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5l0934 | Why is pork belly not being sold more commonly in the US? | Pork belly is sold in the US, but people rarely buy a slab of meat. They prefer to buy it already processed into cuts, so they buy primarily bacon (normally preferring cured or smoked bacon) and to a lesser degree fatback rather than buying full porkbelly. | c62e0732-1eae-4ca6-a699-fda660a4a395 |
4thj3m | What would happen if very few people voted in the US 2016 Presidential Election ( E.g < 10 million votes) maybe as a protest. Would this open other options after the election? | State law decides how the states use their electors in the college. (There is no federal popular election, but unfortunately this is often misunderstood.) The states choose to determine their vote using a popular election, but I'm not aware of any state that requires a minimum turnout. Perhaps they would retroactively implement one in the event of extraordinarily low turnout or a dubious election; an option would be for the legislature to decide directly or let the governor decide.
In any case, what matters at the end is the votes the states send to Washington. Congress counts them and officially certifies the result; on occasion it has rejected a state's votes (notably during the Civil War, of states in rebellion whose legitimate government was uncertain). If no one has a majority of the Electoral College, the House elects the President, and the Senate the Vice President. | 00a8587d-cac5-4199-935b-72c61023a205 |
4ndd45 | How is the 9th circuit court's decision on concealed carry today reasonable? | The First Amendment guarantees the right to free speech, but you can get in trouble for inciting hate crimes, yelling "I HAVE A BOMB!!!" on an airplane, etc. There are reasonable restrictions to the right to free speech.
"right to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed" does NOT MEAN "there can be absolutely zero rules about guns". | 50795505-5d55-470c-9669-a9cbaa237f15 |
k9w17 | what a vector in terms of art is? | I think you mean vector graphics. Right?
It's just a way to save image files. Basically when you save an image using a vector graphics you save the mathematical equations that produced that image.
The advantages are: high resolution (in theory, infinite, in practice it depends on the screen), you can modify the image without loosing quality, you can compress the image without loosing details.
On the other hand, the weak points are: you have to study a lot to create a nice vector image and complex images require a powerful computer. | 22ca4b33-b63a-4cd9-be25-db7b88777bdf |
8rdz1o | Why is it that you wake up sick but don’t get sick while awake? | I’ve developed a cold throughout the day twice. I know when it happens now because I become really really thirsty and just feel tired on the afternoon. The sniffles start soon after. | ca42d2a7-5983-4fac-9076-6cdd9df2d76d |
3ymsx8 | The security council has 5 permanent members (the winners or WWII) - US, UK, China, Russia, and France. How come other Allied countries that won don't have permanent seats? (Canada, India, Poland) | Because those permanent seats (along with veto rights) were given out to countries that were world powers at the time, not just winners of WWII. Basically, the security council realised that unless they got these five world powers involved, a security council was going to be useless. So they were willing to offer these particular countries a few concessions to get them to sign up. While other countries, such as Canada and India contributed greatly to WWII, they also didn't have the same sort of influence on world politics as Russia or the US did, so it was not that critical to get them on board. | 2d475113-e6e3-4ae1-8b7b-b578567bcadc |
28gj5e | What is a Derivative? | It has a few different meanings in different contexts. What setting are we talking about? | 7e972b45-861e-482f-a4bc-0cc5c50a70a2 |
2cj2mp | When the concentration camps in Nazi Germany were liberated, why were people from local towns forced to bury the dead? | It was because the soldiers liberating the camps were angry. Angry in a way that they had never been angry before, gut-wrenchingly furious. Wanting to lash out in some way.
They did it because they believed that if the German civilians knew about or not it then this would bring it home to them.
Might be right, might not. But that;s how they felt.
Relative was a soldier who liberated a camp. | 11d45326-1694-4b30-a5e3-e8a0a42cca05 |
4ynbom | How do earplugs that block mostly loud sounds selectively (gunshots) work? | If you're asking about the style I think you are, they have a microphone and speaker assembly mounted in an otherwise high-reduction set of earmuffs. The mic and speaker are set up to run normally until a certain decibel threshold is reached, at which point the microphone cuts off and you are effectively on mute until a second or so of less than-activation volume has passed. | 2d7fbf4c-79e6-4492-ac72-8e167d058313 |
5co9wm | Why do some people have nightmares/bad dreams after eating spicy foods? | Spicy foods can cause indigestion while you're sleeping. Stomach pain is commonly associated with fear or anxiety, sending your brain the signal that something is wrong. Because you are asleep your brain takes that anxious feeling and attaches a reason to it creating the narrative in your nightmares. | e441e93a-299b-4ffe-9b56-4db825f11ff4 |
50acf9 | Why does peppermint unblock sinuses? | Menthol and related molecules activate thermoreceptors responding to cold. One of the physiological response to cold is vasoconstriction (your blood vessels "shrink"). When your nose is blocked, it is mostly due to those vessels that are dilated, therefore, menthol can reduce that blocking since it will contract them. | 6ea35e4f-a5d8-4e06-8790-f5977b3a5d93 |
2qh84j | Why does it feel good to stretch out on the floor or in bed in the morning? | Your muscles are held in their shape and place by a filmy covering called "fascia". As you sleep or remain motionless the fascia can grow and restrict muscle movement. A good stretch in the morning moves your muscles and the movement brushes away the fascia growth in the night. And you will feel free and looser. Its also good for you. Keeps you mobile and limber. At least this is my understanding. Hope its been useful or at least interesting! | 9543ab20-db2c-46f8-8083-15c34f5f1073 |
6ixdoy | Why dogs act like they're swimming when they're being held above a body of water. | Most animals have instincts that aren't 'perfect', including humans. These imperfect instincts can react at the wrong time if the animal is in a situation that, evolutionary, it would have needed to react in. So a dog knows it's above water and it starts swimming, because evolutionary when a dog was above water it was just about to fall in...And swimming automatically was the best way to survive.
This does not occur in humans because we have no natural swimming instinct and have to be trained to even keep our heads above water and not breath. See all the little kids who drown in bathtubs. (human *BABIES* have a gag instinct not to breath underwater, but they lose it after a few months)
The closest human analog I can think of off the top of my head is waterboarding torture. You aren't being drowned, you have a plastic wrap over your mouth to prevent you from drowning while they pour water over your face. But your instincts say that when you can't breath and your head is in water you are drowning, so you feel like you are drowning regardless, and the torture works. | b5eed05d-5ef7-4433-a2b7-1e5806c3dec5 |
274sl0 | If everyone uses a form of AD Block Plus how will, Twitcher/Youtuber/Web sites make money? | If they can't show you Ads, they can't make money but less than 10% of those sites' population uses an Ad-blocking pugin/extension, so they don't worry yet. While that percentage keeps shy, big sites won't take action but if everyone uses Adblock or things like that, the sites will start banning people who uses them. | beabf6a9-453e-4859-a1ff-e8c976aa4617 |
45916p | What is the difference between 32 bit and 64 bit windows? | Differences in programming. Why? Because there are different kinds of CPUs, 32 bit and 64 bit.
The primary difference between 32 bit and 64 bit CPUs is the way they index RAM. RAM is used for temporary storage for the CPU when programs run so that the CPU can have quick access to them as opposed to waiting on a drastically slow hard drive to give it the data it needs. To do this, it needs to index what RAM is where, so the CPU itself has storage that indexes the RAM, kind of how a library indexes its books by the Dewey Decimal System, the CPU memorizes where is what needed RAM. The limitation of 32 bit systems is that it can only index a maximum of 4 gigabytes of RAM, while 64 bit CPUs can index 17 billion GB. So basically it can't really use that extra RAM if you have more than 4 GB.
The thing is 32 bit and 64 bit CPUs are so different that they run programs in different ways and need different programs to run, but 64 bit CPUs are reverse compatible with 32 bit programs. This includes OS's.
If you have a 64 bit CPU, use 64 bit Windows. if 32 bit, 32 bit Windows. Most CPUs these days are 64 bit though. | 4890b3dc-5702-43a7-bafc-f93dc51df2cc |
3bpmlk | Why are so many scotches named "Glen-"? | Glen means "valley" in gaelic. Scotland is reasonably hilly, and thus there are a lot of glens (and it's easier to build a distillery in a glen than on a hill!). Many glens were given names: Glencoe, Rutherglen, etc. And just like in every country, a lot of things/products/regions in Scotland are named for their location (think: "Hidden Valley" or "Silicon Valley" or "Nature's Valley"). Finally, and most importantly, "glen" has a pleasant sound that is particularly Scottish. Ergo, lots of Scottish Whiskeys (and particularly those exported) contain "glen" in their name.
Edit: As so many have correctly pointed out, Scotch Whisky is spelled without an "e." But as a whiskey-drinking American (though never with ice, my fine Caledonian friends, lest you be worried), and as a citizen of the country [that best keeps your whisky industry a'distillin](_URL_0_), I'll spell it however I damn please! | 4f18abf5-6932-41b4-87c9-9e9f75fdaf7a |
pf0ma | ELI-Five me Google's new privacy policy taking effect on March 1st, 2012, and what parts of it I should make note of, and/or be concerned about? | First of all, this has been asked [several times in this subreddit](_URL_0_) already.
Second, because I'm such a nice guy, here's an easy-to-understand explanation from the Electronic Frontier Foundation: _URL_1_ | 43697a0d-718e-4bd5-9b39-7a517bfcf5f7 |
3iev18 | The short and long term effects of the airplanes dumping fuel have on the atmosphere, the soil, and on water. | What happens is that it drops down below. There are regulations; fuel dumping is only done in emergency situations, where landing with all that fuel could be dangerous.
It's not a huge problem, since it doesn't happen often. Not only are the airlines not permitted to do it, they aren't inclined to do it unless they have to, because that's just throwing away money.
You dump fuel because you don't want your plane to blow up or catch fire. | a7985a67-88d3-4227-a5e1-f6191a20eb83 |
19ejzb | How do heating elements and filaments work. | Nichrome is (relatively) cheap to make, has a very high melting point (~1400C), and is resistant to continuing oxidation and corrosion. The *resistivity* isn't what matters, what matters is the resist*ance* with respect to the rest of the circuit. You can change the resistance by changing the shape.
The reason materials like nichrome and tungsten are used is because of the benefit you get from being able to run at very high temperatures and survive. For a light bulb, it means that you get a lot of visible light emitted. For a heating element, it means you get much more efficient thermal transfer.
For a heating element, high resistance (with respect to the supply) is desirable. The maximum power will get to the element when its electrical resistance is equal to that of the rest of the system. But that implies that there's as much power dissipated in the rest of the system as in the element....generally a bad thing. No one wants an electric clothes iron with a handle that bursts into flame or melts.
What is better is to have a higher resistance element (with respect to the supply resistance). The total power goes down, as does the power dissipated in the element. But the efficiency (the amount of power dissipated in the element itself) goes up. If Relement=Rsupply, the efficiency is 50%. At Relement=10xRsupply, the efficiency goes up to 91%.
So you figure out how much power you need to dissipate in the element, and how much you can tolerate in the supply, and how low you can make the supply resistance. That will tell you what resistance to make the element. In general, you will want the element to be high resistance with respect to the supply, and you will want the supply to be as low resistance as possible. | 46e1a094-6413-49f0-8eed-2b0c1d9340d6 |
1xd2mi | Explaining the difference between preignition and detonation in a piston engine | I'd be happy to! :)
_URL_0_
The above GIF shows the working cycle of a normal 4-stroke cylinder, found in nearly all cars, normally in 4 or 6 per engine, but in extreme cases up to 16 AFAIK. However, they all work the same - the reason for adding more will soon be seen.
The four strokes are inlet, compression, work and exhaust, or, if it's easier for you to remember: "suck, squeeze, bang, blow".
You'll note that the piston moves up and down twice during these four strokes, thus the engine is only providing power for 25% of the time (which is why you normally want at least 4 cylinders - and to distribute the stresses on the axle evenly...)
**1**:The first stroke is the inlet, where the inlet valve is open and the exhaust valve is closed. The piston moves down, creating a lower pressure, sucking in a mixture of air and gasoline/diesel/whatever, in a ratio of 1:14 by weight), when the piston reaches BDC (bottom dead center), the inlet valve closes, and you have
**2**: The compression stroke - where both valves are closed, and the piston moves up, but since the mixture of air and gasoline has nowhere to go, it is compressed and thus heated. At (or actually a little tiny bit before) TDC (top dead center) a spark is ignited, lighting the mixture, pushing the piston down in the
**3**: BANG stroke... where both the inlet and exhaust valves are closed to prevet any gas from escaping, so you get maximum power. Upon reaching BDC, you have the...
**4**: Exhaust cycle, where the exhaust valve opens, and the upwards movement of the piston forces out the exhaust gasses. ...And then it all starts over.
Now, think back to the compression cycle: The mixture of gasoline and air is being compressed and thus heated rapidly, and if the sparkplugs "fire" too early (too much beforre TDC), this is pre-ignition, and the piston loses much of its power, since a fairly large part of the energy from the combustion is trying to push the piston in the opposite direction. Not good. But still not as bad as...
DETONATION... (insert ominous music)... Please be aware it is called a combustion engine, not a explosion/detonation engine. Under normal circumstances, the fuel is ignited and combusted in a controlled rapid burning. Detonation happens when the mixture of fuel and air detonates BEFORE the sparkplugs fire due to too high compression and temperature. A detonation is MUCH more powerful than a normal combustion, and will fuck you up. This can happen if you use gasoline of the wrong grade. 80 instead of 95 for example.
Detonation sucks MAJOR DONKEY BALLS. It will most likely shoot the affected piston out through the side of your cowling, forcing you to make a series of rapid and unpleasant decisions.
**TL;DR: Preignition sucks, detonation has the potential to kill you. Use the right grade of gasoline for your engine. Never lower than recommended. Higher is alright.**
Source: Former pilot. | 9fca5cf3-ea1a-47cf-a5c3-ca125368ee0d |
3s5vkl | How is Reddit still "unprofitable" if the average daily reddit gold goal is 100%? | I thought the whole point of reddit gold was to pay for the servers, not to profit. I thought the daily goal was equal to the daily cost of running reddit servers.
Am I wrong? | 9fef2b3f-c342-4a1c-ba49-1d8365869f25 |
31ub24 | Why is it hard to remember dreams? | It is difficult to remember dreams, because dreams take place in the brains pre-frontal cortex whereas memories and movements are stored in the cerebral cortex. Lucid dreams occur when our dreams drift into our cerebral cortex. This is the kind of thing that you learn in Neurology 101!
Fox, Mason T. "Christopher A. Walsh, MD, PhD Research Abstract | _URL_0_." _URL_0_. Penguin Publishing, 17 Jan. 1997. Web. 08 Apr. 2015. | 492ff035-b8f7-412e-be1a-67964b982440 |
2vyhc3 | Why perfectionism is a negative trait? What's difference between perfectionism and doing someone's best? | [This xkcd comic puts it pretty well.](_URL_0_)
Or, there's the saying "Don't hold a $1000 meeting to solve a $100 problem."
In many situations, there's no approach that is objectively the "best" solution. Let's say I have a job interview, and I want to look my best. I put on a blazer, slacks, nice shirt... and a tie. Red tie or blue tie? I try both on and look in a mirror. I ask a friend for advice. I won't leave until I'm sure. It's one thing if I want to put on the best outfit and impress a hiring committee; it's something else if I spend so long composing that outfit that I'm late for the interview and shoot myself in the foot.
Searching for perfection is good. Allowing that search to hold you back in other ways may not be. That's what perfectionism refers to. It can be a good trait up to a point. | fa6499db-f55a-416f-a481-a55efc1f437d |
6cgru6 | Why can't you remember the exact moment you fall asleep? | We don't yet fully understand how memory works, or how sleep works, so any answer to this question is going to be making assumptions. But we do know a few things:
1. When you are sleeping, your brain does not form memories in teh same way as it does when you are awake.
2. Memories (and indeed experiences) are not immediate - there is a delay as your brain processes what is happening.
From this, we could assume that the moment you fall asleep is not remembered because it happens, and then there is a delay before the memory would be created, and then your sleeping brain does not create the memory.
This is definitely a simplification. | 7f11263c-388f-4568-8659-2bee8b37fc77 |
39ui04 | What is going on with the California drought? | California hasn't been getting enough rain. The first year, everyone was thinking this was a short term problem and would resolve itself. The third year... water reserves are growing low and there's serious concern that if things don't change, California won't have enough water to not only continue with industrial agriculture but also keep their citizens alive.
The main issue here is that there are a lot of farms in California using TONS of water. Regular use by citizens is a drop in the bucket compared to how much gets used for growing crops. | 2c5f16d5-b8da-44c1-bd43-b9db8114d746 |
6q0xff | How does a magnetic core, like Earth's, form? I have a very rudimentary understanding of how planets form. But, how did the Earths core end up like it is now? | Earth's magnetic field comes from the molten outer core. When our sun was young, leftover gas and dust from it's formation orbited around it in a disc. clumps of this gas and dust started to swirl together to form the planets. The denser elements like iron and nickel fall to the center where under immense pressure and heat, the inner solid core and outer molten core formed, which is what gives us our magnetic field.
Any rocky planet with a similar metal component to Earth should have a similar internal structure. Mars once had a liquid outer core but because it's much smaller than Earth, it cooled faster and solidified, meaning Mars no longer has a magnetic field. | 5babfc8e-b07e-45b7-bb5a-3d12f54202b0 |
1lowvd | Why dont we build cars using water electrolysis? | It takes more power to electrolyze water than we can recover from burning it. | 724c8850-dd88-4796-af54-63d59c9eb1ec |
77i9hl | Security Certificates (root, wildcard, etc) | Certificates are cryptographically signed electronic documents that are generated and released by "certificate authorities". The certificate authority is an organization that says "Okay, we're going to issue all of these certificates. We trust them to be who they say they are. Therefore if you trust us, you implicitly trust them."
The root certificate is the certificate that the authority basically issues to itself that all other certificates generated by the authority are keyed from. Once you trust the root certificate, you trust all certificates generated by the root certificate.
Most certificates issued are issued to a limited number of hostnames, like a single certificate will have www._URL_0_ and _URL_0_ on it as acceptable hostname. A wildcard certificate has *._URL_0_, which means it can be used on all sites in the _URL_0_ domain. While this may seem simple to manage, it is open to security issues. You have to put the certificate and key on every server in the domain, so if one server gets hacked and the key/cert get stolen, you have to replace it on every server in the domain.
Edit: Formatting and wording. | 897ab13f-e318-47d7-b306-5ba16fe93ceb |
6bn7nb | Why is wheat now mostly grown in temperate and cold-winter regions when it came from the fertile crescent? | Two reasons:
* In the Fertile Crescent, wild wheat relatives grow over winter, flower in late winter (and subsequently can be harvested for grain in the spring or early summer). As it evolved to deal with the cold winter nights of the Fertile Crescent, which made it very adaptable to the cold, more so than many other grains\*, it can be grown in cold regions where other grains don't do well. And in warm regions there are other grains, like corn, that do better in the warm than wheat.
* As wheat spread out of the Fertile Crescent to colder climates in Europe, it started to be planted later in the year after the coldest part of winter. So it became a spring crop, to be harvested in late summer or early fall.
But anyway, wheat isn't "mostly" grown in temperate and cold regions. India and China are the largest wheat producing countries (with USA at number 4) and they're all at a similar latitude to the fertile crescent ([see map of wheat production](_URL_1_)). But yes, it is grown in cold climates, especially in Europe and Canada (though it's grown as a spring/summer crop there).
\*Pretty much the only grain more cold tolerant is the close relative of wheat, barley, which [quite possibly was partly domesticated in Tibet](_URL_0_). On the other hand, wheat uses C3 photosynthesis so will never be able to out-compete C4 plants like corn, sorghum or millet for growing in hot, sunny climates. | 175bfa98-138f-408c-9709-6f1f224f4f88 |
q6x5h | Why do Americans think it is inappropriate to wear the same clothes two days in a row? | Since the middle ages the first world has developed a long way in questions of body-hygiene. Since then people always have become more focused on being clean, because at the beginning this was quite useful. Within the last few generations I think the top-point of usefulness was left behind without being noticed by the majority of our modern society. So today many people see every trace of body-odour and things like that as a sign of being dirty. This is not the case, but it is just where this development has brought us. As a result, for many people being "clean" means changing your clothes every day. | 8075e0b4-6809-4f22-8795-729e67a82d6a |
4w301j | What do the sanctions against Kim Jong Un mean? How can you sanction a physical person/country leader? | The US maintains a big list full of people you can't do business with. You can see it right here (you can confirm that Kim Jong Un is on this list):
_URL_0_
Part of my job at the company I work for is to go through this list and make sure that none of the people we do business with (at least in the context of the sanction) is on this list. Of course, the government isn't watching you all the time so it's your responsibility to make sure the people you do business with aren't sanctioned. You probably won't get in trouble for selling a terrorist a cookie, but if you ever end up in a situation where both of you wind up in court due to some kind of business dispute and authorities find out they're on the list, you can be in trouble. | 9e70023b-f877-4a2e-babd-af3e09886653 |
5w55xp | Why are teeth naturally white? | Because through the various traits of evolution (which doesn't really have a why, it just is) a substance which happens to be white turned out to be the best one for chewing food. | a2bff6b5-6928-42ae-813b-ca4d2f9ad7f2 |
4zubm3 | Why does a GPS tracker require a monthly fee/service to "connect," but a GPS car navigator (e.g. Garmin) does not? | So GPS is a completely passive technology. A GPS receiver listens to signals broadcast by a group of satellites at known locations, and uses the timing difference between those signals to calculate its own location relative to the satellites.
But the end result is that *only the GPS receiver knows its location*. The satellites don't even know that it exists. But if you want to track someone remotely, how do you get the location off of the GPS receiver and onto your computer/phone screen? You have to have it transmit its location somehow. For instance, over the cellular phone network. And *that* is what you're paying for. Without a subscription, the tracker will still know where it is; that costs nothing. But it won't be able to remotely *tell* you where it is. | dfa3dd4d-f69a-4c15-85c2-39d1209ff94c |
34tq2o | How does DDOS protection work? And why do so many companies (such as eSports tournament organizers) have trouble defending themselves against DDOS? | Great question. There are many ways of protecting a server or site from DDOS attacks. DDOS attacks occur when a server is overwhelm with connection request packets, this is much like try to get on a train (the server) but the massive crowd surrounding you blocks your entry. so to prevent this you may use a proxy between the server you wish to protect and the outside world. then using access controls, all external connections are blocked except when coming from the proxy server. because external connections are blocked a ddos becomes ineffective, they may attack the proxy (aka bastion host) but the servers themselves remain safe, then simply swtich proxies.
there are also intrusion detection and intrusion prevention systems, these are security layers that come as both software and dedicated hardware. they study the network and watch for signs of malicious activity, things like excessive bandwidth use, sudden spikes, strange new connections that may or may not be legitimate. these systems will react to a ddos attack and begin individually blocking ips that are overwhelming the system with connections.
you can change other settings in the server, to change the timers that drop connection packets, distribute your service across many servers so they may not all be attacked. or you can hire large corporations with systems designed to be ddos protected, and many of these companies simply have so much bandwidth and a strong counter-measure system to mitigate a ddos as it happens. | f664706e-518a-4a5e-935f-1ff30807476b |
4cejof | When you throw a ball in a parabola, does it actually trace a parabola? | A parabola is what you get in the idealised case where the force of gravity is a constant. This is a good aproximation for movement near Earth's surface, 13,000km from the planet's centre. In your case, though, gravity is nowhere near a constant, so the parabola becomes an ellipse. | 062d01a4-8eb9-44ab-ba5e-9720bc431741 |
3yj8pt | What if we had different math. Would we understand the world? | Nothing about the fact we use base 10 affects how scientists, economists, or other experts understand the universe. They just need *some* way to write down numbers. In most of their work, the actual numbers don't even show up until the end -- the important work is in describing how one factor relates to another, and this is done with variables and equations, not specific numbers. | f59bcdca-a2e3-4601-9eb6-2b86bc5eec5e |
5ofd1j | What causes us to be mesmerized by fractals and certain repeating images, such as in a .gif? | Our brains are logic machines, similar to computers. Our brain takes in large amounts of data every second and has to make sense of it all. To do this, the brain looks for patterns (similar to a compression algorithm in computer software) that can quickly process the data into something recognizable. It why we prefer symmetry in everything (the most symmetrical faces are considered the prettiest, for example). So, anytime we see repeatable, predictable patterns, our brain is happy as it does not have to work as hard to process that visual data. | e90136c7-8233-4239-8d47-363472a8921e |
szxz4 | How does purchasing goods from across the world work? | You have to trust the indian that he will send the goods, just like you trust _URL_0_ will send the goods after you give them your CC info. If the indian wants to sell to international buyers, he will have a bank account setup to accept foreign money.... | 357ae7d3-0bb7-40c7-a367-a6e952ab58ba |
1s8nik | The difference between classful and classless routing protocols. | **TL;DR: Classful routing protocols do not take the subnet mask into consideration when routing packets. Classless routing protocols do and allow subnetting.**
This is a pretty good question. I will try and explain it to the best of my ability.
Let's look at 2 routing protocols. RIP and RIPv2.
RIP is a classful routing protocol. It is only able to route based on the class of address, meaning that if you have a class A network block (lets say 10.0.0.0), anything that starts with a 10.x.x.x will be routed as though it is on the same network. RIP is unable to read the subnet mask and therefore will assume that the subnet mask matches the class of address. (For a class A network it would look like this: 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0). Even if you had subnetted this address space with a different subnet mask (say 255.128.0.0) RIP would be unable to see this mask, and therefore would route everything into the same network. This can obviously cause a lot of waste, even in a class C network. You may only want 2 addresses, but are forced to use the entire block of 256 for your network.
RIPv2, however, IS able to see the subnet mask. That means when the router receives a packet it looks at both the address and the subnet mask to determine where to send it. In the scenario above we used the address 10.0.0.0 with the subnet mask of 255.0.0.0. If we were to subnet this space into two networks we would have Network 1 with the address of 10.0.0.0 - 10.127.255.254 with a subnet mask of 255.128.0.0 and Network 2 of 10.128.0.0 - 10.255.255.254 with the subnet mask of 255.128.0.0. By borrowing the extra bit from the next octet of the subnet mask, RIPv2 is able to see that there are 2 networks here. It then consults its routing table to see where to send the packet based on which network the address range falls in to. This allows you to have multiple networks for only one address space.
Edit: some clarifications. | b6c0433a-7c50-4fac-aaa4-1e8456b7e37f |
24to03 | Why, after an emotionally taxing event such as a tough breakup or loss in the family, do people not experience hunger for a while? | When at rest and not in danger, the body is in what is called the parasympathetic system. Also known as the "rest and digest" phase, this is the time where the body will build new cells and absorb as much energy as possible from food.
When in danger, the body goes into fight or flight, or the the sympathetic system. The body decides that the skeletal muscles should get the most energy, and digestion and immune systems are put on the back burner because what use are they when you are dead? That is why people will urinate and deficate themselves when extremely scared. You can feel this happening when you get butterflies in your stomach. That's the blood leaving your stomach and into you skeletal muscles to prepare them for work.
In today's society humans are not hunted left and right, and we have time to focus on emotions and the such. We can get so worked up over emotion, that we may actually trigger the sympathetic system. This is why stressed out people seem to get sick more, their immune system is diminished by the sympathetic system.
This is very, very over simplified; I am a high school student and this is what my teacher told me when I asked this question several months ago. | 220c0762-9aaf-451c-adda-2f27f3d49e83 |
vl9rc | The relationship between thunder and lightning | Lightning is very hot, and quickly heats up the air right next to it around 35,000°F (hotter than the Sun's surface). Heating up the air this quickly causes it to expand really fast, creating a sonic boom. It's the same process that happens when a firecracker going off, but on a much larger scale. | 2e79558f-8d3c-4512-8e1f-55636158be38 |
41a3g6 | How would you explain the Trinity? How can God and Jesus be different and the same. | Not a Christian anymore, but I went to a private christian school throughout all of highschool, so I hope those mandatory Jesus classes taught me something. Jesus is the Son of God because he was given birth to on Earth. He lived his life as a human and even died. This humanity factor makes him separate from God, a unique aspect. He is god because he has a divine nature - I mean he was (if you go by the bible) born of a virgin and did lots of miracle things.
Think of it this way. You have the week right? Monday - sunday. If monday - friday (the work week) is "god" - the god at the top of the trinity god, the GOD god, and saturday is Jesus, and sunday is the holy spirit, they are all separate beings because they can be defined in separate terms or all under one term.
I hope this makes sense. | a9d5325c-abc9-4809-8012-a8936a1e800f |
1s9e2l | How are people/groups of people legally allowed to place "bounties" on others? | They're not "bounties" like in the Boba Fett sense. They're rewards to turn over information which would lead to arrest/prosecution. Boba Fett bounties ("Capture and/or kill this person") are illegal. | 3be7c1d6-1d2c-4498-a4c4-3221276ce302 |
5aiykb | How is that after Obamacare/Affordable Care Act prices actually rose? | There are several reasons, all working in tandem.
1) The ACA requires people to get insurance or pay a fine at tax time. The fine is slated to go up each year. While a number of people have decided to eat the fine, a lot got insurance to avoid it. Higher demand means prices go up.
2) In an effort to get more people insured, the ACA states that you can't be denied for preexisting conditions. This means that unhealthy people are getting insurance. People who are more expensive to take care of mean that prices go up.
3) A lot of the insurance companies didn't want to see the ACA work for various reasons. In particular Blue Cross Blue Shield, United, and Aetna have pulled out of a lot of states because the ACA says that in order to sell private insurance you also have to offer it through _URL_0_. Lower supply means prices go up.
4) Nineteen states, particularly red states, refused to expand Medicare in their state, which would have given more options to a portion of their population. Less competition means the price goes up.
5) The ACA did nothing to address the insane costs of healthcare in the US. Our healthcare simply costs too much out of pocket for most people to pay. This is for a number of factors, but when there's no incentive for costs to come down, they're likely to just keep going up. More expensive healthcare means more expensive health insurance.
6) The health insurance system in the US is set up to be bloated and inefficient. Doctors and insurances set up contracts individually, determining in network and out of network. A doctor has to do this with every insurance company, and an insurance company has to do this with every doctor. After a person gets healthcare, the doctor bills the insurance for a lot more than the care is worth, then the insurance tries to find a way out of paying entirely. Eventually the doctor and the insurance negotiate down to something "reasonable". If the doctor's out of network it's even more complex. A lot of people's careers depend on this inefficiency so there's little incentive for them to change it. Inefficiency means prices go up.
Points 1-4 are mostly the fault of the ACA. Points 5-6 may not be, but are problems that existed before the ACA and were not addressed.
TL;DR: Higher demand, more expensive people to insure, lower supply, and healthcare is too expensive and inefficient.
Edit: One more thing... not all insurances are the same. People tend to try to go for the cheapest option, which isn't likely to cover very much. If someone gets "disaster" insurance or a plan with a high deductible and something expensive happens to them like falling off a roof or getting surgery, they likely can't afford to pay for the healthcare whether the insurance helps pay for it or not. | 34a00e3d-b54a-4522-8901-4de36bce026c |
13gnly | Why is Obama visiting Burma a big deal? | Burma (or Myanmar) was a military dictatorship for decades. Not as isolated as North Korea, but still one of the most isolated and authoritarian countries on earth. Myanmar has recently taken steps towards becoming more democratic, and releasing government control over the economy. An American President visiting Myanmar (the first President ever to do so) shows the progress that has been made. | 5d1677b7-cf6a-4314-bb24-ce8389c00430 |
vgum3 | What caused the 2008 financial crisis (nonpartisan please)? | Well you have to start off with how a housing market works. First house prices are determined by a couple things: Size of the house, quality of the house (i.e. features the house has, how it looks, etc.), location, and this one ties in with location demand. So let's rewind back to the mid-90's: We were in an economic boom coming out the recession. The unemployment was dropping to 1960's levels (in some months, overall average was ~5%) and the poverty rate was dropping. Crime was dropping. Basically everything bad, was dropping. Because of this, the government thought it would be a good idea to start pushing that everyone deserves a home. The idea is simple, the more people who have a home, increases demand, which not only creates jobs, but also raises the value of the neighbor up by proxy. This means that there would be more money in the economy, which means more a far more stable economy. This push was also facilitated by a report from HUD that basically said, African-Americans and latino Americans were frequently denied loans to buy homes, at a rate much higher than European Americans (i.e. white people). So President Clinton put in an iniative to have more minority home owners.
Now let's move on to the late 90's: Because the economy was doing so well, and it looked like stability would not ever be an issue for at least several years, the Fed (headed by Alan Greenspan at the time) thought it would be a good idea to remove some of the finical burdens placed from depression era laws. One of the big ones was Glass-Steigel, basically the law said that investment banks couldn't merge with regular savings and checking banks. This was put in because when the depression hit, the banks were hit hard, because everyone was removing their money from their accounts, well that money wasn't there, it was instead used to invest in the stock market, which meant that people had lost all of their money they saved in the banks. This caused people to not trust banks, and because they survived on the revenue from loans and investing (which they can only do if they have money on hand from people's savings accounts,etc.) they failed and money was literally lost. Well there's a little but of foreshadowing.
Next the 00's: After the dot com boom of the early 00's the economy was stale at best. We were not in any means in a recission, and the jobless rate wasn't that high, but we weren't in the economy boom of the 90's. Well the problem was, the government was still pushing for home ownership for everyone, so this meant that house prices were rising and rising and rising, and this also meant that most people really couldn't afford to buy a nice home anymore. But the banks needed those homes to be able to sell derivatives, which are basically a large group of items, bundled together and sold off to an investor, who then plays them on the market. If the bundle is good, and the bills get paid, then the bundle sells and everyone makes money. If the bundles are bad, the investor loses all his money, and the bank isn't left to foot the bill, and the bank also got to keep the money from selling the derivative (You can see the problem there). So they were telling people "Hey you can afford this house!" Even though the house costs $250,000 and you only make $40,000 a year. They would convince of this by selling them that their loan payments would only be $X a month, which would be reasonable for them. They didn't tell them that the interest rate wasn't lock (and in some cases told them it was, when it really wasn't) and so in a year or two the monthly payment was now $3X which they couldn't afford. The banks didn't care about forclosure, because they have sold the bundle off, made money on interest and selling the bundle, and because everyone was wanting to buy, could easily resell the house at the same price and start the process over again. This couldn't last forever.
And the final piece of the puzzle, refinancing. People who bought their homes before the house prices skyrocketed, realized they had equity in their homes, a lot of it. Basically equity is the amount your house (or any item purchased on a loan really) is worth, more than what you got the loan for. Example: if I buy a house worth $10,000 and I paid $5,000 down, I have $5,000 of equity in my home, so say on a later date if I want the $5,000 back in a loan form, I can refinance the home and get the $5,000 back. Because people had so much equity in their homes, they decided to refinance, and get that money in their hands. This meant that instead of having equity in their homes, they had a loan for the exact value the house was worth at that very moment. (Foreshadowing again).
So now to the collapse: The market started to see that maybe this derivatives (bundles) weren't the best idea. A lot of the homes were defaulting and on the way to foreclosure. So they started selling the derivatives and fast. This meant the investors lost money, a lot of money, and so they stopped buying the bundles from a lot of the banks. Also the banks started to realize, they couldn't sell these foreclosed homes as fast as they wanted, and were going to be stuck with them on their books. So they started trying to sale refinancing bundles, but some of those were going into default and the investors had enough of any bundles involving homes. Banks started to lose a lot of money. Home values dropped because of foreclosures and a drop in demand. The banks filed bankruptcy, and the ones that didn't, stopped lending money, so small businesses couldn't make payrolls and had to lay people off. And because the banks were so large (because they were allowed to merge with anyone) when they fell the ripple effect across the economy was fast and devastating.
So the after effects: House prices dropped dramatically, and people were now under water with their homes loans (meaning they owed more than what their house was worth). This also meant they were in negative equity. Also because of layoffs and a collapsing jobs market, there was more foreclosures and banks lost even more money. It was a vicious loop that took the world economy down the drain with it. We are seeing some positive movements in the market now, but the problem is still systematic, and it hasn't been addressed yet.
There is more to it, such as middle man investors, the rating systems basically taking bribes for better ratings on the derivatives, and just bad business practices. But the core of the problem lies in what is above.
ELY5: People got really greedy and started inviting people to a party in their house, and lied to them and that there was enough room for everyone in the party, when there really wasn't. And because the policemen who were sent to watch these people allowed them to have a big party, even though they knew that last time they did it the house got messed up, when the greedy people got too crazy, there was too many of them in the house and the house collapsed, and it made a big mess that will take a long time to fix. | a91a74d1-368b-4f27-b5c9-2d69470b9013 |
6j3036 | How can rain fall at different speeds? | Larger raindrops have higher terminal velocity than smaller raindrops due to mass increasing disproportionately with respect to the cross-section presented to the atmosphere in the "down" direction. | dc3e5935-c5a0-4f05-a479-65b952fb7421 |
2wslo8 | Why does hot water rise and cold water sinks but ice floats? | Ice is less dense than water, due to a quirk of its molecular structure. When water freezes its molecules form ring structures, increasing the volume without increasing the total mass. This reduces density, and since objects less dense then the liquid they're in float, ice floats. | c481f4c6-74b4-4db1-9b9f-ec31de586da6 |
2h6sze | How does esp and other sport networks come up with these obscure stats? | They have computer programs that do it. All the stats are recorded and maintained by either the league or the media themselves (usually both), so the data is all there. It's just a question of writing a computer program that pieces together stats out of that data, which isn't that hard to do: computers don't mind just combing through spreadsheets for hours.
The programs themselves aren't simple, but the basic idea is that you have the program constantly look for patterns of data and learn to flag it as "maybe this is interesting (it doesn't actually know)." So, since it's been keeping track, it knows that it hasn't seen the pattern of "lefty with 4 doubles, a single, and one error" since 1882, so that's rare enough to potentially be interesting.
edit: I should add that it's a person who actually chooses what goes on screen. The computer just gives them a bunch of options. | 6751e3c0-1a92-4fd6-a877-8792734ebb41 |
3u34nv | when cannabis was still illegal in the US, how did high profile smokers e.g. Snoop Dogg, Seth Rogen etc. Not get charged for possesion? | Uh...I thought cannabis was still illegal in the U.S.
Maybe not all parts of it, but...you know... | 89773c00-583b-4db8-8e5d-7bbeacdcf707 |
1t2zqo | How do you tell the difference between a real and fake diamond with the naked eye? | Find some glass you don't care about and drag the diamond across its surface, a real diamond will score the glass whereas a fake diamond will just glide along. | df72cc22-57c5-46a7-8ea1-45da67c72b8a |
4xo664 | why is it comfortable to sleep under a warm blanket in a cool room but uncomfortable to sleep without a blanket in a warm room? | I just had a lecture on this last week. The main reason is that during REM sleep the way our body makes heat (thermogenesis) is much less efficient, almost to the point that we become "cold blooded". During REM sleep we don't make as much heat so our body temperature is dependent on our environment. We need to sleep with blankets because blankets keep the air around us warm enough that during REM sleep we don't get too cold. This is why we can get hot early in the night (when non-REM sleep occurs) but later on, in REM sleep, wake up and put blankets on because we are too cold. Also, when you nap for short periods of time, under 30 minutes or so, you don't enter REM sleep and don't need a blanket. The lack of thermogenesis during REM sleep is seen in all mammals, and all mammals have some sort of way to keep themselves warm during REM sleep, like nesting, using certain postures, or sleeping in packs. This excludes whales and dolphins which sleep with only half of their brain at a time.
A lot of people are mentioning stuff about not needing blankets when it's hot, or only needing them when cold. If you're sleeping in a room that's 98 degrees with no blankets, during non-REM sleep you will be too warm and during REM sleep you will be fine because the environment is at body temp. But if you are in a room that's 70 degrees without a blanket, during non-REM sleep you will be fine because your body can make heat, but during REM you will be very cold because your body's only source of heat is the 70 degree environment which is too cold. In general, our body's thermoregulation is better in non-REM sleep so we can cool off better in non-REM with blankets than we are able to warm up in REM sleep without blankets.
Sources: _URL_0_, _URL_1_
As other have said there is probably some conditioning involved too. If you can't nap for 30 minutes without a blanket the problem is not body temperature, you're just used to having blankets on.
Edit. Another cool thing I learned: One of the first thing that happens when you reach even the lightest stages of sleep is that your body's temperature set point is "reset" and lowered. If you're ever sitting or laying down almost asleep and feel yourself get a little chilled, you probably fell asleep for a few seconds and your temperature point got reset. Some people end up sweating a lot early in the night due to their body trying to lower it's temperature to reach the new set point. | ec976d39-4698-46b9-abdd-e9bc48192fda |
3ivd33 | What is an example of a second world country? | The meaning of "first" and "third world country" has changed from the cold war meaning to "rich" and "poor country". "Second world country" is not really used in the new context, instead in between countries are called things like emerging market and threshold country. | c42e5953-b7f5-4618-a1e6-79e77f950200 |
2hi1dt | Why are the censorship guidelines for song lyrics and music video content so different from censorship for something like film? | I think it's because of the replays. You go in to watch a movie and see it once. On your way to work/school/whatever, you could hear these songs 4 or 5 times, everyday. The repetition..
Edit: words | 951025fd-2993-41f2-aa6f-ab442214d384 |
20pxtb | How do people develop a phobia? | I just came here to point out that trypophobia isn't a real phobia. It's a survival thing. It stems from your body not wanting to enter a small space because if anything at all shifts you will be stuck in that space and die. I really hate how popular that phrase has become because it's as normal as a fear of the dark or sharp teeth. | 720bda2f-125e-45f7-b1a2-00046987326b |
23dmo6 | How does hair grow AFTER shaving? | Shaving only removes the hair that's exposed. It does not remove the hair root. Your leg hair will grow back after shaving
When it does grow back, the tip of the hair will be flat. That's what causes the prickling. Plucked hairs grow back more naturally feel | 8c1238d2-a2da-47bf-b19c-267fc499366a |
17an7x | Why Wikipedia is a good resource, or bad resource, for information. | Wikipedia is absolutely enormous, and has a huge amount of information on just about any subject, from Franco-Prussian relations regarding mules to a list of all sasquatch sightings.
If even 1/100 facts are wrong, then every article will get a detail wrong, even with no malicious users.
It gets problematic with any controversial subject. Is Barack Obama the best president known to man, or scientifically certified muslim atheist fascist commie who will drive America to ruin? Was George W. Bush the best president ever, or right-wing moron puppet nutjob who bankrupted companies because he has the IQ of a retarded squirrel?
No one source can give you a balanced opinion.
There are two great ways to use any information source: use it for generalities (Obama is currently the president, he is a Democrat, and rather controversial), or use it as a source for more information by reading the cited articles.
Never bet your life's savings on the accuracy of Wikipedia, or any other website, or really the newspapers or TV, probably not on the Encyclopedia Britannica, maybe on school textbooks, but definitely not on Reddit, this response included.
TL;DR: This answer is probably wrong. | 2d8b2c8a-c21e-4b5d-a760-e7587b96eb6f |
32punt | If I bought a brand new muffler for a car, put it to my mouth and screamed, would it make any noise? Why/why not? | Mufflers are tuned in such a way to cancel out a specific type of noise. A 9 year old screaming would probably not be "muffled" to the extent that an engine is. [Read more here](_URL_0_). | 5e928744-50d4-48f1-95e7-c069fb97a580 |
5jwhsc | How does 3D computer graphics work, and what is the math behind them? | 3D computer graphics work through trigonometry. Since before the Renaissance, we've known how to move and rotate one point around another point, using properties of a right triangle ("sin" and "cosine" specifically.) So in the computer, we define "objects" by telling the computer a list of triangles defined by points in 3D space. Then we program trigonometry functions into the computer so that we can move and rotate those 3D objects.
The overwhelmingly vast majority of 3D computer graphics occur in
simple "euclidean space", where one dimension goes forward/back, one dimension goes side-to-side, and one dimension goes up-and-down. There are a few special cases where we'll use different coordinate systems, such as in the case of spherical harmonics for advanced game lighting engines, or quaternion rotation for skeletal animation.
"Wireframe graphics" is just a way of displaying objects. Instead of drawing each triangle, you just draw the edge around each triangle. This is useful if you want to get a clear look at all the triangles that make up the object, or if you want to see inside the object.
The "middle" point you are referring to is probably "the origin." The origin point is the point at coordinate [0,0,0] and all other points are defined in relation to it. I'm not sure what your "strange angle" is in regards to.
There is no minimum distance between points in 3D computer graphics, beyond a thing called epsilon which is a side-effect of data precision (computers can only count to a limited number of decimal places.) | b2036476-f88a-4bd2-b8e7-cc099eb8375b |
1uhb2n | why does some poop sink and others floats? | Just for a quick answer a poop that floats is caused by having a larger amount of fat in it. | 4132ba0b-cb9d-4705-bccc-07220c9b070f |
158y9b | I've heard that roads tend to be safer without speed limits. Why does the US still have them? | Because roads *are* safer with speed limits. There are many scientists who work in road safety, and they would be in 99% agreement over this. The European and Scandanavian countries that have the lowest fatality rates in the world also have the lowest speed limits (UK, Netherlands, Sweden). | c5ef1372-797b-47c1-8cc5-4544b3b31595 |
2msqxu | If someone were farsighted in one eye and nearsighted in the other, wouldn't they just balance out? | You aren't viewing the farsighted lens' vision through the nearsighted lens, to correct the farsightedness, or vice versa.
You've got a farsighted (out of focus) image, and a near-sighted (out of focus) image. Two out of focus images. | fba9ce6a-cfa2-4faa-bb13-ead861881f38 |
3slc6d | Why do all in-flight map screens seem to utilise the same laggy style and design in this day and age of Google Earth? | The computers on planes are years old because of the extensive and time-consuming safety testing they have to undergo, plus the delay in getting them installed (the airline doesn't like to take the plane out of service for upgrades). | 31540de3-2244-4779-be02-dcafb111e6f0 |
2fhcp7 | how are we able to manufacture computer processors with such high precision? Wouldn't just a few defective transistors out of the billions on the chip cause it to malfunction? | Actually, a lot of the transistors produced ARE defective. Sometimes yields are quite low... usually below 50%! The "secret" to producing chips that don't malfunction is that each chip is individually tested and verified to be working properly. Kinda like condoms :) | eebc1eb7-f224-4770-b8a1-8a7ad0902e8c |
20lmbe | Why does Zyrtec work for my feline allergies but not pollen? | no idea. zyrtec works great for me for allergies to pollen. | 40b473b4-2e33-47d5-98ec-282e7aafc34a |
2iiv5u | How can old game emulators create save states perfectly at any moment? | An emulator is a lot like a virtual machine, in that you can do many more things (such as create snapshots of a single point in time) with them than you can with the operating system itself. A save state is a snapshot of the contents of the RAM within the emulated system, which can be loaded back into RAM by the emulator. | 30f5614a-7bbd-4d93-80cb-15d9053cbc68 |
4g4nme | The difference between feminism and equality? | Feminism is a movement or school of thought concerned with equality.
Equality is a concept regarding the state of being similarly valuable. Equality in this context means people within society having equal opportunities or equal social status | e6c41f7c-9b69-490b-81a4-1f85b0a3d15d |
7bved3 | How auto-dimming rearview mirrors work | Yarr! Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:
1. [ELI5: how do auto-dimming rearview mirrors work? ](_URL_0_)
1. [ELI5: how do autodimming mirrors work? ](_URL_1_) | a30414a3-35cb-4a77-a1d5-81de3d5fb24c |
6r7ljj | Why are parents more worried about giving their kids more freedom compared to the 70's to 90's when the crime rate was higher? | The actual crime rate was higher, but the perception of crime is higher now. Lots of people talk about how the world got unsafer. That is not based on actual crime statistics (which have all been going down) but rather on the fact that because we live in such an interconnected world nowadays, we hear *everything*. And we hear it 24/7 due to the constant news cycle. That means people are hearing about things that happen that they would not have heard about 20 or 30 years ago, which makes it seem like these things are happening more often to them. | a59d7f36-af67-4790-9518-20f73867592f |
1ija8q | What is the difference between turbulent and laminar flow in a fluid? | Laminar as in layers. In laminar flow, the layers of air flowing across a surface or through a conduit move in the same direction at the same speed. In turbulent flow, the air tumbles around in different directions at different speeds. You can see turbulent flow as you pour cream into coffee.
Turbulent flow makes cooling your PC less efficient. Most PC enclosures aren't well-shaped to use laminar flow to increase cooling efficiency. If the PC enclosure were essentially tubular with the circuit boards parallel to the axis, this would encourage laminar flow (Hmm, didn't somebody recently introduce a new computer designed this way?).
Turbulent flow also decreases the lift produced by an aircraft's wings. If the "angle of attack" of the wing is essentially parallel with the air flowing over the wing, you get lift. If the angle is too pronounced, air flow over the top of the wing becomes turbulent, robbing the wing of lift. This is called a "stall." | 94f4b16f-e059-40c6-9347-0d1e11366b99 |
1yyrth | If students are unable to repay loans and have no bankruptcy protection, what are the negative effects for students? | I have defaulted student loans, so I can tell you *exactly* what the negative effects are for students.
Well, technically, if you're still a student, you can't really default on your debts, unless they were already defaulted when you became a student, but that get's confusing. So, let's assume you start out college with no student debt, and you accrue it through college.
DURING college, nothing bad happens. You just accumulate your debt, and depending on if it's subsidized or not subdidized, you may or may not accrue interest while in school.
After school, for typically the first 6 months, you do not have to repay. After 6 months, you are supposed to start paying. But let's say you don't. At that point you become *delinquent* in your loans - you're behind on payments. These show up as late payments in your credit history, not a great thing,but if you start paying, after a few years they fall off and you credit is generally OK.
After 12 delinquent payments - i.e. you have not paid anything for a year, your student loans will *default*. The lender will demand that they get repaid in full, and your credit will take a massive hit, because before, where you had your full debt in good standing, now the entire debt is listed in your credit as being owed, and that's a huge negative hit on your credit.
Now, at this point, if your loans are federal loans, you have the option to rehabilitate them - basically you enter into an agreement upon a mutually agreed monthly payment that you need to make for 9 consecutive months. If you succeed, your default and late payment history for that loan is completely removed from your credit history, and you start over with a fresh slate for the amount still owed on the debt.
If your loan is a private loan, however, you are screwed - you do not get the option to rehabilitate. All you can do is talk to your lender to make monthly payments if you cannot pay it in full until the debt is paid off, and the default will stay on your credit history until it falls off as per your state guidelines for credit history (typcially 5-7 years).
Now, let's say you don't get into a repayment plan, and you have a defaulted debt, and you don't ever talk to your lender. Well, that debt STAYS on your credit history, and sooner or later that lender will likely sue you for garnishment. Depending on the state, they may be able to garnish wages AND ALSO MAYBE any funds you have saved in savings or assets. The garnishment will continue until the debt is paid off, and interest, although capped, is often VERY MUCH higher - 12% is typical.
On top of that, with garnishment, you have to pay for court fees (because the lender needs to go back to the court regularly to continue garnishment and prove that you still owe money on the debt), so that's a further cost you have to pay, in addition to the interest and the original amount owed.
During garnishment, your loan will be listed as being in something along the term of "government mediation" or something like that. Basically, it's still a huge hit on your credit, and once you pay off the debt, the last you'll see of that history is 7 years AFTER the last payment.
So, don't default on your debts. I'm 34, I defaulted when I was 23. I've been in garnishment since I was 29. I will be done with garnishment when I am 36. | 99f4c178-0cbc-4ce9-8932-1ac187eea6f6 |
3c83u5 | How are large national gangs like the Bloods and the Crips organized? Is there actually a central leader or just a bunch of groups that call themselves "Bloods" and "Crips"? | The [STUFF YOU SHOULD KNOW](_URL_0_) podcast does an episode on exactly this. | d786468b-8aa7-4b0f-9292-8f3db1d617cf |
54a3yq | if we live inside the Milky Way, how can we see the whole thing in the sky at night? | We can't see the whole thing, or rather, the thing we call the Milky Way in the night sky isn't the entire Milky Way. As you note, our sun and all of the stars near us are also part of the same galaxy.
However, we're way on the outer edge of the galaxy, which means that when you look in the direction of the center of the galaxy there are way more stars than if you look anywhere else. So we call that mass of stars in the night sky the Milky Way, since it's the area of sky that's much more densely populated with stars than the other portions. | b43dc716-a7dc-4120-9801-b1e410e32e71 |
4vi49c | What is the difference between the federal election process in America and Canada? | For starters, we Canadians don't have a separate election for Prime Minister the way Americans do for President. In our local ridings (us: electoral distrits) we elect our Members of Parliament (us:representatives/congressmen) to sit in the House of Commons (us: house of representatives). Whichever party ends up with the most seats in the house usually forms the government, and the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.
There's no electoral college. Each riding is worth one seat in the house. The riding is won by the candidate with the most votes in that riding. Ridings are delineated by population, and re-drawn as required after the census by a non-partisan department called Elections Canada. They are also responsible for all the legwork of running the actual election.
The campaigns leading up to the election are much shorter. Campaigning can't begin until parliament is dissolved and lasts between then and election day. This past election had the longest such time in Canadian history - 78 days. Usually it's less than two months, many have been as little as 36 days. There isn't a full year-plus of campaigning ahead of time like in the US.
Each party's nominee is chosen by that party's members. In Canada you don't have to declare your party membership when you register to vote. In fact most people get registered to vote just by filing their taxes (there's a check box on your tax return that says "I agree to let Revenue Canada share my inforation with Elections Canada for the purposes of registering me to vote" and most online tax software just checks it automatically for you). So to become a member of a party you basically contact the party via their website or phone, sign up, and pay whatever the membership fee is. Then when that party decides to have a leadership race, members log in and cast their vote online. Most votes wins. No delegates, no caucuses, no lining up at voting booths for primaries. In fact the leadership races for the parties are independent of the federal election process. They elect their new leader when the old leader steps down which could happen pretty much whenever.
I'm on mobile so I'll wrap it up there but can answer any other questions that folks have.
Source: Am Canadian who follows politics in both countries pretty closely.
Edit: Also we don't elect our Senate. The Senate up here works kind of like the Supreme Court in the US - near-lifetime appointments (they are now forced to retire at 75) made by Prime Ministers throughout the years. Many want that system to change but it would require changing the constitution and that's a big can of worms that no one wants to get into.
Edit 2: Made some corrections thanks to /u/hoffmania1 below. | 2eee43b3-dfd3-499e-8c48-8f308f589cbe |
1m9n0t | How do they get release from people of prank interviews? | Publicity. They understand its a joke show but there is a real underlying theme especially with the Colbert report. He has an agenda. That agenda is to inform people of real world events without bias by mocking the persona of similar news casters and exploiting their biases. Its purely entertainment but he's mocking the people he portrays. So you get important people on there not only for publicity but also to get their own message out there to a target audience. | 4661cf01-22bf-4e73-b974-87629996e128 |
1ixc6b | Why are there so many different forms of pasta? Isn't it all the same stuff? What's the difference? | Pretty much all pasta is made from the same 2 or 3 ingredients; Egg, semolina flour, or durum depending on where it comes from and where you are. Over time those ingredients have broadened but the base for all pasta is fundamentally the same.
Now, as to the different forms: Ideally, you want to pair whatever sauce/protein you are using with a type of pasta that is going to best accentuate the dish. Different viscosity of sauce will hold better to certain pasta and give better effect. You wouldn't want to use a Capellini for something with a thick cheesy sauce because it would bind up and get messy. For the opposite side of the equasion you wouldn't want to use a thick noodle like a penne for a lighter sauce because much of the flavor will be lost due to the sheer amount of noodle present. Italian cuisine (especially in the US) is about bold flavors, sure, but you also want to have a dish that looks good, eats nicely and strikes a balance between texture and flavor.
Truly a culinary item that speaks to the region it came from. | dc650f15-1f86-46d0-9885-139871bba34b |
5tmdzk | Does the movie studio pay the movie theater to show their movie? Or does the movie theater pay the movie studio to bring in customers by letting them show their movie? | The movie studios and the theaters split the income depending on when people buy tickets to the movie, basically, each side gets a percent of ticket sales
For example:
Weeks 1 & 2: 90% studio / 10% theater
Weeks 3 & 4: 70% studio / 30% theater
Weeks 5+: 50% / 50%
This can and will vary depending on specifics and the specific movie.
As you can see, since most people view movies when they first come out as well, the movie studio is making their money there.
But so where do theaters make their money? Popcorn, sodas, and hot dogs, sold at gigantic markups. | 5297676c-c1f2-4bf8-b8da-fc1d92e2dd2c |
4uxjwq | Why airlines don't sell empty seats on flights at cheap rates | Because people who purchase tickets last minute usually *have* to travel and will pay the full price.
It's rare that a plane will be relatively empty. When that happens, it's probably just a fluke. If a route regularly has a lot of empty seats, they airlines will drop one of the flights and put it on a more profitable route. | b3a011e9-94e4-4a21-9100-f6e24f332522 |
20gtsc | What is HDR and why do people like it so much? | HDR stands for High Dynamic Range imaging. In laymen's terms, it takes several photos at different contrasts sort of at once, and then combines the images together. This way, the picture looks more like what your eyes see. | c792348b-482b-4cdc-87e9-5dd35aa860dc |
ts5zi | Why is the Monarchy of the United Kingdom still held in high regard? What purpose do they serve? | The simple answer, Timmy, is tradition. England has had a monarchy almost continuously for just shy of 1000 years. Major historical events have centered around British Kings and Queens (the signing of the Magna Carta and the American Revolution for starters). People LIKE tradition, Timmy. It makes them feel secure. It let's them know that no matter how weird or strange the world may get, thre is still one thing they can look at and say, "Yup, I still understand this, and it won't change." | 2bf687a0-a41b-438a-b7c0-df60dd79d8f4 |
jeqnx | I'm five, explain how Google works. | I actually am currently reading a book on Google and how it works. The search engine ELI5 link is good, but for Google specifically, they use keywords on websites to see what other websites are linked to it. The more traffic the linking websites get, the more important Google views them. Google also predicts similar words sequentially, so if you typed "trojan" you'd get condom links, but if you added "horse" you'd get historical pages. It searches through a literal "web" of linked websites. | 194a0b55-dc7c-4a1b-b78d-891d55d92679 |
5w73dh | Why haven't we adopted IPv6 if we've practically 'run out' of public IPv4 addresses? | From an administrative standpoint there's a certain amount of legwork to be done to convert over to IPv6, but there would also be issues with legacy devices being able to access IPv6 addresses and I assume this has factored in sonewhat.
Also to be noted, ICANN (the organization that hands out blocks of IPv4 addresses to different regional organizations for further distribution to ISP's and governments) has officially distributed all available IP addresses to the regional organizations, but those latter groups haven't assigned them all yet. That is, we haven't actually run out of IPv4 addresses yet, but it will inevitably happen and sooner rather than later. The push to convert fully to IPv6 will continue to grow as that time gets closer . | 224bbf5f-4db1-409f-a0e6-2c9419a86c02 |
8wowev | Why is desalination not yet a cost effective solution for the world's clean water demands? | There are only a few ways to desalinate water. One way is to boil and condense the water, a process called distillation. The problem with this is that it takes a relatively enormous amount of energy to boil water so it isn't practical. If we had limitless energy available to us then it would definitely be on the table, but we can't just pull huge quantities of heat out of nowhere.
The other way is to force the salty water through special filters which are fine enough to filter out the molecules of salt while letting the water molecules through. This also requires a fairly large amount of energy (pushing the water through requires a lot of pressure) and it also has the added trouble of fouling up the filters which need to be cleaned regularly.
Overall the process of removing salt from water is very difficult and usually not cost effective, compared to the natural water cycle where the enormous fusion generator evaporates water over hundreds of thousands of miles for free. | 45f9acea-bfd6-4769-aa0b-091b3aeb8a85 |
502ua8 | Would a wet towel dry in space? | Yes, the water would vaporize due to the low (almost zero) pressure. You can see a similar effect when water in a sealed jar is placed under a vacuum--it begins to boil, even at room temperature.
_URL_0_ | ea4a1c06-671e-40ff-bd6e-e9732d3c7857 |
ysn50 | Why you can drink in public, so long as your booze is in a brown paper bag. | She was just being nice. While they cannot legally search your bag without your consent, they can detain you until a warrant is filed or if there is probable cause to search (read:obvious intoxication). Both of those take time.
The chatting may have just been a way to gauge how drunk you were. She saw no over intoxication and didn't want to do paperwork. | cde9bdf0-5521-4d4b-bf12-400d4a850d00 |
5i3r4l | Why does the number on an analog bathroom scale go up when you bend down to read it? | A bathroom scale doesn't measure weight, it measures normal reaction.
When you bend, the normal force on different areas of your sole changes to keep you from toppling over. If it increases at the place where the sensors are present, it gives a larger reading.
A similar thing could happen if you stand on one foot/change posture to drastically shift the weight distribution. | 9e8cbec4-bd21-479c-9bec-58473832a50f |
1plzvx | ppi of Laptops vs Cellphones | The price to produce a 17" display with 400 ppi so so high that no one would buy it, and also at that pixel density it's not supported by most laptops. Driving that type of display takes decent graphics horsepower | fe80b769-7c09-4729-9cef-1eb937cea69f |
liyw3 | How does fundraising for cancer increase the chances of finding a cure? | It really, really depends who you give the money to. There are many different things that cancer-related money can be spent on:
1. salaries and equipment of medical researchers
2. public education (eg, "don't forget your mammogram!")
3. public screening programs
4. treatment of sick people
All of the above are essential! That said, only #1 is directly searching for a cure. There's a huge amount of interesting research going on right now: immunotherapy, oncolytic viruses, metabolic chemotherapy, tons of new ideas - but that's a post for another time. There's also a ton of research that *isn't* getting done because there's no money.
Some of the money given to charities is overhead, in that it pays to keep the charity running: for example, paying the salaries of fundraising-employees, instead of paying for cancer itself.
There are many cancer-related charities, and they're not all created equal. Some of the biggest, most well-known charities are ... well, a little iffy, in that they may be wasting most of the money. For example, one of the biggest charities has a CEO that earns a million dollars a year out of your donations.
The NCI (National Cancer Institute) is heavily involved in research, and they accept donations, and I believe they're very effective and clean.
To give you an idea whether or not the amount of money is sufficient to make a difference, here are some numbers:
* $0.4 billion: budget of one of the largest charities, Susan G Komen
* $5.0 billion: budget of the National Cancer Institute, a government agency.
* $100.0 billion: money we spend treating cancer every year.
* $150.0 billion: lost productivity when skilled workers die (estimate by ACS).
Finally: I know this subreddit is not for politics or bias, but I just have to say this: I feel the amounts of money being spent these days are, in all honesty, inadequate. I truly believe that the charity model simply isn't working. I believe we need to make a decision as a society about whether or not we're going to get serious about this. | 622e6648-a3d6-40d8-89a5-08d0def2cfa5 |
2xka62 | Why did wireless charging take so long to come about given that the physical principles behind it are very simple? | One big issue to consider is the ubiquity of rechargeable devices. Sure, 10-20 years ago we could have made wireless recharging mats and the like, but there wouldn't be a reason. No one had devices that required frequent recharging.
For example, my first cell phone a mere 10 years ago needed to be recharged once a week, sometimes less than that. My first laptop, approximately 17 years ago, had no battery, and needed to be plugged into the wall at all times.
Because there was no demand for wireless recharging, no one bothered to bring it to market until about 5 years ago, when the rise of the smartphone and tablet created a large market for convenient recharging. | 66378dc1-332a-4104-a29f-defc171c9388 |
1nazwh | What is happening inside when I'm losing weight? | Usually, when the body gets more energy (calories) for what it needs for its internal functions (cell multiplication, moving muscles and heart beating, thinking, every single one of those would use up incredible amount of energy), it simply stores them as fat stored in several parts in your body for when it would need it.
When you "eat less", you simply offer less energy for the body and forces him to use up what you have of stored fat when it "moves more", causing weight to drop. No cannibalism here :) | 83dcddaf-4d13-47ed-beb8-c9d3f9cede5b |
2dpqhh | Why does looking at the horizon help against seasickness? | It gives your mind a frame of reference to determine exactly what is level. When you know what "level" is, your brain can deal with the motions reported by your inner ear.
If you're inside a closed space and the boat is rocking around a lot, your eyes are telling your brain that you are standing on level ground, but the fluids sloshing around in your inner ear say you're bouncing all over the place. Being unable to ignore that difference tends to make some people sick.
Source: My seagoing, retired, Royal Marine grandfather. (35 years!) | b6684a69-d72d-4504-9fba-65503d4569c7 |
3g7vdg | Why the order of numbers on a calculator and a phone dialpad are reversed? | Because the two standards were developed by different people at around the same time. Some of the early calculator manufacturers decided on the ascending pattern, some of the early keyed phone manufacturers decided on the descending pattern. | a14c1562-16c1-4712-997c-fdfcd0623422 |
2npk0o | Why does cable T.V. show advertisements, but Netflix, which is way cheaper, doesn't? | Two completely different businesses in two completely different industries, doing two completely different things.
Netflix started out as a movie rental company, and because it was a startup and not in the slow-moving cable industry, it was able to jump on streaming on-demand content before anyone else.
Which is why Blockbuster is no more.
Cable's entire revenue model is based around advertisements.
Netflix's revenue model is subscription based, and they are smart enough to realize that no one likes ads when they watch TV. | 5023cf49-d9c0-4270-bc87-915cf197e8bc |
2k95hg | Why is "classical music" called classical music? | Well, some fancy dressed individuals first looked back to the time of Bach up until 1900 and called that the common practice era. The idea of common being when diatonic harmony, the grammatical rules like couterpoint, and the various forms (concerto, sonata, symphony, etc) were developed and became standard. Once you went after that, composers just do whatever they want like atonal stuff (Schoenberg) or thought experiments (Cage).
Then someone like yourself probably asked why is it called that, and these fancy-dressed people removed their monocles in astonishment. It does sound rather dull, so they used the word 'classical', since there were already precedents in literaure, philosophy, art and so educated people would get a wiff of what that means in terms of it being valuable. I.e. the formative period. Of course, there is a classical period within western art music, which sits between Bach's amalgamation of the best of baroque innovations, and the raging hormone era of the romantc composers.
tl;dr: it sounds better than common practice era | 94c66be5-51f9-4895-8155-dd12a80420e8 |
5fq1e7 | Why does AT & T giving customers unlimited streaming mean a "war on an open internet" ? | You want to watch a video on your mobile device.
Both New Startup Video Service (NSVS) and Big Corp Video Service (BCVS) have the video.
Your mobile data provider says - watching the video on BCVS does not count against your limited data plan, but watching anywhere else does.
You'll end up only using BCVS. Consumers are incredibly price-driven. After a few data overages, they'll stick to the free sites. They'll avoid the small startup sites which drain precious limited bytes of your data plan - or they'll effectively have to pay to view non-approved content.
This provides a strong competitive advantage for large established companies - they can use the power of the purse to discourage you from visiting their competitor. Only large, rich companies will be able to afford the payoff to ISP to have their service carried "free" on their Internet.
Apply this concept your home ISP. The entire Internet is now divided into what your Big Corp ISP says you can access for free, the rest is effectively subject to their toll.
Now, let's have BigCorp ISP give everyone FREE internet - especially for the poor who cannot afford Internet. Wait... only approved sites and services are free - if you go elsewhere, please provide credit card.
Rather than people freely accessing the entirety of whats on the Internet, people will stick to the limited view of what's "free" and "approved". | 3755e246-8312-4cee-892a-76764da6ebc9 |
1iixwd | Why do countries still loan us money if we already owe trillions upon trillions dollars? | Because the US government is a very good credit risk. The Dollar is a stable currency, and the US repays its debts.
The US borrows money by auctioning off bonds. If people were afraid the US wouldn't repay, then the bids would come in lower. The effect is that the US would pay more interest on its bonds.
Today, the US can borrow for 1 year at 0.11% -- for every $1000 you lend them, they promise to repay you next year, plus $1.10. That's effectively nothing.
For longer periods, the US faces slightly higher rates, but it's the definition of a safe borrower.
You can find the rates [here](_URL_0_) | 8610f573-1b51-4abc-b45f-4a15557c303e |
2qysfu | How does currency in other countries have more value than currencies in different countires? | Supply and demand, let's pretend there are three guys in a world that Jelly beans are money. One guy has orange beans, one guy has black beans and one guy has blue beans. Each guy has five beans and they buy and work for more beans.
The orange bean guy said screw that and just made 10 more beans. The others complain and point out he shouldn't get more stuff cause he just made more beans.
So no one can take advantage of bean making, they make 1 blue or black bean worth as much 3 orange beans. Since they have 5 and orange has 15.
Cause orange has higher supply yet the same demand as Blue and Black. | fe3f742e-7188-4316-a7de-c5ed9bbd12ba |
4016gw | When mouthwash says 'kills germ for 12 hours' | It is just an approximate of the tests done in the lab. It doesnt mean your mouth will be free of bacteria for 12 hours. The cleansing power decreases with time and rarely lasts for 12 hours. Usually after a meal the effectiveness is reduced considerably | c23acbd4-f9ce-45d0-a3a8-809832ecf844 |
35kz2h | If our bodies are 37*C, why does water at that temperature feel warm? | One important detail - 37°C is the CORE (i.e. inside your body) temperature. Your hands (which you most likely use to touch the water) are cooler, significantly so in some people. | d69de17d-d36d-4f87-af74-b2eea38527d1 |
1qinys | What is the process of remastering old films/movies? Also, as a followup, how long does this typically take? | Strangely, (at least it seems strange to some people) regular old film is extremely detailed, somewhere around 25 megapixels per image. In order to distribute a movie, it gets converted to an easier-to-use format, but this process loses some of the detail. This isn't a problem because if they convert it to DVD, for example, they expect it to be shown on TVs of a certain quality, and there's no sense in going over that.
When they remaster a movie, they go get the original film, scan it into a computer at (nearly) full resolution, go over it frame-by-frame to remove scratches and dust, tweak the colors so it looks better, etc..
The end result is that they can then re-convert it to a new format (Blu-ray, for example) at a higher quality than the original release. | 507005e5-9e21-45eb-adbb-8017cc9a0e6f |
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