powerful.
If you were to count up to 58 billion in seconds, it would take you the best part of two thousand years. It's a **big** number.
That one bomb, detonated in the centre of Paris would reduce the entire city, that is, from the city centre right out to countryside in every direction to rubble. There'd be nothing left. | ff67995b-15e4-413d-9b54-feae90e3f800 |
cdvb59 | Why is it illegal for brands to sell less than 20 cigarettes a pack? | Because smaller 10 packs were cheaper and so more accessible to underage or casual smokers they were banned. | e62cef8c-9651-4f5d-ad41-7060f1fbd09b |
cdvh3q | How is an electromagnetic wave created and how does it propagate differently than mechanical waves? | An accelerating charged particle is just a charged particle which has a changing velocity. An example would be a particle oscillating along one axis, which travels back and forth and thus has changing velocity - acceleration.
Electromagnetic waves are *self-propagating* and does not require a medium to travel through like with mechanical waves such as sound waves. In a vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other and as they travel their oscillations are syncronised i.e. both waves reaches their peaks/troughs at the same time. | ca00137c-729a-4979-9b86-808d536178f4 |
cdvksr | Do animals have inner voices? | Impossible to concretely discern but Iwould venture they have a form of it. Bear with me here.
It's been shown in humans that the broader your vocabulary, the more capacity you have for complex thoughts. The idea here is that if you have a term for a concept, you have at least a basic underatanding of it. So linguistic capacity is directly linked to your internal monologue if you will. Thus the question becomes, do animals have language. Well, bees communicate through dancing, apes can learn sign language, dolphines have been shown to communicate through clicks, whales through song, and dogs have even been shown to have trouble socialising with other dogs when taken far enough away from their country as barking "accents" change and become difficult to underatand. To me, this says animals have language and, depending on the animal and how many concepts they have "words" for, they would have a semblance of an internal monolgue. | d0db76e0-3df3-4d03-b5a8-bbb705df9879 |
cdvrdh | Why couldn't a currency-less world where you barter for everything ever work? | "I need shoes."
" Ok what do you have to swap for them?"
"Umm I can paint, work the cash register, clean. Or do you want a TV?"
"Nah I don't need any of that stuff"
"Oh"
It would be far too complicated and difficult | 14439230-8cc0-4eb6-83f1-158dd729b1f2 |
cdw2ju | If we've discovered recently that modern humans are actually a mix of Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis and Homo Sapiens Sapiens DNA, why haven't we created a new classification for ourselves? | Two subspecies that don't fully diverge into new species generally won't get a separate name if they then create a hybrid.
Look to man's best friend: all dogs are *Canis Lupus Familiaris*, and a hybrid with the original *Canis Lupus* (a wolf) doesn't get a new third designation, it's either mostly wolf or mostly dog and is treated as such.
All modern humans are mostly *Sapiens Sapiens* by a massive margin, so they retain that name even though some have a low level of Neanderthal hybridization.
More generally, subspecies designation is sloppy work since the line between subspecies is typically very blurry. Unlike bespoke species that typically can't produce fertile hybrids, subspecies usually can and sometimes this is a significant percentage of the population. | a7da3219-e4d4-4392-9159-4561f10df618 |
cdw946 | Why does the carbonated foam from beer stay around so long but, the carbonated foam from soda is gone in an instant? | there's a protein, which is a kind of molecule that makes up plants and animals, in the plant called barley that is used to make beer.
this protein doesn't like water. it will grab carbon dioxide to try to keep itself away from water. there is a lot of carbon dioxide in beer; it's what makes the bubbles. this process makes the bubbles harder to pop, almost like they have a protective coating.
soda doesn't have this protein, so it's bubbles pop faster. | 96eafc72-1a43-46cb-aaa1-9b34ff9f42d2 |
cdwxvs | if Portuguese man of war are made up of multiple organism, how do they reproduce? | They're not really fully specialized multicellular organisms like us, but they're not really fully free-living colonial organisms like algae either.
The man-o-war occupies a bizzare evolutionary half-step where the cells are related and have a minor degree of specialization, but they are not yet truly linked together into a single animal with bespoke specialized organs and cells.
The man-o-war has a specific cell type that will produce egg or sperm analogs and they reproduce sexually that way. The fertilized cell is free-floating and will then bud off the other types of cells to reconstruct another colony.
That may sound a lot like how regular animals grow, but it's important to remember that the man-o-war's cells basically don't communicate or interact with eachother. Your cells have a massively complicated control and regulation system to do their one job on command, the man-o-war's cells just do whatever they want. | adfcc579-d2e9-4b0a-ab35-fa8a07cb29f0 |
cdxwoe | how does a cut finger get resewn back on with full functionality? | Using microsurgery. The surgeon uses very fine sutures to reattach nerves and blood vessels. For the surgery to be fully successful, the detached part of the finger must be kept cool an surgery must take place as soon as possible. | 77363db0-494d-4c3e-999e-ad26ac94810d |
cdy7ji | why is morning sunlight “softer” than afternoon light even uf the sun is at the same angle in sky? | The light is the same, but different things may be going on around YOU.
1. the dew or fog from a cold evening is evaporating in the morning, but is not doing the reverse in the afternoon. You can see this in the extreme in places that have "foggy mornings", but not foggy afternoons/dusk. That's gonna affect light, but this impact will be variable depending on where you are.
2. If you live in nature (like I do) you can tell a movie scene shot in nature is being shot in the wrong part of the day because the plant life will be wrongly aligned with the light - lots of things in nature align or hide from the morning light. This will affect the "vibe" of what you're looking at in ways you may not be conscious of.
3. anything that dissipates in the air at night and accumulates in the day is going to impact things - smog most notably, especially in urban areas.
4. weather patterns move moisture based on accumulated heat which is different at different times of day. This is similar to number 1, but will be very different in different geographies and different alignments to sunrise/sunset. | 75f22aaa-002f-4be0-963e-d294ac848358 |
cdyq8u | Why do you hear ringing in your ears? | Driver errors between hardware and software.
Your ears pick up EVERYTHING. The sun is a nuclear explosion that's been going on every day of your life, ever wonder why you don't hear it?
Your brain filters out the background noise and only "records" what is important.
Ringing in your ears is when that system is a little broken and needs a reset.
One way to do this is to press the palms of both hands against your ears hard, with your fingers wrapped behind your head. If you don't look dumb, you're doing it wrong.
Then cross your index over your middle finger and "snap" your index fingers against the back of your head for about a minute. Again, I'd you don't look dumb, you're doing it wrong.
The deafness combined with a known input/output can trigger your brain to reset the audio drivers and remove the ringing. Otherwise it's a bigger problem and you'll need a doctor to solve it. | f69904ca-f017-4962-918b-6710a71a93c7 |
cdyypp | How does skin tan? Why is it so dangerous without proper sunscreen? | When UV rays hit our skin, our cells produce a chemical called melanin. The melanin darkens the skin which protects from the dangerous UV rays. Without the proper sunscreen however, the skin may not produce enough melanin fast enough to protect itself and you'll get burned. | a91a46f0-d4aa-4bab-b2a1-32af617c37f5 |
cdz0wr | Songs Translated from English - Translate Words or Meanings? | Usually the overall meaning will be kept but the words will change so they rhyme. As in 99 red balloons. | 400bb04c-3dd4-471f-a004-27dc958c73b2 |
cdz4fg | What are the differences in the degrees of murder? | 1st degree means you planned ahead. You intended to kill this person, planned it out, and did it.
2nd degree means you didn't plan ahead, but you did intend to inflict serious harm or even kill the person. Typically denoted as a crime of passion when someone makes you so emotionally unstable that you kill them.
Then there's manslaughter in which you didn't intend to kill the person but your preventable, reckless actions resulted in someone's death. | 143da43b-54ca-4022-b42d-7a69cac4ba91 |
cdzclv | How can an insurance company deny a surgery/medication/etc? | The healthcare contract doesn't say "cover all medical expenses". Some used to say things closer to that, but ObamaCare eliminated these "Cadillac Policies" as unfair and an obstacle to having minimal healthcare for all.
You need to read the fine print. One piece of fine print that varies quite a bit is the prescription formulary. This is the complete list of drugs that will be covered. Every company has one, and they don't cover any drug not on the list. | 6227e818-1cf4-40b3-b379-2823cb8cbe70 |
cdzene | How viagra works as an erectile dysfunction medicine and also to help with high blood pressure? | The reason you don't have a boner all day every day is because the blood vessels are all constricted and blood can't get in. Viagra makes these vessels relax and open up, and blood goes in. This also lowers your blood pressure in your arteries because the arteries also relax and open up, and stop squeezing so hard. | 4c242458-4247-4826-af93-8af0a161f479 |
cdzo74 | How attenuation works in an optical fiber | This is a big question worth a full lecture.
The following links assume you already know how optical fiber works.
Here is an article that goes into some detail on absorption and multiple types of scattering _URL_1_
For multi-mode the attenuation is greater because the fiber is larger than in single-mode fiber. Image on the bottom of this _URL_0_ | d4c7a6fc-db29-4e5f-ac9c-4db50d2c72e0 |
cdzpu6 | How do we know where to mine for crystals, gold, etc? | The lowest hanging fruit is found by exploring the land and finding raw chunks of gold in a stream bed. Follow the stream up to where you don't see chunks of gold anymore, backtrack a bit and start digging.
While you're digging, pay attention to the types of rocks that are in the formation. What do they look like, what does the existing terrain look like? How deep is your gold vein?
With that data you can go out and look for rocks similar to those found around your gold vein. That formation may be hiding some gold in the hills. Start digging to find out.
Prospecting is a very high-risk-high-reward game. One good find can be the result of thousands of hours studying geology and formations and well educated decision making, or it can just be dumb luck because "The Holy Spirit" said there was gold in that particular hill, and that's all the research you needed to start pulling nuggets out.
Both approaches end up with a couple hundred million in digging costs to find out based on an educated guess that someone with a hundred million trusted.
Just another fun fact for you: Most of earth's landmass has been surveyed for rare minerals. You'd be hard pressed to pull a surprise gold mine out your hat. However, [Robert Ballard](_URL_0_) has an excellent point that maybe 20% of the earth's ocean has been properly surveyed, and is keen to remind folks that there's very likely unclaimed gold in them thar depths. | 0d68a6b5-93af-4e33-95a6-8f677c2949c3 |
cdzyq4 | How do you store medicine properly when it's hot?. | The perfect choice would be a small fridge that you can set to 15 to 20°C. Wine fridges can do that I believe.
But realistically there isn't much you can do. Buying an AC would be so expensive that it'd be 10 times cheaper to just get new meds should they really break down. You can put them in a cold room. Maybe put them in a box and place them in the cellar *(that is, if you want to run down 5 stories every day first thing in the morning and before going to bed)*. And that only works if you can leave the meds at home. If you have to take them with you because they're demand meds or because you have to take them every 4 hours you're screwed. Have fun in the 40°C bus and while standing in direct sunlight for 15 minutes.
I assume it's also some safety thing for the companies. Yes, the ingredients might break down at a certain temperature. But if they write 30°C on it I don't think it'll be completely broken down at 31°C. I'm sure they leave a margin so people can't sue them if it should really break down. | 6b168aba-165d-4a32-b093-825c63ce6752 |
ce048q | What is QAnon and how did it become a thing. | This is better in r/outoftheloop, r/answers, or r/conspiracy. | 24a95bfc-9383-41b1-b2bd-575e98569e24 |
ce0dez | what causes the phenomenon of ‘speed wobbles’ ? | When the front wheel, which in motion wants to go in a straight line, hits a deviation in the road and changes direction from the direction of travel it will try and oscillate to find a straight line.... Often times it will over osscilate and try and correct back the other way which will cause a cascading series of over correction with increasing intensity (as each over correction thows the wheel farther and farther off center) until it corrects back to straight, or over corrects so far that forward is no longer a physically viable option... | 2c1a88d7-2231-4867-9692-b07c77e31ea1 |
ce0krw | does friction lead to entropy? | In a tiny way sure, just like everything does to some degree. Friction causes heat, heat radiates out to somewhere else, which then transfers a little bit beyond that next medium. And so ad infinitum | 087ab415-b9b5-40b0-9017-cb9d058b4a60 |
ce0qgb | When you record a festival show or concert why does the music play back much quieter on recordings? | The small mics on your phone are very different from your ears. Also the phone has some audio processing that likely detected the super loud concert level audio and automatically turned down the input sensitivity on the mic.
& #x200B;
Have you ever listened to phone recordings of concerts from 5-10 years ago? They often are very loud and over-driven/distorted. Many of them are useless in terms of audio quality. Phones have improved and their audio recording quality has gone up but there is only so much you can do with tiny mics built into smart-phones. | 0dc9d730-0040-410e-b337-7a0bf4d6e6ef |
ce0ttm | Why do refrigerated canned beverages feel colder once you shake them? | Well, one reason could be that you warm the liquid directly adjacent to your hand, then when you shake it you mix the liquid to expose different liquid to the surface you are heating.
Just like how you flip the pillow to get the cold side. The pillow isn't any cooler, you're just now touching a cooler part of it.
Except, you know, liquid. | 6201d063-5bd7-47e6-9564-b1d49fe10bfe |
ce0w55 | why do women have periods for 3-7 days, why can’t it just all bleed out at once? | Period is uterine lining being disposed of from the body (this is not exactly blood). The purpose of the uterine lining is used to grow a baby in the womb. When the egg is released monthly and and not fertilized, the body gets rid of everything it would have been using to grow a baby. It’s not possible for it to happen all at once because the eggs and cannot be ready for fertilization all at once, and thus discarded all at once if not in use. | 7abc7125-5856-4a96-b6b4-a11f7b795d7a |
ce19me | What's the phenomenon when reading subtitles helps us make out words from white noise? | Your brain is really good at taking in information from everywhere it can to solve problems. We think of sensation and perception being as simple as detecting information that is available, but there's a ton of processing involved, and none of the processing happens 100% separately from the other senses. You sense the sound hitting your eardrum, and then your brain interprets it so that you end up with a perception. In your example, the sensation is the same each time, but your brain isn't sure how to interpret them. The subtitles provide a clue, which changes how your brain interprets them, ie changes your perception. | 950bb2d2-a77f-4274-9aa4-0f6be2ae1ba6 |
ce1k22 | What actually is a game engine, and how do they differ from one another? (e.g. Unreal Engine vs Cryengine) | Think of the game engine like a medium, or a canvas, a computer world where the laws of physics have been made, but it's completely, or very nearly, empty. Even though it's called an engine, it's all just computer programming.
Once you have your engine, the game developer then comes in to create the world within that model, molding the landscape, adding objects and characters, painting it, as well as adding music, dialogue, and story, as well as the specific game rules.
Different game engines may be written in different coding languages, or have different capabilities as far as what can be modeled in the game, and how fast the game can be (also dependent on your computer as well), as well as what kinds of games can be used by the engine, and what consoles the engine can be used in. | 8345ef1b-e3d4-4f0c-800a-f2cf45cf3667 |
ce1nta | How hasn’t natural selection weeded out individuals with bad eyesight, fatal allergies, and everything of the sort? | For natural selection to work, those individuals need to be culled from the gene pool before they reproduce. None of the disorders you mentioned aside from anaphylaxis is fatal. And anaphylaxis is well controlled with epinephrine. | e4d6103a-5a55-4dc0-a9fa-7233bc3e84c5 |
ce1o2l | How are emergency numbers (e.g. 911) handled near borders of countries? | Well in the EU it's the same for all countries and they route 112 to the nearest emergency dispatch. While standing in one country and being connected to a different countries cell tower could cause issues they generally inform the correct emergency service and worst case a German ambulance will pick you up in Belgium. | 733d440c-5447-49ea-9091-e2870b4318c9 |
ce1p61 | why a diesel engine is so much more powerful than an gas engine. | It isn't. An equal size diesel and petrol engine will produce different horsepower, and the gasoline engine will make more of it. The difference is that a large diesel engine making the same amount of horsepower as a gas engine will make loads more torque and consume less fuel. This is why trucks and tractor trailers use large diesel engines.
Torque is useful because it allows towing extremely heavy loads.
TL:DR: Horsepower is how fast you hit the wall, torque is how far you push the wall.
Apologies for the formatting, I'm on mobile. | 282b18b1-ed68-4f1f-8432-9b06d94d6914 |
ce1qq8 | How does probability help in making decisions, like if someone told me there’s 49% chance of rains today, that does not help me in deciding whether to carry an umbrella or not, as it still might rain? | In essence this comes down to risk management, and in general you can say:
> risk = probability x impact
So probability in itself doesn't give enough information. You also need to account for the impact.
For example, we can assign an "inconvenience cost" to both carrying an umbrella and getting wet. Let's say 100 for getting wet, and 50 for carrying an umbrella. Then if there is a 49% chance of rain, your inconvenience risk is 49% x 100 = 49 which is lower than the cost of carrying the umbrella.
Making objective estimations of these values is very hard of course, but that's what's going on statistically. | b03a8899-738e-43dd-9d53-d54e02eed6de |
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