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1ijgod | Why do airport runways cost "14-18 billion pounds to build?" | very quick calculations at the rates we use for roads shows about 100 million dollars just to place the material, 3000m x 50m of crushed rock base and concrete surface.
thats the absolute bare minimum.
you also have costs with excavation, transportation, buying the land, fittings (lights and signs etc), probably as much pavement again with new taxi areas, this could easily be 400 million it looks like.
and thats for a very basic runway, with taxi access, in unoccupied land.
once you have to start buying up developed land, creating a huge new terminal, upgrading traffic access, upgrading plane handling facilities, etc, you doing the equivalent of creating a new full size international airport. | 396b9128-87bf-402f-82aa-e44268bd9e20 |
88d2e4 | How did artists like Van Gogh paint self-portraits without the painting being mirrored? | You could always make a trace first and flip it if you're that concerned about 100% accuracy, but I wouldn't assume that a lot of famous self portraits *aren't* mirrored unless there's a clearly defining asymmetric feature that's present in both portaits and self portraits.
Just a note about Van Gogh specifically, you could definitely get a picture done in 1880. | 539bd84a-c033-4641-bd4d-69aec8e0d4a6 |
3hhgfv | Why is it that the majority of sinks dispense aerated bubbly water rather than a smooth uninterrupted stream? Is this done on purpose? If so why? | Yes it's done on purpose, the tap of your sink has an aerator on it. If you look at it from below, you can see the little mesh screen, and you can unscrew it if you really want to. It's in place to reduce the amount of water you use because you will almost never need a solid column of water. It also helps to keep the water from splashing all over the place or coming out at weird angles. | 054715c2-e1fb-40a8-a68a-e5dda1b07944 |
113jh5 | Why is the speed of light exactly 299 792 458 m/s? | All massless things travel at the same speed. Hence it can't go faster. Why do all massless things travel at the same speed? That comes from special relativity (SR), but one of the things that SR assumes is basically that light travels at the same (finite) speed according to everyone. That last assumption is pretty much just an [observable fact of the universe](_URL_0_) - I don't think we have a reason for it otherwise.
As for why the speed of light is 299,792,458 m/s, there are two meanings to that question. One, why that number? That's just because of the way we defined the units. In some units the speed of light is 1, in other units it's 299,792.458, and in other units it's all sorts of weird things.
The other way to interpret your question: why does light travel this far (\*gestures\*) in this time (\*counts out time\*) instead of this far (\*different gesture\*)? Well, we don't have a reason for that. Physics as we know it says that light has to have a speed, but there's no particular reason it should be one speed over another, at least not that we know of yet.
EDIT: Added a link. | 29a4dfc6-ba6c-467d-b472-30473b1bc5c7 |
5p4kf5 | Why do humans get itchy/uneasy when looking at pictures or videos of bugs and/or spiders? | I'm not an expert but the fact that there can be thousands in an area or the fact that our brains think they are near us and we can't see them? But mostly because we have knowledge of people being bitten by them. You might ask then why are we not scared of pictures of lions probably less have been attacked by lions? And the reason lions may be cuter is that they look more like us. | 27d42f38-dd01-4b1b-a967-407821e32809 |
5ux0lb | Why is Tony Blair getting hate for the Iraq War now more than during the war itself? | Because various reasons were given before and during the war to justify British involvement such as alleged WMD's, Iraqi freedom and combatting terrorism.
Now we know there were no WMD's, hundreds of thousands of Iraqis have died and are still suffering through civil war and terrorism is arguably a greater threat to the UK than it's ever been.
The power vacuum caused by the collapse of the regime allowed the Islamic State to suddenly arise and capture huge territories which is a relatively recent event.
As for Tony Blair, well, it was ultimately his decision to commit to the invasion and now that it can safely be called a disaster and he's no longer PM some people feel he needs to be held accountable for that, some even going so far as to brand him a war criminal. The Chilcott Inquiry found that the invasion was ordered with little or no decent intelligence to support it and that peaceful options were largely ignored. That Inquiry finally concluded in 2016 after 7 years which might also explain why you're hearing more about it now. | 3b51e4ce-3621-4aa1-94d9-b0509d6cc6be |
5bcauo | How do astronauts get enough air? | The ISS atmosphere is 21% oxygen 79% nitrogen at 1atm pressure.
Oxygen production is carried out by electrolysis of water in the station's 2 oxygen generation systems (ECLSS in the US Discovery module, and Elektron in the Russian Zvezda module). Backup is provided by oxygen tanks and emergency solid fuel oxygen generators. Computers monitor the air quality constantly and introduce more oxygen when it's needed. Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by chemical scrubbers. | db8a5678-6e06-41db-b4f0-378475ae381c |
2vxmxf | What is the idea behind people being 'served' papers, usually through some form of trickery as seen in media. | I served papers for about 3 months. It was an allright job but could be a pain in the ass. I personally never had to use any trickery. I just walked up to there door and knocked. A few people did avoid me. My boss did not use trickery she would just sit outside there house and wait. Eventually people have to come home. The worst part of the job though is that served a few people divorce papers who appeared not to be expecting them. Just seeing that crushing look of defeat on people's faces was a bit much for me. | 972e8f6e-c2cd-4eab-8169-0f4212199261 |
1jvgjn | What does it mean when Nasdaq or Dow Jones drops a point? How does it affect me? | I believe that the Nasdaq and Dow Jones are analytical indexes using the stock prices of a specific list of companies.
Because stock prices are constantly changing, viewing just one of them doesn't give you a good idea how the entire market is doing, and there are too many companies out there to see each and every one. But by combining a few companies together, analysts can get an idea what's going on.
They are going to bounce around a bit no matter what. Minor changes don't really mean anything. It's more about trends. If the index is trending up, it means that the market is growing, and if it's trending down it means that it's not doing well.
As for how it affects you, unless you have money invested in the stock market it really doesn't affect you directly. It can affect you sort of indirectly because the stock market's performance is also important in the overall economy. | e459bb3f-77b5-4d53-b0ef-1a7ffc98ded4 |
1letj3 | Context | You have a thing, the context of that thing is all of the other bits in that thing's past and present environment which give it meaning.
A man covered in blood holding a knife is a thing. If you saw this person on a street with people running away screaming, you would draw different understandings than if you saw that person on stage with people delivering scripted lines around him. Without a proper understanding of context, it is difficult to draw deeper understandings about a thing.
In the world of literature, context will usually refer either to the internal context of the writing, the bits that are actually written down, or the external context, the world that the writer was experiencing which helped to shape the choices that the writer made. | bf04bce1-d5e5-4568-a283-a15dbb33f127 |
2ydlwp | Why does the death penalty cost tax payers more than life without parole? | All of the appeals that are allowed before the sentence is carried out. Court costs | b258f292-f3b5-452f-9365-4b9dd66fc738 |
5bhu4y | Back in the first half of the 20th century, how were movies edited? What was used to apply special effects? How was the movie distributed to theaters before any major digital technology came out? | You know how in video editing they call it a "cut"? Well, in the film days movies were edited by literally cutting the film with a razor blade, and gluing it onto other film.
Special effects were largely done practically during shooting. For example, they would use a mirror to make it look like an actor was inside a building, and in reality the building would be a 3 foot tall model and the actor would be standing beside it. Some post-production effects existed, such as overlaying one set of film on top of another to make a "ghost".
When a movie was finished, the film negative "master" would be used to make copies of the film This was done by putting the film frame by frame over fresh, unexposed film, and then a big flash bulb would expose the bottom layer *through* the top layer (the master). This would create a film positive, which would then be used to create the duplicate negatives that go to theaters. This process was order of magnitudes more expensive than the flash drives we use now. | 504c34f4-a518-4839-b66b-a0e51da3c875 |
1jj0la | Why are there poisonous additives in cigarettes? | They aren't added, for the most part. Let's start with the things you mentioned. Arsenic is a naturally occurring element (although in this case, the word refers to any of the many Arsenic-containing compounds found in soil and water). If it occurs in soil and water, there's a fairly decent chance it gets into plants in some way. Tobacco is a plant. Hence it absorbs Arsenic compounds and tends to release them when burned. Hydrogen Cyanide, however, is for most purposes not naturally occurring. In the specific case of cigarettes, it comes from the actual combustion reaction that we call smoking.
Let's go over some of the other "additives" that are reportedly added to cigarettes:
* Tar: Basically just the partially burned remains of smoking.
* Acetaldehyde: Again, by-product of smoking.
* Formaldehyde: By-product of smoking.
* Lead: Captured by the tobacco plants themselves and not completely removed during processing.
In short, inhaling smoke regularly is a bad idea. Don't do it. The additives themselves are typically food-grade substances and harmless for the most part. It is the plant itself and partial combustion that causes the majority of the harmful effects of tobacco. | a58f5683-6efb-4c0b-9b71-f529436d20e8 |
27dk5e | What are the limitations that prevent us from making super-fast vehicles (e.g. 1,000mph cars) | 1) Wind resistance. The amount of force needed to accelerate goes up with the square of the speed you are going. Going 200 mph requires 4 times as much horsepower as going 100 mph.
2) Heat. Putting out large amounts of horsepower requires you to dissipate all the waste heat. The Bugatti Veyron (fastest road going car) has 10 radiators for this reason.
3) Downforce. Your car has to sit at least a little above the ground. Unless you take special steps, it will actually start generating lift if you are going fast enough, and eventually take off like an airplane. That's bad. Stopping this from happening is easy, just generate downforce to compensate for the lift. But downforce increases wind resistance, see 1)
4) Weight. All the equipment to solve the above problems, larger engine, etc. weighs something. Every pound takes energy to accelerate. Which requires an even bigger engine, more cooling, etc. Very quickly you start to get diminishing returns.
5) Stopping. Brakes operate by converting momentum into heat. It's very difficult to convert the momentum of a very heavy, very fast object into heat slowly enough to not destroy whatever material your brakes are made of. This is why super cars have brakes made of exotic materials like carbon ceramic.
6) Safety. This is probably the biggest one. F1 designers have had the ability for years to make a faster car than the regulations will allow. But it would be nigh undriveable. Apparently the drivers would have required G-suits like fighter pilots just to stay conscious. And that was in the nineties, imagine what they can do now!
We're perfectly capable of making engines that can go very very fast. Some top fuel dragsters may put out 10,000 horsepower, we're not sure, it's hard to measure. When it comes to speed, it's everything but the engine that's the problem. | f0809ec9-b06e-4af6-a7f1-03e4c7870a57 |
s9p7k | How does observing an electron modify how it acts? | **EDIT** When thinking about this, including reading my post, replace the word "observation" with "interaction." It will make a bit more sense and not seem so surreal.
---------------------------------------------------------
Wow. The most correct answer is neutral, and a mostly wrong answer is top.
**Here's the real reason:**
When people first started investigating light, they noticed it kind of behaved a like a bunch of balls (photons) sometimes, but at other times it would behave like a splash in a pond (electromagnetic waves). It seemed like if the scientists were trying to measure the light, it would behave like a ball, but they knew that some other properties would only exist if it was a wave! A problem indeed.
To figure out which one it was, they devised the double slit experiment. It's basically taking a piece of metal, cutting two tiny slits in it, and putting a piece of film behind it, then shooting light at the two slits. They knew that if light was a bunch of balls, it would make two stripes. If it was a splash in a pond, it would make a series of stripes.
What they discovered was perplexing. In this experiment, the light behaved like a wave. In other experiments, it behaved like a particle. This created what's known as wave-particle duality. They decided that light is both a wave, AND a particle! Pretty weird - but light itself is pretty unique, so it's kind of understandable.
Now, some physicist decided to try throwing *matter* at the two slits. He took electrons and shot them at the slits one at a time. Here's where things got even more weird... Even *electrons*, which are *matter* showed the exact same behavior. When they were being observed (i.e. gold foil experiment, touching things, atomic bombs, etc), matter clearly behaved like particles. But when they were *not* being observed (the double slit experiment) matter behaved like a wave! What the fuck, right?!
**So. The reason this happens is this:** all matter is both a wave *and* a particle. The universe simply *doesn't care* which one it is until something *forces* it to be one or the other. Most forms of observation require the wave-particle to be a particle because most forms of observation require an interaction. The interaction means the universe has to make up its mind really quickly, and it does that by transforming the wave into a particle - because then it is definite where and what it is (minus the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle).
The double slit experiment is unique in that we can observe it without interacting with it directly. When the light travels through the slits, it doesn't know there's film back there. The universe doesn't have to make up its mind yet. So, it's fine with being a wave when it passes through the slits. When it hits the film, the pattern it makes indicates that it was a wave when it went through the slits.
Does that make sense?
**TLDR: Matter (and light) is a wave and a particle. The universe doesn't care which until *something* forces the universe to make up its mind. It could be a magnetic field, a photon bouncing off of it, another particle bumping into it, etc. We can't observe the wave-particle without touching it with things, which makes it automatically turn into a particle. The double slit experiment allows us to determine if it was a wave or particle when it passed through the slits, without making it turn into a particle. That's when we figured out that it's a wave when we're not bouncing things off of it.**
**EDIT** Please give [this comment](_URL_0_) an upvote. He's correct and shouldn't be down to negatives. | 61f8d231-732c-4c3c-b1bd-d31d979aa316 |
6m80z4 | Why is it wrong for a country to save a lot of money? | Basically German domestic consumption is really, really low because they save so much.
Consumption is what drives economic activity and the Eurozone in particular has suffered from a dearth of consumer spending.
The fact that Germany has tons of money but squirrels it away in corporate and government savings accounts rather than spending it or passing it on to workers to spend while Europe's economic growth is anemic is bad policy, in the magazine's opinion. | aa0ca56b-8b01-40df-8e79-220391188422 |
3kvj1s | What does the President of France do as Co-Prince of Andorra? | The coprinses have, like most heads of state of modern monarchies, more of a ceremonial function than a political one. The don't even have the right to veto governmental decisions. They are also have representatives in place so the President of France will normally not directly concern Andorran affairs that often.
The real power lies with the parliament and their head of government, Antoni Martí. So not much difference there compared to other democracies. | 9e3af8d9-1920-47ed-a670-68c519d58e81 |
5xzxa7 | Why can we see faraway light source (e.g. cars, lamps, stars) clearly when it doesn't seem to illuminate my position? | The difference is this: For you to see light, the light has to be strong enough to reach your eye and produce a reaction there. For it to illuminate you, it would have to reach you, scatter off you, reach someone else's eye, and produce a reaction there. During the scattering, the light is spread out more, so it becomes fainter.
Let's look at the case of a laser pointer. Point the laser at the wall, and the scattered light is comfortably visible. Point it at your eye, and you're looking at serious eye damage. | 92bc2a3d-ff47-4d87-82a4-3354d04ece85 |
1dc8fp | The differences between Communism, Socialism, Marxism, etc... | there is a lot to be said here but i'll keep it real simple.
marxism: this a philosophy - a way to analyze and understand the world. marx developed the logic of dialectical materialism (which is a whole complex topic itself) and used it to understand society in economic and political terms and he drew many important conclusions from it. both socialism and criticism of capitalism predates marx. what he did though was explain in a scientific manner exactly why capitalism was bad and why we should move to socialism.
socialism: an arrangement of society in which the workers own the means of production. the means of production is all that is necessary for human production aside from the humans themselves. e.g. land, tools, buildings, etc. as a result of this the workers also own the things they produce.
capitalism: an arrangement of society in which the means of production are privately owned, meaning that an individual can claim ownership of the means of production (as backed and enforced by the state) without actually having to perform labor on it. they can then hire workers to do the producing, and the capitalist (the owner of the means of production) collects the products a the end of the day and sells them for a profit. this creates two basic classes of human beings when it comes to production - the owners, aka the bourgeois, and the people who do not own any means of production and must sell their labor to the owners, aka the proletariat.
communism: a specific type of socialism. it carries all the same characteristics of socialist production but differs in distribution. whereas the mantra of socialism is "from each according to his ability to each according to his work" meaning that workers are directly compensated by owning the productions of their labor, the communist mantra is "from each according to his ability to each according to his need" meaning that society produces what is needed by the people. everyone is taken care of as best as possible.
-isms: stalinism, trotskyism, maoism, castroism, etc. are all real world attempts at using the teachings of marx to create a communist society. each had their own ideas of how to achieve it which were all of course unique to the conditions of their situations. lenin made the first major attempt after the russian revolution. his main idea was to make use of a vanguard party that would take power and oversee the transition from a rural feudal society to a modern communist society. stalin relied on a strong bureaucracy and believed that the revolution should be contained within one country. trotsky broke with him on this and believed there should be a global permanent revolution. mao saw the soviets as yet another imperialist state and thought the revolution should come from the peasants in a people's war.
these are all gross oversimplifications and each of them contributed extensive intellectual works to the marxist tradition but there is simply way too much to cover for ELI5. also marxism is so much broader and deeper than the simple "capitalism bad, communism good" that it gets presented as and in fact can and has been applied to nearly all aspects of life. if you'd like to know more i highly recommend /r/communism101. | 3252d352-b739-40b2-872d-90b5d3e0f40d |
4br20z | Tv/Cable, ISP, Phone companies | LOL nobody in this thread knows what the fuck they're talking about. The definitive answer is the Telecommunications Act of 1996, signed by Bill Clinton.
This act deregulated markets to allow corporations to operate across state lines, ostensibly to foster competition. In reality all it did was let the mega-corporations gobble up everyone else, resulting in *decreased* competition year after year until ultimately only one or two two remained per any given region. | 99e2ecbc-6814-46c3-ad0d-2bac75f261e6 |
je0bm | What is it about overheating that is bad for computer parts? | Simple, Heat causes things to expand very slightly. Lets say you have a microchip that's just been soldered onto a circuit board, and it runs very hot. The circuit board around it doesn't run hot since it's a circuit board, which means the microchip expands, putting STRESS on those solder joints. Those can eventually crack and disconnect. | 5ae94104-4721-48ce-876d-98c553cead38 |
42hprk | what is the format of the AFL/NFL from the start of season to the SuperBowl? | AFL isn't a thing anymore; it merged with the NFL many years ago.
There's a preseason, but results there don't affect a team's progression. The season proper starts with the "regular season." Each of the 32 teams plays 16 games over a 17-week season. The teams are organized into two conferences (AFC and NFC) of 16 teams each, and each conference has 4 divisions of 4 teams each. A team's regular season games are as follows:
* 2 games each against the other three teams in their division
* 1 game each against all four teams in another division in the conference (the divisions are paired up, so all four teams in one division play all four in another)
* 1 game each against the teams in the two remaining divisions in the conference who had the same division rank last year. That is, if the NFC North division is paired with the NFC East division this year, then the team that won the NFC North last year plays the winners of the NFC West and NFC South divisions from last year.
* 1 game each against all four teams in a division in the *other* conference. Again, divisions are paired up, so every team in one division plays every team in another division.
* Lastly, one bye week where they don't play a game.
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After the regular season, it goes to the playoffs. The playoffs are done by conference; a team won't play anyone from the other conference until the Super Bowl. The team with the best record in each division goes to the playoffs; also, each conference has two *wild cards*, which are the teams in the conference with the best records who did *not* win their division. The teams are seeded in each conference; the division winners are seeded as 1-4, and the wild cards as 5 and 6, according to records (it is actually quite common for the wild cards to be better than the worse division winners; if you're second place in a good division, you're probably better than the winner of a bad division). Then, the 3 seed in each conference plays the 6 seed, and the 4 seed plays the 5 seed in the first playoff round (1 and 2 seeds have a bye). The losers are eliminated. The 1 seed then plays the lowest-seeded team remaining, and the 2 seed plays the other remaining team. Again, the losers are eliminated, and the winners of this round play for the conference championship.
After the conference championship is decided, the champions meet in the Super Bowl, which is the NFL championship game. | 2fd225e6-ed82-4ce5-9ecf-49ef5951ef42 |
4k98no | How does medicine work with our body to relieve pain in different parts of our body? Back ache-Take an asprin. Tooth ache-Take the same asprin. | Pharmacist here. To ELI5 this: basically, there are enzymes which facilitate reactions (cause them to happen more rapidly and more often) which cause signals to be sent producing pain. The name of the enzyme medicines like Ibuprofen target is called cyclo-oxygenase, or COX for short. Meds like this are closely related to the chemicals in the body which actually activate this enzyme, and the med takes the place of the body chemical, but do not activate the enzyme, causing it not to activate. That's it on a molecular level, and that happens many, many times when you take medicine. This causes the pain signal not to be sent. This is an example using NSAIDS. There are many other types of pain medications, all having unique ways in which they stop pain (Tylenol, opioids). | c4c1c044-e97d-41ee-83a7-16581865dbd2 |
uc0xu | - Bandwidth and broadband linespeed | _URL_0_ gives you the results in bits per seconds, while it's generally presented in bytes per second in applications used for downloading. So when you're downloading at 1.1MB/s, you're using 8.8Mb/s, because 1 byte is 8 bits. | ee9d44d0-8863-4329-a5f4-edfea301aabb |
144ery | Where Did the First Living Cell Come From | We don't know every step that needed to happen, but we know a few.
After sealing water, ammonia, methane and hydrogen, in sterile bottle, heating it and cooling, adding few sparks of electricity (simulating lightning) some amino acids form. AA are basically building blocks of life, just like bricks are building blocks of a house.
Another experiment shown, that drying the amino acids made them into long, interconnected structures that are now called "proteinoids". They are not technically alive, but have outer wall, and can divide themselves into two smaller proteinoids. It is believed, that these structures provided a place in which other minerals and compounds might have concentrated and created more complex stuff.
So basically a primordial soup. | 690a7cef-e4d8-4d0c-b733-b2d7f5556cb3 |
6f4fgr | Why does tap water seem to taste better or worse in different areas? Is it because of what we've been accustomed to or is it a mix of minerals that actually contribute to the taste? | There is a lot of variety regarding minerals in the water in different places, plus different water sources that need more or less treatment and may have undesirable tastes or colours from contaminants or byproducts. Water quality can vary greatly, even water deemed "safe" can be of a lower quality in one area than in another. | d890c499-aef1-4189-b5ce-b21bd19eecd0 |
1ydc9f | Why do tired children become all restless, not calm? That does not seem to make sense. Or does it? | Based upon my 14 month old daughter, it's because they're fighting the sleepiness. Their bodies are telling them that they need to rest, but their mind is telling them that they want to keep playing and explore and interact or whatever.
It's how bedtime goes most nights. She fights it and gets crazy and squirms around refusing to give in, until suddenly she just hits a point where she gives up. Then her head goes on my shoulder and thirty seconds later she's out for the night. | 498372d2-d652-457a-bd2b-f47f1f0f791a |
1x507d | How do they estimate the number of people in enormous crowds? | by area that they occupy and density (distance people stand from one another) Often these estimates are fairly innacurate but they do give a decent picture | 2d3fd8f0-1975-45cb-9d5d-4853257fc203 |
6qp0v5 | How can meteorologists predict temperatures, even within 2-3 degree ranges? | Lots and lots and lots of data, math, and modeling. We have collected temp, rain, sunlight, storm and all kinds of other data globally, in detail, for almost a century. That data comprises a timeline of how certain conditions may change in the immediate future. If things looked exactly the same as they do today fifty years ago, there is a decent chance the same things will happen after that.
But that isn't enough. We also plug that data into predictive models, basically gigantic, complicated math problems, which attempt to solve for future weather conditions. We have had many years of practice and absolutely huge amounts of computer time to refine those models, so they have improved immensely from when we first started doing this. The models aren't always right because they are probabilistic: they only give a percent probability something will happen rather than whether it will or won't. In something like physics, the degree of error these models have would not be anywhere close to acceptable (they require five sigma, or 99.9999% or better), but because of how random the weather is, even regularly being off by 10% or more is acceptable.
The models get worse the further out you stretch them. They're pretty good at one day into the future, much worse at two, and those "rest of the week" forecasts are wrong so often because the model breaks down completely at that point. Interestingly, this is why you *cannot* accept the claims of meteorologists on climate change. A meteorologist's work is entirely focused on the next week, maybe a little more, and they know how relatively bad their models are. Therefore, they often think, "If my model breaks down within a week, how could climatologists have a model that works over hundreds of years?" The answer is that the models are totally different and working with vastly different kinds of data. Meteorologists only have about the past century of data to work with, climatologists have hundreds of millions of years to work with due to data from tree rings, ice cores, and rock chemistry. In addition, that data is more a snapshot of how an entire year looked rather than how one day looked. They don't compare at all. | 560bed11-ce46-4461-bfbd-ea0b53d4f7cd |
1pgzj0 | How does salt act as preservative in food? | Salt kills bacteria and molds by drying them out. The growth of bacteria and molds is what makes your food go bad, so inhibiting the growth of those stops your food from going bad.
And no, the food does not get less salty as time passes. Maybe the salt becomes more evenly distributed, but the amount of salt remains the same. | 80fa87bf-bcba-4b46-b694-ba8365e32d2a |
1mhpx8 | why in Germany or The Netherlands the youth unemployment rate is under 9% while in countries such as Greece, Spain and Portugal the same rate ranges from a 40% to 60%? | It is often a statistical illusion (but not always).
Employment is calculated as "number of people employed" divided by "ACTIVE population" which is the population looking for a job.
In order to have high figure of employment (ie a low for UNemployment), you can either have a high number of people employed AND/OR a LOW active population.
Unlike what most journalists say, an unemployment rate is not the percentage of youth NOT having a job, it is the percentage of youth IN THE ACTIVE POPULATION, not having a job. If almost no youth is in the active population, a high unemployment in that category is not a problem.
Countries have VASTLY different active population, especially for the youth.
If in country A 80% of the youth are full time students not looking for work, and 10% are having a full time job, and 10% are looking for one, you'll have youth unemployment rate of 50% (only 20% are in the labour force, 80% are not so those are not counted to calculate the unemployment).
If in country B you have 50% of the youth as full time students, 40% having a job, and 10% looking for one (ie same overall figure as country A), you'll have a youth unemployment rate of 20%.
But is the country B in a better situation? Are the youth of country B working because they can't afford to study (because studies are too expensive) or because they finished them early (less education than country A) or because they have a better job market?
One needs to ALSO look at the employement/total population ratio. In some countries, it is very high (ie every one works, regardless of age and sex). In others it is very low (only few categories work).
If you look at this data:
_URL_0_
You'll see for the 15-19 age bracket both sexes, VERY different Labour participation rates (ie the number of people actually in the labour force, having or looking for a job):
Germany 28.5% and Greece 8% 2012. So youth unemployement rate of let's say 10% in Germany means 2.85% of total youth are looking for a job. The same 2.85% would mean 35% unemployement in Greece because of its much lower active population.
If you look at the real figures you have for 2012 in
A. Employment/total population:
France (9.7%) Germany (25.8%) Greece (2.8%) USA (26.1%)
B. Labour force/population
France (14.4%) Germany (28.5%) Greece (8%) USA (34.4%)
C. Unemployment rate (A/B)
France (32.7%) Germany (9.2%) Greece (65.7%) USA (24%)
But what does C represents in matter of total population? This is what is important to really gauge the scale of the problem. The number of youth looking for a job/total youth population, ie the UNEMPLOYEMENT/POPULATION. For Greece, this means 65.7% (very high scary figure) but of ONLY 8% of the youth (super low)
Here is the result, ie the percentage of youth unemployed (ie looking for a job) of the total population of youth (and not only those in the active population).
France (4.7%) Germany (2.7%) Greece (5.2%) USA (8.3%)
So the unemployment of youth concerns a much bigger part of the youth population in the US than in Greece... even though its unemployment rate is many times smaller (24% vs 65.7%)... | 6cf8438b-130d-49ac-9953-90967deff187 |
27pmh5 | What being "spiritual" but not religious means? | When people say they are 'religious', it generally means they can put a name/label to their beliefs (ex. I am a Christian/Muslim/Buddhist/etc). When people say they are 'spiritual', it usually means they believe in a higher power/supernatural forces but don't have a name for it (ex. they believe in miracles, but they don't think that 'God' or any specific deity is the cause of those miracles).
Basically, a person who is religious is almost always spiritual (ex. a Christian believes in Jesus Christ AND miracles), but a person who is spiritual is not usually religious (ex. a person who believe in miracles but NOT Jesus Christ). | e24d57f4-9942-406f-a637-16ccab07278e |
5tqzg8 | The IMF and their relationship to Greece and Germany. | The IMF was originally created to serve as an international institution to prevent another Great Depression and World War from happening. Much of the discussion that went into creating the IMF also serves as the global financial backbone of the world economy. I wouldn't say that they have complete control over Greece but they have a lot of influence in what is happening right now. As you may remember Greece has had a pretty horrible debt crisis. The IMF is deeply involved in a bailout of Greece as the financial situation of Greece is still not great. | 5d2cc85b-8420-4ca3-872d-843a9e7c2b45 |
7gh4lg | How come putting your hand over a cut/burn/bump as a kid made it seem to hurt less? | From an article I found:
“Uniting two parts of the same body, Kammers explains, sends diverse signals to the brain about temperature, spatial position and identity that can come only from self-contact. In this case, bringing all three fingers together probably provided the brain with enough comparative information to readjust its interpretation of skin temperature on each finger. “When you get input from many different signals, the brain increases the coherence of its body map, which reduces acute pain,” Kammers says. The new findings parallel previous work demonstrating that adding more sensory input can relieve chronic phantom limb pain experienced by some amputees: when a mirror tricks the brain into thinking the body is whole again, the pain subsides.” [Link to the article](_URL_0_)
Yet another reminder that the human brain is ridiculous. | 3e32afca-1a70-4a54-a18e-7b2ce290b6c6 |
1p3r5j | If you are killed out in public (i.e. hit by a car, stabbed, etc.) how do the police find out who your next of kin is to notify them? | Depends. The easiest way would be to find your wallet. They also try and ask people around the scene or wait until a missing persons report is filed.
Edit: Oh and fingerprint, dna, and dental records can be used too. | 9231b189-1716-4169-a536-c2f4692d98ea |
39s8mr | nitroglycerin pills for heart attacks vs. nitroglycerin needs to be handled carefully or it blows up. How is this the same substance? | Nitroglycerin tablets are solid. It is the liquid form that is unstable. This link might help you _URL_0_ | 1db620ce-454c-407c-ac25-ac2139bceae2 |
4fnzb6 | How is it that Sweden has a lower GDP per capita than Mississippi, but a much higher standard of living? | Sweden doesn't have a lower GDP per capita. Mississippi's GDP per capita in 2015 was $35,717. Sweden's was around $50,000.
GDP per capita also doesn't take into account wealth distribution. If a few people make billions of dollars in a year while most everyone else just makes a few thousand, you can have a high GDP but the standard of living will still be low for most people. There are a few ways to measure income inequality, but the Gini coefficient is a common one. A 1 for a Gini coefficient means complete inequality and a 0 means complete equality. Sweden had .273 Gini coefficient in 2012 and Mississippi had .468 in 2010 (it was .469 for the US as a whole), so Sweden also has more equal wealth distribution, which generally leads to a higher average standard of living. | 15c86ec7-d419-4f42-8029-c3f5c230732c |
4gpycb | How does color mixing work? What exactly does the mixture of blue and yellow do to always create green? | If you're talking about paint, the pigment (material that gives color) reflects light at a certain wavelength. Light at that specific wavelength has energy and stimulates light-receptors in your eye which sends a signal to your brain, which you interpret as seeing a specific color. Pigments in paint are suspended in some kind of medium (acrylic, oil, etc). When you mix the paints the tiny, microscopic pieces of pigment get mixed together and reflect two wavelengths. Those light waves stimulated your eyes in multiple ways, and create a mixed signal that your brain interprets as a new color. Wavelengths of blue and yellow, when viewed together, stimulate everyone the same way to create green. People who are color blind may not see it as green of course because there is a defect in their color vision. Color is subjective, it doesn't really exist until your brain interprets it. Wavelength of light is "objective" color. Blue is roughly 450-500 nm, Yellow is roughly 600-625 nm. Green is around 550nm. As you can see, green lies between blue and yellow on the spectrum. | fbf3c57c-3f6b-4a58-8714-115dc3d85354 |
5h27of | why does rice have more genes than humans do? | The number of genes isn't what determines complexity, it's how those genes are used. Imagine the same principle with language. If you try to describe something simple with thousands of words, your description isn't more complex than a short and precise one. To oversimplify: In plants, 10 genes might do 10 different things. In mammals those 10 different things could be done with 1 gene. It's the context in which the gene is used that determines what it does. | 35c7b669-cf84-40a1-96a7-5ed342e5558a |
2jxice | If marriage is a legal framework, why is adultery not a punishable offense? | It is - in most places - grounds for the dissolution of the contract of marriage - aka divorce. There are plenty of contract violations that are not criminal offenses. | d5c34867-d4ee-4dbb-8e86-27344be7c4c6 |
3rpmhe | Why does burnt stuff taste so bad? | It's because foods have sugar in them. Caramelization is what makes the sugar taste sweet, and if it burns, the compounds in the sugar change, making it taste bitter. So basically, the hotter the sugar gets, the bigger the taste will differ. | d5c2ee46-0c53-4145-8e3c-903c91f3038a |
4wwej9 | If WWI and WWII never happened, what would the be our current population on earth. | There is no way to know because history would be entirely different. Maybe we wouldn't have been so hesitant about using nuclear weapons in the Cold War since no one saw the destruction caused by the atomic bomb and we would have nuked ourselves into near-extinction. Or maybe we would have all gotten along really well and have about 20 million more people around today. | 8f589aa1-131c-4d17-b9ca-284754a85967 |
4aa7id | How does a fingerprint scanner work? | These scanners look for certain points on the fingerprint and then convert it into a hash, a number, to compare it against the enrolled fingerprints. Not all points need to match, allowing a bad image or damaged finger to authenticate. Given the hash you can not recreate the finger print. Some scanners, like ones at police stations or jails, do keep an image of the fingerprint which allows a visual check by a person if needed.
Finger print scanners seem like a good security feature at first to fullfill authentication, but it has a very serious problem; finger prints can not be revoked from the user. If a malicious person gets your finger prints then it is impossible for you to securely use fingerprint authentication. If somebody managed to steal your password you can change it, if they get their hands on an authenticator you can remove it from your account. Such things can't be done to your finger prints. | aa304786-d879-4d26-b64e-88d498ef50d8 |
620837 | Why aren't American politicians taking payments from companies prosecuted/fined/penalised for bribery/corruption? | They aren't taking direct money into their pockets. That would be bribery.
Super PACs that support them and run all of their advertising, lawyers, strategists get the money. This is considered separate. | e9a113f0-fa93-41d0-bee2-12f650620c29 |
4trxut | Why does it take several decades to dismantle a nuclear power plant and only a few years to build it? | While being built, none of the parts are radioactive. You don't need any special protection and can discard waste as any other construction site. However, many of the components become radioactive during use. Waiting some time allows the radiation levels to drop off, and upon dismantling, the waste must be carefully monitored and disposed of to minimize exposure to the environment and crew. | 07ecc32c-0607-4d0f-bf4b-d3fcab940988 |
2b0aoq | Do the countries where the immigrant children escape to the US (like Honduras) want the kids back? What are the reactions of those governments and what happens when those kids are sent back? | It is rare for children to escape to the US by themselves. Usually it is the parents who are escaping and they are bringing their children with them. It is rare that a government cares about the children except as part of a family. Generally, it is the parents that the government wants back, and the children just go with them.
There was a case a while back where a mother and her child were escaping from Cuba by boat. During the voyage, there was a storm, the boat sank, and the mother drowned. The boy and the others who survived were rescued by fishermen and given to the US coast guard. The boy was turned over to live with some relatives in Miami.
Meanwhile, the father, who did not want to escape to the US, demanded that his son be returned. The relatives refused, and the conflict escalated. On one side were the relatives, and Cubans living in Miami who said the boy should stay, and on the other were the boy's father and both the governments of Cuba and The United States, demanding that the boy be returned to his father in Cuba.
Eventually, the US sent heavily armed border patrol agents to the relatives house and took the child by force. He was returned to his father in Cuba. | 130739ec-d730-4356-a7d9-338c7b011a71 |
6k8n5o | Why is it common for McDonalds in multiple countries to have technical "problems" with their ice cream machines? | It doesn't break. It's down for maintenance. The maintenance cycle takes a few hours and they can only perform maintenance during work hours. | cd9f94dc-d651-46dd-aceb-a55f9eaf5a56 |
7t7cue | Do mental issues run in the bloodline or do they develop, if they do, what causes them? | "Mental issues" is very vague here. Some have genetic factors, some are exclusively a result of some sort of trauma, and many are in between. It *really* depends on which one you're talking about. | 11115e15-87e6-4f60-a5a7-177ff47b16eb |
43otd7 | How did Brachiosaurus' find enough Vegetation to eat, and how were plants enough for this huge animal? | They dont have to chase their food and theres a lot of it so they spend their entire day eating. Its just like how cows produce insane amounts of meat from mostly grass or hay. Because they eat constantly. | ea33f23e-3613-4bc1-ac32-abf0f44d4ca2 |
8la8b3 | Why do people who plea guilty in court get time knocked off of their sentence when they still committed the same crime? | Costs the state a whole lot less if they can avoid a trial, guarantees a conviction, etc. It's a form of leniency for admission of guilt and saving resources. | a2eeb2e3-e803-4f82-833e-db97cecf61cd |
6807li | Why does it take so long to download something but such a short amount of time to delete it? | When you download something every individual byte of information has to travel down the line to your computer. So it has to sent that amount of information. For example maybe say 40 Gigabytes all down the line to your computer.
When you delete that information you dont remove that 40Gb what happens is the computer tells itself it can overwrite that information. It's actually still there and can be recovered. | b5f88f82-dafa-4d3a-84cf-d67f75865a64 |
5mh3na | why is it in northern states (US) it can snow several feet and daily life doesn't change, but in southern states ~1 inch of snow can shut everything down? | Infrastructure in place to deal with it, both people's stuff and city wide.
If you live in an area that regularly gets snow, you have snowblowers. You have shovels. You have winter tires, and they're already on the car. The city has huge salt reserves, plows, you name it.
if you live somewhere that *doesn't* get snow regularly... that's a lot of money to spend on shit you need once every five years, tops! So nobody has the equipment to deal with even a little bit.
**edit:** one additional problem warmer climates can have is ice. In colder climates, once the weather gets below freezing it usually **hangs out** below it for some time. So snow stays snow. But in the south, if it happens it only happens for relatively short times. If you have cold enough weather for snow, then it warms up enough to melt briefly, then dips back down again... now you have nice big sheets of *ice*. And that will ruin your day. | 120e9151-03e6-4314-8e96-f8b35a1f4fc3 |
1dwxyd | why are American college athletes unpaid? | in a way, they are getting paid. they get a free ride for their "work", is it fair? that's another story.
* no tuition USD10-50k per year (depends on what school you go to)
* usually, free meals during the school year
* free housing
* my freshmen roommate gets free books from the book store too.
* some athletes get extra scholarship spending money too | d91f6832-ede6-42a7-8d05-a6288925371f |
jzux9 | Reaganomics | I think when most people talked about Reaganomics, they are talking about "tickle down economics". Basically, means wealth will tickle down from the wealthy to the poor when they're given a tax break.
Since you're 5. Let's say, your parents are struggling to pay your allowance, because the economy is bad and their hours have been cut. After venting to your friends, you've notice this is happening to every else too.
So you and your friend wrote a letter to the governor, Ricky Robert Bobby Jr. III. After reading your letter the governor decided cutting taxes for the companies and the rich to stimulate the local economy. The governor explained, "If the people on the top have more money, they can either spend the money and stimulate the economy, or use that money to hire more people."
However, months have passed and your parents are still struggling. So you finally asked your parents what happened? They told you, the factory is closing down because the sales is down. Everyone is saving their tax break cash or paying their bills instead of spending it (Just like the Bush Jr. tax rebates). Even some rich folks/companies did spend their tax breaks money, but it is not enough. | 588f9451-c90d-4738-a844-6e1507f7d8d8 |
26o40e | Why do tractor trailers need so many gears? | Just to allow them to tug more weight. You would need an insane amount of power to tow those trailers if you only had say 5 gears. Either you wouldn't have enough power, or your top speed would be very slow. Having more gears allow the driver to start moving the weight using the gears to keep the engine in it's optimum RPM range. Deisels don't have high rev limits like gas engine do simply because of the way they operate. They make gobs of power in the lower rpm range, so increasing a diesels rpm limit would act rally give you less power | 9dade3a7-e47f-4a9f-9b13-56dba63c69df |
4fnjbk | Why has it been so hard for President Obama to close Guantanamo Bay? | He is the President. He is not Congress. Most of the members of Congress do not want Guantanamo Bay closed. That is the simple answer. But this is ELI5. Lets get broader.
Guantanamo Bay is a United States base leased from the Cuban Government for, I believe, 99 years. That government is long since vanished. But the USA maintains it still has the right to the base until the lease expires. I think the present Cuban government would like it back, or has wanted it back.
What you are really referring to are the detention facilities. Since Guantanamo Bay is not actually on US soil the legal experts agree that some rules do not apply. So anyone the US wanted detained after 9/11/01 in the custody of US armed forces, (I am leaving out the CIA and its hidden prisons), is moved there. There are some bad folks there, dangerous to us.
So going back to what I said. The President cannot do everything he wants to do. The Congress must approve. They do not. | d74ab28a-8185-4afb-b50c-2c1a6a84b905 |
6qal6m | How did a bunch of great actors agree to star in a movie that would obviously flop (emoji movie)? | The producers managed to solicit funding for a passing fad from people who had more money than sense.
They had a big outlay of cash and rather predictable costs for the actual production, so there was plenty of cash to pay for big name voices.
I'd be willing to bet most of the voice work was remote; they just paid whomever to record wherever they were. With a fairly limited script, I'd be surprised if any of them spend more than a week recording. | ecd26d5f-06e8-4619-b0ef-6c1f87dfe3c1 |
3agwbu | If humans were made for physical activities (not sitting for long hours), how is our body adjusting to us sitting for long hours staring at a screen | There will only be an evolutionary change if people who have spontaneous mutations that allow them to complete desk work more easily and remain healthy end up having more offspring than those who die early of sedentary heart attacks. | db34ed51-c14c-4695-aab0-fc413a548afa |
6c9lp8 | IPv6 Subnetting | IPv6 uses a term called prefix for subnetting.
The general idea is the almost the same as IPv4.
[Here's a short primer.](_URL_0_)
Taking an example from the primer:
2001:db8::/32 - means a /32 ipv6 network prefix - so the first 32 bits (2001:db8 in this case) will stay fixed and the other 96 bits will be the variable "host" range (though usually such a large network would be further divided - just like in IPv4). | a9972a3d-eff0-4c1a-9d99-718befd4813e |
7wou5h | Somebody in the comments of this video said it wasn’t a heart problem. Why is this guy like he is? | In the Reddit post about it, somebody claiming to be an ER/trauma doctor said it was a condition called [flail chest](_URL_0_).
Rather than being the heart beating, the broken ribs move in & out as a response to air pressure from breathing. | b0099420-8f40-4a1e-9e55-17c38adf2dc8 |
5zvvv3 | Why is there a second explosion? | So this is actually pretty cool. The second "explosion" you're seeing is called sonoluminescence, which can sometimes happen when bubbles in a liquid collapse. Basically it is a collapsing air pocket that explodes due to a violent change in pressure.
You can see as the bullet strikes the gel it creates a large air cavity along its path. When it exits the other side, the openings of the cavity collapse and trap this pocket of air inside the gel, which at this point is the same temperature and pressure as the outside air.
As the gel collapses around it, it compresses the air driving the pressure and temperature up almost instantly. If this occurs quickly enough, enough the air can reach temperatures of several thousand degrees in a fraction of a second. This causes the air molecules to emit a burst of light that we can see with high-speed cameras. Once this happens, the hot air gets pushed out of the entry and exit holes the bullet made. | 7a1488ef-a819-4196-ae34-fbebf97a9db5 |
3nazw6 | Are there any deductive arguments for or against gun control that are both sound and valid? | Not sure exactly what you mean by "deductive". Any argument depends upon a set of premises, and typically the differences between arguments is a difference in premises.
A simple logically sound argument against gun control is that freedom and liberty is more desirable than anything else, including personal or collective safety, and as such any gun control is bad. Now, you may not agree that freedom and liberty outweighs personal and collective safety, but that doesn't make it any less of a logically sound argument. | 27b14868-3f65-476e-8890-ff88983f2b48 |
6n21x9 | Why can you get addicted to 1st hand smoke but not 2nd hand smoke? | Addiction to cigarettes comes in two main ways.
The first is the physical habit. Cigarette smoking is a repetitive, comforting practice - a less athletic version of Tai Chi. So merely smoking the cigarette is enjoyable even if you exclude the pharmacological effects. It should be obvious that this provides no benefit except to the person who is actually smoking the cigarette.
The second is the nicotine in the cigarette. However, the nicotine is almost entirely absorbed by the body. You can't realistically get 'high' off of second-hand smoke - the smoke you see exhaled is particulates and other largely inert chemicals. So there's no chemical rush from secondhand smoke to get addicted to. | f1bf9150-b1e3-4bcd-83ac-44563778dbcc |
2pwdj9 | What's the difference between and ponzi and pyramid scheme? What are examples of companies that use these models? | In a ponzi you give a guy some money and he gives you back more money (or makes you feel like he would) by telling you a lie and saying he has a good investment but really he is just telling a bunch of people that and paying the older people with the newer people's money.
A pyramid scheme is basically the same thing but with less direct lying. Everyone knows the older people are being paid with the older member's money but they have just been convinced in some way that that is a good idea and someday they will be the older member getting paid with the even newer people's money.
There is a lot of overlap and something can be both at the same time or be slightly different in the particulars but generally a ponzi pays new investors old investor's money instead of making money some other way and then lies about it, pyramid scams skip the pretending there is some secret investment and just trick people into thinking it's a good business model that is sustainable. | 45c69068-4a9b-46c1-a728-f220460e34e1 |
81br1p | Why is CO much deadlier than CO2? | Carbon Dioxide mostly dissolves in the plasma as carbonic acid which is fine and the body is adapted for the removal of it since it is a waste product of respiration. Carbon Monoxide on the other hand associates very strongly with hemoglobin, which is supposed to be carrying diatomic Oxygen for us to use. CO actually binds more strongly than Oxygen and so this really reduces our ability to effectively get Oxygen to our bodies, meaning we slowly asphyxiate.
In answer to your follow-up question, a one atom difference in chemistry is a huge deal in many reactions, just because it's small, doesn't mean it doesn't matter. | 3e085567-5be3-4acb-bb64-37f7a541cf31 |
5lgc5t | What is a tensor? | A vector is an arrangement of values in one dimension, like this:
V = [a, b, c, d, e]
etc.
A matrix is a vector of vectors. For example
v1 = [ a, b, c ]
v2 = [ d, e, f ]
v3 = [ g, h, i ]
v1, a, b, c,
M = [ v2, ] = [ d, e, f, ]
v3, g, h, i
You can think of a matrix as a two dimensional arrangement of values.
A tensor is a vector or matrix of matrices. You can think of it as a three or higher dimensional version of a matrix. | 55dda497-2d15-47af-86e2-971a1647ecd4 |
1d41vt | Why do we need to write "ELI5" in front of every post when obviously that's the topic if it's in this subreddit? | Likely for those either on the front page or on /all/ who may think it's AskReddit, and then downvote them for having a bad question. | 4cb754ce-2ecb-4e99-a736-c3d055be7925 |
2nuet2 | What Does make a Western country be considered part of the West? | It's a largely a cultural distinction based on 'Western' values. Nations with a free market, broad conceptions of liberty and low levels of corruption tend to be considered 'Western'. That's why clearly non-European nations like South Korea and Japan with distinctly non-European cultural heritage are 'Western' but most of South/Central America isn't. | 7eb90006-41f5-48e1-8178-b2b314a94906 |
3hocht | How do sheep keep from turning into massive wool-clouds when they are in the wild and not being sheered? | Wild sheep shed their wool seasonally. Domesticated sheep do not because humans specifically bred them not to shed | e0857e77-8e7e-4d0f-ad48-9af266411c6a |
6t36ms | Why is cell service so erratic in the mountains? Mountains don't move, so why is the connection not constantly good or bad? | For one, rock and other materials on a mountain can block signals (akin to how yiu might Not Have service underground in a tunnel due to the dirt and stone. Secondly, On rigid mountains, it can be hard for cell companies to place anntenas, as they usually require flat services for support. | 1d89d7b4-a333-4b0f-b726-f32511094d12 |
21cc0d | Do productions really crash expensive sports cars for a single shot in films? | I doubt they buy full actual sports cars to crash. The most likely scenario is they build a replica model of the body and put it on a 'normal' car chassis.
I know a few of the cars blown up in Skyfall were relatively cheap 3D printed replicas. | 65fa5061-1d88-409d-9b3a-c2c2e1bd126d |
2y4qwl | Why do some people mouth the words I am speaking? | People with hearing issues do this. its one of the ways they have learned to communicate, by visually seeing your lips move a certain way and combining it with the limited audible sounds they hear they can understand what you are saying. At that point its kind of like mouthing words while reading a book.
Source: my best friend has hearing aids, and has for his whole life he does this all the time. | 47cd0402-eefe-407c-8d9e-1a4ea9dc5129 |
4a6csl | What is the deal with the unholy trinity of Kroger, CVS pharmacy and Walgreen's? | Kroger store manager here...
1) Proximity to one another allows stores to potentially steal customers away from eachother based on better service, instocks, cleanliness and speed of checkout.
2) there really arent a ton of high traffic intersections available to retailers, and it gets even lower when you factor in the size of the lots we need to build on.
3) cvs and wal-greens break even on scripts and make their money on the convenience goods and impulse products they sell. Compare their OTC prices to a Kroger, Target or Wal-Mart and it is stunning.
You will typically find us at the exits to freeways entering area zoned as residential....
Anyway, not a full list but definitely some of the answers I have received over the years from our Real Estate department!
I suggest you get your scripts transferred to Kroger! :) | 8f247fee-bb99-48c8-b621-fc2b9e71ae6c |
20y01x | Why is ADHD treated with stimulating drugs? | ADHD is diagnosed based on symptoms of either hyperactivity and/or inattention. Stimulant drugs are so named because they "stimulate" the brain to release certain chemicals called neurotransmitters. They aren't necessarily named because they "stimulate" an individual's behavior or give somebody more energy.
By releasing these stored neurotransmitters, the symptoms of ADHD are better controlled.
Research is still being done to figure out exactly how stimulant drugs work at the cellular level to improve ADHD symptoms. | 119f63c8-2cb0-4b88-a240-565ad465c523 |
2z5mb4 | if our basic human instinct to survive is so strong, why do humans willfully continue to destroy things we need to survive? | You seem to think that the brain is a perfect, logical truth-seeker.
We are the first species on Earth that can completely destroy ourselves if we're too shortsighted with our use of technology and exploitation of the environment. Before recent times, there was *no need* for any animal to be able to think long-term.
Our brains are good at immediate, simple benefits like, "I am hungry, so I hunt," or "I am under attack, so I will run," or even, "I *will* be hungry, so I'll plant these seeds."
When it comes to things like pollution and global warming, where the effects are very gradual and may not effect us much for decades, the brain is basically like, "Yeah, that sounds like a *future*-me problem," and goes on its way, whistling merrily. Hence why we destroy the environment for short-term rewards, ignoring the long-term disaster it could bring.
TL;DR, the brain isn't perfect, humans are bad at long-term thinking because before the last few hundred years, we haven't really needed it to survive. | cbdc73ac-1d85-4cc7-a86b-5780d8c6c6f4 |
nxgml | EILI5: How come English doesn't use compound nouns like other Germanic languages? | > English uses it on occasion so how come that trait of Germanic languages was never adopted by the English Language?
Maybe I'm not understanding your question properly or don't understand how German compound nouns work, or maybe you just intended to ask why doesn't English use compound nouns more frequently. Regardless, English does have a fair number of compound nouns: basketball, washing machine, mother-in-law, and so on.
If you're simply asking why it doesn't have more compound nouns, the answer has to do with the fact that any given language (discourse community) develops in its own unique way due to a variety of factors, and I might suggest that part of this has to do with the separation of England from other Germanic regions. This would have been compounded by the fact that the people who could have traveled to Europe (the nobility) primarily spoke French for much of the time when English was moving from Old English to what we know today. Consequently, there would have been less exchange of the habits of nations speaking Germanic languages and English speakers.
edit: formatting | ca4bded1-f5ef-4b88-bd13-ec63b4ff3097 |
4h72so | The Drake Equation | All of the terms are probabilities that certain things will happen. That a star will have planets; that a planet will develop life; that the life will develop intelligence; and so on. None of these probabilities are zero, because we know that it has happened at least once, but we don't really know how much larger than zero they are, so we have to make educated guesses. When all multiplied together, you get the probability that a given star will have intelligent life, which you then multiply by the number of stars in the universe to determine about how many planets there might be with intelligent lifeforms.
Basically, the point is that it's quite unlikely that mankind is the only intelligent lifeform in the universe. | 86d7f5e0-fc03-4631-ab57-fbf0bfc90450 |
4vhep8 | Why is home value used to describe the U.S. economy recovery, when over-inflated home values caused an economy crash? | Home prices can be an indicator for consumer spending. If prices are high, it's usually because demand is high. Sellers want to get the most money they can, so if they know that people will buy it for a high price, they'll list it at a high price.
If lots of people are wanting to buy expensive houses, it means that lots of people have stable incomes and are willing to spend lots of money. This is a good sign.
The housing crash was due to a false belief in the above. Housing demand was huge, but it was because of bad loans, not because of stable incomes. Bad loans weren't sustainable, so when people defaulted, foreclosures and housing supply skyrocketed, demand plummeted, and so did prices. I think the belief now is that lending regulations won't let bad loans go out again. | 5ef6525b-5214-4270-ad15-78550baf1485 |
j2gs2 | The great depression ended because we entered World War II. Why did the wars in Afghanistand and Iraq screw our economy? | Many people have said that the scale and nature of the war and its specific influences on the economy, this is totally true. But we also must note that most of the world was in utter ruins after the war. Europe was a rubble filled charnel house, Russia was communist and isolated, China was in civil war, japan was burned to cinders, and everyone else was still the the stone age. So there was an insane amount of demand for Americas' goods and services, while very little competition. This was coupled with pent up domestic demand after years of scarcity during the depression and war-time rationing. This was why after all that sexy wartime stimulus ran out in the late forties the economy kept banging on for more than a decade.
Compared to now where America must compete with a world that is mostly on equal footing in terms of economic development, and is in many ways outstripping it (BRIC countries). Instead of rising to meet this competition America is pouring precious capital and human resources into disappointingly unproductive wars. Proving that it's always best to fight (and destroy) your economic rivals, not ideological ones. | 3f001825-5a5c-4a3d-8056-da3e0a8adeae |
6zgsjz | Why isn’t the temperature of a vacuum absolute zero if there is nothing to store the heat energy? | It would be if it was absolute vacuum (0 kpa). But we cannot get true 0 pressure even in laboratory conditions. Just like temperature we just try our best to get very close. | 572a3487-bb10-4514-9e91-9884d06845cf |
37q2a2 | Why does a full suspension mountain bike require more energy to pedal than a hard tail? | In full suspension mountain bikes there is a storage for kinetic and potential energies in the suspension device (e.g.) the spring. When you are pedaling on flat ground you exert a force and some of this will get absorbed by the spring, unlike a hardtail which would just transmit it to the wheel and move along the ground. | aeba2de4-72ec-4811-bb86-e2593d16dafa |
77tjvm | why the waves don't interfere? | They do actually. That's why a microwave oven might slow down your wifi or you migut have to press three times on your garage door keyfob if you are also using your cordless phone.
A short intro: radio uses frequencies, a concept meant to split data sources apart: radio stations, gsm operators. A frequency has a bandwidth (how much it can carry), an absorbtion factor and you can tradeoff speed (up to the max bandwidth for reliability). A submarine signal (ultra low freq) can be on/off and can be heard anywhere in the world, but it can only say yes or no. A 5GHz link can be heard around your house, but carries more than 10MBps. There are many more factors at play this this, mostly that rf waves bounce, reflect, and you never know how they reach you (fi: an earlier reflection can cancel the current signal).
But some applications, like GSM get their dedicated frequencies. This is good, because the frequencies most likely to cancel you out are those near to you (this is relative). There are also "encoding" techniques, called modulation. Usually you vary a fixed frequency by the amount of your signal: if you want to transmit a 440Hz signal on a 96MHz carrier signal, you vary the 96MHz signal in sync with the 440 one: from 96 000 000-220 to 96 000 000+220. This is called frequency modulation. This is old tech, by modern standards. Even TV broascast switched to digital, that s why you might have received a set top box, ans an old TV can no longer receive anything with just an antenna. The only globally widespread application of FM still in use is FM radio (music, news) mostly because digital replacements sucked and never caught on, while making an am receiver in case of emergencies is dead simple (coil a wire with a diode/led scrapped out of anything on a tin can).
Currently, various modulation techniques are used for digital data: bits represent specififc "notes", the carrier is varied 100 times per second. For example, see [MFSK](_URL_0_) or generic [spread spectrum](_URL_1_) techniques.
tl;dr: they do interfere, but modern transmit/receive techniques cancel most problems out. | 6bc624df-a884-43b7-9fec-47555b5155b9 |
3hqvoq | Why are there, for the most part, no "villages" in the US? | There are all kinds of small towns all over america, maybe not QUITE as smal as a few houses on a road, but there are plenty of towns with one main street, a few small businesses and not much else. | d4cdf834-cde6-4f1c-ac26-b6191ef767cd |
2jq1rm | What exactly happens with dissolvable stitches? | To your body, stitches are a foreign substance, and the body is programmed to destroy foreign substances. Dissolvable stitches are made from natural materials, such as processed collagen (animal intestines), silk and hair, as well as some synthetic materials that the body can break down. This allows the body to dissolve the stitches over time. Usually, by the time the stitches are dissolved, the wound is completely healed.
Pretty much, they are made of natural materials that your body breaks down until you can't see them anymore | 4559863b-ca33-443d-89ee-657dcac68a95 |
s66jk | Why iTunes inconsistently "Checks its library", and why it takes so long. | Most likely it is due to improper program termination. I use iTunes (Win 7 x64 version) everyday and only rarely have encountered the "check library feature" after a crash.
You could delete the existing itunesmusiclibrary.xml in the iTunes folder in your music folder and force a rebuild.
Good luck! | 5e50a1e8-cbfa-4063-b893-92f6d471b1f2 |
4moqjl | How does the sun provide vitamin D? | It doesn't. Ultraviolet light just breaks down chemicals you store in your skin, with the result being usable vitamin D. | 8c362751-3e8b-4e84-85be-cb3b7bfb9e9b |
6pjr2e | How does one sell their soul to Satan? | It's a simple process. Disavow any religion, never give respect to religious procedure or show reverence towards priests, bishops, etc.
Make sure not to follow any moral teachings, unless you're just a nice person and you feel like it.
Anytime someone tries to proselytize you, openly mock them.
Gamble once a week, lie once a day, and steal once a month.
Or make it up as you go. | 67ecfc4b-08ac-4428-bc57-326f00cb7df7 |
36czfp | Is it just me, or does the volume actually increase during television commercials? | it's a well known phenomenon. In most cases it *hasn't* increased in volume - most broadcasters have regualtions forbidding it - but the sound is compressed in such a way to make to make it seem louder, combined with the use of music and jingles which don't have much rise and fall in terms of volume levels | d7d629fd-8f3f-4e67-8d45-0d25768d8ff2 |
5z38d2 | What are the 3 layers of the sun's atmosphere and what do they do? | The innermost layer is called the Photosphere, and it is the layer at which light is released from the inside of the sun, therefore giving the name Photo (Light) Sphere. It is about 400 kilometers thick.
The next layer is the Chromosphere. This layer emits a red glow due to superheated hydrogen being blasted off into space from the surface of the sun. It extends above the photosphere.
The last layer is the Corona. It appears as shafts of white light. The light comes from layers of Ionized gas being shot off into space. This is the layer you see during a total solar eclipse. These gases are what cause the Solar Wind. | 821e2a36-650d-435b-83fa-ef7bdbe79fc8 |
3kv6el | Why do pet cats want you to watch them eat? | When cats are eating, they lose their ability to hear. This makes them vulnerable to predators. You are their "look out." | 78c69568-d6c1-4667-b7ad-62b540587701 |
10zulm | EL5: Directions in 3-D space | You're question assumes the sci-fi style of spaceship that travels anywhere in space without worrying about gravity from the solar system it's in.
In this case, Star Trek divided the galaxy into quadrants and used the center of the galaxy as a (0,0,0) origin for this kind of system.
In real life, however, gravity has a huge impact on how you travel through a solar system. When you travel from Earth to Mars, you don't have the luxury of flying in a straight line to where Mars is going to be. You have to speed up on your original orbit around the sun to increase the size of your orbit to sync up with the orbit of Mars. But you have to time this orbit to coincide with you getting into that orbit at the same time that Mars will be there, otherwise you will just remain a certain distance ahead/behind Mars on its orbit. This is why there are "launch windows" where if you don't launch for Mars during that time, you will miss the planet and only end up in the same orbit.
So in real life, it is thought of in a sort of spherical coordinates, with the central body at the origin (in this case the Sun), an angle describing how far around your orbit you are from a starting point (in orbital mechanics this is called the "true anomaly"), and the angle of your inclination (how far from being horizontal with the equator of the central body).
Unfortunately, orbits are not completely circular, so the coordinates are not exactly spherical. Because of this, you also need to define the eccentricity of your orbit (how non-circular it is) and the largest radius of this resulting ellipse (this is called the semi-major axis). Depending on your physics/math background you can find out the equations that define these things here:
_URL_0_
Now you understand why sci-fi uses ships that have propulsion so powerful it ignores gravity and travels in straight lines, eh? Way less complicated. | d89ec86f-5aee-474a-ae43-93b8ce09ae17 |
5bxzny | If the average human hearing is 20Hz to 20KHz, why do they sell headphones with higher ranges, like 30KHz? | To get better results at 20KHz. The rules on this subreddit are forcing me to elaborate, but this is the simplest answer. Speakers with a 'response' from 20Hz to 20kHz cannot have a nice linear response (same output power for same input level, which is what you want for accurate reproduction of sound) across that range of frequencies, and then immediately drop to no output at all at 19Hz and 20,001Hz. On headphones marked as 20Hz-30KHz the audible range from 20Hz-20kHz can be made lovely and linear, with increasingly poor response between 16Hz-20Hz and 20kHz-31kHz, and worse response still outside that range. | 0758fd4f-adf8-4a58-b7d8-3f4acfdf03e8 |
2nob2z | if you were a multi billionaire, say you had 100 billion dollars. And you liquidated all your assets into cash. Then you burned all that cash. What would happen to the economy? | The government would reprint the cash to keep the dollar value steady.
Congratulations, you've just given $100b to the government! | 9fdb0a20-e6ed-4ffb-8fdc-ed902469a465 |
223oy4 | What makes some robots move more quickly than others? What are usually the limiting factors? | The faster you want something to move, the more energy you have to give it, and that means more power.
Basic physics lesson:
Ek = 1/2mv^2
Where Ek is kinetic energy, the energy of motion, me is mass and v is velocity.
Velocity is distance/time.
P = E/t
Where P is power, E is energy and t is time.
If you want something to move faster, v increases. That means the object moves the same distance in less time.
Based on these equations you can see that because V goes up, so too does E and t gets smaller so P will also increase.
If you want a low power device, like say a mobile robot because batteries are big, heavy (increasing mass also increases power consumption in anything that moved) and expensive, it makes sense to make the device slower. | f1cec1f1-dd2a-458d-bb2e-04de6313a925 |
mi9g9 | Is light a particle or a wave? | Neither.
Both just happen to be things we are familiar with that approximate the behavior of light in certain situations. Light is exactly what the equations that govern it say it is. That is independent of how you choose to conceive of it in your head, and the true nature is hard (if not impossible) to imagine.
A lot of physicist like to use the 'wave packet' as a way to think about it but of course that's not exactly right either.
As a side note, according to special relativity, from the perspective of light, every photon exists for zero time (it is absorbed the exact instant it is emitted), so you can almost imagine the universe as a place where charges oscillate and that immediately causes oscillations in other charges everywhere else in the universe. | f102b4b9-f2a8-4f0e-8587-e1e787fd9510 |
2tngg8 | What factors are involved with the decrease in the value of the Canadian dollar? | A very big one is the current drop in oil prices | d97c57e1-b38d-4815-9ec1-6bd8444f0422 |
6s9nwo | Why is hotel internet/cell service always so terrible. | Lots of people concentrated in a small area all trying to use the same resources at the same time. Want fast hotel internet? Try it at 10 am on a weekday (if there are no conferences going on). Some hotels also now cap basic service and want you to pay for faster access. So they have "free" internet but it's only about 2-3mb/s.
Ditto for cell phones. A few hundred people in your hotel all trying to use the same cell sites to get better internet than the shitty hotel wifi. | e5e037f9-c74c-4a32-993f-19cab45620d0 |
2d3liy | How to meditate | Simple answer: Sit in place, breathe regularly, and think of nothing.
Meditation can be done for different objectives. If you want to explore one topic of thought, and that is your objective, do so. Just remember to keep your mind on track, don't punish yourself for deviation, and to simply allow errant thoughts to conclude before bringing yourself back to the subject at hand.
Meditation for relaxation and therapeutic / spiritual reasons is often the meditation of no-thought. Attempt to release all thoughts from your mind, sit in a seated posture with a straight but relaxed back, ideally cross-legged with your butt raised in elevation a few inches above your legs. Again, if you receive errant thoughts, do not punish yourself or force them away - allow them to conclude, and return to no-thought.
Allow yourself to focus on your heartbeat, the sounds of the world around you, the feeling the world places upon your skin, the weight of gravity, and the information your senses provide in this now-moment. Be in the now, not the future or the past - if you find yourself delving into either, allow it to conclude, and return to the now.
Meditative breathing can be thought of as a four-step process - the breath in, the top of the breath, the breath out, the bottom of the breath - and repeat. Focus on each in turn, slowly and gradually. Do not necessarily attempt to fill your lungs to capacity - breathe in as much as is comfortable (think 3/4 capacity, if you need an absolute metric), allow the breath to linger, breathe out as much as is comfortable, then allow the no-breath to linger.
Meditation can best be learned with practice and persistence. If you do not get it immediately (and you will not), do not give up or punish yourself. It is a skill, like anything else, and you certainly wouldn't give up on riding a bike or hate yourself for failing it after just one scraped knee. | c0be490f-ce2c-4344-b107-3d3c88550dcb |
6z4l3z | Why does eating ice cream leave a weird taste in your mouth that doesn't go away? | Maybe you're just not eating the right ice cream. Twice in recent months I've had ice cream that was awful. It felt like my tongue was being coated in some kind of greasy sludge and left a bad taste. I'm sticking to quality brands with simple natural ingredients from now on. | 975f8c54-d3aa-474e-a68d-e28ef43a00cd |
5gvqyi | Why are reheated fries always so much worse than fries you just purchased from a restaurant/fast food place? | When frying, you quickly boil away the water on the outside of whatever you fry by dropping it in hot oil and dehydrate the exterior of it. Normally, there's something starchy there that then forms a barrier for the inside of your food (in the case of french fries, the potato itself), which then retains moisture and cooks by steaming. As the steam hit the outside of the food, it is again boiled away by the oil. This is why french fries have that crisp outer shell around a moist potato interior.
If you reheat fries in a microwave, you will once again steam the inside of it by heating that water up, but you no longer have a protective layer of oil on the outside to boil away the water and keep the outside of it dehydrated. Instead, that crust you built up before can just absorb the water.
Baking or heating up your fries in a frying pan (even without oil) will do a much better job of keeping the outside crisp when reheating. | 7affbfdd-ddbf-4278-86d5-a01bda319f18 |
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